Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1909 300699 298429 2026-07-03T13:26:18Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* */ 300699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Qoraal dheer}} {{Infobox country |latd=9 |latm=33 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=03 |longEW=E |leader_name2 = [[Maxamed Cali Aw Cabdi]] |leader_name3 = [[Yaasiin Maxamed xiir faratoon]] |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland</br>جَمْهورِيَدْدَ سومالِلَنْدْ |native_name = {{smaller|{{native name|en|Republic of Somaliland}}<ref>Name used in [http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Constitution/body_somaliland_constitution.htm#Heading The Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland] and in [http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Faafinta_Rasmiga_JSL_S1_Cad_1aad_2012.pdf Somaliland Official Gazette]</ref><br />{{native name|ar|{{lower|0.1em|<big>جمهورية صوماليلاند</big>}}|italic=no}}</big><br />{{smaller|''{{transl|ar|Jumhūrīyat Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}''}}}}<br/><ref>Susan M. Hassig, Zawiah Abdul Latif, ''Somalia'', (Marshall Cavendish: 2007), p.10.</ref> |image_flag = Flag of Somaliland.svg |image_coat = Emblem of Somaliland.svg |common_name = Somaliland |symbol_type = National emblem |national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|[[Shahaadah|<big>لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله</big>]]}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />''Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadun rasūlu-llāhi''<br />{{small|"[[Shahadah|Ilaah ma jiro Alle mooye; Muxammed waa rasuulka Alle]]"}} |national_anthem = <br />{{lang|so|''[[Samo ku waar]]''}}<br />{{small|''Long life with peace''}}<br /><center> {{center|[[File:Samo ku waar - Anthem of Somaliland (Instrumental).ogg]]}} |image_map = Somaliland (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Hargeysa]] |largest_city = [[Hargeysa]] |Portka = [[Berbera]] |official_languages = [[Af Soomaali]] |demonym = Somalilander |government_type = Madaxweynenimo leh [[Dastuurka Somaliland|Dastuur Jamhuuriya]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Abdirahman Mohamed Abdulahi Cirro]]}} |leader_title2 = [[madaxwayne kuxigeen]] |leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada |legislature = Baarlamaanka Somaliland |upper_house = [[Golaha Guurtida]] Somaliland|Golaha Guurtida |lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada]] Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada |established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqdey |sovereignty_type = Dowlada |sovereignty_note = iyo Awooda |established_event2 = Aqoonsiga |established_date1 = May 18, 1991 |established_date2 = Dal aan la aqoonsanayn<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Issue 270, 28 March 2016 |url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321062435/http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |area_km2 = 137600 |area_sq_mi = 53100<ref>[http://somalilandgov.com/somaliland-geography/ Somaliland Geography, 28 March 2016]</ref> |percent_water = |population_estimate = 6,200,000<ref>REPORTER, I. (2012, September 18). As Somalia Struggles, Can Neighboring Somaliland Become East Africa's Next Big Commercial Hub? Retrieved December 26, 2015, from http://www.ibtimes.com/somalia-struggles-can-neighboring-somaliland-become-east-africas-next-big-commercial-1407582">[http://www.ibtimes.com/somalia-struggles-can-neighboring-somaliland-become-east-africas-next-big-commercial-1407582 As Somalia Struggles, Can Neighboring Somaliland Become East Africa's Next Big Commercial Hub?, International Business Times, 2013]</ref> |population_census = |population_estimate_year = 2024 |population_estimate_rank = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 25 |population_density_rank = |population_density_sq_mi = 66 |GDP_PPP = $3.782 Billion<ref>World Bank. ''[http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/29/new-world-bank-gdp-and-poerty-estimates-for-somaliland New World Bank GDP and Poverty Estimates for Somaliland]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' January 29, 2015. Accessed February 14, 2015.</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2022 |GDP = 3.2 Billion Dollars |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $852 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |HDI = |HDI_year = |HDI_rank = |currency = [[Somaliland shilling]] |currency_code = SSH |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |date_format = d/m/yy (AD|Anno Domini) |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+252]] {{small|(Somalia)}} |iso3166code = |cctld = |footnote_a = Qiimeynta aheyn sida Somaliland waa [aqoonsi diblomaasiyadeed [|<nowiki> Somaliland State]].</nowiki> |footnote_b =Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |HDI_category = }} '''Soomaaliland''' ([[Af Ingiriis]]: ''Somaliland''; [[Af Carabi]]: صوماليلاند , {{lang|ar|أرض الصومال|rtl=yes}} ''{{transl|ar|Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}''), si rasmi ah '''Soomaaliland''' ([[Af Ingiriis]]: ''Somaliland'', [[Af Carabi]]: صوماليلاند wuxuu xad la leedahay [[Jabuuti]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo maamulka [[Waqooyi Bari|Puntland]] [[Soomaaliya]]. Somaliland waa dhulkii [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Maxmiyada Ingiriis ee Somaliland ]] ee [[Ingiriis]] ku maamuli jiray . Waxay xornimadda ka qaatay Ingiriiska [[Juun]] [[26]] [[1960]]. 1 July 1960 kii waxay la midowday koonfurta Soomaaliya oo [[Talyaani|Talyaanigu]] guumeysan jiray.[[Magaalo|magaalada]] caasimada u ahi waa [[Hargaysa]]. [[Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur]] oo ahaan jirey Gudoomiyihii Ururkii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed [[SNM]], ayaa noqday madaxweynahii ugu horeeyay ee Somaliland. Waxaa ku xigey [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] noqdey Madaxweynihii Labaad ee Somaliland, waxaana ka danbeeyay [[Daahir Rayaale Kaahin]]. Kahina waxa ku xigay [[Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud (Siilaanyo)]]. Waxa ku xigay [[Muuse Biixi Cabdi]]. Waxa imika ah Madaxweynaha JSL Mudane Abdirahman Mohamed Abdulahi cirro Somaliland waxaa ka jira saddex xisbi siyaasadeed oo kala ah [[Kulmiye]], [[Wadani]] iyo KAAH. ==Taariikhda== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Taariikhda Somaliland]]'' Somaliland waa magac aad cusub marka la eego taariikhda uu maamulkan leeyahay somaliland waxaa horay loogu magacaabi jiray dhulkii uduga iyo cadarka iyo bukhuurka ama uduga waa sida ay u yaqaaneen masaaridii horee. halka giriigii hore ay u yaqaaneen dhulkii berbera waa halka uu kasoo jeedo magaca [[berbera]] xiligii muslimka amaba qarniyadii uu muslimku soo gaadhay somaliland waxa looyaqaanay dhulkii [[saylac]] ugu danbayntii xiligan aan joogno waxa lagu magacaabaa Somaliland. ===Wakhtiyadii Hore=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Laas Geel]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dhambalin]] iyo [[Dhaymoole]]'' Taariikhdii bilawga ahayd ee casri jaahiligii Somaliland waxay ku taal geeska Afrika, dhinaca Waqooyi galbeed waxa ka xigay deris la tahay dalka Jamhuuriyada Jabouti, galbeedna waxaa ka xiga Ethiopia, barina waxaa ka xiga somalia. Tirada dadka Somalilad waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 6,2 malyan. Baaxadda dhulka ay ku fadhido Somaliland waa 139,000 km½ Somaliland waxaa dhinaca waqooyiga ka xiga [[badda cas]] oo ku fadhida xeeb dhererkodu yahay 908 km½. Somaliland oo leh taariikh aad u balaadhan dadkuna aanu wada aqoon. Waxay kamid tahay meelihii ugu horeeyay ee ay ka hana qaaday ilbaxnimada adduunku. Dadka taariikhda ku xeel-dheeri waxay sheegeen in farraaciintii hore asalkoodu Somali kasoo jeedaan. Deganaana jireen dhulka xeebaha badda cas, taasoo markii danbana ay xidhiidh qoto dheer la lahaayeen Somaliland. Waxaana xaddaaradda Somaliland ku simantahay ilaa 7000 sanadood ciise hortii. ===Wakhtigii Diinta Islaamka=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saldanadi Ifat]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saldanadii Cadal]]'' [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|250px|Suldaanka reer Adal (midig) iyo ciidankiisa oo la dagaallamaya King Yagbea-Sion iyo raggiisa. Laga soo bilaabo Le livre des Merveilles, qarnigii 15aad.]] [[File:Zayla.jpg|thumb|250px|Burburka [[Saldanadii Cadal]] ee Saylac, Awdal.]] Markii diintu soo degtay qarnigii 7aad, geeska Afrika waxay noqotay meel aad u muhiima markii uu muslimay boqorkii Xabashida ee Nataashi. Waxaana xeebaha Somaliland ahaayeen meel istiraaji ah oo asxaabtii usoo xijrootay. Qarnigii 13naad waxaa culimadii carbeed ee dalka timid kadhiseen saldanad la odhan jiray Bebad oo ay xukumi jirtay boqortooyadii Walaashma. Waana markii koowaad inta taariikhda lagu hayo qabaa'ilkii Somalidu yeeshaan maamul dhexe. Somaliland waxaa ay kamid tahay bariga Afrika marka laga yimaado [[Itoobiya]] dalkii ugu horreyey ee ay ka hanaqaaday maamul dawladeed, inkastoo aan runta laga sheegin taariikhda dhab ah ee Somaliland haddana waxaan muran ku jirin in Somaliland qarnigii 15naad ay lahayd dawlad dunida laga ictiraafsanyahay gaar ahaana markii uu hoggaanka qabtay Immam Ahmed Qasali (Guray). Maamulkaas oo markii danbe la magac baxday dawladii Awdal. Xukumina jirtay inta u dhaxaysa xeebaha badda cas ilaa Herer. ===Saldanadihii hore ee casriga ahaa=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saldanada Isaaq|Saldanadii Isaaq]] iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland]]'' [[File:Sultan Nur Map.png|thumb|250px|Khariidadda Jarmalka qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya [[Nuur Axmed Amaan|Suldaan Nuur]] Degaanka badhtamaha Somaliland]] [[File:Flag of British Somaliland (1952–1960).svg|250px|thumb|Calankii [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|British Somaliland]].]] Horraantii xilligii casriga ahaa, dowladihii kala dambeeyay ee Saldanadii Adal iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka hanaqaadaan Soomaaliya. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa Isaaqa Saldanada iyo Habr Yunis Sultanate. Hawl-galkii ugu horreeyay ee dhexmara Soomaalida gobolka iyo Ingriiska wuxuu ahaa 1827 "Maqaallo Saaxiibtinimo iyo Ganacsi oo u dhexeeya Qabiilka Habar Awal iyo England. Tan waxaa xigay heshiis Ingiriis ah oo lala galay Badhasaabkii Saylac 1840. Ka dib hawlgal ayaa la bilaabay inta u dhaxaysa Ingiriiskii iyo odayaashii Habar Garxajis iyo Habar Toljaala ee reeraha Isaaqa 1855, sanad ka dib ayaa la soo gabagabeeyey "Qodobadii Nabadda iyo Saaxiibtinimada" ee u dhexeeyey Shirkadda Habar Awal iyo East India Company. kuna dhammaaday heshiisyadii rasmiga ahaa ee Ingiriisku la saxeexday wixii hadda ka dambeeya qabiilooyinkii 'British Somaliland', oo dhacay intii u dhexeysay 1884 iyo 1886 (heshiisyada waxaa lala saxeexday Habar Awal, Gadabursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Garxajis, Esa, iyo beelaha Warsangali), kan waxay gogol xaar u ahayd Ingriisku inuu ka sameeyo maxmiyad goboleed loogu magac daray British Somaliland, Ingriiskuna wuxuu gaashaan u ahaa maxakamadda Cadan waxayna u maamushay sidii qayb ka mid ah Bri tish India ilaa 1898. British Somaliland ka dibna waxaa maamulayay Xafiiska Arimaha Dibada ilaa 1905, ka dibna Xafiiska Gumeysiga ===Maxmiyaddii British Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Ololaha Somaliland]] iyo [[Ololaha Somaliland (1920)]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Duulaankii Talyaanigu ku qaaday British Somaliland]]'' [[File:Corriere Della Sera - 17 agosto 1940 - Offensiva in Africa - titolo.JPG|thumb|250px|Wargeyska Corriere della Sera ee ka soo baxa dalka [[Talyaaniga]] oo ka hadlaya bilowgii weerarkii British Somaliland.]] [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-8-37.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Duqeyn diyaaradeed oo lagu garaacay qalcado Dowladii [[Darawiish|Deraviish]] ah [[Taleex]]..]] [[File:Independence Day State of Somaliland.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Heshiisyada iyo isweydaarsiga Waraaqaha ee u dhexeeya Dawladda Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Dawladda Somaliland oo ku lammaan Xoriyadda Somaliland.]] [[File:The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, London.png|thumb|250px|Shirweynihii dastuurka maxmiyadda [[British Somaliland]], London, May 1960 kaas oo lagu go’aamiyey in 26 Juun ay noqoto maalinta Xorriyadda, sidaasna lagu saxeexay 12 May 1960. Waftiga Somaliland ka socday :- 1.Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal,2.Axmed Xaaji Ducaale, 3.Cali Garaad Jaamac iyo 4.Xaaji Ibraahim Nuur.Laga soo bilaabo Xafiiska Gumeysiga: Ian Macleod, D. B. Hall, H. C. F. Wilks (Xoghaye).]] Ololaha Somaliland, oo sidoo kale loogu magac daray Dagaalkii Dervish, wuxuu ahaa safarado milateri oo isdaba joog ah oo ka dhacay intii u dhaxeysay 1900 ilaa 1920 dhulka Khatumo ama dooxada Nugaal, oo ay iskaga hor yimaadeen Boqortooyadii Diiriye Guure iyo Amiirkiisa ee ahaa Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (oo ururkooda lagu naanaysi jiray "Dervishes" ) ka dhan ah Ingiriiska. Ingiriiska waxaa ka caawiyey weeraradoodii Xabashi iyo Talyaani. Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka ([[1914]]–[[1918]]), Xasan wuxuu sidoo kale gargaar ka helay Ottomans, Jarmal iyo, in muddo ah, oo uu ka helay Imbaraadoor Iyasu V-kii Itoobiya. Colaadda ayaa dhammaatay markii Ingriiska uu si milatari u duqeeyey magaalo-madaxda Dervish-ka ee Taleex bishii Febraayo 1920-kii. Safarkii Shanaad ee ololihii Somaliland ee [[1920]]-kii wuxuu ahaa safarkii ugu dambeeyay ee Ingiriisku kaga soo horjeedo xoogaggii Dervish-ka ee Maxammed Cabdillaahi Xasan (oo had iyo goor Ingiriisku ugu yeedho "Mad Mullah" sharaf dhac), hoggaamiyaha diinta ee Ciid-Nugaal. In kasta oo dagaalkii ugu badnaa dhacay bishii Jannaayo ee sannadka, haddana ciidammada Ingiriisku waxay bilaabeen u diyaar garowga weerarkan horraantii Noofambar [[1919]]. Ciidammada Ingiriisku waxay ka koobnaayeen xubno ka tirsan Royal Air Force iyo Somaliland Camel Corps. Dagaal seddex usbuuc ah kadib, Dervishes-kii Xasan waa la jabiyay, taasoo keentay wax ku ool ah iska caabintii 20-ka sano ahayd. Qabsashadii Talyaanigu ee British Somaliland waxay ahayd olole milatari oo ka dhacay Bariga Afrika, kaas oo dhacay bishii Ogos 1940kii kaas oo dhex maray xoogaggii Talyaaniga iyo kuwii dhawr waddan oo Ingiriis iyo Barwaaqo-sooran ah. Socdaalkii Talyaanigu wuxuu qayb ka ahaa Ololihii Bariga Afrika. ===Dawladii Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Somaliland 1960]]'' [[File:Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg|thumb|250px|Somaliland oo markii ugu horeysay: Calanka Soomaaliya la taagay ee aha Caddaan iyo Buluugga ah ee Dabaal - degyadii [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida (Maamulka Somaliland)|Xorriyadda]] ee 26-kii Juun 1960 Ra'iisul-wasaaraha [[Maamulkii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlad-goboleedka Somaliland]] iyo [[Madaxwaynaha Somaliland|madaxweynihii labaad ee Somaliland]] [[Maxamed Cigaal|Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal ayaa]] salaamay calanka.]] Bishii Meey 1960kii, dawladda Ingiriisku waxay sheegtay inay diyaar u tahay inay madax-bannaani siiso maxmiyaddii xilligaa ee British Somaliland, iyada oo ujeedkeedu ahaa in dhulku la midoobo maamulkii Talyaanigu xukumi jiray ee Somaliland ee hoos-tagi jiray Maamulkii Talyaaniga (Talyaanigii hore ee Somaliland) . Golaha Sharci Dejinta ee British Somaliland wuxuu qaraar ka soo saaray bishii Abriil 1960 oo ay ku codsanayeen madaxbannaanida iyo la midowga dhulka la aaminay ee Somaliland, kaas oo qorshuhu ahaa in ay madax-bannaanideeda hesho 1-dii Julaay ee sanadkaas. Golayaasha sharci dejinta ee labada deegaan ayaa isku raacay soo jeedintan ka dib shir wadajir ah oo ay ku yeesheen magaalada Muqdisho. 26-kii Juun 1960, Maxmiyaddii hore ee British Somaliland waxay muddo kooban qaadatay madax-bannaanida iyada oo ah Dawladdii Somaliland, iyada oo Territori-ka Somaliland la raacay shan maalmood ka dib. Intii lagu jiray muddadii koobnayd ee ay la soo noqotay madax-bannaanida, Qaranka Somaliland wuxuu ka kasbaday ictiraaf shan iyo soddon iyo shan dal oo madax-bannaan. Maalintii ku xigtay, 27kii Juun 1960kii, Golaha Sharci Dejinta ee dhowaan la qabtay waxay ansixiyeen sharci si rasmi ah ugu oggolaanaya midowga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Gobollada Amaanada ee Somaliland 1dii Luulyo 1960 ===Xoriyadii 1960 iyo wixii kadanbeeyay=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed]] iyo [[Soomaaliweyn]]'' Dawlada Ethiopia ayaa waxay qorshaynaysaa sidii ay u aqoon san lahayd somalailand. Bishii febraayo 1960kii ayaa wafdi uu hoggaaminaayo Alle ha u naxariistee [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] u anbaxaxeen dalka Ingiriiska, waxaana heshiis ay la soo galeen dawladdii ingiriiska in Somaliland xornimo buuxda lasiiyo. 26 Juun 1960kii bay markii maxmiyadii ingriiska ee Somaliland "British Somaliland protectorate" xornimadeeda ka qaateen dawladii Ingiriiska,sida aan la socono intii ka horraysay 01 Luulyo 1960kii Somaliland waxay ahayd dawlad gooniya (independent state). waxayna noqdeen dawlad madax bannaan oo la aqoonsan yahay ilaa 01 Luulyo 1960kii. Isla maalintaas Waxay ku beegnayd maalintii Koonfurta Soomaaliya (Italian somaliland) in ay ka baxaan nidaamka (Trusteeship) (Nidaamka Wakiilnimada Caalamiga ah) "Koonfurta Soomaaliya: Waxay ahayd Trust Territory oo Talyaanigu maamulayay (1950–60) iyadoo hoos imanaysa Qaramada Midoobay" Luulyo 1960: Soomaaliya (Koonfur) waxay ka baxday Trusteeship oo ay noqotay dal madaxbannaan. Isla maalintaas 1 Luulyo 1960 kii ayuu dhacay midowgii labada dal ee Somaliland iyo Somalia inkastoo midawgaas mad madaw badani ku jiro. Dad badanina waxay aaminsanyihiin in midowgaasi ahayn mid sharciya. Waxaana Aragtidiisi sii xoogaysatay markii qorayaal ajaanib ahi sameeyeen daraasado arinta cadaynaya. Sida "Professor Mario G. Losano (Mario Giovanni Losano)" Bishii Luulyo1961kii waxaa dadka reer Somaliland gaashaanka ku dhufteen oo cod aqliyad ah ku diideen distoorkii qeexayey ee lagu sharciyeynaayey israaca labada dal ee Somaliya iyo Somaliland. Laakiin nasiib darro dawladdii markaas jirtay oo reer Koonfureedka ahayd waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan maxsuulkii doorashadaas sababtoo maslaxad baan ugu jirin arrintan. Bishii december 1961 waxaa madaxdii ciidamada qalabka sida ee Somaliya isku dayeen inay dhigaan inqilaabkii dhicisoobay. Inqilaabkaasna waxay doonayeen inay kula soo noqdaan madaxbannaanidii luntay. 1967kii waxaa dalka ka noqday raysal wasaare Mohamed X.Ibrahim Cigaal. Halka uu madaxweynaha ka noqday Cabdirashid Cali sharmake. 15 Oktober 1969kii waxaa magaalada laascaanood lagu dilay madaxweynihii Jamhuuriyadda Somalida ee Cabdirashid Cali Sharmaake. === 1961 kacdoon ka reer Somaliland === ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[1961 kacdoon ka dhacay Soomaaliya]]'' Kacdoonkii 1961 ee Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa kacdoon aan guuleysan oo isku day afgambi ah oo ka dhacay waqooyiga Soomaaliya imikana ah Somaliland kaasoo dhacay bishii Diseembar [[1961]]. === Inqilaabkii 21 oktober iyo wixii kasoobaxay === Waxaana midnimadii 60kii guul darro ku dhamaatay markii 21 Oktober [[1969]]kii uu dalka ka dhacay inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan ee ay dhigeen ciimada qalabka sidaa, waxaana talada la wareegay ciidamada oo uu hoggaaminaayo mujrimkii Gen. Mohamed Siyaad Barre. 10 januari 1970kii waxaa kelidii taliyihii Siyaad Barre sameeyey maxkamadii badbaada oo xukumi jirtay xukunka dilka si looga takhaluso dadka aan taageersanayn madaxweynaha. 21 Oktober 1970kii wuxuu Siyaad Barre ku dhawaaqay in Somaliya qaadatay nidaamka hantiwadaaga cilmiga ku dhisan. Taasoo rabay inuu ugu bedelo inqilaabkii hab ku salaysan dhaqaaq siyaasadeed oo ku salaysan aydhiyooliyadda hantiwadaaga. Waxaana loo ololeeyey wixii loogu magacdaray kacaankii hantiwadaaga Somaliyeed. Xagaagii 1972kii waxaa la sameeyey ciimadii guulwadayaasha oo ujeedadoodu ahayd inay cabudhiyaan oo xabsiga u taxaabaan dadka shacbiga ee lagu tuxmo inay kacaan diid yihiin. July 1972kii waxaa la dilay labadii Jenaraal ee Salaad Gabayle, iyo Mohamed aynaanshe oo ka tirsanaa saraakiishii inqilaabka dhigay. Salaad gabayle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeen. Waxaa lagu xukumay dil ka dib markii lagu eedeeyey inay maleegayeen shirqool ay xukunka kaga tuurayaan Siyaad Barre. Oktober 1972kii waxaa lagu dhaqaaqay in la qoro [[Af-soomaliga]] oo uu noqdo luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka. 1972kii-1975kii waxaa la qaaday ololihii barashada qorista Somaliga oo markii danbana isu rogay olalihii horumarinta reer miyiga ee la rabay in dadku waxna qoraan waxna akhriyaan. 1975kii waxaa la sameeyey 15 gobol oo cusub oo lagu bedelayeey 8 gobol ee hore u jiray. Waxaana ay ka koobnaayeen 78 degmo. Somaliland oo ka koobnayd 3 gobol looma samayn gobolo iyo degmooyin cusub toona. 1975kii Siyaad Barre wuxuu shaqadii ka eryey 50 saraakiil sare iyo madax ah oo badankooda ka soo jeeda Somaliland, waxaana uu ku bedelay dadka uu ku tuhmaayey inay taageersanyihiin kacaanka oo u badnaa caa'iladiisa ah. M.s.bare wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay raga iyo dumarku siman yihiin culimadii iyo dhalinyaradii kasoo horjeedsatayna laayay dhamaantood. 1977kii maamulkii siyaad Barre wuxuu weerar ku qaaday dalka Itoobiya, waxaana markii hore uu ku guulaystay dagaalkaas. Laakiin waxaa dagaalku dhamaaday markii ciidamo Ruush iyo Kuubaan ahi usoo gurmadeenItoobiya ee ay si toosa dagaalka usoo galeen. Waxaana ciidamadii Somaliya dibuga soo noqatay dhammaan dhulkii horuu qabsadeen. ===Xasuuqii Isaaq ama Xasuuqii Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Xasuuqi Isaaq]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[SNM]]'' [[File:Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the Isaaq genocide.jpg|thumb|250px|Haraaga la soo saaray ee dhibanayaashii xasuuqii Isaaq ee laga helay xabaal wadareed ku yaal magaalada Berbera, Somaliland.]] [[File:4z2.jpg|thumb|250px|Ilaa 90% magaalada Hargeysa (magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya) waxaa burburiyey dawladda Soomaaliya.]] Awooddii akhlaaqeed ee dowladdii Barre si tartiib tartiib ah ayay u lumisay, iyadoo Soomaali badan ay ku hungoobeen nolosha xukunka militariga. Bartamihii 1980-meeyadii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayay maamulkii shuuciga ahaa ee Derg ee Itoobiya ayaa ka billowday waddanka oo dhan. Barre wuxuu kujawaabey isagoo amrey in talaabooyin ciqaab ah laga qaado kuwa uu u arko inay gudaha ka taageerayaan jabhadaha, gaar ahaan gobolada waqooyi. Qabqabashada waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyin, xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa, oo ahayd xaruntii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM), oo ka mid ahayd aagagga la bartilmaameedsaday 1988. Duqeyntan waxaa hoggaaminayey Jeneraal Maxamed Saciid Xersi Morgan, wiilka uu sodogga u yahay Barre. Wixii ka dhacay Soomaaliya [[1988]] malaha waa ka sii foolxun. Markii Hargeysa la duqeeyay ayaa dadkii deganaa lagu khasbay inay qaxaan. Askarta ayaa markaas miinooyin ku aasay guryihii laga tagay. Markii uu dagaalku dhammaaday ayay qaxootigii dib u laabteen, balse waxaa lagu naafeeyay ama lagu dilay qaraxyo qarsoon.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20000508/Land-Mines-Weighing-the-Cost/ Land Mines—Weighing the Cost]</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay Abou Jeng iyo aqoonyahanno kale, xukunkii taliskii Barre waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay cadaadis arxan darro ah oo lala beegsaday qabiilka Isaaq. Max’ed Xaaji Ingiriis iyo Chris Mullin waxay caddeeyeen in qabqabashadii maamulkii Barre ee ka dhanka ahaa Dhaqdhaqaaqii Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee fadhigiisu ahaa Hargeysa lala beegsaday beelweynta Isaaq oo ay ka tirsan yihiin inta badan xubnihii SNM. Waxay ku tilmaamayaan isku haynta inay tahay xasuuqii Isaaq ama xasuuqii Hargeysa. Baaritaan ay sameysay Qaramada Midoobay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in dambiga xasuuqa uu ahaa "mid ay maleegtay, qorsheysay oo ay ka fulisay Dowlada Soomaaliya dadka Isaaqa". Tirada dadka rayidka ah ee ku waxyeeloobay waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inta udhaxeysa 50,000–100,000 sida laga soo xigtay ilo wareedyo kala duwan, halka wararka qaarna ay ku qiyaasayaan wadarta dhimashada dadka rayidka ah inay kor u dhaafeyso 200,000 oo rayid Isaaq ah. Dhimashooyinkaas, taliskii Barre wuxuu duqeeyey oo burburiyey magaalooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya, Hargeysa iyo Burco siday u kala horreeyaan. Tani waxay u barakicisay dad lagu qiyaasey 400,000 oo dadka deegaanka ah oo u qaxay Hartasheikh ee dalka Itoobiya; shaqsiyaad kale oo gaaraya 400,000 ayaa iyaguna gudaha ku barakacay. Dagaalkii ka soo horjeedka ee taliskii Barre ee ka dhanka ahaa SNM wuxuu bartilmaameedsaday saldhigii rayidka ee kooxda mucaaradka, isaga oo isu beddelay xasuuq xasuuq ka dhan ah beesha Isaaq. Tani waxay horseeday fowdo iyo ololeyaal dagaal oo ay gaystaan ​​maleeshiyooyin kala jabay, ka dibna awooddii heer degmo la wareeray. Cadaadiskii maamulkii Barre kuma koobnayn Isaaqa oo keliya, maxaa yeelay wuxuu bartilmaameedsanayay qabaa’illada kale sida Hawiye. Taliskii Barre wuxuu burburay Janaayo [[1991]]. Intaa kadib, markii xaalada siyaasadeed ee Somaliland xasiloonayd, dadkii barakacay waxay ku noqdeen guryahoodii, maleeshiyooyinkii waa laga daad gureeyay ama waxaa lagu daray ciidanka, tobanaan kun oo guri iyo meherado ahna dib ayaa looga soo dhisay burburka. ===Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Ruined tank in Hargeisa, Somaliland.jpg|thumb|250px|Taangi M47 Patton oo ku burburay Somaliland.]] ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]]'' In kasta oo SNM markii la aasaasay ay lahayd dastuur midow, haddana waxay ugu dambayntii bilawday inay raadiso madax-bannaanida, iyada oo doonaysa inay ka go'do Soomaaliya inteeda kale. Intii uu hoggaaminayey Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur, maamulka maxalliga ah wuxuu ku dhawaaqay gobollada waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya madax-bannaanida shirkii ka dhacay magaalada Burco intii u dhaxeysay 27-kii Abriil 1991-kii illaa 15-kii May 1991. ===Ku dhawaaqidii Maxadbanaanida=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saxeexida Baaqa Madaxbanaanida Somaliland]]'' [[File:Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png|thumb|250px|5 May go'aankii shirkii weynaa ee Burco. Shirkii labaad ee qaran ee 18 May, Golaha Dhexe ee SNM oo taageero ka helaya kulan ay yeesheen odayaal matalayay beelaha waaweyn ee Gobollada Waqooyi, ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay dib ula soo noqoshada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland dhulkii Maxmiyaddii hore ee Ingiriiska ee Somaliland isla markaana la sameeyay. dowlad loogu magac daray ismaamul gobaleedka.]] 27 Jannayo 1991 ayaa ciidamadii SNM gacanta ku dhigeen dhamaan dalkii hore loo odhan jiray Somaliland. Dabadeedna madaxdii SNM waxay ka shaqeeyeen inay heshiiyeen oo beelihii walaalaha ee ay iska horkeentay dawladii hore ee Siyaad Barre. 18 Mey 1991 shirbeeleedkii ka dhacay magaalada Burco ayaa lagu go'aansaday lagagana dhawaaqay gooni isu taagga qaranimada Somaliland. ===Afti u qaadista dastuurka Somaliland 2001=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[2001 Afti u qaadista dastuurka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Somaliland Constitution Presidential Decree.jpg|thumb|250px|Digreeto madaxweyne oo uu ku ansaxinayo dastuurka Somaliland [[Maxamed Cigaal|Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]].]] Bishii Ogast 2000, Dawladdii Madaxweyne Cigaal waxay kumanaan nuqul oo ka mid ah dastuurka la soo jeediyey u qaybiyey guud ahaan Somaliland si dadku u tixgeliyaan oo dib u eegis ugu sameeyaan. Hal qodob oo xasaasi ah oo ka mid ah 130ka qodob ee dastuurka u gaarka ah ayaa ansixin doona madax-bannaanida iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida ee Somaliland iyo kala-goynta kama dambaysta ah ee Soomaaliya, taasoo soo celinaysa madax-bannaanida qaran markii ugu horreysay tan iyo 1960. Dabayaaqadii bishii Maarso 2001, Madaxweyne Cigaal wuxuu cayimay maalinta aftida loo qaadayo Dastuurka May 31, 2001. Afti dastuurka ayaa laga qaaday Somaliland 31 May 2001. Aftida ayaa loo qaaday dastuurka qabyada ah ee xaqiijinaya madaxbanaanida Somaliland ee Soomaaliya. 99.9% ee codbixiyaasha xaqa u leh ayaa kaqaybqaatay aftida waxaana 97.1% kamid ah ay ucodeeyeen dastuurka. ==Juquraafiga== Somaliland waxay dhacdaa Geeska Afrika, taasi oo udhexaysa dhigaha 08°00' – 11°30' waqooyiga dhulbadhaha iyo loolasha 42°30' – 49°00' ee bariga [[Greenwich]]. Waxa dhinaca galbeed ka xiga wadanka [[Jabuuti]], dhinaca koonfureed wadanka [[Itoobiya]], iyo dhinaca bari oo ka xigto maamul-goboleedka [[Khaatumo]]. Somaliland waxay leedahay xeeb-badeed dhererkeedu le'eg yahay {{convert|740|km|mi|0}};viyo dhul baaxadeedu le'eg yahay {{convert|176120|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=Somalia|accessdate=31 May 2009|date=14 May 2009|work=[[World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=1 Bisha Todobaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701194614/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Somaliland waxa ay dhul ahaan fidsantahay 137000 km laba jibbaaran dhulaka ay ka koobantahya jamhuuriyadani waxa uu u badanyahay dhul deegaana am waaba lawada daganyahay waxa uuleeyahay buuro iyo meelo banaan ah haddii lysidhaahdo taariikhda uu wadankani lereyahay iyo taariihda uu shacabkani leeyahayba ka sheekeeya waxay noqonaysaa mid aad u dheer. <gallery mode="packed" caption="Muuqaalka juquraafiga Somaliland"> File:Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Lamadaya]] waa biyo-dhacyo ku yaal buurta [[Cal Madow]]. File:Somalia (Somaliland)(168).jpg|upright|thumb|Baadiyaha Somaliland. File:Almadow Overview.JPG|upright|thumb|Muuqaalka Buuraha [[Cal Madow]] Buuraha, oo hoy u ah noocyo fara badan oo fara badan. File:Ceebaad island, Zeila Archipelago, Somaliland.jpg|[[Ceebaad|Jasiirada Ceebaad]], [[Jasiirada Sacadaddin]]. </gallery> ===Gobolada=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg [[Gobolada Somaliland]]'' Sanadkan 2020, Somaliland waxa ay ka kooban tahay 6 gobol, kuwaasi oo ugu weyn tahay gobolka [[sanaag]]. Gobolada somaliland intii u dhaxaysa 22 maarso ilaa 22 may, 2008, waxa uu madaxwaynihii horore ee [[Somaliland]] magacaabay gobolo cusub oo lagu daray goboladii hore ee lixda ahaa taas oo kadhigatay gobolada somaliland 13 gobol, gobolda cusub ee kuwii hore lagu daray waxa ay yihiin sidan. {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 align=center style="border:1px solid grey; border-collapse:collapse" |- ! bgcolor=lightgrey | # ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Gobol ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Magaalo Madax | bgcolor=white rowspan="14" | [[image: Somaliland regions.svg|380 px]] |- | 1 | [[Awdal]] | [[Boorama]] |- | 2 | [[Maroodi Jeex]] | [[Hargeysa]] |- | 3 | [[Saaxil]] | [[Berbera]] |- | 4 | [[Togdheer]] | [[Burco]] |- | 5 | [[Sool]] | [[Laascaanood]] |- | 6 | [[Sanaag]] | [[Ceerigaabo]] |- |} ===Magaalooyinka Waawayn=== ::''Sidoo kale fiiri: [[Magaalooyinka Somaliland]]'' <gallery> File:Borama2.jpg|[[Borama]] File: Hargeisa capital of Somaliland.jpg |[[Hargeysa]] File: Berbera, Somaliland.jpg|[[Berbera]] File: Laascaanood 2.jpg |[[Laascaanood]] </gallery> ===Cimiladda=== Somaliland waxay dhacdaa waqooyiga [[Dhulbadhe|dhulbadaha]]. Waa deegaan qalalan ([[Lamadegaan la mood]]), isku celceliska heerkulku yahay {{convert|25|to|35|C}} taasi oo hesha roob dhan {{convert|446|mm}} sanadkii.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://journeysbydesign.com/destinations/somaliland/when-to-go|title=SOMALILAND CLIMATE : when to visit|website=Jouneys by Design|language=en|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Deegaanada Somaliland waxaa loo qeybiyaa sadex nooc oo kala ah: (1). [[Guban]]: dhul lamadegaan qalalan (2) [[Oogo]]: xooggag sare (3) [[Hawd]]: dhul daaqsiimeed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somaliland in Figures|url=http://slministryofplanning.org/images/Statistics/SomalilandInfigures2015.pdf|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2020-06-20|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233801/http://slministryofplanning.org/images/Statistics/SomalilandInfigures2015.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = [[Hargeysa]] |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 31.1 |Feb record high C = 31.7 |Mar record high C = 32.8 |Apr record high C = 32.8 |May record high C = 35.0 |Jun record high C = 33.9 |Jul record high C = 33.9 |Aug record high C = 33.3 |Sep record high C = 32.8 |Oct record high C = 31.7 |Nov record high C = 30.6 |Dec record high C = 28.9 |year record high C = 35.0 |Jan high C = 24.2 |Feb high C = 26.6 |Mar high C = 28.7 |Apr high C = 29.2 |May high C = 30.5 |Jun high C = 31.0 |Jul high C = 29.2 |Aug high C = 29.2 |Sep high C = 30.5 |Oct high C = 28.2 |Nov high C = 26.0 |Dec high C = 23.7 |year high C = 28.1 |Jan mean C = 17.7 |Feb mean C = 18.7 |Mar mean C = 21.6 |Apr mean C = 23.0 |May mean C = 24.1 |Jun mean C = 24.3 |Jul mean C = 23.6 |Aug mean C = 23.6 |Sep mean C = 23.6 |Oct mean C = 24.1 |Nov mean C = 18.7 |Dec mean C = 18.0 |year mean C = 21.7 |Jan low C = 11.6 |Feb low C = 12.6 |Mar low C = 15.0 |Apr low C = 16.6 |May low C = 17.7 |Jun low C = 17.7 |Jul low C = 17.1 |Aug low C = 17.1 |Sep low C = 17.1 |Oct low C = 15.0 |Nov low C = 13.1 |Dec low C = 12.1 |year low C = 15.2 |Jan record low C = 2.8 |Feb record low C = 2.8 |Mar record low C = 3.9 |Apr record low C = 9.4 |May record low C = 11.7 |Jun record low C = 11.7 |Jul record low C = 10.5 |Aug record low C = 11.1 |Sep record low C = 11.1 |Oct record low C = 7.2 |Nov record low C = 4.4 |Dec record low C = 4.4 |year record low C = 2.8 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 2 |Feb precipitation mm = 2 |Mar precipitation mm = 36 |Apr precipitation mm = 53 |May precipitation mm = 49 |Jun precipitation mm = 61 |Jul precipitation mm = 38 |Aug precipitation mm = 81 |Sep precipitation mm = 61 |Oct precipitation mm = 20 |Nov precipitation mm = 8 |Dec precipitation mm = 1 |year precipitation mm = 412 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1 |Feb precipitation days = 1 |Mar precipitation days = 3 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 7 |Jun precipitation days = 9 |Jul precipitation days = 8 |Aug precipitation days = 10 |Sep precipitation days = 11 |Oct precipitation days = 4 |Nov precipitation days = 1 |Dec precipitation days = 0 |year precipitation days = 61 |Jan humidity = 65 |Feb humidity = 65 |Mar humidity = 58 |Apr humidity = 57 |May humidity = 56 |Jun humidity = 55 |Jul humidity = 53 |Aug humidity = 53 |Sep humidity = 55 |Oct humidity = 56 |Nov humidity = 61 |Dec humidity = 64 |year humidity = |Jan percentsun = 80 |Feb percentsun = 73 |Mar percentsun = 80 |Apr percentsun = 73 |May percentsun = 64 |Jun percentsun = 73 |Jul percentsun = 64 |Aug percentsun = 64 |Sep percentsun = 73 |Oct percentsun = 80 |Nov percentsun = 80 |Dec percentsun = 80 |year percentsun = 74 |source 1 = Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (temperatures, humidity and percent sunshine)<ref> {{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142616/http://www.faoswalim.org/resources/site_files/W-01%20Climate%20of%20Somalia_0.pdf | archivedate = 4 November 2016 | url = http://www.faoswalim.org/resources/site_files/W-01%20Climate%20of%20Somalia_0.pdf | title = Climate of Somalia | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization | pages = 69–73 | accessdate = 4 November 2016 | url-status = | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |title = Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia |publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate = 4 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |archive-date = 5 October 2016 |url-status = |df = dmy-all }}</ref> |source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631700_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Hargeisa / Somalia | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref> }} {{Weather box|location = [[Borama]] |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 24.6 |Feb high C = 25.4 |Mar high C = 27.5 |Apr high C = 27.8 |May high C = 29.3 |Jun high C = 30.0 |Jul high C = 28.8 |Aug high C = 28.8 |Sep high C = 29.0 |Oct high C = 27.4 |Nov high C = 25.8 |Dec high C = 24.4 |Jan low C = 9.7 |Feb low C = 11.7 |Mar low C = 13.8 |Apr low C = 15.7 |May low C = 17.0 |Jun low C = 18.3 |Jul low C = 17.8 |Aug low C = 17.6 |Sep low C = 17.3 |Oct low C = 13.7 |Nov low C = 11.3 |Dec low C = 10.4 |Jan rain mm = 6 |Feb rain mm = 21 |Mar rain mm = 36 |Apr rain mm = 86 |May rain mm = 61 |Jun rain mm = 32 |Jul rain mm = 78 |Aug rain mm = 112 |Sep rain mm = 86 |Oct rain mm = 18 |Nov rain mm = 10 |Dec rain mm = 2 |source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-12%20Land%20Resources%20of%20Somalia.pdf |title=Land Resources Assessment of Somalia |date=June 2009 |publisher=[[Somalia Water and Land Information Management Project]] |page=10 |accessdate=1 October 2013 |url-status= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010751/http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-12%20Land%20Resources%20of%20Somalia.pdf |archivedate=5 October 2013 }}</ref> }} {{Weather box|location = [[Berbera]] | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 35.3 | Feb record high C = 35.0 | Mar record high C = 35.0 | Apr record high C = 42.2 | May record high C = 47.3 | Jun record high C = 49.1 | Jul record high C = 47.7 | Aug record high C = 46.7 | Sep record high C = 46.0 | Oct record high C = 41.7 | Nov record high C = 36.7 | Dec record high C = 36.1 | year record high C = 49.1 | Jan high C = 27.9 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 30.7 | Apr high C = 31.0 | May high C = 35.7 | Jun high C = 42.8 | Jul high C = 42.9 | Aug high C = 41.9 | Sep high C = 39.7 | Oct high C = 33.1 | Nov high C = 30.0 | Dec high C = 28.6 | year high C = 34.5 | Jan mean C = 25.0 | Feb mean C = 25.0 | Mar mean C = 26.1 | Apr mean C = 28.3 | May mean C = 31.1 | Jun mean C = 33.5 | Jul mean C = 36.1 | Aug mean C = 35.6 | Sep mean C = 33.3 | Oct mean C = 28.8 | Nov mean C = 26.7 | Dec mean C = 26.7 | year mean C = 30.0 | Jan low C = 21.3 | Feb low C = 21.6 | Mar low C = 23.3 | Apr low C = 25.2 | May low C = 27.7 | Jun low C = 31.0 | Jul low C = 31.8 | Aug low C = 31.1 | Sep low C = 29.3 | Oct low C = 24.0 | Nov low C = 22.2 | Dec low C = 21.6 | year low C = 25.8 | Jan record low C = 14.4 | Feb record low C = 15.6 | Mar record low C = 16.7 | Apr record low C = 18.9 | May record low C = 20.6 | Jun record low C = 22.2 | Jul record low C = 20.6 | Aug record low C = 20.0 | Sep record low C = 17.8 | Oct record low C = 16.7 | Nov record low C = 16.1 | Dec record low C = 15.0 | year record low C = 14.4 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 8 | Feb precipitation mm = 2 | Mar precipitation mm = 5 | Apr precipitation mm = 12 | May precipitation mm = 8 | Jun precipitation mm = 1 | Jul precipitation mm = 1 | Aug precipitation mm = 2 | Sep precipitation mm = 1 | Oct precipitation mm = 2 | Nov precipitation mm = 5 | Dec precipitation mm = 5 | year precipitation mm = 52 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 0.6 | Feb precipitation days = 0.6 | Mar precipitation days = 0.5 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.8 | Jun precipitation days = 0.1 | Jul precipitation days = 0.3 | Aug precipitation days = 0.5 | Sep precipitation days = 0.4 | Oct precipitation days = 0.2 | Nov precipitation days = 0.3 | Dec precipitation days = 0.4 | year precipitation days = 5.2 | Jan humidity = 78 | Feb humidity = 79 | Mar humidity = 79 | Apr humidity = 81 | May humidity = 73 | Jun humidity = 49 | Jul humidity = 44 | Aug humidity = 45 | Sep humidity = 51 | Oct humidity = 72 | Nov humidity = 74 | Dec humidity = 76 | year humidity = 67 | Jan percentsun = 80 | Feb percentsun = 80 | Mar percentsun = 80 | Apr percentsun = 83 | May percentsun = 83 | Jun percentsun = 87 | Jul percentsun = 80 | Aug percentsun = 87 | Sep percentsun = 87 | Oct percentsun = 87 | Nov percentsun = 87 | Dec percentsun = 80 | year percentsun = | source 1 = Arab Meteorology Book (average temperatures, humidity and precipitation),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf | title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data | publisher = Springer | accessdate = 22 October 2016 | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Deutscher Wetterdienst<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631600_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Berbera / Somalia | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = 22 October 2016}}</ref> | source 2 = Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |title = Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia |publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate = 4 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |archive-date = 5 October 2016 |url-status = |df = dmy-all }}</ref> }} {{Weather box | location = [[Burco]] | single line = Yes | metric first = Yes | Jan high F = 79.7 | Feb high F = 82.4 | Mar high F = 85.5 | Apr high F = 87.3 | May high F = 88.3 | Jun high F = 88 | Jul high F = 84.9 | Aug high F = 86.7 | Sep high F = 88.9 | Oct high F = 85.6 | Nov high F = 81.7 | Dec high F = 79.7 | year high F = 84.9 | Jan low F = 54.9 | Feb low F = 56.8 | Mar low F = 60.1 | Apr low F = 63.1 | May low F = 65.1 | Jun low F = 66.9 | Jul low F = 66.9 | Aug low F = 67.1 | Sep low F = 66.9 | Oct low F = 61.2 | Nov low F = 57.7 | Dec low F = 55 | year low F = 61.8 | Jan precipitation mm = 2 | Feb precipitation mm = 0 | Mar precipitation mm = 6 | Apr precipitation mm = 50 | May precipitation mm = 59 | Jun precipitation mm = 14 | Jul precipitation mm = 13 | Aug precipitation mm = 13 | Sep precipitation mm = 30 | Oct precipitation mm = 26 | Nov precipitation mm = 9 | Dec precipitation mm = 0 | year precipitation mm = 222 | source 1 = Weatherbase<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=631750&refer=wikipedia | title = Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Burao, Somalia | publisher = Weatherbase | year = 2011 | accessdate = 24 November 2011 | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = 7 Bisha Sideedaad 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200807094958/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=631750&refer=wikipedia | dead-url = yes }}</ref> | source 2 = Climate Data.ORG<ref> {{cite web | url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/907/ |title =Climate: Burao, Somalia | publisher = Climate-Data.org | year = 2013 | accessdate = 28 December 2013 }}</ref> }} {{Weather box|location = [[Ceerigaabo]] |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 30.5 |Feb record high C = 33.5 |Mar record high C = 32.0 |Apr record high C = 33.5 |May record high C = 31.5 |Jun record high C = 30.5 |Jul record high C = 30.5 |Aug record high C = 30.0 |Sep record high C = 30.0 |Oct record high C = 29.5 |Nov record high C = 29.5 |Dec record high C = 28.0 |year record high C = 33.5 |Jan high C = 24.5 |Feb high C = 25.5 |Mar high C = 25.5 |Apr high C = 26.5 |May high C = 26.5 |Jun high C = 26.0 |Jul high C = 26.0 |Aug high C = 26.0 |Sep high C = 25.5 |Oct high C = 25.0 |Nov high C = 24.0 |Dec high C = 23.5 |year high C = 25.5 |Jan mean C = 15.0 |Feb mean C = 16.0 |Mar mean C = 17.0 |Apr mean C = 18.0 |May mean C = 19.0 |Jun mean C = 19.5 |Jul mean C = 19.5 |Aug mean C = 19.5 |Sep mean C = 18.5 |Oct mean C = 16.5 |Nov mean C = 15.5 |Dec mean C = 14.5 |year mean C = 17.5 |Jan low C = 5.5 |Feb low C = 7.0 |Mar low C = 8.5 |Apr low C = 10.0 |May low C = 11.5 |Jun low C = 13.0 |Jul low C = 13.5 |Aug low C = 13.5 |Sep low C = 11.5 |Oct low C = 8.5 |Nov low C = 7.0 |Dec low C = 5.5 |year low C = 9.5 |Jan record low C = -3.5 |Feb record low C = 0.5 |Mar record low C = 0.5 |Apr record low C = 2.0 |May record low C = 1.5 |Jun record low C = 4.0 |Jul record low C = 5.0 |Aug record low C = 4.5 |Sep record low C = 3.0 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = -3.0 |Dec record low C = -3.5 |year record low C = -3.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 18 |Feb precipitation mm = 13 |Mar precipitation mm = 33 |Apr precipitation mm = 38 |May precipitation mm = 81 |Jun precipitation mm = 64 |Jul precipitation mm = 10 |Aug precipitation mm = 41 |Sep precipitation mm = 114 |Oct precipitation mm = 8 |Nov precipitation mm = 13 |Dec precipitation mm = 2 |year precipitation mm = 435 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1 |Feb precipitation days = 3 |Mar precipitation days = 6 |Apr precipitation days = 5 |May precipitation days = 8 |Jun precipitation days = 9 |Jul precipitation days = 1 |Aug precipitation days = 5 |Sep precipitation days = 15 |Oct precipitation days = 1 |Nov precipitation days = 2 |Dec precipitation days = 0 |year precipitation days = 56 |time day = 14:00 |Jan humidity = 34 |Feb humidity = 35 |Mar humidity = 42 |Apr humidity = 56 |May humidity = 51 |Jun humidity = 48 |Jul humidity = 43 |Aug humidity = 49 |Sep humidity = 55 |Oct humidity = 43 |Nov humidity = 34 |Dec humidity = 37 |year humidity = 44 |source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631800_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Erigavo / Somalia | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref> |date = July 2012}} ==Dowlada iyo Siyaasada== ===Madaxweyneyaasha=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-right:2px;" |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[File: Muse Bihi official portrait 2017 (cropped).jpg|130px]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[File:Vice President of Somaliland Abdirahman SayliciSaylici.jpg|160px]] |- | style="text-align:center;"|[[Muuse Biixi]]<br /><small>[[File:Seal of the President of the Republic of Somaliland.png|20x20px]] [[Madaxwaynaha Somaliland|Madaxwaynaha]]</small> | style="text-align:center;"|[[Cabdiraxmaan Saylici]]<br /><small>[[File:Emblem of Somaliland.svg|15x15px]] [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]</small> |} ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dawladda Somaliland]] iyo [[Siyaasadda Somaliland]]'' [[File:Somaliland Parliament (5981346680).jpg|thumb|250px|Wasiirka Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Ingiriiska Henry Bellingham oo la hadlaya [[baarlamaanka Somaliland]], July [[2011]]]] Guurtidu waxay la shaqeysay hoggaamiyeyaashii jabhadda si ay u soo dhisaan dowlad cusub, waxaana lagu soo daray qaab dhismeedka dowladnimada, waxayna noqotay Golaha Guurtida ee Barlamaanka. iyo guryaha Hoose oo si saami ahaan loogu qoondeeyey qabaa'ilka iyadoo lagu saleynayo qaacido horay loo sii dejiyey, in kasta oo reeraha oo dhami aysan ku qanacsanayn matalaadooda. Sannadkii 2002, ka dib markii dhawr jeer loo kordhiyey dawladdan ku-meel-gaadhka ah, Somaliland waxay u gudubtay dimuqraadiyadda xisbiyada badan. Doorashadu waxay ku koobnayd saddex xisbi, iyada oo la isku dayayo in la abuuro doorashooyin ku dhisan fikrad halkii laga dooran lahaa qaab qabiil. Laga bilaabo Diseembar 2014, Somaliland waxay leedahay saddex xisbi siyaasadeed: Xisbiga Nabadda, Midnimada, iyo Horumarka, Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarka, iyo Wadani. Sida ku xusan dastuurka Somaliland, ugu badnaan saddex xisbi siyaasadeed ayaa loo oggol yahay. Fulinta waxaa hogaamiya madaxweyne la soo doortay, oo dowladdiisa ay ka mid yihiin madaxweyne-ku-xigeen iyo Golaha Wasiirrada. Golaha Wasiirrada, oo mas'uul ka ah howlaha caadiga ah ee dowladda, waxaa soo magacaaba Madaxweynaha, waxaana oggolaada Golaha Wakiillada ee Baarlamaanka. Madaxweynuhu waa inuu ansixiyaa hindise sharciyeedyada ay ansixiyeen Baarlamaanku intaanay dhaqan gelin. Doorashada madaxtinimada waxaa xaqiijiyey guddiga doorashooyinka qaranka ee Somaliland. Madaxweynaha wuxuu shaqeyn karaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo shan sano ah. [[File:Tuur-and-Egaal.jpg|thumb|250px|Madaxweynaha waqtigiisu dhammaaday, [[Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur]], wuxuu hoolka ka baxayaa isaga iyo madaxweynaha cusub ee la doortay [[Maxamed Cigaal|Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]]. C / Raxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur waxaa oday ugu hambalyeeynayaa go, aankiisa ah inuu aqbalo natiijada doorashada isla markaana si nabadgelyo ah isu soo taago kadib maalmo dhowr dood adag iyo gorgortan.]] Golaha Wakiilada (Aqalka Hoose) ee Baarlamaanka Somaliland. Awooda sharci dejinta waxaa leh baarlamaanka labada aqal. Aqalkiisa sare waa Golaha Guurtida, qolkan waxaa gudoomiye ka ah Suleiman Mohamoud Adan, aqalka hoose waa Golaha Wakiilada. Aqalka hoose waxaa gudoomiye ka ah Baashe Maxamed Faarax. Guri kasta wuxuu leeyahay 82 xubnood. Xubnaha Golaha Guurtida waxaa si dadban u doorta beelaha deegaanka muddo lix sano ah. Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu la wadaagayaa awooda gudbinta shuruucda Golaha Wakiilada, sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay doorka xalinta khilaafaadka gudaha, iyo awood gaar ah oo lagu kordhiyo muddada Madaxweynaha iyo wakiilada iyadoo lagu jiro duruufaha doorashada ka dhigaya mid aan macquul aheyn. Xubnaha Golaha Wakiillada waxaa si toos ah u doorta dadku shan sano. Golaha Wakiiladu wuxuu la wadaagayaa awooda codbixinta Golaha Guurtida, in kasta oo ay soo saari karaan sharci Golaha Guurtidu diidayo hadii ay u codeeyaan sharciga aqlabiyada 2/3, waxayna awood buuxda ku leeyihiin arimaha dhaqaalaha iyo xaqiijinta magacaabista Madaxweynaha. (marka laga reebo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare). Nidaamka garsoorku wuxuu u qaybsan yahay maxkamadaha degmada, (oo ka hadlaya arrimaha sharciga qoyska iyo isku xigxiga, dacwadaha oo gaaraya ilaa 3 milyan oo SL ah, kiisaska ciqaabta oo ciqaabtiisu tahay ilaa 3 sano oo xarig ah ama 3 milyan oo ganaax lacageed ah oo SL ah, iyo dambiyada ay galaan dhalinyarada) , maxkamadaha gobolka (kuwaas oo ka shaqeeya dacwadaha iyo kiisaska ciqaabta ee aan ku hoos jirin xukunka maxkamadaha degmada, sheegashooyinka shaqada iyo shaqaalaynta, iyo doorashooyinka dawladaha hoose), maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee gobolka (kuwaas oo wax ka qabta dhammaan rafcaannada ka imanaya maxkamadaha degmooyinka iyo gobollada), iyo Maxkamadda Sare (kaas oo ka hadlaya arrimaha u dhexeeya maxkamadaha iyo dawladda, isla markaana dib u eegis ku sameeya go'aannadeeda), oo ah maxkamadda ugu sarraysa sidoo kalena u shaqaysa sida Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Sharciga Jinsiyadaha Somaliland wuxuu qeexayaa qofka muwaadin Somaliland ah, Haweenka reer Somaliland, oo xidhan midabada calanka Somaliland, ka hor doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 2005. Dawladda Somaliland waxay sii waddaa inay ku dhaqanto xeerka ciqaabta ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya 1962dii. Sidan oo kale, falalka khaniisiinta ayaa sharci darro ka ah gayiga. Guriga Freedom wuxuu ku qiimeeyaa dawladda Somaliland qayb ahaan dimuqraadiyadda. Seth Kaplan (2011) wuxuu ku doodayaa in si ka duwan koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo dhulalka ku dhow, ay Somaliland, gooni u goosadka waqooyiga-galbeed ee Soomaaliya, ay ka dhistay qaab dimoqraadi ah oo maamul hoosta ilaa kor, iyadoo aan haba yaraatee lahayn wax kaalmo shisheeye ah. Si gaar ah, Kaplan wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in Somaliland ay leedahay nidaamka siyaasadeed ee ugu dimuqraadiyadda wanaagsan geeska Afrika maxaa yeelay waxaa inta badan laga soo cayimay cunsuriyiinta xagjirka ah ee ka jira Soomaaliya inteeda kale waxayna leedahay hanaan doorasho iyo sharci dejin iyo sidoo kale nidaam gaar ah oo adag. ===Xidhiidhka Dibada=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Xidhiidhka Dibada ee Somaliland]]'' [[File:The President of Somaliland, Musa Bihi Abdi And the Guinean Foreign minister, Mamadi Toure.jpg|thumb|250px|Madaxweynaha Somaliland, [[Muuse Biixi]], ayaa booqasho ku tegey Jamhuuriyadda Guinea.]] Somaliland waxay xidhiidh siyaasadeed la leedahay dalalka deriska la ah ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti, Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha oo aan xubin ka ahayn Qaramada Midoobay, iyo sidoo kale Koonfur Afrika, Sweden, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo waddan yar oo Liberland ah. 17-kii Janaayo 2007, Midowga Yurub (EU) wuxuu wafdi u diray arrimaha dibedda si ay uga wada hadlaan iskaashiga mustaqbalka. Midowga Afrika (AU) wuxuu kaloo diray wasiir arrimo dibadeed si uu ugala hadlo mustaqbalka ictiraafka caalamiga, 29kii iyo 30kii Janaayo 2007, wasiiradu waxay sheegeen inay ictiraafka kala hadli doonaan dowladaha xubnaha ka ah ururka. Horraantii 2006, Golaha Qaranka ee Wales ayaa casuumaad rasmi ah u fidiyay dawladda Somaliland si ay uga soo qayb galaan furitaanka boqortooyada ee Senedd ee Cardiff. Tallaabadan ayaa loo arkay inay tahay tallaabo ay Golaha Welsh ku aqoonsadeen sharcinimada dowladda gooni u goosadka ah. Xafiiska Arimaha Dibadda iyo Barwaaqo Sooranka ayaanan wax faallo ah ka bixin casuumaada. Gobolka Wales waxaa ku nool jaaliyad Soomaali ah oo muhiim ah oo ka timid Somaliland. Sanadkii 2007, wafdi uu hogaaminayo Madaxweyne Kaahin ayaa goobjoog ka ahaa shirkii madaxda dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Barwaaqo Sooranka ee ka dhacay magaalada Kampala ee xarunta dalka Uganda. In kasta oo ay Somaliland codsatay ka mid noqoshada Barwaaqa Sooranka iyada oo ku hoos jirta xaalad goobjooge, codsigeedii weli waa la sugayaa. [[File:Missions in Somaliland.png|thumb|right|250px|Khariidada xafiisyada diblomaasiyadeed ee Somaliland{{legend|#ff0000|Somaliland}} <!--{{legend|#212178|States with embassy in Somaliland}}--> {{legend|#5f8dd3|Dowladdaha leh qunsuliyadda ama xafiiska wakiilka ee Somaliland}} <!--{{legend|#aaccff|Dowladdo safaarad aan deganayn ku leh Somaliland}}-->]] 24 Sebtember [[2010]], Johnnie Carson, Kaaliyaha Xoghayaha Arimaha Dibada ee Arimaha Afrika, wuxuu sheegay in Mareykanku uu wax ka badalidoono istiraatiijiyaddiisa Soomaaliya uuna raadinayo xiriir qoto dheer oo uu la yeesho dowladaha Somaliland iyo Puntland isagoo sii wadaya taageerida Dowlada KMG ee Soomaaliya. Carson wuxuu sheegay in Mareykanku u diri doono shaqaalaha gargaarka iyo diblomaasiyiinta Puntland iyo Somaliland wuxuuna si toos ah u sheegay suurtagalnimada mashaariic horumarineed oo mustaqbalka ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, Carson wuxuu carabka ku adkeeyay in Mareykanku uusan u fidin doonin aqoonsi rasmi ah labada gobol midkoodna. Madaxweyne Siilaanyo ee Somaliland bishii Noofambar 2010 si uu ugala hadlo sidii loo kordhin lahaa wax ka qabashada Ingiriiska ee Somaliland. Madaxweyne Siilaanyo wuxuu yidhi safarkiisii ​​London “Waxaan la shaqeynaynay beesha caalamka beesha caalamkuna way nala shaqeyneysay, annaga oo bixinayna anaga oo naga caawinay kanala shaqeynayna barnaamijyada dimoqraadiyeynta iyo horumarka. Waxaan aad ugu faraxsanahay sida bulshada caalamku ay noola macaamileen, gaar ahaan UK, Mareykanka, quruumaha kale ee Yurub iyo deriskeena oo weli raadinaya ictiraaf Ictiraafka Somaliland ee Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxa kale oo taageeray Xisbiga Madaxbanaanida ee UK, oo ku soo galay kaalinta 3aad ee codadkii dadweynaha ee doorashadii guud ee 2015. Hogaamiyaha UKIP, Nigel Farage, ayaa la kulmay Cali Aadan Cawaale, Madaxa Ergada Somaliland ee UK Uk maalinta qaranimada Somaliland, 18 May, 2015, si ay u muujiyaan taageerada UKIP ee Somaliland. Nigel Farage wuxuu yidhi “Somaliland waxay 24-kii sano ee u dambeeyay u ahayd ilayska nabada, dimuqraadiyada iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga, ee Geeska Afrika 24-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Waxay ku beegan tahay wakhtigii UK iyo bulshada kale ee caalamku aqoonsadeen qadiyada Somaliland ee aqoonsiga. Waa waqtigii nabada la abaalmarin lahaa. In UK ay dhabarka u jeediso dalabkooda sharciga ah ee madaxbanaanida, waa khalad, waa wax aan caadi aheyn inaanan u ololeynin aqbalitaankooda Barwaaqo Sooranka. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaan taageernay aqbalida dalal ay ka mid yihiin Mozambique oo aan xidhiidh taariikhi ah la lahayn Ingiriiska, laakiin Somaliland, oo hore u ahaan jirtay maxmiyad ayaa hartay qabow. Tani waa inay isbedeshaa". [[File:Somaliland Foreign Minister Hagi Mohamoud with Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen.jpg|thumb|250px|Wasiirka Arimaha Dibada Somaliland Hagi Mohamoud oo uu weheliyo Madaxweynaha Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen.]] Sannadkii [[2011]], Somaliland iyo gobolka deriska la ah [[Khatumo]] ee Puntland wuxuu mid waliba la galay heshiis is-afgarad oo la xiriira nabadgelyada Jasiiradda Seychelles. Iyadoo la raacayo qaab dhismeedka heshiis hore oo ay kala saxiixdeen Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah iyo Seychelles, qoraalka ayaa ah "in dadka la xukumay loo wareejiyo xabsiyada 'Puntland' iyo 'Somaliland'. 1dii Julay [[2020]], Somaliland iyo Taiwan waxay kala saxeexdeen heshiis lagu aasaasayo xafiisyo wakiillo ka shaqeeya si kor loogu qaado iskaashiga labada dal. Wadashaqeynta labada siyaasadood ee ku saabsan waxbarashada, amniga badaha, iyo daawada waxay bilaabatay 2009, shaqaalaha Taiwan waxay soo galeen Somaliland Febraayo 2020 si ay ugu diyaar garoobaan xafiiska wakiilka. ===Doorashooyinka Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Doorashooyinka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Elections in Somaliland.jpg|thumb|250px|Doorashooyinka Somaliland qof iyo cod]] Burburkii dowladdii militariga ee ka talineysay Soomaaliya 1991 AD, hoggaamiyeyaashii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed waxay qaadeen tallaabo ay ku dhawaaqeen gooni u goosadka gobolka woqooyi ee Soomaaliya, oo markaas ku jiray shan gobol oo ka tirsan Soomaaliya inteeda kale, isla sannadkaas. . Intaa wixii ka dambeeyay, Somaliland waxay ku guuleysatay inay gaarto dib u heshiisiin dhab ah oo dhex marta beelaha wada dega gobolka, waxayna ka shaqeysay fidinta amniga, kala dambeynta iyo sharciga, waxayna ku ansixisay dastuurkeedii ugu horreeyay afti laga qaaday 2001. Waxay sidoo kale abaabushay, xilliyo kala duwan, bilaash iyo doorashooyin guuleysta oo ay kujiraan doorashooyinka dowladaha hoose, sharci dejinta iyo madaxweynaha. Waxa wadankan ka dhacay doorashooyin madax banaan oo shacabku si run ah ay u dooranayeen waxa kale oo horay uga dhacay somaliland doorashooyin doorashaddii, uguhoraysay ee kadhacady somaliland waxa ay hayd dheceen sanadii 1997 waxca ku gulaystay madaxwayne [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] doorashada labaad ee kadhacady somalilad waxa ay dhacday sanadii 2003 halka tii sadexaad oo ah in ay jabisay rikoodhkii u yaaly afrika oo ahaaa in laba doorasho oo isku xiga wax kacadani aany wadan afrikaana kadhici iyada oo lagu yaqaanay in haddii doorasho sadexaad loodhaqaaqo uu wadankasta oo afrika kuyaala dagaal sokeeye ka bilaabmi jiray. ayaa wadanka somaliland waxa uu marayaa doorashaddii sadexaad ee si habsamiya uga dhacda doorashadan ugu danbaysay waxa ay djacday sandkii aynu soodhaafanay ee 2010ka waxaana madaxwayne loo doortay mujaaahidka wayn ee axmed maxamed maxamuud [[siilaanyo]] ===Ciidanka=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Ciidanka Qaranka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Women in Somaliland Army.jpg|thumb|250px|Haweenka Ciidanka Somaliland.]] [[File:Somaliland Army 1.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ciidanka Qaranka Somaliland]]]] '''Ciidamada Somaliland''' (''Ciidanka Qaranka'') Somalilanad waxa ay leedahay ciidan militari oo si habaysan u tababaran kaas oo ah ilaaliyaha koobaad ee ciida somaliland. ciidamada somaliland waxa ay fadhiisimo iyo saldhigyo ku leeyihiin dhamaan wadanka. ciidamada somaliland waxa ay leeyhiin dhamaan qaybaha ciidan ee wadan yeesho. waxaa sharci ahaan loo ogolyahay dadka wixii kawayn 18 ilaa 49 ciidanka [[somaliland]] waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 20.000 oo askari. Ciidamada somaliland waxay ka qaybqaatan ilaalinta ciidooda taaso oo ah arin muqaddas ah. ===Astaanta=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Astaanta Qaranka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Emblem of Somaliland.svg|thumb|250px|[[Astaanta Qaranka Somaliland]]]] Astaanta Qaranka [[Somaliland]] waxaa la abaabulay [[Oktoobar]] [[1996]]dii, ayada iyo calankaba. waxa ay kakoobantahay laba kafadood iyo miisaan isleeg, oo muujinaya cadaalda dhextaala shacabka [[somaliland]] iyo gorgor sare u haya miisaanka oo isna tusaale u ah dimuquraadiyada ay somaliland kudhaqanto waxa kale o kamida astaanta qaranka laba gacmood oo issisalaamya. waxaanay tasi tusaale u tahay sinaanta iyo cadaalada iyo dimuquraadiya dhextaala dadka reer somaliland waxa kale oo kamida calaamdaha ay kakoobantahay astaanta qaranka somaliland [[laan]] geed oo muujinaysa nabada ay haystaan shacabku waxa kale oo kamida halka danbe oo ah huruud taas oo muujinaysa dhaqan wanaaga shacabka somaliland waxa kale oo walaiba kamida bisinka oo kaga yaala halka sare oo muujinaya in shacabka somaliland ay yihiin dad islaama. ===Calanka=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Calanka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Calanka Somaliland]]]] Calanka Somaliland waxa markii uguhoraysay la isticmaalay calanka [[somaliland]] ee xilagan 14 0ktoba 1996kii waxa uu calanka [[somaliland]] ka koobanyahay sadex khad ama kald oo jiif ah waxa ugu koreeya [[cagaar]] waxa [[cadaan]] oo dhexda ah iyo [[casaan]] oo hoosta ah dehexdana waxaa kaga taala calanka xidig [[madaw]] waxa dhanka sare ee calanka ku taala [[shahaadada]] (لا إله إلا الله, محمد رسول الله) oo far cad kuqoran Heesta calanka somaliland (samo kuwaar) ee hada waxaana loogu dhawaaqaa sidan. {{big|Samoo ku waar samoo ku waar Sareeye calanka sudhan biley dhulkissa Samoo ku waariyo iyo bogaadin sugan Hambalyo suuban kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Hambalyo suuban kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Geesiyaashii naftooda u sadqeeyey qaranimadad somaliland Geesiyaashii naftooda u sadqeeyey qaranimadad somaliland Xuskooda dhawrsan kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Xuskooda dhawrsan kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Guul side xambaarsan soo noqoshaddiisa Guul side xambaarsan soo noqoshaddiisa Kalsooniduu mutaystayee dastuurka Distuurka ku salaan kugu salaanee Midnimo walaalnimo gobonimoo Midnimo walaalnimo gobonimoo Islaamnimo kugu salaanee Samoow saamidiyo samoo ku waar Samoo ku waar saamo ku waar}} ===Maalinta Madaxbanaanida=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Somaliland]]'' [[File:Women from Somaliland wearing the flag of Somaliland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right|Haweenka Somaliland oo ka qayb galay dabaaldeggii maalinta madaxbanaanida oo ay la socdaan calanka Somaliland.]] Maalinta xoriyada Somaliland waa maalinta ee maamulka Goboleedka la aqoonsan ee u dabaaldagto xoriyada ee aaminsanyihiin in ee ka heleen soomaaliya isla markaasneh ee ka go'een soomaaliya inteeda kale.Xuskii ugu danbeeyay waxee dhacday 18 may 2011. ==Dhaqaalaha== ===Lacagta=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dhaqaalaha Somaliland]] iyo [[Dekada Berbera]]'' [[File:Somaliland Beverage Industries Factory.jpg|thumb||upright=0.8|left|[[SBI]] Warshada Coca–Cola Somaliland.]] [[File:New DP World Berbera Container Terminal Port.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Dekada Berbera]] Cusub ee DP World Berbera.]] [[Somaliland shilling]] waa lacagta laga isticmaalo [[somaliland]] waxa lahirgaliyay daabacaada iyo isticmalka lacagtan, 18 aktobar 1994, waxa ay ka koobantahay lacagta somaliland waraaqo iyo biro kal ah sidan soo 1,5,10,20,100,500, iyo 5000 Sidan lawada socono astaanta qaranku waa shayga kaliyata ee lagu garto dawlad amaba lagu aqoonsado qaran keena, [[somaliland]] waxuu leeyahay astaan iyo lacag u gaar ah taa oo uu kaga duwan yahay bulshada caalamka iyo Gobolka geeska afrikaba, hadaba tan iyo waxii ka adan beeyay sanadkii 1991 somaliland waxay lahayd lacag u gaar ah taasi oo aan gabi hanba wada gaadhin gobolada somaliland oo dhan , iyadoo inta badan ku kooban hargaysa oo ah caasimada somaliland. halka aan lagaba aqoon gobola da kale dalka sida gobolada Bariga ee ay ka mid ka yihiin gobolka togdheer,sanaag iyo sool ,waxaana laga isticmalaa badiba lacago qalaad oo kala duwan ku wasi oo iskugu jira lacagta itopiyanka iyo lacagtii faqashta ee soomaliyadii hore, dhinacakale waxad arkaysaa markaad tagto magaloyinka aan kor ku soo xusay iyo qaar kaleba inaad markaad dhex marayso goobaha lacagaha lagu sarifo anad arkayninba wax lacag shilinka somalialand ah mana jiraan lacago somaliland ah oo ay indha haagu qabanayaan, dhinacakale´shilinka somaliland hadad is tidhaah do suqa wax kaga so iibso ama ba wax kaga soo cun hotelada laga cunteeyo lagama yaabo inaad wax lagaga iibiyo, waxa yaduna nasiib daraa in qaar kamid ah lacagta shilinka somaliland ah guud ahan ba wadanka gudihiisa lagama qaato xataa casimada inana waxba lagaga iibin ibin mayo lacagtaas oo inta badan musha har loo ´siyo ciidamada qaranka marka ay isku dayaan inay ku soo adeegtana aan lagaqadan lacagtaas aan kor ku soo xusayna waxa kamid ah 5ta´shilin 10´ka shilin iyo 20´ka shilin lacagtasi la diidayaana waa lacagtii qaranka hadaba, waxa nasiib Daraa inay somaliland ku faanto inay hormar ka gaadhay dhinacyo badan sida dimuqraadiyada ´ dhaqaalaha´ Tignolajiyada iyo waxbarashada, hadana hormar ay gaadho iska dhaafo ay lacagteedii ayaa weli saaran Geedka Madhaafto === Sahaminta shidaalka === [[File:Oil and Gas exploration activities in Somaliland.jpg|thumb|left|Hawlaha sahaminta shidaalka iyo gaaska ee [[Oodwayne]], gobolka Togdheer.]] Bishii Ogosto 2012, dawladda Somaliland waxay siisay [[Genel Energy]] ruqsad ay shidaal uga baadhi karto dhulkeeda. Natiijooyinka baadhitaanka sagxadda oo la dhammaystiray horraantii 2015 waxay xaqiijiyeen suurtagalnimada waxqabad ee ka jirta SL-10B iyo baloogga SL-13 iyo baloogga Oodweyne oo lagu qiyaasay keyd shidaal oo midkiiba gaarayo 1 bilyan oo foosto. <ref>{{cite web | title = Somaliland | url = http: //www.genelenergy.com/operations/exploration-assets/somaliland/ | access-date = 3 August 2017 | Archive-date = 4 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013531/http://www.genelenergy.com/operations/exploration-assets/somaliland/ | url-status = dead | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = 4 August 2017 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Shirkadda Genel Energy ayaa qarka u saaran inay si fiican u qoddo sahaminta SL-10B iyo SL-13 xannibaadda Buur-Dhaab oo 20 kiiloomitir waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta [[Caynabo]] dhammaadka 2018. <ref> {{cite web | title = Ruqsadaha Ciyaaraha ee Mesozoic Rift Play SL10B / 13 & Odewayne | url = http: // www. genelenergy.com/media/1977/genel-energy-onshore-somaliland-opportunity-summary_digital.pdf|publisher=Genel Energy | marin-u-helid = 3 Agoosto 2017 | taariikhda-taariikhda = 4 Janaayo 2017 | archive-url = https: / /web.archive.org/web/20170104062357/http://www.genelenergy.c om / media / 1977 / genel-energy-onshore-somaliland-fursad-summary_digital.pdf | url-status = dead}} </ref> ===Warbaahinta=== Somaliland waxa ay leedahay warbaahin madaxbanaan oo aanay cidi kormerin haba yaraatee war baahintaasi waxa ay isugu jirataaa warbaahinta la akhriyo tan ladaawdo iyo tan la dhagaysto. kuwa ugu waawayn ama ugu caansana waxa kamida, wargayska [[jamhuuriya]] wargayska [[haatuf]], tv ga [[horm kabel tv|horm kabel tv iyo shabakadda wararka caalamiga ah ee xoriyonews.com]] waxa jira warbaahin kale oo aad iyo aad u fara badan oo wadanka ka jira ciidamada qarnka ee somaliland waxa ay u kalabaxaan sida aan horeba usoo sheegnay qaybaha ciidan ee uu wadan yeesho * [[Berbera oil]] * [[SomCable]] * [[Dahabshiil]] * [[Golistelecom]] * [[Petrosoma]] Dawlada Ethiopia ayaa la filaayaa inay bisha tobnaad aad aqoonsato somaliland sida lagu baahiayay boga internetka ee ay dawaldu maamusho. '''Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland''' Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta [[Somaliland]] oo si rasmiya ugu Dhawaaqay inay Isu- Fureen Adeegyadoodii Taleefoonada iyo Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka oo ka qayb galay Xafladii lagu Daah-furay. Munaasibada lagu Daahfurayay Isku-xidhka Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta [[Somaliland]] ayaa lagu qabtay Hoteelka [[Maansoor]] ee Magaalada [[Hargeysa]]. Xafladan oo lagaga dhawaaqay isku-xidhka shan Shirkadood oo ka mid ah Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland oo kala ah [[Somtel]], [[Nation Link]], [[Telcom]], [[Soltelco]], [[African Online]]., waxa ka qayb galay Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Somaliland C/raxmaan Saylici, Wasiirka Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Axmed Xaashi Oday, Wasiirka Diinta iyo awqaafta Sh. Khaliil C/laahi, Maareeyaha Hawlaha shaqada ee Shirkadda Somtel Cali Saalax Cabdi, Mahdi Daahir Jaamac oo ah Maareeye ku-xigeenka Shirkadda Nation-link, Madax Shirkada Telcom Aadan C/laahi, Mareeyaha Shirkada Soltelco Mukhtaar Osman iyo Marti sharaf kale. Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Somaliland C/raxmaan C/lahi Ismaaciil oo Munaasibadaasi ka hadlay ayaa soo dhaweeyay isku xidhka shirkadahan isgaadhsiinta oo wax badan ka tari doona dhibaatooyinkii Bulshada ka haysatay dhinaca Isgaadhsiinta, gaar ahaan wada hadal la’aanta dadka isticmaalada adeegyada kala duwan ee Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta. Waxaanu yidhi “Runtii waxa maanta Farxad ii ah inaan ka soo qayb galo, isku xidhkii shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta oo runtii baahi weyn loo qabay inaynu ku wada xidhiidhno, iyadoo laga maarmayo sadexdii Telefoon iyo afartii Telefoion ee markii hore la sitay, arintan oo runtii ka mid ahayd balanqaadyadii Xisbiga Kulmiye ee in adeegyada Bulshada la mideeyo”. Mr. Saylici isagoo hadalkiisa sii wata waxa uu sheegay “Maanta waxaan ku faraxsanahay in talaabada koowaad ee la qaaday inteedii badnaydna Wasiirka Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiintu halkan ka sheegay , shirkadaha laftoodiina ay ka marag kaceen, muhiimada aynu u soconaana waxay tahay inaynu shacbigeena u wada adeegno oo aynu ka saarno qoqobkii ku kala jiray ama kala xidhnaantii ku kala jirtay ,maadaama oo suuqeenu yahay suuq mid xor ah, waxaan qabaa inaanu dawladu mar walba ka madhnayn shirkadaha isgaadhsiinta oo waxa loo sameeyaa Cashuur dhaaf”. Wasiirka Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland Axmed Xaashi Oday oo Munaasibadaasi ka hadlay ayaa sheegay sheegay in Wasaarada Boosaha iyo isgaadhsiintu si isku mid ah u maamuli doonto iska Xidhka Shirdahan adeegyadooda Xidhiidhka laysku furay, isagoo hoosta ka xarriiqay inay si caadalad iyo sinaan ah ay u ilaalin doonaan dhamaan shirkadahan xuquuqdooda Ganacsi iyo sirta Adeegyadooda. Guddoomiyaha Guddidii ka soo shaqaysay isku xidhka shirkadahan Isgaadhsiinta ee mideeyay Adeegyadooda Isgaadhsiinta Mr: Jaamac X. Maxamed Cigaal ayaa isna munaasibadaasi ka sheegay qaabka ay dadku ugu wada Xidhiidhayaan shanta shirkadood ee laysku xidhay, waxaanu halkaasi ku soo. ==Bulshada== ===Maalmaha la Xuso=== *1- [[26]] [[Juun]] oo ah maalinta ay ka qadatay xornimada gumaysigii [[Ingiriis]]ka. *2- [[18. May maalinta xoriyada somaliland]] oo ku beegan 18.May.1991 kii maalintii shirweynihi shacabka reer somaliland gua'an sadiin guuni isotaga jumhuriyada somaliland ee ka dhacay Magaalada Burco. *3- Labada Ciidood ee Islaamka *4- Maalmaha Caalamiga ah sida maalinta shaqaalaha, [[AIDS|Aydhiska]], iwm. ===Luqadaha=== '''Luqadaha Somaliland''' Somaliland waxa lagaga hadlaa luqada somaliga oo boqolkiiba boqol ay kuhadalaan dadka kudhaqan somaliland waliba lahjada afsoomaaliga ugu nadiifsan amaba ugu dhaw marka laeego luqada somaliga ee qadiimka ah dadka kudhaqan somaliland lahjada afsomaliga ee ay kuhadlaan waxa ay shabahdaa ta wararka lagusiidaayo amaba saxaafada loo adeegsado. waxa kale oo somaliland lagaga hadlaa [[Carabi]]ga iyo [[Ingiriis]]iga oo ah laba luqadood oo iyana wadanka si rasmi ah looga isticmaalo, qodobka lixaad ee wadanka uyaala waxa kuqoran in somaliga carabiga iyo ingriisugu ay yihiin sadaxda luqadood ee wadanka sirasmi ah looga isticmaali karo ==Waxbarashada== ::''Sidoo kale fiiri [[:Category:Jaamacadaha Somaliland|Jaamacadaha Somaliland]]'' * [[Jaamacada Hargaysa]] * [[Jaamacadda Camuud]] * jaamacada admas * [[Jaamacad Burco]] * [[Jaamcada Golis]] * [[Jaamacada Timocade]] * [[New Generation University Hargeisa, Somaliland|Jaamacada New Generation]] * [[Jaamacadda Culuunta badda iyo Kaluumaysiga (BERBERA MARITIME AND FISHERIES ACADEMY)]] ==Warbixin Kale== ===Goobaha Dalxiiska=== Dalka Somaliland wuxu leeyahay deegaan ballaadhan oo dhul badhka uu ku fadhiyo lagu qiyaaso 136200KM2 iyo bad leh xeeb dhererkoodu dhanyahay 850Km2 laga bilaabo Lawyacaddo dhinaca galbeed illaa Ceelaayo dhinaca bari. Somaliland waa qaran ka nasiib badan qoomiyado badan oo caalamka ah marka laga eego cimillada iyo hawada meel dhexadka ah xilli kasta, dhulka fidsan iyo deegaanka kala nooc nooca ah. Goobaha aad loo dalxiiso ee Somaliland waxa ka mid ah daljirka dahsoon ee Hargeysa ku yaalla, dhammaan magaalooyinka qadiimiga ah ee dalka sida Berbera, xaruntii daraawiishta talex, Zeilac, Bullaxaar, Maydh & Xiis, Laas-qoray, jasiiradaha Sacaadadiin iyo ceebood, buurta Daallo, buurta Gacan-libaax (Waxa waliba lagu sameeyay dhisme iyo dayactir buurta dusheeda( buurta Saw, Laasgeel (Goob aasaar qadiimi ah oo sannad dhawaa khubaro faransiis ahi ka heleen degmada hore loo odhan jiray Dacar-budhuq, haddana loogu magac daray Laasgeel) ɖɦaɦaʀ ɖɦʊʟҡɨɨ զʊʀʊxɖa ɖaʀɨstɨɨ զʊʀxօօռaʏɖ ɖɦaɦaʀ ċʀɛɛռʟaռɖ iyo goobo kale oo aan xusi doonno. Waxannu ugu bushaaranaynaa soo booqdayaasha bartan inaanu boggan idiin ku soo gudbin doonno xogo iyo macluumaad faahfaahsan oo la xidhiidha dhammaan goobaha taariikhiga ah ee la dalxiiso Somaliland, xaqiiqooyin ku xeeran iyo is bedello ku yimi goobo ka mid ah. Guud ahaan, gobolkasta Somaliland waxa ka jira goobo caana ah, taariikhi ah ama lagu tilmaami karo fursadaha iyo/ama khayraadka qaaliga ah ee dalku leeyahay dhinaca dalxiiska iyo taariikhda. Laasgeel waa goob leh godod hoose oo leh xaradh iyo astaamo qadiimiga ah oo lagu qiyaasay inay noqon karayaan aasaarta taariikhiga ah ee ugu da’da weyn geeska ama qaarada Afrikaba guud ahaan marka loo eego sawirrada farshaxanka iyo astaamaha muujinaya quruumo qarniyaal badan ka hor dhulka ku noolaa. Aasaartan qadiimiga ah waxa goobtan ku ogaaday khubaro faransiis sannadkii 2002, illaa immikana waxay ka midtahay goobaha taariikhiga ah ee aad loo dalxiiso, isla markana ay Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Dawladda xaqiijiyaan nabadgelyada iyo ilaalinta aasaartan iyadoo si taxadir leh loogu oggolaado dalxiisayaashaa gaarka ah.Goobta Laasgeel waxa 6km woqooyi looga weecdaa tuulada Dhubato ee Degmada Laasgeel ee hore loo odhan jiray Dacar-budhug, immikana loogu magac daray Laasgeel oo 55KM bari ka xigta Hargeysa, kuna taalla wadada halbawlaha ah ee Hargeisa-Berbera. ===Ciyaaraha=== Ciyaaraha Somaliland Tartanka ciyaaraha [[somaliland]] oo ah mid sanadkiiba mar laqabto ayaa sanadkan ahaa mid xiiso leh,waxa sanadkan kamid ahaa ciyaaraha lagusoo bandhigay sida ciyaaraha orodada [[Kubada cagta]] [[Kubada Kolayga]] iyo waliba qaarkale oo badan.waxa sanadkan ciyaaraha 2011 ciyaaraha somaliland lagu qabtay magaalo madaxda gobolka [[Togdheer]] ee magaalda [[Burco]] gaar ahaan garoonka ciyaaraha ee caanka ah ee looyaqaano [[Alamsay]]. * [[Awdal]] * [[Hawd]] * [[Gabiley]] * [[Togdheer]] * [[Saaxil]] * [[Maroodi Jeex]] * [[sool]] * [[sanaag]] Kahor intii aan lasoo gaadhin ciyaaraha kama danbaysta ah waxa lasoomaray isreebreeb ay ka qaybqaateen dhamaan gobalada [[Somaliland]] waxaana iskusoo hadhay sideedan Gobol oo soo bandhigay ciyaaro aad iyo aad u xiiso lahaa waxaa ay ahyd markii ugu horaysay ee ciyaaraha somaliland sitoosa caalamkka looga daawado waxa siidaynta ciyaarta hawada dadaka usoo marinayaay warbaahinta qaranka iyo tan madaxa banaan waxaana laga daawanayay daafaha caalmaka. ==Muuqaalo== <gallery> File:Berbera Port2.jpg| File:Almadow Overview.JPG|Buurta [[Cal Madow]] </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Genel Energy]] * [[Oodwayne Beeraha Salidka]] * [[IGAD]] * [[Somalia]] * [[Dhaqalaha Somalia]] * [[Diinta Soomaalida]] == Xigasho == * [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040204/halltext/40204h03.htm United Kingdom parliamentary debate on recognition of Somaliland] * [http://www.awdalnews.com/ Awdadl News] * [http://www.horyaal.net/index.asp Radio Horyaal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.horyaal.net/index.asp |date=20121102031350 }} * [http://www.halganews.com/ Halgan news] {{Wayback|url=http://www.halganews.com/ |date=20101029081920 }} * [http://www.caynabanews.com/ Hadhwanaag New] {{Wayback|url=http://www.caynabanews.com/ |date=20140327103426 }} * [http://www.qarannews.com/pn/ Qaran News] {{Wayback|url=http://www.qarannews.com/pn/ |date=20061004150422 }} * [http://dillapress.com Dilla Press] {{Wayback|url=http://dillapress.com/ |date=20201024054735 }} * [http://www.jamhuuriya.info/index.php Jamhuuriya Newspaper] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jamhuuriya.info/index.php |date=20110419200647 }} * [http://www.abaarsotech.org/ Abaarso Tech University] *[https://somaliland.com/ Somaliland News] *[https://ToosNews.com ToosNews] {{Wayback|url=https://toosnews.com/ |date=20220201065019 }} ==Tixraac== {{reflist|2}} {{Maqaalo Somaliland |state=expanded}} {{Dalalka Afrika |state=expanded}} [[Category:Somaliland|*]] r4l8fg6yzvsjllvflh1n7sygjz7vyi3 0 2115 300662 279464 2026-07-03T12:06:01Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Continents vide couleurs-automatedvector.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Qaarada]] == Qaaradaha uu aduunka ka koobanyahay == Qaaradaha ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: Continent) Qaarad waa dhul aad u weyn, guud ahaan waxaa lagu qeexaa hab-raaca halkii laga heli lahaa shuruudo adag. Waxaa jira toddobo gobol oo juqraafi ahaan loo aqoonsaday qaarado, oo laga soo bilaabo kuwa ugu weyn ilaa kuwa ugu yar: [[Aasiya]], [[Afrika]], [[Woqooyiga Ameerika]], [[Ameerikada koonfureed]], [[Antarktika]], [[Yurub]], iyo [[Ustareliya]]. Waxaa jira kala duwanaansho ku jira qaybahan, qaarkoodna way isku dari karaan, taasoo keentay in ka yar toddobo qaaradood. Tusaale ahaan, nidaamyada qaar waxay Afro-Yuuroaasiya, [[Ooraasiya]], ama Mareykanka u yaqaanaan qaarado gooni ah. * Dunida 8.13 Billion Kofinka * [[Ameerikada waqooyi]] 368 Milyan * [[Afrika]] 1.3 Bilyan * [[Yurub]] 747 Milyan * [[Aasiya]] 4.6 Bilyan * [[Ameerikada koonfureed]] 653 Milyan * [[Antiarktis]] * [[Ooshiyaaniya]] * [[Austareeliya]] * Ahmed naaji baladweyne 67000 Sido kale wadamada qarbaa manhajkoda waxabarashada ku jirtaa in ay '''Raashiya''' ama Ruushka qaarad tahay. [[Category:Qaaradaha|*]] r5h4pv2s02zh8dho0w2nfvqdag8xi3a 0 2485 300725 273438 2026-07-03T14:26:48Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Waxsoosaarka */ Fixed grammar 300725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|52|19|N|5|33|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Infobox country|native_name=Boqortooyada Holland|image_flag=Flag of the Netherlands.svg||symbol_type=astaanta Qaranka Boqortooyada Holland|image_map=EU-Netherlands.svg|map_caption=Cagaarka Khuntiga ah waa Dalka Holland Halka Cagaarka khafiifka ah uu yahay [[Midowga Yurub]]|capital=[[Amistardam]]|demonym=[[Holandees]]|official_languages=[[Af-Holandees]]|area_km2=41865|percent_water=18,41|anthem=[[Het Wilhelmus]]}} '''Holland''' ama '''Boqortooyada Holland''' (nl: '''Nederland'''), waa wadan ku yaala [[waqooyi]] [[Galbeed]] ee qaarada [[Yurub]], waxaa ku nool in kabadan 16 milyan oo qof, caasimada wadanku waa [[Amistardam]], xarunta wadanka looga taliyo waa [[Den Haag]] magaalooyinka ugu waa weyn waxaa ka mida magaalada [[Rotterdam]] oo ah caasimada labaad ahna Dekeda ugu weyn ee Yurub, waa boqortooyo baarlamaani ah oo dimuquraadi ah wadanka waxaa gacanta ku haysa boqorada oo magaceedu yahay [[Beatrix]], Ra'iisulwasaaraha waa [[Mark Rutte]]. Runtii waddanku waa dhul hoose oo si cajiib leh u fidsan, oo leh balaadhyo waaweyn oo harooyin, webiyo, iyo kanaalo ah. Qiyaastii 2,500 mayl laba jibaaran (6,500 km oo laba jibaaran) Holland waxay ka kooban tahay dhul Gabi ahaan ahaan jrey xeebo, wabiyaal, harooyin iyo biyomareen, habraac taxadar leh oo loo maareeyo biyaha u noqda wakhtiyadii dhexe. xeebaha, iyo harooyin iyo biyo-mareen ayaa laga guray, gaar ahaan hareeraha webiyo badan. Dhammaan dhulkan cusub waxa loo beddelay dhulkaan aad mantey u jeedan, oo inta badan ay ku hareeraysan yihiin digsiyada. Markii hore, awoodda adanaha iyo fardaha ayaa loo isticmaali jiray si ay dhulka u daadiyaan, laakiin markii dambe waxaa lagu beddelay mishiinka dabaysha, sida shabakadda warshadda ee Kinderdijk-Elshout, oo hadda ah Meel tariikhi ah oo UNESCO u diwaan gashan. Qorshayaasha xakamaynta biyaha ee ugu waynaa waxa la fuliyay nuskii labaad ee qarnigii 19-aad iyo qarnigii 20aad, markaasoo matoorada uumiga iyo, ka dib, bambooyin koronto ama naafto ah la isticmaalay. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] In kasta oo ay dawladdu dhiirigalisay haajirin ka dib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, kaas oo sababay in ilaa 500,000 oo qof ay ka baxaan dalka, Nederland maanta waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu dadka badan adduunka. In kasta oo dadka guud ahaan ay syihiin ah "ciroole" taaso lawgala jeedo dadweynaha ku nool dalkaas ay Da'doodu ka weyn tahay 65, Amsterdam waxay sii ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu nool ee dhaqanka dhalinyarada caalamiga ah. Halkaas, laga yaabee in ka badan meel kasta oo dalka ka mid ah, dhaqanka Nederland ee dulqaadka bulshada ayaa si diyaar ah loola kulmo. Dhileysiga, isticmaalka "daroogo jilicsan" (mariguwana iyo xashiish), iyo euthanasia dhamaantood waa sharci laakiin si taxadar leh ayaa loo maamulaa Nederland, oo sidoo kale ahaa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee sharciyeeyay guurka dadka isku jinsiga ah. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] [[File:Omnisport_Apeldoorn.jpg|thumb|right|194px|]] [[File:Uitsmijter_bacon_kaas.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] Holland waxaa lagu naanaysaa dhulka hooseeya inta badan dhulka holand waxa uu ka hooseeyaa bada holan waxa ay ka koobantahay 12 gobol holland waxa ay ku fadhidaa dhul le'eg ama qiyas tiisu tahay 14,526 km isku wareeg ah. tirada dadk awaxaa lagu qiyaasaa 16,135,992 ruux lacagta holland isticmaashaa waa yuuro holand waxa ay ka horaysaa wakhtiga ama saacada caalimiga ah hal saac. sumada gaadiidka holland waa NL, sumada [[Internet|intenatku]] waa NL. Holland waxa ay xuduud la leedahy wadamada [[Beljim]]ka iyo [[Jarmal]]ka dhinaca waqooyi waxa ay xuduud kala leedahay bada holland waa dawlad ka mida midawga Yurub. == Halka uu magacukayimi == Magaca Holland waxa uu kasoo jeedaa mandaqada amaba gobolka galbeed ee wadanka nederland halkaasaas oo mudo aad udheer ahayd goob ganacsi hadana waxa ay u qaybsantahay labada gobol ee [[Noord Holland]] iyo [[Zuid Holland]] markaas dhamaan wadamada iyo shirkadaha ay nederland ganacsiga la lahayd waxa ay imanjireen labadan gobol iyaga oo magaca holland gaadhsiiyay dibada sidaasaanuu magaca holland kubaxay. laakiin magaca rasmiga ah ee ay isticmaasho dawlada Holland waa "Nederland". == Juquraafi ahaan == Bedka holand waxa uu gaadhayaa 401.7/km2 oo isku wareeg ah.Holland waxa ay kakoobantay 12 gobol. wadanka Holand malaha wax buuraa waa dhul banaan oo iskusiman, markastana roobku wuu kada'aa wadanka holand xiliga kulaylaha malaha amaba kulaylku magaadho meel aad udaran. xiliga qaboobahana aad uma qaboobaadao sababtu waxa ay tahay. bada waqooyi oo dhanka galbeed kaga taala wadanka Hollnad ayaa waxa ay gedidaa dhamaan cimilada wadanka. ==Xubinka Tahay== *[[IMF]]_* -_-_-_:. *[[NATO]]_* _-_—_—_-_-:. *[[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* -__-___-__—-___-_-_:. *[[Midowga Yurub]]_* _-_-_____-_-_-_-_:. *[[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-_-_-__-_-_-_-_____-_:. ==Dadka la degan Holland== * {{Flag|Belgium}}: 250,000+ * {{Flag|Germany}}: 350,000+ == Dadka == wadanka Holand waxa uu kamidyahay wadamada caalamka ugu cidhiidhiga badan dhanka dadka dadka kunoolina waxa ay gaadhayaan 16 milyan oo qof.halka bedka wadanka holand uu dhanyahay 41 kun oo kilo mitir oo isku wareeg ah. Holand waxaa kunool dad aad iyo aad u badan oo ajaanib ah.Holanad waxa ay kamid tahay wadamada yurub ugu badan dhanka dhalashada.meelaha dadku ay sida aadka ah ugunoolyihiin waxa kamida magaalooyinka waawayn sida [[Rotterdam]] [[Amistardam]] [[Den Haag]] iyo [[Magaalada Utrecht]]. == Ciyaaraha == Holland waa mid kamida wadamada caalamka ugu ciyaaraha badan.ama ugu hormarsan dhanka ciyaaraha.ciyaaraha sida aadka ah looga xiisiiyo wadanka Holland waxa kamida ciyaarta [[Kubadda Cagta]].wadanka Holland waxa uu helay kaalinta labaad koobkii caalamka kubada cagta ee ugu danbeeyay ee 2010, Horyaalka holand waxa uu kamidyahay horyaalada kubada cagta ee [[Yurub]] kuwa ugu horeeya waxakale oo wadanka holand laga xiiseeyaa ciyaraha barafka laguciyaaro.sida la ogyahay wadanka Holland waxa uu kamadanbaysta koobka caalmaka ee kubada cagta isusoo taagay sadex jeero oo uu sadexda jeerba khasaaray waxaanay ahaayeen sanadihii.1974-1978 iyo 2010. == Luqada == [[Af Hollandeeska]] ayaa ah luqada rasmiga ah ee Holland lagaga hadlo waxa kale oo lagaga hadlaa luqada [[Frieska]] oo lagaga hadlo gobolka [[Friesland]] == Diinta == %81 dadka kunool Holland waa [[kaatoolig]], %11 na waa borotistan, %6 waa [[Islaam]] waxa Holland kunool dad aad ubad oo waxdiinaba aan rumaysnayn. == Soomaalida ku nool == waxaa ku nool soomaali lagu qiyaaso 37,000 oo qof. == Gobolada Nederland == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Gobol ! Caasimad ! Magaalada ugu weyn |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Drenthe]] | [[Assen]] | [[Assen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Flevoland]] | [[Lelystad]] | [[Almere]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Koofurta Holland]] | [[Den Haag]] | [[Rotterdam]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Limburg]] | [[Maastricht]] | [[Maastricht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Gelderland]] | [[Arnhem]] | [[Nijmegen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Overijssel]] | [[Zwolle]] | [[Enschede]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Friesland]] | [[Leeuwarden]] | [[Leeuwarden]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Zeeland]] | [[Middelburg]] | [[Middelburg]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Brabant]] | [[Den Bosch]] | [[Eindhoven]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Holland]] | [[Haarlem]] | [[Amsterdam]] |} == Ddaka iyo dhulka == Holland waamid kamida wadmada caalamka ugu cidhiidhga badan waxa kunool dad gaadhaya ilaa 16 milyan oo qof == Ciidaha == * [[Ciida sanadka cusub]] * Maalinta dhalashada boqorada 30 april * Malinta xuska halgamayaashii 4 may * Maalinta xoraynta 5 may * Jimciha muragada == Wax soosaarka == Waxsoosaarka dhanka warshadaha ayaa ah afrmeelood oo meel dhaqaalaha soogala wadanka Holland. wadanka Holland waxa kuyaala shirkido badan oo caalamiya waxa kamida shirkadaha Holanad kuyaala shirkada soosaarta waxyaabaha koranta kushaqeeya ee looyaqaano [[Filibs]]. == Taariikhda fog == Wadamada Holland iyo Wadanka Biljam waxa ay gacanta u galeen caa'ilada looyaqaanay [[Habsburg]] sanadii 1477 Wadamda [[Holland]] [[Beljim]] iyo [[Luksemburg]] ayaa intaas kadib waxa ay kumidoobayn magaca:dhulka hooseeya ama ''Holland'' sanadii 1579.taas oo ahayd in ay wadamadani kamid ahaayeen boqortooyadii isbayn.waxaana looyaqaanay gobolda waqooyi ee boqortooyada isbayn. waxaana xukumayay reerka looyaqaanay [[Habsburg]].kadib waxa la aasaasay jamhuuriyadii dhulka hooseeya taas oo loogu magac daray ka hoosaynta ay bada kahooseeyaan in badan oo kamida wadanka Holland.kadib jamhuuriyaadisi waxa ay kabaxday boqortooyadii isbayn sanadii 1581,kadib markii in badan uu khilaaf jiray waxa ay Hooland si rasmi ah u madax banaanaatay sanadii 1648.kadib intaas wadanku waxa uu soomaray casri dahabiya dhan dhaqaale iyo dhan suugaaneedba, ilaa iminka Holland waxaa looga yaqaanaa in qarnigii 17aad uu ahaa qarnigii dahabiga ahaa ee soomaray wadanka Holland. Xiligaas Holland waxa ay kamid noqotay wadamada waawayn waxa ay gaadhay qaradaha caalamka oodhan dhaqaalaha Holand waxa uu ahaa mid kamida Dhaqaalayaasha caalamka uguwaynaa xiligaas. == Warbaahinta == Holland waxaa kasoobaxa in kabadan 45 wargays oo maalinle ah. wargaysyadaa ka uguwayn waxa lagu magacaabaa [[Telgaraaf]] === Idaacada iyo TVga === Idaacada iyo [[TV]]ga waxa maamula oo gacnta kuhaya dawlada.waxa jira sideed shirkadood oo soodiyaariya dhamaan barnaamijyada kabaxa idaacada iyo TV ga. == Tixraac == 1 [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] * [[Schiphol]] * [[Erasmus ee Rotterdam ama Erasmus]] {{Dalalka Yurub}} ot7yubbdrpi4qhe17o16xl9uvty37xp 300726 300725 2026-07-03T14:27:38Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Taariikhda fog */ Fixed grammar 300726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|52|19|N|5|33|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Infobox country|native_name=Boqortooyada Holland|image_flag=Flag of the Netherlands.svg||symbol_type=astaanta Qaranka Boqortooyada Holland|image_map=EU-Netherlands.svg|map_caption=Cagaarka Khuntiga ah waa Dalka Holland Halka Cagaarka khafiifka ah uu yahay [[Midowga Yurub]]|capital=[[Amistardam]]|demonym=[[Holandees]]|official_languages=[[Af-Holandees]]|area_km2=41865|percent_water=18,41|anthem=[[Het Wilhelmus]]}} '''Holland''' ama '''Boqortooyada Holland''' (nl: '''Nederland'''), waa wadan ku yaala [[waqooyi]] [[Galbeed]] ee qaarada [[Yurub]], waxaa ku nool in kabadan 16 milyan oo qof, caasimada wadanku waa [[Amistardam]], xarunta wadanka looga taliyo waa [[Den Haag]] magaalooyinka ugu waa weyn waxaa ka mida magaalada [[Rotterdam]] oo ah caasimada labaad ahna Dekeda ugu weyn ee Yurub, waa boqortooyo baarlamaani ah oo dimuquraadi ah wadanka waxaa gacanta ku haysa boqorada oo magaceedu yahay [[Beatrix]], Ra'iisulwasaaraha waa [[Mark Rutte]]. Runtii waddanku waa dhul hoose oo si cajiib leh u fidsan, oo leh balaadhyo waaweyn oo harooyin, webiyo, iyo kanaalo ah. Qiyaastii 2,500 mayl laba jibaaran (6,500 km oo laba jibaaran) Holland waxay ka kooban tahay dhul Gabi ahaan ahaan jrey xeebo, wabiyaal, harooyin iyo biyomareen, habraac taxadar leh oo loo maareeyo biyaha u noqda wakhtiyadii dhexe. xeebaha, iyo harooyin iyo biyo-mareen ayaa laga guray, gaar ahaan hareeraha webiyo badan. Dhammaan dhulkan cusub waxa loo beddelay dhulkaan aad mantey u jeedan, oo inta badan ay ku hareeraysan yihiin digsiyada. Markii hore, awoodda adanaha iyo fardaha ayaa loo isticmaali jiray si ay dhulka u daadiyaan, laakiin markii dambe waxaa lagu beddelay mishiinka dabaysha, sida shabakadda warshadda ee Kinderdijk-Elshout, oo hadda ah Meel tariikhi ah oo UNESCO u diwaan gashan. Qorshayaasha xakamaynta biyaha ee ugu waynaa waxa la fuliyay nuskii labaad ee qarnigii 19-aad iyo qarnigii 20aad, markaasoo matoorada uumiga iyo, ka dib, bambooyin koronto ama naafto ah la isticmaalay. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] In kasta oo ay dawladdu dhiirigalisay haajirin ka dib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, kaas oo sababay in ilaa 500,000 oo qof ay ka baxaan dalka, Nederland maanta waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu dadka badan adduunka. In kasta oo dadka guud ahaan ay syihiin ah "ciroole" taaso lawgala jeedo dadweynaha ku nool dalkaas ay Da'doodu ka weyn tahay 65, Amsterdam waxay sii ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu nool ee dhaqanka dhalinyarada caalamiga ah. Halkaas, laga yaabee in ka badan meel kasta oo dalka ka mid ah, dhaqanka Nederland ee dulqaadka bulshada ayaa si diyaar ah loola kulmo. Dhileysiga, isticmaalka "daroogo jilicsan" (mariguwana iyo xashiish), iyo euthanasia dhamaantood waa sharci laakiin si taxadar leh ayaa loo maamulaa Nederland, oo sidoo kale ahaa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee sharciyeeyay guurka dadka isku jinsiga ah. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] [[File:Omnisport_Apeldoorn.jpg|thumb|right|194px|]] [[File:Uitsmijter_bacon_kaas.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] Holland waxaa lagu naanaysaa dhulka hooseeya inta badan dhulka holand waxa uu ka hooseeyaa bada holan waxa ay ka koobantahay 12 gobol holland waxa ay ku fadhidaa dhul le'eg ama qiyas tiisu tahay 14,526 km isku wareeg ah. tirada dadk awaxaa lagu qiyaasaa 16,135,992 ruux lacagta holland isticmaashaa waa yuuro holand waxa ay ka horaysaa wakhtiga ama saacada caalimiga ah hal saac. sumada gaadiidka holland waa NL, sumada [[Internet|intenatku]] waa NL. Holland waxa ay xuduud la leedahy wadamada [[Beljim]]ka iyo [[Jarmal]]ka dhinaca waqooyi waxa ay xuduud kala leedahay bada holland waa dawlad ka mida midawga Yurub. == Halka uu magacukayimi == Magaca Holland waxa uu kasoo jeedaa mandaqada amaba gobolka galbeed ee wadanka nederland halkaasaas oo mudo aad udheer ahayd goob ganacsi hadana waxa ay u qaybsantahay labada gobol ee [[Noord Holland]] iyo [[Zuid Holland]] markaas dhamaan wadamada iyo shirkadaha ay nederland ganacsiga la lahayd waxa ay imanjireen labadan gobol iyaga oo magaca holland gaadhsiiyay dibada sidaasaanuu magaca holland kubaxay. laakiin magaca rasmiga ah ee ay isticmaasho dawlada Holland waa "Nederland". == Juquraafi ahaan == Bedka holand waxa uu gaadhayaa 401.7/km2 oo isku wareeg ah.Holland waxa ay kakoobantay 12 gobol. wadanka Holand malaha wax buuraa waa dhul banaan oo iskusiman, markastana roobku wuu kada'aa wadanka holand xiliga kulaylaha malaha amaba kulaylku magaadho meel aad udaran. xiliga qaboobahana aad uma qaboobaadao sababtu waxa ay tahay. bada waqooyi oo dhanka galbeed kaga taala wadanka Hollnad ayaa waxa ay gedidaa dhamaan cimilada wadanka. ==Xubinka Tahay== *[[IMF]]_* -_-_-_:. *[[NATO]]_* _-_—_—_-_-:. *[[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* -__-___-__—-___-_-_:. *[[Midowga Yurub]]_* _-_-_____-_-_-_-_:. *[[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-_-_-__-_-_-_-_____-_:. ==Dadka la degan Holland== * {{Flag|Belgium}}: 250,000+ * {{Flag|Germany}}: 350,000+ == Dadka == wadanka Holand waxa uu kamidyahay wadamada caalamka ugu cidhiidhiga badan dhanka dadka dadka kunoolina waxa ay gaadhayaan 16 milyan oo qof.halka bedka wadanka holand uu dhanyahay 41 kun oo kilo mitir oo isku wareeg ah. Holand waxaa kunool dad aad iyo aad u badan oo ajaanib ah.Holanad waxa ay kamid tahay wadamada yurub ugu badan dhanka dhalashada.meelaha dadku ay sida aadka ah ugunoolyihiin waxa kamida magaalooyinka waawayn sida [[Rotterdam]] [[Amistardam]] [[Den Haag]] iyo [[Magaalada Utrecht]]. == Ciyaaraha == Holland waa mid kamida wadamada caalamka ugu ciyaaraha badan.ama ugu hormarsan dhanka ciyaaraha.ciyaaraha sida aadka ah looga xiisiiyo wadanka Holland waxa kamida ciyaarta [[Kubadda Cagta]].wadanka Holland waxa uu helay kaalinta labaad koobkii caalamka kubada cagta ee ugu danbeeyay ee 2010, Horyaalka holand waxa uu kamidyahay horyaalada kubada cagta ee [[Yurub]] kuwa ugu horeeya waxakale oo wadanka holand laga xiiseeyaa ciyaraha barafka laguciyaaro.sida la ogyahay wadanka Holland waxa uu kamadanbaysta koobka caalmaka ee kubada cagta isusoo taagay sadex jeero oo uu sadexda jeerba khasaaray waxaanay ahaayeen sanadihii.1974-1978 iyo 2010. == Luqada == [[Af Hollandeeska]] ayaa ah luqada rasmiga ah ee Holland lagaga hadlo waxa kale oo lagaga hadlaa luqada [[Frieska]] oo lagaga hadlo gobolka [[Friesland]] == Diinta == %81 dadka kunool Holland waa [[kaatoolig]], %11 na waa borotistan, %6 waa [[Islaam]] waxa Holland kunool dad aad ubad oo waxdiinaba aan rumaysnayn. == Soomaalida ku nool == waxaa ku nool soomaali lagu qiyaaso 37,000 oo qof. == Gobolada Nederland == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Gobol ! Caasimad ! Magaalada ugu weyn |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Drenthe]] | [[Assen]] | [[Assen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Flevoland]] | [[Lelystad]] | [[Almere]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Koofurta Holland]] | [[Den Haag]] | [[Rotterdam]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Limburg]] | [[Maastricht]] | [[Maastricht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Gelderland]] | [[Arnhem]] | [[Nijmegen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Overijssel]] | [[Zwolle]] | [[Enschede]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Friesland]] | [[Leeuwarden]] | [[Leeuwarden]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Zeeland]] | [[Middelburg]] | [[Middelburg]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Brabant]] | [[Den Bosch]] | [[Eindhoven]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Holland]] | [[Haarlem]] | [[Amsterdam]] |} == Ddaka iyo dhulka == Holland waamid kamida wadmada caalamka ugu cidhiidhga badan waxa kunool dad gaadhaya ilaa 16 milyan oo qof == Ciidaha == * [[Ciida sanadka cusub]] * Maalinta dhalashada boqorada 30 april * Malinta xuska halgamayaashii 4 may * Maalinta xoraynta 5 may * Jimciha muragada == Wax soosaarka == Waxsoosaarka dhanka warshadaha ayaa ah afrmeelood oo meel dhaqaalaha soogala wadanka Holland. wadanka Holland waxa kuyaala shirkido badan oo caalamiya waxa kamida shirkadaha Holanad kuyaala shirkada soosaarta waxyaabaha koranta kushaqeeya ee looyaqaano [[Filibs]]. == Taariikhda fog == Wadamada Holland iyo Wadanka Biljam waxa ay gacanta u galeen Qoysaska looyaqaanay [[Habsburg]] sanadii 1477 Wadamda [[Holland]] [[Beljim]] iyo [[Luksemburg]] ayaa intaas kadib waxa ay kumidoobayn magaca:dhulka hooseeya ama ''Holland'' sanadii 1579.taas oo ahayd in ay wadamadani kamid ahaayeen boqortooyadii isbayn.waxaana looyaqaanay gobolda waqooyi ee boqortooyada isbayn. waxaana xukumayay reerka looyaqaanay [[Habsburg]].kadib waxa la aasaasay jamhuuriyadii dhulka hooseeya taas oo loogu magac daray ka hoosaynta ay bada kahooseeyaan in badan oo kamida wadanka Holland.kadib jamhuuriyaadisi waxa ay kabaxday boqortooyadii isbayn sanadii 1581,kadib markii in badan uu khilaaf jiray waxa ay Hooland si rasmi ah u madax banaanaatay sanadii 1648.kadib intaas wadanku waxa uu soomaray casri dahabiya dhan dhaqaale iyo dhan suugaaneedba, ilaa iminka Holland waxaa looga yaqaanaa in qarnigii 17aad uu ahaa qarnigii dahabiga ahaa ee soomaray wadanka Holland. Xiligaas Holland waxa ay kamid noqotay wadamada waawayn waxa ay gaadhay qaradaha caalamka oodhan dhaqaalaha Holand waxa uu ahaa mid kamida Dhaqaalayaasha caalamka uguwaynaa xiligaas. == Warbaahinta == Holland waxaa kasoobaxa in kabadan 45 wargays oo maalinle ah. wargaysyadaa ka uguwayn waxa lagu magacaabaa [[Telgaraaf]] === Idaacada iyo TVga === Idaacada iyo [[TV]]ga waxa maamula oo gacnta kuhaya dawlada.waxa jira sideed shirkadood oo soodiyaariya dhamaan barnaamijyada kabaxa idaacada iyo TV ga. == Tixraac == 1 [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] * [[Schiphol]] * [[Erasmus ee Rotterdam ama Erasmus]] {{Dalalka Yurub}} c34lxg2ttizzcxawbn5znc4888z4vqi 300728 300726 2026-07-03T14:27:59Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Taariikhda fog */ Fixed grammar 300728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|52|19|N|5|33|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Infobox country|native_name=Boqortooyada Holland|image_flag=Flag of the Netherlands.svg||symbol_type=astaanta Qaranka Boqortooyada Holland|image_map=EU-Netherlands.svg|map_caption=Cagaarka Khuntiga ah waa Dalka Holland Halka Cagaarka khafiifka ah uu yahay [[Midowga Yurub]]|capital=[[Amistardam]]|demonym=[[Holandees]]|official_languages=[[Af-Holandees]]|area_km2=41865|percent_water=18,41|anthem=[[Het Wilhelmus]]}} '''Holland''' ama '''Boqortooyada Holland''' (nl: '''Nederland'''), waa wadan ku yaala [[waqooyi]] [[Galbeed]] ee qaarada [[Yurub]], waxaa ku nool in kabadan 16 milyan oo qof, caasimada wadanku waa [[Amistardam]], xarunta wadanka looga taliyo waa [[Den Haag]] magaalooyinka ugu waa weyn waxaa ka mida magaalada [[Rotterdam]] oo ah caasimada labaad ahna Dekeda ugu weyn ee Yurub, waa boqortooyo baarlamaani ah oo dimuquraadi ah wadanka waxaa gacanta ku haysa boqorada oo magaceedu yahay [[Beatrix]], Ra'iisulwasaaraha waa [[Mark Rutte]]. Runtii waddanku waa dhul hoose oo si cajiib leh u fidsan, oo leh balaadhyo waaweyn oo harooyin, webiyo, iyo kanaalo ah. Qiyaastii 2,500 mayl laba jibaaran (6,500 km oo laba jibaaran) Holland waxay ka kooban tahay dhul Gabi ahaan ahaan jrey xeebo, wabiyaal, harooyin iyo biyomareen, habraac taxadar leh oo loo maareeyo biyaha u noqda wakhtiyadii dhexe. xeebaha, iyo harooyin iyo biyo-mareen ayaa laga guray, gaar ahaan hareeraha webiyo badan. Dhammaan dhulkan cusub waxa loo beddelay dhulkaan aad mantey u jeedan, oo inta badan ay ku hareeraysan yihiin digsiyada. Markii hore, awoodda adanaha iyo fardaha ayaa loo isticmaali jiray si ay dhulka u daadiyaan, laakiin markii dambe waxaa lagu beddelay mishiinka dabaysha, sida shabakadda warshadda ee Kinderdijk-Elshout, oo hadda ah Meel tariikhi ah oo UNESCO u diwaan gashan. Qorshayaasha xakamaynta biyaha ee ugu waynaa waxa la fuliyay nuskii labaad ee qarnigii 19-aad iyo qarnigii 20aad, markaasoo matoorada uumiga iyo, ka dib, bambooyin koronto ama naafto ah la isticmaalay. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] In kasta oo ay dawladdu dhiirigalisay haajirin ka dib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, kaas oo sababay in ilaa 500,000 oo qof ay ka baxaan dalka, Nederland maanta waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu dadka badan adduunka. In kasta oo dadka guud ahaan ay syihiin ah "ciroole" taaso lawgala jeedo dadweynaha ku nool dalkaas ay Da'doodu ka weyn tahay 65, Amsterdam waxay sii ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu nool ee dhaqanka dhalinyarada caalamiga ah. Halkaas, laga yaabee in ka badan meel kasta oo dalka ka mid ah, dhaqanka Nederland ee dulqaadka bulshada ayaa si diyaar ah loola kulmo. Dhileysiga, isticmaalka "daroogo jilicsan" (mariguwana iyo xashiish), iyo euthanasia dhamaantood waa sharci laakiin si taxadar leh ayaa loo maamulaa Nederland, oo sidoo kale ahaa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee sharciyeeyay guurka dadka isku jinsiga ah. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] [[File:Omnisport_Apeldoorn.jpg|thumb|right|194px|]] [[File:Uitsmijter_bacon_kaas.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] Holland waxaa lagu naanaysaa dhulka hooseeya inta badan dhulka holand waxa uu ka hooseeyaa bada holan waxa ay ka koobantahay 12 gobol holland waxa ay ku fadhidaa dhul le'eg ama qiyas tiisu tahay 14,526 km isku wareeg ah. tirada dadk awaxaa lagu qiyaasaa 16,135,992 ruux lacagta holland isticmaashaa waa yuuro holand waxa ay ka horaysaa wakhtiga ama saacada caalimiga ah hal saac. sumada gaadiidka holland waa NL, sumada [[Internet|intenatku]] waa NL. Holland waxa ay xuduud la leedahy wadamada [[Beljim]]ka iyo [[Jarmal]]ka dhinaca waqooyi waxa ay xuduud kala leedahay bada holland waa dawlad ka mida midawga Yurub. == Halka uu magacukayimi == Magaca Holland waxa uu kasoo jeedaa mandaqada amaba gobolka galbeed ee wadanka nederland halkaasaas oo mudo aad udheer ahayd goob ganacsi hadana waxa ay u qaybsantahay labada gobol ee [[Noord Holland]] iyo [[Zuid Holland]] markaas dhamaan wadamada iyo shirkadaha ay nederland ganacsiga la lahayd waxa ay imanjireen labadan gobol iyaga oo magaca holland gaadhsiiyay dibada sidaasaanuu magaca holland kubaxay. laakiin magaca rasmiga ah ee ay isticmaasho dawlada Holland waa "Nederland". == Juquraafi ahaan == Bedka holand waxa uu gaadhayaa 401.7/km2 oo isku wareeg ah.Holland waxa ay kakoobantay 12 gobol. wadanka Holand malaha wax buuraa waa dhul banaan oo iskusiman, markastana roobku wuu kada'aa wadanka holand xiliga kulaylaha malaha amaba kulaylku magaadho meel aad udaran. xiliga qaboobahana aad uma qaboobaadao sababtu waxa ay tahay. bada waqooyi oo dhanka galbeed kaga taala wadanka Hollnad ayaa waxa ay gedidaa dhamaan cimilada wadanka. ==Xubinka Tahay== *[[IMF]]_* -_-_-_:. *[[NATO]]_* _-_—_—_-_-:. *[[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* -__-___-__—-___-_-_:. *[[Midowga Yurub]]_* _-_-_____-_-_-_-_:. *[[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-_-_-__-_-_-_-_____-_:. ==Dadka la degan Holland== * {{Flag|Belgium}}: 250,000+ * {{Flag|Germany}}: 350,000+ == Dadka == wadanka Holand waxa uu kamidyahay wadamada caalamka ugu cidhiidhiga badan dhanka dadka dadka kunoolina waxa ay gaadhayaan 16 milyan oo qof.halka bedka wadanka holand uu dhanyahay 41 kun oo kilo mitir oo isku wareeg ah. Holand waxaa kunool dad aad iyo aad u badan oo ajaanib ah.Holanad waxa ay kamid tahay wadamada yurub ugu badan dhanka dhalashada.meelaha dadku ay sida aadka ah ugunoolyihiin waxa kamida magaalooyinka waawayn sida [[Rotterdam]] [[Amistardam]] [[Den Haag]] iyo [[Magaalada Utrecht]]. == Ciyaaraha == Holland waa mid kamida wadamada caalamka ugu ciyaaraha badan.ama ugu hormarsan dhanka ciyaaraha.ciyaaraha sida aadka ah looga xiisiiyo wadanka Holland waxa kamida ciyaarta [[Kubadda Cagta]].wadanka Holland waxa uu helay kaalinta labaad koobkii caalamka kubada cagta ee ugu danbeeyay ee 2010, Horyaalka holand waxa uu kamidyahay horyaalada kubada cagta ee [[Yurub]] kuwa ugu horeeya waxakale oo wadanka holand laga xiiseeyaa ciyaraha barafka laguciyaaro.sida la ogyahay wadanka Holland waxa uu kamadanbaysta koobka caalmaka ee kubada cagta isusoo taagay sadex jeero oo uu sadexda jeerba khasaaray waxaanay ahaayeen sanadihii.1974-1978 iyo 2010. == Luqada == [[Af Hollandeeska]] ayaa ah luqada rasmiga ah ee Holland lagaga hadlo waxa kale oo lagaga hadlaa luqada [[Frieska]] oo lagaga hadlo gobolka [[Friesland]] == Diinta == %81 dadka kunool Holland waa [[kaatoolig]], %11 na waa borotistan, %6 waa [[Islaam]] waxa Holland kunool dad aad ubad oo waxdiinaba aan rumaysnayn. == Soomaalida ku nool == waxaa ku nool soomaali lagu qiyaaso 37,000 oo qof. == Gobolada Nederland == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Gobol ! Caasimad ! Magaalada ugu weyn |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Drenthe]] | [[Assen]] | [[Assen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Flevoland]] | [[Lelystad]] | [[Almere]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Koofurta Holland]] | [[Den Haag]] | [[Rotterdam]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Limburg]] | [[Maastricht]] | [[Maastricht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Gelderland]] | [[Arnhem]] | [[Nijmegen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Overijssel]] | [[Zwolle]] | [[Enschede]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Friesland]] | [[Leeuwarden]] | [[Leeuwarden]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Zeeland]] | [[Middelburg]] | [[Middelburg]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Brabant]] | [[Den Bosch]] | [[Eindhoven]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Holland]] | [[Haarlem]] | [[Amsterdam]] |} == Ddaka iyo dhulka == Holland waamid kamida wadmada caalamka ugu cidhiidhga badan waxa kunool dad gaadhaya ilaa 16 milyan oo qof == Ciidaha == * [[Ciida sanadka cusub]] * Maalinta dhalashada boqorada 30 april * Malinta xuska halgamayaashii 4 may * Maalinta xoraynta 5 may * Jimciha muragada == Wax soosaarka == Waxsoosaarka dhanka warshadaha ayaa ah afrmeelood oo meel dhaqaalaha soogala wadanka Holland. wadanka Holland waxa kuyaala shirkido badan oo caalamiya waxa kamida shirkadaha Holanad kuyaala shirkada soosaarta waxyaabaha koranta kushaqeeya ee looyaqaano [[Filibs]]. == Taariikhda fog == Wadamada Holland iyo Wadanka Biljam waxa ay gacanta u galeen Qoysaska loo yaqaanay [[Habsburg]] sanadii 1477 Wadamda [[Holland]] [[Beljim]] iyo [[Luksemburg]] ayaa intaas kadib waxa ay kumidoobayn magaca:dhulka hooseeya ama ''Holland'' sanadii 1579.taas oo ahayd in ay wadamadani kamid ahaayeen boqortooyadii isbayn.waxaana looyaqaanay gobolda waqooyi ee boqortooyada isbayn. waxaana xukumayay reerka looyaqaanay [[Habsburg]].kadib waxa la aasaasay jamhuuriyadii dhulka hooseeya taas oo loogu magac daray ka hoosaynta ay bada kahooseeyaan in badan oo kamida wadanka Holland.kadib jamhuuriyaadisi waxa ay kabaxday boqortooyadii isbayn sanadii 1581,kadib markii in badan uu khilaaf jiray waxa ay Hooland si rasmi ah u madax banaanaatay sanadii 1648.kadib intaas wadanku waxa uu soomaray casri dahabiya dhan dhaqaale iyo dhan suugaaneedba, ilaa iminka Holland waxaa looga yaqaanaa in qarnigii 17aad uu ahaa qarnigii dahabiga ahaa ee soomaray wadanka Holland. Xiligaas Holland waxa ay kamid noqotay wadamada waawayn waxa ay gaadhay qaradaha caalamka oodhan dhaqaalaha Holand waxa uu ahaa mid kamida Dhaqaalayaasha caalamka uguwaynaa xiligaas. == Warbaahinta == Holland waxaa kasoobaxa in kabadan 45 wargays oo maalinle ah. wargaysyadaa ka uguwayn waxa lagu magacaabaa [[Telgaraaf]] === Idaacada iyo TVga === Idaacada iyo [[TV]]ga waxa maamula oo gacnta kuhaya dawlada.waxa jira sideed shirkadood oo soodiyaariya dhamaan barnaamijyada kabaxa idaacada iyo TV ga. == Tixraac == 1 [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] * [[Schiphol]] * [[Erasmus ee Rotterdam ama Erasmus]] {{Dalalka Yurub}} rpz3jyhkcmefdx0bmpenxc0kh2sp5zf 300729 300728 2026-07-03T14:29:12Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Taariikhda fog */ Fixed grammar 300729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|52|19|N|5|33|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Infobox country|native_name=Boqortooyada Holland|image_flag=Flag of the Netherlands.svg||symbol_type=astaanta Qaranka Boqortooyada Holland|image_map=EU-Netherlands.svg|map_caption=Cagaarka Khuntiga ah waa Dalka Holland Halka Cagaarka khafiifka ah uu yahay [[Midowga Yurub]]|capital=[[Amistardam]]|demonym=[[Holandees]]|official_languages=[[Af-Holandees]]|area_km2=41865|percent_water=18,41|anthem=[[Het Wilhelmus]]}} '''Holland''' ama '''Boqortooyada Holland''' (nl: '''Nederland'''), waa wadan ku yaala [[waqooyi]] [[Galbeed]] ee qaarada [[Yurub]], waxaa ku nool in kabadan 16 milyan oo qof, caasimada wadanku waa [[Amistardam]], xarunta wadanka looga taliyo waa [[Den Haag]] magaalooyinka ugu waa weyn waxaa ka mida magaalada [[Rotterdam]] oo ah caasimada labaad ahna Dekeda ugu weyn ee Yurub, waa boqortooyo baarlamaani ah oo dimuquraadi ah wadanka waxaa gacanta ku haysa boqorada oo magaceedu yahay [[Beatrix]], Ra'iisulwasaaraha waa [[Mark Rutte]]. Runtii waddanku waa dhul hoose oo si cajiib leh u fidsan, oo leh balaadhyo waaweyn oo harooyin, webiyo, iyo kanaalo ah. Qiyaastii 2,500 mayl laba jibaaran (6,500 km oo laba jibaaran) Holland waxay ka kooban tahay dhul Gabi ahaan ahaan jrey xeebo, wabiyaal, harooyin iyo biyomareen, habraac taxadar leh oo loo maareeyo biyaha u noqda wakhtiyadii dhexe. xeebaha, iyo harooyin iyo biyo-mareen ayaa laga guray, gaar ahaan hareeraha webiyo badan. Dhammaan dhulkan cusub waxa loo beddelay dhulkaan aad mantey u jeedan, oo inta badan ay ku hareeraysan yihiin digsiyada. Markii hore, awoodda adanaha iyo fardaha ayaa loo isticmaali jiray si ay dhulka u daadiyaan, laakiin markii dambe waxaa lagu beddelay mishiinka dabaysha, sida shabakadda warshadda ee Kinderdijk-Elshout, oo hadda ah Meel tariikhi ah oo UNESCO u diwaan gashan. Qorshayaasha xakamaynta biyaha ee ugu waynaa waxa la fuliyay nuskii labaad ee qarnigii 19-aad iyo qarnigii 20aad, markaasoo matoorada uumiga iyo, ka dib, bambooyin koronto ama naafto ah la isticmaalay. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] In kasta oo ay dawladdu dhiirigalisay haajirin ka dib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, kaas oo sababay in ilaa 500,000 oo qof ay ka baxaan dalka, Nederland maanta waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu dadka badan adduunka. In kasta oo dadka guud ahaan ay syihiin ah "ciroole" taaso lawgala jeedo dadweynaha ku nool dalkaas ay Da'doodu ka weyn tahay 65, Amsterdam waxay sii ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu nool ee dhaqanka dhalinyarada caalamiga ah. Halkaas, laga yaabee in ka badan meel kasta oo dalka ka mid ah, dhaqanka Nederland ee dulqaadka bulshada ayaa si diyaar ah loola kulmo. Dhileysiga, isticmaalka "daroogo jilicsan" (mariguwana iyo xashiish), iyo euthanasia dhamaantood waa sharci laakiin si taxadar leh ayaa loo maamulaa Nederland, oo sidoo kale ahaa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee sharciyeeyay guurka dadka isku jinsiga ah. [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] [[File:Omnisport_Apeldoorn.jpg|thumb|right|194px|]] [[File:Uitsmijter_bacon_kaas.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Den_Haag_-_panoramio_-_Nikolai_Karaneschev.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] Holland waxaa lagu naanaysaa dhulka hooseeya inta badan dhulka holand waxa uu ka hooseeyaa bada holan waxa ay ka koobantahay 12 gobol holland waxa ay ku fadhidaa dhul le'eg ama qiyas tiisu tahay 14,526 km isku wareeg ah. tirada dadk awaxaa lagu qiyaasaa 16,135,992 ruux lacagta holland isticmaashaa waa yuuro holand waxa ay ka horaysaa wakhtiga ama saacada caalimiga ah hal saac. sumada gaadiidka holland waa NL, sumada [[Internet|intenatku]] waa NL. Holland waxa ay xuduud la leedahy wadamada [[Beljim]]ka iyo [[Jarmal]]ka dhinaca waqooyi waxa ay xuduud kala leedahay bada holland waa dawlad ka mida midawga Yurub. == Halka uu magacukayimi == Magaca Holland waxa uu kasoo jeedaa mandaqada amaba gobolka galbeed ee wadanka nederland halkaasaas oo mudo aad udheer ahayd goob ganacsi hadana waxa ay u qaybsantahay labada gobol ee [[Noord Holland]] iyo [[Zuid Holland]] markaas dhamaan wadamada iyo shirkadaha ay nederland ganacsiga la lahayd waxa ay imanjireen labadan gobol iyaga oo magaca holland gaadhsiiyay dibada sidaasaanuu magaca holland kubaxay. laakiin magaca rasmiga ah ee ay isticmaasho dawlada Holland waa "Nederland". == Juquraafi ahaan == Bedka holand waxa uu gaadhayaa 401.7/km2 oo isku wareeg ah.Holland waxa ay kakoobantay 12 gobol. wadanka Holand malaha wax buuraa waa dhul banaan oo iskusiman, markastana roobku wuu kada'aa wadanka holand xiliga kulaylaha malaha amaba kulaylku magaadho meel aad udaran. xiliga qaboobahana aad uma qaboobaadao sababtu waxa ay tahay. bada waqooyi oo dhanka galbeed kaga taala wadanka Hollnad ayaa waxa ay gedidaa dhamaan cimilada wadanka. ==Xubinka Tahay== *[[IMF]]_* -_-_-_:. *[[NATO]]_* _-_—_—_-_-:. *[[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* -__-___-__—-___-_-_:. *[[Midowga Yurub]]_* _-_-_____-_-_-_-_:. *[[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-_-_-__-_-_-_-_____-_:. ==Dadka la degan Holland== * {{Flag|Belgium}}: 250,000+ * {{Flag|Germany}}: 350,000+ == Dadka == wadanka Holand waxa uu kamidyahay wadamada caalamka ugu cidhiidhiga badan dhanka dadka dadka kunoolina waxa ay gaadhayaan 16 milyan oo qof.halka bedka wadanka holand uu dhanyahay 41 kun oo kilo mitir oo isku wareeg ah. Holand waxaa kunool dad aad iyo aad u badan oo ajaanib ah.Holanad waxa ay kamid tahay wadamada yurub ugu badan dhanka dhalashada.meelaha dadku ay sida aadka ah ugunoolyihiin waxa kamida magaalooyinka waawayn sida [[Rotterdam]] [[Amistardam]] [[Den Haag]] iyo [[Magaalada Utrecht]]. == Ciyaaraha == Holland waa mid kamida wadamada caalamka ugu ciyaaraha badan.ama ugu hormarsan dhanka ciyaaraha.ciyaaraha sida aadka ah looga xiisiiyo wadanka Holland waxa kamida ciyaarta [[Kubadda Cagta]].wadanka Holland waxa uu helay kaalinta labaad koobkii caalamka kubada cagta ee ugu danbeeyay ee 2010, Horyaalka holand waxa uu kamidyahay horyaalada kubada cagta ee [[Yurub]] kuwa ugu horeeya waxakale oo wadanka holand laga xiiseeyaa ciyaraha barafka laguciyaaro.sida la ogyahay wadanka Holland waxa uu kamadanbaysta koobka caalmaka ee kubada cagta isusoo taagay sadex jeero oo uu sadexda jeerba khasaaray waxaanay ahaayeen sanadihii.1974-1978 iyo 2010. == Luqada == [[Af Hollandeeska]] ayaa ah luqada rasmiga ah ee Holland lagaga hadlo waxa kale oo lagaga hadlaa luqada [[Frieska]] oo lagaga hadlo gobolka [[Friesland]] == Diinta == %81 dadka kunool Holland waa [[kaatoolig]], %11 na waa borotistan, %6 waa [[Islaam]] waxa Holland kunool dad aad ubad oo waxdiinaba aan rumaysnayn. == Soomaalida ku nool == waxaa ku nool soomaali lagu qiyaaso 37,000 oo qof. == Gobolada Nederland == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Gobol ! Caasimad ! Magaalada ugu weyn |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Drenthe]] | [[Assen]] | [[Assen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Flevoland]] | [[Lelystad]] | [[Almere]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] | [[Groningen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Koofurta Holland]] | [[Den Haag]] | [[Rotterdam]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Limburg]] | [[Maastricht]] | [[Maastricht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Gelderland]] | [[Arnhem]] | [[Nijmegen]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Overijssel]] | [[Zwolle]] | [[Enschede]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] | [[Utrecht]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Friesland]] | [[Leeuwarden]] | [[Leeuwarden]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Zeeland]] | [[Middelburg]] | [[Middelburg]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Brabant]] | [[Den Bosch]] | [[Eindhoven]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | [[Waqooyiga Holland]] | [[Haarlem]] | [[Amsterdam]] |} == Ddaka iyo dhulka == Holland waamid kamida wadmada caalamka ugu cidhiidhga badan waxa kunool dad gaadhaya ilaa 16 milyan oo qof == Ciidaha == * [[Ciida sanadka cusub]] * Maalinta dhalashada boqorada 30 april * Malinta xuska halgamayaashii 4 may * Maalinta xoraynta 5 may * Jimciha muragada == Wax soosaarka == Waxsoosaarka dhanka warshadaha ayaa ah afrmeelood oo meel dhaqaalaha soogala wadanka Holland. wadanka Holland waxa kuyaala shirkido badan oo caalamiya waxa kamida shirkadaha Holanad kuyaala shirkada soosaarta waxyaabaha koranta kushaqeeya ee looyaqaano [[Filibs]]. == Taariikhda fog == Wadamada Holland iyo Wadanka Biljam waxa ay gacanta u galeen Qoysaska loo yaqaanay [[Habsburg]] sanadii 1477 Wadamda [[Holland]] [[Beljim]] iyo [[Luksemburg]] ayaa intaas kadib waxa ay kumidoobayn magaca:dhulka hooseeya ama ''Holland'' sanadii 1579.taas oo ahayd in ay wadamadani kamid ahaayeen boqortooyadii [[Isbania|Isbeyn]]. waxaana looyaqaanay gobolda waqooyi ee boqortooyada isbayn. waxaana xukumayay reerka looyaqaanay [[Habsburg]]. ka dib waxa la aasaasay jamhuuriyadii dhulka hooseeya taas oo loogu magac daray ka hoosaynta ay bada kahooseeyaan in badan oo kamida wadanka Holland.kadib jamhuuriyaadisi waxa ay kabaxday boqortooyadii isbayn sanadii 1581,kadib markii in badan uu khilaaf jiray waxa ay Hooland si rasmi ah u madax banaanaatay sanadii 1648.kadib intaas wadanku waxa uu soomaray casri dahabiya dhan dhaqaale iyo dhan suugaaneedba, ilaa iminka Holland waxaa looga yaqaanaa in qarnigii 17aad uu ahaa qarnigii dahabiga ahaa ee soomaray wadanka Holland. Xiligaas Holland waxa ay kamid noqotay wadamada waawayn waxa ay gaadhay qaradaha caalamka oodhan dhaqaalaha Holand waxaa uu ahaa mid kamida Dhaqaalayaasha caalamka uguwaynaa xiligaas. == Warbaahinta == Holland waxaa kasoobaxa in kabadan 45 wargays oo maalinle ah. wargaysyadaa ka uguwayn waxa lagu magacaabaa [[Telgaraaf]] === Idaacada iyo TVga === Idaacada iyo [[TV]]ga waxa maamula oo gacnta kuhaya dawlada.waxa jira sideed shirkadood oo soodiyaariya dhamaan barnaamijyada kabaxa idaacada iyo TV ga. == Tixraac == 1 [https://www.britannica.com/place/Netherlands] * [[Schiphol]] * [[Erasmus ee Rotterdam ama Erasmus]] {{Dalalka Yurub}} s1f649w7uy9wwgw1ynk2ixkcosh8xf5 0 2506 300800 300585 2026-07-04T07:07:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique | common_name = Mozambique | native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Moçambique}} | image_flag = Flag of Mozambique.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Mozambique.svg | symbol_type = Astaan | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Pátria Amada]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Dhul hooyo oo la Jeclaysan yahay"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Maputo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|57|S|32|35|E|type:city_region:MZ}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]] | regional_languages = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = u dhashay deegaanka | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |99.0% [[Demographics of Mozambique|Afrikaan]]{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Makua people|Makhuwa]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], iyo kooxaha kale ee qowmiyaddaha Afrikaanka ah.}} |0.8% [[Mestiço]] |0.1% [[Portuguese Mozambicans|Caddaan]] |0.1% kuwa kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira kuwa ka soo jeeda Aasiya}}}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=Census2017>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|title=Censo 2017 Brochura dos Resultados Definitivos do IV RGPH – Nacional|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515170335/http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | demonym = Reer Mozambique | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo xisbi-gabaray leh<ref name="SpL">{{cite SSRN|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=September 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns|url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies|location=United States|publisher=University of California San Diego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=December 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns|journal=French Politics|volume=3|issue=3|pages=323–351|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087|s2cid=73642272|quote=Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.|doi-access=free}}</ref> oo hoos timaada dawlad [[Authoritarianism|kelitalis]] ah<ref name="Nhamirre">{{cite journal|last=Nhamirre|first=Borges Joaquim Faduco|date=August 2025|title=Rigging by the state apparatus: systemic electoral fraud in Mozambique jeopardizes the credibility of democracy and creates room for political violence|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=7 |article-number=1479440 |location=Switzerland|publisher=Frontiers|doi=10.3389/fpos.2025.1479440 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Joseph|date=2024|title=25 years of electoral fraud, protected by secrecy|url=https://www.cipmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/25-years-of-electoral-fraud.pdf|journal=Centro de Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)|location=Mozambique|publisher=Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Mozambique|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Daniel Chapo]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mozambique|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maria Benvinda Levy]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]]}} | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Aqalka Jamhuuriyadda]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[National Salvation Junta|Bortuqaal]] | established_event1 = [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique-tii Bortuqiiska]] | established_date1 = 1505–1975 | established_event2 = [[Mozambican War of Independence|Dagaalkii Madaxbannaanida Mozambique]] | established_date2 = 25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974 | established_event3 = [[Lusaka Accord|La siiyay madaxbannaanida]] | established_date3 = 25 June 1975 | established_event4 = [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] | established_date4 = 25 June 1975 - 30 November 1990 | established_event5 = [[Mozambican Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye]] | established_date5 = 1977–1992 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mozambique|Constitution-ka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 21 December 2004 | area_km2 = 801,590 | area_rank = 35aad | area_sq_mi = 309,496 | percent_water = 2.2 | population_estimate = 34,881,007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|title=Mozambique Population (2024) - Worldometer|access-date=30 September 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053022/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 45aad | population_density_km2 = 43.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 113 | population_density_rank = 176aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.950 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MOZ|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mozambique)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|date=10 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125922/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=688,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,730<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 182aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.770 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 120aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $663<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183rd | Gini = 49.6 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.493 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2024|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 183aad | currency = [[Mozambican metical|Metical]] | currency_code = MZN | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+258]] | cctld = [[.mz]] | official_website = {{URL|portaldogoverno.gov.mz}} | footnotes = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 62.0% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ** 27.3% [[Catholic Church in Mozambique|Kaatoolig]] ** 16.7% [[Evangelicalism|Injiili]] ** 16.3% [[Zionist churches|Masiixiyada Sahyuuniyada]] ** 1.7% [[Anglicanism|Anglikan]] {{Tree list/end}} |19.1% [[Islam in Mozambique|Islaam]] |13.5% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |4.3% diimaha kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Traditional African religion|Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]], Yuhuudda, [[Hinduism|Hindooga]], iyo [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaaci]].}} |1.2% aan la garanayn }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.mz/web/guest/d/indicadores-socio-demograficos-mocambique-20062022|title=Indicadores sócio-demográficos Moçambique|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatistica|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> | today = }} '''Mozambique''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|oʊ|z|æ|m|ˈ|b|iː|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Mozambique.wav}}; {{langx|pt|Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}; {{langx|ny|Mozambiki}}; {{langx|ts|Muzambhiki}}; {{langx|sw|Msumbiji}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique''',{{efn|{{lang|pt|República de Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]] kaasoo ay bari ka xigto Badweynta Hindiya, waqooyina [[Tanzania]], waqooyi-galbeedna [[Malawi]] iyo [[Zambia]], galbeedna [[Zimbabwe]], iyo [[Eswatini]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur iyo koonfur-galbeed. [[Sovereign state|Dawladda madaxabannaan]] waxaa laga sifeeyay [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], iyo [[Madagascar]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Mozambique Channel|Marinka Mozambique]] ee dhanka bari. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Maputo]]. Xilliyadii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 7aad iyo 11aad, taxane magaalooyin xeebeed Sawaaxili ah ayaa ka dhashay aaggan, kuwaas oo gacan ka geystay horumarinta [[Swahili culture|dhaqan Sawaaxili]] oo kala duwan iyo lahjad u gaar ah. Dabayaaqadii xilligii dhexe, magaalooyinkan waxaa inta badan u soo dhowaan jiray ganacsato ka timid Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, [[Egypt|Masar]], Carabta, Faaris, iyo [[India|Hindiya]].<ref>Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017</ref> Socdaalkii [[Vasco da Gama]] ee 1498 wuxuu calaamadiyay imaatinka [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska]], kuwaas oo bilaabay geeddi-socod tartiib-tartiib ah oo gumeysi iyo deegaanayn ah sannadkii 1505. Ka dib in ka badan afar qarni oo ay jirtay [[Portuguese Mozambique|maamulkii Bortuqiiska ee Mozambique]], Mozambique waxay [[Mozambican War of Independence|heshay madaxbannaani]] sannadkii 1975, iyadoo noqotay [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] waxyar ka dib. Ka dib laba sanno oo kaliya oo madaxbannaani ah, dalku wuxuu u dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo xooggan oo daba-dheeraaday [[Mozambican Civil War|kaas oo socday 1977 ilaa 1992]]. Sannadkii 1994, Mozambique waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee xisbiyada badan, tan iyo markaasna waxay ahayd [[Presidential system|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] oo xasilloon, in kasta oo ay weli wajahayso [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|gabhanno hubeysan oo heer hoose ah]] gaar ahaan gobollada ugu fog caasimadda koonfureed iyo meelaha uu Islaamku ku xooggan yahay. Mozambique waxay ku haysataa kheyraad dabiici ah oo qani ah oo aad u ballaaran. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay kalluumeysiga—inta badanna [[Mollusca|argoosatada]], [[crustacean|unonada]] iyo [[echinoderm|waxyabaha badda]]—iyo beeraha iyada oo ay jirto wershado sii kordhaya oo cuntada iyo cabitaanka, wax-soo-saarka kiimikada, aluminiumka iyo saliidda ah. Qaybta dalxiiska ayaa sii fidaysa. GDP-ga Mozambique wuxuu si weyn u koray wixii ka dambeeyay 2001, laakiin tan iyo 2014/15, waxaa la arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid isticmaalka dhabta ah ee qoysaska iyo kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid [[economic inequality|sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaalaha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research|title=The evolution of inequality in Mozambique|url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|access-date=31 March 2024|series=WIDER Working Paper|date=2022|language=en|doi=10.35188/unu-wider/2022/284-3|last1=Barletta|first1=Giulia|last2=Ibraimo|first2=Maimuna|last3=Salvucci|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Sarmento|first4=Enilde Francisco|last5=Tarp|first5=Finn|hdl=10419/273939|place=Helsinki|isbn=978-92-9267-284-3|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331195447/https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaranku wuxuu weli dhex fadhiyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna [[Least developed countries|horumarka hooseeya]] adduunka,<ref>[http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf Investing in rural people in Mozambique] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=20150427212809 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427212809/http://ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=27 April 2015 }}. ifad.org</ref> isagoo darajo hoose kaga jira [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba]], [[List of countries by Human Development Index|horumarka aadanaha]], cabirrada [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|sinnaan la'aanta]] iyo celceliska [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]].<ref name=CIA/> Dadka Mozambique oo qiyaastii ah 34,777,605 marka loo eego qiyaasaha 2024 (kor u kac 2.96% ah marka loo eego 2023) waxay ka kooban yihiin wax ka badan 2,000 oo kooxood oo qowmiyadeed waxaana si awood leh u aqlabiyad ah [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, luqadda rasmiga ah ee kaliya ee dalka waa [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]], taas oo looga hadlo meelaha magaalooyinka ah sida luqadda koowaad ama labaad inta badan, guud ahaan ahaanna ah [[lingua franca]] u dhaxeysa dhalinyarada reer Mozambique ee helay waxbarashada rasmiga ah. Luqadaha maxaliga ah ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], iyo [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]. [[Glottolog]] wuxuu taxay 46 luqadood oo looga hadlo dalka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.7 – Languages of Mozambique|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|access-date=10 January 2023|website=glottolog.org|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110141558/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah ay tahay luqadda dhegoolaha (Luqadda Dhegoolaha ee Mozambique/''Língua de sinais de Moçambique''). [[Religion in Mozambique|Diinta ugu caansan]] Mozambique waa Masiixiyadda, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro laga tiro badan yahay oo raacsan Islaamka iyo [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]]. ==Asalka magaca== Dalka waxaa loogu magac daray Moçambique Bortuqiisku ka dib [[Island of Mozambique|Jasiiradda Mozambique]], taas oo laga soo qaatay midkood [[Mussa Bin Bique]], ''Musa Al Big,'' ''Mossa Al Bique'', ''Mussa Ben Mbiki'' ama ''Mussa Ibn Malik'', oo ahaa ganacsade Carbeed oo markii ugu horreysay booqday jasiiradda ka dibna degay halkaas<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630040028/http://www.ilhademo.net/history.html History]. ilhademo.net</ref> isagoo weli noolaa markii [[Vasco da Gama]] uu soo caga dhigtay jasiiradda sannadkii 1498.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=M. D. D. Newitt|title=The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche|journal=The Journal of African History|date=1972|volume=13|issue=3|page=398|doi=10.1017/S0021853700011713|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=180586}}</ref> Jasiiradda-magaalada waxay ahayd caasimadda gumeysiga Bortuqiiska ilaa 1898, markaas oo loo raray koonfurta xagga Lourenço Marques (hadda ah [[Maputo]]). ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} pihshljijtoakc9mgt1xi8i4oakp1xl 0 2516 300786 300579 2026-07-04T05:56:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Dawladda Liibiya{{ref label|unnote|a|}} | common_name = Liibiya | native_name = {{Unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|دولة ليبيا|italics=off}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar| Dawlat Lībiyā}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg | image_coat = File:Seal of the Government of National Unity (Libya).svg | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|ليبيا، ليبيا، ليبيا}}<br />"Liibiya, Liibiya, Liibiya"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Libya, Libya, Libya instrumental.ogg]]</div> | map_width = 220px | map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Goobta Liibiya}} | image_map2 = {{switcher|[[File:Libya (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Liibiya}} | map2_width = 250px | capital = Tripoli<ref name="CIA">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Libya|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|encyclopedia=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=19 August 2024|date=7 August 2024|archive-date=18 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818105759/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|url-status=dead}} {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ |date=20210109235257 }}</ref> <br /> {{Coord|32|52|N|13|11|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = Carabi{{ref label|arabicnote|b|}} | languages_type = Af-goobka deegaanka | languages = Carabiga Liibiya | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = Talyaani iyo Ingiriis | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 92% Carabi * 5% Berber * 3% kuwa kale {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |last=Yakan |first=Mohamad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Almanac of African Peoples and Nations |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-28930-6 |pages=62 |language=en |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501042016/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 1999 | religion = {{Tree list}} * 96.6% Islaam (Rasmi) * 2.7% Masiixiyad *<1% Budhist *<1% Hindu *<1% Yuhuudi *<1% Diinta hiddaha ah *<1% Kuwa kale *<1% Aan cidna ku xidhnayn {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" /> | demonym = Reer Liibiya | government_type = Jamhuuriyad midaysan oo hoos timaada dawlad kumeelgaar ah (GNU) | leader_title1 = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Madaxtooyada | leader_name1 = Mohamed al-Menfi | leader_title2 = Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Madaxtooyada | leader_name2 = Musa Al-Koni | leader_title3 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name3 = Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh{{efn|Waxaa ku muransan Osama Hammad, oo ah madaxa Dawladda Xasiloonida Qaranka, taas oo loo aqoonsan yahay Golaha Wakiilada inay tahay simaha Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Liibiya}} | leader_title4 = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada | leader_name4 = Aguila Saleh Issa | legislature = Golaha Sare ee Dawladda<br>Golaha Wakiilada | sovereignty_type = | established_event1 = Tripoli-da Cusmaaniyiinta | established_date1 = 1551 | established_event2 = Duulaankii Talyaaniga ee Liibiya | established_date2 = 1911 | established_event3 = Dhaqdhaqaaqa iska caabinta Liibiya | established_date3 = 1911–1951 | established_event4 = Jamhuuriyaddii Tripoli | established_date4 = 16 November 1918 | established_event5 = Boqortooyada Liibiya | established_date5 = 24 December 1951 | established_event6 = Afgembigii Muammar Gaddafi | established_date6 = 1 September 1969 | established_event7 = Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah ee Weyn | established_date7 = 2 March 1977 | established_event8 = Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Sokeeye ee Liibiya | established_date8 = 17 February 2011 | established_event9 = Soo dhexgaliddii NATO ee Liibiya | established_date9 = 19 March 2011 | established_event10 = Dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Sokeeye ee Liibiya | established_date10 = 23 October 2020 | area_km2 = 1,759,541 | area_rank = 16aad | area_sq_mi = 679,359 | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 7,361,263<ref name="CIA" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 103ad | population_density_km2 = 4.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.836 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $123.990 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 96aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $17,760<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 101ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $47.480 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 95aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,800<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 102ad | Gini = | Gini_year = | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.721 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = hoos u dhac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115ad | currency = Diinaarka Liibiya | currency_code = LYD | time_zone = Wakhtiga Bariga Yurub | utc_offset = +2 | calling_code = +218 | cctld = [[.ly]]<br />ليبيا. | footnote_a = {{note|unnote}} Fariinta Qaramada Midoobay ee ku saabsan magaca rasmiga ah: "Ka dib markii loo qaatay go'aanka Golaha Guud ee tirsigiisu yahay 66/1, Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya u fadhida Qaramada Midoobay waxay si rasmi ah ugu wargelisay Qaramada Midoobay Baaq ka soo baxay Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka ee 3dii Ogosto kaas oo bedelay magaca rasmiga ah ee Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya loona bedelay 'Liibiya' laguna bedelay calanka qaranka ee Liibiya." | footnote_b = {{note|arabicnote}} Luqadda rasmiga ah waxaa si fudud loogu aqoonsaday "Carabi" (Baaqa Dastuuriga ah ee ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Liibiya, qodobka 1). | footnote_c = {{note|indepnote}} Boqortooyada Midowday iyo Faransiiska waxay wadajir u haysteen maamul guud oo dulsaar ku ahaa Liibiya iyada oo loo marayo Golaha Kalsoonida ee Qaramada Midoobay. }} '''Liibiya''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Libya.ogg|ˈ|l|ɪ|b|i|ə}} {{respell|LIB|ee|ə}}; {{langx|ar|ليبيا|Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ar|liː.bi.jaː|pron}}, <small>Carabiga Liibiya:</small> {{IPA|[ˈliːb.jæ]|}}. Dhammaan lahjadaha lagaga hadlo Carabiga waxay leeyihiin laba dhawaaq oo kaliya waxaana caadiyan loo dhawaaqaa sidaas.}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Dawladda Liibiya''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|دولة ليبيا|Dawlat Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |title=Member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=13 February 2021 |quote=On 22 December 2017, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations that the government is changing the official name of Libya to 'State of Libya.' |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629041240/https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |title=Publications Office – Interinstitutional style guide – Annex A5 – List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805170859/http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |archive-date=5 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name="CIA" />}} waa dal ku yaal gobolka Maghreb ee Waqooyiga Afrika. Waxay waqooyiga xuduud la leedahay Badda Mediterranean-ka, bariga Masar, koonfur-bari Suudaan, koonfurta Jaad, koonfur-galbeed Nayjer, galbeedka Aljeeriya, iyo waqooyi-galbeed Tuunis. Iyadoo leh baaxad dhul oo ku dhow 700,000 oo mayl laba jibaaran, Liibiya waa dalka afraad ee ugu weyn Afrika iyo Caalamka Carabta, waana dalka 16aad ee ugu weyn adduunka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook (3) Pop., Rate of Pop. Increase, Surface Area & Density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> Dalku wuxuu sheeganayaa 32,000 oo kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran oo ah koonfur-bari Aljeeriya, koonfurta magaalada Liibiya ee Ghat.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya-Algeria |work=Sovereign Limits |url=https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928171603/https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |url-status=live }}</ref> Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Tripoli, oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed kuna dhowaad in ka badan hal milyan oo ka mid ah toddobada milyan ee dadka ku nool Liibiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |title=Libya Demographics Profile 2014 |website=Indexmundi.com |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084546/http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Liibiya waxaa deganaa dadka Berber-ka tan iyo dhammaadkii Aroortii Naxaasta (Bronze Age) iyagoo ka farcamay dhaqamadii Iberomaurusian iyo Capsian. Waqtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, reer Foyniqiya waxay ka aasaaseen magaalo-dawlado iyo xarumo ganacsi galbeedka Liibiya, halka dhowr magaalo oo Giriig ah laga aasaasay Bariga. Qaybo ka mid ah Liibiya waxaa si kala duwan u xukumay reer Carthage-tii hore, reer Numidia, Boqortooyadii Bershiya, iyo Giriigii Ptolemaic ka hor inta aan gobolka oo dhan uu noqon qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyadii Roomaanka. Liibiya waxay ahayd xarun hore oo Masiixiyadda ah. Ka dib dhicidda Boqortooyadii Roomaanka ee Galbeedka, aagga Liibiya waxaa inta badan qabsaday Boqortooyadii Vandal ilaa qarnigii 7aad markii duulaanadu ay keeneen Islaamka gobolka. Wixii markaas ka dambeeyay, qarniyo ay jireen guuritaanka Carabta ee gobolka Maghreb waxay beddeleen qaabka dadka ee Liibiya iyada oo ay u badatay dhanka Carabta. Qarnigii 16aad, Boqortooyadii Isbayn iyo fardooleyda Knights Hospitaller waxay qabsadeen Tripoli ilaa xukunkii Cusmaaniyiintu uu ka bilaamay 1551. Liibiya waxay ku lug lahayd Dagaaladii Barbary ee qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa sii socday ilaa Dagaalkii Talyaaniga iyo Turkiga ee 1911, kaas oo sababay in Talyaanigu uu qabsado Liibiya oo uu ka aasaaso laba gumeysi: Tripolitania-dii Talyaaniga iyo Cyrenaica-dii Talyaaniga, kuwaas oo dambe lagu midoobay gumeysigii Liibiya ee Talyaaniga laga bilaabo 1934 ilaa 1943.<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in ''General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref> Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Liibiya waxay ahayd aag dagaal ee Ololihii Waqooyiga Afrika. Dadkii deganaa ee Talyaaniga ahaa ayaa markaas hoos u dhacay Liibiyana waxay noqotay mid madaxbannaan oo noqotay boqortooyo 1951. Afgambi milatari oo aan dhiig ku daadan 1969, oo uu bilaabay isbahaysi uu hoggaaminayo Kornayl Muammar Gaddafi, ayaa xukunka ka tuuray Boqor Idris I wuxuuna abuuray jamhuuriyad. Gaddafi waxaa badanaa ku sifeeyay dhaleeceeyayaashu inuu yahay keli-taliye, wuxuuna ahaa mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha adduunka ugu muddada dheer ee aan boqor ahayn. Wuxuu xukumayay muddo 42 sano ah ilaa xukunka looga tuuray lagana dilay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 2011, dhexdiisii Kacdoonkii Carabta (Arab Spring), iyadoo awoodda loo wareejiyay Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka ka dibna loo wareejiyay Golaha Guud ee Qaranka ee la doortay. Tan iyo 2011, Liibiya waxay ku jirtay dhibaato siyaasadeed iyo mid bini'aadantinimo, marka la gaadhay 2014, laba maamul oo iska soo horjeeda ayaa sheegtay inay xukumaan Liibiya, taas oo keentay dagaalkii labaad ee sokeeye, iyadoo qaybo ka mid ah Liibiya ay u kala qaybsameen dawlado kala duwan, oo fadhigoodu yahay Tripoli iyo Tobruk, iyo sidoo kale maleeshiyooyin beeleed iyo kuwa Islaami ah oo kala duwan. Labadii dhinac ee ugu waaweynaa ee dagaallamayay waxay saxeexeen xabbad-joojin joogto ah sannadkii 2020, dawlad midnimo qaran ahna waxay la wareegtay awoodda si ay u qorsheyso doorashooyin dimuqraadi ah, inkastoo loolanka siyaasadeed uu weli dib u dhac ku keenayo arrintan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Libya — a tale of two governments, again |url=https://arab.news/yrqr2 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rival">{{cite news |date=25 August 2014 |title=Rival second Libyan assembly chooses own PM as chaos spreads |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Chris Stephen |title=Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2015 |title=Peace talks between Libyan factions to take place in Geneva |url=http://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=Sun Herald |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314004151/https://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 1969 |title=1969: Bloodless coup in Libya |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kafala |first=Tarik |date=20 October 2011 |title=Gaddafi's quixotic and brutal rule |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424085047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2015 |title=Libyan government offensive in Benghazi stalls as Islamists dig in |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/06/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |archive-date=9 August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2020 |title=Libyan Civil War: Two warring factions sign 'permanent' ceasefire |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014337/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2022, Golaha Wakiilada wuxuu joojiyay aqoonsigii Dawladda Midnimada Qaran wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay dawlad beddel ah, oo ah Dawladda Xasiloonida Qaranka (GNS). Labada dawladoodba waxay u shaqaynayeen isku mar wixii markaas ka dambeeyay, taas oo keentay awood laba-geesood ah oo ka jirta Liibiya. Beesha caalamku waxay sii waddaa inay u aqoonsato dawladda midnimada inay tahay dawladda sharciga ah ee dalka. Liibiya waa dal soo koraya oo ku jira kaalinta 115ad ee HDI, waxayna leedahay kaydka 10aad ee ugu weyn ee saliidda la xaqiijiyay adduunka. Liibiya waxay leedahay heerka ugu sarreeya ee sii deynta gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo qofkiiba ee Afrika, laakiin horumar yar ayay ka samaysay dhanka horumarinta ballanqaadyada cimilada. Liibiya waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka, iyo OPEC. Diinta rasmiga ah ee dalka waa Islaamka, iyadoo 96.6% dadka Liibiya ay yihiin Muslimiin Sunni ah.<ref name="CIA" /> Luqadda rasmiga ah ee Liibiya waa Carabi, iyadoo Carabiga Liibiya uu yahay kan ugu ballaaran ee lagaga hadlo dalka. Inta badan dadka Liibiya waa Carabi.<ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.-2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA144 |title=Britannica Student Encyclopaedia |date=2014-05-01 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-62513-172-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1980–2004 |url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711143657/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=OPEC}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== [[File:Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976.jpg|thumb|left|Goobta taariikhiga ah ee Sabratha, Liibiya]] Asalka magaca "Liibiya" wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ka muuqday qoraal ka mid ah Ramesses II, oo loo qoray sidii rbw ee hieroglyphic. Magacu wuxuu ka yimid aqoonsi guud oo la siiyay isbahaysi weyn oo ka jiray Bariga qadiimiga ah ee "Liibiya" ee Berber-ka, dadka Waqooyiga Afrika iyo qabiilooyinka ku noolaa hareeraha gobollada barwaaqada ah ee Cyrenaica iyo Marmarica. Ciidan ka kooban 40,000 oo nin<ref name="3.8 MERENPTAH (1236-1230 BC)">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Peter |title=HSC Ancient History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |year=2006 |publisher=Pascal Press |isbn=9781741251784 |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531052740/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo isbahaysi qabiilo oo loo yaqaanay "Madaxda Waaweyn ee Libu" waxaa hoggaaminayay Boqor Meryey oo dagaal la galay fircoon Merneptah sannadkii 5aad (1208 BC). Iskahorimaadkan waxaa lagu xusay Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak ee ku yaal delta galbeedka intii lagu jiray sannadihii 5aad iyo 6aad ee xukunkiisa wuxuuna dhaliyay guuldarradii Meryey. Sida ku xusan Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak, isbahaysiga milatari wuxuu ka koobnaa Meshwesh, Lukka, iyo "Dadka Badda" oo loo yaqaanay Ekwesh, Teresh, Shekelesh, iyo Sherden. Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak wuxuu u qoran yahay: {{Blockquote|"... xilligii saddexaad, isagoo leh: 'Madaxii kharribmay, ee laga adkaaday ee Liibiya, Meryey, wiilka Ded, wuxuu ku soo dhacay dalka Tehenu iyada oo ay weheliyaan qaansoleyda—Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Isagoo soo kaxaystay geesiyaashii ugu fiicnaa iyo nin kasta oo dagaalyahan ah oo dalkiisa ka tirsan. Wuxuu keenay xaaskiisa iyo carruurtiisa—hoggaamiyayaashii xerada, wuxuuna gaadhay xadka galbeed ee beeraha Perire."}} Magaca "Liibiya" waxaa dib loogu soo celiyay isticmaalka sannadkii 1903 cilmiga juqraafiga ee Talyaaniga Federico Minutilli. Waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu beddelo ereyadii loo isticmaali jiray Tripolitania-dii Cusmaaniyiinta, gobolka xeebta ee hadda ah Liibiya, kaas oo ay xukumaysay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta laga bilaabo 1551 ilaa 1911 as Eyalet of Tripolitania.<ref name="be177">"Bibliografia della Libia"; Bertarelli, p. 177.</ref> Liibiya waxay heshay madaxbannaanida 1951 iyadoo ahayd Boqortooyada Midowday ee Liibiya (المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay Boqortooyada Liibiya (المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah), dhab ahaantii "Boqortooyada Liibiya", sannadkii 1963.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1987), [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) "Independent Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321121614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) |date=21 March 2022 }}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''. Retrieved 14 July 2006.</ref> Ka dib afgambi uu hoggaaminayay Muammar Gaddafi 1969, magaca dawladda waxaa loo beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Carabta Liibiya (الجمهورية العربية الليبية al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah). Magaca rasmiga ahi wuxuu ahaa "Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah" laga bilaabo 1977 ilaa 1986 (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية), iyo "Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah ee Weyn"<ref name="name">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |title=Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118153704/http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |title=الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724133149/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |archive-date=24 July 2014 }}</ref> al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Udmá <small>{{Audio|Al-Jamahiriyyah al-Arabiyyah al-Libiyyah ash-shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah al-Udhma.ogg|dhageyso}}</small>) laga bilaabo 1986 ilaa 2011. Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka, oo la aasaasay 2011, wuxuu ugu yeeray dawladda si fudud "Liibiya". Qaramada Midoobay (UN) waxay si rasmi ah u aqoonsatay dalka sidii "Liibiya" bishii Sebtember 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unterm.un.org |title=United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer |publisher=United Nations |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071953/http://unterm.un.org/ |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> iyadoo lagu saleynayo codsi ka yimid Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya iyadoo la xiganayo Baaqa Dastuuriga ah ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Liibiya ee 3dii Ogosto 2011. Bishii Noofambar 2011, ISO 3166-1 waxaa la beddelay si ay u muujiso magaca cusub ee dalka "Liibiya" ee Ingiriiska, "Libye (la)" ee Faransiiska.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |access-date=13 December 2011 |date=8 November 2011 |title=ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117170551/http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Bishii Diseembar 2017, Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya u fadhida Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku wargelisay QM in magaca rasmiga ah ee dalka uu hadda ka dib yahay "Dawladda Liibiya"; "Liibiya" waxay ahaanaysaa qaabka rasmiga ah ee gaaban, dalkuna wuxuu sii wadaa in lagu taxo xarafka "L" ee liisaska xarfaha hore ee alifbeeto ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |access-date=5 January 2018 |title="State of Libya" in UNTERM (United Nations terminology database) |publisher=United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233707/https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |archive-date=5 January 2018 }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 7leeqyede7wtshapa4jefikaktvm9ac 0 4735 300817 300597 2026-07-04T08:36:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis | common_name = Sishalis | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luuqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République des Seychelles}} | crs = {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Seychelles.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|Finis Coronat Opus|italics=off}}<br />"Dhamaadku Waxuu Guleeyaa Shaqada" | national_anthem = [[Koste Seselwa]] (Kreole-ka Sishalis)<br/>"Midowga Sishalis"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Koste_Seselwa_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|37|S|55|27|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | languages_type = Luuqadaha rasmiga ah | languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Seychellois Creole|Kreole]] |[[English language|Ingiriisi]] |[[French language|Faransiis]]}}<ref> https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Seychelles_2017 - Dastuurka Sishalis - “Luuqadaha Qaranka ee Sishalis waa Kreole, Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis”</ref> | languages2_type = Luuqadaha laga tirada badan yahay | languages2 = {{unbulleted list |[[Tamil language|Tamiil]]}} | ethnic_groups = 97% [[Seychellois Creole people|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]{{efn|Waa qowmiyadda asalka ah ee ugu badan dalka; dadka kreole-ka ah waxay asal ahaan isugu jiraan qowmiyado ka yimid dhul-weynaha [[East Africa|Afrikaanka Bari]] iyo dadka [[Malagasy peoples|Malagasi]]. Waxay ka dhumaan aqlabiyadda ballaaran ee dadka dalka deggan.<ref name="CIAPop">{{cite web | title=SeychellesThe World Factbook | website=- | date=2023-07-12 | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723184004/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 July 2023 | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>}}<br> 3% kuwa kale{{efn|Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan u dhalan Sishalis waxaa ka mid ah kooxihii yaryaraa ee ka koobnaa [[French people|Faransiis]], [[Indian people|Hindi]], [[Chinese people|Shiinees]], iyo [[Arabs|Carab]].<ref name="CIAPop"/>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |74.9% [[Christianity|Masiixi]] |5.4% [[Hinduism in Seychelles|Hindoos]] |2.4% [[Islam in Seychelles|Islaam]] |5.1% kale |12.2% aan la sheegin }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name=2022Census/> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Sishaliis |Sishaliise |Seselwa {{small|(Kreole)}}}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[presidential system|madaxweyne ah]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[President of Seychelles|Madaxweynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Patrick Herminie]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Seychelles|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Sebastien Pillay]] | leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka | leader_name3 = [[Azarel Ernesta]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaani | sovereignty_note = ka timid [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Madaxbannaanida | established_date1 = 29 Juun 1976 | area_km2 = 457 | area_rank = 181aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 177 | percent_water = Aad u yar | population_estimate = 121,355<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=MID-YEAR 2024 ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION (ERP) |url=http://www.nbs.gov.sc/downloads/1620-mid-2024-estimated-resident-population/download |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 200aad | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 262.3 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 67aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $4.490 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 177aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $43,850<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 49aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.250 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 186aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,940<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 50aad | Gini = 32.1 | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = <!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072813/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.848<!-- Number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = kordhay<!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 54aad | currency = [[Seychellois rupee|Rubiga Sishalis]] | currency_code = SCR | time_zone = [[Seychelles Time|SCT]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | drives_on = bidix | calling_code = [[+248]] | cctld = [[.sc]] | today = }} '''Sishalis'''{{efn|Loo tixgeliyo kalgacal ama wadajir. Joogitaanka qodobka qeexan ("the Seychelles") isna wuu kala duwan yahay.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motschenbacher |first1=Heiko |title=Greece, the Netherlands and (the) Ukraine: A Corpus-Based Study of Definite Article Use with Country Names |journal=Names |date=2 January 2020 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00277738.2020.1731241 |hdl=11250/2676009 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Seychelles.ogg|s|eɪ|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|eɪ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|sɛʃɛl|lang}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.langenscheidt.com/french-german/seychelles|title=Seychelles – English translation in German – Langenscheidt dictionary French-German|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, de, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/Seychelles/121797|title=Traduction: Seychelles – Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.pons.com/translate?q=Seychelles&l=enfr&in=fr&lf=fr|title=Seychelles {{!}} French » English {{!}} PONS|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref> {{small|ama}} {{IPA|fr|seʃɛl|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/seychelles|title=English Translation of "Seychelles" {{!}} Collins French-English Dictionary|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref>), si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|République des Seychelles}}; [[Seychellois Creole|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]: {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}}),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Seychelles | title=Seychelles Facts &#124; Britannica | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> waa [[archipelagic country|dal jasiirado ah]] oo ka kooban 115 jasiiradood<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/Seychelles_Cooperation_Framework_2024-2028.pdf|title=United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework for Seychelles 2024 - 2028|access-date=2026-05-30|date=2023|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=15}}</ref> kuna yaalla [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Caasimaddiisa iyo magaalada ugu weyn, oo ah [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]], waxay dhanka bari {{convert|1500|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} kaga beegan tahay dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]]. Wadamada iyo dhulalka jasiiradaha ah ee u dhow waxaa ka mid ah [[Maldives|Maaldiyfis]], [[Comoros|Komoros]], [[Madagascar|Madagaskar]], [[Mauritius|Moriishas]], iyo [[French Fifth Republic|Faransiiska]] [[overseas departments and regions of France|goboladiisa iyo waaxyaha dibadda]] ee [[Mayotte|Mayotte]] iyo [[Réunion]] dhanka koonfureed; iyo [[Chagos Archipelago|Jasiiradaha Chagos]] dhanka bari. Sishalis waa [[list of African countries by area|dalka ugu yar Afrika]] sidoo kale waa [[list of African countries by population|dalka madaxbannaan ee ugu dadka yar Afrika]], iyadoo lagu qiyaasay dadkiisa 100,600 qof sannadkii 2022.<ref name="World Bank Open Data v619">{{cite web | title=World Bank Open Data | website=World Bank Open Data | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SC | language=la | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref> Jasiiradaha Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah ka hor intaan xiriir joogto ah oo dibadda ah lala samayn. In kasta oo badmaaxiinta Carabta iyo Sawaaxiliga ay u degeen inay jasiiradaha horay u ogaayeen iyagoo u maraya marinada [[Indian Ocean trade|ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya]], haddana ma jiraan wax caddaynaya inay jireen deegaanno rasmi ah ka hor intaan reer Yurub ku lug yeelan. Jasiiradaha waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay reer Yurub qarnigii 16aad, laakiin lama degganayn ilaa qarnigii 18aad, markaasoo Faransiisku si rasmi ah u sheegtay. Intii lagu guda jiray xilligii gumeysiga Faransiiska, dadka Afrikaanka ah ee la addoonsaday—kuwaas oo badankoodood horey loogu soo qabtay shabakadaha hadda jira ee Afrikaanka, [[Arab slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Carabta]], iyo [[Indian Ocean slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Badweynta Hindiya]]—ayaa loo keenay jasiiradaha si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha waaweyn. Waxay la kulantay dano iska soo horjeeda oo ka imaanayay Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska ilaa ay si buuxda u gashay gacanta Ingiriiska horraantii qarnigii 19aad. Ka dib markii Ingiriisku la wareegay maamulka horraantii qarnigii 19aad, addoonsigii waa la baabiiyay waxaana hadhow qayb ahaan lagu beddelay shaqaale qandaraasleyaal ah oo laga keenay Hindiya. Tan iyo markii ay ku dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida Boqortooyada Midowday sannadkii 1976, waxay ka horumartay bulsho inta badan ku tiirsan [[Agriculture|beeraha]] una guurtay dhaqaale suuq xor ah oo kala duwan, kaasoo lagu yaqaanno waxqabadka [[service sector|waaxda adeegga]], [[public sector|waaxda guud]], iyo [[tourism|dalxiiska]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1976 ilaa 2015, wax-soosaarka guud ee dalka ee magaca ah ([[GDP]]) wuxuu kor u kacay ku dhowaad 700%, halka [[purchasing power parity|awoodda iibsiga]] ay kor u kacday ku dhowaad 1600%. Tan iyo dhammaadkii 2010-maadkii, xukuumaddu waxay qaadday tillaabooyin lagu dhiiragelinayo [[wikt: foreign investment|maalgashiga shisheeye]]. Tan iyo bilowgii qarniga 21aad, Sishalis waxay leedahay [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba ee magaca ah]] ee ugu sarreeya iyo darajada [[Human Development Index|Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha]] ee ugu sarreysa waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}{{date?}}</ref> Marka loo eego [[V-Dem Democracy indices|Tusmooyinka Dimuqraadiyadda V-Dem]] ee 2024, Sishalis waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 43aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee adduunka oo dhan, waxayna kaalinta 1aad kaga jirtaa [[democracy in Africa|dimuqraadiyadda xorta ah ee Afrika]], iyo kaalinta 2aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee qaaradda.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Dhaqanka iyo bulshada Sishalis waa isku dhaf ka kooban saamaynta Faransiiska, Ingiriiska, Hindida iyo Afrikaanka, iyadoo ay ku jiraan canaasiir Shiinees ah. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]], [[Southern African Development Community|Ururka Horumarinta Bulshada Afrikaanka Koonfureed]], iyo [[Commonwealth of Nations|Caddaaladda Quruumaha]]. == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Seychelles}} [[File:Gama_armada_of_1502_(Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu).jpg|thumb|left|Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee ogaada Sishalis waxay ahaayeen [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkii 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]], oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Vasco da Gama]].]] ===Taariikhda hore=== Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah inta badan taariikhda la diwaangeliyay, in kasta oo jilitaanka hababka socdaalka ee [[Austronesian peoples|dadka Ostrooneesiyanka]] ay muujinayaan suurtogalnimada weyn inay booqdeen jasiiradaha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Scott M. |last2=Callaghan |first2=Richard |chapter=Seafaring simulations and the Origin of Prehistoric Settlers to Madagascar |page=52 |title=Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring and the Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes |editor1-last=O'Connor |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Geoffrey |editor3-last=Leach |editor3-first=Foss |series=Terra Australis |issue=29 |publisher=ANU E Press |location=Canberra, ACT, Australia |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/33708/1/459300.pdf |date=2008 |isbn=9781921313905}}</ref> Qubuuraha la arki karay ilaa 1910 ee Anse Lascars ee Jasiiradda Silhouette ayaa sidoo kale loo qiyaasay inay leeyihiin ganacsatadii dambe ee [[Maldivians|Maaldiyfiis]] iyo [[Arabs|Carabta]] ee booqan jiray jasiiradaha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guébourg |first=Jean-Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsfav10mYCMC |title=Les Seychelles |date=2004 |publisher=Ed. Karthala |isbn=2-84586-358-6 |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=419931142 |pages=27–28 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Vasco da Gama]] iyo [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkiisa 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]] waxay ogaadeen Sishalis 15kii Maarso 1503; aragtida ugu horreysay waxaa sameeyay [[Thomé Lopes]] isagoo saaran ''Rui Mendes de Brito''. Maraakiibtii Da Gama waxay dhoween jasiirad dheer, malaha waa [[Silhouette Island|Jasiiradda Silhouette]], maalintii xigtayna waxay dhoween [[Desroches Island|Jasiiradda Desroches]]. Ka dib, Boortaqiisku waxay khariidad ku sameeyeen koox ka kooban toddoba jasiiradood waxayna u bixiyeen ''The Seven Sisters (Toddobada Walaalood).''<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles: Settlement and the development of the plantation economy (1770–1944) |publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/seyoverview1.htm |access-date=2026-07-01 |archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411214438/https://www.eisa.org/wep/seyoverview1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Soo degistii ugu horreysay ee la diwaangeliyay waxay ahayd bishii Janaayo 1609, oo ay sameeyeen shaqaalihii markabka ''Ascension'' ee uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan [[Alexander Sharpeigh]] intii lagu guda jiray safarkii afraad ee Shirkadda Ingiriiska ee [[East India Company]]. Maadaama ay ahayd marin ganacsi oo u dhaxeeya Afrika iyo Aasiya, jasiiradaha waxaa la sheegay inay mararka qaar isticmaali jireen burcad-badeedda ilaa Faransiisku ka bilaabay inuu la wareego maamulka 1756 markaasoo Dhagaxii Lahaanshaha uu dhigay [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] Kabtan [[Corneille Nicholas Morphey]]. Jasiiradaha waxaa loogu magac daray siyaasiga Faransiiska ah ee [[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]], waxayna si rasmi ah qayb uga ahaayeen gumeysigii [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Assembly of Seychelles |title=Our History |url=http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628122148/http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Ogosto 1770, markabkii Faransiiska ee ''Thélémaque'' oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Leblanc Lécore ayaa jasiiradda [[Ste. Anne Island]] keenay 15 qof oo caddaan ah oo degeysa iyo 13 addoon ah oo Afrikaan iyo Hindi ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govinden |first=Gerard |date=2020-08-27 |title=250th Anniversary of First Settlement |url=https://nation.sc/articles/5891/250th-anniversary-of-first-settlement |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Seychelles Nation |language=en}}</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray [[French Revolutionary Wars|Dagaaladii Kacaanka Faransiiska]], markabka dagaalka ee [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Boqortooyada]] ee [[HMS Orpheus (1780)|HMS ''Orpheus'']] oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Henry Newcombe ayaa yimid Mahé 16kii Maajo 1794. {{ill|Jean-Baptiste Quéau de Quinssy|fr}}, oo ahaa maamulaha sare ee Sishalis, ayaa diiday inuu iska caabiyo ''Orpheus'' wuxuuna taa beddelkeeda si guul leh ula xaajooday Ingiriiska, taasoo keentay in jasiiraduhu ay sii ahaadaan kuwo hoos yimaada maamulka Faransiiska sidii dhul "dhexaad ah". Ka dib markii ciidamada Ingiriisku ay dhammaystireen [[invasion of Isle de France|duullaankoodii Isle de France]] bishii Diseembar 1810, waxay la wareegeen maamulka Sishalis, taasoo lagu rasmeeyay [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Heshiiskii Baariis ee 1814]] kaasoo soo afjaray [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Dagaalkii Isbahaysiga Lixaad]]. Sishalis waxay noqotay [[crown colony|gumeysi boqortooyo]] oo ka go'an Moriishas sannadkii 1903. [[Elections in Seychelles|Doorashooyinka Sishalis]] waxaa la qabtay 1966 iyo 1970. {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | image1 = Seychelles 1953 coronation stamp.JPG | image2 = Queen Elizabeth Seychelles stamp 1977.jpg | footer = Tikidhada boostada ee Sishalis oo wata sawirka [[Queen Elizabeth II|Boqorad Elizabeth II]] }} [[File:Victoria Seychelles 1900s.jpg|thumb|left|Fiktooriya, Sishalis 1900-aadkii]] === Madaxbannaanida === Sannadkii 1976, Sishalis waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] iyadoo noqotay jamhuuriyad. Tan iyo xilligaas waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Commonwealth of Nations|Ururka Barwaaqosooranka]].<ref name="History of Seychelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |title=History of Seychelles |publisher=seychelles.com |year=2009 |access-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608091646/http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |archive-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadadii 1970-aadkii Sishalis waxay ahayd "goobta la rabo in lagu arko dadka, goob ay ku ciyaaraan xiddigaha filimada iyo dadka caalamiga ah ee hodanka ah".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Joanna Symons (21 March 2005). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html "Seychelles: Life's a breeze near the equator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html |date=4 May 2018 }}. ''Telegraph.co.uk''.</ref> Sannadkii 1977, [[1977 Seychelles coup d'état|Inqilaab]] uu sameeyay [[France-Albert René]] ayaa xilka ka tuuray madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee jamhuuriyadda, [[James Mancham]].<ref name="africanhistory.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |title=africanhistory.about.com |work=About.com Education |publisher=africanhistory.about.com |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184227/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> René wuxuu niyad-jabiyay ku tiirsanaanta xad-dhaafka ah ee dalxiiska wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu rabo "inuu Sishalis u hayo dadka Sishalis".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu ku dhawaaqay [[One party rule in Seychelles|gole hantiwadaag ah oo hal xisbi ah]], kaasoo jiray ilaa 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles – Return to a Multiparty System |url=https://countrystudies.us/seychelles/26.htm |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Sannadadii 1980-aadkii waxaa jiray isku dayo inqilaab oo xiriir ah oo ka dhanka ah Madaxweyne René, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay taageerayeen Afrikaanka Koonfureed. Sannadkii 1981, [[Mike Hoare]] ayaa hoggaaminayay koox ka kooban 43 calooshood u shaqaystayaal u dhashay Afrikaanka Koonfureed oo iska dhigay ciyaartoy rugby ah oo fasax ku jira intii lagu guda jiray [[1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt|Isku daygii inqilaabka Sishalis ee 1981]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Waxaa jiray dagaal dhexmaray madaarka, inta badan calooshood u shaqaystayaashuna hadhow waxay ku baxsadeen markab [[Air India]] ah oo la afduubay.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Hoggaamiyaha afduubkan wuxuu ahaa calooshood u shaqayste Jarmal ah oo la oron jiray D. Clodo, kaasoo horey uga tirsanaan jiray [[Rhodesian Special Air Service|Rhodesian SAS]].<ref>Hoare, Mike The Seychelles Affair (Transworld, London, 1986; {{ISBN|0-593-01122-8}})</ref> Clodo hadhow waxaa la horkeenay maxkamad ku taala Afrikaanka Koonfureed (halkaas oo lagu siidayay) iyo sidoo kale dalkiisa hoose ee Jarmalka arrimo la xiriira burcad-badeednimo hawada ah.<ref>Bartus László: Maffiaregény {{ISBN|9634405967}}, Budapest 2001</ref> Sannadkii 1986, isku day inqilaab oo uu hoggaaminayay Wasiirka Gaashaandhiga Sishalis, Ogilvy Berlouis, ayaa sababay in Madaxweyne René uu caawimaad weydiisto Hindiya. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Operation Flowers are Blooming|Hawlgalkii Flowers are Blooming]], Ciidanka Badda ee Hindiya markabkooda {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||1972}} {{INS|Vindhyagiri|F42|2}} ayaa yimid Port Victoria si uu gacan uga geysto ka hortagga inqilaabka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=David |last2=Rai |first2=Ranjit |title=Flowers are blooming: the story of the India Navy's secret operation in the Seychelles |journal=Naval Review: Annual Review of World Seapower |date=2011 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |hdl=1885/13331 }}</ref> Qabyo-qoraalkii ugu horreeyay ee dastuurka cusub wuxuu ku guuldarraystay inuu helo 60% codbixiyayaasha loo baahnaa sannadkii 1992, laakiin nooc wax laga beddelay ayaa la ansixiyay 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAO.org |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC132619/ |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2013, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah ka dib markii duufaanta kuleylaha ah ee [[cyclone Felleng]] ay sababtay roobab mahiigaan ah, daadad iyo dhul go'ayna ay burburiyeen boqolaal guri.<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|title=International Chapter activated for flooding in the Republic of Seychelles|publisher=United Nation|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203214223/http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="AL">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|title=State of Emergency declared in the Seychelles|publisher=Aljazeera|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130060303/http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|archive-date=30 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib inqilaabkii 1977, madaxweynuhu wuxuu mar walba matalayay isku xisbi siyaasadeed ilaa bishii Oktoobar [[2020 Seychellois general election|Doorashadii Guud ee Sishalis ee 2020]], taasoo ahayd mid taariikhi ah maadaama xisbiga mucaaradka uu guulaystay. [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] wuxuu noqodka madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee aan matalin United Seychelles (magaca hadda ee horey loo oran jiray Seychelles People's Progressive Front).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/25/seychelles-election-marks-first-opposition-victory-in-44-years|title=Seychelles election marks first opposition victory in 44 years|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=25 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54692210|title=Seychelles elections: How a priest rose to become president|work=BBC News|date=28 October 2020}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday heerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee dhammaystirka qorshaheeda booska badda. Waxay noqon doontaa aagga labaad ee ugu weyn badweynta marka loo eego baaxadda oo gaareysa {{convert|1.35|e6km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}} iyadoo ku xigta [[Norway]], si loo taageero [[blue economy|dhaqaalaheeda buluugga ah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean conservation: Seychelles' marine spatial plan in final stages of completion |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/18023/Ocean+conservation+Seychelles+marine+spatial+plan+in+final+stages+of+completion |website=www.seychellesnewsagency.com}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2025, [[2025 Seychellois general election|doorashadii madaxweynenimo ee wareeggii labaad]] waxaa ku guuleystay afhayeenkii hore ee baarlamaanka ahna hoggaamiyaha ugu weyn ee mucaaradka, [[Patrick Herminie]], taasoo la micno ah in xisbiga Herminie ee [[United Seychelles]] (US) uu dib ugu soo laabtay xukunka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seychelles presidential election: Opposition leader Patrick Herminie defeats Wavel Ramkalawan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7p72rj2geo |work=www.bbc.com |date=12 October 2025}}</ref> Maalintii 26kii Oktoobar 2025, Patrick Herminie waxaa loo dhaqan-galiyay inuu yahay madaxweynihii lixaad ee Sishalis.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |title=Patrick Herminie sworn in as Seychelles sixth president |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW693627102025RP1/ |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 7htmi5fi7cim9jszm60xmnm6xrtyi6u 0 4827 300781 300532 2026-07-04T04:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|189px]]<S>[[Maldives]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |18.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<s'?> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |21.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |24."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Romania]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- <S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. 190/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |28._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |29.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- [[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Gamal Abdel Naser u Beogradu, 1962.jpg|thumb|central|The second President of [[Egyptians]] 1954–1971.jpg: "as" President of [[Greater Arab Republics]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 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|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 7atn8ye5yqcjjxt99pgukzjgfhl5q6x 0 5101 300744 298960 2026-07-03T22:28:32Z ~2026-38129-83 46335 /* Bartiraha dega soomaliya */ 300744 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Background:'' ''Saldanada bartire (barre jidwaaq)bartire Waa Saldanad fac wayn oo baqortoyada Absamme'' ''1.Garaad Yacquub (1175-1238 ) Quwaahade Bartire/Barre  Jidwaaq Absame'' ''2.Garaad Wardi garaad yacquuub (1238-1295)'' ''3,Garaad laag garaad  wardi  Garaad Yacquub ( 1295-1333)'' ''4,Garaad Yoonis garaad garaad laag garaad wardi (1333-1350)'' ''5,Garaad muuse garaad yoonis garaad laag (1350-1381)'' ''6,Garaad Yusuf garaad muuse garaad yoonis (1381-1389)'' ''7,Garaad Axmed garaad yusuf garaad muuse (1389-1406)'' ''8,Garaad cismaan garaad axmed garaad yusuf (1406-1413)'' ''9,Garaad dhaaweed garaad cismaan garaad axmed (1413-1426)'' ''10,Garaad Nuur garaad dhaaweed garaad cismaan (1426-1440)'' ''11,Garaad dhaaweed garaad nuur garaad dhaaweed (1440-1485)'' ''12,Garaad Farax-iley garaad dhaaweed garaad nuur (1485-1536)'' ''13,Garaad caafi garaad farax -iley garaad dhaaweed 1536-1593)'' ''14,Garaad Aw-madar garaad caafi garaad farax-iley (1593-1625)'' ''15,Garaad xirsi Farax garaad awmadar garaad caafi (1625-1675)'' ''16 Garaad Farax garaad xirsi garaad farax garaad awmadar (1675-1740)'' ''17 Garaad Wiil-waal garaad farax garaad xirsi (1740-1805)'' ''18.Garaad cumar garaad Wiil-waal garaad farax ( 1805-1817)'' ''19,Garaad Axmed Garaad-wii-waal garaad xirsi (1817-1860)'' ''20.Garaad  maxamuud garaad Axmed  garaad wiilwaal (1860-1894)'' ''21,Garaad  ibraahim garaad maxamuud garaad axmed (1894-1930)'' ''22,Garaad xirsi garaad ibraahim garaad maxamuud (1930-60)'' ''23,Garaad dool garaad xirsi garaad ibraahim (1960-1997)'' ''24,Garaad maxamed garaad dool garaad xirsi (1997-2011)'' ''25,Garaad maxamuud( garaad dool garaad xirsi (2011-2013)'' ''26,Garaad kulmiye garaad maxamed garaad dool 2014'' == '''Bartiraha dega soomaliya''' == 50% waa xoolo dhaqato 30% waa magaalo joog (qaasatan Afmadow Dhoobley kismaayo bu'aale iyo xagar) 10% waa beeraley, 10% waaxay ku firdhisanyihiin dhammaan aduunka oo dhan. beeshu waxay xiriir wanaagsan la leedahay beelaha kale ee dariska la ah Jilibada ay ka kooban tahay beeshu waa Habar Sacad jifooyinka waa sida tan. 1.Cabdille Guuleed <nowiki>*</nowiki>Maxamed Cabdille <nowiki>*</nowiki>Diini Cabdille <nowiki>*</nowiki>Xasan Cabdille <nowiki>*</nowiki>Amiin Cabdille <nowiki>*</nowiki>Ibrahim Cabdille 2.Xuseen Guuleed 3.Nuur Guuled 4.Yusuf Guuleed 5.Axmed Guuleed 6.Cali Wacays <nowiki>*</nowiki> Cali Wacays isaga wuxu dhalay 1.Cisman Cali Wacays 2.Geedi Cali Wacays 3.Barre Cali Wacays 4.Bayle Cali Wacays 5.Dhuubow Cali Wacays 6.Aden Cali Wacays 7.Maxamud Cali Wacays 8.Warsame Cali Wacays 9.Farax Cali Wacays 7.Cabdi Wacays 8.Axmed Wacays 9.Cilmi Wacays 10.Xuseen Wacays 11.Amiin Gaboobe 12.Nuur Gaboobe 13.Cusman Gaboobe 14.Maxamud Gaboobe 15.Xasan Gaboobe 16.Xasan Sacad 17.Axmed Sacad 18.Allamagan Sacad 19.Cilmi Samatar Bartiraha kale la dago waa 1.Reer Salebaan 2.Laagmadobe 3.Timacase ghgmezmf4vk6yqxxzbi7oyxxgl1bwqu 0 5378 300739 298802 2026-07-03T15:35:50Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ee Armiiniya | common_name = Armenia | native_name = {{small|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն<br />{{native name|hy|Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Armenia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Armenia.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = <br />[[Mer Hayrenik|Մեր Հայրենիք]]<br />''Mer Hayrenik''<br />{{smaller|"Our Fatherland"}}<br />[[File:Mer Hayrenik |instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = Armenia (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Armenia - Location Map (2013) - ARM - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Yerevan]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of Armenia, Article |2=20 |url=http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ |publisher=president.am |access-date=2018-07-29 |archive-date=2017-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102232/http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | national_languages = | languages_type = | languages_sub = | languages = | languages2_type = | languages2_sub = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |98.1% [[Armenians]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;1.2% [[Yazidis in Armenia|Yazidis]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;0.4% [[Russians in |Armenia|Russians]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;0.3% other<ref>Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (Yerevan 2002). |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044234/http://www.hra.am/file/minorities_en.pdf The Ethnic Minorities in Armenia]. Part of the [[Organization for |Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]. |at [[WebCite]] (16 April 2010).</ref><ref>Ministry of Culture of Armenia [http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc |"The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information"] {{Wayback|url=http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc |date=20171010143439 }}. As per the most recent census in 2011. [http://mincult.am/national_minority.html "National minority"] {{Wayback|url=http://mincult.am/national_minority.html |date=20170216082403 }}.</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 | religion = [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=constitution&lang=eng|title=National Assembly of |the Republic of Armenia - Official Web Site - parliament.am|website=www.parliament.am}}</ref> | religion_year = | demonym = [[Armenians|Armenian]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]}} [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Armenia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Armen Sarkissian]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Nikol Pashinyan]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the National Assembly of Armenia|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Ara Babloyan]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Formation and independence | established_event1 = Traditional date | established_date1 = 2492 BC | established_event2 = [[Hayasa-Azzi]] | established_date2 = 1500–1290 BC | established_event3 = [[Shupria|Arme-Shupria]]<ref>[[David Marshall Lang|Lang, David Marshall]]. ''Armenia: Cradle of Civilization''. London: Allen and |Unwin, 1970, p. 114. {{ISBN|0-04-956007-7}}.</ref><ref>Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Cornwall: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 |||(map), 30–32, 38, 43 {{ISBN|0-631-22037-2}}.</ref> | established_date3 = 14th century–1190 BC | established_event4 = [[Urartu]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Redgate |first=A. E. |title=The Armenians |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-22037-2 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC&dq |edition=Reprint |quote=However, the most easily identifiable ancestors |of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.}}</ref> | established_date4 = 860–590 BC | established_event5 = [[Orontid dynasty]] | established_date5 = 6th century BC | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Greater<br />Armenia]] united under<br />the [[Artaxiad Dynasty]]<ref>{{cite |book |editor1-last=de Laet |editor1-first=Sigfried J. |editor2-last=Herrmann |editor2-first=Joachim |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century |B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?|id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA128 128] |edition=1st |quote=The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, |managed to unite the country...}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | established_date6 = 190 BC<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa |date=2005 |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |page=393 |quote=It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.}}</ref> | established_event7 = [[Arsacid dynasty of Armenia|Arsacid dynasty]] | established_date7 = 52–428 | established_event8 = [[Bagratid Armenia]] | established_date8 = 885–1045 | established_event9 = [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Kingdom of Cilicia]] | established_date9 = 1198–1375 | established_event10 = [[First Republic of Armenia]] [[Declaration of Independence of Armenia (1918)|declared]] | established_date10 = <br />28 May 1918 | established_event11 = [[Independence Day (Armenia)|Independence]] from the [[Soviet Union]] | established_date11 = 21 September 1991 | area_km2 = 29,743 | area_rank = 138th | area_sq_mi = 11,484 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 4.71<ref name="cia-fact">{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-|factbook/geos/am.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=17 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719074837/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html |archivedate=19 July 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Armenia}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = {{nowrap|{{decrease}} 3,018,854<ref name="Armenia information">{{cite web |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |title=Statistical Service of Armenia|publisher=Armstat |accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="News.am">{{cite news |title=Armenia Population |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |agency=countrymeters.info}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 134th | population_density_km2 = 101.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 262.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 99th | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$28,282 billion<ref name="IMF GDP">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and |Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?|sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=43&pr1.y=12&c=911&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] |Database, April 2018|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=17 January 2018|location=Washington, D.C.|date=4 October 2017}}</ref><!--end |nowrap:-->}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,456<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$11,548 billion<ref name="IMF GDP"/>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,861<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | Gini = 31.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 12 |May 2016}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.743 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2016 |year=2016 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=28 September 2017 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 84th | currency = [[Armenian dram|Dram]]&nbsp;([[Armenian dram sign|֏]]) | currency_code = AMD | time_zone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]] | utc_offset = +4 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Armenia|+374]] | patron_saint = [[Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.am]] |[[.հայ]]}} }} [[File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|thumb|]] '''Armania''' waa wadan [[Dhul xiran]] oo ku yaalo, bariga [[Yurub]] iyo galbeedka [[Aasiya]]. Ermeniya: Հայաստան, translit. Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑstɑn]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Armenia (Erman: ermen: Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, translation. Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun, IPA: [hɑjɑstɑni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰjun]), waa waddan ku yaal gobolka Koofurta Caucasus ee Eurasia. Waxaa ku yaala galbeedka Aasiya ee ku yaala Jasiiradaha Erman, waxaa xuduud la leh Turkiga galbeedka, Georgia waqooyiga, xaqiiqda madaxbannaan ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah iyo Azerbaayadaha bari, iyo Iran iyo Azerbaijan oo ka baxsan Nakhchivan koonfurta. Ergayga Ergaygu waa mid madaxbannaan, badan oo xisbi qaran oo leh dhaqan dhaqameed. Urartu waxaa la aasaasay 860 BC iyo qarnigii 6aad ee BC waxa lagu beddelay Satrapy Armenia. Boqortooyada Armenia waxay gaartay heerkeedii Tigranes ee Weyn ee qarnigii 1aad ee qarnigii 21aadna waxay noqotay waddanka ugu horreeya ee dunida oo dhan lagu dhaqmo diinta rasmiga ah ee dabayaaqada 3aad ama horraantii 4aad AD. Taariikhda rasmiga ah ee aqbalaadda dawlad-goboleedku waa 301. Boqortooyada Ereyga ah ee qadiimka ah ayaa kala qaybisay Byzantine iyo Sasanian Empires wareeggii qarnigii 5aad. Sida ku xusan barxada Bagratuni, Boqortooyada Bagratid ee Armenia waxaa lagu soo celiyay qarnigii 9aad. Diidmada oo ay sababtay dagaallada ka dhanka ah Beniantiin, boqortooyadu waxay ku dhufteen 1045, Ereyga waxaa ugu dambeeyay markii ay soo weerareen Turjubaanka Turki. Ereyga Ereyga ah iyo Boqortooyada Ciliga Armenia waxay ku taallaa xeebta badda Mediterranean intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 14aad. fa3rchsifrj1ffz2npk0htsyaky8lld 0 5791 300736 273371 2026-07-03T15:29:51Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Jek | common_name = the Czech Republic | linking_name = the Czech Republic<!--to link to "[Topic] of the Czech Republic" articles--> | native_name = {{native name|cs|Česká republika}} | image_flag = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = | national_motto = {{native phrase|cs|"[[Truth prevails|Pravda vítězí]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Truth prevails"}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|cs|[[Kde domov můj]]|nolink=yes}} |{{raise|0.35em|{{small|''Where is my home''}}}}|{{center|[[File:Czech anthem.ogg]]}} }} | image_map = EU-Czechia.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix=the |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Czechia.svg}} | capital = [[Prague]] | coordinates = {{Coord|50|05|N|14|28|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official language | languages = [[Jeeg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |title=Czech language |work=Czech Republic – Official website |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic]] |accessdate=14 November 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106000422/http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | languages2_type = {{raise|0.3em |{{nobold|Officially recognised languages<ref name="languages">Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see [http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic], Belorussian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see [http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy]). Article 25 of the Czech [[Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms]] ensures the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with the authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (''The Administrative Rule'') in its paragraph 16 (4) (''Procedural Language'') ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. If the administrative agency has no employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (''Concerning the Rights of Members of Minorities'') paragraph 9 (''The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law'') the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.</ref><ref>The Slovak language may be considered an official language in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances, as defined by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz</ref>}} }} | languages2 = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:none;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title= |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |[[Croatian language|Croatian]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Romani language|Romani]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] |[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]] |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 64% [[Czechs]] | 26% unspecified | 5% [[Moravians]] | 1.4% [[Slovaks in the Czech Republic|Slovaks]] | 0.4% [[Polish minority in the Czech Republic|Poles]] | 3.2% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="Wpr">{{cite web|title=Czech Republic Population 2014|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/czech-republic-population/|publisher=World Population Review|accessdate=7 January 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=16 Bisha Afraad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416062045/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/czech-republic-population/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | religion = {{vunblist |44.7% undeclared |{{longitem|style=line-height:1.15em |34.5% non-religious}} |10.5% [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] |2.1% other Christians |0.7% other religions }} | demonym = [[Czechs|Czech]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[President of the Czech Republic|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Miloš Zeman]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andrej Babiš]] | legislature = [[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Czech Lands|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Duchy of Bohemia]] | established_date1 = [[Circa|c.]] 870 | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] | established_date2 = 1198 | established_event3 = [[Czechoslovakia]]<br /><small>(Independence from<br />[[Austria-Hungary]])</small> | established_date3 = 28 October 1918 | established_event4 = [[Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation|Federalization of Czechoslovakia]]<br /><small>{{nowrap|([[Czech Socialist Republic]])}}</small> | established_date4 = 1 January 1969 | established_event5 = Czech Republic [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|became independent]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1993 |established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]}} |established_date6 = 1 May 2004 | area_km2 = 78,866 | area_rank = 115th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 30,450 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Czechia}} {{increase}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 10,436,560<ref>[http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls Census of Population and Housing 2011: Basic final results] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls |date=20130116234400 }}. [http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home Czech Statistical Office] {{Wayback|url=http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home |date=20110129060510 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129060510/http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home |date=29 January 2011 }}. Retrieved on 19 December 2012.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 84th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 134 | population_density_sq_mi = 341 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP = $368.659&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=49&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=935&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Czech Republic |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 50th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $36,784<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal = $137.997&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 49th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,468<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st | Gini = 25.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->decrease | Gini_ref =<ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC) |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer |accessdate=22 November 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416165655/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |archivedate=16 April 2010 |df= }}</ref> | Gini_rank =5th | HDI = 0.878 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 28th | currency = [[Czech koruna]] | currency_code = CZK | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Czech Republic|+420]]^b | patron_saint = [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|St. Wenceslaus]] | iso3166code = CZ | cctld = [[.cz]]^c | footnote_a = The [[Rhetorical question|question is rhetorical]], implying "those places where my homeland lies". <!--ORPHANED: 30 June 2010 (see {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114043947/http://www.czso.cz/eng/csu.nsf/informace/aoby091310.doc |date=14 November 2010 |title=Population changes }}).--> <!--ORPHANED: Rank based on 2009 IMF data.--> | footnote_b = Code 42 was shared with [[Slovakia]] until 1997. | footnote_c = Also [[.eu]], shared with other European Union member states. }} {{Coord|49|45|N|15|30|E|type:country_region:CZ_scale:9000000|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|thumb|]] '''Jamhuuriyadda Czech''' (Keska) ([[Jeeg]]: '''Česká republika''') waa wadan ku yaalo qaarada [[Yurub]]. wadankaan markiisa hore wuxuu ka mid ah doladii ladhihi jiray [[Czechoslovakia]] intii eenan kala go'goin [[1992]]dii. wadankaan waxaa la sameeyay 1 [[Janaayo]] [[1993]], wuxuu ka koobanyahay 2 gobol oo taariikh dheer leh [[Bohemiya]] iyo [[morafiya]] iyo gobol yar oo ladhoho [[Silesiya]].Wadankaan waa wadan [[Dhax kujir]] ah, wuxuu xad la wadaagaa wadamada [[Jarmalka]], [[Austriya]],[[Islofaakiya]] iyo [[Boland]]. [[W:cs:Česko]] Waa waddan horumarsan oo leh heer sare, dakhliga sare dhaqaalaha suuq-geynta dhaqaalaha bulshada oo saldhig u ah adeegyada, wax-soo-saarka iyo cusboonaanta. UNDP ayaa kaalinta 14-aad kaga jirta horumarinta aadanaha ee sinnaan la'aanta ah. Jamhuuriyadda Czech waa dawlad bulsho oo leh qaab 'bulsho' Yurub ah, nidaam daryeel caafimaad oo guud iyo waxbarasho jaamacadeed oo bilaash ah. Waxay u taagan tahay waddanka 6aad ee ugu nabdana ama ugu caansan oo waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu caansan dunida oo dhan, inta lagu gudajirayo waxqabadka xoogga leh ee maamulka dimoqraadiga ah. Jamhuuriyadda Czech waxaa ka mid ah dhulalka taariikhiga ah ee Bohemia, Moravia, iyo Czech Silesia. Dawladda Czech ayaa la aasaasay qarnigii 9aad ee Duchy of Bohemia oo hoos timaada Boqortooyada Great Moravian. Ka dib dhacdadii Boqortooyada ee 907, xaruntii awoodda ayaa laga soo wareejiyay Moravia ilaa Bohemia hoosteeda hoosteeda Přemyslid. Sanadkii 1002, duchy waxaa si rasmi ah loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Boqortooyada, waxa uu noqday Boqortooyada Bohemia 1198 oo gaadhay heerkeeda dhuleed ee ugu weynaa qarnigii 14aad. Ka sokow Bohemia lafteeda, boqorkii Bohemia wuxuu xukumay dhulka Bohemian Crown, wuxuu codkiisa ka helay doorashadii Roomaanka Quduuska ah ee Quduuska ah, Pragna wuxuu ahaa kursi sarsare oo u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 14aad iyo 17aad. Hussy Wars ee qarnigii 15aad ee ay soo rideen Dib-u-soo-celinta Bohemia, boqortooyadu waxay la kulantay xayiraad dhaqaale oo ay ku badisay shan jeer oo xidhiidh ah oo ay ku dhawaaqday hoggaamiyayaasha Kaniisadda Katooliga. ==Xubin== * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Midowga Yurub]] == taariikh == [[Category:Yurub]] he2b3nwvcng3u9t92b8sesfw5x2hma3 300737 300736 2026-07-03T15:33:33Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Jek | common_name = the Czech Republic | linking_name = the Czech Republic<!--to link to "[Topic] of the Czech Republic" articles--> | native_name = {{native name|cs|Česká republika}} | image_flag = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = | national_motto = {{native phrase|cs|"[[Runtu way ka sarraysaa|Pravda vítězí]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Runtu way ka sarraysaa"}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|cs|[[Kde domov můj]]|nolink=yes}} |{{raise|0.35em|{{small|''Xaggee gurigeygu yahay ''}}}}|{{center|[[File:Czech anthem.ogg]]}} }} | image_map = EU-Czechia.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix=the |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Czechia.svg}} | capital = [[Prague]] | coordinates = {{Coord|50|05|N|14|28|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official language | languages = [[Jeeg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |title=Czech language |work=Czech Republic – Official website |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic]] |accessdate=14 November 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106000422/http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | languages2_type = {{raise|0.3em |{{nobold|Officially recognised languages<ref name="languages">Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see [http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic], Belorussian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see [http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy]). Article 25 of the Czech [[Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms]] ensures the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with the authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (''The Administrative Rule'') in its paragraph 16 (4) (''Procedural Language'') ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. If the administrative agency has no employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (''Concerning the Rights of Members of Minorities'') paragraph 9 (''The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law'') the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.</ref><ref>The Slovak language may be considered an official language in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances, as defined by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz</ref>}} }} | languages2 = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:none;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title= |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |[[Croatian language|Croatian]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Romani language|Romani]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] |[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]] |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 64% [[Czechs]] | 26% unspecified | 5% [[Moravians]] | 1.4% [[Slovaks in the Czech Republic|Slovaks]] | 0.4% [[Polish minority in the Czech Republic|Poles]] | 3.2% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="Wpr">{{cite web|title=Czech Republic Population 2014|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/czech-republic-population/|publisher=World Population Review|accessdate=7 January 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=16 Bisha Afraad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416062045/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/czech-republic-population/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | religion = {{vunblist |44.7% undeclared |{{longitem|style=line-height:1.15em |34.5% non-religious}} |10.5% [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] |2.1% other Christians |0.7% other religions }} | demonym = [[Czechs|Czech]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[President of the Czech Republic|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Miloš Zeman]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andrej Babiš]] | legislature = [[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Czech Lands|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Duchy of Bohemia]] | established_date1 = [[Circa|c.]] 870 | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] | established_date2 = 1198 | established_event3 = [[Czechoslovakia]]<br /><small>(Independence from<br />[[Austria-Hungary]])</small> | established_date3 = 28 October 1918 | established_event4 = [[Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation|Federalization of Czechoslovakia]]<br /><small>{{nowrap|([[Czech Socialist Republic]])}}</small> | established_date4 = 1 January 1969 | established_event5 = Czech Republic [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|became independent]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1993 |established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]}} |established_date6 = 1 May 2004 | area_km2 = 78,866 | area_rank = 115th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 30,450 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Czechia}} {{increase}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 10,436,560<ref>[http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls Census of Population and Housing 2011: Basic final results] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls |date=20130116234400 }}. [http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home Czech Statistical Office] {{Wayback|url=http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home |date=20110129060510 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129060510/http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home |date=29 January 2011 }}. Retrieved on 19 December 2012.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 84th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 134 | population_density_sq_mi = 341 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP = $368.659&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=49&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=935&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Czech Republic |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 50th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $36,784<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal = $137.997&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 49th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,468<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st | Gini = 25.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->decrease | Gini_ref =<ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC) |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer |accessdate=22 November 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416165655/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |archivedate=16 April 2010 |df= }}</ref> | Gini_rank =5th | HDI = 0.878 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 28th | currency = [[Czech koruna]] | currency_code = CZK | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Czech Republic|+420]]^b | patron_saint = [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|St. Wenceslaus]] | iso3166code = CZ | cctld = [[.cz]]^c | footnote_a = The [[Rhetorical question|question is rhetorical]], implying "those places where my homeland lies". <!--ORPHANED: 30 June 2010 (see {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114043947/http://www.czso.cz/eng/csu.nsf/informace/aoby091310.doc |date=14 November 2010 |title=Population changes }}).--> <!--ORPHANED: Rank based on 2009 IMF data.--> | footnote_b = Code 42 was shared with [[Slovakia]] until 1997. | footnote_c = Also [[.eu]], shared with other European Union member states. }} {{Coord|49|45|N|15|30|E|type:country_region:CZ_scale:9000000|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|thumb|]] '''Jamhuuriyadda Czech''' (Keska) ([[Jeeg]]: '''Česká republika''') waa wadan ku yaalo qaarada [[Yurub]]. wadankaan markiisa hore wuxuu ka mid ah doladii ladhihi jiray [[Czechoslovakia]] intii eenan kala go'goin [[1992]]dii. wadankaan waxaa la sameeyay 1 [[Janaayo]] [[1993]], wuxuu ka koobanyahay 2 gobol oo taariikh dheer leh [[Bohemiya]] iyo [[morafiya]] iyo gobol yar oo ladhoho [[Silesiya]].Wadankaan waa wadan [[Dhax kujir]] ah, wuxuu xad la wadaagaa wadamada [[Jarmalka]], [[Austriya]],[[Islofaakiya]] iyo [[Boland]]. [[W:cs:Česko]] Waa waddan horumarsan oo leh heer sare, dakhliga sare dhaqaalaha suuq-geynta dhaqaalaha bulshada oo saldhig u ah adeegyada, wax-soo-saarka iyo cusboonaanta. UNDP ayaa kaalinta 14-aad kaga jirta horumarinta aadanaha ee sinnaan la'aanta ah. Jamhuuriyadda Czech waa dawlad bulsho oo leh qaab 'bulsho' Yurub ah, nidaam daryeel caafimaad oo guud iyo waxbarasho jaamacadeed oo bilaash ah. Waxay u taagan tahay waddanka 6aad ee ugu nabdana ama ugu caansan oo waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu caansan dunida oo dhan, inta lagu gudajirayo waxqabadka xoogga leh ee maamulka dimoqraadiga ah. Jamhuuriyadda Czech waxaa ka mid ah dhulalka taariikhiga ah ee Bohemia, Moravia, iyo Czech Silesia. Dawladda Czech ayaa la aasaasay qarnigii 9aad ee Duchy of Bohemia oo hoos timaada Boqortooyada Great Moravian. Ka dib dhacdadii Boqortooyada ee 907, xaruntii awoodda ayaa laga soo wareejiyay Moravia ilaa Bohemia hoosteeda hoosteeda Přemyslid. Sanadkii 1002, duchy waxaa si rasmi ah loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Boqortooyada, waxa uu noqday Boqortooyada Bohemia 1198 oo gaadhay heerkeeda dhuleed ee ugu weynaa qarnigii 14aad. Ka sokow Bohemia lafteeda, boqorkii Bohemia wuxuu xukumay dhulka Bohemian Crown, wuxuu codkiisa ka helay doorashadii Roomaanka Quduuska ah ee Quduuska ah, Pragna wuxuu ahaa kursi sarsare oo u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 14aad iyo 17aad. Hussy Wars ee qarnigii 15aad ee ay soo rideen Dib-u-soo-celinta Bohemia, boqortooyadu waxay la kulantay xayiraad dhaqaale oo ay ku badisay shan jeer oo xidhiidh ah oo ay ku dhawaaqday hoggaamiyayaasha Kaniisadda Katooliga. ==Xubin== * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Midowga Yurub]] == taariikh == [[Category:Yurub]] n7lwsl74ru6ou8omfaj2qkijwtpy01r 300738 300737 2026-07-03T15:34:37Z Videoiib7 46243 300738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Jek | common_name = the Jek Republic | linking_name = the Czech Republic<!--to link to "[Topic] of the Czech Republic" articles--> | native_name = {{native name|cs|Česká republika}} | image_flag = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = | national_motto = {{native phrase|cs|"[[Runtu way ka sarraysaa|Pravda vítězí]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Runtu way ka sarraysaa"}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|cs|[[Kde domov můj]]|nolink=yes}} |{{raise|0.35em|{{small|''Xaggee gurigeygu yahay ''}}}}|{{center|[[File:Czech anthem.ogg]]}} }} | image_map = EU-Czechia.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix=the |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the European Union |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Czechia.svg}} | capital = [[Prague]] | coordinates = {{Coord|50|05|N|14|28|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital | languages_type = Official language | languages = [[Jeeg]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |title=Czech language |work=Czech Republic – Official website |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic]] |accessdate=14 November 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106000422/http://www.czech.cz/en/67019-czech-language |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | languages2_type = {{raise|0.3em |{{nobold|Officially recognised languages<ref name="languages">Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see [http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/ National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic], Belorussian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see [http://zpravy.idnes.cz/vietnamci-oficialni-narodnostni-mensinou-fiq-/domaci.aspx?c=A130703_133019_domaci_jj Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy]). Article 25 of the Czech [[Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms]] ensures the right of the national and ethnic minorities to education and communication with the authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (''The Administrative Rule'') in its paragraph 16 (4) (''Procedural Language'') ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. If the administrative agency has no employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 (''Concerning the Rights of Members of Minorities'') paragraph 9 (''The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law'') the same also applies to members of national minorities in the courts of law.</ref><ref>The Slovak language may be considered an official language in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances, as defined by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině&nbsp;..." (§&nbsp;3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz</ref>}} }} | languages2 = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:none;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title= |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |[[Croatian language|Croatian]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Romani language|Romani]] |[[Russian language|Russian]] |[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] |[[Serbian language|Serbian]] |[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] |[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 64% [[Czechs]] | 26% unspecified | 5% [[Moravians]] | 1.4% [[Slovaks in the Czech Republic|Slovaks]] | 0.4% [[Polish minority in the Czech Republic|Poles]] | 3.2% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="Wpr">{{cite web|title=Czech Republic Population 2014|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/czech-republic-population/|publisher=World Population Review|accessdate=7 January 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=16 Bisha Afraad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416062045/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/czech-republic-population/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | religion = {{vunblist |44.7% undeclared |{{longitem|style=line-height:1.15em |34.5% non-religious}} |10.5% [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] |2.1% other Christians |0.7% other religions }} | demonym = [[Czechs|Czech]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br />[[constitutional republic]]}} | leader_title1 = [[President of the Czech Republic|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Miloš Zeman]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andrej Babiš]] | legislature = [[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Czech Lands|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Duchy of Bohemia]] | established_date1 = [[Circa|c.]] 870 | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] | established_date2 = 1198 | established_event3 = [[Czechoslovakia]]<br /><small>(Independence from<br />[[Austria-Hungary]])</small> | established_date3 = 28 October 1918 | established_event4 = [[Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation|Federalization of Czechoslovakia]]<br /><small>{{nowrap|([[Czech Socialist Republic]])}}</small> | established_date4 = 1 January 1969 | established_event5 = Czech Republic [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|became independent]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1993 |established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]}} |established_date6 = 1 May 2004 | area_km2 = 78,866 | area_rank = 115th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 30,450 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Czechia}} {{increase}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 10,436,560<ref>[http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls Census of Population and Housing 2011: Basic final results] {{Wayback|url=http://www.scitani.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/census_2011_basic_final_results/$File/SLDB-ZAKL-CR_en.xls |date=20130116234400 }}. [http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home Czech Statistical Office] {{Wayback|url=http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home |date=20110129060510 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129060510/http://www.czso.cz/eng/redakce.nsf/i/home |date=29 January 2011 }}. Retrieved on 19 December 2012.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 84th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 134 | population_density_sq_mi = 341 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP = $368.659&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=49&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=935&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Czech Republic |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 50th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $36,784<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 39th | GDP_nominal = $137.997&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 49th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,468<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st | Gini = 25.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->decrease | Gini_ref =<ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC) |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer |accessdate=22 November 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416165655/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |archivedate=16 April 2010 |df= }}</ref> | Gini_rank =5th | HDI = 0.878 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 28th | currency = [[Czech koruna]] | currency_code = CZK | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Czech Republic|+420]]^b | patron_saint = [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|St. Wenceslaus]] | iso3166code = CZ | cctld = [[.cz]]^c | footnote_a = The [[Rhetorical question|question is rhetorical]], implying "those places where my homeland lies". <!--ORPHANED: 30 June 2010 (see {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114043947/http://www.czso.cz/eng/csu.nsf/informace/aoby091310.doc |date=14 November 2010 |title=Population changes }}).--> <!--ORPHANED: Rank based on 2009 IMF data.--> | footnote_b = Code 42 was shared with [[Slovakia]] until 1997. | footnote_c = Also [[.eu]], shared with other European Union member states. }} {{Coord|49|45|N|15|30|E|type:country_region:CZ_scale:9000000|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|thumb|]] '''Jamhuuriyadda Czech''' (Keska) ([[Jeeg]]: '''Česká republika''') waa wadan ku yaalo qaarada [[Yurub]]. wadankaan markiisa hore wuxuu ka mid ah doladii ladhihi jiray [[Czechoslovakia]] intii eenan kala go'goin [[1992]]dii. wadankaan waxaa la sameeyay 1 [[Janaayo]] [[1993]], wuxuu ka koobanyahay 2 gobol oo taariikh dheer leh [[Bohemiya]] iyo [[morafiya]] iyo gobol yar oo ladhoho [[Silesiya]].Wadankaan waa wadan [[Dhax kujir]] ah, wuxuu xad la wadaagaa wadamada [[Jarmalka]], [[Austriya]],[[Islofaakiya]] iyo [[Boland]]. [[W:cs:Česko]] Waa waddan horumarsan oo leh heer sare, dakhliga sare dhaqaalaha suuq-geynta dhaqaalaha bulshada oo saldhig u ah adeegyada, wax-soo-saarka iyo cusboonaanta. UNDP ayaa kaalinta 14-aad kaga jirta horumarinta aadanaha ee sinnaan la'aanta ah. Jamhuuriyadda Czech waa dawlad bulsho oo leh qaab 'bulsho' Yurub ah, nidaam daryeel caafimaad oo guud iyo waxbarasho jaamacadeed oo bilaash ah. Waxay u taagan tahay waddanka 6aad ee ugu nabdana ama ugu caansan oo waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu caansan dunida oo dhan, inta lagu gudajirayo waxqabadka xoogga leh ee maamulka dimoqraadiga ah. Jamhuuriyadda Czech waxaa ka mid ah dhulalka taariikhiga ah ee Bohemia, Moravia, iyo Czech Silesia. Dawladda Czech ayaa la aasaasay qarnigii 9aad ee Duchy of Bohemia oo hoos timaada Boqortooyada Great Moravian. Ka dib dhacdadii Boqortooyada ee 907, xaruntii awoodda ayaa laga soo wareejiyay Moravia ilaa Bohemia hoosteeda hoosteeda Přemyslid. Sanadkii 1002, duchy waxaa si rasmi ah loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Boqortooyada, waxa uu noqday Boqortooyada Bohemia 1198 oo gaadhay heerkeeda dhuleed ee ugu weynaa qarnigii 14aad. Ka sokow Bohemia lafteeda, boqorkii Bohemia wuxuu xukumay dhulka Bohemian Crown, wuxuu codkiisa ka helay doorashadii Roomaanka Quduuska ah ee Quduuska ah, Pragna wuxuu ahaa kursi sarsare oo u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 14aad iyo 17aad. Hussy Wars ee qarnigii 15aad ee ay soo rideen Dib-u-soo-celinta Bohemia, boqortooyadu waxay la kulantay xayiraad dhaqaale oo ay ku badisay shan jeer oo xidhiidh ah oo ay ku dhawaaqday hoggaamiyayaasha Kaniisadda Katooliga. ==Xubin== * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Midowga Yurub]] == taariikh == [[Category:Yurub]] 3ukz2ucmph6mwatyiznco6z50nvyg7p 0 6053 300735 265644 2026-07-03T15:27:34Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the country|the city|Luxembourg City|other uses}} {{Lead too long|date=May 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{Coord|49|45|N|6|10|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = boqortooyada weyn ee Luksemburg | common_name = Luxembourg | native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:80%; |{{native name|lb|Groussherzogtum&nbsp;Lëtzebuerg}}|{{native name|fr|Grand-Duché de Luxembourg}}|{{native name|de|{{nowrap|Großherzogtum&nbsp;Luxemburg}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Luxembourg.svg | image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Luxembourg.svg | symbol_width = 60px | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|lb|{{nowrap|"[[Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn]]"}}|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"We want to remain what we are"}} | national_anthem = "[[Ons Heemecht]]"<br />{{small|"Our Homeland"}}<br /><center>[[File:Luxembourg National Anthem.ogg]]</center> | royal_anthem = "[[De Wilhelmus]]"^a | image_map = EU-Luxembourg.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |country={{nobold|Luxembourg}} |region=[[Europe]] | region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] | subregion_color=green}} | capital = [[Luxembourg City]] | largest_city = capital | coordinates = {{Coord|49|36|N|6|7|E|type:city}} | official_languages = [[French language|French]]<br /> [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]<br />[[German language|German]]<ref>Strictly speaking, there is no official language in Luxembourg. No language is mentioned in the Constitution; other laws only speak about Luxembourgish as "national language" and French and German as "administrative languages".</ref>{{Infobox | child = yes | label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2017)}} | data1 = {{Unbulleted list |50.9% [[Luxembourgers]] | 18.2% [[Portuguese Luxembourger|Portuguese]] | 13.5% [[French people|French]] | 10.3% [[Germans]] | 7.1% other |item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}} }} | demonym = Luxembourgish, [[Luxembourgers|Luxembourger]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Luxembourg|Monarch]] {{small|([[List of Grand Dukes of Luxembourg|list]])}} | leader_name1 = [[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Henri]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Luxembourg|Prime Minister]] {{small|([[List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg|list]])}} | leader_name2 = [[Xavier Bettel]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Luxembourg|Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Etienne Schneider]] | legislature = [[Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = from the [[Forêts|French Empire]] and elevation to [[History_of_Luxembourg#Developing_independence_(1815%E2%80%931890)|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] | established_date1 = 15 March 1815 | established_event2 = Independence in personal Union with the Netherlands ([[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]]) | established_date2 = 19 April 1839 | established_event3 = Reaffirmation of Independence [[Treaty of London (1867)|Treaty of London]] | established_date3 = 11 May 1867 | established_event4 = End of [[personal union]] with the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] | established_date4 = 23 November 1890 | established_event5 = from the [[Nazi Germany|German Reich]] | established_date5 = 1944 / 1945 | established_event6 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date6 = 24 October 1945 | established_event7 = [[Enlargement of the European Union#Founding members|Founded]] the [[European Economic Community|EEC]]{{refn|group=note|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date7 = 1 January 1958 | area_km2 = 2,586.4 | area_rank = 168th | area_sq_mi = 998 | percent_water = 0.60% | population_estimate = {{increase}} 602,005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistiques.public.lu/fr/actualites/population/population/2018/04/20180419/20180419.pdf |title=Population |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=3 Bisha Sagaalaad 2018 |archive-date=23 Bisha Labaad 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184832/https://statistiques.public.lu/fr/actualites/population/population/2018/04/20180419/20180419.pdf |dead-url=yes }} Updated 19-04-2018</ref> | population_census = 439,539 | population_estimate_year = January 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 164th | population_census_year = 2001 | population_density_km2 = 233.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 602.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 58th | GDP_PPP = $67 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=76&pr.y=9&sy=2017&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=137&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Luxembourg |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=1 April 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 94th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,870<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 3rd | GDP_nominal = $72 billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 71st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $120,061<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 1st | Gini = 28.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC) |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12 |publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer |accessdate=4 December 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045123/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | Gini_rank = 19th | HDI = 0.898 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 20th | currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])^b | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Luxembourg|+352]] | cctld = [[.lu]]^c | footnote_a = Not the same as the ''[[Het Wilhelmus]]'' of the Netherlands. | footnote_b = Before 1999, [[Luxembourgish franc]]. | footnote_c = The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states. | footnote_d = {{note|ddd}} {{cite web |title=CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– Field Listing&nbsp;– Distribution of family income&nbsp;– Gini index |publisher=United States government |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#Govt |accessdate=3 May 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=23 Bisha Todobaad 2010 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRcwIiYs?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#Govt |dead-url=yes }} | area_magnitude = 1 E9 | country_code = LUX }} [[File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg|thumb|Luksimborg]] [[File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|thumb|]] '''Luksemborg''' (lb: '''Letzebuerg''') waa wadan yar oo ku yaalo galbeedka [[Yurub]]. wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Beljim]],[[Faransiiska]] iyo [[jarmalka]]. Luksimborg waxee markeeda hore isticmaali jirtay lacagta bejlimka intii eesan u bedelanin lacagta yurub. wadankaan caasimadiisa waxaa la dhahaa Lusimborg, waxaana degan dad gaaraayo ilaa 576.249 (2016) oo qof, Luqada looga hadlo neh waa af luksemborg, af faransiis iyo af jarmal oo ah luqadaha rasmiga. Luxembourg, si rasmi ah Grand Duchy ee Luxembourg [1] (Laksambargish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, Faransiis: Grand-Duche de Luxembourg, Jarmal, Großherzogtum Luxembourg), waa gobol ku yaalla galbeedka Yurub. Wadanku waa xuduudaha Belgium-ga galbeedka iyo woqooyiga, Jarmalka ee bariga iyo Faransiiska ee koonfurta. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba gobol oo waaweyn:. Oesling xagga woqooyi, oo qayb ka ah Ardennermassivet, iyo Gutland koonfureed [7] Luxembourg lahaa dadka ka mid ah 590 667 January 1, 2017 [4] oo uu leeyahay meel ka mid ah 2586 kilomitir oo laba jibaaran, waxaa ka mid ah gobolka ugu yar bannaan ee Europe samaynta. [8] Sida diimuqraadiyad wakiilo la Boqortooyada dastuuri ah keentay dalka by Grand Duke iyo waa kaliya ka harsan tahay duchy grand dunida ee. Luxembourg waa dal horumaray dhaqaalaha sare iyo GDP dunida ee labaad ee ugu sareeya (PPP) per capita (ka dib Qatar), sida laga soo xigtay Baanka Adduunka. meel dhexe Its ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu tala galay in uu ahaa mid muhiimad istiraatiiji u weyn in awoodaha badan, shukaansi in aasaasay of qalcaddayda a Roman, site ah ee qalcadda Frankish muhiim ah inta lagu guda jiro qarniyadii dhexe hore, iyo doorkeeda goobtii ka mid ah jidka Spanish ka 1400- dib qarnigii qarnigii 17aad. ==Xubin== * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Midowga Yurub]] ==Waddnamha degaan Luxemborge== * {{Flag|Greece}} 3500+ * {{Flag|Morocco}} 500+ * {{Flag|Germany}}12,000+ * {{Flag|Spain}} 7000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 2500+ === === Luxembourg waa xubin ka mid ah Midowga Yurub, NATO, OECD, Qaramada Midoobay iyo dalalka Benelux, oo muujineysa aragtida siyaasadeed ee ay guushu ku dhexgalka dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo ciidan. Magaalada Luxembourg, oo waa caasimada iyo magaalada ugu wayn, waa kursiga hay'adaha dhowr iyo hay'adaha Midowga Yurub. Oktoobar 18, 2012, Luxembourg ayaa loo doortay meel ku meel gaar ah Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay markii ugu horeysay abid. Dalku wuxuu u adeegay in Golaha Ammaanka ee ka January 1, 2013 December 31, 2014 Iyadoo la tixraacayo oo ay ku taalo juqraafi ahaan, waa isuga dhaqanka Luxembourg ee Romance iyo Germanic Europe oo midaynaysa dhaqanka labada. Sidaas daraadeed, Luxembourg waa dal saddexdooda ah: Luxembourg, Faransiis iyo Jarmal waa luuqado rasmi ah. Inkastoo ay tahay dawlad qarsoodi ah, Luxembourg waa inta badan Roman Catholic. == juquraafi ahaan == dhanka waqooyi ee wadanka waxa lagu magacaabaa (Ösling)waxaanuu ka sareeyaa bada 400 ilaa 500 oo miter waxaana dhankan waqooyi kuyaala buuro wabiyaal iyo kaymo badan waxa kuyaala buuraha looyaqaano (Burgplatz) dhererkooduna waxa uu gaadhaa ilaa 560 miter waana buurta wadanka ugu dheer dhanka koonfureed waxa lagu magacaabaa (Gutland) waxana kkunool dadka intiisa badan ee wadanka dagan halka ugu gaaban wadankan waxa lagu magacabaa (Spatz) dhererkeeduna waxa weeye 130 miter bada dusheeda == wabiyada == wabiga uguwayn eewadankan waxa weeye wabiga [[ozol]] waxa uu noqdaa xuduuda u dhaxaysa wadankan iyo [[jarmalka]] waxa kale oo kuyaala wabiyo kale oo yaryar == cimilada == wadankan logsonborg waxaa aad cimaladiisa u gadiya badanaa dabayla kayimaada badwaynta Atlantic ga intabadan sanadkana waxa kada roobab waawayn == luuqadaha == [[luuqada]] rasmiga ah ee wadankani waa (Lëtzebuergesch) waxa kale oo ay dadku adeegsadaan sida luqadaha [[jarmalka]] iyo [[faransiiska]] == diinta == badi dadka reer lugsanborg waxa ay haystaan diinta [[masiixiga]] islaamka kunol waxa lagu qiyaasaa 900 waxa kale oo kunool ilaa 100 yahuuda == xukunka == lugsanborg waa [[boqortooyo]] dastuurka lagu maamula waxa ay leedahay barlamaan wax sharciyeeya oo lkakooban hal gole oo shacabku soodoorto ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} pjhbqm8zbdmiikhwfhj4scdgyli2c39 0 6139 300731 297908 2026-07-03T14:30:43Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ee | common_name = Croatia | native_name = {{native name|hr|Republika Hrvatska}}<small>{{efn|name=a|In the recognized minority languages and the most spoken [[minority languages of Croatia]]: :* {{lang-it|Repubblica di Croazia}} :* {{lang-fr|République de Croatie}} :* {{lang-de|Republik Kroatien}} :* {{lang-hu|Horvát Köztársaság}} :* {{lang-cs|Chorvatská republika}} :* {{lang-rue|Републіка Хорватія}} :* {{lang-sr|Република Хрватска}} :* {{lang-sk|Chorvátska republika}} :* {{lang-sl|Republika Hrvaška}} :* {{lang-uk|Респу́бліка Хорва́тія}} }}</small> | image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg | anthem = "[[Lijepa naša domovino]]"<br />({{Lang-en|"Our Beautiful Homeland"}})<br />[[File:Lijepa nasa domovino instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = EU-Croatia.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green |legend=}} | capital = [[Zagreb]] | coordinates = {{Coord|45|48|N|16|0|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | languages_type = [[Writing system]] | languages = [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |90.42% [[Croats]] |4.36% [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]] |item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em|5.22% [[Demographics of Croatia#Ethnic groups|others]]}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="Census2011-nationality">{{Croatian Census 2011|E}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |91.06% [[Christianity|Christians]] |4.57% [[Irreligion in Croatia|Irreligious]] |1.47% [[Islam in Croatia|Muslims]] |2.90% [[Religion in Croatia|others]]}} | religion_year = 2011 | demonym = {{hlist|[[Croats|Croatian]]}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Croatia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andrej Plenković]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Croatian Parliament|Speaker of Parliament]] | leader_name3 = [[Gordan Jandroković]] | leader_title4 = [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Miroslav Šeparović]] | legislature = [[Sabor]] | established_event1 = [[Croats#History|Croatian settlement]] | established_date1 = 6th century<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TnXKTxgPmhUC|author=Frank H. Columbus|title=Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research|year=2005|publisher=[[Nova Publishers]]|location=New York|isbn=1-59454-284-8|page=42|quote=Croats came from the Pannonian lowlands in the 6th century down the Kupa river valley, settling the eastern outskirts of Gorski Kotar.|accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=N_SyuP1cayAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Croatia+Company+Laws+and+Regulations+Handbook#v=onepage&q=croats%206th%20century&f=false|title=Croatia Company Laws and Regulations Handbook|year=2008|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-4330-6967-9|page=19|quote=Croats are believed to be a Slavic people who migrated from Ukraine and settled in present-day Croatia during the 6th century.|accessdate=29 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aZitCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA431&dq=DK+Eyewitness+Travel+Guide+Eastern+and+Central+Europe+croats+6th+century#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Eastern and Central Europe|year=2015|publisher=DK Eyewitness Travel|location=New York|isbn=978-1-46542-704-5|page=431|quote=Slav tribes, including the Croats, settled in South Eastern Europe from early 6th century onwards.|accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Duchy of Croatia|Duchy]] | established_date2 = 7th century | established_event3 = [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom]] | established_date3 = 925 | established_event4 = [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Personal union with Hungary]] | established_date4 = 1102 | established_event5 = Joined [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Habsburg Monarchy]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1527 | established_event6 = Secession from<br />[[Austria-Hungary]] | established_date6 = 29 October 1918 | established_event7 = [[Creation of Yugoslavia]] | established_date7 = 4 December 1918 | established_event8 = [[Independence of Croatia|Decision on independence]] | established_date8 = 25 June 1991 | established_event9 = [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]] | established_date9 = 1 July 2013 | area_km2 = 56,594 | area_rank = 124th | area_sq_mi = 21,851 | percent_water = 1.09 | population_estimate = 4,154,200<ref name=countrymeters.info>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-press-releases/-/3-10072017-AP|date=1 January 2017|accessdate=5 October 2017|title=EU population up to almost 512 million at 1 January 2017 – Europa EU| work=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> | population_census = 4,284,889<ref name="Census 2011 counties">{{Croatian Census 2011|S}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_census_year = 2011 | population_estimate_rank = 129th | population_census_rank = 128th | population_density_km2 = 75.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 196.3 | population_density_rank = 126th | GDP_PPP = $106.548 billion<ref name=WEO2018>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=28&pr1.y=2&c=960&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|accessdate=20 April 2018 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 – Croatia|work=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 84th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,807<ref name=WEO2018/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 56th | GDP_nominal = $61.056 billion<ref name=WEO2018/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 81st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $14,788<ref name=WEO2018/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 57th | Gini = 29.7 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=First Results|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm|accessdate=21 July 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=5 Bisha Todobaad 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705025245/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 17th | HDI = 0.827 | HDI_year = 2015 | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 45th | currency = [[Croatian kuna|Kuna]] | currency_code = HRK | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | date_format = dd.mm.yyyy&nbsp;([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Croatia|+385]] | patron_saint = [[Saint Joseph|St. Joseph]]<ref name="Hrvatski sabor - Povijest">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/sv-josip-zastitnik-hrvatske-domovine|accessdate=10 March 2018|title=Hrvatski sabor – Povijest|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2 Bisha Todobaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702093616/http://www.sabor.hr/sv-josip-zastitnik-hrvatske-domovine|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | cctld = {{vunblist| [[.hr]] and [[.eu]]}} }} [[W:hr:Hrvatska]] Kroos-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska, ku saabsan codkan dhegeysiga (gargaar · info)) [b] waa waddo isgoysyada Bartamaha iyo Koonfur Bari ee Yurub, Badda Adriatic. Magaaladda Zagreb waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha hoose ee dalka, oo ay weheliso labaatan gobol. Croatia waxay leedahay aag 56,594 kilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (21,851 mayl laba jibaaran) iyo dad gaaraya 4.28 milyan, kuwaas oo intooda badani yihiin Roman Catholics. [[File:Antunovic_hotel_-_Zagreb_(15322254719).jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:WESTGATE_Shopping_City_.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] Croats ayaa soo gaadhay aagga qarnigii 6aad, waxaanay dhul-beereedka u abaabuleen laba duchis qarnigii 9aad. Tomislav wuxuu noqday Boqorka ugu horeeyay 925, oo kor u qaaday Croatia si ay u aqoonsato boqortooyadii, taasoo haysatay awooddeeda ku dhowaad laba qarniyadood, iyagoo gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee boqorradii Petar Krešimir IV iyo Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia waxay ku biirtay urur shaqsi ah Hungary sanadkii 1102. 1527-kii, ayaa la kulantay qabsashadii Ottoman, Baarlamaanka Croatia ayaa u doortay Ferdinand I Habsburg inay carshigii Croatia. Bishii Oktoobar 1918, maalmaha ugu dambeeya ee Dagaalkii Dunida I, State of Slovenes, Croats iyo Serbs, oo madaxbannaan ka ahaa Austria-Hungary, ayaa lagu dhawaaqay Zagreb, Bishii Disember 1918 waxaa lagu biiriyey Boqortooyada Serbs, Croats iyo Slovenes. Ka dib dagaalkii Axis ah ee Yugoslavia bishii Abriil 1941, badi dhulka Croatia waxaa lagu daray macaamiisha taageera Nazi oo taageera dhaqdhaqaaqa is-caabinta iyo abuurista Dawladda Federaalka ee Croatia, ka dib markii dagaalku noqdo aasaas xubin ka ahaanshaha federaalka ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Yugoslavia. 25kii Juunyo 1991kii, Croatia waxay ku dhawaaqday xornimadeed, taasoo gebi ahaanba dhaqan gelisay 8dii Oktoobar ee isla sannadkan. Dagaalkii Croatia ee madaxbannaanida ayaa si guul ah ugu dagaalamay afar sano kadib markii lagu dhawaaqay. [[File:Croatia_Airlines_Logo.svg|thumb|right|300px|]] ==Xubin== * [[NATO]] * [[Midowga Yurub]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddanma Degaaan Kuruweshiya== * {{Flag|Italy}} 3000+ * {{Flag|Albania}} 2000+ * {{Flag|Czech Republic}} 2000+ Croatia waa Jamhuuriyad lagu maamulo nidaamka baarlamaanka iyo waddan la horumariyey oo leh heer aad u sarreeya oo nool. Waa xubin ka mid ah Midowga Yurub (EU), Qaramada Midoobay (UN), Golaha Yurub, NATO, Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka (WTO), iyo xubin ka mid ah Ururka Midawga Yurub. Ka qaybgalayaasha firfircoon ee ciidamada nabad-ilaalinta ee Qaramada Midoobay, ayaa Croatia ka qaybqaatay howlgalkii NATO ee hoggaamiyihii NATO ee ka socday Afgaanistaan ​​oo uu kursi aan joogto ah ku lahayn Golaha Amaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay muddadii u dhaxaysay 2008-2009. Tan iyo sanadkii 2000, dawladda Croatia waxay si joogto ah ugu maal-galisay kaabayaasha, gaar ahaan waddooyinka gaadiidka iyo tas-hiilaadyada ee ku yaalla hareeraha Pan-Europe. [[File:Ajdovi_zganci.JPG|thumb|right|300px|zganci]] [[File:Zageb Croatian National Theater.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Lo Teatre Nacional de Croàcia, a Zagrèb.]] * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101999765 The Danube—If Only It Could Talk!] * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20051022/Europes-Delta-of-Striking-Contrasts/ Europe’s Delta of Striking Contrasts] {{Dalalka Yurub}} lplht582yfadqirdmeh2gmnt2sw68gs 300732 300731 2026-07-03T14:32:55Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ee Kuruweshiya | common_name = Croatia | native_name = {{native name|hr|Republika Hrvatska}}<small>{{efn|name=a|In the recognized minority languages and the most spoken [[minority languages of Croatia]]: :* {{lang-it|Repubblica di Croazia}} :* {{lang-fr|République de Croatie}} :* {{lang-de|Republik Kroatien}} :* {{lang-hu|Horvát Köztársaság}} :* {{lang-cs|Chorvatská republika}} :* {{lang-rue|Републіка Хорватія}} :* {{lang-sr|Република Хрватска}} :* {{lang-sk|Chorvátska republika}} :* {{lang-sl|Republika Hrvaška}} :* {{lang-uk|Респу́бліка Хорва́тія}} }}</small> | image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg | anthem = "[[Lijepa naša domovino]]"<br />({{Lang-so|"Gurigee na ee quruxda badan "}})<br />[[File:Lijepa nasa domovino instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = EU-Croatia.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green |legend=}} | capital = [[Zagreb]] | coordinates = {{Coord|45|48|N|16|0|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Croatian language|Croatian]] | languages_type = [[Writing system]] | languages = [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |90.42% [[Croats]] |4.36% [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]] |item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em|5.22% [[Demographics of Croatia#Ethnic groups|others]]}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011<ref name="Census2011-nationality">{{Croatian Census 2011|E}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |91.06% [[Christianity|Christians]] |4.57% [[Irreligion in Croatia|Irreligious]] |1.47% [[Islam in Croatia|Muslims]] |2.90% [[Religion in Croatia|others]]}} | religion_year = 2011 | demonym = {{hlist|[[Croats|Croatian]]}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] [[Republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Croatia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Andrej Plenković]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Croatian Parliament|Speaker of Parliament]] | leader_name3 = [[Gordan Jandroković]] | leader_title4 = [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Miroslav Šeparović]] | legislature = [[Sabor]] | established_event1 = [[Croats#History|Croatian settlement]] | established_date1 = 6th century<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TnXKTxgPmhUC|author=Frank H. Columbus|title=Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Research|year=2005|publisher=[[Nova Publishers]]|location=New York|isbn=1-59454-284-8|page=42|quote=Croats came from the Pannonian lowlands in the 6th century down the Kupa river valley, settling the eastern outskirts of Gorski Kotar.|accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=N_SyuP1cayAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Croatia+Company+Laws+and+Regulations+Handbook#v=onepage&q=croats%206th%20century&f=false|title=Croatia Company Laws and Regulations Handbook|year=2008|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-4330-6967-9|page=19|quote=Croats are believed to be a Slavic people who migrated from Ukraine and settled in present-day Croatia during the 6th century.|accessdate=29 March 2018}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aZitCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA431&dq=DK+Eyewitness+Travel+Guide+Eastern+and+Central+Europe+croats+6th+century#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide Eastern and Central Europe|year=2015|publisher=DK Eyewitness Travel|location=New York|isbn=978-1-46542-704-5|page=431|quote=Slav tribes, including the Croats, settled in South Eastern Europe from early 6th century onwards.|accessdate=29 March 2018}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Duchy of Croatia|Duchy]] | established_date2 = 7th century | established_event3 = [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom]] | established_date3 = 925 | established_event4 = [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Personal union with Hungary]] | established_date4 = 1102 | established_event5 = Joined [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Habsburg Monarchy]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1527 | established_event6 = Secession from<br />[[Austria-Hungary]] | established_date6 = 29 October 1918 | established_event7 = [[Creation of Yugoslavia]] | established_date7 = 4 December 1918 | established_event8 = [[Independence of Croatia|Decision on independence]] | established_date8 = 25 June 1991 | established_event9 = [[2013 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]] | established_date9 = 1 July 2013 | area_km2 = 56,594 | area_rank = 124th | area_sq_mi = 21,851 | percent_water = 1.09 | population_estimate = 4,154,200<ref name=countrymeters.info>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-press-releases/-/3-10072017-AP|date=1 January 2017|accessdate=5 October 2017|title=EU population up to almost 512 million at 1 January 2017 – Europa EU| work=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> | population_census = 4,284,889<ref name="Census 2011 counties">{{Croatian Census 2011|S}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_census_year = 2011 | population_estimate_rank = 129th | population_census_rank = 128th | population_density_km2 = 75.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 196.3 | population_density_rank = 126th | GDP_PPP = $106.548 billion<ref name=WEO2018>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=28&pr1.y=2&c=960&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|accessdate=20 April 2018 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 – Croatia|work=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 84th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,807<ref name=WEO2018/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 56th | GDP_nominal = $61.056 billion<ref name=WEO2018/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 81st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $14,788<ref name=WEO2018/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 57th | Gini = 29.7 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=First Results|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm|accessdate=21 July 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=5 Bisha Todobaad 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705025245/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/system/first_results.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 17th | HDI = 0.827 | HDI_year = 2015 | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 45th | currency = [[Croatian kuna|Kuna]] | currency_code = HRK | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | date_format = dd.mm.yyyy&nbsp;([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Croatia|+385]] | patron_saint = [[Saint Joseph|St. Joseph]]<ref name="Hrvatski sabor - Povijest">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/sv-josip-zastitnik-hrvatske-domovine|accessdate=10 March 2018|title=Hrvatski sabor – Povijest|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2 Bisha Todobaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702093616/http://www.sabor.hr/sv-josip-zastitnik-hrvatske-domovine|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | cctld = {{vunblist| [[.hr]] and [[.eu]]}} }} [[W:hr:Hrvatska]] Kroos-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska, ku saabsan codkan dhegeysiga (gargaar · info)) [b] waa waddo isgoysyada Bartamaha iyo Koonfur Bari ee Yurub, Badda Adriatic. Magaaladda Zagreb waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha hoose ee dalka, oo ay weheliso labaatan gobol. Croatia waxay leedahay aag 56,594 kilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (21,851 mayl laba jibaaran) iyo dad gaaraya 4.28 milyan, kuwaas oo intooda badani yihiin Roman Catholics. [[File:Antunovic_hotel_-_Zagreb_(15322254719).jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:WESTGATE_Shopping_City_.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] Croats ayaa soo gaadhay aagga qarnigii 6aad, waxaanay dhul-beereedka u abaabuleen laba duchis qarnigii 9aad. Tomislav wuxuu noqday Boqorka ugu horeeyay 925, oo kor u qaaday Croatia si ay u aqoonsato boqortooyadii, taasoo haysatay awooddeeda ku dhowaad laba qarniyadood, iyagoo gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay ee boqorradii Petar Krešimir IV iyo Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia waxay ku biirtay urur shaqsi ah Hungary sanadkii 1102. 1527-kii, ayaa la kulantay qabsashadii Ottoman, Baarlamaanka Croatia ayaa u doortay Ferdinand I Habsburg inay carshigii Croatia. Bishii Oktoobar 1918, maalmaha ugu dambeeya ee Dagaalkii Dunida I, State of Slovenes, Croats iyo Serbs, oo madaxbannaan ka ahaa Austria-Hungary, ayaa lagu dhawaaqay Zagreb, Bishii Disember 1918 waxaa lagu biiriyey Boqortooyada Serbs, Croats iyo Slovenes. Ka dib dagaalkii Axis ah ee Yugoslavia bishii Abriil 1941, badi dhulka Croatia waxaa lagu daray macaamiisha taageera Nazi oo taageera dhaqdhaqaaqa is-caabinta iyo abuurista Dawladda Federaalka ee Croatia, ka dib markii dagaalku noqdo aasaas xubin ka ahaanshaha federaalka ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Yugoslavia. 25kii Juunyo 1991kii, Croatia waxay ku dhawaaqday xornimadeed, taasoo gebi ahaanba dhaqan gelisay 8dii Oktoobar ee isla sannadkan. Dagaalkii Croatia ee madaxbannaanida ayaa si guul ah ugu dagaalamay afar sano kadib markii lagu dhawaaqay. [[File:Croatia_Airlines_Logo.svg|thumb|right|300px|]] ==Xubin== * [[NATO]] * [[Midowga Yurub]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddanma Degaaan Kuruweshiya== * {{Flag|Italy}} 3000+ * {{Flag|Albania}} 2000+ * {{Flag|Czech Republic}} 2000+ Croatia waa Jamhuuriyad lagu maamulo nidaamka baarlamaanka iyo waddan la horumariyey oo leh heer aad u sarreeya oo nool. Waa xubin ka mid ah Midowga Yurub (EU), Qaramada Midoobay (UN), Golaha Yurub, NATO, Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka (WTO), iyo xubin ka mid ah Ururka Midawga Yurub. Ka qaybgalayaasha firfircoon ee ciidamada nabad-ilaalinta ee Qaramada Midoobay, ayaa Croatia ka qaybqaatay howlgalkii NATO ee hoggaamiyihii NATO ee ka socday Afgaanistaan ​​oo uu kursi aan joogto ah ku lahayn Golaha Amaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay muddadii u dhaxaysay 2008-2009. Tan iyo sanadkii 2000, dawladda Croatia waxay si joogto ah ugu maal-galisay kaabayaasha, gaar ahaan waddooyinka gaadiidka iyo tas-hiilaadyada ee ku yaalla hareeraha Pan-Europe. [[File:Ajdovi_zganci.JPG|thumb|right|300px|zganci]] [[File:Zageb Croatian National Theater.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Lo Teatre Nacional de Croàcia, a Zagrèb.]] * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101999765 The Danube—If Only It Could Talk!] * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20051022/Europes-Delta-of-Striking-Contrasts/ Europe’s Delta of Striking Contrasts] {{Dalalka Yurub}} 299pq27jrjbfcxzwh6wkxhvcuwfm7f4 0 7978 300795 298959 2026-07-04T06:52:09Z ~2026-37960-68 46338 Wax badan 300795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Asharaaf<br /> الأشراف|flag={{flagcountry|Somalia}} {{flagcountry|Itoobiya}} {{flagcountry|Kenya}}|related-c=Carab|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Kiswahili language|Kiswahili]]|image=Asharaaf|region1=Shangaani,Marka,Baraawe,Qoryooley,Feer feer,Buur cukur,Beledweyne,Khalaaliyo,Wajeer,Isiolo|region2=Sarmaan,Luuq,Berdaale,Saranley,buulo asharaaf Baqdaad, faaxfaxdhuun,war gaduud, Rowlo Shariif|rels=[[Islam]], [[Sunni]]|region22=Asalan, Warqadey, biyooley, Baaqey, Kal iyo Kooraar|image_caption=|region24=Moolmad , Aarag , Goof Gaduud}} '''REER SHARIIF NUUR''' Waxay dagaan Itoobiya Soomaaliya iyo Kenya Waxay ku hadlaan Af-Soomaali Maay iyo Maxaa Tidhi Waxaa kalooy ku hadlaan Af-Oromo <ref group="Ashraaf ">'''REER SHARIIF NUUR''' </ref> == '''Asharaaf Xuseen''' == Asharaaf Xuseen Waa hal Beel Oo weyn waana: '''Asharaaf Bacalawi''' '''Sada''', waxaana ka mid ah, Reer Sayid Axmed,Reer Shariif maqbuul,Reer Shariif Xamduun,Al Nadiir,Al baasakuut,jamalulayl,Reer xaji amiin oo ah (mahdeli),Reer Aw Xasan. == '''Asharaaf Xasan''' == Ashraaf Xasan Waa Afar Beelood Oo waaweyn : '''<u><big>1- Beesha Reer Shariif Muxumed</big></u>''' Waa reer Aad U balaaran Oo Daga Qaybo Badan Oo kamida Dhulalka Soomalida Sida (Baaardheere,jawhar ,jamame,qabridahar,godey '''waxayna U kala Baxaan Sadax Lafood''' 1. Reer Shariif Diini 2. Reer Shariif Danbooy 3. Reer Shariif Diinle '''<u><big>2- Beesha Xasan Timo weyne</big></u>''' waa : shariif Xasan ( Xasan timo Weyne) bin Ahmed alwafi bin Amiin bin Jibriil bin Osmaan bin Saqaf al- hasani... '''Waxaa ukala baxaa saddex Lafood''' : 1. Reer Shariif Muuse 2. Reer Shariif cali 3. Reer Shariif Axmed Asharaftan waxay ubadan yihiin Dhulka Soomaali galbeed Iyo Jubooyinka iyo shabeelada hoose . <big>'''3- Reer Shariif Nuur'''</big> Shariif [[Shariif Nuur|Nuur]] bin Shamsuddiin Axmed (Carabi: شريف نور بن شمس الدين أحمد) waa awowga ay ku abtirsato mid ka mid ah faracyada Asharaafta ee ugu faca-weyn Soomaaliya. Wuxuu ahaa caalim, hoggaamiye diimeed iyo sarkaal Muslim ah oo ka qayb qaatay dagaalladii u dhexeeyay Saldanaddii Adal iyo Boqortooyadii Xabashida qarnigii 16-aad. Waxaa lagu xusay buugga taariikhiga ah ee Futuux Al-Xabasha ee uu qoray Shihaab al-Diin Axmed bin Cabd al-Qaadir (Arab Faqih), kaas oo ka mid ah ilaha aasaasiga ah ee taariikhda Geeska Afrika. ''''''Faraca Shariif Nuur (Reer Shariif Nuur)''' Shariif Nuur iyo aabbihiis Shariif Axmed (Shamsuddiin) waxay labaduba ka tirsanaayeen culimadii uu heellaneyd faafinta cilmiga diinta Islaamka. Reer Shariif Nuur ama faracii Shariif Nuur waxay noqdeen macallimiin diimeed, qaaddiyo (garsooreyaal), iyo ganacsato ku nool Geeska Afrika. Waxay kaalin muuqata oo weyn ka qaateen faafinta Islaamka ee deegaannada xeebaha, iyagoo adeegsanaya ganacsi, isdhexgal guur iyo faafinta cilmiga diinta. Waxaa jirta xog sheegaysa in qoyska uu ka soo jeedo Shariif Nuur uu deggenaa magaalada Tarim ee dalka Yemen, halka hijradiisii kaddib uu farcankiisu ku faafay Bariga Afrika (Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, Kenya). Xusuusta iyo magaca Shariif Nuur waa mid weli jirta qarniyo kaddib. Waxaa hadda la heli karaa oo jooga faraciisa oo ku kala abtirsada wiilashiisa kala ah: Shariif Cumar, Shariif Axmed, Shariif Sadiiq iyo Shariif Yaxye. Dadka ku abtirsada afartaas Shariif waxay joogaan magaalooyin kala duwan oo ku yaalla Soomaaliya, Itoobiya iyo Kenya. Waxaa kaloo jira jaaliyado qurbajoog ah oo deggan dalal ku yaalla qaaradaha Afrika, Yurub, Ameerika, iyo Australia. Buugga Futuux Al-Xabasha waxaa Shariif Nuur lagu xusay dhowr jeer, iyadoo lagu tilmaamay inuu ahaa: • caalim diimeed, • la-taliye ciidan, • hoggaamiye, • iyo inuu ka mid ahaa saaxiibbadii u dhowaa Imaam Axmed bin Ibraahim al-Ghazi (Axmed Gurey). Waxaa lagu soo warramay inuu ku dhaawacmay dagaal kaddib markii mindi caloosha laga geliyay, balse uu ka bogsaday. Waxaa kale oo la tilmaamay inuu ka qayb qaatay go’doomintii Amba oo Itoobiya ah iyo ololeyaal kale oo militari. Dhammaan macluumaadkan waxaa laga heli karaa buugga. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha '''Silsiladda Abtirka Shariif Nuur''' Shariif Nuur bin (Shamsuddiin) Axmed bin Cabdisalaam bin Maxamed bin Cali-Xaydar bin Cabdullaahi bin Abuubakar bin Cumar bin Cali-Cafiif bin Zayn al-Caabiddiin bin Yaxye bin Ibraahim bin Zayn al-Caarifiin bin Nuuraddiin bin Idris bin Nuux bin Ibraahim bin Cabdalla al-Muxdi bin Xasan al-Muthanna bin Xasan al-Sibdi bin Cali bin Abii Daalib '''<big>4-</big>''' '''CIMRAAN YACQUUB''' == Dadka ugu Caansan Asharaaf == '''<big><u>Cilimaa u' diin</u></big>''' : 1- [[Sheekh yuusuf al kowneyn school|Sheekh Yuusuf Alkowneyn]] [oo ah Ah Qofkii Alifey Hingaada Carabiga ] 2- Sheikh Sharif Nurow Aamiin Barkhadle {oo ahaa Caalim Diimeed oo ahaa Aasaasihii Jameecada Rowlo oo ku Caan baxday fidinta Diinta Islaamka} <ref>Culimaaudiinka </ref> 3- [[Sheikh Hussein|Sheekh Xuseen Baale]] yaale 4- [[عيدروس|Shariif Caydaruus]] Al nudeeri [duqii Hore Magaalada Muqdisho ] 5- Sayid murshid sayid cabdalla 6- Sheekh [[Cumar Faaruuq]] [waxa uu aha ninki qoraanka oo dhan si fasiix umada ugu turjumay luqada afka somaliga] 7- Sheekh Sharif Cabdinuur (Aabihii xadiiska). 8- [[Shariif Cumar Aarak]] Iyo Walaalkiis Cabdalle Aarak 9- Sayid Axmed sayid abdulwahid [oo ahaa ninkii qarnigii 19aad ugu cilmiga badna afrika, sida ay shegaan culimada reer Makka] 10- Sheekh [[Macruuf|Shariif macruuf]] Shariif Axmed 11 - Sheekh Shariif Dhawiil 12 - Sheekh Shariif Siidkey Sharif Nuurow Aamin Barkhadle 13 -Sheekh C/raxmaan Markaawi 14 -Sheekh Maxamed Haadi (AUN) 15- Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Abaayle [oo ahaa Imaankii afaraaf Ee Imaaradii Ibeerey ee Baardheere] 16- Sheekh Ibraahim Cabdullahi Cali [oo ah qoraaga buuga (بشائر العلماء بدلائل الفقهاء)] 17-Sheekh Maxamuud Fanax 18-Sheikh Cabdiraxmaan Shariif 19-Sheikh Zakariye Shariif Xasan 20-Sheikh Maxamed Cumar 21-Sheikh Shariif Maxamed Dhuub '''<big><u>Siyaasiyiinta Asharaa</u></big>''' 2.[[Sharif Salah mohamed Ali]] (xildhibaan hore) 3. Xildhibaan Shariif Maxamed C/llahi 4. Wasiir Xil. Salah Sharif Sayid Ali (Siidkey) 5. [[Fahad Yaasiin|Fahad yaasiin xaaji daahir]] 6. Xildhibaan Shariif Mustafa 7. Xildhibaan Axmed weli 8. Wasiir Cabdiraxmaan Shariif Xuseen 9.Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Carmo 10- Wasiir Faarax Sheikh Cabdiqaadir (Wasiirka Waxbarashada dowlada Federalka ) 11. Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Isxaaq 12. Safia Ba-alawi (Gud. Deg. Shangani ee gobolka Banadir) '''<u><big>Fanaaniinta Asharaaf</big></u>''' # Shaadiyo Sharaf # Hani Uk(fanaan) 3. Doni B(fanaan) 4. Najma Nuura (fanaan) 5. Axmed Sharif Killer (fanaan) 6. Sharif Bastow(fanaan) 7-Idil Ayruush (fanaan) 8-Nimco Liina (Fanaan) 9- Mukhtaar sooshiyaal (Fanaan) 10-Mahdi shariif Macruuf (Fanaan) 11- Aadan Onkod (fanaan) 12- king Khalid (Fanaan) == Tixra<ref>Shariif Hassan Adan Mohmed (Mamulka masjad al_suna) </ref>ac == ahe3fczgo7tf0vxwiytaz2uvvy7btio 300796 300795 2026-07-04T06:53:45Z ~2026-37960-68 46338 300796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Asharaaf<br /> الأشراف|flag={{flagcountry|Somalia}} {{flagcountry|Itoobiya}} {{flagcountry|Kenya}}|related-c=Carab|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Kiswahili language|Kiswahili]]|image=Asharaaf|region1=Shangaani,Marka,Baraawe,Qoryooley,Feer feer,Buur cukur,Beledweyne,Khalaaliyo,Wajeer,Isiolo|region2=Sarmaan,Luuq,Berdaale,Saranley,buulo asharaaf Baqdaad, faaxfaxdhuun,war gaduud, Rowlo Shariif|rels=[[Islam]], [[Sunni]]|region22=Asalan, Warqadey, biyooley, Baaqey, Kal iyo Kooraar|image_caption=|region24=Moolmad , Aarag , Goof Gaduud}} == '''Asharaaf Xuseen''' == Asharaaf Xuseen Waa hal Beel Oo weyn waana: '''Asharaaf Bacalawi''' '''Sada''', waxaana ka mid ah, Reer Sayid Axmed,Reer Shariif maqbuul,Reer Shariif Xamduun,Al Nadiir,Al baasakuut,jamalulayl,Reer xaji amiin oo ah (mahdeli),Reer Aw Xasan. == '''Asharaaf Xasan''' == Ashraaf Xasan Waa Afar Beelood Oo waaweyn : '''<u><big>1- Beesha Reer Shariif Muxumed</big></u>''' Waa reer Aad U balaaran Oo Daga Qaybo Badan Oo kamida Dhulalka Soomalida Sida (Baaardheere,jawhar ,jamame,qabridahar,godey '''waxayna U kala Baxaan Sadax Lafood''' 1. Reer Shariif Diini 2. Reer Shariif Danbooy 3. Reer Shariif Diinle '''<u><big>2- Beesha Xasan Timo weyne</big></u>''' waa : shariif Xasan ( Xasan timo Weyne) bin Ahmed alwafi bin Amiin bin Jibriil bin Osmaan bin Saqaf al- hasani... '''Waxaa ukala baxaa saddex Lafood''' : 1. Reer Shariif Muuse 2. Reer Shariif cali 3. Reer Shariif Axmed Asharaftan waxay ubadan yihiin Dhulka Soomaali galbeed Iyo Jubooyinka iyo shabeelada hoose . <big>'''3- Reer Shariif Nuur'''</big> Shariif [[Shariif Nuur|Nuur]] bin Shamsuddiin Axmed (Carabi: شريف نور بن شمس الدين أحمد) waa awowga ay ku abtirsato mid ka mid ah faracyada Asharaafta ee ugu faca-weyn Soomaaliya. Wuxuu ahaa caalim, hoggaamiye diimeed iyo sarkaal Muslim ah oo ka qayb qaatay dagaalladii u dhexeeyay Saldanaddii Adal iyo Boqortooyadii Xabashida qarnigii 16-aad. Waxaa lagu xusay buugga taariikhiga ah ee Futuux Al-Xabasha ee uu qoray Shihaab al-Diin Axmed bin Cabd al-Qaadir (Arab Faqih), kaas oo ka mid ah ilaha aasaasiga ah ee taariikhda Geeska Afrika. ''''''Faraca Shariif Nuur (Reer Shariif Nuur)''' Shariif Nuur iyo aabbihiis Shariif Axmed (Shamsuddiin) waxay labaduba ka tirsanaayeen culimadii uu heellaneyd faafinta cilmiga diinta Islaamka. Reer Shariif Nuur ama faracii Shariif Nuur waxay noqdeen macallimiin diimeed, qaaddiyo (garsooreyaal), iyo ganacsato ku nool Geeska Afrika. Waxay kaalin muuqata oo weyn ka qaateen faafinta Islaamka ee deegaannada xeebaha, iyagoo adeegsanaya ganacsi, isdhexgal guur iyo faafinta cilmiga diinta. Waxaa jirta xog sheegaysa in qoyska uu ka soo jeedo Shariif Nuur uu deggenaa magaalada Tarim ee dalka Yemen, halka hijradiisii kaddib uu farcankiisu ku faafay Bariga Afrika (Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, Kenya). Xusuusta iyo magaca Shariif Nuur waa mid weli jirta qarniyo kaddib. Waxaa hadda la heli karaa oo jooga faraciisa oo ku kala abtirsada wiilashiisa kala ah: Shariif Cumar, Shariif Axmed, Shariif Sadiiq iyo Shariif Yaxye. Dadka ku abtirsada afartaas Shariif waxay joogaan magaalooyin kala duwan oo ku yaalla Soomaaliya, Itoobiya iyo Kenya. Waxaa kaloo jira jaaliyado qurbajoog ah oo deggan dalal ku yaalla qaaradaha Afrika, Yurub, Ameerika, iyo Australia. Buugga Futuux Al-Xabasha waxaa Shariif Nuur lagu xusay dhowr jeer, iyadoo lagu tilmaamay inuu ahaa: • caalim diimeed, • la-taliye ciidan, • hoggaamiye, • iyo inuu ka mid ahaa saaxiibbadii u dhowaa Imaam Axmed bin Ibraahim al-Ghazi (Axmed Gurey). Waxaa lagu soo warramay inuu ku dhaawacmay dagaal kaddib markii mindi caloosha laga geliyay, balse uu ka bogsaday. Waxaa kale oo la tilmaamay inuu ka qayb qaatay go’doomintii Amba oo Itoobiya ah iyo ololeyaal kale oo militari. Dhammaan macluumaadkan waxaa laga heli karaa buugga. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha '''Silsiladda Abtirka Shariif Nuur''' Shariif Nuur bin (Shamsuddiin) Axmed bin Cabdisalaam bin Maxamed bin Cali-Xaydar bin Cabdullaahi bin Abuubakar bin Cumar bin Cali-Cafiif bin Zayn al-Caabiddiin bin Yaxye bin Ibraahim bin Zayn al-Caarifiin bin Nuuraddiin bin Idris bin Nuux bin Ibraahim bin Cabdalla al-Muxdi bin Xasan al-Muthanna bin Xasan al-Sibdi bin Cali bin Abii Daalib '''<big>4-</big>''' '''CIMRAAN YACQUUB''' == Dadka ugu Caansan Asharaaf == '''<big><u>Cilimaa u' diin</u></big>''' : 1- [[Sheekh yuusuf al kowneyn school|Sheekh Yuusuf Alkowneyn]] [oo ah Ah Qofkii Alifey Hingaada Carabiga ] 2- Sheikh Sharif Nurow Aamiin Barkhadle {oo ahaa Caalim Diimeed oo ahaa Aasaasihii Jameecada Rowlo oo ku Caan baxday fidinta Diinta Islaamka} <ref>Culimaaudiinka </ref> 3- [[Sheikh Hussein|Sheekh Xuseen Baale]] yaale 4- [[عيدروس|Shariif Caydaruus]] Al nudeeri [duqii Hore Magaalada Muqdisho ] 5- Sayid murshid sayid cabdalla 6- Sheekh [[Cumar Faaruuq]] [waxa uu aha ninki qoraanka oo dhan si fasiix umada ugu turjumay luqada afka somaliga] 7- Sheekh Sharif Cabdinuur (Aabihii xadiiska). 8- [[Shariif Cumar Aarak]] Iyo Walaalkiis Cabdalle Aarak 9- Sayid Axmed sayid abdulwahid [oo ahaa ninkii qarnigii 19aad ugu cilmiga badna afrika, sida ay shegaan culimada reer Makka] 10- Sheekh [[Macruuf|Shariif macruuf]] Shariif Axmed 11 - Sheekh Shariif Dhawiil 12 - Sheekh Shariif Siidkey Sharif Nuurow Aamin Barkhadle 13 -Sheekh C/raxmaan Markaawi 14 -Sheekh Maxamed Haadi (AUN) 15- Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Abaayle [oo ahaa Imaankii afaraaf Ee Imaaradii Ibeerey ee Baardheere] 16- Sheekh Ibraahim Cabdullahi Cali [oo ah qoraaga buuga (بشائر العلماء بدلائل الفقهاء)] 17-Sheekh Maxamuud Fanax 18-Sheikh Cabdiraxmaan Shariif 19-Sheikh Zakariye Shariif Xasan 20-Sheikh Maxamed Cumar 21-Sheikh Shariif Maxamed Dhuub '''<big><u>Siyaasiyiinta Asharaa</u></big>''' 2.[[Sharif Salah mohamed Ali]] (xildhibaan hore) 3. Xildhibaan Shariif Maxamed C/llahi 4. Wasiir Xil. Salah Sharif Sayid Ali (Siidkey) 5. [[Fahad Yaasiin|Fahad yaasiin xaaji daahir]] 6. Xildhibaan Shariif Mustafa 7. Xildhibaan Axmed weli 8. Wasiir Cabdiraxmaan Shariif Xuseen 9.Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Carmo 10- Wasiir Faarax Sheikh Cabdiqaadir (Wasiirka Waxbarashada dowlada Federalka ) 11. Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Isxaaq 12. Safia Ba-alawi (Gud. Deg. Shangani ee gobolka Banadir) '''<u><big>Fanaaniinta Asharaaf</big></u>''' # Shaadiyo Sharaf # Hani Uk(fanaan) 3. Doni B(fanaan) 4. Najma Nuura (fanaan) 5. Axmed Sharif Killer (fanaan) 6. Sharif Bastow(fanaan) 7-Idil Ayruush (fanaan) 8-Nimco Liina (Fanaan) 9- Mukhtaar sooshiyaal (Fanaan) 10-Mahdi shariif Macruuf (Fanaan) 11- Aadan Onkod (fanaan) 12- king Khalid (Fanaan) == Tixra<ref>Shariif Hassan Adan Mohmed (Mamulka masjad al_suna) </ref>ac == 0eas6qlztyrxzfymk1ff7xstpyniypr 300798 300796 2026-07-04T06:56:01Z ~2026-37960-68 46338 /* Dadka ugu Caansan Asharaaf */ 300798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Asharaaf<br /> الأشراف|flag={{flagcountry|Somalia}} {{flagcountry|Itoobiya}} {{flagcountry|Kenya}}|related-c=Carab|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Kiswahili language|Kiswahili]]|image=Asharaaf|region1=Shangaani,Marka,Baraawe,Qoryooley,Feer feer,Buur cukur,Beledweyne,Khalaaliyo,Wajeer,Isiolo|region2=Sarmaan,Luuq,Berdaale,Saranley,buulo asharaaf Baqdaad, faaxfaxdhuun,war gaduud, Rowlo Shariif|rels=[[Islam]], [[Sunni]]|region22=Asalan, Warqadey, biyooley, Baaqey, Kal iyo Kooraar|image_caption=|region24=Moolmad , Aarag , Goof Gaduud}} == '''Asharaaf Xuseen''' == Asharaaf Xuseen Waa hal Beel Oo weyn waana: '''Asharaaf Bacalawi''' '''Sada''', waxaana ka mid ah, Reer Sayid Axmed,Reer Shariif maqbuul,Reer Shariif Xamduun,Al Nadiir,Al baasakuut,jamalulayl,Reer xaji amiin oo ah (mahdeli),Reer Aw Xasan. == '''Asharaaf Xasan''' == Ashraaf Xasan Waa Afar Beelood Oo waaweyn : '''<u><big>1- Beesha Reer Shariif Muxumed</big></u>''' Waa reer Aad U balaaran Oo Daga Qaybo Badan Oo kamida Dhulalka Soomalida Sida (Baaardheere,jawhar ,jamame,qabridahar,godey '''waxayna U kala Baxaan Sadax Lafood''' 1. Reer Shariif Diini 2. Reer Shariif Danbooy 3. Reer Shariif Diinle '''<u><big>2- Beesha Xasan Timo weyne</big></u>''' waa : shariif Xasan ( Xasan timo Weyne) bin Ahmed alwafi bin Amiin bin Jibriil bin Osmaan bin Saqaf al- hasani... '''Waxaa ukala baxaa saddex Lafood''' : 1. Reer Shariif Muuse 2. Reer Shariif cali 3. Reer Shariif Axmed Asharaftan waxay ubadan yihiin Dhulka Soomaali galbeed Iyo Jubooyinka iyo shabeelada hoose . <big>'''3- Reer Shariif Nuur'''</big> Shariif [[Shariif Nuur|Nuur]] bin Shamsuddiin Axmed (Carabi: شريف نور بن شمس الدين أحمد) waa awowga ay ku abtirsato mid ka mid ah faracyada Asharaafta ee ugu faca-weyn Soomaaliya. Wuxuu ahaa caalim, hoggaamiye diimeed iyo sarkaal Muslim ah oo ka qayb qaatay dagaalladii u dhexeeyay Saldanaddii Adal iyo Boqortooyadii Xabashida qarnigii 16-aad. Waxaa lagu xusay buugga taariikhiga ah ee Futuux Al-Xabasha ee uu qoray Shihaab al-Diin Axmed bin Cabd al-Qaadir (Arab Faqih), kaas oo ka mid ah ilaha aasaasiga ah ee taariikhda Geeska Afrika. ''''''Faraca Shariif Nuur (Reer Shariif Nuur)''' Shariif Nuur iyo aabbihiis Shariif Axmed (Shamsuddiin) waxay labaduba ka tirsanaayeen culimadii uu heellaneyd faafinta cilmiga diinta Islaamka. Reer Shariif Nuur ama faracii Shariif Nuur waxay noqdeen macallimiin diimeed, qaaddiyo (garsooreyaal), iyo ganacsato ku nool Geeska Afrika. Waxay kaalin muuqata oo weyn ka qaateen faafinta Islaamka ee deegaannada xeebaha, iyagoo adeegsanaya ganacsi, isdhexgal guur iyo faafinta cilmiga diinta. Waxaa jirta xog sheegaysa in qoyska uu ka soo jeedo Shariif Nuur uu deggenaa magaalada Tarim ee dalka Yemen, halka hijradiisii kaddib uu farcankiisu ku faafay Bariga Afrika (Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, Kenya). Xusuusta iyo magaca Shariif Nuur waa mid weli jirta qarniyo kaddib. Waxaa hadda la heli karaa oo jooga faraciisa oo ku kala abtirsada wiilashiisa kala ah: Shariif Cumar, Shariif Axmed, Shariif Sadiiq iyo Shariif Yaxye. Dadka ku abtirsada afartaas Shariif waxay joogaan magaalooyin kala duwan oo ku yaalla Soomaaliya, Itoobiya iyo Kenya. Waxaa kaloo jira jaaliyado qurbajoog ah oo deggan dalal ku yaalla qaaradaha Afrika, Yurub, Ameerika, iyo Australia. Buugga Futuux Al-Xabasha waxaa Shariif Nuur lagu xusay dhowr jeer, iyadoo lagu tilmaamay inuu ahaa: • caalim diimeed, • la-taliye ciidan, • hoggaamiye, • iyo inuu ka mid ahaa saaxiibbadii u dhowaa Imaam Axmed bin Ibraahim al-Ghazi (Axmed Gurey). Waxaa lagu soo warramay inuu ku dhaawacmay dagaal kaddib markii mindi caloosha laga geliyay, balse uu ka bogsaday. Waxaa kale oo la tilmaamay inuu ka qayb qaatay go’doomintii Amba oo Itoobiya ah iyo ololeyaal kale oo militari. Dhammaan macluumaadkan waxaa laga heli karaa buugga. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha '''Silsiladda Abtirka Shariif Nuur''' Shariif Nuur bin (Shamsuddiin) Axmed bin Cabdisalaam bin Maxamed bin Cali-Xaydar bin Cabdullaahi bin Abuubakar bin Cumar bin Cali-Cafiif bin Zayn al-Caabiddiin bin Yaxye bin Ibraahim bin Zayn al-Caarifiin bin Nuuraddiin bin Idris bin Nuux bin Ibraahim bin Cabdalla al-Muxdi bin Xasan al-Muthanna bin Xasan al-Sibdi bin Cali bin Abii Daalib '''<big>4-</big>''' '''CIMRAAN YACQUUB''' == '''Dadka ugu Caansan Asharaaf''' == '''<big><u>Cilimaa u' diin</u></big>''' : 1- [[Sheekh yuusuf al kowneyn school|Sheekh Yuusuf Alkowneyn]] [oo ah Ah Qofkii Alifey Hingaada Carabiga ] 2- Sheikh Sharif Nurow Aamiin Barkhadle {oo ahaa Caalim Diimeed oo ahaa Aasaasihii Jameecada Rowlo oo ku Caan baxday fidinta Diinta Islaamka} <ref>Culimaaudiinka </ref> 3- [[Sheikh Hussein|Sheekh Xuseen Baale]] yaale 4- [[عيدروس|Shariif Caydaruus]] Al nudeeri [duqii Hore Magaalada Muqdisho ] 5- Sayid murshid sayid cabdalla 6- Sheekh [[Cumar Faaruuq]] [waxa uu aha ninki qoraanka oo dhan si fasiix umada ugu turjumay luqada afka somaliga] 7- Sheekh Sharif Cabdinuur (Aabihii xadiiska). 8- [[Shariif Cumar Aarak]] Iyo Walaalkiis Cabdalle Aarak 9- Sayid Axmed sayid abdulwahid [oo ahaa ninkii qarnigii 19aad ugu cilmiga badna afrika, sida ay shegaan culimada reer Makka] 10- Sheekh [[Macruuf|Shariif macruuf]] Shariif Axmed 11 - Sheekh Shariif Dhawiil 12 - Sheekh Shariif Siidkey Sharif Nuurow Aamin Barkhadle 13 -Sheekh C/raxmaan Markaawi 14 -Sheekh Maxamed Haadi (AUN) 15- Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Abaayle [oo ahaa Imaankii afaraaf Ee Imaaradii Ibeerey ee Baardheere] 16- Sheekh Ibraahim Cabdullahi Cali [oo ah qoraaga buuga (بشائر العلماء بدلائل الفقهاء)] 17-Sheekh Maxamuud Fanax 18-Sheikh Cabdiraxmaan Shariif 19-Sheikh Zakariye Shariif Xasan 20-Sheikh Maxamed Cumar 21-Sheikh Shariif Maxamed Dhuub '''<big><u>Siyaasiyiinta Asharaa</u></big>''' 2.[[Sharif Salah mohamed Ali]] (xildhibaan hore) 3. Xildhibaan Shariif Maxamed C/llahi 4. Wasiir Xil. Salah Sharif Sayid Ali (Siidkey) 5. [[Fahad Yaasiin|Fahad yaasiin xaaji daahir]] 6. Xildhibaan Shariif Mustafa 7. Xildhibaan Axmed weli 8. Wasiir Cabdiraxmaan Shariif Xuseen 9.Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Carmo 10- Wasiir Faarax Sheikh Cabdiqaadir (Wasiirka Waxbarashada dowlada Federalka ) 11. Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Isxaaq 12. Safia Ba-alawi (Gud. Deg. Shangani ee gobolka Banadir) '''<u><big>Fanaaniinta Asharaaf</big></u>''' # Shaadiyo Sharaf # Hani Uk(fanaan) 3. Doni B(fanaan) 4. Najma Nuura (fanaan) 5. Axmed Sharif Killer (fanaan) 6. Sharif Bastow(fanaan) 7-Idil Ayruush (fanaan) 8-Nimco Liina (Fanaan) 9- Mukhtaar sooshiyaal (Fanaan) 10-Mahdi shariif Macruuf (Fanaan) 11- Aadan Onkod (fanaan) 12- king Khalid (Fanaan) == Tixra<ref>Shariif Hassan Adan Mohmed (Mamulka masjad al_suna) </ref>ac == bzusxjz8jnolawm8us7s5f25w2jd7tm 300799 300798 2026-07-04T06:57:03Z ~2026-37960-68 46338 /* Tixra[2]ac */ 300799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Asharaaf<br /> الأشراف|flag={{flagcountry|Somalia}} {{flagcountry|Itoobiya}} {{flagcountry|Kenya}}|related-c=Carab|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Kiswahili language|Kiswahili]]|image=Asharaaf|region1=Shangaani,Marka,Baraawe,Qoryooley,Feer feer,Buur cukur,Beledweyne,Khalaaliyo,Wajeer,Isiolo|region2=Sarmaan,Luuq,Berdaale,Saranley,buulo asharaaf Baqdaad, faaxfaxdhuun,war gaduud, Rowlo Shariif|rels=[[Islam]], [[Sunni]]|region22=Asalan, Warqadey, biyooley, Baaqey, Kal iyo Kooraar|image_caption=|region24=Moolmad , Aarag , Goof Gaduud}} == '''Asharaaf Xuseen''' == Asharaaf Xuseen Waa hal Beel Oo weyn waana: '''Asharaaf Bacalawi''' '''Sada''', waxaana ka mid ah, Reer Sayid Axmed,Reer Shariif maqbuul,Reer Shariif Xamduun,Al Nadiir,Al baasakuut,jamalulayl,Reer xaji amiin oo ah (mahdeli),Reer Aw Xasan. == '''Asharaaf Xasan''' == Ashraaf Xasan Waa Afar Beelood Oo waaweyn : '''<u><big>1- Beesha Reer Shariif Muxumed</big></u>''' Waa reer Aad U balaaran Oo Daga Qaybo Badan Oo kamida Dhulalka Soomalida Sida (Baaardheere,jawhar ,jamame,qabridahar,godey '''waxayna U kala Baxaan Sadax Lafood''' 1. Reer Shariif Diini 2. Reer Shariif Danbooy 3. Reer Shariif Diinle '''<u><big>2- Beesha Xasan Timo weyne</big></u>''' waa : shariif Xasan ( Xasan timo Weyne) bin Ahmed alwafi bin Amiin bin Jibriil bin Osmaan bin Saqaf al- hasani... '''Waxaa ukala baxaa saddex Lafood''' : 1. Reer Shariif Muuse 2. Reer Shariif cali 3. Reer Shariif Axmed Asharaftan waxay ubadan yihiin Dhulka Soomaali galbeed Iyo Jubooyinka iyo shabeelada hoose . <big>'''3- Reer Shariif Nuur'''</big> Shariif [[Shariif Nuur|Nuur]] bin Shamsuddiin Axmed (Carabi: شريف نور بن شمس الدين أحمد) waa awowga ay ku abtirsato mid ka mid ah faracyada Asharaafta ee ugu faca-weyn Soomaaliya. Wuxuu ahaa caalim, hoggaamiye diimeed iyo sarkaal Muslim ah oo ka qayb qaatay dagaalladii u dhexeeyay Saldanaddii Adal iyo Boqortooyadii Xabashida qarnigii 16-aad. Waxaa lagu xusay buugga taariikhiga ah ee Futuux Al-Xabasha ee uu qoray Shihaab al-Diin Axmed bin Cabd al-Qaadir (Arab Faqih), kaas oo ka mid ah ilaha aasaasiga ah ee taariikhda Geeska Afrika. ''''''Faraca Shariif Nuur (Reer Shariif Nuur)''' Shariif Nuur iyo aabbihiis Shariif Axmed (Shamsuddiin) waxay labaduba ka tirsanaayeen culimadii uu heellaneyd faafinta cilmiga diinta Islaamka. Reer Shariif Nuur ama faracii Shariif Nuur waxay noqdeen macallimiin diimeed, qaaddiyo (garsooreyaal), iyo ganacsato ku nool Geeska Afrika. Waxay kaalin muuqata oo weyn ka qaateen faafinta Islaamka ee deegaannada xeebaha, iyagoo adeegsanaya ganacsi, isdhexgal guur iyo faafinta cilmiga diinta. Waxaa jirta xog sheegaysa in qoyska uu ka soo jeedo Shariif Nuur uu deggenaa magaalada Tarim ee dalka Yemen, halka hijradiisii kaddib uu farcankiisu ku faafay Bariga Afrika (Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, Kenya). Xusuusta iyo magaca Shariif Nuur waa mid weli jirta qarniyo kaddib. Waxaa hadda la heli karaa oo jooga faraciisa oo ku kala abtirsada wiilashiisa kala ah: Shariif Cumar, Shariif Axmed, Shariif Sadiiq iyo Shariif Yaxye. Dadka ku abtirsada afartaas Shariif waxay joogaan magaalooyin kala duwan oo ku yaalla Soomaaliya, Itoobiya iyo Kenya. Waxaa kaloo jira jaaliyado qurbajoog ah oo deggan dalal ku yaalla qaaradaha Afrika, Yurub, Ameerika, iyo Australia. Buugga Futuux Al-Xabasha waxaa Shariif Nuur lagu xusay dhowr jeer, iyadoo lagu tilmaamay inuu ahaa: • caalim diimeed, • la-taliye ciidan, • hoggaamiye, • iyo inuu ka mid ahaa saaxiibbadii u dhowaa Imaam Axmed bin Ibraahim al-Ghazi (Axmed Gurey). Waxaa lagu soo warramay inuu ku dhaawacmay dagaal kaddib markii mindi caloosha laga geliyay, balse uu ka bogsaday. Waxaa kale oo la tilmaamay inuu ka qayb qaatay go’doomintii Amba oo Itoobiya ah iyo ololeyaal kale oo militari. Dhammaan macluumaadkan waxaa laga heli karaa buugga. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuh_al-Habasha '''Silsiladda Abtirka Shariif Nuur''' Shariif Nuur bin (Shamsuddiin) Axmed bin Cabdisalaam bin Maxamed bin Cali-Xaydar bin Cabdullaahi bin Abuubakar bin Cumar bin Cali-Cafiif bin Zayn al-Caabiddiin bin Yaxye bin Ibraahim bin Zayn al-Caarifiin bin Nuuraddiin bin Idris bin Nuux bin Ibraahim bin Cabdalla al-Muxdi bin Xasan al-Muthanna bin Xasan al-Sibdi bin Cali bin Abii Daalib '''<big>4-</big>''' '''CIMRAAN YACQUUB''' == '''Dadka ugu Caansan Asharaaf''' == '''<big><u>Cilimaa u' diin</u></big>''' : 1- [[Sheekh yuusuf al kowneyn school|Sheekh Yuusuf Alkowneyn]] [oo ah Ah Qofkii Alifey Hingaada Carabiga ] 2- Sheikh Sharif Nurow Aamiin Barkhadle {oo ahaa Caalim Diimeed oo ahaa Aasaasihii Jameecada Rowlo oo ku Caan baxday fidinta Diinta Islaamka} <ref>Culimaaudiinka </ref> 3- [[Sheikh Hussein|Sheekh Xuseen Baale]] yaale 4- [[عيدروس|Shariif Caydaruus]] Al nudeeri [duqii Hore Magaalada Muqdisho ] 5- Sayid murshid sayid cabdalla 6- Sheekh [[Cumar Faaruuq]] [waxa uu aha ninki qoraanka oo dhan si fasiix umada ugu turjumay luqada afka somaliga] 7- Sheekh Sharif Cabdinuur (Aabihii xadiiska). 8- [[Shariif Cumar Aarak]] Iyo Walaalkiis Cabdalle Aarak 9- Sayid Axmed sayid abdulwahid [oo ahaa ninkii qarnigii 19aad ugu cilmiga badna afrika, sida ay shegaan culimada reer Makka] 10- Sheekh [[Macruuf|Shariif macruuf]] Shariif Axmed 11 - Sheekh Shariif Dhawiil 12 - Sheekh Shariif Siidkey Sharif Nuurow Aamin Barkhadle 13 -Sheekh C/raxmaan Markaawi 14 -Sheekh Maxamed Haadi (AUN) 15- Sheekh Cabdiraxmaan Abaayle [oo ahaa Imaankii afaraaf Ee Imaaradii Ibeerey ee Baardheere] 16- Sheekh Ibraahim Cabdullahi Cali [oo ah qoraaga buuga (بشائر العلماء بدلائل الفقهاء)] 17-Sheekh Maxamuud Fanax 18-Sheikh Cabdiraxmaan Shariif 19-Sheikh Zakariye Shariif Xasan 20-Sheikh Maxamed Cumar 21-Sheikh Shariif Maxamed Dhuub '''<big><u>Siyaasiyiinta Asharaa</u></big>''' 2.[[Sharif Salah mohamed Ali]] (xildhibaan hore) 3. Xildhibaan Shariif Maxamed C/llahi 4. Wasiir Xil. Salah Sharif Sayid Ali (Siidkey) 5. [[Fahad Yaasiin|Fahad yaasiin xaaji daahir]] 6. Xildhibaan Shariif Mustafa 7. Xildhibaan Axmed weli 8. Wasiir Cabdiraxmaan Shariif Xuseen 9.Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Carmo 10- Wasiir Faarax Sheikh Cabdiqaadir (Wasiirka Waxbarashada dowlada Federalka ) 11. Wasiir Maxamed Shariif Isxaaq 12. Safia Ba-alawi (Gud. Deg. Shangani ee gobolka Banadir) '''<u><big>Fanaaniinta Asharaaf</big></u>''' # Shaadiyo Sharaf # Hani Uk(fanaan) 3. Doni B(fanaan) 4. Najma Nuura (fanaan) 5. Axmed Sharif Killer (fanaan) 6. Sharif Bastow(fanaan) 7-Idil Ayruush (fanaan) 8-Nimco Liina (Fanaan) 9- Mukhtaar sooshiyaal (Fanaan) 10-Mahdi shariif Macruuf (Fanaan) 11- Aadan Onkod (fanaan) 12- king Khalid (Fanaan) == '''Tixra'''<ref>Shariif Hassan Adan Mohmed (Mamulka masjad al_suna) </ref>'''ac''' == fbn2o74t9im9m4mf8j9znj6yb72etp7 0 8378 300694 295833 2026-07-03T13:17:47Z Dacaryare 24128 Xogtan waan saxay yaan lagu xad-gudbin. 300694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Xerojaalle.jpg|thumb|411x411px|Sawirka degmada Xerojaalle, gobolka Mudug.]] Degmada '''Xerojaale''' waxay dhacdaa galbeedka Gobalka [[Mudug]] waxayna u dhaxay saa degmada [[Galdogob]] iyo [[Beyra]] waana magaalo qadiimi ah oo aad ku arkayso wax yaabo layaab sida dhisme hore, waxa kale oo ay leedahay dugsi hoose dhexe iyo sare iyo xarun isgaarsiin, Xarun Caafimaad iyo Machad, degmada waxaa dega Beelweynta (Kuulbeyr Maxamed Camal), Waa Qabiil si weyn looga yaqaan gobolka Mudug iyo Guud ahaan Puntland waxaa ka dhashay rag taariikh culus ku leh deegaanka iyo Soomaalida. == Taariikh == degmadan ayaan in badan waxay ahayd mid aan ladegin xilayadii gumaystaha dalka uu qabsanyey wakhtigaas waxay ahayd meel furin ah halka markii soomaalidii hore ay ku dagaalami jireen<mapframe latitude="6.985886" longitude="47.186169" zoom="17" width="384" height="310" />Dhanka kale Degmadan Xerojaale ayaa sida aad magaca aad ka dareemayso ah meel doog badan oo illaahay ku manaystay waxaana hada degmadaas ku sugan dadkii u dhashay deegaankaas oo markii horana daganaa waxayna degmadan dhismatay wakhtigii dawlada dhexe ee soomaaliya ay wadanka ka ariminaysay iyadoo xilaagaa aan loo aqoonsanay Degmo laakiin wakhtigan waxay ka tirsan tahay degmo katirsan Gobalka Mudug. In kasta oo aan wali xaqii degmo ahaan aanay wali ka helin Puntland intaas waxaa u sii dheer colaad iyo xaglin kaga Timaada dhinacyada kalle intii madax soo martay dalka markii laga reebo dowladii dhexe ee dalka mohamed siyaad bare oo taariikhda galay waxaa la sheegaa in baraagtii ugu horeysay uu dhisay siyaad bare intaas ka dib madaxda puntland inta soo martay xukunka waxaa taariikh wanaagsan ka galay mudane madaxweyne abdi wali ali gaas oo xaqiiqdii u hiiliyay dadka iyo deegaankaas waxa uu booqday degmada Xerojaale ilaa 5 jeer meesha madexdii ka horeysay aysan xitaa soo hadal qaadin iyadoo dastuurka puntland ay ku xusan tahay cadaalad u samaynta deegaamada puntland, Mudame abdi wali gaas waxaan u heynaa mahad naq iyo abaal taariikhda ugalay. Faysal sheekh said USA Mercyexpressllc@gmail.com aalotimacad@hotmail.com aq3kl2f8fcl3xozz35wkohbfmva1msn 0 19603 300759 198897 2026-07-04T02:01:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Somalia map states regions districts.png|thumb|Khariirada Soomaaliya, Maamullada, Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka]] [[Al-Shabaab|Ururka Al-Shabaab]] ayaa weeraray xarunta Ciidanka Midow Afrika ([[Amisom]]) ee [[Leego]] oo ah degmo ka tirsan Gobolka [[Baay]], waxayna ku dileen wax ka badan 70 askari oo ka tirsan ciidankaas, waxayna la wareegeen gabi ahaan saldhigii ciidanka [[Ciidamada Midowga Afrika|Amisom]] 26 [[juun]] [[2015]].<ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.voanews.com/content/suicide-bomber-attacks-african-union-base-somalia/2837996.html "Al-Shabab Attack Kills Scores of AU Troops"]. </cite></ref><ref><cite class="citation web">[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/26/al-shabaab-attacks-african-union-base-somalia-scores-killed "Al-Shabaab kills dozens of African Union troops at base in Somalia"]. ''the Guardian''.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leego+%282015%29&rft.atitle=Al-Shabaab+kills+dozens+of+African+Union+troops+at+base+in+Somalia&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjun%2F26%2Fal-shabaab-attacks-african-union-base-somalia-scores-killed&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal">&nbsp;</span></ref><ref name="mgafrica"><cite class="citation web">[http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-06-26-al-shabaab-militants-overrun-african-union-somalia-base-manned-by-burundi-troops "UPDATE: Al-Shabaab claim killing 30 as they 'overrun' AU Somalia base manned by Burundi troops"] {{Wayback|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-06-26-al-shabaab-militants-overrun-african-union-somalia-base-manned-by-burundi-troops |date=20150717042844 }}. </cite></ref> Qaybta hore ee xerada [[Ciidamada Midowga Afrika|Ciidanka Amison]] oo ay joogeen ku dhawaad 100 askari oo [[Burundi|Burund<nowiki/>ees]] ah ayaa lagu weeraray [[baabuur]] miinaysan, iyo gantaalada garabka laga rido ee sabanka ([[RPG]]) iyo hubka darandooriga u dhaca. [[Dowlad|Ciidamada dowlada]] [[soomaaliya]] ayaa dib ugala wareegay [[Al-Shabaab|Al-shabaab]]  28kii [[juun]] markii  ay isaga bexeen iyagoo muujin wax iska caabin ah. ka dib markii ay qoorta ka gooyeen gudoomiye ku xigeenkii degaanka maxaabiisna ay hore u sii kexeysteen.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201506290645.html]</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Dagaal]] [[Category:Duullaan]] 4t6ckihggmtvyexzg4iu7wivn0u61cy 1 30082 300740 267588 2026-07-03T16:04:44Z ~2026-38004-32 46333 300740 wikitext text/x-wiki the tablet is '''shiny''' [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-38004-32|&#126;2026-38004-32]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-38004-32|wadahadal]]) 16:04, 3 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC) c3q57iv3x5wjtwggbubfidkuclwssya 300741 300740 2026-07-03T16:38:11Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu dib u noqay badalkii oo sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/~2026-38004-32|~2026-38004-32]] ([[User talk:~2026-38004-32|wadahadal]]) kuna celiyay badalkii ka danbeeyay oo sameeyay [[User:OrangKalideres|OrangKalideres]] 300741 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 32082 300659 300611 2026-07-03T12:01:05Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* Guddida Caddaaladda */ Higaada 300659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Garsoorka Somaliland}} '''Garsoorka Somaliland''' Garsoorku waa waax ka mid ah saddexda waaxood ee ku cad dastuurka [[Somaliland]] . Waxa qeexaya [[Dastuurka]] Somaliland QAYBTA AFRAAD XUBINTA 1AAD WAAXDA GARSOORKA QODOBKA 97AAD 1. Waxa Qaranku yeelanayaa Waax Garsoor, oo hawsheedu tahay u gar-naqa ka dhaxeeya Dawladda & dadka; & dadka dhexdooda. 2. Waaxda Garsoorku waxay hawlaheeda u fulinaysaa si Dastuurka waafaqsan, iyada oo ka madax-bannaan waaxyaha kale ee Qaranka. QODOBKA 98AAD 1. Garsoorku waxa uu awood gaar ah u leeyahay: b). In uu fasiro micnaha xeerarka ka soo baxa Golayaasha dastuuriga ah iyo xeerarka degdegga ah iyada oo la raacayo Dastuurka. t). Inuu ka garsooro khilaafka ka dhex abuurma laamaha Dawladda oo dhinac ah iyo xubno ka tirsan dadweynaha oo dhinac ah ama dadweynaha dhexdooda. j). Inuu ka taliyo muran kasta oo Ia xidhiidha waafaqsanaanta Dastuurka. 2. Ma bannaana in garsooruhu qabto shaqo kale inta uu hayo xilka Garsoorka. 3. Daryeelka ku habboon garsoorayaasha xeer baa nidaaminaya QODOBKA 99AAD DHISMAHA GARSOORKA 1. Hay'adaha Garsoorku waxay ka kooban yihiin maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaalinta. 2. Garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaaliyaashoodu waxay u madaxbannaan yihiin hawshooda garsoor iyaga oo raacaya xeerka oo keliya. Waxa sii sharaxaya xeerka nidaamka Garsoorka Somaliland == Taariikhda Nidaamka Sharciga == === Gumeysiga Kahor === Ka hor gumaysiga dhulka hadda ah [[Somaliland]] wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ''[[xeer]]'', ama [[Xeer|''xeerarka'']] dhaqameed dhaqameed. Sharcigan waxaa dhaqan galiyay odayaasha qabaa'ilka marka lagu daro sharciga shareecada ee ay ku dhaqmaan culimada diinta Islaamka. === Gumeysigii Ingiriiska (1884 ila Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka) === Ka dib markii ay si rasmi ah ugala wareegeen gacan ku haynta Somaliland dalka Masar 1884 aheyd, gumeystayaashii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingriiska]] waxay soo saareen sharci guud oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saleysan nidaamkii sharci ee ay ka hirgeliyeen gumeysigii Hindiya. === Ka mid ahaanshaha Soomaaliya (1960 ila 1991) === Ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 1960-kii dalkii la odhan jiray [[Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya|Talyaanigu]] 1960 si loo abuuro dawlad cusub oo [[Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya ah]], Somaliland ma lahayn nidaam sharci oo madax-bannaan oo u gaar ah ilaa xorriyadeeda. Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, maxkamadaha hoose ee [[Gobolada Somaliland|goboladda Somaliland]] waxay wali adeegsadeen sharcigii gumaysiga Ingiriiska ilaa 1977. === Xorriyadda Kadib (1991 ila Maanta) === Ka dib markii [[Somaliland]] ku [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland|dhawaaqday]] inay ka go'day [[Soomaaliya]] 1991, maxkamadaha waxaa lagu xukumay muddo kooban iyadoo la adeegsanayay dhaqamadii Talyaaniga ilaa dagaalkii ka socday [[Boorama]] la joojiyay dhammaan horumarkii. Laga soo bilaabo 1993 ilaa 1997, Axdigii Boorama wuxuu faray sameynta garsoor madaxbanaan oo cusub oo adeegsaday sharciyo kahor 1969. Taan iyo markii la ansixiyaay dastuurka [[Somaliland|Soomaaliland]] 1997 nidaamkii sharci wuxuu ka koobnaa sadex qaabdhismeed sharciyeed oo isku dhafan, iyadoo garsoorayaashu ay si kale u dabaqeen shareecada, sharciga gumaysiga [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriiska]], iyo ''xeer'' . == Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha == Shanta heer ee maxkamadaha [[Somaliland]] waa: Maxkamadda Sare, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga, Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka ee Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka, iyo Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka. [[Maxkamadda Sare ee Somaliland]] waa maxkamadda ugu sarraysa garsoorka waxayna ka kooban tahay Gudoomiyeha Maxkamadda sare iyo ugu yaraan afar kale oo la shaqeeya garsoorayaasha. Maxkamadda sare waxay ku shaqeysaa saddex awoodood oo kala duwan. Marka hore waa maxkamada racfaanka kama dambaysta ah sidaas darteedna waxay dhagaysan kartaa dacwadaha ay dib ugu celiso maxkamadaha hoose ee khuseeya dhammaan arrimaha ciqaabta ama sharciga madaniga ah. Awooddaan waxay sidoo kale kahadleysaa walaaca laga qabo ansaxnimada doorashooyinka qaranka. Ta labaad, waxay u dhaqantaa sidii maxkamadda dastuuriga ah, iyadoo ka hadlaysa arrimaha fasiraadda dastuurka iyo ku dhaqanka. Ugu dambeyntiina, kiisaska xil ka qaadista ee lagu soo oogay wasiirrada dowladda waxay u shaqeysaa sida Maxkamadda Sare ee Caddaaladda, iyada oo dusha kala socota dacwadda kuna baaqeysa in laga qaado wasiirrada haddii lagu helo dambi. Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda waxay ka kooban tahay shan xubnood oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Sare iyo afar xubnood oo dheeri ah oo laga soo kala xulay min laba aqal ee Baarlamaanka. Hawsha shaqo ka xayuubinta Madaxweynaha ama Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka, iyada oo uu kormeerayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, waxa gacanta ku haya baarlamanka halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd Maxkamadda Sare lafteeda. {| class="wikitable" |+Liiska Gudoomuyayaasha soo maray Maxkamada sare ee Jamhuuriyadda somaliland ! Magaca ! Xafiiska ! Magacaabay ! Xusuusin |- | Muuse Xaaji Diiriye (Idaar) | 1993 – 1997 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 1997 – 1998 | Mohamed I. Cigaal. |- | Maxamed Xaaji Siciid: | 1999 – 2001 | Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 2001 – 2002 [Mar labaad]. | Cigaal | Waxaa uu hayay hal sanno oo ku meel gaadh ah |- | Siciid Axmed Faarax. | June 2002 – July 2003 | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin |- | Faysal Xaaji Jaamac Geeddi. | August 2003 – August 2006 | Daahir Rayaale |- | Maxamed Xirsi Ismaaciil Oomane. | September 2006 – June 2011 | Daahir Rayaale. |- | Yuusuf Ismaaciil Cali. | July 2011 – 19 April 2015. | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- | Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed. | 24 May 2015 – ilaa hadda | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- === Maxkamadaha Rayidka ee Hoose === Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka Gobollada, Maxkamaddaha Gobollada, iyo Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka dhammaantood waxaa maamula Guddiga Caddaaladda waxayna wax ka qabtan dhamman anshaxa sharciga madaniga iyo kan ciqaabta. === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka Somaliland waxay dhagaystaan dacwadaha ciqaabta ah ee lagu soo oogo xubnaha xoogagga hubeysan xilligii nabadda ama dagaalka. Magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista gudoomiyaha maxkamada sare ahna guddoomiyaha guddiga cadaaladda Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxaa magacaaba madaxwaynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxaana labada goorba cod hal dheeri ah ku ansixiya xil Fadhi wada jir ah labada gole baarlamaan ee (wakiilada iyo guurtida) Waxaa xilka u dhaariya Madaxweynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka jamhuuriyadda Somaliland QODOBKA: 38AAD: BAARLAMAANKA IYO FADHIYADA WADA JIRKA AH Farqadiisa 5aad xarafka (D) Ansixinta Magacaabidda Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare QODOBKA 129AAD: DHAARTA DASTUURIGA AH Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare oo isla markaana ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ayaa dhaarinaya cid kasta oo Dastuurku ku waajibiyey dhaartan Dastuuriga ah, ka hor inta aanu xilkiisa bilaabin; sidoo kale waxaa isagana dhaarinaya Madaxweynaha."WAXAAN ILLAAHAY UGU DHAARTAY IN AAN U NOQONAYO DAACAD DIINTA ISLAAMKA, DALKAYGA SOMALILAND, DADKIISANA KU MAAMULAYO SINNAAN IYO CADDAALAD INTA AAN XILKA HAYO". QODOBKA 105AAD: MAGACAABIDDA GUDOOMIYAHA MAXKAMADDA SARE IYO GARSOORAYAASHA MAXKAMADDA SARE 1. Madaxweynuhu isaga oo la tashanaya Guddida Cadaaladda, waxa uu magacaabayaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare iyo garsoorayaasha Maxamadda Sare, iyada oo Ia tixgelinayo:- heerka waxbarasho, waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed iyo suubanaan akhlaaqdeed. Magacaabidda Guddomiyaha Maxamadda Sare waxa ansixinaya Golayaasha (Wakiilada iyo Guurtida) oo fadhi wada jir ah yeesha muddo aan ka badnayn saddex {3} bilood marka laga bilaabo taariikhda magacawga. Waxa Ku-xigeenka Guddoomiyaha noqon doonaa garsooraha dhinaca darajada ugu sarreeya garsoorayaasha ka tirsan Maxamadda Sare (Seniority) 2. Ma bannaana in loo magacaabo xilka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare qof aan buuxin shuruudaha hoos ku sheegan: b. Waa inuu yahay muwaadin ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. t. Waa inuu haystaa shahaado jaamicadeed oo barasho sharciga ah oo la aqoonsanyahay. j. Waa inuu leeyahay waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed oo aan ka yarayn isugeyn toban sano; kuna soo shaqeeyey garsoore ama/iyo xeer-ilaaliye ama/iyo qareen ama/iyo macallin jaamicad ka bara sharciga. x. Waa inuu siyaasadda ka madax bannaan yahay. 3. Madaxweynuhu xilka wuu ka qaadi karaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare, isaga oo u baahan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiilada & Golaha Guurtida. == Guddida Caddaaladda == Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxa uu sheegay sameynta (gudida Caddaaladda), oo shaqadoodu tahay sida ku cad:- QODOBKA 108AAD HAWSHA [[GUDDIDA CADAALADDA]] 1. Guddida Cadaaladdu waxay u xil-saaran tahay: shaqo-siinta, xil-ka-qaadista, dallacaadda, hoos-u-dhigidda, bedelaadda iyo anshax-marinta garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha hoose (maxkamadaha racfaanka, gobollada iyo degmooyinka} iyo Ku-xigeenada Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. {| class="wikitable" |+Gudida Cadaalada Somaliland ! Cinwaanka ! Darajo ! Xusuusin |- | Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare | Gudoomiye | |- | Labada garsoore ee ku xiga dhinaca darajada | Xubno | |- | Xeer ilaaliyaha guud | Xubin | |- | Agaasimaha Wasaaradda Caddaaladda | Xubin | |- | Guddoomiyaha Hay'adda shaqaalaha Dawladda | Xubin | |- | Aqoonyahan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Ganacsade | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Wakiilada labadii sanno ba mar |- | Qof aqoon u leh dhaqanka dhaqan yaqaan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Guurtida Somaliland|aGolaha Guurtida]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Aqoon diimeed leh culimada Diinta | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Guurtida labadii sanno ba mar |- | '''Xigasho:''' | | |} == Garyaqaanka guud == Garyaqaanka guud ee Somaliland waxaa magacaabay Madaxweynaha, waxaana ansixinaya Golaha Wakiilada. L Sida uu dhigayo qodobada 5aad iyo 6aad ee xeerka xafiiska garyaqaanka guud ee somaliland (XEER NO.89/2024) Waxaa ka mid ah Awoodaha iyo shaqada Garyaqaanka Guud Sidan: (QODOBKA 5AAD aasaasidda Xafliska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumadda Ujeeddada loo sasaessay Xafiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu waa in la helo xafiis dawladeed oo qaabilsan adeegyada sharci se ay ka mid yihin: 1. Ka qayb qaadashada ama bilaabidda dacwadaha madaniga ah lyo kuwa Idaarige sh ee ka furan maxkamadaha dalka ee ay hay'adaha dawladdu qayb ka yihin. 2. Kala talinta sharci ee dawladde lyo laamaheeda kala duwan si loo xaqiljiyo in tallaabooyinka la qaadayaa ay noodaan kuwa sharciga waafaqsan. 3. Diyaarinta ama dibu/eegista qahyn-qoraallada xeerarka ay xukuumaddu curiso ee loo gudbinayo Golsha Wasiirrada (Cabinet) 4. Soo saaridda lyo faafinta xeerarka iya qorzallada ay tahay in lagu daabaco faafinta si laamaha dawładda iyo dadwaynuhuba u helaan xeerarka dalka ee soo baxe 5. Ku soo saarista faafinta rasmiga an xeerarka ama wax ka beddeilada xeer, 30 masimoed gudahood, kaddib markuu Madaxweynuhu saxeexo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer, haddli dan xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer gudahooda lagu cayimin muddo lagu faaliyo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer oo ka duwan muddada ku susan faqraddan. QODOBKA 6aad Xil gudashada Xafiiska 1. Xil gudashada Xafiiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu marka uu gudanayo waajibaadkiisa ama uu isticmaalayo awoodihiisa xeerkan ku xusan waxa hagaya oo saldrig u an Shareecadda Islaamka, Dastuurka JSL, xeerkan lyo xeerarka kale JSL. 2. Waxa uu xilkisa iyo woajbaadklisa shago u gudanayaa si madax bannaan on waafaqsan xeerkan, xeerka kala xaddaynta awoodaha dawladde lyo xeerarka kale en dalka. == Dhaleecayn iyo isku dayga dib u habaynta == Dhaliil badan ayaa loo jeediyaa garsoorka Somaliland, gaar ahaan waxqabad la’aantiisa iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga oo aan loo sinayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, garsoorka waxaa loo arkaa inuu si aad ah ugu xoog badan yahay xoogag ka baxsan, oo ay ku jiraan laamaha Fulinta iyo Sharci dejinta. Mid ka mid ah tusaalahan ayaa ah awooda Madaxweynaha ee ah inuu shaqada ka eryi karo garsoorayaasha maxkamada sare sabab la'aan sabab la'aan, waa awood uu madaxweyne Mohamoud adeegsaday 2011 markii uu kala diray sideed garsoore oo maxkamada sare ah oo fadhiyay. Sida ku xusan daraasad la sameeyay 2016 oo ku saabsan xaaladda garsoorka Somaliland, sababaha ugu horreeya ee garsoorka u liito iyo madax-bannaanidooda waxaa ka mid ahaa maalgelin la’aan, sharciyo badan oo iskhilaafsan oo khuseeya garsoorka, iyo door aan caddayn oo garsoorka sida lagu qeexay dastuurka. Sharciga ku saabsan Abaabulka Garsoorka, oo ah isku daygii ugu dambeeyay ee wax ku oolka ah ee dib u habeynta garsoorka, waxaa loo ansixiyay laba qaab oo kala duwan labadaba 2003 iyo 2008 maaddaama labaduba ay farsamo ahaan u ansixiyeen labada aqal ee Baarlamaanku uuna ansixiyay Madaxweynaha, labaduba wali xukuma nidaamka garsoorka maanta. Shuruucdani waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr qaybood oo is burinaya ama aan caddayn, in kasta oo sharci saddexaad oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo labada ka horreeyay hadda la qorayo, weli sharci lama gelin. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jiray iskudayo badan oo dib-u-habeyn ah, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii la magacaabay 2015-kii Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee isbedel-doonka ah Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed . Laga soo bilaabo 2012–2016 [[Wasaaradda Caddaaladda ee Somaliland]] waxay hirgalisay barnaamij tababar oo socon doona muddo afar sano ah oo lagu tababarayo ardayda ka qalin jabisay dugsiyada sharciga si ay uga soo baxaan garsoorka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jiray NGO-yo badan oo soo saaray warbixino ku saabsan dib-u-habeynta iyo soo-jeedinta fikradaha ku saabsan sida loo horumarin karo garsoorka. == Tixraacyo == [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Distoorka_oo_Dhan.htm]] [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/introduction_to_somaliland_law.html]] [[https://www.govsomaliland.org/]] [[https://www.linkedin.com/in/somaliland-lawyers-association-solla-6566377a?originalSubdomain=so]] [[Category: Qareenadda Somaliland]] 3wc94vvxf2za8qnro03t4wjv710b0y6 300668 300659 2026-07-03T12:10:15Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha */ Sixid xaga taariikhda iyo magacyada siday isugu xigeen 300668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Garsoorka Somaliland}} '''Garsoorka Somaliland''' Garsoorku waa waax ka mid ah saddexda waaxood ee ku cad dastuurka [[Somaliland]] . Waxa qeexaya [[Dastuurka]] Somaliland QAYBTA AFRAAD XUBINTA 1AAD WAAXDA GARSOORKA QODOBKA 97AAD 1. Waxa Qaranku yeelanayaa Waax Garsoor, oo hawsheedu tahay u gar-naqa ka dhaxeeya Dawladda & dadka; & dadka dhexdooda. 2. Waaxda Garsoorku waxay hawlaheeda u fulinaysaa si Dastuurka waafaqsan, iyada oo ka madax-bannaan waaxyaha kale ee Qaranka. QODOBKA 98AAD 1. Garsoorku waxa uu awood gaar ah u leeyahay: b). In uu fasiro micnaha xeerarka ka soo baxa Golayaasha dastuuriga ah iyo xeerarka degdegga ah iyada oo la raacayo Dastuurka. t). Inuu ka garsooro khilaafka ka dhex abuurma laamaha Dawladda oo dhinac ah iyo xubno ka tirsan dadweynaha oo dhinac ah ama dadweynaha dhexdooda. j). Inuu ka taliyo muran kasta oo Ia xidhiidha waafaqsanaanta Dastuurka. 2. Ma bannaana in garsooruhu qabto shaqo kale inta uu hayo xilka Garsoorka. 3. Daryeelka ku habboon garsoorayaasha xeer baa nidaaminaya QODOBKA 99AAD DHISMAHA GARSOORKA 1. Hay'adaha Garsoorku waxay ka kooban yihiin maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaalinta. 2. Garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaaliyaashoodu waxay u madaxbannaan yihiin hawshooda garsoor iyaga oo raacaya xeerka oo keliya. Waxa sii sharaxaya xeerka nidaamka Garsoorka Somaliland == Taariikhda Nidaamka Sharciga == === Gumeysiga Kahor === Ka hor gumaysiga dhulka hadda ah [[Somaliland]] wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ''[[xeer]]'', ama [[Xeer|''xeerarka'']] dhaqameed dhaqameed. Sharcigan waxaa dhaqan galiyay odayaasha qabaa'ilka marka lagu daro sharciga shareecada ee ay ku dhaqmaan culimada diinta Islaamka. === Gumeysigii Ingiriiska (1884 ila Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka) === Ka dib markii ay si rasmi ah ugala wareegeen gacan ku haynta Somaliland dalka Masar 1884 aheyd, gumeystayaashii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingriiska]] waxay soo saareen sharci guud oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saleysan nidaamkii sharci ee ay ka hirgeliyeen gumeysigii Hindiya. === Ka mid ahaanshaha Soomaaliya (1960 ila 1991) === Ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 1960-kii dalkii la odhan jiray [[Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya|Talyaanigu]] 1960 si loo abuuro dawlad cusub oo [[Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya ah]], Somaliland ma lahayn nidaam sharci oo madax-bannaan oo u gaar ah ilaa xorriyadeeda. Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, maxkamadaha hoose ee [[Gobolada Somaliland|goboladda Somaliland]] waxay wali adeegsadeen sharcigii gumaysiga Ingiriiska ilaa 1977. === Xorriyadda Kadib (1991 ila Maanta) === Ka dib markii [[Somaliland]] ku [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland|dhawaaqday]] inay ka go'day [[Soomaaliya]] 1991, maxkamadaha waxaa lagu xukumay muddo kooban iyadoo la adeegsanayay dhaqamadii Talyaaniga ilaa dagaalkii ka socday [[Boorama]] la joojiyay dhammaan horumarkii. Laga soo bilaabo 1993 ilaa 1997, Axdigii Boorama wuxuu faray sameynta garsoor madaxbanaan oo cusub oo adeegsaday sharciyo kahor 1969. Taan iyo markii la ansixiyaay dastuurka [[Somaliland|Soomaaliland]] 1997 nidaamkii sharci wuxuu ka koobnaa sadex qaabdhismeed sharciyeed oo isku dhafan, iyadoo garsoorayaashu ay si kale u dabaqeen shareecada, sharciga gumaysiga [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriiska]], iyo ''xeer'' . == Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha == Shanta heer ee maxkamadaha [[Somaliland]] waa: Maxkamadda Sare, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga, Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka ee Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka, iyo Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka. [[Maxkamadda Sare ee Somaliland]] waa maxkamadda ugu sarraysa garsoorka waxayna ka kooban tahay Gudoomiyeha Maxkamadda sare iyo ugu yaraan afar kale oo la shaqeeya garsoorayaasha. Maxkamadda sare waxay ku shaqeysaa saddex awoodood oo kala duwan. Marka hore waa maxkamada racfaanka kama dambaysta ah sidaas darteedna waxay dhagaysan kartaa dacwadaha ay dib ugu celiso maxkamadaha hoose ee khuseeya dhammaan arrimaha ciqaabta ama sharciga madaniga ah. Awooddaan waxay sidoo kale kahadleysaa walaaca laga qabo ansaxnimada doorashooyinka qaranka. Ta labaad, waxay u dhaqantaa sidii maxkamadda dastuuriga ah, iyadoo ka hadlaysa arrimaha fasiraadda dastuurka iyo ku dhaqanka. Ugu dambeyntiina, kiisaska xil ka qaadista ee lagu soo oogay wasiirrada dowladda waxay u shaqeysaa sida Maxkamadda Sare ee Caddaaladda, iyada oo dusha kala socota dacwadda kuna baaqeysa in laga qaado wasiirrada haddii lagu helo dambi. Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda waxay ka kooban tahay shan xubnood oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Sare iyo afar xubnood oo dheeri ah oo laga soo kala xulay min laba aqal ee Baarlamaanka. Hawsha shaqo ka xayuubinta Madaxweynaha ama Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka, iyada oo uu kormeerayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, waxa gacanta ku haya baarlamanka halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd Maxkamadda Sare lafteeda. {| class="wikitable" |+Liiska Gudoomuyayaasha soo maray Maxkamada sare ee Jamhuuriyadda somaliland ! Magaca ! Xafiiska ! Magacaabay ! Xusuusin |- | Muuse Xaaji Diiriye (Idaar) | 1993 – 1996 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Xaashi Sheekh Muuse Cabdi. | 1996 – 1998 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 1999 – 2000 | Mohamed I. Cigaal. |- | Maxamed Xaaji Siciid: | 2001 – 2002 | Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | January 2002 – april 2002 [Mar labaad]. | Cigaal | Waxaa uu hayay hal sanno oo ku meel gaadh ah |- | Siciid Axmed Faarax. | June 2002 – July 2003 | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin |- | Faysal Xaaji Jaamac Geeddi. | August 2003 – August 2006 | Daahir Rayaale |- | Maxamed Xirsi Ismaaciil Oomane. | September 2006 – June 2011 | Daahir Rayaale. |- | Yuusuf Ismaaciil Cali. | July 2011 – 19 April 2015. | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- | Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed. | 24 May 2015 – ilaa hadda | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- === Maxkamadaha Rayidka ee Hoose === Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka Gobollada, Maxkamaddaha Gobollada, iyo Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka dhammaantood waxaa maamula Guddiga Caddaaladda waxayna wax ka qabtan dhamman anshaxa sharciga madaniga iyo kan ciqaabta. === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka Somaliland waxay dhagaystaan dacwadaha ciqaabta ah ee lagu soo oogo xubnaha xoogagga hubeysan xilligii nabadda ama dagaalka. Magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista gudoomiyaha maxkamada sare ahna guddoomiyaha guddiga cadaaladda Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxaa magacaaba madaxwaynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxaana labada goorba cod hal dheeri ah ku ansixiya xil Fadhi wada jir ah labada gole baarlamaan ee (wakiilada iyo guurtida) Waxaa xilka u dhaariya Madaxweynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka jamhuuriyadda Somaliland QODOBKA: 38AAD: BAARLAMAANKA IYO FADHIYADA WADA JIRKA AH Farqadiisa 5aad xarafka (D) Ansixinta Magacaabidda Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare QODOBKA 129AAD: DHAARTA DASTUURIGA AH Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare oo isla markaana ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ayaa dhaarinaya cid kasta oo Dastuurku ku waajibiyey dhaartan Dastuuriga ah, ka hor inta aanu xilkiisa bilaabin; sidoo kale waxaa isagana dhaarinaya Madaxweynaha."WAXAAN ILLAAHAY UGU DHAARTAY IN AAN U NOQONAYO DAACAD DIINTA ISLAAMKA, DALKAYGA SOMALILAND, DADKIISANA KU MAAMULAYO SINNAAN IYO CADDAALAD INTA AAN XILKA HAYO". QODOBKA 105AAD: MAGACAABIDDA GUDOOMIYAHA MAXKAMADDA SARE IYO GARSOORAYAASHA MAXKAMADDA SARE 1. Madaxweynuhu isaga oo la tashanaya Guddida Cadaaladda, waxa uu magacaabayaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare iyo garsoorayaasha Maxamadda Sare, iyada oo Ia tixgelinayo:- heerka waxbarasho, waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed iyo suubanaan akhlaaqdeed. Magacaabidda Guddomiyaha Maxamadda Sare waxa ansixinaya Golayaasha (Wakiilada iyo Guurtida) oo fadhi wada jir ah yeesha muddo aan ka badnayn saddex {3} bilood marka laga bilaabo taariikhda magacawga. Waxa Ku-xigeenka Guddoomiyaha noqon doonaa garsooraha dhinaca darajada ugu sarreeya garsoorayaasha ka tirsan Maxamadda Sare (Seniority) 2. Ma bannaana in loo magacaabo xilka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare qof aan buuxin shuruudaha hoos ku sheegan: b. Waa inuu yahay muwaadin ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. t. Waa inuu haystaa shahaado jaamicadeed oo barasho sharciga ah oo la aqoonsanyahay. j. Waa inuu leeyahay waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed oo aan ka yarayn isugeyn toban sano; kuna soo shaqeeyey garsoore ama/iyo xeer-ilaaliye ama/iyo qareen ama/iyo macallin jaamicad ka bara sharciga. x. Waa inuu siyaasadda ka madax bannaan yahay. 3. Madaxweynuhu xilka wuu ka qaadi karaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare, isaga oo u baahan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiilada & Golaha Guurtida. == Guddida Caddaaladda == Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxa uu sheegay sameynta (gudida Caddaaladda), oo shaqadoodu tahay sida ku cad:- QODOBKA 108AAD HAWSHA [[GUDDIDA CADAALADDA]] 1. Guddida Cadaaladdu waxay u xil-saaran tahay: shaqo-siinta, xil-ka-qaadista, dallacaadda, hoos-u-dhigidda, bedelaadda iyo anshax-marinta garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha hoose (maxkamadaha racfaanka, gobollada iyo degmooyinka} iyo Ku-xigeenada Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. {| class="wikitable" |+Gudida Cadaalada Somaliland ! Cinwaanka ! Darajo ! Xusuusin |- | Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare | Gudoomiye | |- | Labada garsoore ee ku xiga dhinaca darajada | Xubno | |- | Xeer ilaaliyaha guud | Xubin | |- | Agaasimaha Wasaaradda Caddaaladda | Xubin | |- | Guddoomiyaha Hay'adda shaqaalaha Dawladda | Xubin | |- | Aqoonyahan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Ganacsade | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Wakiilada labadii sanno ba mar |- | Qof aqoon u leh dhaqanka dhaqan yaqaan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Guurtida Somaliland|aGolaha Guurtida]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Aqoon diimeed leh culimada Diinta | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Guurtida labadii sanno ba mar |- | '''Xigasho:''' | | |} == Garyaqaanka guud == Garyaqaanka guud ee Somaliland waxaa magacaabay Madaxweynaha, waxaana ansixinaya Golaha Wakiilada. L Sida uu dhigayo qodobada 5aad iyo 6aad ee xeerka xafiiska garyaqaanka guud ee somaliland (XEER NO.89/2024) Waxaa ka mid ah Awoodaha iyo shaqada Garyaqaanka Guud Sidan: (QODOBKA 5AAD aasaasidda Xafliska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumadda Ujeeddada loo sasaessay Xafiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu waa in la helo xafiis dawladeed oo qaabilsan adeegyada sharci se ay ka mid yihin: 1. Ka qayb qaadashada ama bilaabidda dacwadaha madaniga ah lyo kuwa Idaarige sh ee ka furan maxkamadaha dalka ee ay hay'adaha dawladdu qayb ka yihin. 2. Kala talinta sharci ee dawladde lyo laamaheeda kala duwan si loo xaqiljiyo in tallaabooyinka la qaadayaa ay noodaan kuwa sharciga waafaqsan. 3. Diyaarinta ama dibu/eegista qahyn-qoraallada xeerarka ay xukuumaddu curiso ee loo gudbinayo Golsha Wasiirrada (Cabinet) 4. Soo saaridda lyo faafinta xeerarka iya qorzallada ay tahay in lagu daabaco faafinta si laamaha dawładda iyo dadwaynuhuba u helaan xeerarka dalka ee soo baxe 5. Ku soo saarista faafinta rasmiga an xeerarka ama wax ka beddeilada xeer, 30 masimoed gudahood, kaddib markuu Madaxweynuhu saxeexo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer, haddli dan xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer gudahooda lagu cayimin muddo lagu faaliyo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer oo ka duwan muddada ku susan faqraddan. QODOBKA 6aad Xil gudashada Xafiiska 1. Xil gudashada Xafiiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu marka uu gudanayo waajibaadkiisa ama uu isticmaalayo awoodihiisa xeerkan ku xusan waxa hagaya oo saldrig u an Shareecadda Islaamka, Dastuurka JSL, xeerkan lyo xeerarka kale JSL. 2. Waxa uu xilkisa iyo woajbaadklisa shago u gudanayaa si madax bannaan on waafaqsan xeerkan, xeerka kala xaddaynta awoodaha dawladde lyo xeerarka kale en dalka. == Dhaleecayn iyo isku dayga dib u habaynta == Dhaliil badan ayaa loo jeediyaa garsoorka Somaliland, gaar ahaan waxqabad la’aantiisa iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga oo aan loo sinayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, garsoorka waxaa loo arkaa inuu si aad ah ugu xoog badan yahay xoogag ka baxsan, oo ay ku jiraan laamaha Fulinta iyo Sharci dejinta. Mid ka mid ah tusaalahan ayaa ah awooda Madaxweynaha ee ah inuu shaqada ka eryi karo garsoorayaasha maxkamada sare sabab la'aan sabab la'aan, waa awood uu madaxweyne Mohamoud adeegsaday 2011 markii uu kala diray sideed garsoore oo maxkamada sare ah oo fadhiyay. Sida ku xusan daraasad la sameeyay 2016 oo ku saabsan xaaladda garsoorka Somaliland, sababaha ugu horreeya ee garsoorka u liito iyo madax-bannaanidooda waxaa ka mid ahaa maalgelin la’aan, sharciyo badan oo iskhilaafsan oo khuseeya garsoorka, iyo door aan caddayn oo garsoorka sida lagu qeexay dastuurka. Sharciga ku saabsan Abaabulka Garsoorka, oo ah isku daygii ugu dambeeyay ee wax ku oolka ah ee dib u habeynta garsoorka, waxaa loo ansixiyay laba qaab oo kala duwan labadaba 2003 iyo 2008 maaddaama labaduba ay farsamo ahaan u ansixiyeen labada aqal ee Baarlamaanku uuna ansixiyay Madaxweynaha, labaduba wali xukuma nidaamka garsoorka maanta. Shuruucdani waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr qaybood oo is burinaya ama aan caddayn, in kasta oo sharci saddexaad oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo labada ka horreeyay hadda la qorayo, weli sharci lama gelin. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jiray iskudayo badan oo dib-u-habeyn ah, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii la magacaabay 2015-kii Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee isbedel-doonka ah Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed . Laga soo bilaabo 2012–2016 [[Wasaaradda Caddaaladda ee Somaliland]] waxay hirgalisay barnaamij tababar oo socon doona muddo afar sano ah oo lagu tababarayo ardayda ka qalin jabisay dugsiyada sharciga si ay uga soo baxaan garsoorka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jiray NGO-yo badan oo soo saaray warbixino ku saabsan dib-u-habeynta iyo soo-jeedinta fikradaha ku saabsan sida loo horumarin karo garsoorka. == Tixraacyo == [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Distoorka_oo_Dhan.htm]] [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/introduction_to_somaliland_law.html]] [[https://www.govsomaliland.org/]] [[https://www.linkedin.com/in/somaliland-lawyers-association-solla-6566377a?originalSubdomain=so]] [[Category: Qareenadda Somaliland]] 95n9x4uf4mq4h8fcewai75yltsnngon 300673 300668 2026-07-03T12:28:12Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha */ Sixid 300673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Garsoorka Somaliland}} '''Garsoorka Somaliland''' Garsoorku waa waax ka mid ah saddexda waaxood ee ku cad dastuurka [[Somaliland]] . Waxa qeexaya [[Dastuurka]] Somaliland QAYBTA AFRAAD XUBINTA 1AAD WAAXDA GARSOORKA QODOBKA 97AAD 1. Waxa Qaranku yeelanayaa Waax Garsoor, oo hawsheedu tahay u gar-naqa ka dhaxeeya Dawladda & dadka; & dadka dhexdooda. 2. Waaxda Garsoorku waxay hawlaheeda u fulinaysaa si Dastuurka waafaqsan, iyada oo ka madax-bannaan waaxyaha kale ee Qaranka. QODOBKA 98AAD 1. Garsoorku waxa uu awood gaar ah u leeyahay: b). In uu fasiro micnaha xeerarka ka soo baxa Golayaasha dastuuriga ah iyo xeerarka degdegga ah iyada oo la raacayo Dastuurka. t). Inuu ka garsooro khilaafka ka dhex abuurma laamaha Dawladda oo dhinac ah iyo xubno ka tirsan dadweynaha oo dhinac ah ama dadweynaha dhexdooda. j). Inuu ka taliyo muran kasta oo Ia xidhiidha waafaqsanaanta Dastuurka. 2. Ma bannaana in garsooruhu qabto shaqo kale inta uu hayo xilka Garsoorka. 3. Daryeelka ku habboon garsoorayaasha xeer baa nidaaminaya QODOBKA 99AAD DHISMAHA GARSOORKA 1. Hay'adaha Garsoorku waxay ka kooban yihiin maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaalinta. 2. Garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaaliyaashoodu waxay u madaxbannaan yihiin hawshooda garsoor iyaga oo raacaya xeerka oo keliya. Waxa sii sharaxaya xeerka nidaamka Garsoorka Somaliland == Taariikhda Nidaamka Sharciga == === Gumeysiga Kahor === Ka hor gumaysiga dhulka hadda ah [[Somaliland]] wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ''[[xeer]]'', ama [[Xeer|''xeerarka'']] dhaqameed dhaqameed. Sharcigan waxaa dhaqan galiyay odayaasha qabaa'ilka marka lagu daro sharciga shareecada ee ay ku dhaqmaan culimada diinta Islaamka. === Gumeysigii Ingiriiska (1884 ila Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka) === Ka dib markii ay si rasmi ah ugala wareegeen gacan ku haynta Somaliland dalka Masar 1884 aheyd, gumeystayaashii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingriiska]] waxay soo saareen sharci guud oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saleysan nidaamkii sharci ee ay ka hirgeliyeen gumeysigii Hindiya. === Ka mid ahaanshaha Soomaaliya (1960 ila 1991) === Ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 1960-kii dalkii la odhan jiray [[Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya|Talyaanigu]] 1960 si loo abuuro dawlad cusub oo [[Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya ah]], Somaliland ma lahayn nidaam sharci oo madax-bannaan oo u gaar ah ilaa xorriyadeeda. Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, maxkamadaha hoose ee [[Gobolada Somaliland|goboladda Somaliland]] waxay wali adeegsadeen sharcigii gumaysiga Ingiriiska ilaa 1977. === Xorriyadda Kadib (1991 ila Maanta) === Ka dib markii [[Somaliland]] ku [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland|dhawaaqday]] inay ka go'day [[Soomaaliya]] 1991, maxkamadaha waxaa lagu xukumay muddo kooban iyadoo la adeegsanayay dhaqamadii Talyaaniga ilaa dagaalkii ka socday [[Boorama]] la joojiyay dhammaan horumarkii. Laga soo bilaabo 1993 ilaa 1997, Axdigii Boorama wuxuu faray sameynta garsoor madaxbanaan oo cusub oo adeegsaday sharciyo kahor 1969. Taan iyo markii la ansixiyaay dastuurka [[Somaliland|Soomaaliland]] 1997 nidaamkii sharci wuxuu ka koobnaa sadex qaabdhismeed sharciyeed oo isku dhafan, iyadoo garsoorayaashu ay si kale u dabaqeen shareecada, sharciga gumaysiga [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriiska]], iyo ''xeer'' . == Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha == Shanta heer ee maxkamadaha [[Somaliland]] waa: Maxkamadda Sare, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga, Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka ee Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka, iyo Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka. Iyo Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda [[Maxkamadda Sare ee Somaliland]] waa maxkamadda ugu sarraysa garsoorka waxayna ka kooban tahay Gudoomiyeha Maxkamadda sare iyo ugu yaraan afar kale oo la shaqeeya garsoorayaasha. Maxkamadda sare waxay ku shaqeysaa saddex awoodood oo kala duwan. Marka hore waa maxkamada racfaanka kama dambaysta ah sidaas darteedna waxay dhagaysan kartaa dacwadaha ay dib ugu celiso maxkamadaha hoose ee khuseeya dhammaan arrimaha ciqaabta ama sharciga madaniga ah. Awooddaan waxay sidoo kale kahadleysaa walaaca laga qabo ansaxnimada doorashooyinka qaranka. Ta labaad, waxay u dhaqantaa sidii maxkamadda dastuuriga ah, iyadoo ka hadlaysa arrimaha fasiraadda dastuurka iyo ku dhaqanka. Ugu dambeyntiina, kiisaska xil ka qaadista ee lagu soo oogay wasiirrada dowladda waxay u shaqeysaa sida Maxkamadda Sare ee Caddaaladda, iyada oo dusha kala socota dacwadda kuna baaqeysa in laga qaado wasiirrada haddii lagu helo dambi. Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda waxay ka kooban tahay shan xubnood oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Sare iyo afar xubnood oo dheeri ah oo laga soo kala xulay min laba aqal ee Baarlamaanka. Hawsha shaqo ka xayuubinta Madaxweynaha ama Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka, iyada oo uu kormeerayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, waxa gacanta ku haya baarlamanka halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd Maxkamadda Sare lafteeda. {| class="wikitable" |+Liiska Gudoomuyayaasha soo maray Maxkamada sare ee Jamhuuriyadda somaliland ! Magaca ! Xafiiska ! Magacaabay ! Xusuusin |- | Muuse Xaaji Diiriye (Idaar) | 1993 – 1996 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Xaashi Sheekh Muuse Cabdi. | 1996 – 1998 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 1999 – 2000 | Mohamed I. Cigaal. |- | Maxamed Xaaji Siciid: | 2001 – 2002 | Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | January 2002 – april 2002 [Mar labaad]. | Cigaal | Waxaa uu hayay hal sanno oo ku meel gaadh ah |- | Siciid Axmed Faarax. | June 2002 – July 2003 | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin |- | Faysal Xaaji Jaamac Geeddi. | August 2003 – August 2006 | Daahir Rayaale |- | Maxamed Xirsi Ismaaciil Oomane. | September 2006 – June 2011 | Daahir Rayaale. |- | Yuusuf Ismaaciil Cali. | July 2011 – 19 April 2015. | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- | Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed. | 24 May 2015 – ilaa hadda | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- === Maxkamadaha Rayidka ee Hoose === Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka Gobollada, Maxkamaddaha Gobollada, iyo Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka dhammaantood waxaa maamula Guddiga Caddaaladda waxayna wax ka qabtan dhamman anshaxa sharciga madaniga iyo kan ciqaabta. === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka Somaliland waxay dhagaystaan dacwadaha ciqaabta ah ee lagu soo oogo xubnaha xoogagga hubeysan xilligii nabadda ama dagaalka. Magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista gudoomiyaha maxkamada sare ahna guddoomiyaha guddiga cadaaladda Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxaa magacaaba madaxwaynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxaana labada goorba cod hal dheeri ah ku ansixiya xil Fadhi wada jir ah labada gole baarlamaan ee (wakiilada iyo guurtida) Waxaa xilka u dhaariya Madaxweynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka jamhuuriyadda Somaliland QODOBKA: 38AAD: BAARLAMAANKA IYO FADHIYADA WADA JIRKA AH Farqadiisa 5aad xarafka (D) Ansixinta Magacaabidda Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare QODOBKA 129AAD: DHAARTA DASTUURIGA AH Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare oo isla markaana ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ayaa dhaarinaya cid kasta oo Dastuurku ku waajibiyey dhaartan Dastuuriga ah, ka hor inta aanu xilkiisa bilaabin; sidoo kale waxaa isagana dhaarinaya Madaxweynaha."WAXAAN ILLAAHAY UGU DHAARTAY IN AAN U NOQONAYO DAACAD DIINTA ISLAAMKA, DALKAYGA SOMALILAND, DADKIISANA KU MAAMULAYO SINNAAN IYO CADDAALAD INTA AAN XILKA HAYO". QODOBKA 105AAD: MAGACAABIDDA GUDOOMIYAHA MAXKAMADDA SARE IYO GARSOORAYAASHA MAXKAMADDA SARE 1. Madaxweynuhu isaga oo la tashanaya Guddida Cadaaladda, waxa uu magacaabayaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare iyo garsoorayaasha Maxamadda Sare, iyada oo Ia tixgelinayo:- heerka waxbarasho, waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed iyo suubanaan akhlaaqdeed. Magacaabidda Guddomiyaha Maxamadda Sare waxa ansixinaya Golayaasha (Wakiilada iyo Guurtida) oo fadhi wada jir ah yeesha muddo aan ka badnayn saddex {3} bilood marka laga bilaabo taariikhda magacawga. Waxa Ku-xigeenka Guddoomiyaha noqon doonaa garsooraha dhinaca darajada ugu sarreeya garsoorayaasha ka tirsan Maxamadda Sare (Seniority) 2. Ma bannaana in loo magacaabo xilka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare qof aan buuxin shuruudaha hoos ku sheegan: b. Waa inuu yahay muwaadin ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. t. Waa inuu haystaa shahaado jaamicadeed oo barasho sharciga ah oo la aqoonsanyahay. j. Waa inuu leeyahay waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed oo aan ka yarayn isugeyn toban sano; kuna soo shaqeeyey garsoore ama/iyo xeer-ilaaliye ama/iyo qareen ama/iyo macallin jaamicad ka bara sharciga. x. Waa inuu siyaasadda ka madax bannaan yahay. 3. Madaxweynuhu xilka wuu ka qaadi karaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare, isaga oo u baahan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiilada & Golaha Guurtida. == Guddida Caddaaladda == Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxa uu sheegay sameynta (gudida Caddaaladda), oo shaqadoodu tahay sida ku cad:- QODOBKA 108AAD HAWSHA [[GUDDIDA CADAALADDA]] 1. Guddida Cadaaladdu waxay u xil-saaran tahay: shaqo-siinta, xil-ka-qaadista, dallacaadda, hoos-u-dhigidda, bedelaadda iyo anshax-marinta garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha hoose (maxkamadaha racfaanka, gobollada iyo degmooyinka} iyo Ku-xigeenada Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. {| class="wikitable" |+Gudida Cadaalada Somaliland ! Cinwaanka ! Darajo ! Xusuusin |- | Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare | Gudoomiye | |- | Labada garsoore ee ku xiga dhinaca darajada | Xubno | |- | Xeer ilaaliyaha guud | Xubin | |- | Agaasimaha Wasaaradda Caddaaladda | Xubin | |- | Guddoomiyaha Hay'adda shaqaalaha Dawladda | Xubin | |- | Aqoonyahan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Ganacsade | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Wakiilada labadii sanno ba mar |- | Qof aqoon u leh dhaqanka dhaqan yaqaan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Guurtida Somaliland|aGolaha Guurtida]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Aqoon diimeed leh culimada Diinta | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Guurtida labadii sanno ba mar |- | '''Xigasho:''' | | |} == Garyaqaanka guud == Garyaqaanka guud ee Somaliland waxaa magacaabay Madaxweynaha, waxaana ansixinaya Golaha Wakiilada. L Sida uu dhigayo qodobada 5aad iyo 6aad ee xeerka xafiiska garyaqaanka guud ee somaliland (XEER NO.89/2024) Waxaa ka mid ah Awoodaha iyo shaqada Garyaqaanka Guud Sidan: (QODOBKA 5AAD aasaasidda Xafliska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumadda Ujeeddada loo sasaessay Xafiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu waa in la helo xafiis dawladeed oo qaabilsan adeegyada sharci se ay ka mid yihin: 1. Ka qayb qaadashada ama bilaabidda dacwadaha madaniga ah lyo kuwa Idaarige sh ee ka furan maxkamadaha dalka ee ay hay'adaha dawladdu qayb ka yihin. 2. Kala talinta sharci ee dawladde lyo laamaheeda kala duwan si loo xaqiljiyo in tallaabooyinka la qaadayaa ay noodaan kuwa sharciga waafaqsan. 3. Diyaarinta ama dibu/eegista qahyn-qoraallada xeerarka ay xukuumaddu curiso ee loo gudbinayo Golsha Wasiirrada (Cabinet) 4. Soo saaridda lyo faafinta xeerarka iya qorzallada ay tahay in lagu daabaco faafinta si laamaha dawładda iyo dadwaynuhuba u helaan xeerarka dalka ee soo baxe 5. Ku soo saarista faafinta rasmiga an xeerarka ama wax ka beddeilada xeer, 30 masimoed gudahood, kaddib markuu Madaxweynuhu saxeexo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer, haddli dan xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer gudahooda lagu cayimin muddo lagu faaliyo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer oo ka duwan muddada ku susan faqraddan. QODOBKA 6aad Xil gudashada Xafiiska 1. Xil gudashada Xafiiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu marka uu gudanayo waajibaadkiisa ama uu isticmaalayo awoodihiisa xeerkan ku xusan waxa hagaya oo saldrig u an Shareecadda Islaamka, Dastuurka JSL, xeerkan lyo xeerarka kale JSL. 2. Waxa uu xilkisa iyo woajbaadklisa shago u gudanayaa si madax bannaan on waafaqsan xeerkan, xeerka kala xaddaynta awoodaha dawladde lyo xeerarka kale en dalka. == Dhaleecayn iyo isku dayga dib u habaynta == Dhaliil badan ayaa loo jeediyaa garsoorka Somaliland, gaar ahaan waxqabad la’aantiisa iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga oo aan loo sinayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, garsoorka waxaa loo arkaa inuu si aad ah ugu xoog badan yahay xoogag ka baxsan, oo ay ku jiraan laamaha Fulinta iyo Sharci dejinta. Mid ka mid ah tusaalahan ayaa ah awooda Madaxweynaha ee ah inuu shaqada ka eryi karo garsoorayaasha maxkamada sare sabab la'aan sabab la'aan, waa awood uu madaxweyne Mohamoud adeegsaday 2011 markii uu kala diray sideed garsoore oo maxkamada sare ah oo fadhiyay. Sida ku xusan daraasad la sameeyay 2016 oo ku saabsan xaaladda garsoorka Somaliland, sababaha ugu horreeya ee garsoorka u liito iyo madax-bannaanidooda waxaa ka mid ahaa maalgelin la’aan, sharciyo badan oo iskhilaafsan oo khuseeya garsoorka, iyo door aan caddayn oo garsoorka sida lagu qeexay dastuurka. Sharciga ku saabsan Abaabulka Garsoorka, oo ah isku daygii ugu dambeeyay ee wax ku oolka ah ee dib u habeynta garsoorka, waxaa loo ansixiyay laba qaab oo kala duwan labadaba 2003 iyo 2008 maaddaama labaduba ay farsamo ahaan u ansixiyeen labada aqal ee Baarlamaanku uuna ansixiyay Madaxweynaha, labaduba wali xukuma nidaamka garsoorka maanta. Shuruucdani waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr qaybood oo is burinaya ama aan caddayn, in kasta oo sharci saddexaad oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo labada ka horreeyay hadda la qorayo, weli sharci lama gelin. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jiray iskudayo badan oo dib-u-habeyn ah, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii la magacaabay 2015-kii Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee isbedel-doonka ah Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed . Laga soo bilaabo 2012–2016 [[Wasaaradda Caddaaladda ee Somaliland]] waxay hirgalisay barnaamij tababar oo socon doona muddo afar sano ah oo lagu tababarayo ardayda ka qalin jabisay dugsiyada sharciga si ay uga soo baxaan garsoorka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jiray NGO-yo badan oo soo saaray warbixino ku saabsan dib-u-habeynta iyo soo-jeedinta fikradaha ku saabsan sida loo horumarin karo garsoorka. == Tixraacyo == [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Distoorka_oo_Dhan.htm]] [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/introduction_to_somaliland_law.html]] [[https://www.govsomaliland.org/]] [[https://www.linkedin.com/in/somaliland-lawyers-association-solla-6566377a?originalSubdomain=so]] [[Category: Qareenadda Somaliland]] 7kls5widfnn9bo2qx8g3j6fo3oi34pz 300675 300673 2026-07-03T12:30:46Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* Cabashooyinka iyo isku dayga dib u habaynta */ 300675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Garsoorka Somaliland}} '''Garsoorka Somaliland''' Garsoorku waa waax ka mid ah saddexda waaxood ee ku cad dastuurka [[Somaliland]] . Waxa qeexaya [[Dastuurka]] Somaliland QAYBTA AFRAAD XUBINTA 1AAD WAAXDA GARSOORKA QODOBKA 97AAD 1. Waxa Qaranku yeelanayaa Waax Garsoor, oo hawsheedu tahay u gar-naqa ka dhaxeeya Dawladda & dadka; & dadka dhexdooda. 2. Waaxda Garsoorku waxay hawlaheeda u fulinaysaa si Dastuurka waafaqsan, iyada oo ka madax-bannaan waaxyaha kale ee Qaranka. QODOBKA 98AAD 1. Garsoorku waxa uu awood gaar ah u leeyahay: b). In uu fasiro micnaha xeerarka ka soo baxa Golayaasha dastuuriga ah iyo xeerarka degdegga ah iyada oo la raacayo Dastuurka. t). Inuu ka garsooro khilaafka ka dhex abuurma laamaha Dawladda oo dhinac ah iyo xubno ka tirsan dadweynaha oo dhinac ah ama dadweynaha dhexdooda. j). Inuu ka taliyo muran kasta oo Ia xidhiidha waafaqsanaanta Dastuurka. 2. Ma bannaana in garsooruhu qabto shaqo kale inta uu hayo xilka Garsoorka. 3. Daryeelka ku habboon garsoorayaasha xeer baa nidaaminaya QODOBKA 99AAD DHISMAHA GARSOORKA 1. Hay'adaha Garsoorku waxay ka kooban yihiin maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaalinta. 2. Garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaaliyaashoodu waxay u madaxbannaan yihiin hawshooda garsoor iyaga oo raacaya xeerka oo keliya. Waxa sii sharaxaya xeerka nidaamka Garsoorka Somaliland == Taariikhda Nidaamka Sharciga == === Gumeysiga Kahor === Ka hor gumaysiga dhulka hadda ah [[Somaliland]] wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ''[[xeer]]'', ama [[Xeer|''xeerarka'']] dhaqameed dhaqameed. Sharcigan waxaa dhaqan galiyay odayaasha qabaa'ilka marka lagu daro sharciga shareecada ee ay ku dhaqmaan culimada diinta Islaamka. === Gumeysigii Ingiriiska (1884 ila Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka) === Ka dib markii ay si rasmi ah ugala wareegeen gacan ku haynta Somaliland dalka Masar 1884 aheyd, gumeystayaashii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingriiska]] waxay soo saareen sharci guud oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saleysan nidaamkii sharci ee ay ka hirgeliyeen gumeysigii Hindiya. === Ka mid ahaanshaha Soomaaliya (1960 ila 1991) === Ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 1960-kii dalkii la odhan jiray [[Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya|Talyaanigu]] 1960 si loo abuuro dawlad cusub oo [[Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya ah]], Somaliland ma lahayn nidaam sharci oo madax-bannaan oo u gaar ah ilaa xorriyadeeda. Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, maxkamadaha hoose ee [[Gobolada Somaliland|goboladda Somaliland]] waxay wali adeegsadeen sharcigii gumaysiga Ingiriiska ilaa 1977. === Xorriyadda Kadib (1991 ila Maanta) === Ka dib markii [[Somaliland]] ku [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland|dhawaaqday]] inay ka go'day [[Soomaaliya]] 1991, maxkamadaha waxaa lagu xukumay muddo kooban iyadoo la adeegsanayay dhaqamadii Talyaaniga ilaa dagaalkii ka socday [[Boorama]] la joojiyay dhammaan horumarkii. Laga soo bilaabo 1993 ilaa 1997, Axdigii Boorama wuxuu faray sameynta garsoor madaxbanaan oo cusub oo adeegsaday sharciyo kahor 1969. Taan iyo markii la ansixiyaay dastuurka [[Somaliland|Soomaaliland]] 1997 nidaamkii sharci wuxuu ka koobnaa sadex qaabdhismeed sharciyeed oo isku dhafan, iyadoo garsoorayaashu ay si kale u dabaqeen shareecada, sharciga gumaysiga [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriiska]], iyo ''xeer'' . == Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha == Shanta heer ee maxkamadaha [[Somaliland]] waa: Maxkamadda Sare, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga, Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka ee Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka, iyo Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka. Iyo Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda [[Maxkamadda Sare ee Somaliland]] waa maxkamadda ugu sarraysa garsoorka waxayna ka kooban tahay Gudoomiyeha Maxkamadda sare iyo ugu yaraan afar kale oo la shaqeeya garsoorayaasha. Maxkamadda sare waxay ku shaqeysaa saddex awoodood oo kala duwan. Marka hore waa maxkamada racfaanka kama dambaysta ah sidaas darteedna waxay dhagaysan kartaa dacwadaha ay dib ugu celiso maxkamadaha hoose ee khuseeya dhammaan arrimaha ciqaabta ama sharciga madaniga ah. Awooddaan waxay sidoo kale kahadleysaa walaaca laga qabo ansaxnimada doorashooyinka qaranka. Ta labaad, waxay u dhaqantaa sidii maxkamadda dastuuriga ah, iyadoo ka hadlaysa arrimaha fasiraadda dastuurka iyo ku dhaqanka. Ugu dambeyntiina, kiisaska xil ka qaadista ee lagu soo oogay wasiirrada dowladda waxay u shaqeysaa sida Maxkamadda Sare ee Caddaaladda, iyada oo dusha kala socota dacwadda kuna baaqeysa in laga qaado wasiirrada haddii lagu helo dambi. Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda waxay ka kooban tahay shan xubnood oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Sare iyo afar xubnood oo dheeri ah oo laga soo kala xulay min laba aqal ee Baarlamaanka. Hawsha shaqo ka xayuubinta Madaxweynaha ama Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka, iyada oo uu kormeerayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, waxa gacanta ku haya baarlamanka halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd Maxkamadda Sare lafteeda. {| class="wikitable" |+Liiska Gudoomuyayaasha soo maray Maxkamada sare ee Jamhuuriyadda somaliland ! Magaca ! Xafiiska ! Magacaabay ! Xusuusin |- | Muuse Xaaji Diiriye (Idaar) | 1993 – 1996 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Xaashi Sheekh Muuse Cabdi. | 1996 – 1998 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 1999 – 2000 | Mohamed I. Cigaal. |- | Maxamed Xaaji Siciid: | 2001 – 2002 | Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | January 2002 – april 2002 [Mar labaad]. | Cigaal | Waxaa uu hayay hal sanno oo ku meel gaadh ah |- | Siciid Axmed Faarax. | June 2002 – July 2003 | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin |- | Faysal Xaaji Jaamac Geeddi. | August 2003 – August 2006 | Daahir Rayaale |- | Maxamed Xirsi Ismaaciil Oomane. | September 2006 – June 2011 | Daahir Rayaale. |- | Yuusuf Ismaaciil Cali. | July 2011 – 19 April 2015. | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- | Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed. | 24 May 2015 – ilaa hadda | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- === Maxkamadaha Rayidka ee Hoose === Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka Gobollada, Maxkamaddaha Gobollada, iyo Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka dhammaantood waxaa maamula Guddiga Caddaaladda waxayna wax ka qabtan dhamman anshaxa sharciga madaniga iyo kan ciqaabta. === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka Somaliland waxay dhagaystaan dacwadaha ciqaabta ah ee lagu soo oogo xubnaha xoogagga hubeysan xilligii nabadda ama dagaalka. Magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista gudoomiyaha maxkamada sare ahna guddoomiyaha guddiga cadaaladda Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxaa magacaaba madaxwaynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxaana labada goorba cod hal dheeri ah ku ansixiya xil Fadhi wada jir ah labada gole baarlamaan ee (wakiilada iyo guurtida) Waxaa xilka u dhaariya Madaxweynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka jamhuuriyadda Somaliland QODOBKA: 38AAD: BAARLAMAANKA IYO FADHIYADA WADA JIRKA AH Farqadiisa 5aad xarafka (D) Ansixinta Magacaabidda Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare QODOBKA 129AAD: DHAARTA DASTUURIGA AH Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare oo isla markaana ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ayaa dhaarinaya cid kasta oo Dastuurku ku waajibiyey dhaartan Dastuuriga ah, ka hor inta aanu xilkiisa bilaabin; sidoo kale waxaa isagana dhaarinaya Madaxweynaha."WAXAAN ILLAAHAY UGU DHAARTAY IN AAN U NOQONAYO DAACAD DIINTA ISLAAMKA, DALKAYGA SOMALILAND, DADKIISANA KU MAAMULAYO SINNAAN IYO CADDAALAD INTA AAN XILKA HAYO". QODOBKA 105AAD: MAGACAABIDDA GUDOOMIYAHA MAXKAMADDA SARE IYO GARSOORAYAASHA MAXKAMADDA SARE 1. Madaxweynuhu isaga oo la tashanaya Guddida Cadaaladda, waxa uu magacaabayaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare iyo garsoorayaasha Maxamadda Sare, iyada oo Ia tixgelinayo:- heerka waxbarasho, waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed iyo suubanaan akhlaaqdeed. Magacaabidda Guddomiyaha Maxamadda Sare waxa ansixinaya Golayaasha (Wakiilada iyo Guurtida) oo fadhi wada jir ah yeesha muddo aan ka badnayn saddex {3} bilood marka laga bilaabo taariikhda magacawga. Waxa Ku-xigeenka Guddoomiyaha noqon doonaa garsooraha dhinaca darajada ugu sarreeya garsoorayaasha ka tirsan Maxamadda Sare (Seniority) 2. Ma bannaana in loo magacaabo xilka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare qof aan buuxin shuruudaha hoos ku sheegan: b. Waa inuu yahay muwaadin ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. t. Waa inuu haystaa shahaado jaamicadeed oo barasho sharciga ah oo la aqoonsanyahay. j. Waa inuu leeyahay waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed oo aan ka yarayn isugeyn toban sano; kuna soo shaqeeyey garsoore ama/iyo xeer-ilaaliye ama/iyo qareen ama/iyo macallin jaamicad ka bara sharciga. x. Waa inuu siyaasadda ka madax bannaan yahay. 3. Madaxweynuhu xilka wuu ka qaadi karaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare, isaga oo u baahan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiilada & Golaha Guurtida. == Guddida Caddaaladda == Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxa uu sheegay sameynta (gudida Caddaaladda), oo shaqadoodu tahay sida ku cad:- QODOBKA 108AAD HAWSHA [[GUDDIDA CADAALADDA]] 1. Guddida Cadaaladdu waxay u xil-saaran tahay: shaqo-siinta, xil-ka-qaadista, dallacaadda, hoos-u-dhigidda, bedelaadda iyo anshax-marinta garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha hoose (maxkamadaha racfaanka, gobollada iyo degmooyinka} iyo Ku-xigeenada Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. {| class="wikitable" |+Gudida Cadaalada Somaliland ! Cinwaanka ! Darajo ! Xusuusin |- | Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare | Gudoomiye | |- | Labada garsoore ee ku xiga dhinaca darajada | Xubno | |- | Xeer ilaaliyaha guud | Xubin | |- | Agaasimaha Wasaaradda Caddaaladda | Xubin | |- | Guddoomiyaha Hay'adda shaqaalaha Dawladda | Xubin | |- | Aqoonyahan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Ganacsade | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Wakiilada labadii sanno ba mar |- | Qof aqoon u leh dhaqanka dhaqan yaqaan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Guurtida Somaliland|aGolaha Guurtida]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Aqoon diimeed leh culimada Diinta | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Guurtida labadii sanno ba mar |- | '''Xigasho:''' | | |} == Garyaqaanka guud == Garyaqaanka guud ee Somaliland waxaa magacaabay Madaxweynaha, waxaana ansixinaya Golaha Wakiilada. L Sida uu dhigayo qodobada 5aad iyo 6aad ee xeerka xafiiska garyaqaanka guud ee somaliland (XEER NO.89/2024) Waxaa ka mid ah Awoodaha iyo shaqada Garyaqaanka Guud Sidan: (QODOBKA 5AAD aasaasidda Xafliska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumadda Ujeeddada loo sasaessay Xafiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu waa in la helo xafiis dawladeed oo qaabilsan adeegyada sharci se ay ka mid yihin: 1. Ka qayb qaadashada ama bilaabidda dacwadaha madaniga ah lyo kuwa Idaarige sh ee ka furan maxkamadaha dalka ee ay hay'adaha dawladdu qayb ka yihin. 2. Kala talinta sharci ee dawladde lyo laamaheeda kala duwan si loo xaqiljiyo in tallaabooyinka la qaadayaa ay noodaan kuwa sharciga waafaqsan. 3. Diyaarinta ama dibu/eegista qahyn-qoraallada xeerarka ay xukuumaddu curiso ee loo gudbinayo Golsha Wasiirrada (Cabinet) 4. Soo saaridda lyo faafinta xeerarka iya qorzallada ay tahay in lagu daabaco faafinta si laamaha dawładda iyo dadwaynuhuba u helaan xeerarka dalka ee soo baxe 5. Ku soo saarista faafinta rasmiga an xeerarka ama wax ka beddeilada xeer, 30 masimoed gudahood, kaddib markuu Madaxweynuhu saxeexo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer, haddli dan xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer gudahooda lagu cayimin muddo lagu faaliyo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer oo ka duwan muddada ku susan faqraddan. QODOBKA 6aad Xil gudashada Xafiiska 1. Xil gudashada Xafiiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu marka uu gudanayo waajibaadkiisa ama uu isticmaalayo awoodihiisa xeerkan ku xusan waxa hagaya oo saldrig u an Shareecadda Islaamka, Dastuurka JSL, xeerkan lyo xeerarka kale JSL. 2. Waxa uu xilkisa iyo woajbaadklisa shago u gudanayaa si madax bannaan on waafaqsan xeerkan, xeerka kala xaddaynta awoodaha dawladde lyo xeerarka kale en dalka. == Cabashooyinka iyo isku dayga dib u habaynta == Dhaliil badan ayaa loo jeediyaa garsoorka Somaliland, gaar ahaan waxqabad la’aantiisa iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga oo aan loo sinayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, garsoorka waxaa loo arkaa inuu si aad ah ugu xoog badan yahay xoogag ka baxsan, oo ay ku jiraan laamaha Fulinta iyo Sharci dejinta. Mid ka mid ah tusaalahan ayaa ah awooda Madaxweynaha ee ah inuu shaqada ka eryi karo garsoorayaasha maxkamada sare sabab la'aan sabab la'aan, waa awood uu madaxweyne Mohamoud adeegsaday 2011 markii uu kala diray sideed garsoore oo maxkamada sare ah oo fadhiyay. Sida ku xusan daraasad la sameeyay 2016 oo ku saabsan xaaladda garsoorka Somaliland, sababaha ugu horreeya ee garsoorka u liito iyo madax-bannaanidooda waxaa ka mid ahaa maalgelin la’aan, sharciyo badan oo iskhilaafsan oo khuseeya garsoorka, iyo door aan caddayn oo garsoorka sida lagu qeexay dastuurka. Sharciga ku saabsan Abaabulka Garsoorka, oo ah isku daygii ugu dambeeyay ee wax ku oolka ah ee dib u habeynta garsoorka, waxaa loo ansixiyay laba qaab oo kala duwan labadaba 2003 iyo 2008 maaddaama labaduba ay farsamo ahaan u ansixiyeen labada aqal ee Baarlamaanku uuna ansixiyay Madaxweynaha, labaduba wali xukuma nidaamka garsoorka maanta. Shuruucdani waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr qaybood oo is burinaya ama aan caddayn, in kasta oo sharci saddexaad oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo labada ka horreeyay hadda la qorayo, weli sharci lama gelin. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jiray iskudayo badan oo dib-u-habeyn ah, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii la magacaabay 2015-kii Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee isbedel-doonka ah Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed . Laga soo bilaabo 2012–2016 [[Wasaaradda Caddaaladda ee Somaliland]] waxay hirgalisay barnaamij tababar oo socon doona muddo afar sano ah oo lagu tababarayo ardayda ka qalin jabisay dugsiyada sharciga si ay uga soo baxaan garsoorka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jiray NGO-yo badan oo soo saaray warbixino ku saabsan dib-u-habeynta iyo soo-jeedinta fikradaha ku saabsan sida loo horumarin karo garsoorka. == Tixraacyo == [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Distoorka_oo_Dhan.htm]] [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/introduction_to_somaliland_law.html]] [[https://www.govsomaliland.org/]] [[https://www.linkedin.com/in/somaliland-lawyers-association-solla-6566377a?originalSubdomain=so]] [[Category: Qareenadda Somaliland]] 5f7rxw36mqwvuf197l0qztccmznh5y3 300742 300675 2026-07-03T21:07:28Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha */ 300742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Garsoorka Somaliland}} '''Garsoorka Somaliland''' Garsoorku waa waax ka mid ah saddexda waaxood ee ku cad dastuurka [[Somaliland]] . Waxa qeexaya [[Dastuurka]] Somaliland QAYBTA AFRAAD XUBINTA 1AAD WAAXDA GARSOORKA QODOBKA 97AAD 1. Waxa Qaranku yeelanayaa Waax Garsoor, oo hawsheedu tahay u gar-naqa ka dhaxeeya Dawladda & dadka; & dadka dhexdooda. 2. Waaxda Garsoorku waxay hawlaheeda u fulinaysaa si Dastuurka waafaqsan, iyada oo ka madax-bannaan waaxyaha kale ee Qaranka. QODOBKA 98AAD 1. Garsoorku waxa uu awood gaar ah u leeyahay: b). In uu fasiro micnaha xeerarka ka soo baxa Golayaasha dastuuriga ah iyo xeerarka degdegga ah iyada oo la raacayo Dastuurka. t). Inuu ka garsooro khilaafka ka dhex abuurma laamaha Dawladda oo dhinac ah iyo xubno ka tirsan dadweynaha oo dhinac ah ama dadweynaha dhexdooda. j). Inuu ka taliyo muran kasta oo Ia xidhiidha waafaqsanaanta Dastuurka. 2. Ma bannaana in garsooruhu qabto shaqo kale inta uu hayo xilka Garsoorka. 3. Daryeelka ku habboon garsoorayaasha xeer baa nidaaminaya QODOBKA 99AAD DHISMAHA GARSOORKA 1. Hay'adaha Garsoorku waxay ka kooban yihiin maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaalinta. 2. Garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaaliyaashoodu waxay u madaxbannaan yihiin hawshooda garsoor iyaga oo raacaya xeerka oo keliya. Waxa sii sharaxaya xeerka nidaamka Garsoorka Somaliland == Taariikhda Nidaamka Sharciga == === Gumeysiga Kahor === Ka hor gumaysiga dhulka hadda ah [[Somaliland]] wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ''[[xeer]]'', ama [[Xeer|''xeerarka'']] dhaqameed dhaqameed. Sharcigan waxaa dhaqan galiyay odayaasha qabaa'ilka marka lagu daro sharciga shareecada ee ay ku dhaqmaan culimada diinta Islaamka. === Gumeysigii Ingiriiska (1884 ila Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka) === Ka dib markii ay si rasmi ah ugala wareegeen gacan ku haynta Somaliland dalka Masar 1884 aheyd, gumeystayaashii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingriiska]] waxay soo saareen sharci guud oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saleysan nidaamkii sharci ee ay ka hirgeliyeen gumeysigii Hindiya. === Ka mid ahaanshaha Soomaaliya (1960 ila 1991) === Ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 1960-kii dalkii la odhan jiray [[Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya|Talyaanigu]] 1960 si loo abuuro dawlad cusub oo [[Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya ah]], Somaliland ma lahayn nidaam sharci oo madax-bannaan oo u gaar ah ilaa xorriyadeeda. Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, maxkamadaha hoose ee [[Gobolada Somaliland|goboladda Somaliland]] waxay wali adeegsadeen sharcigii gumaysiga Ingiriiska ilaa 1977. === Xorriyadda Kadib (1991 ila Maanta) === Ka dib markii [[Somaliland]] ku [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland|dhawaaqday]] inay ka go'day [[Soomaaliya]] 1991, maxkamadaha waxaa lagu xukumay muddo kooban iyadoo la adeegsanayay dhaqamadii Talyaaniga ilaa dagaalkii ka socday [[Boorama]] la joojiyay dhammaan horumarkii. Laga soo bilaabo 1993 ilaa 1997, Axdigii Boorama wuxuu faray sameynta garsoor madaxbanaan oo cusub oo adeegsaday sharciyo kahor 1969. Taan iyo markii la ansixiyaay dastuurka [[Somaliland|Soomaaliland]] 1997 nidaamkii sharci wuxuu ka koobnaa sadex qaabdhismeed sharciyeed oo isku dhafan, iyadoo garsoorayaashu ay si kale u dabaqeen shareecada, sharciga gumaysiga [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriiska]], iyo ''xeer'' . == Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha == Shanta heer ee maxkamadaha [[Somaliland]] waa: Maxkamadda Sare, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga, Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka ee Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka, iyo Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka. Iyo Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda [[Maxkamadda Sare ee Somaliland]] waa maxkamadda ugu sarraysa garsoorka waxayna ka kooban tahay Gudoomiyeha Maxkamadda sare iyo ugu yaraan afar kale oo la shaqeeya garsoorayaasha. Maxkamadda sare waxay ku shaqeysaa saddex awoodood oo kala duwan. Marka hore waa maxkamada racfaanka kama dambaysta ah sidaas darteedna waxay dhagaysan kartaa dacwadaha ay dib ugu celiso maxkamadaha hoose ee khuseeya dhammaan arrimaha ciqaabta ama sharciga madaniga ah. Awooddaan waxay sidoo kale kahadleysaa walaaca laga qabo ansaxnimada doorashooyinka qaranka. Ta labaad, waxay u dhaqantaa sidii maxkamadda dastuuriga ah, iyadoo ka hadlaysa arrimaha fasiraadda dastuurka iyo ku dhaqanka. Ugu dambeyntiina, kiisaska xil ka qaadista ee lagu soo oogay wasiirrada dowladda waxay u shaqeysaa sida Maxkamadda Sare ee Caddaaladda, iyada oo dusha kala socota dacwadda kuna baaqeysa in laga qaado wasiirrada haddii lagu helo dambi. Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda waxay ka kooban tahay shan xubnood oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Sare iyo afar xubnood oo dheeri ah oo laga soo kala xulay min laba aqal ee Baarlamaanka. Hawsha shaqo ka xayuubinta Madaxweynaha ama Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka, iyada oo uu kormeerayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, waxa gacanta ku haya baarlamanka halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd Maxkamadda Sare lafteeda. {| class="wikitable" |+Liiska Gudoomuyayaasha soo maray Maxkamada sare ee Jamhuuriyadda somaliland ! Magaca ! Xafiiska ! Magacaabay ! Xusuusin |- | Muuse Xaaji Diiriye (Idaar) | 1993 – 1996 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Xaashi Sheekh Muuse Cabdi. | 1996 – 1998 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 1998 – 1999 | Mohamed I. Cigaal. |- | Maxamed Xaaji Siciid: | 2000 – 2001 | Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | January 2001 – December 2001 [Mar labaad]. | Cigaal | Waxaa uu hayay hal sanno oo ku meel gaadh ah |- | Siciid Axmed Faarax. | June 2002 – July 2003 | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin |- | Faysal Xaaji Jaamac Geeddi. | August 2003 – August 2006 | Daahir Rayaale |- | Maxamed Xirsi Ismaaciil Oomane. | September 2006 – June 2011 | Daahir Rayaale. |- | Yuusuf Ismaaciil Cali. | July 2011 – 19 April 2015. | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- | Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed. | 24 May 2015 – ilaa hadda | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- === Maxkamadaha Rayidka ee Hoose === Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka Gobollada, Maxkamaddaha Gobollada, iyo Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka dhammaantood waxaa maamula Guddiga Caddaaladda waxayna wax ka qabtan dhamman anshaxa sharciga madaniga iyo kan ciqaabta. === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka Somaliland waxay dhagaystaan dacwadaha ciqaabta ah ee lagu soo oogo xubnaha xoogagga hubeysan xilligii nabadda ama dagaalka. Magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista gudoomiyaha maxkamada sare ahna guddoomiyaha guddiga cadaaladda Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxaa magacaaba madaxwaynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxaana labada goorba cod hal dheeri ah ku ansixiya xil Fadhi wada jir ah labada gole baarlamaan ee (wakiilada iyo guurtida) Waxaa xilka u dhaariya Madaxweynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka jamhuuriyadda Somaliland QODOBKA: 38AAD: BAARLAMAANKA IYO FADHIYADA WADA JIRKA AH Farqadiisa 5aad xarafka (D) Ansixinta Magacaabidda Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare QODOBKA 129AAD: DHAARTA DASTUURIGA AH Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare oo isla markaana ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ayaa dhaarinaya cid kasta oo Dastuurku ku waajibiyey dhaartan Dastuuriga ah, ka hor inta aanu xilkiisa bilaabin; sidoo kale waxaa isagana dhaarinaya Madaxweynaha."WAXAAN ILLAAHAY UGU DHAARTAY IN AAN U NOQONAYO DAACAD DIINTA ISLAAMKA, DALKAYGA SOMALILAND, DADKIISANA KU MAAMULAYO SINNAAN IYO CADDAALAD INTA AAN XILKA HAYO". QODOBKA 105AAD: MAGACAABIDDA GUDOOMIYAHA MAXKAMADDA SARE IYO GARSOORAYAASHA MAXKAMADDA SARE 1. Madaxweynuhu isaga oo la tashanaya Guddida Cadaaladda, waxa uu magacaabayaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare iyo garsoorayaasha Maxamadda Sare, iyada oo Ia tixgelinayo:- heerka waxbarasho, waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed iyo suubanaan akhlaaqdeed. Magacaabidda Guddomiyaha Maxamadda Sare waxa ansixinaya Golayaasha (Wakiilada iyo Guurtida) oo fadhi wada jir ah yeesha muddo aan ka badnayn saddex {3} bilood marka laga bilaabo taariikhda magacawga. Waxa Ku-xigeenka Guddoomiyaha noqon doonaa garsooraha dhinaca darajada ugu sarreeya garsoorayaasha ka tirsan Maxamadda Sare (Seniority) 2. Ma bannaana in loo magacaabo xilka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare qof aan buuxin shuruudaha hoos ku sheegan: b. Waa inuu yahay muwaadin ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. t. Waa inuu haystaa shahaado jaamicadeed oo barasho sharciga ah oo la aqoonsanyahay. j. Waa inuu leeyahay waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed oo aan ka yarayn isugeyn toban sano; kuna soo shaqeeyey garsoore ama/iyo xeer-ilaaliye ama/iyo qareen ama/iyo macallin jaamicad ka bara sharciga. x. Waa inuu siyaasadda ka madax bannaan yahay. 3. Madaxweynuhu xilka wuu ka qaadi karaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare, isaga oo u baahan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiilada & Golaha Guurtida. == Guddida Caddaaladda == Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxa uu sheegay sameynta (gudida Caddaaladda), oo shaqadoodu tahay sida ku cad:- QODOBKA 108AAD HAWSHA [[GUDDIDA CADAALADDA]] 1. Guddida Cadaaladdu waxay u xil-saaran tahay: shaqo-siinta, xil-ka-qaadista, dallacaadda, hoos-u-dhigidda, bedelaadda iyo anshax-marinta garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha hoose (maxkamadaha racfaanka, gobollada iyo degmooyinka} iyo Ku-xigeenada Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. {| class="wikitable" |+Gudida Cadaalada Somaliland ! Cinwaanka ! Darajo ! Xusuusin |- | Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare | Gudoomiye | |- | Labada garsoore ee ku xiga dhinaca darajada | Xubno | |- | Xeer ilaaliyaha guud | Xubin | |- | Agaasimaha Wasaaradda Caddaaladda | Xubin | |- | Guddoomiyaha Hay'adda shaqaalaha Dawladda | Xubin | |- | Aqoonyahan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Ganacsade | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Wakiilada labadii sanno ba mar |- | Qof aqoon u leh dhaqanka dhaqan yaqaan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Guurtida Somaliland|aGolaha Guurtida]] labadii sanno ba mar |- | Aqoon diimeed leh culimada Diinta | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Guurtida labadii sanno ba mar |- | '''Xigasho:''' | | |} == Garyaqaanka guud == Garyaqaanka guud ee Somaliland waxaa magacaabay Madaxweynaha, waxaana ansixinaya Golaha Wakiilada. L Sida uu dhigayo qodobada 5aad iyo 6aad ee xeerka xafiiska garyaqaanka guud ee somaliland (XEER NO.89/2024) Waxaa ka mid ah Awoodaha iyo shaqada Garyaqaanka Guud Sidan: (QODOBKA 5AAD aasaasidda Xafliska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumadda Ujeeddada loo sasaessay Xafiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu waa in la helo xafiis dawladeed oo qaabilsan adeegyada sharci se ay ka mid yihin: 1. Ka qayb qaadashada ama bilaabidda dacwadaha madaniga ah lyo kuwa Idaarige sh ee ka furan maxkamadaha dalka ee ay hay'adaha dawladdu qayb ka yihin. 2. Kala talinta sharci ee dawladde lyo laamaheeda kala duwan si loo xaqiljiyo in tallaabooyinka la qaadayaa ay noodaan kuwa sharciga waafaqsan. 3. Diyaarinta ama dibu/eegista qahyn-qoraallada xeerarka ay xukuumaddu curiso ee loo gudbinayo Golsha Wasiirrada (Cabinet) 4. Soo saaridda lyo faafinta xeerarka iya qorzallada ay tahay in lagu daabaco faafinta si laamaha dawładda iyo dadwaynuhuba u helaan xeerarka dalka ee soo baxe 5. Ku soo saarista faafinta rasmiga an xeerarka ama wax ka beddeilada xeer, 30 masimoed gudahood, kaddib markuu Madaxweynuhu saxeexo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer, haddli dan xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer gudahooda lagu cayimin muddo lagu faaliyo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer oo ka duwan muddada ku susan faqraddan. QODOBKA 6aad Xil gudashada Xafiiska 1. Xil gudashada Xafiiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu marka uu gudanayo waajibaadkiisa ama uu isticmaalayo awoodihiisa xeerkan ku xusan waxa hagaya oo saldrig u an Shareecadda Islaamka, Dastuurka JSL, xeerkan lyo xeerarka kale JSL. 2. Waxa uu xilkisa iyo woajbaadklisa shago u gudanayaa si madax bannaan on waafaqsan xeerkan, xeerka kala xaddaynta awoodaha dawladde lyo xeerarka kale en dalka. == Cabashooyinka iyo isku dayga dib u habaynta == Dhaliil badan ayaa loo jeediyaa garsoorka Somaliland, gaar ahaan waxqabad la’aantiisa iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga oo aan loo sinayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, garsoorka waxaa loo arkaa inuu si aad ah ugu xoog badan yahay xoogag ka baxsan, oo ay ku jiraan laamaha Fulinta iyo Sharci dejinta. Mid ka mid ah tusaalahan ayaa ah awooda Madaxweynaha ee ah inuu shaqada ka eryi karo garsoorayaasha maxkamada sare sabab la'aan sabab la'aan, waa awood uu madaxweyne Mohamoud adeegsaday 2011 markii uu kala diray sideed garsoore oo maxkamada sare ah oo fadhiyay. Sida ku xusan daraasad la sameeyay 2016 oo ku saabsan xaaladda garsoorka Somaliland, sababaha ugu horreeya ee garsoorka u liito iyo madax-bannaanidooda waxaa ka mid ahaa maalgelin la’aan, sharciyo badan oo iskhilaafsan oo khuseeya garsoorka, iyo door aan caddayn oo garsoorka sida lagu qeexay dastuurka. Sharciga ku saabsan Abaabulka Garsoorka, oo ah isku daygii ugu dambeeyay ee wax ku oolka ah ee dib u habeynta garsoorka, waxaa loo ansixiyay laba qaab oo kala duwan labadaba 2003 iyo 2008 maaddaama labaduba ay farsamo ahaan u ansixiyeen labada aqal ee Baarlamaanku uuna ansixiyay Madaxweynaha, labaduba wali xukuma nidaamka garsoorka maanta. Shuruucdani waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr qaybood oo is burinaya ama aan caddayn, in kasta oo sharci saddexaad oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo labada ka horreeyay hadda la qorayo, weli sharci lama gelin. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jiray iskudayo badan oo dib-u-habeyn ah, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii la magacaabay 2015-kii Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee isbedel-doonka ah Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed . Laga soo bilaabo 2012–2016 [[Wasaaradda Caddaaladda ee Somaliland]] waxay hirgalisay barnaamij tababar oo socon doona muddo afar sano ah oo lagu tababarayo ardayda ka qalin jabisay dugsiyada sharciga si ay uga soo baxaan garsoorka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jiray NGO-yo badan oo soo saaray warbixino ku saabsan dib-u-habeynta iyo soo-jeedinta fikradaha ku saabsan sida loo horumarin karo garsoorka. == Tixraacyo == [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Distoorka_oo_Dhan.htm]] [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/introduction_to_somaliland_law.html]] [[https://www.govsomaliland.org/]] [[https://www.linkedin.com/in/somaliland-lawyers-association-solla-6566377a?originalSubdomain=so]] [[Category: Qareenadda Somaliland]] iorkyh0mzuao4j4uh34ft8czya2w7qc 0 32086 300743 300251 2026-07-03T21:19:26Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* Tixraacyo */ 300743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox high court |court_name = Garsoorada Sare ee Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland |native_name = Supreme Court of <br />the Republic of Somaliland |image = Supreme Court of Somaliland.jpg |imagesize = |caption = Dhismaha Garsoorada Sare ee Somaliland |motto = |established = 1991 |country = [[Somaliland]] |location = [[Maroodi Jeex]], [[Hargeysa]] |type = |terms = | authority = [[Dastuurka Somaliland]] |positions = 14 |budget = |website = [https://courts.govsomaliland.org/ Official Website] |chiefjudgetitle = [[Somaliland|Chief Justice of Somaliland]] |chiefjudgename = [[Adan Haji Ali]] |termstart = {{start date|df=yes|2015|06|3}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2015/06/150603_somaliland_new_chiefjustice|title=Somaliland oo ansixisay Gudoomiyaha Maxkamadda sare|lang=so|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> }} dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland Sida uu dhigayo Waaxda Garsoorka JSL Waa sidan QODOBKA 101AAD MAXKAMADDA SARE Maxamadda Sare waa hay'adda ugu sarraysa Garsoorka; isla markaana waxay tahay Maxamadda Dastuurka. Tirada garsoorayaashu waa inaanay ka yaraan Guddoomiyaha iyo afar garsoore; waxaana nidaaminaya xeer gaar ah. QODOBKA 105AAD MAGACAABIDDA GUDOOMIYAHA MAXKAMADDA SARE & GARSOORAYAASHA MAXKAMADDA SARE 1. Madaxweynuhu isaga oo la tashanaya Guddida Cadaaladda, waxa uu magacaabayaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare iyo garsoorayaasha Maxamadda Sare, iyada oo Ia tixgelinayo:- heerka waxbarasho, waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed iyo suubanaan akhlaaqdeed. Magacaabidda Guddomiyaha Maxamadda Sare waxa ansixinaya Golayaasha (Wakiilada iyo Guurtida) oo fadhi wada jir ah yeesha muddo aan ka badnayn saddex {3} bilood marka laga bilaabo taariikhda magacawga. Waxa Ku-xigeenka Guddoomiyaha noqon doonaa garsooraha dhinaca darajada ugu sarreeya garsoorayaasha ka tirsan Maxamadda Sare (Seniority). 2. Ma bannaana in loo magacaabo xilka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare qof aan buuxin shuruudaha hoos ku sheegan: b. Waa inuu yahay muwaadin ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. t. Waa inuu haystaa shahaado jaamicadeed oo barasho sharciga ah oo la aqoonsanyahay. j. Waa inuu leeyahay waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed oo aan ka yarayn isugeyn toban sano; kuna soo shaqeeyey garsoore ama/iyo xeer-ilaaliye ama/iyo qareen ama/iyo macallin jaamicad ka bara sharciga. x. Waa inuu siyaasadda ka madax bannaan yahay. 3. Madaxweynuhu xilka wuu ka qaadi karaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare, isaga oo u baahan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiilada & Golaha Guurtida. QODOBKA 106AAD XIDHIIDHKA HAY'ADAHA GARSOORKA IYO WASAARADDA CADAALADDA 1. Wasaaradda Cadaaladdu waxay u xil-saaran tahay fulinta go'aanada maamul ee ka soo baxa Guddida Cadaaladda. 2. Wada-shaqaynta Wasaaradda Cadaaladda iyo Hay’adaha Garsoorka waxa qeexaya xeer. QAYBTA 5AAD QODOBO KALA DUWAN XUBINTA 1AAD QODOBKA 107AAD GUDDIDA CADAALADDA 1. Gudidda Cadaaladdu waa hay'adda hoggaamisa maamulka Garsoorka, waxayna ka kooban tahay: • Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare Guddoomiye • Labada garsoore ee ku xiga dhinaca darajada Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare Xubno • Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud Xubin. • Agaasimaha Guud ee Wasaaradda Cadaaladda Xubin • Guddoomiyaha Hay'adda Shaqaalaha Xubin • Laba xubnood oo Golaha Wakiiladu labadi sannadoodba hal mar ka soo doorto dadweynaha kana kala tirsan aqoon yahanada & ganacsatada; iyo • Laba xubnood oo Golaha Guurtidu labadi sannadoodba ka soo doorto dadweynaha hal mar; kana kala tirsan dhaqan-yaqaanada iyo culimada Diinta. 2. Waxa fadhiga Guddidu ku ansixi karaa marka ay joogaan toddoba (7) xubnood. 3. Marka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare gudan kari waayo guddoominta Guddida, sababo caafimaad, fasax ama shaqo ka tegid darteed waxa si ku-meel-gaadh ah guddoomiyaha Guddida noqon doona garsooraha ka tirsan Maxakamadda Sare ee Guddida xubinta ka ah, dhinaca darajadana ku xiga Guddoomiyaha. Waxa xoghayn u ah Guddida Cadaaladda Kaaliyaha Sare ee Maxamadda Sare. '''Garsoorada Sare ee Somaliland''' (MSS) waa garsoorada ugu sarreysa sida ku [[Dastuurka Somaliland|cad Dastuurka Somaliland]] . Garsoorada waxay haysataa awoodda dib-u-eegista garsoorka, awoodda ay ku burin karto qaynuunka ku xadgudubka qodobka Dastuurka. waxay leedahay racfaan kama dambays ah oo balaaran, asal ah, iyo xukuno la-talin oo ku saabsan dhamaan maxkamadaha (oo ay kujiraan maxkamada degmadda iyo maxkamada gobolka ), oo ku lug leh arimaha sharciyada waxayna ku dhaqmi kartaa xukunada laga soo saaray kiisaska iyadoo la tixraacayo xukunkeeda. Maxakamadan ayaa waxa madax ka ah gudoomiyaha maxkamada sare ee somaliland oo uu magcaabay [[Madaxwaynaha Somaliland|madaxweynaha somaliland]], madaxweynaha maxkamada hada waa [[Aadan Xaaji Cali|Adan Xaaji Cali]] == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Wasaaradda Caddaaladda (Somaliland)|Wasaaradda Caddaaladda Somaliland]] * [[Golaha Wasiirada Somaliland|Siyaasada Somaliland]] == Tixraacyo == Magacyada Guddoomiyeyaashii soo maray Maxkamadda Sare ee Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland 1. Muuse Xaaji Diiriye (Idaar) - 1993 ilaa 1996 2. Xaashi Sheekh Muuse Cabdi. 1997 1998 3.Cismaan Xuseen Khayre - 1998 ilaa 1999 ~ 4. Maxamed Xaaji Siciid. - 2000 ilaa 2001. ~ 5. Cismaan Xuseen Khayre. February 2001 ilaa December 2001. 6. Siciid X. Axmed Faarax. - 2002 ilaa 2004. 7. Faysal Xaaji Jama. - 2005 ilaa 2007. 8. Maxamed Xirsi Ismaaciil Oomane - 2007 ilaa 2010. 9. Yuusuf Ismaaciil Cali. - 2011 ilaa 2015. 10. Aadan X. Cali Axmed. - 2015 ilaa hadda. 1prikxgf60dbpmu94ml4li0hc50mqrb 0 40584 300683 299399 2026-07-03T12:56:17Z Dacaryare 24128 /* Beesha Kuulbeyr (Kuulbayr) */ 300683 wikitext text/x-wiki == Beesha Kuulbeyr (Kuulbayr) == Beesha '''Kuulbeyr''' waaxa ay galaan duduble oo ay ka yihiin Maxamed Camal Abtirsiintooda aabbannimo waxay u socotaa sidan: ----Hawiye Hiraab Duduble === Taariikh iyo Bulsho === Kuulbeyr waa mid ka mid ah qabaa'ilka ugu adag uguna hubaysan. iyagoo leh nidaam beeleed u gaar ah, tuulooyin iyo qaab hoggaan gudaha ah. Beesha Kuulbeyr waxay leeyihiin '''“sumad”''' xoolaha lagu garto, gaar ahaan geelka, taas oo ka kooban laba goobo (Cawaagood) oo qoorta geelka lagu calaamadeeyo. Sumaddani waxay astaan u tahay midnimo iyo aqoonsi. Inkasta oo ay jiraan xasarado gudaha ah oo soo jireen ah, haddana beesha Kuulbeyr waxay caan ku tahay midnimo iyo is-garabsi marka ay la kulmaan colaad dibadeed. Dhaqankoodu wuxuu ku dhisan yahay kibir iyo sharaf. Tani waxay u tahay muujin madax-bannaani iyo sharaf. Dhaqaale ahaan, Kuulbeyr waa beel aad u isku filan. Iyagoo ka duwan beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed oo ku tiirsan lacagaha qurbo joogta, Kuulbeyr waxay noloshooda ku maareeyaan ganacsiyo gudaha ah. Waxay leeyihiin goobo baabuur lagu hagaajiyo, dukaamo elektaroonik ah, iyo hantida maguurtada ah oo ku kala yaal Puntland iyo Muqdisho. Sidaas darteed, waxay si weyn uga dhex muuqdaan dhaqaalaha magaalooyinka. ---- === Xiriirka iyo Isdhexgalka Beelaha Kale === Markii dowladdii Soomaaliya burburtay 1991, Kuulbayr waxay galeen dagaallo culus oo dhex maray iyaga iyo beesha Habar Gidir. Colaaddu waxay gaartay heer la dilay oday dhaqameed ka tirsanaa Farax Kuulbayr gacanta Sacad (Habar Gidir). (Hiraab) ayaa isku dayday inay dhex-dhexaadiso, taasoo keentay in qaar badan oo Kuulbayr ahi si ku-meelgaar ah isu dhexgalaan Duduble si loo yareeyo dhiigga daadanaya.. Deegaan ahaan beesha REER KULBEER waxaa ay dagaan gobollo kala duwan waxaa ay aasaas dagaan xero jaale sidoo kale waxaa ay dagaan xarardheere- maamul ahaan waxa ay ku jiraan dowlada somalia, Galmudug iyo Puntland. === Colaadaha Gudaha iyo Is-dhexgalka === Waxaa ay beesha ku caan tahay dagaallo gudaha ah oo soo jiitamayay tobannaan sano, gaar ahaan deegaanka '''Xero Jaale'''. Inkastoo dowladda Puntland ay isku dayday inay dhexgasho oo xalliso, hadana ay wadaan xiriirki walaaltinimo, waxyaalaha reer kulbeer ay hormarinayso ayaa ah in ay soo saaraan dhalinyaro dalka u shaqeeya oo wax bartay si looga gudbo caqliga ahaa in odayaasha loo tiigsado go,aamada iyo wax soo saarka reerka. === Meelaha ay Degaan === Beesha Reer Kulbeer Waa beel way waxa ay dagaana dhamaan gayiga Somalia iyo Caalamka, ---- === Jufooyinka Kuulbeer === ''Waraabe Kuulbeer''' 1: Reer Muude: Waraabe (Colow, Dhicin, Dhiif) '''Farax Dheere Kuulbeer''' 1: Reer Wacays 2: Reer Shiil 3: Reer Soole 4: Reer Gaban 5: Reer Wiil '''Yusuf Kuulbeer''' 1:Reer samatar 2:Reer yoolax 3:Reer diiriye faruur ---- === Shaqsiyaadka Caanka ah === * '''Bashiir Maxamed Jaamac Keynaan {Goobe}''' – Sareeye Guud iyo Xildhibaan federalka, ahna Wasiirka Haweenka ee soomalia (Reer Farax Dheere). * '''Faiza Ali Ismail''' – Wasiir ku-xigeenka Haweenka ee Puntland (Reer Farax Dheere). * '''Ahmed Sheikh Nuur Salad''' – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Galmudug.( Reer Yuusuf) * '''Sheekh Cali Samatar''' – Sheekh caan ah (Yusuf kuul ). * '''Professor Cabdulqaadir Cali Dacar''' Macalin si weyn looga yaqaan gobolka Mudug ilaa Soomaaliya, soona saaray aqoonyahan badan oo beesha ah. * '''Professor Axmed Sheekh Cali Samatar''' (Ahmed Taajir)– Ganacsade Soomaaliyeed oo UK ku sugan, co-founder-ka shirkadda Hormuud Telecom. (Reer yuusuf) ---- === Citations: === ''A Study on the Settlement of Herojaale Reconciliation Process: A Pathway to Sustainable Peace in Mudug Region, Puntland Somalia'' a5qnpqplrjisf4rfuxcdef6sm6fkcta 0 45295 300801 291089 2026-07-04T07:13:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = N'Goné Fall | image = N'Goné Fall (cropped).jpg | alt = thumb | caption = N'Goné Fall sanadkii 2019 | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1967}} | birth_place = [[Dakar]] Senegal | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[Senegal]] | occupation = Naqshadeeye | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''N'Goné Fall''' waa curiye reer Senegal ah, tafatire, iyo lataliyaha siyaasadaha dhaqanka. ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== N'Goné Fall wuxuu ku dhashay 1967 Dakar Senegal halkaas oo ay ku kortay. Waxay ku qalin jabisay sharaf oo ka timid École Spéciale d'Architecture ee Paris waxayna heshay abaalmarinta mashruuca qalin-jabinta ee 1993 ee ugu wanaagsan iyada oo uu kormeerayo borofisarkeeda Paul Virilio , aragti-yaqaan Faransiis ah. ==Tixraac== [https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/saison-africa2020-sept-mois-de-rendez-vous-pour-changer-de-regard-sur-le-continent-africain-6747832.php "Saison Africa2020: sept mois de rendez-vous pour changer de regard sur le continent africain] [https://artcontemporainafricain.mondoblog.org/2020/05/19/la-saison-africa2020-reportee-en-2021/ "Rencontre avec N'Goné Fall, commissaire générale de la saison Africa2020"] {{Wayback|url=https://artcontemporainafricain.mondoblog.org/2020/05/19/la-saison-africa2020-reportee-en-2021/ |date=20250116135716 }} [https://contemporaryand.com/fr/magazines/when-things-fall-apart-critical-voices-on-the-radars-at-trapholt-museum-in-denmark/ "Marka ay arrimuhu kala tagaan: Codadka xasaasiga ah ee raadaarka Matxafka Trapholt ee Danmark"] a40zgdx9gzd4n36425r7moag8ig5ypk 0 45992 300782 292211 2026-07-04T05:13:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jennifer Steyn | other_names = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|10|29}} | birth_name = | birth_place = [[George, South Africa|George]], South Africa | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Cape Town]] | education = | height = | years_active = 1985–hadda | known_for = | spouse = | children = | awards = | father = | mother = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | occupation = Atariisho }} '''Jennifer Steyn''' (waxay dhalatay 29 Oktoobar 1961) waa atariisho Koonfur Afrikaan ah Waxaa si fiican loogu yaqaanaa doorarka taxanaha telefishanka sida; Madam & Eve , Jacob's Cross iyo Fallen ==Nolosha shaqsiyeed== Steyn waxay ku dhalatay 29 Oktoobar 1961 magaalada George ee Koonfur Afrika. Sannadkii 1983, waxay ka qalin jabisay Jaamacadda Cape Town (UCT) iyadoo haysata shahaadada BA ee riwaayadaha ee khudbadaha iyo riwaayadaha. Waxay guursatay jilaaga Nicky Rebelo ==Tixraac== [http://48hours.co.za/2016/03/10/actor-focus-jennifer-steyn/ "FUDUDADA JILAAGA: Jennifer Steyn"] {{Wayback|url=http://48hours.co.za/2016/03/10/actor-focus-jennifer-steyn/ |date=20211116164917 }} [https://sarafinamagazine.com/2017/04/11/a-conversation-with-jennifer-steyn/ "Wadahadal lala yeeshay Jennifer Steyn"] oxrc67uw8z5m9sb08r3ca2fs4k5bgw3 0 46770 300745 293817 2026-07-04T00:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Akari Kaida | native_name = 海田 明里 | native_name_lang = jpn | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|1|10}} | birth_place = [[Hyōgo Prefecture]], Japan | genre = [[Video game music|Muusigga ciyaaraha fiidiyowga]] | occupation = [[Composer|Hal-abuur]] | instrument = [[Piano|Biyaano]] | years_active = 1994–ilaa hadda | associated_acts = [[Yoshino Aoki]] }} {{nihongo|'''Akari Kaida'''|海田 明里|Kaida Akari|dhalatay Janaayo 10, 1974}} waa hal-abuure u dhalatay dalka Japan oo curisa [[video game music|muusigga ciyaaraha fiidiyowga]]. Waxay u curisay dhawaaqyo kala duwan ciyaaraha shirkadda [[Capcom]], oo ay ku jiraan qaar badan oo ka mid ah silsiladda ''[[Mega Man series|Mega Man]]''. Mararka qaarkood waxaa lagu qoraa magaca '''Akari Groves''', iyadoo qaadatay magaca dambe ee ninkeeda.<ref name="GSW">{{cite web | author=jeriaska | date=November 30, 2008 | title=GameSetInterview: 'Bleep To Gold - Remixing The Mega Man 9 Soundtrack' | url=http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2008/11/gamesetinterview_bleep_to_gold.php#more | publisher=GameSetWatch | access-date=2009-08-01}}</ref> ==Shaqada== Kaida waxay kulliyadda ku baratay biyaano jazz ah, iyadoo sannadkeedii ugu horreeyay ku qaadatay [[Osaka College of Music]] ka hor intaysan ku biirin [[Capcom]] sannadkii 1994.<ref name="OSV">{{cite web | author=Napolitano, Jason | date=November 20, 2008 | title=Audio Strategery of Luminous Arc 2: Interview With Yasunori Mitsuda and Akari Kaida | url=http://www.originalsoundversion.com/?p=1164 | publisher=Original Sound Version | access-date=2009-08-01 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Waxay noqotay hal-abuure [[freelance|madax-bannaan]] sannadkii 2005, laakiin waxay weli sii wadday inay ka shaqeyso mashaariic kala duwan oo Capcom ah, iyadoo dhowaanahan ka mid noqotay kooxda dhawaaqyada ee [[Inti Creates]] ee ciyaaraha ''[[Mega Man]]''.<ref name="OSV"/> ​ ==Shaqooyinka== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Sannadka ! Cinwaanka ! class="unsortable"| Xusuusin |- ! rowspan="3" | 1995 | ''[[Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge]]'' | waxaa la jiray Takayuki Iwai iyo Hideki Okugawa |- | ''[[Cyberbots: Full Metal Madness]]'' | waxaa la jiray Takayuki Iwai, Masato Kouda, iyo Naoaki Iwami |- | ''[[Street Fighter Alpha]]'' | Habeynta nooca konsole-ka |- ! 1996 | ''[[Resident Evil (1996 video game)|Resident Evil]]'' | Beddelidda xogta oo keliya |- ! 1997 | ''[[Breath of Fire III]]''<ref name="OSV"/> | waxaa la jiray [[Yoshino Aoki]] |- ! 1998 | ''[[Mega Man & Bass]]''<ref name="GSW"/> | waxaa la jiray Toshihiko Horiyama iyo [[Naoshi Mizuta]] |- ! rowspan="2" | 1999 | ''[[Trick'N Snowboarder]]'' | waxaa la jiray Masami Ueda |- | ''[[Dino Crisis (video game)|Dino Crisis]]'' | "Abandoned Hope" |- ! 2001 | ''[[Mega Man Battle Network (video game)|Mega Man Battle Network]]''<ref name="GSW"/> | |- ! rowspan="3" | 2004 | ''[[Onimusha 3: Demon Siege]]'' | waxaa la jiray [[Masamichi Amano]], Hideki Okugawa, iyo Kouta Suzuki |- | ''[[Rockman EXE 4.5 Real Operation]]'' | waxaa la jiray Toshihiko Horiyama |- | ''[[Mega Man Battle Network 5]]''<ref name="GSW"/> | |- ! 2006 | ''[[Ōkami]]'' | waxaa la jiray Masami Ueda, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, iyo Rei Kondoh |- ! 2007 | ''[[Luminous Arc (video game)|Luminous Arc]]''<ref name="OSV"/> | waxaa la jiray [[Yasunori Mitsuda]], Kazumi Mitome, iyo Shota Kageyama |- ! rowspan="2" | 2008 | ''[[Luminous Arc 2]]''<ref name="OSV"/> | waxaa la jiray [[Yoko Shimomura]], Yoshino Aoki, iyo Shunsuke Tsuchiya |- | ''[[Mega Man Star Force 3]]'' | waxaa la jiray Yoshino Aoki |- ! 2009 | ''[[Rockman EXE Operate Shooting Star]]'' | waxaa la jiray Yoshino Aoki iyo Marika Suzuki |- ! rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''[[Mega Man 10]]'' | "King of Blades (Blade Man Stage)" |- | ''[[Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side: 3rd Story]]'' | rowspan="2" | waxaa la jiray kuwo kale oo badan |- ! 2012 | ''[[New LovePlus]]'' |- ! 2014 | ''[[Super Smash Bros. for Wii U]]'' | Habeynta{{efn|"Escape", "Coliseum Series Medley"}} |- ! 2015 | ''Chunithm: Seelisch Tact'' | "The Desert Hunting Girl" |- !2019 | ''[[Earth Defense Force: Iron Rain]]'' | waxaa la jiray Masanori Ōtsuka, Yuichi Baba, iyo Shinya Chikamori |- ! rowspan="2" |2020 |''[[Samurai Jack: Battle Through Time]]'' |waxaa la jiray dhowr kale |- |''[[Earth Defense Force: World Brothers]]'' |waxaa la jiray Yuichi Baba iyo Noi Iizuka |- |} ​ ==Tixraac== {{notelist}} {{reflist|2}} ​ ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaida, Akari}} tshh73dwucqk0p5dndyda3q6zfhkrob 0 47007 300820 294683 2026-07-04T09:21:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Victor Hugo | image = Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876.jpg | imagesize = 260px | caption = Victor Hugo, qiyaastii 1880 | birth_name = Victor Marie Hugo | birth_date = 26 Febraayo 1802 | birth_place = [[Besançon]], [[Faransiiska]] | death_date = 22 Maay 1885 (da’ ahaan 83 sano) | death_place = [[Paris]], [[Faransiiska]] | occupation = [[gabayaa]], [[qoraa riwaayado]], [[qoraa sheekooyin]], [[qoraa maqaal]]o, u ololeeya xuquuqda aadanaha | movement = [[Romanticism|Romantikisam]] | signature = Victor Hugo Signature.svg | website = }} ​'''Victor Marie Hugo''' (26 Febraayo 1802 – 22 May 1885) wuxuu ahaa [[France|Faransiis]] [[abwaan]] ah, [[riwaayad-qore]], [[sheeko-faneed-qore]], [[hoggaamiye dowlad]] iyo [[xuquuqda aadanaha]] [[u-doodaha|u-doodahooda]]. Wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray dhaqdhaqaaqii [[Romanticism|Romaantiigga]] ee Faransiiska. ​ Hugo wuxuu markii hore caan ku noqday Faransiiska [[gabayada|gabayadiisa]] darteed, iyo sidoo kale [[sheeko-faneed|sheeko-faneedyadiisa]] iyo [[riwaayad|riwaayadihiisa]]. ''[[Les Contemplations]]'' iyo ''[[La Légende des siècles]]'' ayaa ah ururinta gabayadiisa ugu caansan. Meel ka baxsan Faransiiska, sheeko-faneedyadiisa ''[[Les Misérables]]'' iyo ''Notre-Dame de Paris'' (ee af Ingiriisiga sidoo kale loogu yaqaanno ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'') ayaa ah shaqooyinkiisa ugu caansan. ​Markii uu yaraa, wuxuu ahaa [[mushaar-doon]] [[boqortooyo-taageere]] ah. Markii uu weynaaday wuxuu noqday mid aad u [[Liberalism|xorriyad-u-dood]] ah oo taageera [[jamhuuriyadda]]. Shaqadiisu waxay ku saabsanayd qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka [[Siyaasadda|siyaasadeed]] iyo kuwa [[bulsho]] iyo sidoo kale [[farshaxan|isbeddellada farshaxanka]] ee xilligiisii. Waxaa lagu aasay [[Panthéon]], ee [[Paris]]. ​ ==Nolosha== Victor Hugo wuxuu ahaa wiilka Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) iyo Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821). Wuxuu lahaa laba walaalo ah oo ka weyn oo la kala oran jiray Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) iyo Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). Wuxuu dhashay 1802, magaalada [[Besançon]] (ee gobolka [[Doubs]]). Hugo wuxuu ku noolaa [[France]] inta badan noloshiisa. Intii lagu jiray xukunkii [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]] wuxuu aaday [[masaafuris]]. Sannadkii 1851, wuxuu ku noolaa [[Belgium]], magaalada [[Brussels]]. Wuxuu u guuray [[Jersey]] sannadkii 1852. Wuxuu halkaas joogay ilaa 1855 markaas oo uu aaday si uu u dego [[Guernsey]] ilaa 1870. Wuxuu haddana halkaas ku noolaa 1872-1873. Laga soo bilaabo 1859, masaafurintiisu waxay ahayd mid uu isagu doortay. ​Dhacdooyin waaweyn ayaa calaamadeeyay carruurnimadiisii hore. Sanado yar ka hor dhalashadiisa, [[House of Bourbon|Boqortooyadii Bourbon]] ayaa lagu riday [[French Revolution|Kacaankii Faransiiska]]. [[French First Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Koowaad]] ayaa kacday oo dhacday, waxaana kacday [[First French Empire|Boqortooyadii Koowaad ee Faransiiska]] oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]. Napoléon wuxuu noqday Boqor laba sano ka dib dhalashadii Hugo. Boqortooyadii Bourbon ayaa dib loo soo celiyay markii Hugo uu ahaa 17 jir. Waalidkiis waxay lahaayeen aragtiyo siyaasadeed iyo diimeed oo kala duwan. Hugo aabihiis wuxuu ahaa sarkaal. Wuxuu darajo sare ka gaaray ciidankii Napoléon. Wuxuu ahaa [[atheism|mulxid]] [[republicanism|jamhuuri]] ah, Napoléonna wuxuu u arkayay geesi. Hooyadiis waxay ahayd [[Roman Catholic Church|Kaatoolig]] aad u mayal adag oo [[House of Bourbon|Boqortooyada taageerta]]. Maadaama Hugo aabihiis uu sarkaal ahaa, qoysku waxay u guuri jireen si joogto ah. Victor Hugo wax badan ayuu ka bartay socdaalladaas. Wuxuu joogay [[Naples]] iyo [[Rome]] muddo lix bilood ah, ka hor inta uusan dib ugu laaban [[Paris]]. Markaas wuxuu ahaa shan jir qura, laakiin [[socdaalka|socdaalkaas]] si fiican ayuu u xusuustay. ​Hooyadiis, Sophie, waxay aaday [[Italy]] iyadoo la socota ninkeeda oo ahaa gudoomiye gobol u dhow Naples. Waxay sidoo kale aadeen [[Spain]] halkaas oo Joseph uu maamulayay saddex gobol oo Isbaanish ah. Sophie waxay si ku-meel-gaar ah uga go'day ninkeedii 1803, maadaama ay noloshaas dhib badnayd. Waxay degtay Paris. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inay iyadu maamushay waxbarashada Hugo. Sidaa darteed, shaqadii hore ee Hugo, gaar ahaan gabayada, waxay muujinayaan isaga oo [[ammaanaya]] [[boqortooyada]] iyo [[iimaanka masiixiga]]. [[The Revolutions of 1848 in France|Kacaankii 1848]] wuxuu ka dhigay Hugo mid ka fallaagooba waxbarashadiisii Kaatooligga iyo Boqortooyo-taageeridda ahayd. Kacaankaas ka dib, wuxuu doorbiday jamhuuriyadda iyo [[xorriyadda fikirka]]. ​Markii uu yaraa, Victor Hugo wuxuu galay jaceyl. Wuxuu si qarsoodi ah ugu guursaday saaxiibtiisii carruurnimada Adèle Foucher (1803-1868), isagoo ka soo horjeeda rabitaanka hooyadiis. ​Wuxuu guursaday Adèle 1822, ka dib dhimashadii hooyadiis ee 1821. Ilmihiisii ugu horreeyay, Léopold (oo dhashay 1823), wuxuu dhintay isagoo [[yar]]. Hugo wuxuu dhalay afar carruur ah oo kale oo la kala oron jiray [[Léopoldine Hugo|Léopoldine]] (28 Agoosto 1824), [[Charles Hugo|Charles]] (4 Noofambar 1826), [[François-Victor Hugo|François-Victor]] (28 Oktoobar 1828) iyo [[Adèle Hugo|Adèle]] (24 Agoosto 1830). Hugo wuxuu daabacay sheeko-faneedkiisii ugu horreeyay 1823 (''Han d'Islande''). Midkiisii labaad wuxuu soo baxay saddex sano ka dib (''[[Bug-Jargal]]'', 1826). Wuxuu daabacay shan mug oo gabayo ah (''[[Les Orientales]]'', 1829; ''Les Feuilles d'automne'', 1831; ''Les Chants du crépuscule'', 1835; ''Les Voix intérieures'', 1837; iyo ''Les Rayons et les ombres'', 1840) intii u dhaxaysay 1829 iyo 1840. Tani waxay gacan ka gaysatay sumcaddiisa mid ka mid ah abwaannada ugu weyn ee [[baroordiiqda]] iyo [[gabayada-murtida]] ee xilligiisa. ​Dhimashadii gabadhiisa ugu weynayd ee uu aadka u jeclaa, Léopoldine, waxay Hugo ka dhigtay mid aad u murugaysan. Waxay dhimatay iyadoo 19 jir ah, sannadkii 1843. Tani waxay dhacday waxyar ka dib [[guurkeeda]]. Waxay ku qarqantay [[Webiga Seine]] ee [[Villequier]]. [[Goonnadeeda]] cuslaa ayaa hoos u jiiday markii [[dooni]] ay rogmatay. Ninkeedii wuxuu dhintay isagoo isku dayaya inuu badbaadiyo. Wakhtigaas; Victor Hugo wuxuu koonfurta Faransiiska kula socdaalay saaxiibtiis. Wuxuu geerida Léopoldine ka bartay wargeys isagoo fadhiya [[kafeey]].<ref>''Victor Hugo, tome 1: Je suis une force qui va'' by Max Gallo, pub. Broché (2001)</ref> Wuxuu ku sifeeyay naxdintiisa iyo [[murugada]] gabaygiisa ''À Villequier'': ​<poem> ''Hélas ! vers le passé tournant un oeil d'envie,'' ''Sans que rien ici-bas puisse m'en consoler,'' ''Je regarde toujours ce moment de ma vie'' ''Où je l'ai vue ouvrir son aile et s'envoler !'' ​''Je verrai cet instant jusqu'à ce que je meure,'' ''L'instant, pleurs superflus !'' ''Où je criai : L'enfant que j'avais tout à l'heure,'' ''Quoi donc ! je ne l'ai plus !'' ​Alas! isagoo isha hinaasaha u jeedinaya xilligii hore, isagoon waxba halkan dunida guudkeeda kaga dabcaynin, waxaan weli eegayaa daqiiqaddaas noloshayda ka midka ah ee aan arkay iyadoo baalasheeda furaysa oo duulaysa! ​Daqiiqaddaas ayaan arki doonaa ilaa aan ka dhinto, daqiiqaddaas—oo ilmadu ay aad ugu badatay! markii aan ku qayliyey: "Ilmihii aan hadda lahaa-- waa sidee! mar dambe ma haysto!" </poem> ​Ka dib tan, wuxuu qoray gabayo badan oo ku saabsan nolosha iyo dhimashada gabadhiisa. Mid ka mid ah gabayadiisa ugu caansan waa malaha ''Demain, dès l'aube''. Gabaygan, wuxuu ku sifeeyay isagoo booqanaya qabrigeeda. ​ ==Qoraallada== [[François-René de Chateaubriand]], qoraaga caanka ah ee [[Romanticism|Romaantiigga]], ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay Hugo intii lagu jiray horraantii 1800-yadii. Markii Hugo uu yaraa, wuxuu yiri wuxuu noqon doonaa ''Chateaubriand ou rien'' (“Chateaubriand ama waxba”). Waxyaabo badan oo Chateaubriand sameeyay, Hugo wuxuu ka qaatay tusaale. Markii hore, wuxuu difaacay mabda'a Romaantiigga. Ka dib, wuxuu ku lug yeeshay siyaasadda oo uu taageeray [[Jamhuuriyadda]]. Ugu dambeyntii, waxaa lagu qasbay masaafuris sababo la xiriira aragtidiisa siyaasadeed. Xiisaha iyo aftahamada Hugo ee shaqadiisii hore waxay ka dhigtay mid guulaysta oo caan ah isagoo da' yar. Ururintiisii ugu horreysay ee gabayada (''[[Odes et poésies diverses]]'') waxaa la daabacay 1822. Wakhtigaas, Hugo wuxuu ahaa labaatan jir qura. Waxay u horseedday inuu ka helo ''lacag hawlgab ah'' (lacag boqorka ka timaada) boqorkii [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]]. Gabayadiisa waa la la yaabay laakiin waxay ahayd ururintiisii xigtay, afar sano ka dib 1826 (''[[Odes et Ballades]]''), tii muujisay in Hugo uu yahay abwaan weyn. ​Shaqadii ugu horreysay ee qaan-gaarnimada ee Victor Hugo ee dhanka khayaaliga waxay soo baxday 1829. Waxay ka tarjumaysay xiisaha uu u hayo bulshada taas oo si weyn ugu soo muuqatay shaqadiisii dambe. ''Le Dernier jour d'un condamné'' (''[[The Last Day of a Condemned Man]]'') waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay qoraayadii dambe sida [[Albert Camus]], [[Charles Dickens]], iyo [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]. ''[[Claude Gueux]]'' waxay soo baxday 1834. Waa sheeko gaaban oo dukumentari ah oo ku saabsan gacan-ku-dhiigle dhab ah oo lagu dilay Faransiiska. Hugo laftiisu wuxuu u tixgeliyey inay tahay [[horseedka]] shaqadiisa weyn ee ku saabsan caddaalad-darro bulshada, ''[[Les Misérables]]''. Laakiin sheeko-faneedkii ugu horreeyay ee guulaystay ee Hugo wuxuu ahaa ''Notre-Dame de Paris'' (''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]''), oo la daabacay 1831. Si degdeg ah ayaa loogu turjumay luqado kale oo Yurub oo dhan ah. Mid ka mid ah saamaynta sheeko-faneedku lahaa waxay ahayd in dadka deggan Paris ay dib u hagaajiyaan kaniisadda la dayacay ee [[Notre Dame de Paris|Cathedral of Notre Dame]], taas oo soo jiidanaysay kumanaan dalxiisayaal ah oo akhriyey sheeko-faneedka caanka ah. Buuggu wuxuu sidoo kale dhiirigeliyay qaddarin cusub oo loo hayo dhismayaashii ka horreeyay xilligii Renaissance-ka, kuwaas oo bilaabay in si firfircoon loo ilaaliyo. ​Hugo wuxuu bilaabay qorshaynta sheeko-faneed weyn oo ku saabsan dhibaatada bulshada iyo caddaalad-darrada horraantii 1830-yadii, laakiin waxay ku qaadatay 17 sano oo buuxda in ''[[Les Misérables]]'' la dhammaystiro oo ugu dambeyntii la daabaco 1862. Qoraagu wuxuu si weyn u ogaa tayada sheeko-faneedka, daabacaadda shaqaduna waxay u gacan gashay cidda bixisay qiimaha ugu sarreeya. Guriga daabacaadda ee Belgian Lacroix iyo Verboeckhoven ayaa sameeyay olole suuq-geyn oo aan caadi ahayn wakhtigaas, iyaga oo soo saaray war-saxaafadeedyo ku saabsan shaqada lix bilood ka hor intaan la soo saarin. Sidoo kale waxay markii hore daabaceen qaybtii hore ee sheeko-faneedka oo keliya (“Fantine”), taas oo isku mar laga soo saaray magaalooyinka waaweyn. Qaybaha buugga ayaa lagu iibsaday saacado gudahood, waxayna saameyn weyn ku yeesheen bulshada Faransiiska. Dadka wax naqdiya guud ahaan way ka hor yimaadeen sheeko-faneedka; [[Taine]] wuxuu u arkay mid aan daacad ahayn, [[Barbey d'Aurevilly]] wuxuu ka cabanayaa inuu yahay mid hooseeya, [[Flaubert]] wuxuu dhexdeeda ka helay "run iyo weynaan toona," walaalaha [[Goncourt brothers|Goncourts]] waxay cambaareeyeen farsamadiisa, iyo [[Baudelaire]] - in kasta oo uu dib-u-eegis wanaagsan ku siiyay wargeysyada - wuxuu si gaar ah ugu tilmaamay "mid aan dhadhan lahayn oo aan habboonayn." ''Les Misérables'' waxay u muuqatay mid ay dadku aad u jecel yihiin taas oo keentay in arrimihii ay iftiimisay dhowaan lagu daro ajandaha [[Golaha Qaranka]] ee Faransiiska. Maanta sheeko-faneedku wuxuu weli yahay shaqadiisa ugu caansan ee waarta. Waa mid caan ka ah adduunka oo dhan, waxaana loo habeeyay filimada, telefishanka iyo bandhigyada masraxa. ​Waraaqihii ugu gaabnaa taariikhda waxay dhex mareen Hugo iyo madbacaddiisa Hurst & Blackett sannadkii 1862. Waxaa la sheegaa in Hugo uu fasax ku jiray markii la daabacay Les Misérables (kaas oo ka badan 1200 bog). Wuxuu u soo diray farriin hal xaraf ah '?' madbacaddiisa, kuwaas oo ugu jawaabay hal '!' oo keliya.<ref>Walsh, William S: 'Handy-Book of Literary Curiosities'', page 600. Philadelphia: J.B. Lipincott Co, 1892.</ref> ​Hugo wuxuu ka weecday arrimaha bulshada ama siyaasadda sheeko-faneedkiisii xigay, ''Les Travailleurs de la Mer'' (''[[Toilers of the Sea]]''), oo la daabacay 1866. Weli, buugga si fiican ayaa loo soo dhaweeyay, malaha sababtoo ah guushii hore ee ''Les Misérables''. Waxaa loo hibeeyay jasiiradda marinka ee [[Guernsey]], halkaas oo uu ku qaatay shan iyo toban sano oo masaafuris ah, sheekada Hugo ee ku saabsan dagaalka ninka iyo badda iyo makhluuqaadka ku jira moolkeeda, waxay bilowday isbeddel aan caadi ahayn oo ka dhacay Paris: [[awaan|awaannada]]. Laga soo bilaabo suxuunta awaanka iyo bandhigyada, ilaa koofiyadaha awaanka iyo xafladaha, dadka reer Paris waxay aad u xiiseeyeen makhluuqaadkaas badda ee aan caadiga ahayn.<ref>{{cite book|title=Family guide : Paris.|date=2 April 2012|publisher=DK Pub.|location=London|isbn=9780756689568|pages=215|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkT_9nZSJJEC&pg=PT215}}</ref> ​Hugo wuxuu dib ugu soo laabtay arrimaha siyaasadda iyo bulshada sheeko-faneedkiisii xigay, ''L'Homme Qui Rit'' (''[[The Man Who Laughs]]''), oo la daabacay 1869 uuna ku sawiray sawir naqdin leh oo ku saabsan dabaqadda sare (aristocracy). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sheeko-faneedku ma guulaysan sidii dadaalladiisii hore, Hugo laftiisuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka faalloodo fogaanta sii kordhaysa ee u dhaxaysa isaga iyo asxaabtiisa suugaaneed ee casriga ah sida [[Flaubert]] iyo [[Émile Zola]], kuwaas oo sheeko-faneedyadooda [[realism (literature)|xaqiiqada]] iyo [[naturalism (literature)|dabeecadda]] ku dhisnaa ay hadda ka sarreeyeen caannimada shaqadiisa. Sheeko-faneedkiisii ugu dambeeyay, ''Quatre-vingt-treize'' (''[[Ninety-Three]]''), oo la daabacay 1874, wuxuu ku saabsanaa mawduuc uu Hugo markii hore iska ilaalin jiray: [[Reign of Terror|Xilligii Argagaxa]] intii lagu jiray [[French Revolution|Kacaankii Faransiiska]]. ​==Nolosha siyaasadeed iyo masaafurinta== Ka dib saddex isku day oo aan guulaysan, Hugo waxaa ugu dambeyntii loo doortay [[Académie française]] sannadkii 1841, isagoo xaqiijiyay booskiisa adduunka farshaxanka iyo suugaanta Faransiiska. Koox aqoonyahanno Faransiis ah, gaar ahaan [[Etienne de Jouy]], ayaa la dagaallamayay "horumarka romaantiigga" waxayna ku guulaysteen inay dib u dhigaan doorashada Victor Hugo.<ref>On the role of E. de Jouy against V.Hugo, see ''Les aventures militaires, littéraires et autres de Etienne de Jouy de l'Académie française'' by Michel Faul (Editions Seguier, France, 2009 {{ISBN|978-2-84049-556-7}})</ref> Taas ka dib wuxuu si sii kordhaysa ugu lug yeeshay siyaasadda Faransiiska. Waxaa darajada sare ee peer-ka u dallacsiiyay Boqor [[Louis-Philippe]] 1841 wuxuuna galay Rugta Sare isagoo ah ''[[pair de France]]'', halkaas oo uu kaga hadlay ka soo horjeedka [[ciqaabta dilka]] iyo caddaalad-darrada bulshada, isagoo taageerayay [[xorriyadda saxaafadda]] iyo [[is-maamulka]] [[Poland]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sidoo kale noqonayay mid aad u taageera nidaamka dawladnimo ee Jamhuuriyadda, waxaana ka dib [[1848 Revolution|Kacaankii 1848]] iyo dhismihii [[French Second Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Labaad]], loo doortay Golaha Dastuuriga ah iyo Golaha Sharciga. ​Markii Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) uu qabsaday awoodda buuxda 1851, isagoo dhisay [[dastuur]] ka soo horjeeda [[baarlamaanka]], Hugo wuxuu si cad ugu dhawaaqay inuu yahay khaa'inul wadan u galay Faransiiska. Wuxuu u guuray [[Brussels]], ka dib [[Jersey]], ugu dambeyntiina wuxuu qoyskiisa kula deggay jasiiradda marinka ee [[Guernsey]] ee [[Hauteville House]], halkaas oo uu ku noolaa masaafuris ilaa 1870. ​Isagoo masaafur ku jira, Hugo wuxuu daabacay buug-yarayaashiisa siyaasadeed ee caanka ah ee ka dhanka ahaa Napoleon III, ''[[Napoléon le Petit]]'' iyo ''[[Histoire d'un crime]]''. Buug-yarayaashaas waa laga mamnuucay Faransiiska, laakiin haddana saameyn weyn ayay halkaas ku yeesheen. Wuxuu sidoo kale curiyay ama daabacay qaar ka mid ah shaqadiisii ugu wanaagsanayd intii uu joogay [[Guernsey]], oo ay ku jiraan ''[[Les Misérables]]'', iyo saddex ururin oo gabayo ah oo si weyn loo ammaanay (''[[Les Châtiments]]'', 1853; ''[[Les Contemplations]]'', 1856; iyo ''[[La Légende des siècles]]'', 1859). ​Wuxuu ku qanciyay dawladda [[Boqorad Victoria]] inay badbaadiyaan nolosha lix qof oo Irish ah oo lagu helay falal argagixisanimo, saamayntiisana waxaa loo aaneeyaa in ciqaabta dilka laga saaray dastuurrada [[Geneva]], [[Portugal]] iyo [[Colombia]].<ref>[http://expositions.bnf.fr/hugo/pedago/dossiers/mort/reperes/signe.htm Victor Hugo, l'homme océan]</ref> Wuxuu sidoo kale u duceeyay [[Benito Juarez]] inuu badbaadiyo boqorkii dhowaan la qabtay ee [[Maximilian I of Mexico]] laakiin waxba kama suuragelin. ​In kasta oo Napoleon III uu cafis u fidiyay dhammaan dadka siyaasadda u masaafuriyay 1859, Hugo wuxuu diiday, maadaama ay ka dhignaan lahayd inuu yareeyo naqdintiisa ku aadan dawladda. Waxay ahayd markii Napoleon III uu awoodda ka dhacay oo [[French Third Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Saddexaad]] lagu dhawaaqay in Hugo uu ugu dambeyntii ku laabtay dalkiisii hooyo 1870, halkaas oo isla markiiba loo doortay Golaha Qaranka iyo Senetka. ​Wuxuu joogay Paris intii lagu jiray go'doomintii ay ciidamada Prussian-ka ku hayeen 1870, isagoo caan ku ahaa cunista xayawaanka la siiyay ee ka yimid beerta xayawaanka ee Paris. Markii go'doomintu sii socotay, oo cuntadu ay sii yaraatay, wuxuu ku qoray xusuus-qorkiisa inuu ku khasbanaaday "cunista wax aan la garanayn". ​Sababtoo ah walaaca uu ka qabo xuquuqda farshaxannada iyo [[xuquuqda qoraalka]], wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan [[Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale]], taas oo keentay [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Heshiiskii Berne ee Ilaalinta Shaqooyinka Suugaanta iyo Farshaxanka]]. ​ ==Aragtida diimeed== Aragtida diimeed ee Hugo si xun ayay isu beddeshay intii ay noloshiisu socotay. Markii uu yaraa, wuxuu isu sheegi jiray inuu yahay [[Kaatoolig]] wuxuuna muujiyay ixtiraam loo hayo kala sarreynta iyo awoodda Kaniisadda. Halkaas wuxuu ka noqday Kaatoolig aan diinta ku dhaqmin, wuxuuna si sii kordhaysa u muujiyay aragtiyo ka soo horjeeda Kaatooligga. Wuxuu xiiso aan caadi ahayn u lahaa [[Spiritualism (religious movement)|Ruuxi-nimada]] intii uu masaafurka ku jiray (halkaas oo uu sidoo kale ka qayb qaatay fadhiyada [[ruux-u-yeerista]]), sanadihii dambena wuxuu ku degay [[Rationalist]] [[Deism]] oo la mid ah kii uu u doodi jiray [[Voltaire]]. Qof dadka tirinaya ayaa weydiiyay Hugo 1872 haddii uu yahay Kaatoolig, wuxuuna ugu jawaabay, "Maya. Waxaan ahay [[Freethought|Mufakir xor ah]]". ​Hugo marna ma lumin nacaybkii uu u qabay [[Roman Catholic Church|Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Roomaanka]], taas oo inta badan ka dhalatay waxa uu u arkay inay tahay danayn la'aanta Kaniisadda ee dhibaatada dabaqadda shaqaysata ee ku hoos jirtay cadaadiska boqortooyada; iyo malaha sidoo kale sababtoo ah inta jeer ee shaqada Hugo ay ka soo muuqatay liiska Baapa-ha ee "[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum|buugaagta mamnuuca ah]]" (Hugo wuxuu tiriyay 740 weerar oo lagu qaaday ''Les Misérables'' oo ku jiray saxaafadda Kaatooligga). Markii ay dhimanayeen wiilashiisa Charles iyo François-Victor, wuxuu ku adkaystay in lagu aaso iskutallaab ama wadaad la'aan, dardaarankiisana wuxuu ku daray isla shuruudaas dhimashadiisa iyo aaskiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo Hugo uu aaminsanaa in [[dogma]]-da Kaatooligga ay tahay mid duug ah oo dhimanaysa, marna si toos ah uma weerarin hay'adda lafteeda. ​[[Rationalism]]-ka Hugo waxaa laga heli karaa gabayada sida ''Torquemada'' (1869, oo ku saabsan [[xagjirnimada diinta]]), ''The Pope'' (1878, [[wadaad-diid]]), ''Religions and Religion'' (1880, oo diidaya waxtarka kaniisadaha) iyo, kuwii la daabacay geeridiisa ka dib, ''The End of Satan'' iyo ''God'' (1886 iyo 1891 siday u kala horreeyaan, kuwaas oo uu [[Masiixiyadda]] ugu matalay sidii makhluuqa griffin-ka ah uuna [[Rationalism]]-ka ugu matalay sidii malag). ​ ==Victor Hugo iyo muusikada== In kasta oo kartida badan ee Hugo aysan ku jirin awood muusik oo aan caadi ahayn, haddana wuxuu saameyn weyn ku yeeshay adduunka muusikada iyada oo loo marayo dhiirigelinta aan dhammaadka lahayn ee shaqadiisu u fidisay curiyayaasha qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad. Hugo laftiisu wuxuu si gaar ah ugu raaxaysan jiray muusikada [[Gluck]] iyo [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]] wuxuuna aad u la yaabay [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], si aan caadi ahaynna xilligiisii, wuxuu kaloo qaddarin jiray shaqooyinka curiyayaasha qarniyadii hore sida [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]] iyo [[Monteverdi]]. Laba fannaan oo caan ah qarnigii 19-aad waxay saaxiib la ahaayeen Hugo: [[Berlioz]] iyo [[Liszt]]. Kan dambe wuxuu Beethoven ku garaacay guriga Hugo, Hugona wuxuu ku kaftamay warqad uu u qoray saaxiibkii in mahadnaqa casharradii biyaano ee Liszt, uu bartay sida loo garaaco hees uu jecel yahay biyaanada – xitaa haddii ay tahay hal far oo qura! Hugo wuxuu sidoo kale la shaqeeyay curiyaha [[Louise Bertin]], isagoo u qoray libretto loogu talagalay opera-deedii 1836 ee ''La Esmeralda'' taas oo ku salaysnayd jilaagii ku jiray ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame''.<ref>“Hugo à l'Opéra”, ed. Arnaud Laster, L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208 (2002).</ref> In kasta oo sababo kala duwan awgood opera-du ay u xirantay waxyar ka dib bandhigeedii shanaad oo aan maanta si fiican loo aqoon, haddana waxay dhowaan helaysay soo noolayn, labadaba nooca riwaayadda biyaanada/heesta ah ee Liszt ee Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/cadrefrefigur07.htm |title=Cette page utilise des cadres |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2008-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508142413/http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/cadrefrefigur07.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo nooca orkestrada buuxda ee lagu soo bandhigay bishii Luulyo 2008 ee Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festivalradiofrancemontpellier.com/2008/23-juillet-opera-laesmeralda-louise-bertin.php |title=23 juillet - Festival Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc Roussillon - classique - concert - opéra La Esmeralda Louise Bertin - direction Lawrence Foster - Orchestre Nationa... |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154928/http://www.festivalradiofrancemontpellier.com/2008/23-juillet-opera-laesmeralda-louise-bertin.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​In ka badan kun curis muusik ah ayaa laga dhiirigeliyay shaqooyinkii Hugo laga soo bilaabo 1800-yadii ilaa maanta. Gaar ahaan, riwaayadaha Hugo, kuwaas oo uu ku diiday xeerarkii masraxa caadiga ahaa isagoo doorbiday riwaayadda romaantiigga, waxay soo jiiteen xiisaha curiyayaal badan oo u habeeyay sidii opera. In ka badan boqol opera ayaa ku salaysan shaqooyinka Hugo waxaana ka mid ah [[Donizetti]]’s ''[[Lucrezia Borgia (opera)|Lucrezia Borgia]]'' (1833), [[Verdi]]’s ''[[Rigoletto]]'' (1851) iyo Ernani (1844), iyo [[Ponchielli]]’s ''[[La Gioconda]]'' (1876). Sheeko-faneedyada Hugo iyo sidoo kale riwaayadihiisa waxay u noqdeen isha dhiirigelinta weyn ee muusikiistayaasha, iyaga oo ku kiciyay inay abuuraan ma aha oo kaliya opera iyo ballet laakiin masrax muusik sida [[Notre Dame de Paris (musical)|Notre-Dame de Paris]] iyo tan weligeed caanka ah ee [[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]], oo ah masraxa muusikada ee ugu muddada dheer [[London]] ee [[West End theatre]]. Waxaa intaas dheer, gabayada quruxda badan ee Hugo waxay soo jiiteen xiiso aan caadi ahayn oo ay u qabaan muusikiistayaasha, melodies badan ayaana lagu saleeyay gabayadiisa oo ay curiyeen fannaaniin ay ka mid yihiin Berlioz, [[Bizet]], [[Fauré]], [[Franck]], [[Lalo]], Liszt, [[Massenet]], [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]], [[Rachmaninov]] iyo [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]].<ref>“Hugo et la musique” in Pleins feux sur Victor Hugo, Arnaud Laster, [[Comédie-Française]] (1981)</ref> ​Maanta, shaqada Hugo waxay sii wadataa inay kiciso muusikiistayaasha si ay u abuuraan curisyo cusub. Tusaale ahaan, sheeko-faneedkii Hugo ee ka dhanka ahaa ciqaabta dilka, The Last Day of a Condemned Man, ayaa dhowaan loo habeeyay sidii opera uu qoray David Alagna (libretto-na waxaa qoray Frédérico Alagna). Walaalkood, tenor-ka [[Roberto Alagna]], ayaa bandhiggii ugu horreeyay ee opera-da ku qabtay Paris xagaagii 2007 iyo mar kale bishii Febraayo 2008 ee Valencia isaga iyo Erwin Schrott iyadoo qayb ka ah Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/Programme2008.htm |title=Festival Victor Hugo & Egaux 2008 |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2008-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429182135/http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/Programme2008.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gudaha Guernsey, labadii sanaba mar [http://www.vhfestival.com/ Victor Hugo International Music Festival] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vhfestival.com/ |date=20160613054712 }} wuxuu soo jiitaa muusikiistayaal fara badan iyo soo bandhigidda heeso si gaar ah looga codsaday [[Guillaume Connesson]] oo ku salaysan gabayada Hugo. ​ ==Sanadihii hoos u dhaca iyo geerida== Markii Hugo uu ku laabtay [[Paris]] 1870, dalku wuxuu u dabaaldegay sidii geesi qaran. In kasta oo uu caan ahaa, Hugo wuxuu ku guuldarraystay isku daygiisii ahaa in dib loogu doorto Golaha Qaranka 1872. Muddo kooban gudaheed, wuxuu la kulmay [[istaroog]] fudud, gabadhiisa Adèle oo la geeyay isbitaalka dadka dhimirka ka xanuunsan, iyo geerida labadiisa wiil. (Taariikh nololeedkii Adèle waxay dhiirigelisay filimka ''[[The Story of Adele H.]]'') Xaaskiisa Adèle waxay dhimatay 1868. Saaxiibtiisii aaminka ahayd, [[Juliette Drouet]], waxay dhimatay 1883, laba sano uun ka hor dhimashadiisa. In kasta oo uu lumiyay dadkiisii, Hugo wuxuu weli u hellanaa u-doodista isbeddelka siyaasadeed. 30kii Janaayo 1876 Hugo waxaa loo doortay Senetka cusub ee la dhisay. Wajigii ugu dambeeyay ee mustaqbalkiisa siyaasadeed waxaa loo arkaa mid fashilmay. Hugo wuxuu qaatay door ah qof iska madax bannaan (maverick) wax badanna kama uusan qaban Senetka. ​Bishii Febraayo 1881 Hugo wuxuu u dabaaldegay dhalashadiisa 79-aad. Si loo sharfo xaqiiqda ah inay u bilaabatay sannadkiisii siddeetanaad, mid ka mid ah abaal-marinnada ugu weyn ee loo sameeyo qoraa nool ayaa la qabtay. Dabaal-degyadu waxay bilowdeen 25-kii markii Hugo la guddoonsiiyay weelka Sèvres, oo ah hadiyadda dhaqanka u ah madaxda. 27-kii mid ka mid ah socodyadii ugu weynaa taariikhda Faransiiska ayaa la qabtay. Dadka soconayay waxay ka soo bilaabmeen Avenue d'Eylau, ilaa hoos ee [[Champs-Élysées]], iyo dhammaan jidka ilaa badhtamaha Paris. Dadka socday waxay socdeen lix saacadood si ay u ag maraan Hugo isagoo fadhiya daaqadda gurigiisa. Inji kasta iyo faahfaahin kasta oo dhacdadaas ka mid ah waxay ahayd mid Hugo loogu talagalay; hagayaashii rasmiga ahaa xitaa waxay xirnaayeen ubaxa cornflowers si loogu matalo heestii Cosette ee ''Les Misérables.'' ​Hugo wuxuu ku dhintay 22 May 1885 magaalada [[Paris]], [[France]] isagoo u dhintay caabuq, da'diisuna waxay ahayd 83 sano. Geeridiisu waxay dhalisay baroor-diiq qaran oo aad u xooggan. Looma arkayn oo keliya shaqsi ka dhex muuqda suugaanta, wuxuu ahaa nin dawladeed oo qaabeeyay [[French Third Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Saddexaad]] iyo [[dimuqraadiyadda]] Faransiiska. In ka badan laba milyan oo qof ayaa ku biiray socodkii aaskiisa ee [[Paris]] laga soo bilaabo [[Arc de Triomphe]] ilaa [[Panthéon]], halkaas oo lagu aasay. Wuxuu qabri kula wadaagaa gudaha Panthéon [[Alexandre Dumas, père]] iyo Émile Zola. Inta badan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Faransiiska waxay leeyihiin waddo loogu magac daray isaga. Waddada uu ku dhintay, ee Paris, hadda waxay sidataa magaciisa. ​ ==Sawirrada== Dad badan ma oga in Hugo uu ku dhowaad u farshaxan badnaa dhanka muuqaalka sidii uu u ahaa dhanka suugaanta, isagoo soo saaray in ka badan 4,000 oo sawir noloshiisa intii ay jirtay. Markii hore wuxuu u sameyn jiray sidii hiwaayad, sawir-gacmeedku wuxuu noqday mid muhiim u ah Hugo wax yar ka hor masaafurintiisa, markii uu qaatay go'aanka ah inuu joojiyo qoraalka si uu isugu dhiibo siyaasadda. Sawir-gacmeedku wuxuu noqday halka keliya ee uu ka soo saaro hal-abuurkiisa muddadii 1848-1851. ​Hugo wuxuu ku shaqayn jiray warqad keliya, iyo cabbir yar; badanaa wuxuu isticmaali jiray midabka bunni madow ama madow ee [[pen and ink|qalin-iyo-khad]], mararka qaarna wuxuu ku dari jiray taabasho cad, mar dhif ahna midab. Sawirradii ka haray waa kuwo si la yaab leh loo dhammaystiray oo "casri" ku ah qaabkooda iyo fulintooda, iyagoo sii odorosaya farsamooyinka tijaabada ah ee [[Surrealism]] iyo [[Abstract Expressionism]]. ​Kama labalabayn jirin inuu isticmaalo stencils-ka carruurtiisa, dhibcaha khadka, wasakhda, raadadka shalashka, "pliage" ama laablaabista, "grattage" ama xoqidda, isagoo inta badan isticmaali jiray dhuxusha ka timaada qoryaha kabriidka ama farahiisa beddelka qalinka ama buraashka. Mararka qaarna wuxuu xitaa ku dhex tuuri jiray kafee ama qiiq si uu u helo saamaynta uu rabo. Waxaa la sheegay in Hugo uu inta badan ku sawiri jiray gacantiisa bidix ama isagoo aan eegin bogga, ama inta lagu jiro fadhiyada [[ruux-u-yeerista]], si uu u galo [[maskaxda miyir-qabka ka hooseysa]], oo ah fikrad dhowaan ka dib uu caan ka dhigay [[Sigmund Freud]]. ​Hugo wuxuu farshaxankiisa ka qarin jiray indhaha dadweynaha, isagoo ka cabsanaya inay hadhayso shaqadiisa suugaanta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ku raaxaysan jiray inuu sawirradiisa la wadaago qoyskiisa iyo saaxiibadiisa, badanaa qaabka kaararka booqashada ee lagu sameeyay gacanta, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah hadiyad ahaan loo siiyay booqdayaasha markii uu ku jiray masaafurinta siyaasadeed. Qaar ka mid ah shaqadiisa waxaa la tusay, oo ay qaddariyeen, fannaaniintii xilligaas sida [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]] iyo [[Delacroix]]; kan dambe wuxuu muujiyay ra'yiga ah in haddii Hugo uu go'aansan lahaa inuu noqdo rinjiye halkii uu qoraa ka noqon lahaa, uu ka dhex muuqan lahaa fannaaniinta qarnigooda. ​'''Sawirada:''' <gallery perrow="5"> File:Victor_Hugo-Setting_Sun.jpg|''Crépuscule'' ("Gadh-madoobaad"), Jersey, 1853-1855. File:Victor_Hugo-Bridge.jpg|''Ville avec le pont de Tumbledown'', 1847. File:Victor_Hugo-Octopus.jpg|''Pieuvre avec les initales V.H.'', ("Awaan leh xarfaha hore ee V.H."), 1866. File:Le Rocher de l'Ermitage.jpg|''Le Rocher de l'Ermitage dans un paysage imaginaire'' ("Dhagaxa Ermitage ee muuqaal khayaali ah") File:Hugo.jpg|''Le phare'' ("Guriga iftiinka/Laydhka badda") </gallery> ​ ==Xusuus-qoryada== ​ Dadka dega [[Guernsey]] waxay ka dhisneen taalada Candie Gardens ([[St. Peter Port]]) si ay u xusuustaan joogitaankiisii jasiiradaha. [[Paris|Magaalada Paris]] waxay ilaalisay hoygiisii [[Hauteville House]], [[Guernsey]] iyo 6, Place des Vosges sidii matxafyo. Gurigii uu degganaa ee [[Vianden]], Luxembourg, sannadkii 1871 isna wuxuu noqday matxaf. ​Hugo waxaa loo weyneeyaa sidii [[awliyo]] ahaan diinta dadka reer [[Vietnam]] ee [[Cao Dai]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/caodaism.htm| title=Caodaism : A Vietnamese centred religion| accessdate=2009-05-08| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68cxB3kTt?url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/caodaism.htm| archivedate=2012-06-23| url-status=live}}</ref> ​Waddada [[Avenue Victor-Hugo (Paris)|Avenue Victor-Hugo]] ee ku taal degmada [[Paris 16e|XVIème]] ee Paris waxay sidataa magaca Hugo, waxayna isku xirtaa Place de l'Étoile iyo agagaarka [[Bois de Boulogne]] iyadoo sii marta Place Victor-Hugo. Fagaarahan waxaa u adeega [[Paris Métro]] [[Victor Hugo (Paris Métro)|istaag]] isna loogu magac daray isaga. Tiro waddooyin iyo jidad ah oo ku yaal Faransiiska oo dhan ayaa sidoo kale loogu magac daray isaga. Iskuulka Lycée Victor Hugo waxaa laga aasaasay magaaladii uu ku dhashay ee [[Besançon]] ee Faransiiska. Avenue Victor-Hugo, oo ku taal [[Shawinigan]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], waxaa loogu magac daray in lagu sharfo isaga. ​Magaalada [[Avellino]], ee [[Italy]], Victor Hugo wuxuu si kooban u joogay waxa hadda loo yaqaanno Il Palazzo Culturale, markii uu la midoobayay aabbihiis, Leopold Sigisbert Hugo, sannadkii 1808. Victor wuxuu hadhow ka qori lahaa joogitaankiisii koobnaa ee halkaas isagoo soo xiganaya "C’était un palais de marbre...". Magaalada [[Edinburgh]], ee [[Scotland]] waxaa ku yaal dukaan raashinka fudud (delicatessen) oo loo bixiyay Victor Hugo Delicatessen, waxaa markii hore maamuli jiray lamaane Faransiis ah laakiin waxaa la iibsaday 2005. Dukaanku wuxuu ku yaal Melville Terrace, isagoo eegaya seeraha (meadows) kuna dhow kuleejka degaanka ee [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Sciennes]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.victorhugodeli.com/index.html |title=Victor@Teyon'sHugoDeli.com |access-date=2010-05-01 |archive-date=2010-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306024506/http://www.victorhugodeli.com/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​ ==Shaqooyinka== ===Kuwa la daabacay intii uu Hugo noolaa=== ​ ''[[Odes et poésies diverses]]'' (1822) ​''[[Odes (Hugo)]]'' (1823) ​''[[Han d'Islande]]'' (1823) (''Hans of Iceland'') ​''[[Nouvelles Odes]]'' (1824) ​''[[Bug-Jargal]]'' (1826) ​''[[Nils Gunnar Lie's history]]'' (1826) ​''[[Odes et Ballades]]'' (1826) ​''[[Cromwell (play)|Cromwell]]'' (1827) ​''[[Les Orientales]]'' (1829) ​''Le Dernier jour d'un condamné'' (1829) (''[[The Last Day of a Condemned Man]]'') ​''[[Hernani (drama)|Hernani]]'' (1830) ​''Notre-Dame de Paris'' (1831), (''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'') ​''[[Marion Delorme (Hugo)|Marion Delorme]]'' (1831) ​''[[Les Leaves d'automne]]'' (1831) ​''[[Le roi s'amuse]]'' (1832) ​''[[Lucrèce Borgia]]'' (1833) (''[[Lucretia Borgia]]'') ​''[[Marie Tudor]]'' (1833) ​''[[Littérature et philosophie mêlées]]'' (1834) ​''[[Claude Gueux]]'' (1834) ​''[[Angelo (play)|Angelo, tyran de padoue]]'' (1835) ​''[[Les Chants du crépuscule]]'' (1835) ​''[[La Esmeralda (only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself)]]'' (1836) ​''[[Les Voix intérieures]]'' (1837) ​''[[Ruy Blas]]'' (1838) ​''[[Les Rayons et les ombres]]'' (1840) ​''[[Le Rhin]]'' (1842) ​''[[Les Burgraves]]'' (1843) ​''[[Napoléon le Petit]]'' (1852) ​''[[Les Châtiments]]'' (1853) ​''[[Les Contemplations]]'' (1856) ​''[[Les TRYNE]]'' (1856) ​''[[La Légende des siècles]]'' (1859) ​''[[Les Misérables]]'' (1862) ​''[[William Shakespeare (essay)|William Shakespeare]]'' (1864) ​''[[Les Chansons des rues et des bois]]'' (1865) ​''Les Travailleurs de la Mer'' (1866), (''[[Toilers of the Sea]]'') ​''[[La voix de Guernsey]]'' (1867) ​''L'Homme qui rit'' (1869), (''[[The Man Who Laughs]]'') ​''[[L'Année terrible]]'' (1872) ​''[[Quatrevingt-treize]]'' (''[[Ninety-Three]]'') (1874) ​''[[Mes Fils]]'' (1874) ​''[[Actes et paroles]] — [[Avant l'exil]]'' (1875) ​''Actes et paroles - [[Pendant l'exil]]'' (1875) ​''Actes et paroles - [[Depuis l'exil]]'' (1876) ​''La Légende des Siècles 2e série'' (1877) ​''[[L'Art d'être grand-père]]'' (1877) ​''[[Histoire d'un crime]]'' 1re partie (1877) ​''Histoire d'un crime'' 2e partie (1878) ​''[[Le Pape]]'' (1878) ​''[[La pitié suprême]]'' (1879) ​''[[Religions et religion]]'' (1880) ​''[[L'Âne]]'' (1880) ​''[[Les Quatres vents de l'esprit]]'' (1881) ​''[[Torquemada (play)|Torquemada]]'' (1882) ​''La Légende des siècles'' Tome III (1883) ​''[[L'Archipel de la Manche]]'' (1883) ​'''[[Poems of Victor Hugo]]''' ​===Kuwa la daabacay Hugo geeridiisa ka dib=== ​''Théâtre en liberté'' (1886) ​''[[La fin de Satan]]'' (1886) ​''Choses vues'' (1887) ​''Toute la lyre'' (1888) ​''Amy Robsart'' (1889) ​''Les Jumeaux'' (1889) ​''Actes et Paroles'' Depuis l'exil, 1876-1885 (1889) ​''Alpes et Pyrénées'' (1890) ​''Dieu'' (1891) ​''France et Belgique'' (1892) ​''Toute la lyre - dernière série'' (1893) ​''Les fromages'' (1895) ​''Correspondences - Tome I'' (1896) ​''Correspondences - Tome II'' (1898) ​''Les années funestes'' (1898) ​''Choses vues - nouvelle série'' (1900) ​''Post-scriptum de ma vie'' (1901) ​''Dernière Gerbe'' (1902) ​''Mille francs de récompense'' (1934) ​''Océan. Tas de pierres'' (1942) ​''L'Intervention'' (1951) ​[[Conversations with Eternity]] ​ ===Qoraallada online-ka ah=== ​[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Avictor%20hugo%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo] ee [[Internet Archive]] ​[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?amode=start&author=Hugo%2c%20Victor Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo] ee [[The Online Books Page]] ​[http://www.ellopos.net/politics/eu_hugo.html Khudbadaha siyaasadeed ee Victor Hugo: Aargoosigaygu waa Walaalnimo!] ​[http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo/vhpoetry/ Gabayada la doortay] ​[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EUhugo.htm Taariikh nololeedka iyo khudbadii 1851] ​[https://books.google.com/books?id=xREYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA207 Wararka geerida] ee ''[[The Times]]'' ​ ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​ ===Tixraacyada online-ka ah=== ​ Afran, Charles (1997). [http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Theatre/Hugo/hugo.shtml “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”]. Mareegta: Discover France. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia'', 1997, v.9.0.1.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo001.html “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 11–13.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo006.html “Hernani”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 20–23.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bates, Alfred (1906). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo005.html “Hugo’s Cromwell”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization'', vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 18–19.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Bittleston, Misha (taariikh la'aan). [http://www.mishabittleston.com/artists/victor_hugo/ "Drawings of Victor Hugo"]. Mareegta: Misha Bittleston. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Burnham, I.G. (1896). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/french/hugo008.html “Amy Robsart”]. Mareegta: Theatre History. (Asal ahaan lagu daabacay ''Victor Hugo: Dramas''. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896. pp. 203–6, 401-2.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001-05). [http://aol.bartleby.com/65/hu/Hugo-Vic.html “Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte”]. Mareegta: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Haine, W. Scott (1997). [http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm “Victor Hugo”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cats.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/hugo.htm |date=20080411025136 }}. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Mareegta: Ohio University. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Illi, Peter (2001-2004). [http://www.hugo-online.org/050000.htm “Victor Hugo: Plays”] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hugo-online.org/050000.htm |date=20090415135602 }}. Mareegta: The Victor Hugo Website. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Karlins, N.F. (1998). [http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/karlins/karlins5-5-98.asp "Octopus With the Initials V.H."] Mareegta: ArtNet. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Liukkonen, Petri (2000). [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vhugo.htm “Victor Hugo (1802-1885)”]. Books and Writers. Mareegta: Pegasos: A Literature Related Resource Site. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060508103328/http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0226almanac.htm “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Robb, Graham (1997). [https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/robb-hugo.html “A Sabre in the Night”]. Mareegta: New York Times (Books). (Laga soo qaatay Graham, Robb (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Roche, Isabel (2005). [http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?cid=30497 “Victor Hugo: Biography”]. Meet the Writers. Mareegta: [[Barnes & Noble]]. (Laga soo qaatay Barnes & Noble Classics daabacaadda ''The Hunchback of Notre Dame'', 2005.) Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/EUhugo.htm “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: Spartacus Educational. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/guernsey/content/articles/2004/09/20/victor_hugo_timeline_feature.shtml “Timeline of Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: BBC. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. (2000-2005). [http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/ “Victor Hugo”]. Mareegta: The Literature Network. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​Qoraa aan la sheegin. [http://www.victorhugo.education.fr/ressources/caricature.htm "Hugo Caricature"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.education.fr/ressources/caricature.htm |date=20020128084404 }}. Mareegta: Présence de la Littérature a l’école. Dib loo helay Noofambar 2005. ​ ==Akhris dheeraad ah== ​ Barbou, Alfred (1882). ''Victor Hugo and His Times''. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). ''Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader''. New Haven, CT: [[Yale University Press]]. ​Brombert, Victor H. (1984). ''Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel''. Boston: [[Harvard University Press]]. ​Davidson, A.F. (1912). ''Victor Hugo: His Life and Work''. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). ''Adele Hugo: La Miserable''. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. ​Falkayn, David (2001). ''Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo''. University Press of the Pacific. ​[[Feller, Martin]], ''Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland.'' Doctoral Dissertation, Marburg 1988. ​Frey, John Andrew (1999). ''A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia''. Greenwood Press. ​Grant, Elliot (1946). ''The Career of Victor Hugo''. [[Harvard University Press]]. Gebi ahaanba waa dhammaaday. ​Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). ''Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama''. [[University of Toronto Press]]. ​Hart, Simon Allen (2004). ''Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo.'' Publish American. ​Houston, John Porter (1975). ''Victor Hugo''. New York: Twayne Publishers. ​Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), ''Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil''. Paris: Fayard. ​Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), ''Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I''. Paris: Fayard. ​Ireson, J.C. (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry''. Clarendon Press. ​Laster, Arnaud (2002). ''Hugo à l'Opéra''. Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208. ​Maurois, Andre (1956). ''Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo''. New York: Harper & Brothers. ​Maurois, Andre (1966). ''Victor Hugo and His World''. London: Thames and Hudson. Gebi ahaanba waa dhammaaday. ​Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992). ''Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée''. Paris: Fayard. ​Robb, Graham (1997). ''Victor Hugo: A Biography''. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 daabacaadda warqadda ah. ​Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) ''Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)'' Paris, Editions Arléa {{ISBN|978-2-86959-795-2}} ​ ==Mareegaha kale== {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Victor Hugo}} ​[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255 Faransiiska Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255 |date=20170329135841 }} ​[http://www.victorhugo.gg Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Guernsey ee Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.gg/ |date=20080408091638 }} ​[http://www.vhfestival.com Guernsey’s Victor Hugo International Music Festival] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vhfestival.com/ |date=20160613054712 }} ​[http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo Victor Hugo Central] ​[http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT187.HTM Shaqooyinka Victor Hugo]: qoraalka, iswaafajinta iyo liisaska inta jeer ee la isticmaalo ​[http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/gill/galleries/html/1867_0519_hugo.html 1867 Sawir-gacmeedka Victor Hugo ee André Gill] ​[http://www.3dsrc.com/victorhugo/ Victor Hugo le dessinateur] ​[http://uclue.com/?xq=924 Turjumaadda qoraalka Victor Hugo ee laga helay "Hunchback of Notre Dame," daabacaadda Faransiiska] {{Wayback|url=http://uclue.com/?xq=924 |date=20170328105055 }} ​[http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2009/06/victor-hugo-at-dawn-tomorrow-from.html Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's ''At Dawn Tomorrow'' (''Demain, dès l'aube'')] ​[http://www.consolatio.com/2005/02/tomorrow_as_soo.html Turjumaad kale oo Ingiriisi ah ee ''Demain, dès l'aube''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.consolatio.com/2005/02/tomorrow_as_soo.html |date=20100115044313 }} ​[http://www.consolatio.com/2005/01/at_villequier.html Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's ''A Villequier''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.consolatio.com/2005/01/at_villequier.html |date=20090305031141 }} ​[http://www.consolatio.com/2005/04/oh_i_was_like_a.html Turjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee Hugo's ''Oh ! je fus comme fou dans le premier moment'' ('Oh! Waxaan ahaa sidii nin waalan daqiiqaddii ugu horreysay') ee ku saabsan dhimashadii gabadhiisa Léopoldine]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ​[http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/ Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Société des Amis de Victor Hugo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.victorhugo.asso.fr/ |date=20080411175635 }} ​[http://www.festival-victorhugo-egaux.fr/ Mareegta rasmiga ah ee Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux] ​[http://soviet-empire.politicsforum.org/ussr/viewtopic.php?f=118&t=47140 Turjumaadda Halyeeyga Victor Hugo ee Paul Lafargue]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ​{{S-start}}{{succession box| title= [[List of members of the Académie française#Seat 14|Kursiga 14aad]] [[Académie française]] | years=1841–1885 | before= [[Népomucène Lemercier]] | after= [[Charles Leconte de Lisle]] }} {{End}} ​{{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Hugo, Victor}} bnyabgleqbaoku33o47hfq3hhx2mcxy 0 47547 300660 300374 2026-07-03T12:01:38Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Abtirsiin */ 300660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Saeed Jibril *******Abdi Said ********Salah Abdi ********Roble Abdi ******Hersi Jibril *******Ahmed Hersi *******Abdalle Hersi ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Yusuf Ali ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== 12oaasv0rxdc2um83qywkk4dog5wnum 300665 300660 2026-07-03T12:09:22Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Abtirsiin */ 300665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Saeed Jibril *******Abdi Said ********Salah Abdi ********Roble Abdi ******Hersi Jibril *******Ahmed Hersi *******Abdalle Hersi ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Yusuf Ali ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ***Hassan Jama ***Aden Jama ***Guled Jama ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== d95fpu26f2f0nql6o2mhmvklt67rnqy 300846 300665 2026-07-04T10:03:47Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Abtirsiin */ 300846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Saeed Jibril *******Abdi Said ********Salah Abdi ********Roble Abdi ******Hersi Jibril *******Ahmed Hersi *******Abdalle Hersi ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ***Hassan Jama ***Aden Jama ***Guled Jama ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== ibdx6lia8osq3z25lthm06535m83y85 0 47630 300751 299877 2026-07-04T01:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helitaanka biyaha la cabbo iyo nadaafadda ee Aljeeriya''' waxaa lagu gartaa guulo iyo caqabado. Guulaha waxaa ka mid ah koror weyn oo ku yimid xaddiga biyaha la cabbo ee laga keeno haro-biyoodyada, wareejinta biyaha ee masafada dheer iyo sifaynta biyaha badda iyadoo qiimo jaban lagu siiyo macaamiisha, taasoo ay ku mahadsan tahay dakhliga weyn ee dalku ka helo saliidda iyo gaaska. Tallaabooyinkan ayaa kordhiyey helitaanka biyaha ee qofkiiba in kasta oo dadku ay si degdeg ah u kordhayeen. Guul kale ayaa ah u guuritaanka helitaanka biyaha ee dalka caasimaddiisa Aljeers laga soo bilaabo kuwo goos-goos ah loo beddelay biyo joogto ah sanadkii 2011, iyadoo ay weheliso horumar ballaaran oo lagu sameeyay daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah taasoo keentay tayada biyaha oo wanaagsanaata ee xeebaha. Guulahan waxaa suurtagaliyay iskaashi dowladda iyo shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo Faransiis ah oo qaabilsan biyaha.<ref name=SEEAL/> Tirada dhirta daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee dalka oo dhan ayaa si degdeg ah uga korortay kaliya 18 sanadkii 2000 iyadoo gaartay 113 sanadkii 2011, iyadoo 96 kale ay dhismo ku jiraan.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa kale oo jira caqabado badan. Mid ka mid ah waa tayada adeegga oo liidata magaalooyin badan oo ka baxsan Aljeers iyadoo 78% dadka ku nool magaalooyinka ay dhibaataysan yihiin [[helitaanka biyaha ee goos-gooska ah]].<ref name=Terra/> Caqabada kale ayaa ah wasakhowga khayraadka biyaha. Waxaa kale oo jiray horumar aan ku filnayn oo ku saabsan dib-u-isticmaalka biyaha la daawayntay, taasoo ah ahmiyad dowladeed oo dalkan qallalan leeyahay. ==Helitaanka== [[File:Fontaine dans la haute Casbah Alger.JPG|thumb|300px|Isha biyaha dhaqanka ah sida midda ku taal magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Aljeers waxaa lagu beddelayaa tuubooyinka biyaha la cabbo ee guryaha.]] Sanadkii 2015, dalka Aljeeriya 84% dadka waxay haysteen helitaanka biyo "la hagaajiyey", 84% iyo 82%, meelaha magaalooyinka iyo miyiga, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sanadkii 2015, waxaa weli jiray ku dhowaad 7 milyan oo aan haysan helitaanka biyo "la hagaajiyey". Marka la eego nadaafadda, 88% dadka waxay haysteen helitaanka nadaafad "la hagaajiyey", 90% iyo 82%, meelaha magaalooyinka iyo miyiga, siday u kala horreeyaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/algeria/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – Algeria|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12|archive-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918164536/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/algeria/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Sida ay sheegtay QM, 83% dadka Aljeeriya waxay haysteen helitaanka [[isha biyaha la hagaajiyey]] sanadkii 1978, oo ay ku jiraan 74% kuwaas oo haystay helitaanka biyaha la cabbo ee goobahooda. Inta kale waxay helayeen ilo, tubooyinka dadweynaha, ceelal la ilaaliyo ama ilo la ilaaliyo, badankoodu meelaha miyiga ah. 95% dadka Aljeeriya waxay haysteen helitaanka [[nadaafadda la hagaajiyey]].<ref name="JMP table" /> Dawladda Aljeeriya waxay sheegtay in helitaanka biyaha ay ka sarreyso tan ka muuqata isbaxshiga QM, iyadoo 93% lagu xiray shabakadaha biyaha la cabbo sanadkii 2010. Waxay kale oo ay sheegtay in 86% dadka ay ku xiran yihiin shabakadaha bulaacadaha.<ref name="Bouteflika">[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7327833.html Algeria's drinking water supply increases by 3 times within a decade: president], Xinhua, 22 March 2011</ref> ==Tayada adeegga== Kaliya 22% dadka ku nool magaalooyinka Aljeeriya ayaa hela biyo 24 saac maalintii. 34% waxay helaan biyo kaliya hal sano maalintii, 24% labadii maalintoodba mar iyo 14% kaliya saddexdii maalintoodba mar.<ref name=Terra>Messaoud Terra from the Ministry of Water Resources quoting AdE figures, quoted in Algérie-Focus: [http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/ Un Algérien sur quatre n’a l’eau potable qu’un jour sur deux]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 19 August 2013</ref> Gobollada qaar biyaha waxay yimaadaan kaliya 10-kii maalmoodba mar, sida [[Degmada Bouzeguène]] iyo degmooyinka kale ee gobolka [[Kabylie]]. Yaraantan waxaa sabab u ah fulinta liidata iyo dhammaystir la'aanta hawshooda, dayactirka xun iyo xiriirada sharci-darrada ah ee badan ee shabakadda. Dadka deegaanka waxay biyaha ku kaydsadaan taangiyo ama caagado guryahooda, ama waxay ka buuxsadaan caagadaha munaaradaha biyaha gaar ahaan xilliga xagaaga.<ref>Kamel Kaci: [http://observers.france24.com/content/20121210-algeria-kabylie-water-shortage-bouzeguene Water shortages in northern Algeria: “Washing and cooking have become luxuries”], France 24, 10 December 2012</ref> Magaalada [[Sétif]] ee ku taal Waqooyiga Bari ee Aljeeriya yaraanta biyaha waxay keentay dibad-baxyo iyo isku-dhacyo dhexmaray booliska.<ref>Middle East Online:[http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=61157 Algeria's Setif region fumes: Water shortages trigger protests], 2013-09-05</ref> Taa beddelkeeda, magaalada Aljeers helitaanka biyo joogto ah ayaa la aasaasay iyadoo la kaashanayo shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo Faransiis ah, SUEZ, sanadkii 2011.<ref name=SEEAL>Jean-Marc Jahn, CEO of SEEAL: SEEAL performance in Algiers:From 8% to 100% 24/7 water supply in 3.5 years, in: Global water summit 2011:Focusing on performance, Global Water Intelligence 2011, p. 46-49.</ref> ==Khayraadka biyaha iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha== Biyaha la cabbo ee Aljeeriya waxay ka yimaadaan khayraadka caadiga ah – biyaha dusha sare iyo biyaha dhulka hoose – iyo sidoo kale khayraadka aan caadiga ahayn sida sifaynta biyaha badda. ===Khayraadka biyaha ee caadiga ah=== [[image:Taksebt Dam, Tizi Ouzou Province (Algéria).jpg|thumb|300px|Haro-biyoodyadu waa il weyn oo laga helo biyaha la cabbo ee Aljeeriya. Tusaale ahaan, haro-biyoodka Taksebt wuxuu siiyaa biyo la cabbo dadka deggan saddex gobol.]] Maadaama roobabku ay yihiin kuwo xilliyeed ah, biyaha dusha sare waxaa lagu kaydiyaa 72 haro-biyood oo leh wadarta awoodda wax-soo-saarka oo gaaraysa 7.4 bilyan m³ sanadkii 2009.<ref name=Takheroubt/> Badankooda biyahan waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka. Wadarta guud ee biyaha la cabbo ee la bixiyo waxay ahayd qiyaastii 2.8 bilyan m³ sanadkii.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Mid ka mid ah nidaamyada haro-biyoodka ugu weyn Aljeeriya waa dhismaha Beni Haroun ee [[Gobolka Mila]] kaas oo biyaha waraabka iyo biyaha la cabbo siiya 4 milyan oo qof oo ku nool lix gobol oo ku yaalla Bariga Aljeeriya. Nidaam kale oo weyn waa dhismaha Taksebt ee [[Tizi Ouzou]] ee Kabylie. Waxay siisaa saddex gobol, oo ay ku jiraan qaybo ka mid ah caasimadda [[Aljeers]], biyo la cabbo. [[Gobolka Bouïra]], biyaha waxaa laga keenaa biyo-xireenka Koudiat Acerdoune. Mashruuca ugu dheer ee wareejinta biyaha ee Aljeeriya, ee loogu magac daray "mashruucii qarniga", wuxuu ka wareejiyaa biyaha dhulka hoose ee aan dib u cusboonaan karin [[In Salah]] ilaa [[Tamanrasset]] ee Saxaraha isagoo dhexmaraya masaafo dhererkeedu yahay 750&nbsp;km.<ref name=Takheroubt>Brahim TAKHEROUBT: [http://www.semide.dz/FR/news/news_item.asp?NewsID=13090200 L'eau c'était lui!]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, L'Expression, 2 September 2013</ref> Waxaa la dhammaystiray sanadkii 2011 iyadoo ku kacday qiimo dhan US$2.5 bilyan.<ref>Algeria Press Service:[http://www.aps.dz/Algeria-s-experience-in-water,106511.html Algeria’s experience in water resources management presented in Cairo], 6 June 2013</ref> Qaybaha qaar ee dalka, sida dooxooyinka [[El Oued]] iyo [[Ouargla]], kor u kaca heerka biyaha dhulka hoose sababtoo ah dheecaanka ka imanaya taangiyada bulaacadaha ayaa ahaa dhibaato weyn. Laba bilaabay sanadkii 2005 iyadoo ay ku kacday ku dhowaad US$1 bilyan ayaa bulaacado la dhigay, saldhigyo bamka ah iyo dhirta daawaynta ayaa la dhisay si loogu gudbiyo [[biyaha dib loo soo celiyey]] meelaha beeraha si dib loogu isticmaalo.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Wasakhowga khayraadka biyaha ayaa gaaray heer laga walwalo. Biyaha dhulka hoose ee ku yaal bannaanada Mitidja ee u dhow Aljeers waxaa wasakheeyay amooniyam, biyaha dhulka hoose ee aagga xeebaha badanaa waxaa waxyeelleeyay biyo cusbo leh oo badda ka soo gala sababtoo ah bamgariinka xad-dhaafka ah. Tani waa xaaladda aagagga Oran, Aljeers iyo [[Jijel]]. Qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wabiyada Tafna, Macta, [[Chéliff]], Soummam iyo Seybousse waa wasakheysan yihiin. Qaar ka mid ah, sida wabiga ugu weyn dalka, Chéliff oo siiya aagga Oran, waxaa loo isticmaalaa bixinta biyaha la cabbo. Aagga [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] heerka [[manganis]] iyo [[koloraydh]] ee biyaha la cabbo wuxuu ku dhowaa kuwa ay oggoshahay WHO markay ahayd 2004.<ref>UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO): [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/DZA/index.stm Algérie], Aquastat, 2005</ref> ===Khayraadka biyaha ee aan caadiga ahayn=== ==== Sifaynta biyaha ==== Aljeeriya waxay lahayd 15 warshadood oo sifaynta biyaha badda ah oo ku yaal xeebteeda sanadkii 2011 iyadoo leh awood 2.3 milyan m³/maalintii. Waxay qorshaynaysaa inay dhisto 43 kale ilaa 2019. Dhowr warshadood oo sifaynta biyaha ah ayaa siiya aagga [[Oran]] oo ah meel si gaar ah ugu liidata biyaha. Midda ugu horreysay waxaa xadhigga laga jaray sanadkii 2005 iyadoo wadata magaca Kahrama oo u dhow aagga warshadaha ee [[Arzew]]. 20,000 m³/maalintii waxaa la siiyaa warshadaha halka 70,000 m³/maalintii la siiyo magaalada. Laba warshadood oo ka yar ayaa shaqo bilaabay dhowr bilood ka dib. Sanadkii 2009 wajigii kowaad ee warshad aad u weyn oo leh awood 200,000 m³/maalintii ayaa wax-soo-saar laga bilaabay Chatt el Hilal si loo siiyo [[Aïn Témouchent]] iyo Oran. Warshad kale oo 200,000 m³/maalintii ah oo ku taal [[Mostaganem]] ayaa dhismo ku jirtay markay ahayd 2010, iyo sidoo kale warshad ku taal Mactaa oo leh awood 500,000 m³/maalintii, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah warshadaha ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>SEOR: [http://www.seor.dz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94&Itemid=137 Dessalement de l'eau de mer], retrieved on November 2, 2013</ref> Ka hor intaan la dhammaystirin warshadda Mactaa, warshadda Hamma ee Aljeers oo la dhammaystiray sanadkii 2008 waxay ahayd warshadda ugu weyn ee sifaynta biyaha ee Afrika iyadoo leh awood 200,000 m³/maalintii.<ref>Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC):[http://www.opic.gov/projects/hamma Hamma Water Desalination: Bringing drinking water to the desert] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opic.gov/projects/hamma |date=20141027235801 }}, no date, retrieved on 3 November 2013</ref>[[File:Mouton buvant au milieu des poissons morts.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Wasakhowga biyaha waa arrin halis ah Aljeeriya, sida halkan ka muuqata Oued Soummam.]] ==== Dib-u-isticmaalka biyaha ==== Dib-u-isticmaalka biyaha wasakhda ah ee la daawayntay ee waraabka waa ahmiyad si weyn u leh qaranka. Digreetada dawladda – Digreetada lambarkeedu yahay 07-149 ee May 20, 2007 – waxay dejisay habraacyada lagu siinayo oggolaanshaha isticmaalka biyaha la soo celiyey ee waraabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markay ahayd 2010 kaliya 510 hektar ayaa lagu waraabiyey biyo la soo celiyey. Qiyaastii 3,800 hektar oo kale ayaa si buuxda loogu qalabeeyay dib-u-isticmaalka iyadoo aan la hawlgelin. Daraasado ku saabsan mashaariic dheeri ah oo loogu talagalay waraabka 9,800 hektar oo kale oo biyo la soo celiyey ah ayaa la dhammaystiray.<ref name="MWR AWC" /> ===Kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha=== [[Nidaamka qaybinta biyaha]] ee Aljeeriya dhererkiisu waa 105,000&nbsp;km.<ref name=Terra/> AdE waxay maamushaa shabakad dhererkeedu yahay 50,000&nbsp;km iyo sidoo kale 2,528 ceelal, 72 warshadood oo daawaynta biyaha ah, 10 warshadood oo sifaynta biyaha ah, 1,141 saldhig oo bamka ah iyo 4,798 haro-biyood ah.<ref name="AdE Organisation">{{cite web|title=Organisation|url=http://www.ade.dz/index.php/l-entreprise-2/organisation|publisher=AdE|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-date=13 Bisha Afraad 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413082741/http://www.ade.dz/index.php/l-entreprise-2/organisation|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nidaamka bulaacadaha dhererkiisu waa 41,000&nbsp;km waxaana jira 113 warshadood oo dawladeed oo daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah ah, oo ay ku jiraan 56 isticmaala tiknoolajiyada dhiatada firfircoon (activated sludge) iyo 67 warshadood oo inta badan ka yar oo isticmaala noocyo kala duwan oo tiknoolajiyada harada ah (lagoon technologies). Waxaa dalka ka jiray kaliya 18 warshadood sanadkii 2000; 96 warshadood oo kale ayaa dhismo ku jiray sanadkii 2011.<ref name="MWR AWC">Ministry of Water Resources:[http://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf ALGERIA REPORT COUNTRY] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf |date=20130512233002 }}, presented by Hassina Hammouche, Chief Engineer DAPE, 22–24 May 2011, Dubai, retrieved on November 3, 2013</ref> ==Isticmaalka biyaha== [[File:Oran mer.jpg|thumb|300px|Magalada Oran oo ku taal qaybta galbeed ee qallalan ee Aljeeriya waxay aad ugu tiirsan tahay sifaynta biyaha, ka dib markii ay la dhibaataysatay abaaro daba dheeraaday.]] Sida laga soo xigtay ilo dowladeed, sanadkii 2011 celcelis ahaan wax-soo-saarka biyaha wuxuu gaaray ilaa 170 litir qofkiiba maalintii.<ref name=Bouteflika/> Markay ahayd sanadkii 2000, wax-soo-saarka biyaha ee qofkiiba wuu ku kala duwanaa qaybaha kala duwan ee dalka. Wuxuu ugu sarreeyay Ghardaïa oo ahaa 220 litir qofkiiba maalintii, wuxuuna ugu hooseeyay Sidi Bel Abbès oo ahaa kaliya 65 litir. [[Oran]] iyo Mostaganem wax-soo-saarka biyaha wuxuu ahaa kaliya 70 litir. Isticmaalka biyaha ee dhabta ah ayaa ka hooseeya tirooyinka kor ku xusan sababtoo ah lumitaanka qaybinta biyaha. Biyaha dakhliga aan keenin, oo ka kooban khasaare jireed iyo mid maamul, ayaa lagu qiyaasay 40% sanadkii 2004.<ref name=SOGESID>SOGESID, for SEMIDE-EMWIS:[http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/semide/PDF/Sogesid-algeria Approvisionnement en eau et assainissement au niveau local:Rapport par pays - Algérie] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/semide/PDF/Sogesid-algeria |date=20221126095548 }}, Novembre 2005, p. 4 and p. 16-17</ref> ==Masuuliyadda bixinta biyaha iyo nadaafadda== ===Siyaasadda iyo nidaaminta=== Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ayaa mas'uul ka ah dejinta siyaasadda bixinta biyaha la cabbo iyo nadaafadda, iyo sidoo kale maamulka khayraadka biyaha. Wasaaradda dhexdeeda waxaa ku yaal agaasime biyaha la cabbo ah iyo agaasime kale oo nadaafadda iyo deegaanka ah. Wasaaraddu waxay kaloo leedahay 48 laamood gobol kasta (wilaya) oo Aljeeriya ah. ===Bixinta adeegga=== 80% nidaamyada qaybinta biyaha ee Aljeeriya waxay hoos yimaadaan mas'uuliyadda Algérienne des Eaux (AdE), oo ah shirkad dowladeed.<ref name="AdE Organisation"/> Inta badan nidaamyada bulaacadaha waxay hoos yimaadaan mas'uuliyadda Office National d'Assainissement (ONA). Labada hay'adoodba waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 2001 waxayna hoos tagaan kormeerka Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha oo la aasaasay sanad ka hor.<ref name=ONA/> AdE waxay u adeegtaa 3.4 milyan oo macaamiil ah oo ku nool 814 ka mid ah 1,541 degmo. Sharciga wuxuu farayaa kaliya inaysan bixin adeegga biyaha, laakiin sidoo kale inay dhiirigeliso dhowrista biyaha iyo inay kordhiso wacyiga dadweynaha. Shirkaddu waxay maamushaa nidaamyo ballaaran oo gudbinta biyaha ah kuwaas oo biyaha u wareejiya masafada dheer, badanaana daboola dhowr gobol. AdE waxay leedahay laamood (unités) mid kasta oo ka mid ah 48-da gobol ee dalka. Afarta magaalo ee ugu waaweyn Aljeeriya, shirkad ay wadaagaan AdE iyo ONA ayaa bixisa adeegyada biyaha iyo nadaafadda: * SEEAL ee [[Aljeers]] iyo dariska [[Tipaza]], * SEACO ee [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], * SEOR ee [[Oran]], iyo * SEATA ee [[Annaba]] iyo dariska [[El Taref]]. Qaybaha kale ee aagga adeeggeeda, AdE waxay si toos ah u bixisaa adeegyada biyaha iyadoo u dhexmarta 15 "aag", mid kastaaba wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba ilaa afar gobol. Sanadkii 2014, AdE waxay lahayd 25,000 oo shaqaale ah.<ref name="AdE Organisation"/> ONA waxay maamushaa nidaamyada nadaafadda magaca 708 degmo waxayna leedahay wax ka badan 8,000 oo shaqaale ah.<ref name=ONA>ONA:[http://www.ona.dz/article/l-ona-en-chiffres.html ONA en chiffres] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ona.dz/article/l-ona-en-chiffres.html |date=20220618020353 }}, retrieved on November 2, 2013</ref> Waxay maamushaa 68 warshadood oo daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah, qiyaastii kala badh warshadaha dalka. Inta kale waxaa maamula shirkado gaar loo leeyahay oo ku shaqeeya qandaraasyada maamulka ee magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ama degmooyinka.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Shirkadda Tamarta ee Aljeeriya (AEC) waxay horumarisaa warshadaha korontada iyo sidoo kale warshadaha sifaynta biyaha. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Sonatrach]] iyo [[Sonelgaz]]. {{see also|Water privatization in Algeria}} Qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay waxay maamushaa nidaamyada bixinta biyaha iyo nadaafadda ee saddex magaalo oo waaweyn, kuwaas oo kala ah Aljeers, Oran iyo Constantine, iyadoo la raacayo qandaraasyada maamulka ee ay la leeyihiin AdE iyo ONA. ==Arrimaha maaliyadda== ===Maalgashiga iyo maalgelinta=== [[File:Iharen.jpg|thumb|300px|Aagga Tamanrasset ee Saxaraha Aljeeriya wuxuu ka faa'iidaystay wareejinta biyaha ee masaafo dhererkeedu yahay 750km, kaas oo la dhammaystiray sanadkii 2001 iyadoo ay ku kacday 2.5 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah.]] Aljeeriya waxay qorshaynaysaa inay maalgashato 20 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah qaybta biyaha inta lagu jiro Qorshaha Shanta Sano ah 2010–2014.<ref name=Eldjazair>{{cite web |first=Ammar |last=Belhimer |author-link=Ammar Belhimer |publisher=Eldjazair |url=http://www.eldjazaircom.dz/index.php?id_rubrique=263&id_article=2638 |title=L'eau, une priority de l'État |trans-title=Water, a priority of the State |language=fr |access-date=November 3, 2013}}</ref> Biyo-xireenada, kuwaas oo u taagnaa 43% maalgashiga biyaha ee 1995–2004, waxay sii qabsanayaan diiradda muhiimka ah ee maalgashiga biyaha.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Inta badan maalgashiga waxaa maalgelisa dowladda Aljeeriya oo ka helaysa dakhliga weyn ee saliidda iyo gaaska. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warshado badan oo sifaynta biyaha ah waxaa maalgeliyey maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeye iyada oo loo marayo qandaraasyada [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). ===Qiimaha iyo soo celinta kharashka=== Asaasiga sharciga ah ee qiimaha biyaha iyo nadaafadda waa Digreetada 05-13 ee January 9, 2005, ee ku saabsan siyaasadda qiimaha (politique de tarification). Waxay cayimaysaa shan aag oo qiimaha ah: aagagga biyaha ee Aljeers, Oran, Constantine, Chlef iyo Ouargla oo wada daboolaya dalka oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ficil ahaan qiimaha biyaha iyo nadaafadda waa isku mid dhamaan aagagga, iyadoo qiimuhu yahay kaliya 3 boqolkiiba ka hooseeya aagga [[Chlef]] iyo qiyaastii 8 boqolkiiba ka hooseeya aagga Ouargla marka loo barbar dhigo saddexda aag ee kale. Qiimuhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay qayb go'an iyo qayb isbedbedesha. Digreetada waxay kale oo ay qeexaysaa saddex qaybood oo isticmaala ah: kuwa deegaanka; maamulka iyo adeegyada; iyo sidoo kale warshadaha iyo dalxiiska. Qaybta qiimaha isbedbedesha ee isticmaalayaasha deegaanka waxay ku kordheysaa qaybaha isticmaalka (consumption blocks). Kan ugu sarreeya afarta qaybood wuxuu 6.5 jeer ka qaalisan yahay kan ugu hooseeya. Qiimaha labada qaybood ee kale ee isticmaalaha wuxuu u dhigmaa qiimaha qaybta ugu sarreysa ee isticmaalka deegaanka.<ref name="SOGESID"/> Qiimuhu waa mid aad u hooseeya oo aad uga fog inuu daboolo kharashka saadka. Kor u kaca qiimaha waa inay ansixiso dowladda qaranka. Qaybta koowaad ee qiimaha deegaanka, ee sidoo kale loo yaqaan "qaybta bulshada" (tranche sociale), waxaa la dacwaynayaa ilaa isticmaalka 25 mitir kuyuubik rubucii, taasoo u dhiganta 55 litir qofkiiba maalintii qoys ka kooban shan qof. Sanadkii 2005 qiimahani wuxuu ahaa 6.3 Diinaarka Aljeeriya halkii mitir kuyuubik ama 9 Senti oo Maraykan ah aagagga Aljeers, Oran iyo Constantine.<ref name=Boukhari>Boukhari S, Djebbar Y, Abida H:[http://www.iwra.org/congress/2008/resource/authors/abs412_article.pdf Prix des services de l’eau en Algérie, un outil de gestion durable]</ref> Sanadkii 2014, qiimahani wuxuu ahaa mid isbeddelin sida ku cad websaydhka AdE.<ref>[http://www.ade.dz/index.php/espace-client/procedure-de-branchement AdE: La tarification de l'eau potable] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ade.dz/index.php/espace-client/procedure-de-branchement |date=20220628232639 }}, retrieved on March 27, 2014</ref> Qiimahani wuxuu qiyaastii 20 jeer ka hooseeyaa qiimaha biyaha ee Bartamaha Yurub. Qiimaha bulaacadaha xitaa waa ka hooseeyaa qiimaha biyaha. Isticmaalayaasha deegaanka ee qaybta koowaad ee aagagga [[Aljeers]], [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] iyo [[Annaba]] waa 2.35 diinaarka Aljeeriya halkii mitir kuyuubik ama 3 senti oo Maraykan ah.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> ==Iskaashiga dibadda== Midowga Yurub (EU), iyada oo loo marayo Guddiga Yurub, waa tanaasul muhiim ah oo dibadda ah oo loogu talagalay qaybta biyaha ee Aljeeriya. Waxay bixisay deeq lacageed oo dhan 30 milyan oo Euro sanadkii 2011 si loo taageero nadaafadda iyada oo loo marayo barnaamij la yiraahdo EAU II. Deeq hore oo 20 milyan oo Euro ah oo la oran jiray EAU I ayaa lagu maalgeliyey casriyeynta Qorshaha Biyaha Qaranka, qorshe hawleedka biyo-xireenka Ghrib, nidaamka digniinta rasmiga ah iyo saadaasha daadadka ee Sidi Bel Abbès iyo nidaamka diiwaangelinta elektaroonigga ah ee Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha.<ref>Algeriainvest: [http://www.adnsolution.net/invest/index.php?news=156 Programme d'assainissement de l'eau en Algérie : Un plan de 4 milliards de DA]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 25 July 2011</ref> Sanadkii 2011 Société Wallonne des Eaux (SWDE) ee dalka Beljimka iyo AdE waxay kala saxiixdeen qandaraas mataano ah si loo horumariyo kormeerka tayada biyaha. Qandaraasku wuxuu lahaa muddo 18 bilood ah waxaana taageeray Midowga Yurub.<ref>{{cite web|title=Activités de Jumelage en 2011: Algérie – Qualité de l'eau|url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/overview/documents/activity-report-2011_fr.pdf|publisher=EU|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Waxaa ku xigay qandaraas labaad oo lahaa muddo saddex sano ah oo la saxiixay December 2013.<ref>AdE:[http://www.ade.dz/index.php/projets-2/partenariat/10-signature-d-une-convention-de-cooperation-ade-swde Signature d’une convention de coopération ADE/SWDE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ade.dz/index.php/projets-2/partenariat/10-signature-d-une-convention-de-cooperation-ade-swde |date=20141129215455 }}, retrieved on March 27, 2014. the city's water and sanitation systems have been the focus of upgrades and improvements, aiming to meet international standards</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.mre.dz/com/ Ministère des Ressources en Eau] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mre.dz/com/ |date=20140329104123 }} * [http://www.ade.dz/ Algérienne des Eaux] * [http://www.seor.dz/ La Société de l'eau et de l'Assainissement d'Oran (SEOR)] 1rnyzruuodkf85sgrspo6ahwcmndyqo 0 47634 300750 299867 2026-07-04T00:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox port | name = Mahathi Fuel Transport and Storage Depot | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | country = {{flag|Uganda}} | location = Bugiri - Tuulada Bukasa, [[Wakiso District]] | coordinates = {{coord|00|07|23|N|32|34|10|E|display=inline, title}} | opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|12|30}}<ref name="0R">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/uganda-ships-maiden-fuel-cargo-from-kisumu-port--4073616 |title=Uganda ships maiden fuel cargo from Kisumu port |work=[[Business Daily Africa]] |date=3 January 2023 |author=John Mutua |access-date=21 May 2023 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> | operated = | owner = Mahathi Infra Uganda Limited | type = Natural/Artificial | sizewater = | sizeland = | size = | draft_depth = | berths = | wharfs = | piers = | employees = | leadershiptitle = | leader = | arrivals = | cargotonnage = | containervolume = | cargovalue = | passengertraffic = | revenue = | profit = | website = | blankstats1 = }} '''Mahathi Fuel Transport and Storage Depot''' waa xarun gaar loo leeyahay oo ku taal beriga iyo xeebta harada oo loogu talagalay gaadiidka iyo kaydinta shidaalka ee dalka [[Uganda]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.psfuganda.org/15-psfu-news/304-psfu-visits-mahathi-infra-uganda-limited.html |title=PSFU visits Mahathi Infra Uganda Limited |publisher=Private Sector Foundation Uganda |date=4 September 2020 |author=Private Sector Foundation Uganda |access-date=17 September 2020 |place=Kampala |archive-date=23 Bisha Sagaalaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923062554/https://www.psfuganda.org/15-psfu-news/304-psfu-visits-mahathi-infra-uganda-limited.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Betroolka, kerosene-ka, naaftada iyo shidaalka diyaaradaha ee Jet A1 ayaa dooni looga soo qaadaa [[Kisumu]], iyadoo la soo marinayo [[Lake Victoria]] oo ku taal dalka dariska ah ee Kenya. Shidaalka ayaa lagu kaydiyaa halkan waxaana booyado loogu qaadaa meelaha ugu dambeeya ee loo destiny gareeyay oo ku yaal Uganda, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] iyo [[South Sudan]], taasoo si weyn u dhimaysa waqtiga dhalinta iyo kharashka gaadiidka.<ref name="1R"/> ==Goobta== Xaruntu waxay ku taal xeebta waqooyi-bari ee [[Lake Nalubaale]], oo ku fadhida qiyaastii {{convert|30|acre|0}}, agagaarka Bugiri-Bukasa ee [[Wakiso District]], meel ka baxsan [[Kampala–Entebbe Road]], qiyaastii {{convert|36|km|0}}, dhanka wadada, koonfur ka xigta bartamaha ganacsiga ee [[Kampala]], caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Uganda.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala/MAHATHI+INFRA+UGANDA+LIMITED/@0.3683318,32.504575,12z/data=!4m19!4m18!1m10!1m1!1s0x177dbc0f9d74b39b:0x4538903dd96b6fec!2m2!1d32.5825197!2d0.3475964!3m4!1m2!1d32.5279451!2d0.184479!3s0x177d9a05ae7b1983:0x1569a93cb6b3a6d!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d8fdbe656b3e7:0x6b92e6c55ebceccd!2m2!1d32.5667661!2d0.1216634!3e0 |title=Road Distance From Central Kampala To Mahathi Infra Uganda Limited |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|24|km|0}}, dhanka wadada, waqooyi-bari ee [[Entebbe International Airport]].<ref name="3R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Entebbe+aircargo+transporter,+14+Kitaasa+Rd,+Entebbe/MAHATHI+INFRA+UGANDA+LIMITED/@0.0877034,32.4344025,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d86cd37ba81af:0x9daba139d6433d1f!2m2!1d32.4417945!2d0.0435913!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d8fdbe656b3e7:0x6b92e6c55ebceccd!2m2!1d32.5667661!2d0.1216634!3e0 |title=Travel Distance Between Entebbe International Airport And Mahathi Infra Uganda Limited |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> Iskuduwayaasha juqraafi ee Mahathi Fuel Transport and Storage Depot waa 00°07'23.0"N, 32°34'10.0"E (Latitude:0.123056; Longitude:32.569444).<ref name="4R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B007'23.0%22N+32%C2%B034'10.0%22E/@0.1238951,32.5648922,934m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.1230556!4d32.5694444 |title=Location of Mahathi Fuel Transport and Storage Depot |access-date=17 September 2020}}</ref> ==Guud mar== Xarunta waxaa iska leh [[consortium]], oo ka kooban (a) Mahathi Infra Group oo laga leeyahay dalka Hindiya (b) Siginon Group oo laga leeyahay dalka Kenya iyo (c) Fortune Energy oo laga leeyahay dalka Uganda. Consortium-kan ayaa diiwaangaliyay shirkad ujeeddo gaar ah leh (SPV) si ay u fuliso mashruuca. Shirkadda SPV waxaa la yiraahdaa ''Mahathi Infra Uganda Limited'' (MIUL).<ref name="5R">{{cite web |title=Kisumu jetty all set, but Uganda asks for time to fix complex parts |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kisumu-port-the-long-wait-for-kenya-as-uganda-dithers-2195370 |date=17 September 2020 |author=James Anyanzwa and Njiraini Muchira |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 Bisha Sagaalaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918005839/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kisumu-port-the-long-wait-for-kenya-as-uganda-dithers-2195370 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kaydku wuxuu leeyahay 14 taangi oo kayd ah oo awood u leh inay qaadaan {{convert|70,000,000|liter|0}} oo shidaal ah. Tani waxay oggolaanaysaa meel ku filan oo lagu ganacsado shidaalka dhex mara waddamada loo destiny gareeyay, iyadoo la tixgelinayo in Uganda ay isticmaasho oo kaliya {{convert|4,500,000|liter|0}} oo shidaal ah maalin kasta. Shirkadaha waaweyn ee saliidda ee gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan [[Shell Oil]], [[Total SE]] iyo [[MOGAS Group|Mogas]], ayaa heshiisyo sahay ah la saxiixday Mahathi Infra Uganda Limited.<ref name="5R"/> Nidaamka taangiyada kaydinta ka sokow, qaybta Uganda ee mashruuca waxay ku lug leedahay dhismaha deked yar (jetty) oo dhererkeedu yahay 220 mitir oo ay ku jiraan afar dhuumood oo u gooni ah, mid kasta oo ka mid ah afarta nooc ee shidaalka la sifeeyay. Sidoo kale, tas-hiilaadka loogu talagalay ku xirashada maraakiibta saliidda iyo dhismaha afar doonyood oo waaweyn oo booyado shidaal ah (barges), oo mid kastaaba leeyahay awood dhan {{convert|4,400,000|litre|0}}, ayaa qayb ka ah mashruuca. Dooni kasta oo barge ah waxay leedahay awood u dhiganta qiyaastii 150 booyadaha shidaalka ee dhulka ah.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |date=21 September 2019 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-oil-jetty-remains-idle-a-year-on-as-uganda-construction-yet-to-take-off-1427676 |title=Kenya oil jetty remains idle a year on as Uganda construction yet to take off |access-date=17 September 2020 |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] |author=Njiraini Muchira |location=Nairobi |archive-date=18 Bisha Sagaalaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918010602/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-oil-jetty-remains-idle-a-year-on-as-uganda-construction-yet-to-take-off-1427676 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kharashka iyo maalgelinta== Wadarta kharashka mashruuca waxaa lagu qiyaasay US$270 milyan. Wadarta guud, US$70 milyan waxaa laga soo amaahday [[Equity Group Holdings|Equity Group]]. US$200 milyan ee soo hartay waxaa soo ururiyey shirkadaha xubnaha ka ah consortium-ka.<ref name="5R"/> ==Dhismaha== Dhismaha wuxuu bilowday sanadkii 2017.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=https://observer.ug/businessnews/52800-indian-firm-wins-oil-route-on-lake-victoria |title=Indian firm wins oil route on Lake Victoria |newspaper=[[The Observer (Uganda)]] |date=10 May 2017 | author=Jeff Mbanga |access-date=17 September 2020 | location=Kampala}}</ref> Markay ahayd September 2020, shaqadu waxay ahayd 80 boqolkiiba mid dhammaatay, iyadoo la filayay in la rari karo qeybta hore ee sanadka 2021.<ref name="5R"/> Markay ahayd October 2021, dhismuhu wuxuu ahaa mid qarka u saaran inuu dhammaado, iyadoo la filayay in hawlaha ganacsiga la bilaabo December 2021.<ref name="8R">{{cite web|date=29 October 2021 | url=https://redpepper.co.ug/2021/10/mahathi-infra-uganda-oil-terminal-impress-busoga-king-kyabazinga/ |title=Mahathi Infra Uganda Oil Terminal Impress Busoga King "Kyabazinga" |work=[[Red Pepper (newspaper)|Red Pepper Uganda]] |author=Brian Musaasizi | access-date=30 October 2021 |location=Mukono, Uganda}}</ref> Bishii January 2022, wargeyska [[New Vision]] ayaa sheegay in hawlaha ganacsiga loo qorsheeyay inay bilowdaan March 2022.<ref name="9R">{{cite web| work=[[New Vision]] |date=24 January 2021 |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/125109/uganda-readies-more-kawuku-fuel-reservoirs |title=Uganda readies more Kawuku fuel reservoirs |author=Abbey Ramadhan |access-date=24 January 2022 |place=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Dhismaha waxaa la dhammaystiray sanadkii 2022 waxaana shixnaddii ugu horreysay ee shidaal ah xarunta lagu helay 30 December 2022.<ref name="0R"/> ==Horumarka== Bishii August 2023 Mahathi Infra Uganda Limited waxay maalgelin ka heshay [[Africa Finance Corporation]], oo ah qaab amaah ah oo dhan US$95.25 milyan (USh353 bilyan) si loogu isticmaalo soo iibinta kaabayaal cusub iyo ballaarinta kaydkan shidaalka.<ref name="LoanR">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mahathi-secures-sh353-billion-for-barges-on-lake-victoria/ |title=Mahathi secures Sh353 billion for barges on Lake Victoria |work=[[The Independent (Uganda)]] |date=24 August 2023 |author=Uganda Radio Network | access-date=26 August 2023 | location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> Maalgelintan, MIUL waxay qorshaynaysaa inay fuliso kuwan soo socda:<ref name="LoanR"/> * Dhisidda laba doonyood oo cusub (barges) kuwaas oo shidaalka ka soo qaadi doona [[Kisumu]], Kenya, iyadoo la marsiinayo Lake Victoria ilaa Uganda * Dhisidda meelaha wax lagu raro ee loogu talagalay 20 booyadaha shidaalka ah * Dhisidda meel baarkin ah oo qaadi karta 50 booyadaha shidaalka ah. Horaantii sanadkii 2023, shirkaddu waxay muujisay niyaddeeda ku aaddan inay dhigto dhuumaha shidaalka la sifeeyay oo dhexmara Uganda iyo Rwanda si shidaalka la sifeeyay loogu qaado dalka dambe. Tani waxay yarayn doontaa ciriiriga, waxyeellada iyo xirashada waddooyinka Uganda.<ref name="PipeR">{{cite web| work=[[Daily Monitor]] |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-in-support-of-initiative-to-set-up-oil-pipeline-to-rwanda-4298914 | title=Govt in support of initiative to set up oil pipeline to Rwanda |date=10 July 2023 |author=Eve Muganga |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> ==Eeg halkaan fariimaha kale== * [[Bukasa Inland Port]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.works.go.ug/component/k2/item/55-infra-mahathi-project-oil-jetti-entebbe About Mahathi Infra Uganda Refined Oil Products Project] * [https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1419512/president-meets-victoria-fuel-transport-investors President meets L. Victoria fuel transport investors] Markay ahayd 14 March 2016. {{Authority control}} m9zpfgsz9lfu4p7klre14cf17jjfkfw 0 47637 300757 298969 2026-07-04T01:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Butiaba |image_skyline = |nickname= |image_flag = |image_caption = Butiaba |image_seal = |image_map = |mapsize = 150px |pushpin_map_caption = Khariiddada Uganda oo muujinaysa goobta ay Butiaba ku taal<br/>'''Meelaynta khariiddada waa qiyaas'''. |pushpin_map = Uganda |subdivision_type = Dalka |subdivision_name = {{flag|Uganda}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Uganda|Gobolka]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Western Region, Uganda|Galbeedka Uganda]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-region|Gobol-hoose]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Bunyoro sub-region|Gobol-hooseedka Bunyoro]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Uganda|Degmada]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Buliisa District]] |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = Qiyaasta 2020 |population_urban = |population_note = |population_total = |population_metro = |timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |coordinates = {{coord|01|49|08|N|31|19|33|E|region:UG|display=inline, title}} |elevation_m =622 |latitude = |longitude = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Butiaba''', waa magaalo ku taal [[Western Region, Uganda|Gobolka Galbeedka]] ee dalka Uganda. Waa magaalo kaluumaysi iyo goob weyn oo laga soo dego oo ku taal xeebta Harada Albert, ee dalka Uganda.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/388348/ |title=ASTF Project helping Lake Albert youth through cage fish farming |work=FAO Regional Office for Africa |date=2018 |author=FAO News |access-date=9 August 2021 |place=Accra, Ghana |archive-date=9 Bisha Sideedaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809175353/http://www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/388348/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Goobta== Butiaba waxay ku taal xeebta bari ee [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Harada Albert]], ee gudaha [[Buliisa District|Degmada Buliisa]], ee [[Bunyoro sub-region|gobol-hooseedka Bunyoro]] ee Galbeedka Uganda. Butiaba waxay qiyaastii {{convert|47.5|km|0}}, dhanka wadada, koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa xarunta dhexe ee degmada ee [[Buliisa]].<ref name="2R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Bulisa+District+Headquaters,+Bulisa/Butiaba/@1.9483214,31.1209241,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x176ff7dea497c391:0xf6e3e48bb4cd678b!2m2!1d31.4180662!2d2.1037984!1m5!1m1!1s0x17653f16d02b1f05:0xeb5151d886c848c!2m2!1d31.324287!2d1.815151!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Buliisa District Headquarters, Buliisa, Uganda And Butiaba, Uganda With Map |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Butiaba waxay qiyaastii {{convert|58|km|0}} dhanka waqooyi ka xigtaa [[Hoima]], oo ah magaalada ugu weyn gobol-hooseedka Bunyoro.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Hoima/Butiaba/@1.6222772,31.2105788,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1764c4a7b499f725:0x8745fcdfa38aa3ed!2m2!1d31.3484448!2d1.4273554!1m5!1m1!1s0x17653f16d02b1f05:0xeb5151d886c848c!2m2!1d31.324287!2d1.815151!3e0 | title=Road Distance Between Hoima City, Uganda And Butiaba, Uganda With Map |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Goobtani waxay qiyaastii {{convert|257|km|0}}, dhanka wadada, waqooyi-galbeed ka xigtaa [[Kampala]], caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Uganda.<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kampala+Road,+Kampala/Butiaba/@0.3304373,31.4668263,8.5z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177db905c213a709:0x65794ed5c349e23e!2m2!1d32.5809105!2d0.3133012!1m5!1m1!1s0x17653f16d02b1f05:0xeb5151d886c848c!2m2!1d31.324287!2d1.815151!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda And Butiaba, Uganda With Interactive Map |access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Iskuduwayaasha Butiaba waa: 1°49'08.0"N, 31°19'33.0"E (Latitude:1.818889; Longitude:31.325833).<ref name="5R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/1%C2%B049'08.0%22N+31%C2%B019'33.0%22E/@1.7900113,31.2945191,11690m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d0.1230556!4d32.5694444 |title=Location of Butiaba Town Council, Buliisa District, Western Region, Uganda | access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Butiaba waxay ku taal celcelis ahaan joog sare oo gaaraya {{convert|622|m|0}} ka sarreeya [[mean sea level|heerka badda]].<ref name="6R">{{cite web| work=Fallingrain.com |date=9 August 2021 |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/UG/C5/Butiaba.html | title=Elevation of Butiaba, Uganda |author=Fallingrain | access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> ==Guud mar== Nuskii hore ee qarnigii 20-aad, Butiaba waxay ahayd xarun muhiim ah oo dhanka gaadiidka ah, halkaas oo badeecadaha ka yimaada bariga [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) iyo kuwa ka yimaada [[South Sudan]] dooni looga soo rari jiray guud ahaan [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Harada Albert]] ilaa Dekedda Butiaba. Marka la joogo Butiaba, badeecadaha waxaa dhulka lagu wareejin jiray iyadoo la marsiinayo [[Masindi]] ilaa Dekedda Masindi. Marka la joogo Dekedda Masindi, wax-soo-saarka waxaa lagu rari jiray doonyaha waaweyn ee [[barge]]s-ka ah, waxaana la dhex marsiin jiray [[Lake Kyoga]] ilaa [[Soroti]]. Marka la joogo Soroti, waxaa lagu rari jiray baabuurta tareenka si loogu qaado tareen ahaan ilaa [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]], oo ku taal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], si loogu dhoofiyo dibadda. Badeecadaha iyo alaabooyinka dibadda laga soo dhoofiyo waxaa loo soo rari jiray isla wadadaas, laakiin si beddel ah.<ref name="7R"/><ref name="8R"/> Markii shirkaddii East African Railways Corporation la kala diray 1970-yadii, caannimadii Butiaba way hoos u dhacday dekedduna waxay noqotay mid fadhiidata. Kayd weyn oo [[petroleum|batrool]] ah ayaa tan iyo xilligaas laga helay dhulka dhexdiisa iyo harada hoosteeda meel u dhow Butiaba. Soo noolaynta Dekedda Butiaba si ay door uga qaadato gaadiidka qalabka, shaqaalaha, iyo batroolka ayaa hadda la tixgelinayaa.<ref name="7R">{{cite web |title=Butiaba Port To Be Redeveloped As Route For Oil Transportation |date=22 April 2008 | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200804211980.html | work=[[Daily Monitor]] via [[AllAfrica.com]] |author=Andrew Bagala |access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="8R">{{cite web |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1530086/uganda-inches-closer-oil-revenue |title=Uganda inches closer to oil revenue | work=[[New Vision]] |date=October 2020 | author= New Vision | access-date=9 August 2021 |location=Kampala, Uganda}}</ref> ==Dadka== Markay ahayd July 2014, tirada rasmiga ah ee dadka Butiaba deggen lama ogeyn. Tirakoobka guud ee dadka ee dalka Uganda wuxuu dhacay August 2014 laakiin natiijadu weli ma soo bixin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26402:uganda-census-planned-for-2014-title=Uganda|title=Uganda Census Planned for 2014| last=Ninsiima|first=Racheal|date=14 July 2013|accessdate=18 July 2014|publisher=[[The Observer (Uganda)]]}}</ref> ==Goobaha muhiimka ah== Harada Albert - Mid ka mid ah harooyinka ku yaal [[Western Rift Valley]]. Xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya DRC iyo Uganda ayaa dhex mara haradan.<ref name="5R"/> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} r0rjmsc0ssf956jtsbyut7njjjlq8n3 0 47641 300790 298981 2026-07-04T06:23:04Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Magaalada Simon | native_name = '''''Simonstad''''' | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Simons-town.jpg | alt1 = Aerial View | image2 = Suráfrica, Simon's Town 04.jpg | alt2 = St Georges Street | image3 = Queen Victoria Fountain, Jubilee Square.JPG | alt3 = Jubilee Square | image4 = Simon's Town waterfront.jpeg | alt4 = Waterfront | image5 = Simons Town Sign.jpg | alt5 = Simons Town Sign}} | pushpin_map = South Africa Western Cape#South Africa#Africa | coordinates = {{coord|34|11|36|S|18|26|00|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Country|Dalka]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|South Africa}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Western Cape}} | subdivision_type2 = Degmada | subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipalities of South Africa|Magaalada]] | subdivision_name3 = [[City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality|City of Cape Town]] | subdivision_type4 = Meesha Weyn | established_title = La aasaasay | established_date = 1680<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |chapter=Annexure A [Chronological order of town establishment in South Africa...] |title=The Royal Engineers and Settlement Planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, Methodology and Impact |url= http://repository.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |date=6 September 2011 |publisher=University of Pretoria |access-date=24 June 2012 |format=PDF |page=xlv}}</ref> | named_for = [[Simon van der Stel]] | leader_party = [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|DA]] | leader_title = [[Councillor|Xildhibaan]] | leader_name = Simon Liell-Cock | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199053 |title = Main Place Simon's Town |work=Census 2011}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 19.81 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | population_total = 6569 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Qaabdhismeedka midabka (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Madow Afrikaan]] | demographics1_info1 = 24.5% | demographics1_title2 = [[Coloureds|Midabka isku dhafka ah (Coloured)]] | demographics1_info2 = 12.7% | demographics1_title3 = [[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiyaan]] | demographics1_info3 = 4.4% | demographics1_title4 = [[White South African|Cadaan]] | demographics1_info4 = 56.4% | demographics1_title5 = Kuwa kale | demographics1_info5 = 2.0% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = [[First language|Luqadda koowaad]] (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics2_title1 = [[South African English|Ingiriisi]] | demographics2_info1 = 68% | demographics2_title2 = [[Afrikaans]] | demographics2_info2 = 19% | demographics2_title3 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | demographics2_info3 = 3.5% | demographics2_title4 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]] | demographics2_info4 = 2.5% | demographics2_title5 = Kuwa kale | demographics2_info5 = 1% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->| timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Lambarka boostada]] (wadada) | postal_code = 7975 | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|Sanduuqa boostada]] | postal2_code = 7995 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Koodka telefoonka]] | image_caption = '''U socota dhanka saacadda laga bilaabo sare''': Muqaalka Simon's Town, Fagaaraha Jubilee, Booska soo dhawaynta, Xeebta Simon's Town, Wadada St George's. }} '''Magaalada Simon''' ({{langx|af|Simonstad}}), mararka qaar loo qoro '''Simonstown''', waa magaalo ku taal gobolka [[Western Cape]] ee dalka Koonfur Afrika, waana hooyga [[Naval Base Simon's Town]], oo ah saldhigga ugu weyn ee [[South African Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web1.capetown.gov.za/web1/OpenDataPortal/DatasetDetail?DatasetName=Official%20planning%20suburbs|title=Official planning suburbs |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> Waxay ku taal xeebta Simon's Bay ee gudaha [[False Bay]], dhanka bari ee [[Cape Peninsula]]. Muddo ka badan laba qarni, waxay ahayd saldhig ciidanka badda iyo deked (markii hore ee [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda Boortaqiiska ee Ingiriiska]] haddana ah [[South African Navy|Ciidanka Badda Koonfur Afrika]]). Magaalada waxaa loogu magac daray [[Simon van der Stel]], oo ahaa gudoomiyihii hore ee [[Cape Colony]].<ref name="SAHistory">{{cite web | url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/places/simonstown | title=Simonstown | publisher=SA History online | access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> ==Juqraafi ahaan== Dhulku wuxuu si aad ah u kacayaa meel u dhow qarka biyaha, magaaladana waxaa ku hareeraysan xeebta dhererka sare ee buuraha ka sarreeya. Dekedda yar lafteeda waxaa ka ilaaliya ruxruxa badda darbi biyood ([[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]) kaas oo lagu dhisay kumanaan xabbadood oo waaweyn oo ah dhagax-ciideed (sandstone) oo laga soo qoday wejiga buurta ka sarreysa. Simon's Town hadda waxay si dhab ah u tahay xaafad ka tirsan [[City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality|Magaalada Cape Town]]. [[Simon's Town railway station|Saldhigga tareenka ee Simon's Town]] waa dhammaadka [[Southern Line (Cape Town)|Khadka Koonfureed]], oo ah khad tareen oo dhex mara koonfurta bartamaha ganacsiga ee Cape Town. Meelaha qaar, khadka tareenku wuxuu dhex maraa xeebta bari ee aadka u dhow ee False Bay, marka cimiladu xun tahayna hirarka iyo xumbada ruxruxa culus ee badda waxay qoyaan tareenada.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} ==Goobaha soo jiidashada iyo tas-hiilaadka== ===Xeebta Boulders=== [[File:Boulders Beach Suedafrika.jpg|thumb|left|Binguinnada Afrikaanka ah (''Spheniscus demersus'') ee jooga [[Boulders Beach]]]] [[Boulders Beach]] waxay ku taal dhowr kiiloomitir koonfurta Simon's Town, dhanka u socota [[Miller's Point, Western Cape|Miller's Point]]. Halkaan godad yaryar iyo xeebaha ayaa dhex yaal dhagaxyada waaweyn ee granite-ka Cape ah. Waxaa jiray gumeysi binguinnada Afrikaanka ah ([[African penguin]]s) ee ku yaal Xeebta Boulders tan iyo sanadkii 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetownmagazine.com/boulders|title=Boulders Penguin Colony Simon's Town {{!}} Penguins Cape Town|website=www.capetownmagazine.com|access-date=2016-05-09}}</ref> Ma jiraan wax diiwaan ah oo muujinaya in shimbirahaas ay halkan ku noolaayeen taariikhdaas ka hor. Waxaa lagu muujiyay, iyadoo ay la socdaan muuqaallo magaalada ka mid ah, taxanaha 2021 ee ''[[Penguin Town]]''. Waxaa jira saddex meelood oo kaliya oo ay binguinnadu ku nool yihiin dhulka weyn ee koonfurta Afrika; kuwa kale waxay u dhow yihiin [[Hermanus]] ee Stoney Point iyo [[Betty's Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://notwithoutmypassport.com/penguins-in-south-africa/|title=Where to See Penguins in South Africa|date=2016-03-03|website=Not Without My Passport|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-09}}</ref> ===Munaaradda Martello=== Toddobaadyadii ugu dambeeyay ee 1795 ama toddobaadyadii ugu horreeyay ee 1796, Ingiriisku wuxuu dhisay munaarad wareegsan ([[Martello tower]]) goob maanta ku dhex taal Saldhigga Ciidanka Badda. Ingiriiska ayaa xilligaas la wareegay gumeysigii Nederlaan ee [[Cape of Good Hope]] wuxuuna doonayay inuu diso difaacyo si uu isaga caabiyo weerarada suurtagalka ah ee Nederlaan ama Faransiiska. Munaaraddii ka dhalatay waxay ahayd {{convert|26|ft|m|order=flip|0}} sare, waxay lahayd dhexroor salka ah oo ah {{convert|42|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}, iyo darbiyo dhumucdoodu tahay {{convert|6|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}, inkastoo aysan jirin wax caddayn ah oo muujinaya in Ingiriisku moseeyay qoryihii munaaraddu loogu talagalay inay qaaddo. Munaaradda horkeeda, Ingiriisku wuxuu kaloo dhisay batari ay ku qalabayn jireen madaafiic. [[Martello tower|Munaaradda Martello]] waxaa loo isticmaali jiray calaamad hagitaan u ah maraakiibta soo galaya Simon's Bay, waxaana la caddeeyay qiyaastii 1843. Munaaradda waxaa dib u soo celiyay 1972 ururka Simon's Town Historical Society (iyadoo lala kaashanayo [[South African Navy|Ciidanka Badda Koonfur Afrika]]), waxaana lagu dhawaaqay [[Provincial heritage site (South Africa)|goob hanti dhaqameed goboleed]]; maanta waxay hoy u tahay matxaf yar. ===Matxafka Ciidanka Badda ee Koonfur Afrika=== [[South African Naval Museum|Matxafka Ciidanka Badda ee Koonfur Afrika]] waa [[maritime museum|matxaf baddeed]], kaas oo ka kooban ururin iyo agabyo la xiriira taariikhda baddeed ee Koonfur Afrika iyo Ciidanka Badda Koonfur Afrika. [[File:The Residency built in 1777..jpg|thumb|Matxafka [[Simon's Town Museum]]]] ===Matxafka Simon's Town=== [[Simon's Town Museum|Matxafka Simon's Town]] waa matxaf bulsho oo la aasaasay 1977 wuxuuna ku yaal The Residency, oo ah dhismo taariikhi ah oo uu dhisay Gudoomiye [[Joachim van Plettenberg]] 1777. Matxafku wuxuu diiwaangeliyaa wuxuuna dhowraa dhammaan dhinacyada taariikhda bulshada Simon's Town. === Matxafka Dhaxalka ee Simon's Town === Matxafka Dhaxalka ee Simon's Town waa matxaf guri oo ay aasaastay Zainab Davidson ka dib markii gurigii qoyska Amlay dib loo soo celiyay ka dib midab-takoorkii (apartheid). Ka dib hawlgabnimadii Davidson, wiilka ay eeddada u tahay ee Sheribeen Amlay ayaa la wareegay maamulka matxafka. Ururinta waxaa ka mid ah sawirro, wargeysyo, agabyo taariikhi ah, iyo kheyraadka nasabka ee dadka deggan Simon's Town ka hor midab-takoorkii. Ururinta muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah kuwa la xiriira taariikhda dhismaha Muslimiinta ee gobolka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simon's Town Heritage Museum in Simons Town, Cape Town |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/westerncape/visit-the-heritage-museum-in-simons-town/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> ===Farshaxanka guud=== Sanadkii 1985, taallo loo sameeyay [[Just Nuisance]], oo ah eyga keliya ee abid si rasmi ah looga qoray [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda Boortaqiiska]], ayaa laga taagay meel dekedda ka sarreysa. Matxafka Simon's Town wuxuu leeyahay bandhig u gooni ah sheekadiisa. ==Dadka caanka ah== *[[Georgia Papageorge]], farshaxan-yahan dhanka rakibaadda ah *[[Hendrik Vermeulen]], naqshadeeye dhar *[[Simon Peyton Jones]], saynisyahan kombuyuutar oo ku dhashay (loona bixiyay magaca) Simonstown [[File:Simon's Town (43182022921).jpg|thumb|Dekedda Simon's Town]] ==Dhaqaalaha== In kasta oo Simon's Town mararka qaar lagu tilmaami jiray "deked xor ah," haddana dhab ahaantii waxaa loogu dhawaaqay '''deked bakhaar xor ah''' bishii April 1832 — taas oo ah kala soocid kastam oo ka duwan oo ka cidhiidhsan aqoonsiga "dekedda xorta ah" ee aan xaddidnayn ee la siiyay Port Elizabeth isla xilligaas<ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Edmund |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44075/44075-h/44075-h.htm |title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat; in the U.S. Sloop-of-war Peacock ... During the Years 1832-3-4 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |year=1837 |location=New York |page=388}}</ref> — magacaabistaasna waxay ka tarjumaysay nidaamkii ciidanka badda iyo kastamka ee xilligii gumeysiga halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd xaalad ganacsi oo xor ah oo socota. Tan iyo markii uu dhacay heshiiskii [[Simonstown Agreement]] iyo wareejintii rasmiga ahayd ee saldhigga ciidanka badda ee lagu wareejiyay maamulka Koonfur Afrika 1957, goobtu waxay inta badan u shaqaynaysay sidii [[Naval Base Simon's Town]], oo ah xarunta dhexe ee [[South African Navy|Ciidanka Badda Koonfur Afrika]], waxaana loo maamulaa ujeedooyin ciidanka badda ah halkii ay ahaan lahayd dhoofinta ganacsiga caadiga ah.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-12-12 |title=Wanted: A new Simon's Town agreement? |url=https://defenceweb.co.za/sea/sea-sea/wanted-a-new-simons-town-agreement/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |publisher=DefenceWeb}}</ref> Tusaha dekedaha ee casriga ah waxay dekedda ku liisgreeyaan hoosta [[UN/LOCODE]] '''ZASMN'''<ref>{{cite web |title=UN/LOCODE Code List by Country: South Africa (ZA) |url=https://unece.org/trade/cefact/unlocode-code-list-country-and-territory |access-date=2026-06-22 |publisher=UNECE}}</ref> waxayna ku tilmaamaan inay tahay marsada maraakiibta/dekedda ciidanka badda halkii ay ahaan lahayd deked ganacsi oo firfircoon, taas oo muujinaysa hawlgallo xaddidan ama aan la lahayn hawlgallo deked ganacsi oo caadi ah; dekedaha ganacsiga ee u dhow sida [[Cape Town]] iyo [[Saldanha Bay]] ayaa u adeega baahiyaha dhoofinta ganacsiga ee gobolka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Ports |url=https://www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net/OurPorts |access-date=2026-06-22 |publisher=Transnet National Ports Authority }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Inkasta oo dekeddu ay qaaddo maraakiibta firaaqada iyo kuwa soo booqda iyada oo loo marayo marina-ka maxalliga ah iyo naadiga doonyaha, xirashada noocaas ah ee dadka rayidka ah waxaa lagu maamulaa nidaamka marina-ka iyo xakamaynta marin-ha u goonida ah ciidanka badda mana muujiso hawlgallo deked ganacsi oo caadi ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Simon's Town Marina |url=https://www.stmc.co.za/ |access-date=2026-06-22 |publisher=Simon's Town Marina Company (STMC)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=False Bay Yacht Club |url=https://fbyc.co.za/ |access-date=2026-06-22}}</ref> ==Astaanta gaashaanka== Golaha deegaanka ee Simon's Town wuxuu qaatay astaan gaashaan oo uu naqshadeeyay Adelbert Bonn, bishii September 1905.<ref name=sthb1>Chapman, F.P. 'How the town obtained its coat of arms' in ''Simon's Town Historical Society Bulletin'' (July 1973).</ref> Waxaa bixiyay [[College of Arms]] 27-kii September 1957. Naqshadda waxaa loo sifeeyay ''Saddex biloodle: I iyo IV, si toosan laba qaybood u kala baxsan; qaybta midig Argent, saddex munaaradood Gules ah oo loo dhigay 2 iyo 1; qaybta bidixna si jiif ah laba qaybood u kala baxsan Or iyo Azure, qaybta sare buur Vert ah oo uu ku taagan yahay daawuus baalashiisu fidsan yihiin oo dabiici ah, qaybta hoosena saddex saxan Argent ah oo loo dhigay 2 iyo 1. II iyo III, Azure, hal xiddig estoile ah iyo madaxda gaashaanka saddex bilood oo yaryar Argent ah. Dusha dhammaan waxaa saaran kartuus oval ah oo geesihiisu laalaaban yihiin Or, kuna xardhan nus libaax kac''. Si ka fudud, gaashaanku wuxuu u qaybsan yahay afar meelood. Meesha ugu horreysa waxaa loo qaybiyay si toos ah, iyadoo qayb ka mid ah ay muujinayso saddex munaaradood oo casaan ah oo ku yaal asalka qaddinka ah qeybta kalena ay tahay daauus ku yaal asalka dahabka ah ee ka sarreeya saddex saxan oo qaddinka ah oo ku yaal asalka cas; meesha labaad waa buluug, iyadoo leh saddex bilood oo qaddinka ah xagga sare iyo xiddig ruxruxa hoos ugu yaal asalka buluugga ah; meesha saddexaad waa isku mid oo la mid ah meesha labaad, meesha afraadna waa isku mid oo la mid ah meesha ugu horreysa; dhexda waxaa ku yaal wareeg oval ah oo leh gees qurxoon oo muujinaya libaax casaan ah oo ka soo baxaya xariijimo cagaar ah oo ruxruxa oo ku yaal asalka dahabka ah.<ref name=ngw>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Simon%27s_Town|title=Simon's Town heraldry|last=Ralf|first=Hartemink|date=10 January 2016|website=Heraldry of the world|publisher=www.ngl.nl|access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> Kuwaani waxay ahaayeen nooc wax yar laga beddelay oo ka mid ah hubka [[Willem Adriaan van der Stel]], kaas oo Bonn uu si khaldan ugu qaatay inay yihiin kuwii aabihiis [[Simon van der Stel]].<ref name=sthb1 /> Astaanta sare waxay ahayd sawirka [[Britannia]] oo ku fadhida taaj ciidanka badda oo dahab ah. Laba barroosimo oo dahab ah ayaa la dhigay gaashaanka nyankiisa. Hal-ku-dhiggu wuxuu ahaa ''Fac et spera''. Markii dowladda hoose la kala diray 1996, goluhu wuxuu dhigay agabkiisii rasmiga ahaa, oo ay ku jiraan waraaqaha rasmiga ah ee ka yimid College of Arms, gacanta ururka Simon's Town Historical Society.<ref name=sthb2>''Simons' Town Historical Society Bulletin'' (July 1997).</ref> Ururku wuxuu hubka ku diiwaangaliyay magaciisa gaarka ah gudaha [[Bureau of Heraldry]] bishii October 1999.<ref name=boh>[http://www.national.archsrch.gov.za/sm300cv/smws/sm300dl National Archives of South Africa : Data of the Bureau of Heraldry] Department of Arts and Culture, Republic of South Africa</ref> ==Sawiro== <gallery mode="packed"> N.N. (1806) p046 VIEW OF SIMONS BAY.jpg|Simon's Bay - Saldhigga Ciidanka Badda, 1806 Lt Humphrey John Julian - The Admiral House, Simon^s Town, Cape of Good Hope - B1975.4.1304 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|The Admiral House, Simon's Town, Cape of Good Hope, 1844 SAS Isandlwana F146 Simon's Town.jpg|[[Naval Base Simon's Town|Saldhigga Ciidanka Badda ee Koonfur Afrika]] ee Simon's Town. Kalk Bay, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-23, DD 06.jpg|Muqaalka gacanka laga dhex arkayo khadka tareenka. Simons Town station.JPG|[[Simon's Town railway station|Saldhigga tareenka ee Simon's Town]] Simon's Town Harbor.jpg|Doonyaha jooga dekedda Simon's Town. Admiralty House St Georges Street Simonstown Cape Town - Side view 1.JPG|Admiralty House Simonstown.jpg|Bartamaha taariikhiga ah ee Simon's Town Simon's Town 2008-08-16.jpg|Muqaalka dekedda iyadoo ay muuqdaan doonyaha firaaqada ee dadka rayidka ah xagga hore iyo saldhigga ciidanka badda oo xagga midig ku yaal xagga dambe. Just Nuisance at Jubilee Square - panoramio.jpg|Taallada [[Just Nuisance]] ee Simon's Town. Middle North Battery Simon's Town 9 inch Gun firing 24th September 2014 v2.jpg| Madfaca la soo celiyay ee [[RML 9-inch 12-ton gun|9 Inch MLR Gun]] oo laga ridayo Middle North Battery ee eegaya magaalada. Roman Rock Lighthouse.webm|Duulimaad ku wareegsan Roman Rock Lighthouse oo wax yar ka baxsan dekedda Simon's Town. </gallery> ==Eeg halkaan fariimaha kale== {{Commons category}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> <!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |--> <!--| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |--> <!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |--> <!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|--> <!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |--> <!--| |--> <!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--> <!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |--> <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> * [http://www.simonstown.org/ Simon's Town Historical Society] *[https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/the-uk-in-south-africa-the-simonstown-agreement/ The British naval base] rqt7kzpzlwgh9g1dgkrhtrpnv0n082e 0 47644 300784 298989 2026-07-04T05:31:56Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kalk Bay | native_name = ''Kalkbaai'' | image_skyline = Kalkbaai.JPG | image_caption = Kalk Bay oo laga arkayo dhabbada tareenka | pushpin_map = South Africa Western Cape#South Africa#Africa | coordinates = {{coord|34|07|40|S|18|26|54|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Waddan]] | subdivision_name = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Koonfur Afrika|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmo | subdivision_type3 = [[Liiska degmooyinka Koonfur Afrika|Degmo Doorasho]] | subdivision_name3 = [[City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality|Magaalada Cape Town]] | subdivision_type4 = Goobta Koowaad | subdivision_name4 = [[Cape Town]] | established_title = La aasaasay | leader_title = Xildhibaan | leader_name = Aimee Kuhl ([[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|DA]]) | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041112 |title=Sub Place Kalk Bay |work=Census 2011 |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=2019-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711134841/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041112 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 0.32 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | population_total = 700 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Qaabdhismeedka qowmiyadeed (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Dadka Bantuuga ee Koonfur Afrika|Madow Afrikaan]] | demographics1_info1 = 8.1% | demographics1_title2 = [[Midabka isku dhex jira|Midabka isku dhex jira]] | demographics1_info2 = 32.3% | demographics1_title3 = [[Aasiyaanka Koonfur Afrika|Aasiyaan]] | demographics1_info3 = 0.1% | demographics1_title4 = [[Caddanka Koonfur Afrika|Caddan]] | demographics1_info4 = 54.6% | demographics1_title5 = Kale | demographics1_info5 = 4.9% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = [[Luqadda koowaad]] (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics2_title1 = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]] | demographics2_info1 = 86.2% | demographics2_title2 = [[Af-Afrikaans]] | demographics2_info2 = 10.3% | demographics2_title3 = | demographics2_info3 = | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = Kale | demographics2_info5 = 3.5% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->| timezone1 = [[Waqtiga Halbeega ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Liiska nambarrada boostada ee Koonfur Afrika|Xeerka boostada]] (waddada) | postal_code = 7975 | postal2_code_type = [[Sanduuqa boostada|Sanduuqa boostada]] | postal2_code = 7990 | area_code_type = [[Nambarrada taleefanka ee Koonfur Afrika|Xeerka aagga]] }} '''Kalk Bay''' ({{langx|af|Kalkbaai}}) waa [[tuulo kalluumeysi]] iyo xafo ka tirsan [[Cape Town]]. Waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee False Bay. Inta badan magaalada waxay ku taal daldaloolada buuraha ee xiga badda. Buurahan, oo leh meelo sare oo ah [[Dhagax Bacaadka ee Buurta Shaxda]], waxay sameeyaan dhowr dooxadood.<ref name="compton">Compton, J.S. (2004).''The Rocks and Mountains of Cape Town''. p. 24-26, 44-70. Double Storey Books, Cape Town. {{ISBN|1-919930-70-1}}.</ref> [[Gadiidka tareenka ee Koonfur Afrika|Dhabbada tareenka]] ee ka timaada [[Cape Town]] kuna socota [[Simon's Town]] waxay martaa Kalk Bay, taas oo leh hal saldhig oo u dhow dekedda. Kalk Bay waxay ku dhowdahay xafada taariikhda la xiriirta ee [[St James, Cape Town|St James]], iyadoo qaybinta u dhaxeysa labada ay tahay mid si weyn u rami ah. Waxay wadaagaan Ururka Canshuurbixiyayaasha iyo Dadka Deggan Kalk Bay iyo St. James, kaas oo maamula guddiga hiddaha isla markaana xiriir la sameeya dowladda arrimaha ku saabsan amniga iyo ilaalinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalk Bay & St James Ratepayers |url=https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Kalk Bay & St James Ratepayers |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705003756/https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 2018, majaladda ''[[Forbes]]'' waxay u magacawday xaafaddan mid ka mid ah kuwa "ugu qaboobaha badan dunida", iyadoo ku tilmaantay "gabaad xeebeed" oo soo jiidanaya wax ka badan bulshada hal-abuurka ee deegaanka.<ref name=ForbesCoolest>{{Cite web|last=Abel|first=Ann|date=22 June 2018|title=The 12 Coolest Neighborhoods Around the World|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabel/2018/06/22/the-12-coolest-neighborhoods-around-the-world/|access-date=2020-05-01|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613124721/https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabel/2018/06/22/the-12-coolest-neighborhoods-around-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-22|title=Kalk Bay named one of the 'coolest places' - Forbes|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/kalk-bay-named-one-of-the-coolest-places-forbes/|access-date=2020-05-01|website=SABC News|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127132143/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/kalk-bay-named-one-of-the-coolest-places-forbes/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Taariikhda == [[File:Kalk Bay historic postcard.jpg|left|thumb|Kaatun taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan Kalk Bay]] === Taariikhda ka hor gumeysiga === Taariikhda aagga Kalk Bay waa mid adag in laga saaro taariikhda gobolka weyn ee False Bay. Waxay u dhowdahay in aagga ay degenaayeen dadka [[Khoekhoe]] muddo kumanyaal sano ah ka hor dejinta reer Yurub.<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis |degree=MA |last=Kirkaldy |first=Alan |date=November 1988 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/22499/thesis_hum_1989_kirkaldy_alan.pdf?sequence=1 |title="The sea is in our blood" - community and craft in Kalk Bay |publisher=University of Cape Town |access-date=2023-09-11 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321003840/https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/22499/thesis_hum_1989_kirkaldy_alan.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Baaritaan lagu sameeyay lafaha laga helay gobolka xeebta ayaa muujiyay in dhererka dadkan taariikhda ka hor uu ku jiray qiyaasta dadka casriga ah ee [[Khoisan]].<ref name="Wilson1990">{{cite thesis |last=Wilson |first=M. |date=1990 |title=Strandlovers and Shell Middens |publisher=University of Cape Town |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/22956/1/thesis_hum_Wilson_1990.pdf |location=Available at UCT Digital Collections}}</ref> [[Turaas]] laga helay boholaha hoose ee buuraha ka sarreeya Kalk Bay ayaa muujinaya in goobahan loo isticmaali jiray gabaad,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Timeline – Kalk Bay Historical Association |url=https://www.kbha.co.za/timeline/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322123151/http://www.kbha.co.za/timeline/ |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo caddaymaha qadiimiga ah ayaa weli sii muuqanaya sababo la xiriira dhaqdhaqaaqa xayawaanka ee aagga.<ref name="EAPrac2021">{{cite web |author=Cape EAPrac Archaeological Survey |date=2021 |title=Archaeological Impact Assessment |url=http://cape-eaprac.co.za/projects/HES651%20Patrys%20Development/G4%20Archaeological%20Impact%20Assessment.pdf |publisher=Professional heritage assessment report}} </ref> === Dejinta reer Yurub iyo ugaarsiga nibiriga === Tuulada Kalk Bay waxaa u dhow inay aasastay [[Shirkadda Bariga Hindiya ee Holand]] qarnigii 17-aad. Markii ugu horreysay ee qoraal lagu xuso magaca ''Kalkbaai'' (Bay-da Nuuradda) waxay ahayd badhasaab [[Simon van der Stel]] sannadkii 1687, intii lagu jiray safar saddex toddobaad qaatay oo lagu baarayay laguna khariidaynayay False Bay.<ref name="S2A3">{{cite web |title=Simon van der Stel |url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=2926 |website=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science |access-date=2024-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Simon van der Stel's Day Register |journal=Cape Archives |language=Dutch |volume=11 |pages=481}}</ref> Magaca wuxuu ka yimid ereyada Holandeeska iyo Af-Afrikaans ee tilmaamaya kaydadka qolofta dhuubta ee ay gubeen dadkii hore u degay si ay u soo saaraan [[Nuurad|nuurad]]. Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee kalluumeysatada ahaa waxay u badnaayeen addoomo laga keenay Bengal, Indonesia, iyo Ceylon. Waxay heleen xorriyaddooda sannadkii 1807, markii addoonsiga laga dhigay mid sharci darro ah [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]. Bulshadan waxay u badneyd Muslim, taas oo horseeday dhismaha [[masaajid]] sannadkii 1846.<ref name=":0" /> Hoos u dhaca [[Gumeysiga Cape|Xukunkii Ingiriiska]], ugaarsiga nibiriga wuxuu noqday warshad weyn. Laga bilaabo qiyaastii 1806, wuxuu kiciyay dejinta aagga wuxuuna noqday warshadda saddexaad ee dakhliga ugu badan ka soo xaroodo Cape, ka dib beeraha iyo khamri-samaynta.<ref name="Riverlodge2016">{{cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=Our Famous False Bay Visitors |url=https://www.riverlodge.co.za/blogs/riverlodge-blog/our-famous-false-bay-visitors |website=Riverlodge Backpackers}}</ref> Saldhigyada ugaarsiga nibiriga waxaa laga raray Simon's Town lana geeyay xeebta u dhaxeysa Kalk Bay iyo St James ka dib markii dadka deegaanka ay ka cabdeen urta.<ref name="Walker2016">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Michael |date=2016 |title=A history of the houses |url=https://www.stjamesguesthouses.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/STJ-Booklet-Walker-LR.pdf |publisher=St James Guesthouses}}</ref> Sannadkii 1902, ugaarsigii nibiriga ee Kalk Bay waa uu istaagay sababtoo ah kaydkii nibiriga ayaa yaraaday.<ref name="CoCT2014_5">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Stories of the South Peninsula, Chapter 05 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Stories_of_the_South_Peninsula_chapter_05_2014-06.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}</ref> === Bulshada Filibiin === Dadka waxaa sii kordhiyay imaatinka kalluumeysatada Filibiin. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee deegaanka, imaatinkii ugu horreeyay wuxuu noqon karaa qiyaastii 1839, markii kalluumeysato magaciisa la oron jiray Staggie Fernandez uu ka soo dabaashay markab joogay Simon's Town una soo lugaynaayay Kalk Bay.<ref name="Herbert2023">{{cite web |last=Herbert |first=Steve |date=28 September 2023 |title=The history of Kalk Bay's Filipino community |url=https://falsebayecho.co.za/news/2023-09-28-the-history-of-kalk-bays-filipino-community/ |website=False Bay Echo}}</ref> Warbixinno kale waxay sheegayaan in shaqaale markab Filibiin ah oo ku qarqoomay ay degeen Kalk Bay bartamihii 1840-meeyadii. Bulshadu waxay si weyn u korortay 1850-meeyadii markii qaxooti ay ka soo carareen Filibiin si ay uga baxsadaan rabshadihii ka dhanka ahaa Isbaanishka.<ref name="Smile2019">{{cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=EARLY KALK BAY SETTLERS HONOURED |url=https://smilefm.co.za/early-kalk-bay-settlers-honoured/ |website=Smile 90.4FM}}</ref> Bulshada Filibiin ee u badneyd [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga|Kaatoolig]] waxaa loo arkaa asalka kala qaybinta u dhaxeysa Kalk Bay iyo [[St James, Cape Town|St James]], maadaama kan dambe uu ku yaal kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee keliya ee aagga.<ref name=":0" /> === Horumarinta dhabbada tareenka iyo dekedda === [[File:Kalk Bay's Train Line 1883.jpg|left|thumb|Dhabbada tareenka ee Kalk Bay sannadkii 1883]] Dhabbada tareenka ee Khadka Koonfureed waxaa loo kordhiyay Kalk Bay sannadkii 1883, iyadoo ku xireysa tuulada Cape Town kuna gacan siineysa in kalluunka si hufan loogu qaado magaalada.<ref name="CoCT2014_9">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Stories of the South Peninsula, Chapter 09 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Stories_of_the_South_Peninsula_chapter_09_2014-06.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}</ref><ref name="Seeff2018">{{cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Then and now: Wynberg Railway Station |url=https://www.seeff.com/news/then-and-now-wynberg-railway-station/ |website=Seeff Property Group}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, imaatinka tareenka wuxuu halis geliyay dhaqankii ahaa in doomaha yar yar ee kalluumeysiga laga bilaabo xeebta. Tani, oo ay weheliso isticmaalka maraakiibta waa weyn ee kalluumeysiga ee False Bay, waxay kordhisay cadaadiska dhismaha deked macmal ah. Dhismaha dekedda wuxuu bilowday 6-dii Maarso 1913, iyadoo uu kormeerayay injineerka mas'uulka ka ahaa C. Le S. Furlong.<ref name="IdeaAccel2025">{{cite web |date=15 April 2025 |title=The Mystery of the Green Starboard Lighthouse at Kalk Bay Harbour |url=https://ideaaccelerator.co.za/the-mystery-of-the-green-starboard-lighthouse-at-kalk-bay-harbour/ |website=Idea Accelerator Blog |access-date=24 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=13 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213135450/https://ideaaccelerator.co.za/the-mystery-of-the-green-starboard-lighthouse-at-kalk-bay-harbour/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 7-dii Juun 1913, Wasiirka Tareennada iyo Dekedaha, Henry Burton, ayaa dhigay dhagax-dhigga.<ref name="Echo2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.falsebayecho.co.za/news/celebrating-110-years-of-kalk-bay-harbour-95103577-55dc-42c9-a020-0a737a61032d |title=Celebrating 110 years of Kalk Bay Harbour |work=False Bay Echo |date=27 June 2023 |first=Erin |last=Carelse |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526132931/https://www.falsebayecho.co.za/news/celebrating-110-years-of-kalk-bay-harbour-95103577-55dc-42c9-a020-0a737a61032d |url-status=live }}</ref> Mashruuca wuxuu inta badan dhammaaday 1918, wuxuuna dhalay barkad 8-acre ah oo leh gabaad hirarka ka difaaca, marin kalluunka laga soo dejiyo, iyo marin doomaha la mariyo.<ref name="IdeaAccel2025"/> Sannadkii 1937 iyo 1939 waxaa lagu daray [[Dhismaha dekedda ka difaaca hirarka|gabaad labaad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bulletin 1 1997 |url=https://kbha.co.za/BULLETINS/1/mobile/index.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=kbha.co.za |language=en}}</ref> === Xilligii midab-kala-sooca (Apartheid) === [[File:Kalk Bay.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|"Fisherman Flats" oo laga arkayo dekedda, kuwaas oo lagu garto saqafkooda guduudan iyo midabka maariinka ah]] Sharcigii Aqallada Dumay ee 1934, kaas oo inta badan loo isticmaali jiray horumarinta midab-kala-sooca, wuxuu horseeday dumin lagu sameeyay guryo ku yaal aag ka tirsan Kalk Bay oo loo yaqaano Die Land.<ref name="UP2009">{{cite web |date=2009 |title=Contested modernism: post Slums Act public housing in Cape Town |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/items/5efe35e1-9bcd-4880-9c94-db2bf7355df9 |publisher=Art Historical Work Group of South Africa, University of Pretoria}}</ref> Guryahan waxaa u badnaa dadka [[Midabka isku dhex jira|Midabka isku dhex jira]] ee kalluumeysatada ahaa. Bulshadu waxay si guul leh ugu dagaalantay in guryo beddel u ah laga dhiso meeshii laga dumiyay, taas oo keentay dhismaha aqallo dabaqyo ah intii u dhaxeysay 1941 iyo 1945, oo loo yaqaano "Fishermen's Flats".<ref name="GroundUp2018">{{cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Using municipal land for bowling greens during a housing crisis is unjust |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/leasing-city-land-bowling-greens-housing-crisis-unjust/ |website=GroundUp}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kalk Bay Historical Association |url=https://www.kbha.co.za/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330095658/http://www.kbha.co.za/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 1967, Kalk Bay waxaa loogu dhawaaqay "Aag Caddan" iyadoo la raacayo [[Sharciga Aagga Kooxaha]]. Tani waxay keentay dibad-bax weyn iyo isbeddel taariikhda naadir ku ah: bulshada kalluumeysatada ah waxaa loo oggolaaday inay ku haraan dabaqyada, maadaama ay qasab ku ahayd inay u dhowaadaan doomahooda.<ref name="Destiny2023">{{cite web |last=Manuel |first=Lauren |date=6 March 2023 |title=The Keeper of Fishermen Tales |url=https://www.destinyconnect.com/2023/03/the-keeper-of-fishermen-tales/ |website=Destiny Connect}}</ref> Inkastoo loo qabtay muddo 15 sano ah oo aakhirkii lagu rarayo, haddana marnaba lagama hawlgalin, inta badan dadkiina waa ay hareen. Qiyaastii meel meel afar meelood loo qaybiyay qoysaska ayaa la saaray.<ref name=":2" /> == Dalxiiska == [[Image:Kalk Bay 2.JPG|thumb|Dekedda Kalk Bay]] Warshaddii kalluumeysiga ee taariikhda maamuli jirtay Kalk Bay waxaa inta badan beddelay dalxiiska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-02 |title=December Newsletter |url=https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/2016/12/02/december-newsletter/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Kalk Bay & St James Ratepayers |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526133716/https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/2016/12/02/december-newsletter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Isbeddelkan waxaa kiciyay dhowr meelood oo caan ah oo soo jiidasho leh. Dekedda weli waxay martigelisaa warshad kalluumeysi oo firfircoon; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sidoo kale noqotay goob dalxiis oo caan ah. Waxay leedahay dhowr maqaayado cuntooyinka badda ah<ref>{{Cite web |last=Getaway |date=2021-06-30 |title=Kalk Bay: The Happy Harbour |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/destinations/western-cape/kalk-bay-the-happy-harbour/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Getaway Magazine}}</ref> iyo suuq kalluun oo cusub. Waxay sidoo kale caan ku tahay dadkeeda [[Libaax baddoodka maariinka ah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Master |first=Web |date=2021-12-27 |title=Kalk Bay Seal Finally Off the Hook, Freed from Pain • Cape of Good Hope SPCA |url=https://capespca.co.za/wildlife-news/kalk-bay-seal-finally-off-the-hook-freed-from-pain/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Cape of Good Hope SPCA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kalk Bay waxay leedahay meel dhagaxley ah oo caan ku ah ruxitaanka hirarka loona yaqaano "Kalk Bay Reef". Waxay caan ku tahay hirarka waa weyn ee xidhan iyo dhagaxleyda gacanyada ah ee la xiriirta, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka halis badan inta badan goobaha caanka ah ee loo dalxiis tago hirarka dushooda. Waxaa ugu fiican in lagu dhex dabaasho hirar waa weyn oo ka imanaya koonfur-bari ama dabayl ka timaada waqooyi-galbeed. Hirarka yaryar, marka ay bbadu guranto waxay sameysaa hirar xidhan oo fiican. Hirarka inta badan waxay u fiican yihiin dhex dabaalashada xilliga qaboobaha iyo bilowga guga.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Dhaqdhaqaaqa kale ee caanka ah waa daawashada nibiriga, maadaama [[Nibiriga saxda ah ee koonfureed]] uu soo maro False Bay dhowr bilood oo sannadka ka mid ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, buuraha ka sarreeya Kalk Bay waxay leeyihiin dhowr dhabbo oo loo lugeeyo, oo ay ku jiraan Echo Valley iyo Trappieskop (Af-Afrikaans oo u taagan 'buurta tillaabooyinka'). Kuwaas waxaa laga geli karaa Boyes Drive, oo dhex marta buurta ka sarreysa Kalk Bay. Buuruhu waxay leeyihiin wax ka badan siddeetan godood, oo ku kala duwan dhibka ay leeyihiin.<ref name="CU1984">{{cite web |date=1984 |title=Caves Of The Cape Peninsula |url=https://cucc.survex.com/jnl/1984/cape.htm |publisher=Cambridge Underground Journal}}</ref> Dhabbooyinka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in laga galo godadka dhagax bacaadka ah ee loo yaqaano "Boomslang Cave"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subseries G10 - Avernas, Boomslang, White Dome Grotto, Wessels Grotto |url=https://www.atom.lib.uct.ac.za/index.php/za-uct-bc739-g-g10 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=AtoM@UCT |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526133723/https://www.atom.lib.uct.ac.za/index.php/za-uct-bc739-g-g10 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo "Ronan's Well", taas oo leh marin ka badan 400 oo mitir.<ref name="CU1984"/> Kuwaas waxaa caan ku ah dadka hiwaayadda u leh galitaanka godadka sababo la xiriira sahlanaanta gelidooda, amnigooda, iyo qaabdhismeedkooda sahlan. Godadkan waxay muhiimad u leeyihiin aqoonyahannada baara godadka sababtoo ah waxay ku sameysmeen dhagax bacaad. Nidaamyada godadka waa weyn inta badan lagama helo noocan oo kale ah dhagaxaan aan kiimiko ahaan falgalin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sharratt |first1=Norma J. |last2=Picker |first2=Mike D. |last3=Samways |first3=Michael J. |year=2000 |title=The invertebrate fauna of the sandstone caves of the Cape Peninsula (South Africa): Patterns of endemism and conservation priorities |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=107–143 |doi=10.1023/A:1008968518058 |s2cid=28508022}}</ref> == Astaan-gacmeedka== Kalk Bay (oo ay ku jiraan [[Muizenberg]] iyo [[St James, Cape Town|St James]]) waxay ahayd degmo magaalada ah bilowgii 1895 ilaa 1913. Golaha magaalada wuxuu qaatay astaan-gacmeed, oo uu naqshadeeyay Frank Newnes, bishii Luulyo 1901.<ref name="wca">Western Cape Archives : Kalk Bay Municipal Minutes (23 July 1901).</ref> Gaashaanka wuxuu u qaybsanaa si jiif ah. Qaybta sare waxay u qaybsantay si toos ah, iyadoo muujinaysa doon kalluumeysi (oo qayb ahaan uu qariyay gaashaan yar) iyo siddeed fleurs de lis, halka qaybta hoose ay muujinaysay [[raascanab canab ah]]. Gaashaan yar oo muujinaya ubaxa arum lily ayaa la dhigay bartamaha. == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Dekedaha iyo gabaadyada Koonfur Afrika]] == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirin dheeraad ah == {{commons category}} 96zg65smbiqwzztrwm2rft627r2ttdy 0 47657 300792 299137 2026-07-04T06:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> | official_name = Malindi | settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns in Kenya by population|Degmo]] | image_skyline = Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]] iyo Badweynta Hindiya | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Kenya#Horn of Africa#Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay kutaal Kenya##Goobta ay kutaal Geeska Afrika##Goobta ay kutaal Afrika | pushpin_relief = | subdivision_type = Waddan | subdivision_name = {{flag|Kenya}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Kenya|Ismaamul]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kilifi County]] | established_title = La aasaasay | established_date = Qarnigii 13-aad – 14-aad <!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title1 = Dib loo dejiyay | established_date1 = 1861 | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2019 | population_footnotes = <ref name =Census2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5 |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume II: Distribution of Population by Administrative Units |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics |df=dmy |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303134254/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 119859 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|3|13|25|S|40|7|48|E|region:KE|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> }} '''Malindi''' (oo taariikhda looga yaqaanay '''Melinde''') waa magaalo ku taal Gacanka Malindi ee afka [[Webiga Galana]], waxayna dhacdaa xeebta [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ee dalka [[Kenya]]. Waxay 120 kiiloomitir dhanka waqooyi-bari kaga beegan tahay [[Mombasa]]. Tirada dadka Malindi waxay ahayd 119,859 tirakoobkii 2019.<ref name =Census2019/> Waa xarunta magaalo ee ugu weyn [[Kilifi County]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malindi Destination Guide - Kenyan Coastal Resort Town |url=https://www.kenyasafari.com/malindi-guide.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}</ref> ==Guudmar== {{More citations needed|section|date=January 2023}} Dalxiisku waa warshadaha ugu waaweyn ee Malindi.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://malindimunicipality.go.ke/home/about/ |website=Municipality of Malindi |access-date=22 June 2026 |archive-date=24 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624161146/https://malindimunicipality.go.ke/home/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Goobaha hidaha ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]], [[Portuguese Chapel, Malindi|Kaniisadda Burtuqiiska]], [[House of Columns, Malindi|Guriga Tiirarka]] iyo [[Malindi Museum Heritage Complex|Matxafka Hidaha ee Malindi]]. Malindi waxaa u adeega garoon diyaaradeed oo gudaha ah iyo waddo weyn oo u dhaxaysa [[Mombasa]] iyo [[Lamu]]. Magaalada [[Watamu]] ee u dhow iyo [[Ruins of Gedi|Bur-burka Gedi]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Gede) ayaa dhanka koonfureed kaga beegan Malindi. Afka [[Athi-Galana-Sabaki River|Webiga Sabaki]] wuxuu ku yaal waqooyiga Malindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-28 |title=Top Affordable Places to Visit in Malindi Kenya |url=https://www.wakenyawataliitourstravel.com/top-affordable-places-to-visit-in-malindi-kenya/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Watamu Marine National Park|Watamu]] iyo [[Malindi Marine National Park]] waxay sameeyaan aag xeeb ah oo la ilaaliyo oo ka bilaabma koonfurta Malindi. Aaggu wuxuu muujinayaa tusaalayaal caadi ah oo ah [[Swahili architecture|Dhismaha Sawaaxiliga]]. Inta badan dadka ku nool Malindi waa [[Islam in Kenya|Muslimiin]].<ref>[[Arye Oded|Oded, Arye]] (2000). ''Islam and Politics in Kenya''. [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]], p. 11</ref> Malindi waa guriga [[Malindi Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Malindi]] iyo [[Broglio Space Center]] (oo hore u ahaa ''San Marco Equatorial Range''{{clarify|date=June 2026}}).<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last1=Einashe |first1=Ismail |title=How Kenya's Malindi morphed into 'Little Italy' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56284827 |access-date=22 June 2026 |publisher=BBC |date=5 March 2021}}</ref> == Taariikh == {{See also|Malindi Kingdom}} [[File:Vasco da Gama e o Rei de Melinde (Centro Cultural Português de Santos).png|thumb|left|Sahamiyaha Burtuqiiska [[Vasco da Gama]] oo la kulmaya Boqorkii Malindi 1498. [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Burtuqiiska]] waxay xukuntay Malindi intii u dhaxaysay 1500 ilaa 1630.]] Malindi waxay u kortay sidii qayb ka mid ah ilbaxnimada soo ifbaxaysa ee [[Swahili people|Sawaaxiliga]] intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 5-aad ilaa 10-aad. Beeralay ku hadla luuqadaha [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ayaa u soo guuray aagga, halkaas oo ay ka sameeyeen birta, ku dhisteen guryo alwaax iyo qori ah oo lagu saqafay caleemaha timirta, ku hadlay lahjad maxalli ah oo [[kiSwahili|Sawaaxili]] ah, oo ay ku lug yeesheen ganacsiga gobolka iyo mararka qaarkood ganacsiga fog. Soo noolaynta shabakadaha [[Indian Ocean trade|ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya]] dhamaadkii kunka sano ee ugu horeeyay waxay horseeday degsiimooyin waaweyn, korodhka ganacsiga fog, iyo kakanaanta bulshada. Bilowgii qarnigii 11-aad, Sawaaxiliga xeebta ku noolaa waxay u dhaqmayeen sidii dhex-dhexaadiye u dhexeeya [[Somali people|Soomaalida]], [[Egyptians|Masar-iyiinta]], [[Nubians|Nuubiyiinta]], [[Arabs|Carabta]], [[Persians|Faarisiinta]], iyo [[Indian people|Hindiya]]. Waxay bilaabeen inay dhistaan magaalooyin deyr leh, guryo coral ah, dadka sareena waxay qaateen Islaamka, iyagoo inta badan ku hadla Carabi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middleton |first1=John |title=The World of the Swahili |date=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |pages=1–45}}</ref> [[Malindi Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Malindi]] waxay u muuqataa inay samaysantay qiyaastii qarnigii 9-aad ee miilaadiyada waxayna kortay awood badan labadii qarni ee ka hor inta aan [[Vasco da Gama]] keenin [[Portugal|Burtuqiiska]] gumeysiga gobolka, ka dambe wuxuu horseeday hoos u dhaca ilbaxnimada. Magaalada Malindi, oo la aasaasay qiyaastii 850 miilaadiyada, waxay ku tiil meel ka waqooyi badan magaalada casriga ah, waxayna u muuqataa inay burburtay qiyaastii 1000 miilaadiyada. Waxaa jiray calaamado yar oo degitaan ah labadii qarni ee ku xigay, ka dibna soo kabasho iyo barwaaqo ayaa timid 1200-meeyadii.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Tixraacii ugu horeeyay ee qoran ee ku saabsan Malindi maanta waxay u badan tahay inay ka timid [[Ibn Kathir|Abu al-Fida]] (1273–1331), oo ahaa juqraafi iyo taariikhyahan [[Kurds|Kurdi]] ah. Wuxuu qoray in Malindi ay ku taal dhanka koonfureed ee afka webi ka bilaabma buur boqollaal mayl u jirta. Buurtan waxaa laga yaabaa inay tahay [[Mount Kenya|Buurta Kenya]], halkaas oo uu ka soo askumo [[Athi-Galana-Sabaki River|Webiga Galana]]. Sidaas darteed, Malindi waxay jirtay sidii degsiimo [[Swahili people|Sawaaxili]] ah tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 13-aad.<ref name=Martin1970>{{cite book|first=Esmond Bradley|last=Martin|title=Malindi. Past and Present|year=2009|publisher=The National Museum of Kenya|edition=New|orig-year=originally published in 1970}}</ref> Mar ay kula tartamayso [[Mombasa]] oo keliya talada qaybtan Bariga Afrika, Malindi waxay dhaqan ahaan ahayd magaalo deked ah. Sanadkii 1414, magaalada waxaa [[Ming treasure voyages#Fifth voyage|soo booqday safar]] uu hoggaaminayay sahamiyaha Shiinaha ee [[Zheng He]]. Xukumihii Malindi wuxuu u diray ergay gaar ah oo wata geri hadiyad ahaan Shiinaha safarkaas.<ref name=Martin1970/> Sahamiyaha Burtuqiiska [[Vasco da Gama]] wuxuu la kulmay maamulka Malindi 1498 si uu u saxiixo heshiis ganacsi oo uu u kireysto hage u safra Hindiya, markaas oo uu taagay [[padrão|tiir]] loo yaqaan maanta [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]]. Vasco da Gama waxaa si diiran u soo dhaweeyay Suldaankii Malindi, taas oo ka duwan soo dhawayntii colka ahayd ee uu kala kulmay [[Mombasa]].<ref name=Martin1970/> Waa goob dalxiis oo caan u ah dalxiisayaasha gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ahba. Sanadkii 1498, Malindi waxay ahayd magaalo barwaaqo ah oo ay ku nool yihiin inta u dhaxaysa 5,000 iyo 10,000 oo qof. Inta badan dadka waxay ahaayeen Muslimiin xilligan, iyagoo qaatey Islaamka inta badan intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 13-aad iyo 14-aad. Sida magaalooyinka kale ee Sawaaxiliga ee qarniyadii dhexe, dabaqadda xukunta ama ''wazee'' waxay ka koobnayd madaxda qoysaska ugu taajirsan. Sida dadka kale ee ku hadla luuqadaha Bantu, madaxdan qabaa'ilka ayaa dooran jiray ''mwenye mui'' ama madax ku hadla afka dadka. Burtuqiisku waxay si khaldan ugu yeeri jireen dadkan "Boqoro," iyagoo si khaldan u fahmay dabeecadda ururka siyaasadda Sawaaxiliga. ''Wazee'' waxay ku hadli jireen Sawaaxili iyo Carabi, waxayna sheegan jireen asal khuraafaad ah oo ka yimid Bariga, inta badan Faaris.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vernet |first1=Thomas |title=Les Cites-Etats Swahili de L'Archipel de Lamu, 1585–1810 |date=2005 |publisher=Universite Paris I |location=Paris |pages=103–104}}</ref> Ilaha ugu weyn ee barwaaqada Malindi waxay ahayd dhoofinta foolmaroodiga iyo geesaha wiyisha iyo sidoo kale dhoofinta alaabada beeraha sida qumbaha, liinta, masagada iyo bariiska.<ref name=Martin1970/> Sanadihii ka hor imaatinka Burtuqiiska, Malindi waxay ahayd awood goboleed laakiin waxay aad uga dambaysay labada dawladood ee ugu waaweyn, Mombasa iyo Kilwa. Markii, 1499, Burtuqiisku ay ka aasaaseen xarun ganacsi Malindi oo u adeegi jirtay goob nasasho oo ku socota oo ka imanaysa Hindiya, waxaa si weyn u soo dhaweeyay ''wazee'' oo doonayay inay isticmaalaan awoodda milatari ee Burtuqiiska si ay naftooda uga dhigaan kuwo ka sarreeya xafiiltankooda Mombasa. Sanadkii 1500, Boqor Dom [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] wuxuu u soo bandhigay xaalad vassal Malindi. Malindi waxay taageertay dadaallada guuleystay ee Burtuqiiska ee ku aaddan qabsashada Kilwa iyo Mombasa 1505. Sanadkii 1502, [[Portuguese people|Burtuqiisku]] waxay ka aasaaseen [[Factory (trading post)|xarun]] Malindi, taas oo jirtay ilaa 1593.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museums.or.ke/the-portuguese-chapel/|title=The Portuguese Chapel|website=National Museums of Kenya}}</ref> Hoos u dhaca Kilwa iyo Mombasa ayaa horseeday in Malindi ay barwaaqowdo. Malindi waxay kortay markii Sawaaxili kale, iyo sidoo kale ganacsatada Carabta, Faaris, iyo Hindiya, farsamayaqaannada, badmaaxayaasha, iyo shaqaalaha ay u soo qulquleen magaalada cusub ee awoodda leh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vernet |first1=Thomas |title=Les Cites-Etats Swahili de L'Archipel de Lamu, 1585–1810 |date=2005 |publisher=Universite Paris I |location=Paris |pages=65–97}}</ref> Malindi waxay sii ahaan jirtay xarunta hawlaha Burtuqiiska ee bariga Afrika ilaa 1593, markii Burtuqiisku ay saldhiggooda ugu weyn u rareen Mombasa.<ref>Eric Axelson, ''Portuguese in South-East Africa 1488-1600'' (C. Struik Ltd. 1973), p. 188-197.</ref> Tani waxay ahayd iyadoo la kaashanayo Segeju iyo Sheekhii Malindi. Sida xulufada ugu weyn ee Burtuqiiska ee Bariga Afrika ee ku teedsan xeebta Sawaaxiliga, Malindi waxay taageertay dadaallada guuleystay ee Burtuqiiska ee ku aaddan qabsashada Kilwa iyo Mombasa. Labada magaalo ee Sawaaxiliga badanaa waxay lahaayeen khilaafyo dhexdooda ah iyagoo u dagaallamaya inay u taliyaan ganacsiga. Dagaalkiisa milatari ee ka dhanka ah Mombasa, Sheekhii Malindi wuxuu la midoobay Burtuqiiska iyo Segeju si ay u qabsadaan magaalada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pouwels |first1=Randall L. |last2=Ogot |first2=B. A. |date=October 1994 |title=General History of Africa. Volume 5, Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168901 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=1371 |doi=10.2307/2168901 |jstor=2168901 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sanadkii 1592, Segeju waxay qabsadeen Mombasa, ugu dambayntiina waxay u dhiibeen Sheekhii Malindi. Sheekhu wuxuu markaas u raray maxkamaddiisa Malindi ilaa Mombasa wuxuuna xukumay 1593 ilaa 1630.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berg |first=F. J. |date=January 1968 |title=The Swahili Community of Mombasa, 1500–1900 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700008343 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=35–56 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700008343 |s2cid=162622809 |issn=0021-8537|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Waqtigan, wuxuu ku casuumay xulufadiisa, Burtuqiiska, inay dhistaan xarun milatari oo ay ka taliyaan magaalada. [[File:Admiralty Chart No 667 Port Melinda (Malindi) detail.jpg|thumb|left|Admiralty Chart No 667 Port Melinda (Malindi) detail]] Ka dib markii Burtuqiisku tageen, magaaladu waxay tartiib tartiib hoos ugu dhacday ilaa ay ku dhawaatay inay baaba'do dhamaadkii qarnigii 17-aad. Shaxdii 1823 ee [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty ee Boqortooyada Midowday]] ee 'Melinda' ayaa ku dhawaaqday in waqtigaas aysan jirin 'wax raad ah oo ka mid ah magaaladii mar quruxda badnayd ee Melinda' marka laga reebo [[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]].<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_667_Port_Melinda_(Malindi)_detail.jpg 'Admiralty Chart No 667 Port Melinda (Malindi) detail']</ref> Sanadkii 1845, [[Johann Ludwig Krapf|Ludwig Krapf]] wuxuu soo booqday magaalada wuxuuna helay iyadoo ay qarisay dhirta oo aan cidina degnayn.<ref name=Martin1970/> [[Portuguese Chapel, Malindi|Kaniisad Burtuqiis ah]] oo leh xabaalo ayaa la dhisay ka hor 1542 markii [[Francis Xavier]] uu soo booqday magaalada.<ref name=Martin1970/> Guryo badan oo [[Swahili architecture|dhisme Sawaaxili ah]] ayaa badbaaday, oo ay ku jirto Masaajidka Juma. [[File:Melinda in Melinda chart 1873.jpg|thumb|Qorshaha Malindi, Abriil 1873]] Malindi waxaa dib u aasaasay [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Suldaan Majid]] oo ka tirsan [[Zanzibar]] 1861 iyo ilaa dhamaadkii qarnigii 19-aad waxay u adeegtay sidii xarun ganacsiga addoonta. Qorshaha magaalada 1873 wuxuu muujinayaa aagga shaqada waqtigaas.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Melinda_chart_1873.jpg Qorshaha Melinda (Malindi, Kenya), 29 Abriil 1873]</ref> Sanadkii 1890, Malindi waxay timid maamulkii Ingiriiska iyo ganacsigii addoonta iyo addoonsigii waa la baabi'iyay. Ficilkani wuxuu horseeday hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid wax soo saarka beeraha. Marka laga reebo beeraha waxaa jiray warshado yar oo Malindi bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad; waxaa ka mid ahaa samaynta roogagga iyo boorsooyinka, burburinta miraha [[sesame|sisinta]] ee saliidda iyo soo saarista cabitaan Sawaaxili ah oo loo yaqaan tembo. Malindi waxaa si rasmi ah looga dhigay magaalo 1903. Toban sano ka dib dadkeedu waxay marayeen qiyaastii 1148 waxaana ku jiray 843 Afrikaan ah, 230 Carab ah, 67 Aasiyaan ah iyo 8 Yurubiyaan ah.<ref name=Martin1970/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de V. Allen |first=J. |date=1973 |editor-last=MARTIN |editor-first=ESMOND BRADLEY |title=A History of Malindi Invaders |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24520411 |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |volume=3 |issue=1/2 |pages=158–161 |jstor=24520411 |issn=0251-0391}}</ref> [[Image:Malindi town view.jpg|thumb|200px|Muuqaal magaaladii hore ee Malindi]] Malindi waxay la kulantay kor u kac ganacsi intii u dhaxaysay dhamaadkii Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka iyo 1925, markii ay dhacday macaluul. Dhoofinta dekedaha shisheeye waxay korodhay ilaa £26,000 sannadkii 1924. Yurubiyaanka ayaa bilaabay inay ku soo noqdaan Malindi 1930-meeyadii, iyagoo ka iibsanaya dhul Carabta. Qaar ka mid ah sida [[Sydney Turing Barlow Lawford|Commander Lawford]] waxay fureen hudheelladii ugu horreeyay, kuwaas oo noqday aasaaska mustaqbalka warshadaha dalxiiska. Intii lagu jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], Malindi waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah laba magaalo oo Bariga Afrika ah oo ay duqeeyeen Talyaanigu. Tani waxay dhacday 24 Oktoobar 1940, dhacdadan ka dibna ciidamada xulufada ayaa la dhigay magaalada ilaa dhamaadkii dagaalka. Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib Malindi waxay bilowday inay u korto sidii goob dalxiis.<ref name=Martin1970/> Markii [[Broglio Space Center]] furmay, [[Italian diaspora|qaxooti Talyaani ah]] ayaa bilaabay inay sameeyaan.<ref name=bbc/> ==Cimilada== Malindi waxay leedahay [[Tropical savanna climate|cimilada kuleylaha ee saxaraha qalalan]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocidda cimilada Köppen]] ''As''). {{Weather box |location = Malindi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan record high C = 34.0 |Feb record high C = 34.0 |Mar record high C = 34.5 |Apr record high C = 39.0 |May record high C = 32.2 |Jun record high C = 30.5 |Jul record high C = 30.8 |Aug record high C = 29.8 |Sep record high C = 32.0 |Oct record high C = 32.0 |Nov record high C = 34.1 |Dec record high C = 33.0 |year record high C = 39.0 |Jan high C = 31.0 |Feb high C = 31.4 |Mar high C = 32.3 |Apr high C = 31.7 |May high C = 29.4 |Jun high C = 28.5 |Jul high C = 27.8 |Aug high C = 27.9 |Sep high C = 28.6 |Oct high C = 29.8 |Nov high C = 30.7 |Dec high C = 31.3 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 27.9 |Feb mean C = 28.2 |Mar mean C = 29.0 |Apr mean C = 28.6 |May mean C = 26.9 |Jun mean C = 26.2 |Jul mean C = 25.5 |Aug mean C = 25.4 |Sep mean C = 26.0 |Oct mean C = 27.0 |Nov mean C = 27.8 |Dec mean C = 28.2 | year mean C = |Jan low C = 24.5 |Feb low C = 24.5 |Mar low C = 25.4 |Apr low C = 25.4 |May low C = 24.3 |Jun low C = 23.8 |Jul low C = 22.9 |Aug low C = 22.8 |Sep low C = 22.9 |Oct low C = 23.5 |Nov low C = 24.2 |Dec low C = 24.6 |year low C = |Jan record low C = 20.0 |Feb record low C = 19.6 |Mar record low C = 21.0 |Apr record low C = 20.8 |May record low C = 21.0 |Jun record low C = 19.5 |Jul record low C = 18.6 |Aug record low C = 17.0 |Sep record low C = 17.2 |Oct record low C = 19.0 |Nov record low C = 19.0 |Dec record low C = 21.0 |year record low C = 17.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 11 |Feb precipitation mm = 17 |Mar precipitation mm = 36 |Apr precipitation mm = 163 |May precipitation mm = 298 |Jun precipitation mm = 154 |Jul precipitation mm = 91 |Aug precipitation mm = 64 |Sep precipitation mm = 47 |Oct precipitation mm = 68 |Nov precipitation mm = 75 |Dec precipitation mm = 35 |year precipitation mm = 1059 |Jan precipitation days = 2 |Feb precipitation days = 2 |Mar precipitation days = 3 |Apr precipitation days = 11 |May precipitation days = 17 |Jun precipitation days = 12 |Jul precipitation days = 12 |Aug precipitation days = 9 |Sep precipitation days = 7 |Oct precipitation days = 6 |Nov precipitation days = 6 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |year precipitation days = 90 |source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMO >{{cite web | url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1798 | title = World Weather Information Service – Malindi | publisher = World Meteorological Organization | access-date = 31 August 2016 | archive-date = 15 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160915062827/http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1798 | url-status = live }}</ref> |source 2 = Meteo Climat<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1766 | title = Station Malindi | publisher = Meteo Climat | language = fr | access-date = 31 August 2016 | archive-date = 10 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170510071342/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1766 | url-status = live }}</ref> }} ==Maamulka maxalliga ah == Malindi hadda waxay ku jirtaa [[Kilifi County|Ismaamulka Kilifi]] sida uu dhigayo isbeddelada maamulka ee dastuurka cusub ee la ansixiyay Agoosto 2010. Malindi waxay samaysaa gole degmo oo leh saddex iyo toban xaafadood: Barani, Ganda/Mkaumoto, [[Gede, Kenya|Gede]], Gede North, Gede South, Kijiwetanga, Madunguni, Malimo, Malindi Central, Malindi North, Maweni, Shella, iyo [[Watamu|Watamu Town]]. Dhammaantood waxay ku yaalaan [[Malindi Constituency|Degmada Doorashada Malindi]].<ref name="pollingcentres">[http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf Polling Centres in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf |date=20070628084749 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628084749/http://www.eck.or.ke/downloads/pollingcentres.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }}. Electoral Commission of Kenya.</ref> == Sawiro== <gallery> File:House of Columns Malindi.jpg|Hore ee "Guriga Tiirarka" File:Robinson Island Kenya.jpg|Agagaarka Jasiiradda Robinson waqooyiga Malindi File:Sun rise Malindi.jpg|Qorrax ka soo baxa Badweynta Hindiya ee Malindi File:Colours of the sea.jpg|Xeeb u dhow Malindi Malindi.jpg|Doonyaha qorrax dhaca ee Malindi [[File:Malindi Nightlife as captured on aerial photography.jpg|thumb|alt=Malindi Kenya as captured by Malindians.com|Nolosha habeenkii ee Malindi sida ay sawireen sawirrada hawada]] </gallery> ==Dhaqanka caanka ah== Sheekada ''"MALI D'AFRICA"'' (ee Sara Cardelli) waxay sharxaysaa jacayl aan suurtogal ahayn oo ka dhacay Malindi.<ref>[http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html Jacayl aan suurtogal ahayn oo ka dhacay Malindi ee Talyaaniga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213501/http://www.malindikenya.net/en/articles/words/books/the-impossible-love-in-the-italian-malindi.html |date=6 November 2020 }} — ku saabsan sheekada Sara Cardelli, 2017.</ref> Inta badan dhacdooyinka [[Andrei Gusev]]'s sheekooyinka ''Once in Malindi'' (2021)<ref>[https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 ''"Once in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016190338/https://proza.ru/2020/08/15/2 |date=16 October 2020 }} — on Proza.ru, 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> iyo ''Our Wild Sex in Malindi'' (2020)<ref>[http://Gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm "Our Wild Sex in Malindi"] {{Wayback|url=http://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=20201009210533 }} ee [[Andrei Gusev]], 2020 {{in lang|ru}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009210533/https://gusev.webs.com/Malindi.htm |date=9 October 2020 }}</ref> waxay ka dhacaan Malindi, [[Watamu]], ama [[Lamu]]. Sheekooyinku waxay sharxayaan nolosha jilayaasha (qoraa Ruush ah Andy iyo xaaskiisa Jennifer, oo ku dhalatay Kenya) magaalooyinkan 2010-meeyadii.<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm Dib u eegista ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031310/http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm |date=4 August 2020 }} — on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020 {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/Old_Novelist.htm Dib u eegista ''"Once in Malindi"''] on the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2021 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Heesta ''"Yasoi Malindi"'' waxaa qoray Yasoy Kala Kana oo ku saabsan magaalada.<ref>[https://music.yandex.ru/album/3004276 ''Ndukanoe – Yasoi Malindi'']{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ee Yasoy Kala Kana, 2015.</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast|Degsiimooyinkii Taariikhiga ahaa ee Sawaaxiliga]] *[[Swahili architecture|Dhismaha Sawaaxiliga]] *[[Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi|Tiirka Vasco da Gama]] *[[Portuguese Chapel, Malindi|Kaniisadda Burtuqiiska]] *[[House of Columns, Malindi|Guriga Tiirarka]] *[[Malindi Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Malindi]] *[[Sinking of the Christiana Hama|Degitaankii 'Christiana Hama']] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Malindi}} {{wikivoyage|Malindi}} * [http://www.malindimunicipal.org Websaydhka Golaha Degmada Malindi] * [http://malindirugby.blogspot.com Websaydhka Malindi RFC] *[https://malindians.com Xarunta Macluumaadka Dalxiiska ee Malindi Kenya] oqr06u2jurdokqbf6nsmqx1p1jg2huv 0 47659 300760 299119 2026-07-04T02:18:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox port | name = Dekedda Kilindini<br>Dekedda Mombasa | image = Port of Mombasa.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dekedda Mombasa | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa#World | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Dekedda Mombasa | country = {{flag|Kenya}} | location = [[Mombasa]], [[Mombasa County|Gobolka Mombasa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|03|19|S|39|39|07|E|region:KE|display=inline,title}} | locode = KEKIL<ref name="Locode-1">{{cite web |title=UNLOCODE (KE) – KENYA |url=https://service.unece.org/trade/locode/ke.htm |website=service.unece.org |publisher=UNECE |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> | opened ={{start date and age|1896}} | operated = [[Kenya Ports Authority|Maamulka Dekedaha Kenya]] | owner = [[Government of Kenya|Dowladda Kenya]] | type = Dabiici/Farsamo | sizewater = | sizeland = | size = | draft_depth = {{convert|17.5|m|abbr=on}} | berths = | wharfs = | piers = | employees = | leadershiptitle = | leader = | arrivals = | cargotonnage = 14 Malyan sanadkii 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.megaprojects.co.ke/articles/246/the-changing-face-of-kenyas-public-transport-system/ |title=The Changing Face of Kenya’s Public Transport System &#124; MegaProjects Kenya |publisher=Megaprojects.co.ke |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-date=2013-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002013928/http://www.megaprojects.co.ke/articles/246/the-changing-face-of-kenyas-public-transport-system/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | containervolume = | cargovalue = | passengertraffic = | revenue = | profit = | website = [http://www.kpa.co.ke/Pages/default.aspx Maamulka Dekedaha Kenya] | blankstatstitle1 = | blankstats1 = }} '''Dekedda Kilindini''' (''Bandari ya Mombasa'', af [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]) waa marin biyo-qoto dheer oo dabiici ah oo aad u weyn, kaas oo gudaha u gala xagga [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]]. Waxay qoto dheerkeedu gaaraa {{convert|25-30|fathom|m}} xarunteeda ugu qoto dheer, inkasta oo qoto-dheeraanta lagu xakameeyo ay tahay marinka sare ee dekedda oo leh qoto dheer oo la qoday oo dhan {{convert|17.5|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Fap-1">{{cite web|title=Port of Mombasa, Kenya|url=http://www.findaport.com/port-of-mombasa|website=findaport.com|publisher=Shipping Guides Ltd|access-date=18 March 2018|archive-date=8 Bisha Todobaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708082324/http://www.findaport.com/port-of-mombasa|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waxay u adeegtaa sidii dekedda [[Mombasa]], iyadoo [[hinterland|dhulalka gudaha]] u fidda ilaa [[Uganda]]. Dekedda Kilindini waa qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee '''Dekedda Mombasa''', oo ah dekedda kaliya ee caalamiga ah ee Kenya iyo dekedda ugu weyn [[east Africa|Bariga Afrika]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Africa’s ports: The bottleneck|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21695054-new-investment-alone-will-not-fix-africas-ports-governments-need-deal|access-date=19 March 2016|work=[[The Economist]]|date=19 March 2016}}</ref> Waxaa maamula [[Kenya Ports Authority|Maamulka Dekedaha Kenya]] (KPA). Marka laga reebo maaraynta xamuulka, Mombasa waxay leedahay maraakiibta dalxiiska [[cruise ship]] oo inta badan soo booqda. Kilindini waa eray Sawaaxili ah oo macnihiisu yahay "si qoto dheer u hooseeya" ama "gudaha moolka"<ref>{{cite web | title=Google Translate | url=https://translate.google.com/?sl=sw&tl=en&text=Kilindini%20&op=translate | access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> taas oo tixraacaysa qoto-dheeraanta marinka. Dekedda Kilindini waa tusaale ka mid ah ifafaale juqraafiyeed oo dabiici ah oo loo yaqaan [[ria]], kaas oo samaysmay malaayiin sano ka hor markii heerka badda uu kor u kacay oo uu liqay webi ka soo qulqulayay dhulka weyn ee qaaradda. == Taariikh == [[File:Allidina-Visram.jpg|thumbnail|right|240px|Dugsiga Allidina Visram ee Mombasa, oo la sawiray 2006, wuxuu ahaa goobtii ay ku taallay xaruntii sirta ahayd ee British "Kilindini" ee jabisay koodhadhka intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]] Mombasa waxay leedahay taariikh qarniyo badan ah oo ah magaalo deked ah. Dekedda Kilindini waxaa la furay 1896 markii shaqadu ay ka bilaabatay dhismaha [[Uganda Railway|Tareenka Uganda]]. Intii lagu jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], intii Kenya ay ahayd gumeysi British ah, Kilindini waxay noqotay saldhig ku meel gaar ah oo ay leedahay [[British Eastern Fleet|Maraakiibta Bariga ee British-ka]] laga bilaabo horraantii 1942 ilaa khatartii badda ee [[Japan]] ay ka fogeeyeen [[Colombo]], Ceylon (hadda [[Sri Lanka]]). Meel u dhow, [[Far East Combined Bureau]], oo ah xarun ka tirsan hawlgalka jebinta koodhadhka ee British-ka ee [[Bletchley Park]], ayaa lagu dejiyay dugsi la qabsaday (Allidina Visram High School, Mombasa) waxayna ku guulaysteen inay jabiyaan [[Japanese naval codes|koodhadhkii badda ee Japan]]. == Ballaarinta == 29 Agoosto 2013, ballaarinta dekedda ayaa u suurta gelisay inay maamusho Maraakiibta Panamax. Mashruuca waxaa la bilaabay Julaay 2011 qiimihiisu ahaa $82.15 milyan oo ay bixisay Dowladda Kenya waxaana fulisay [[China Roads and Bridge Corporation]]. Deked cusub, Berth 19, oo leh {{convert|15|acre|ha|abbr=on|order=flip}} oo ah barxad lagu kaydiyo, ayaa bixisay awood dheeraad ah oo sannadle ah oo dhan 200,000 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]]. Mashruucu waa in la kordhiyo xamuulka dekedda 33%, iyadoo la xoojinayo heerka hoggaamineed ee Mombasa iyo sidoo kale Kenya ee Bariga Afrika.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-08/29/c_132673420.htm |title=Newly expanded port berth reopens in Kenya's Mombasa |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=2013-08-29 |access-date=2013-12-10}}</ref> Ballaarintan waxay la socotay qorshayaal lagu dhisayo tareenno si wanaagsan ugu xiraya dekedda Uganda iyo Rwanda.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kenya Fights Off Port Competition With $13 Billion Plan: Freight|publisher=Bloomberg News|year=2013|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-20/kenya-fights-off-port-competition-with-13-billion-plan-freight.html|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref> == Aagga Xorta ah ee Dongo Kundu == Dowladda Kenya waxay sidoo kale bilowday inay fududeyso horumarinta Deked Xor ah oo ku taal {{convert|3000|acre|ha|abbr=on|order=flip}} oo dhul ah oo ay leedahay Maamulka degaanka Dongo Kundu iyada oo loo marayo hababka iskaashiga dowladda iyo gaarka loo leeyahay. Sidoo kale waxaa socda mashruuca waddo weyn oo la mariyo si loogu xiro aagga mashruuca iyo Mombasa – Lunga Lunga – Nairobi Highway.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpa.co.ke/INFOCENTER/NEWS/Pages/MANAGINGDIRECTORSSPEECH.aspx |title=Managing Directors Speech |publisher=Kpa.co.ke |access-date=2013-12-10}}</ref> Waxaa loo yaqaannaa [[Dongo Kundu bypass]], ujeedada mashaariicda waa in la fududeeyo socodka taraafikada ee Xeebta Koonfureed ee Kenya. Dhismaha ayaa la bilaabi lahaa dabayaaqadii 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/business/Construction-of-road-to-South-Coast-will-start-this-year/-/996/1998568/-/1tu0fdz/-/index.html |title=Construction of road to South Coast will start this year – Business |work=Daily Nation |access-date=2013-12-10}}</ref> Dhismaha waxaa la dhamaystiray Julaay 2024 oo hadda waa shaqaynayaa.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} == Dekedda Lamu == Deked cusub oo caalami ah, [[Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor|Dekedda Lamu]] ayaa ku jirta dhismaha [[Lamu|Lamu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dredgingtoday.com/2012/03/07/kenya-prime-minister-speaks-at-ground-breaking-ceremony-of-proposed-lamu-port/ |title=Dredging Today – Kenya: Prime Minister Speaks at Ground Breaking Ceremony of Proposed Lamu Port |publisher=Dredgingtoday.com |date=2012-03-07 |access-date=2013-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ndaiga |first=Hellen |url=http://www.constructionkenya.com/2428/ground-breaking-held-for-sh2-trillion-lamu-port/ |title=Lamu Port, LAPSSET Corridor Groundbreaking Held |publisher=Constructionkenya.com |date=2012-03-02 |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-date=2019-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701142049/https://www.constructionkenya.com/2428/ground-breaking-held-for-sh2-trillion-lamu-port/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dekedda Lamu waxay noqon doontaa mid ka weyn Dekedda Kilindini laakiin [[Kenya Ports Authority|Maamulka Dekedaha Kenya]] ayaa sheegaya in labada dekedood aysan tartan gali doonin balse ay is dhammaystiri doonaan. Dekeddu waxay yeelan doontaa 32 dekedood (berths) iyo marin laga soo galo oo la qoday ilaa {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}} si ay ugu suurto gasho in ay qaadato maraakiib gaaraya 120,000 [[Deadweight tonnage|DWT]] ([[Panamax#Post-Panamax and Post-Neopanamax ships|Post-Panamax Vessels]]). Qiimaha Qorshaha Muddada Gaaban ee Mashruuca Dekedda Lamu, oo ay ku jiraan 3-da dekedood ee ugu horreeya, waxaa lagu qiyaasay US$664 milyan. Wajiga Koowaad waxaa la dhamayn doonaa 2016.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast|Degsiimooyinkii Taariikhiga ahaa ee Sawaaxiliga]] *[[Swahili architecture|Dhismaha Sawaaxiliga]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Port of Mombasa}} *[https://kpa.co.ke Maamulka Dekedaha Kenya]. Waxaa la helay 13 Diseembar 2022 {{Authority control}} 0s21y6qt4rxiud4degz09709hy4rjnz 0 47685 300804 299154 2026-07-04T07:50:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cape Verde settlement | name = Porto Novo | image_skyline = PortoNovoVista.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|17.019|-25.064|type:adm1st_region:CV_dim:50000|display=inline,title}} | image_map = | key = 13122 | elevation = 8 | postal_code = 1310 }} '''Porto Novo''' waa magaalo<ref name=yearbook>[http://ine.cv/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/statistical-yearbook-cv-2015_en.pdf Cabo Verde, Statistical Yearbook 2015], [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Cape Verde)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]], bogga 32-33</ref> ku taal jasiiradda [[Santo Antão, Cape Verde|Santo Antão]], ee [[Cape Verde|Kabo Verde]]. Waa xarunta [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde (degmo)|Degmada Porto Novo]]. Tirakoobkii 2010, magaaladu waxay lahayd 9,310 qof, taas oo ka dhigaysa degaanka ugu dadka badan jasiiradda.<ref name=census10/> ==Juqraafiya== Porto Novo waxay ku taal xeebta koonfur-bari ee Santo Antão, iyada oo ka soo horjeedda jasiiradda [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]]. Magaaladu waxay u qaybsantaa qaybaha soo socda:<ref name=census10/> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *Abufador *Alto de Peixinho *Alto de São Tomé *Armazém *Bairro *Berlim *Branquinho *Chã de Camoca *Chã de Galinheira *Chã de Itália *Chã de Matinho *Covoada *Lombo Branco *Lombo de Meio *Praia de Topo *Ribeira Corujinho *São Tomé {{div col end}} ==Demograafiya== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" | Tirada dadka ee magaalada Porto Novo (1990–2010) |- style="text-align:center;" | '''1990'''<ref name=citypop>Isha: [https://www.citypopulation.de/CapeVerde.html City Population], iyadoo la xiganayo [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Cape Verde)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]]</ref> | '''2000'''<ref name=citypop/> | '''2010'''<ref name=census10/> |- style="text-align:center;" | 4867 | 7685 | 9310 |} ==Taariikh== [[Image:CaisPortoNovo.JPG|thumb|right|Dekadda Porto Novo, iyo gadaasheeda, jasiiradda [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]]]] Sababo la xiriira abaarta xeebta koonfureed ee Santo Antão, degaanku wuxuu bilaabmay goor dambe. Magaaladu markii hore waxay ahayd tuulo kalluumeysi oo la odhan jiray ''Porto dos Carvoeiros''. Laga bilaabo 30 dhisme oo kaliya 1901, waxay bilowday inay korto 1910-meeyadii.<ref name=dias>[http://www.portaldoconhecimento.gov.cv/bitstream/10961/1882/1/MONOGRAFIAAndreza.pdf Evolução histórica do concelho do Porto Novo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.portaldoconhecimento.gov.cv/bitstream/10961/1882/1/MONOGRAFIAAndreza.pdf |date=20180903183014 }}, Andreza Costa Dias, 2006</ref>{{rp|21}} Dekadda waxaa la daahfuray 1962, waxaana la casriyeeyay 2012-14.<ref name="ENAPOR">{{cite web|url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/guest/porto-novo|title=Porto Novo|publisher=[[ENAPOR]]|language=pt|access-date=6 September 2018}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ka hor 1962, maraakiibtu waxay ahayd inay ku [[Anchorage (maritime)|xaroodaan]] gacanka Alto Peixinho, alaabta iyo rakaabkana waa in lagu soo dejiyaa doonyo yaryar.<ref name=dias/>{{rp|24}} Waa xarunta [[Porto Novo, Cape Verde (degmo)|Degmada Porto Novo]] oo la abuuray 1962,<ref name=dias/>{{rp|29}} waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u noqotay degaanka magaalo ee ugu weyn jasiiradda. 2005 magaalada Porto Novo waxay noqotay magaalo.<ref name=dias/>{{rp|40}} ==Cimilada== Porto Novo waxay leedahay [[cimilada lamadegaanka kulul]] ([[Köppen kala soocidda cimilada|Köppen]] ''BWh''). Celceliska roobabka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|191|mm|in|2|disp=or}}. Celceliska heerkulka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|23.8|C|F}}.<ref name=climate/> {{Weather box|width=auto|location = Porto Novo, 17 mitir ASL |metric first = yes |single line = yes |temperature colour = |Jan high C = 24.0 |Feb high C = 23.4 |Mar high C = 24.1 |Apr high C = 24.6 |May high C = 25.3 |Jun high C = 26.2 |Jul high C = 27.3 |Aug high C = 27.9 |Sep high C = 27.6 |Oct high C = 27.5 |Nov high C = 27.0 |Dec high C = 25.2 |year high C = 25.8 |Jan mean C = 22.0 |Feb mean C = 21.6 |Mar mean C = 22.0 |Apr mean C = 22.3 |May mean C = 23.0 |Jun mean C = 24.1 |Jul mean C = 25.0 |Aug mean C = 25.9 |Sep mean C = 26.0 |Oct mean C = 25.8 |Nov mean C = 25.0 |Dec mean C = 23.4 |year mean C = 23.8 |Jan low C = 20.1 |Feb low C = 19.8 |Mar low C = 19.9 |Apr low C = 20.1 |May low C = 20.8 |Jun low C = 22.1 |Jul low C = 22.7 |Aug low C = 23.9 |Sep low C = 24.4 |Oct low C = 24.2 |Nov low C = 23.0 |Dec low C = 21.6 |year low C = 21.9 |Jan rain mm = 7 |Feb rain mm = 2 |Mar rain mm = 1 |Apr rain mm = 0 |May rain mm = 0 |Jun rain mm = 0 |Jul rain mm = 4 |Aug rain mm = 28 |Sep rain mm = 86 |Oct rain mm = 31 |Nov rain mm = 17 |Dec rain mm = 15 |rain colour = green |year rain mm = 191 |source 1 = <ref name=climate>{{cite web|title=Porto Novo Climate (Cape Verde)|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/5732/|publisher=Climate-Data.ORG}}</ref> |date = 05 January 2014}} ==Gaadiidka== Tan iyo casriyeyntii ugu dambaysay ee 2014, dekadda Porto Novo waxay leedahay 3 dekedood, 1 [[Containerization|barxad kunteenarrada]], 2 [[Roll-on/roll-off discharge facility|marooyinka roll-on/roll-off]] iyo [[Slipway|marinka doonyaha]]. Dhererka guud ee dekedaha waa 268 m, qoto-dheerida ugu badanna waa 8 m.<ref name="ENAPOR"/> Sannadkii 2017 waxaa la maareeyay 134,141 tan oo badeecad ah iyo 301,813 rakaab ah (2017).<ref name=stat>[http://www.enapor.cv/web/content/1271?unique=bbed71b56b90fdb6aa154d086d15720aa6078e2c&download=true Statistics Porto Novo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.enapor.cv/web/content/1271?unique=bbed71b56b90fdb6aa154d086d15720aa6078e2c&download=true |date=20241203115210 }}, [[ENAPOR]], Diseembar 2017</ref> Waxaa jira 4 xiriir oo maalinle ah oo doonyo ah oo ka yimaada Porto Novo ilaa [[Mindelo]] oo ku taal jasiiradda [[São Vicente, Cape Verde|São Vicente]].<ref>[http://www.aperegala.com/index.php/en/practical-information/santo-antao/ferry-mindelo-porto-novo Dooni aadda Santo Antão]</ref> Porto Novo waa deked xubin ka ah [[International Association of Ports and Harbors]] (IAPH).<ref>[https://www.iaphworldports.org/iaph-md/directory/port_details/17 IAPH Member Ports]</ref> Wadada qaran ee EN1-SA01 waxay isku xirtaa Porto Novo iyo [[Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde|Ribeira Grande]], iyadoo maraysa gudaha buuraleyda ah. EN1-SA03 waxay u horseedaa [[Pombas, Cape Verde|Pombas]] xeebta bari. EN1-SA04 waxay u horseedaa galbeedka [[Lajedo, Cape Verde|Ponte Sul]]. Tan iyo markii la xiray [[Garoonka Agostinho Neto]], oo ku yaal [[Ponta do Sol, Cape Verde|Ponta do Sol]], ma jiro garoon diyaaradeed oo shaqeeya jasiiradda. ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Liiska magaalooyinka Kabo Verde]] == Tixraacyo == {{Commons category|Porto Novo (Kabo Verde)}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 3u81whnpls0jzg1c52t3o8e6ba5w81z 0 47700 300789 299062 2026-07-04T06:12:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image= Kronprins Frederik (5971002509).jpg |image_size= |image_caption= MV ''Patra'' oo loo yaqaanay ''Kronprins Frederik'', la qaaday 24 Luulyo 1953. |image_alt= }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |name=''Patra'' |owner=Shirkadda Maraakiibta Carabta (Arab Navigation Company) |registry= Masar |route=Jeddah–Suez (1976) |ordered= |builder=A/S Helsingør Jernskibs- og Maskinbyggeri, Helsingør, Danmark |original_cost= |yard_number=262 |way_number= |laid_down=14 Noofambar 1939 |launched=20 Juun 1940 |completed= |christened= |acquired= |maiden_voyage= |in_service=1946 |out_of_service=1976 |identification=Calaamadda wicitaanka: OZHW |fate=Wuxuu qabsaday dab wuxuuna ku degay Badda Cas 24 Disembar 1976 |notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= |type=[[Markabka rakaabka (ferry)]] |tonnage={{GRT|3895}} |displacement= |length={{cvt|114.48|m|ftin}} ([[Dhererka guud|guud]]) |beam={{cvt|15.20|m|ftin}} |height= |draught={{cvt|5.66|m|ftin}} |draft= |depth= |decks= |deck_clearance= |ramps= |ice_class= |sail_plan= |power=2 × Burmeister & Wain 1050-VF-90 matoorro naafto ah |propulsion=Twin screw |speed={{convert|20.25|kn|lk=in}} |capacity=358 rakaab ah |crew= |notes= }} }} '''MV ''Patra''''', oo hore loo odhan jiray '''''Kronprins Frederik''''', wuxuu ahaa [[markabka rakaabka]] laga dhisay Danmark sannadkii 1941 meel ku taal [[Helsingør]] Shipyard, Danmark. Waxa uu inta badan ka shaqayn jiray waddooyinka [[Badda Waqooyi]] isaga oo ay iska lahayd shirkadda [[Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab]] (DFDS). Bishii Maarso 1976, markabka waxaa loo iibiyay Shirkadda Maraakiibta Carabta ee Suez waxaana loo beddelay magaca ''Patra''. 24 Disembar 1976, markabkii rakaabka (ferry) wuxuu degay ka dib markii uu dab qabsaday isaga oo ka socda [[Jeddah]] una socda [[Suez]] gudaha [[Badda Cas]]. == Taariikh == === Dhismaha === 11 Janaayo 1939, Det Forenede Dampskibs-Selskab A/S ee Danmark waxay dalbadeen markab rakaab ah oo loogu talagalay adeegga DFDS North Sea. Markabka waxaa loogu magac daray Amiirka Dhaxalka leh Frederik ee Danmark, kaas oo markii dambe noqday [[Boqor Frederik IX]]. Markabka waxaa lagu dhisay A/S Helsingør Jernskibs og Maskinbygerri shipyard, oo ku taal Helsingør, Danmark ee dayrka No. 262. 14 Noofambar 1939, [[keelka]] ayaa la [[Keel laying|dhigay]], ''Kronprins Frederik'' ayaana la [[Ceremonial ship launching|daahfuray]] 20 Juun 1940.<ref name=Patra1>{{cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941) |url=https://www.faktaomfartyg.se/kronprins_frederik_1941.htm |website=Fakta om Fartyg |accessdate=14 Janaayo 2026}}</ref> [[Dhererka guud]] wuxuu ahaa {{convert|114.48|m|ftin}}, [[beam-ka]] wuxuu cabbirkiisu ahaa {{cvt|15.20|m|ftin}}, [[draft-kana]] wuxuu cabbirkiisu ahaa {{cvt|5.66|m|ftin}}. Markabka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay {{DWT|1720|disp=long}}, {{GRT|3,895|disp=long}} iyo {{NRT|2284|disp=long}}. Markabka waxaa lagu dhisay qolka cuntada ee heerka koowaad, qolka sigaarka ee heerka koowaad, iyo qolka nasashada ee heerka labaad. Tirada guud ee sariiraha waxay ahayd 302, awoodda rakaabka guudna waxay ahayd 358. Waxaa waday laba Burmeister & Wain 1050-VF-90 [[matoorro naafto ah]], kuwaas oo abuuray qiyaastii {{convert|7100|hp|lk=in}}, iyada oo xawaaraheeda adeeggu gaadhay {{convert|20.25|kn|lk=in}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=M/S Kronprins Frederik (1941–1976) |url=https://www.kwmosgaard.dk/ferries/kronprinsfrederik_1941.htm |website=Danske Færger – K.W. Mosgaard |publisher=kwmosgaard.dk |accessdate=14 Janaayo 2026}}</ref> 19 Juun 1941, markabka waxaa loo dhiibay DFDS oo fadhigeedu yahay [[Esbjerg]], Danmark. Dillaaca [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]] awgeed, qaybaha matoorka laguma rakibin markabka si looga fogaado in ay Jarmalku qabsadaan. Hull-ka markabka waxaa markii dambe loo jiiday [[Copenhagen]] waxaana la dhigay meel, halkaas oo uu ku jiray intii uu dagaalku socday. 5 Noofambar 1945, ''Kronprins Frederik'' waxaa loo jiiday Helsingør Shipyard and Machine Works si loo dhammaystiro. 11 Maarso 1946, markabku wuxuu ka dhoofay Helsingør isaga oo u sii jeeda Copenhagen wuxuuna bilaabay adeegga 25 May 1946.<ref name=Patra1/> === Hawlgallada === Isagoo bilaabaya 26 May 1946 ''Kronprins Frederik'' wuxuu bilaabay waddada Esbjerg - [[Harwich]]. Sebteembar–Oktoobar 1946, waxaa lagu rakibay [[Decca Navigator System|DECCA Navigational System]] oo ay bixisay [[Metropolitan-Vickers|Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Export Co. Ltd.]], taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah maraakiibtii ugu horreysay ee Danmark oo lagu rakibo qalab [[radar]] ah oo noocaas ah.<ref name=Patra2>{{cite web |title=Patria (ex. Kronprins Frederik) – Shipwrecks of Egypt |url=http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |website=Shipwrecks of Egypt |accessdate=14 Janaayo 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055945/http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/images/shippages/patria.html |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref> 19 Abriil 1953, markabku wuxuu yimid Harwich, England wuxuuna ku xidhay Parkeston Quay, halkaas oo uu dab ka kacay qolalka rakaabka. Dadaallada dab-demiska waxaa sameeyay shaqaalaha markabka; si kastaba ha ahaatee, way awoodi waayeen inay xakameeyaan dabka. Kooxaha dab-demiska ee degaanka ayaa markii dambe yimid si ay u bixiyaan caawimo dheeraad ah welina way awoodi waayeen inay xakameeyaan dabka. Saacadu markay ahayd 22:00, markabku wuxuu bilaabay inuu dago, 05:00 subaxnimadii xigtay, wuxuu bilaabay inuu u janjeero dhinaca [[Port and starboard|midig]]. Haamaha shidaalka ayaa sidoo kale dillaacay, kuwaas oo u daatay biyaha ku xeeran dabna qabsaday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, DFDS kama quusan markabka, ka dibna hawlgallo badbaadin oo ballaadhan, markabka ayaa si guul leh loo dabaashay 26 Ogosto 1953.<ref name=Patra2/> Waxaa loo keenay Harwich si loo sameeyo dayactir ku meel gaar ah, waxaana markii dambe safarkii u bilaabay Helsingør 13 Sebteembar 1953, si dib loogu dhiso. Shan maalmood ka dib, markabku wuxuu yimid wuxuuna ku soo noqday adeeggii 23 Abriil 1954. 7 May sannadkaas, ''Kronprins Frederik'' wuxuu ku soo noqday adeeggii waddada Esbjerg - Harwich.<ref name=Patra1/> [[File:Kronprins Frederik & Kronprinsesse Ingrid (5768033885).jpg|thumb|''Kronprins Frederik'' (gadaal) iyo ''Kronprinsess Ingrid'' (hore), la qaaday 28 May 1949.]] Sannadkii 1964, markabku wuxuu joojiyay waddada wuxuuna bilaabay waddada Esbjerg - [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] 26 Juun 1964. Laga bilaabo 24 May 1965 ilaa 1 Juun 1965, markabka waxaa loo [[chartering (shipping)|kireeyay]] Royal Automobile Club oo fadhigeedu yahay [[Stockholm]] si ay ugu safraan inta u dhaxaysa Stockholm, [[Leningrad]], iyo Copenhagen. Laga bilaabo 2 Juun 1965 ilaa 8 Juun 1965, markabku wuxuu u shaqaynayay sidii safar u dhexeeya Copenhagen, [[Leith]], Newcastle, iyo Esbjerg. Laga bilaabo 10 Juun 1965, ilaa 11 Sebteembar 1965, markabku wuxuu ka shaqaynayay waddada Esbjerg - Newcastle. 15 Janaayo 1966, markabku wuxuu ka shaqaynayay waddada Copenhagen - [[Tórshavn]] - [[Klaksvík]] - [[Trangisvágur]] - [[Reykjavík]]. Laga bilaabo 10 Juun 1966 ilaa 11 Sebteembar 1966, markabku wuxuu ka shaqaynayay waddada Esbjerg - Newcastle. Markii dambe wuxuu u beddelay waddada Copenhagen - Tórshavn - Klaksvík - Trangisvágur - Reykjavík ee bishaas.<ref name=Patra1/> 5 Oktoobar 1970, wicitaannadii Reykjavík waa la joojiyay, markabkana waxaa dib loo dhisay si uu u bixiyo hoyga hal-fasal oo kaliya sannadkii 1971. 4 May 1971, waxaa loo diiwaangeliyay DFDS A/S. 2 May 1972, wuxuu ka shaqaynayay waddada Esbjerg - Tórshavn - Trangisvágur. Xilliyadii xagaaga laga bilaabo 1972 ilaa 1974, wuxuu ka shaqaynayay waddada Esbjerg - Newcastle - Tórshavn. 9 Luulyo 1974, ''Kronprins Frederik'' wuxuu yimid Esbjerg si uu u sameeyo safarkii ugu dambeeyay ee DFDS. Ka dib 35 sano oo adeeg ah oo hoos yimaada DFDS sida ''Kronprins Frederik'', waxaa loo dhigay Esbjerg waxaana loo dhiibay iib. 10 Maarso 1976, markabka waxaa loo iibiyay Shirkadda Maraakiibta Carabta ee Suez, Masar.<ref name=Patra1/> === Sida ''Patra'' === 16 Maarso 1976, ''Kronprins Frederik'' waxaa la wareegay milkiilayaasheeda cusub waxaana markii dambe loo beddelay ''Patra''.<ref name=Patra1/> 24 Disembar 1976, qolka matoorka ee ''Patra'' ayaa dab qabsaday isaga oo ku sugan [[Badda Cas]] qiyaastii {{convert|50|mi}} u jirta [[Jeddah]]. Wuxuu u sii jeeday Suez isaga oo ka socda Jeddah, isaga oo siday 387 rakaab ah iyo 94 xubnood oo shaqaale ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu ahaayeen Muslimiin ka soo noqonayay xajka magaalooyinka [[Mecca]] iyo [[Medina]]. Dabku wuxuu noqday mid aan la xakameyn karin, rakaabkana waxaa la amray inay ku boodaan badda halkaas oo maraakiib u dhow ay sugayeen inay soo qaadaan. Tanker-kii Ruushka [[Tanker (ship)|tanker]] ''Lenino'' ayaa soo qaaday kabtankii markabka iyo 201 qof oo ka badbaaday burburka waxaana loo keenay [[Cairo]]. Subaxnimadii 25 Disembar, ''Patra'' wuxuu degay isaga oo weli gubanaya. Hawlgalkii badbaadinta waxaa kale oo ka mid ahaa nus darsin maraakiib kale oo ka socda Mareykanka, Giriiga, Jarmalka, iyo Bakistaan. Rakaabkii iyo shaqaalihii saarnaa, 102 ayaa dhintay.<ref>{{cite news |title=100 La Soo Sheegay Inay Ku Dhimatay Degista Badda Cas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/26/archives/100-reported-dead-in-red-sea-sinking-the-total-of-victims-from.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=26 Disembar 1976 |accessdate=14 Janaayo 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=طالب كويتي من بين الناجين من الباخرة المصرية «باترا» يحكي تفاصيل رحلة الموت |url=https://www.alqabas.com/article/5902716-1976-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%**D**A%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA |publisher=Al-Qabas |language=ar |accessdate=15 Janaayo 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Markab gubanaya ayaa degay; 100 ayaa ku dhintay Badda Cas |url=https://greenbaypressgazette.newspapers.com/image/189859384/ |newspaper=Green Bay Press-Gazette |page=2 |date=26 Disembar 1976 |location=Green Bay, Wisconsin |accessdate=15 Janaayo 2026}}</ref> Burburku wuxuu yaallaa sagxadda Badda Cas ee qoto dheer oo ka badan {{convert|450|m|ft|-1}}, oo ku taal qiyaastii {{coord|21|33|36|N|38|16|48|E|display=inline,title}}.<ref name=Patra1/> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Patra}} 0n0yszer24meyedetxgz4kqzvew11h1 0 47706 300788 299132 2026-07-04T06:09:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image= |image_caption= }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |name=* ''Dania'' (1965–1976) * ''Kviksholm'' (1976–1981) * ''Rodriguez'' (1981–1987) * ''Dania'' (1987–2002) |owner=Nieuwe Kustvaart Mij Naamloze Vennootschap |operator= |registry={{flag|Amsterdam}} |route= |ordered= |builder=Hatlo Verksted SA ([[Ulsteinvik]]) |original_cost= |yard_number= |way_number= |laid_down= |launched=1965 |completed= |christened= |maiden_voyage= |in_service= |out_of_service= |identification= |fate=* La qarqariyay 2002 |notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= |displacement=495&nbsp;[[long ton]]s |length={{convert|75|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |beam={{convert|10.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= |draught={{convert|3.81|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |draft= |depth= |decks= |deck_clearance= |ramps= |ice_class= |sail_plan= |power={{convert|1400|hp|abbr=on}} |propulsion=MAK 8-cylinder diesel |speed=13kn |capacity= |crew= |notes= }} }} '''''Dania''''' wuxuu ahaa markab xamuul ah oo la qarqariyay 27 Oktoobar 2002 ee Nyali Reef, oo ku dhow [[Bamburi]], [[Kenya]]. == Dhismaha iyo waayihii shaqo == MV ''Dania'' waxaa lagu dhisay [[Ulsteinvik]] ([[Norway]]) shirkadda maraakiibta ee fadhigeedu yahay Amsterdam ee Nieuwe Kustvaart Mij Naamloze Vennootschap, taas oo ka ganacsan jirtay badaha Waqooyi iyo Baltic. Noofambar 1976, markabka waxaa loo iibiyay mulkiilaha markabka ee Norway Simon Mokster waxaana loo beddelay ''Kviksholm''. Waxaa mar kale la iibiyay Ogosto 1981 mulkiilaha markabka ee Mauritius Mascareignes Shipping and Trading Company Limited waxaana loo beddelay ''Rodriguez'', oo loogu magac daray jasiirad ka mid ah jasiiradaha Mascarene. Waxaa markaas loo beddelay markab xoolaha qaada, isaga oo u kala goosha Koonfurta Afrika, Mozambique iyo Mauritius.<ref name="BD">{{cite web |url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |title=MV Dania |last1= |first1= |date= |website=Buccaneer Diving |access-date= |archive-date=2013-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928075644/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/ecology/mv-dania/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1987, waxaa iibsaday Columbus Incorporated. Waxaa laga diiwaangeliyay San Morenzo, Honduras, waxaa loo beddelay magacii asalka ahaa, wuxuuna sii waday inuu ka shaqeeyo xeebta Afrika ee Badweynta Hindiya iyo waqooyiga ilaa Gacanka Persic. Ugu dambeyntii, 1997, milkiilihii ugu dambeeyay wuxuu ahaa Spanfreight Shipping Limited, oo fadhigeedu yahay [[Mombasa]], Kenya. 2001, markabka lama isticmaalin, sababtoo ah burburka gaadiidka xoolaha nool ee gobolka. Isagoo ku sii jeeda burburin Hindiya, waxaa ugu dambeyntii iibsaday kooxda quusitaanka ee Buccaneer Diving,<ref name="BD"/> taasoo diyaarisay, nadiifisay, ugu dambeyntiina qarqisay (iyadoo la raacayo heshiiska [[Kenya Wildlife Service]]) xeebta Leven ee u dhow Mombasa, qoto dheer oo 30 m ah 27 Oktoobar 2002.<ref name="DPA">[http://diveproafrica.com/mv-dania-east-africas-number-1-wreck-dive-site/ MV Dania, East Africa's n°1 wreck dive site] {{Wayback|url=http://diveproafrica.com/mv-dania-east-africas-number-1-wreck-dive-site/ |date=20130928040531 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040531/http://diveproafrica.com/mv-dania-east-africas-number-1-wreck-dive-site/ |date=2013-09-28 }}.</ref> == Dalxiiska == Burburka markabka wuxuu ku yaallaa {{convert|1.5|km}} u jira ras Iwetine ee [[Bamburi]], waqooyiga [[Mombasa]]: tani waxay ka dhigan tahay toban daqiiqo oo safar ah oo lagu marayo doon matoor leh. Isku-duwayaashiisu waa {{coord|-4.017746|39.7743155}}.<ref>[http://diveseven.com/atlas#lat=-4.017582480032872&lng=39.7451000213623&zoom=14 Goobta] {{Wayback|url=http://diveseven.com/atlas#lat=-4.017582480032872&lng=39.7451000213623&zoom=14 |date=20131014032238 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014032238/http://diveseven.com/atlas#lat=-4.017582480032872&lng=39.7451000213623&zoom=14 |date=2013-10-14 }} on diveseven.com.</ref> Wuxuu u yaallaa {{cvt|30|m}} oo qoto dheer oo ciid ah, iyadoo qaybaha ugu sarreeya ay ku yaallaan {{cvt|12|m}} qoto dheer xilliga biyuhu guraan.<ref name="BD2"/> Burburka markabku wuxuu leeyahay xadhig ammaan ah oo loogu talagalay maraakiibta quusitaanka. Hadhaagii ''Dania'' waxay ku yaallaan biyo gacmeed oo aad ugu habboon quusitaanka. Waa meel caan ku ah quusitaanka madadaalada ee scuba.<ref name="BD2">{{cite web|url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/dania.php|title=Dania Wreck|publisher=Buccaneer Diving|accessdate=|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070805/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/dania.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Burburka markabka waxaa gumaystay noocyo badan oo xayawaan ah.<ref name="TDK">[http://www.tropicaldivingkenya.com/diving/mv-dania.html MV Dania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927150248/http://www.tropicaldivingkenya.com/diving/mv-dania.html |date=2013-09-27 }} on TropicalDivingKenya.</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{2002 shipwrecks}} {{Recreational dive sites|wresit}} {{Coord|4.013247|S|39.756432|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dania, MV}} jv9mv74f5ifflhnxvit3r0xmk3ccstl 0 47713 300768 299126 2026-07-04T03:51:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image= SS Aragon 1908.jpg |image_caption= ''Aragon'' sanadkii 1908 oo ah markab rakaab oo rayid ah }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}} |country= [[Boqortooyada Midowday ee Britain iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Midowday]] |name=*RMS ''Aragon'' (1905–14) *HMT ''Aragon'' (1915–17) |namesake= [[Boqortooyada Aragon]] ee Spain |owner= [[File:Royal Mail Lines House Flag.svg|15px]] [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company|Royal Mail Steam Packet Co]] |operator=*[[File:Royal Mail Lines House Flag.svg|15px]] Royal Mail SP Co (1905–14) *{{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[Royal Navy]] (1915–17) |ordered= |builder= [[Harland & Wolff]], [[Belfast]] |original_cost= |yard_number= 367 |laid_down= |launched= 23 Febraayo 1905<ref name=SoE>{{cite web |url= http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/northcoast/AB/aragon.html |title=Aragon |work=North Coast Shipwrecks |publisher=Shipwrecks of Egypt |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> |completed= 22 Juun 1905 |acquired= |maiden_voyage= 14 Luulyo 1905 |in_service= |out_of_service= 30 Diseembar 1917 |registry= [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]] |identification= *UK [[Official number]] 120707 *[[Code letters]] HCST *{{ICS|Hotel}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|Tango}} *[[Maritime call sign|Call sign]] MBN |route=*[[Southampton]] – [[Buenos Aires]] *(1905–14)<ref name=Seligmann144>{{harvnb|Seligmann|2012|p=144}}</ref> |fate= Waxaa quusiyay torbiito 30 Diseembar 1917 |notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= RMSP "A" series |type= [[Markab rakaab]] |tonnage=*{{GRT|9588}};<ref name=Wreck>{{cite web |url= http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?134801 |title=SS Aragon [+1917] |last=Lettens |first=Jan |date=9 November 2009 |work=The Wreck Site |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=MNO>{{cite web |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/rm2.html |title=1914–1926 |work=Royal Mail Steam Packet Company |publisher=Merchant Navy Officers |accessdate=9 April 2013 }}</ref> *{{NetT|6038}}<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> |displacement= |length= {{cvt|513.2|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wreck/> |beam= {{cvt|60.4|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wreck/> |draught= |depth= {{cvt|31.0|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wreck/> |power=762,<ref name=SAS/> 827<ref name=Wreck/> ama 875<ref name=SoE/> [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] |propulsion= *[[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|Mashiinnada uumiga ee isku-ballaariya]];<ref name=Wreck/> *Laba marwaxadood oo [[propeller]] ah<ref name=Seligmann132>{{harvnb|Seligmann|2012|p=132}}</ref> |speed=*{{convert|15|kn|km/h}}<ref name=Wreck/> ama *{{convert|16|kn|km/h}}<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> |capacity=*Sida markab rakaab: *306 fasalka 1aad<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> *66 fasalka 2aad<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> *632 fasalka 3aad<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> |crew= Sida markab ciidan: 200<ref name=Wreck/> |boats= 12 [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|doonyaha badbaadada]], 1 [[dinghy]], 1 [[Captain's gig|gig]] |armament= 2 × qoryaha [[QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV|QF]] {{convert|4.7|in|adj=on}} (laga bilaabo 1913)<ref name=Seligmann132/> |notes=*[[sister ship]]s: *{{RMS|Amazon|1906|2}}, ''Avon'', [[SS Savoie (1906)|''Araguaya'']], {{HMHS|Asturias||2}} }} }} '''HMT ''Aragon''''', asal ahaan loo yaqaanay '''RMS ''Aragon''''', wuxuu ahaa {{GRT|9588}}<ref name=Wreck/> markab [[Royal Mail Ship]] ah oo u kala goosha Atlantic-ga, kaas oo u adeegay sidii markab ciidan intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka. Waxaa lagu dhisay [[Belfast]], [[Ireland]] sanadkii 1905, wuxuuna ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee maraakiibta "A-liners" ee shirkadda [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]]<ref name=Trains>{{cite web |url= http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |title=Royal Mail to Plate |work=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com |year=2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> kuwaas oo ka shaqayn jiray waddooyinka joogtada ah ee u dhexeeya [[Southampton]] iyo dekedaha Koonfurta Ameerika, oo ay ku jiraan [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name=Seligmann144/> Sanadkii 1913 ''Aragon'' wuxuu noqday markabkii ugu horreeyay ee Britain oo ah [[Defensively equipped merchant ship#Anglo-German arms race|markab ganacsi oo leh hub difaac ah]] waqtigii casriga ahaa ("DAMS"). Dagaalkii [[World War I|Koowaad ee Adduunka]] wuxuu u adeegay sidii markab ciidan, isagoo ka qaybqaatay [[Gallipoli Campaign]] sanadkii 1915. Sanadkii 1917, markab quusiyaha Jarmalka ayaa ku quusiyay Badda Mediterranean-ka, halkaas oo ay ku dhinteen 610 qof oo saarnaa. ==Dhismaha== [[Owen Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant|Owen Philipps]] wuxuu noqday guddoomiyaha RMSP sanadkii 1903, wuxuuna si degdeg ah wax uga qabtay baahida shirkadda ee ah inay yeelato maraakiib waaweyn oo ku saabsan waddada Koonfurta Ameerika. RMSP waxay ''Aragon'' ka dalbatay [[Harland & Wolff]], kuwaas oo ku dhisay slip lambar 7 ee South Yard ee [[Belfast]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=367 |title=Aragon |work=Harland and Wolff |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> [[William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 7th Earl Fitzwilliam|Countess Fitzwilliam]]<ref name=MNO/> ayaa daah-furtay markabka 23 Febraayo 1905.<ref name=Wreck/> Harland and Wolff waxay dhammeeyeen markabka 22 Juun.<ref name=SAS>{{cite web |url= http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON |title=Aragon |work=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> Philipps wuxuu kala hadlay [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]] suurtogalnimada isticmaalka [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|mashiinka uumiga ee turbine-ka ah]], kaas oo lagu soo bandhigay markabkii ''[[Turbinia]]'' sanadkii 1894. Markabkii ugu horreeyay ee rakaabka ee ku shaqeeya turbine, {{ship|TS|King Edward}}, wuxuu adeegga bilaabay [[Firth of Clyde]] sanadkii 1901, laakiin Philipps wuxuu go'aansaday in loo baahan yahay hal sano oo kale oo qiimeyn ah si loo ogaado in iyo sida loo adeegsan karo qaabkan cusub ee tamarta uumiga ee maraakiibta ganacsiga.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=99}} Sidaas darteed, ''Aragon'' waxaa lagu dhisay lammaane ka mid ah [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|mashiinnada uumiga ee quadruple-expansion]] ee dhaqanka ah.<ref name=Wreck/> Awooddooda la isku daray waxaa lagu qiyaasay 762,<ref name=SAS/> 827<ref name=Wreck/> ama 875<ref name=SoE/> [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]. Waxay ku kaxeeyeen laba marwaxadood<ref name=Seligmann132/> oo siiyay xawaare dhan {{convert|15|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Wreck/> ''Aragon'' wuxuu lahaa hal dhuumo weyn oo dhexe ah.<ref name=Trains/> Wuxuu lahaa 12 [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|doonyaha badbaadada]] oo ku yaal sagxadda doonyaha, oo lagu daray [[dinghy]] iyo [[Captain's gig|gig]] gadaal.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=101}} Qolka cuntada ee fasalka koowaad wuxuu lahaa saqaf alwaax ah oo lagu sharraxay sawirro [[Christopher Columbus]] ah oo helay Ameerika.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://monkbarns.wordpress.com/tag/rms-aragon/ |last=Sivell |first=Jay |title=6. Great steamers white and gold |work=A sailor's life |publisher=[[WordPress]] |date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=7 April 2013}}</ref> ''Aragon'' wuxuu lahaa shan qaybood oo xamuul ah, qaar ka mid ahna waa la qaboojiyay si loo qaado hilibka iyo miraha laga keeno Koonfurta Ameerika. Qaybta 5aad iyo heerar hoose ee qaybaha 1aad iyo 2aad waxay u shaqeeyeen xamuul qaboojiyey. Qalabka qaboojinta ee uumiga ku shaqeeya wuxuu isticmaalay "[[Carbon dioxide|carbonic anhydride]]" sidii qaboojiye, qaybahana waxaa lagu dahaaray "[[Mineral wool|silicate cotton]]".{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=104}} Bakhaaradeeda waxay qaadeen 2,000 oo tan oo dhuxul ah{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=101}} waxayna lahayd taangiyo biyo ah oo awooddoodu tahay qiyaastii 2,000 oo tan.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=104}} RMSP waxay ''Aragon'' ka diiwaangelisay [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]]. Lambarkeedii rasmiga ahaa ee UK wuxuu ahaa 120707, xarfaha koodhkuna waxay ahaayeen HCST.<ref>{{cite book |author=Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen |year=1906 |title=Mercantile Navy List |page=23 |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?name=Aragon&year=1906&steamsail=Steam&submit=Enter |publisher=[[Board of Trade]] |via=Crew List Index Project |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> ==Horumarinta A-series== ''Aragon'' waxaa ku xigay taxane maraakiib ah oo u dhigma laakiin si tartiib tartiib ah u weynaa oo u culusaa.<ref name=Trains/> Sanadkii 1906 Harland and Wolff waxay dhisteen maraakiibta mataanaha ah ee {{RMS|Amazon|1906|2}} iyo ''Avon'', halka deked kale oo Belfast ah, [[Workman, Clark and Company]], ay dhisteen ''Araguaya''. Harland and Wolff waxay ku dareen markab shanaad oo mataano ah, {{HMHS|Asturias||2}}, sanadkii 1908. RMSP waxay mid kasta oo ka mid ah taxanahan siisay magac ku bilaabma "A", taasoo keentay in si caadi ah loogu yeero "A-series"<ref name=Trains/> ama "A-liners". Dhowr sano ka dib, afarta markab ee ugu dambeeyay ee taxanaha A ayaa ka yimid Harland and Wolff: ''Arlanza'' sanadkii 1912, ''Andes'' iyo {{RMS|Alcantara|1913|2}} sanadkii 1913 iyo ''Almanzora'' sanadkii 1915.<ref name=MNO/> Marka laga reebo inay mar kale weynaadaan, waxay kaga duwanaayeen ''Aragon'' iyo afarteeda gabdhood ee ugu horreeyay iyagoo leh saddex marwaxadood halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen laba, iyo iyagoo isticmaalaya xoogaa turbine ah oo Phillips iyo Parsons ay ka wada hadleen dhowr sano ka hor. Laba marwaxadood oo dibadda ah ayaa lagu kaxeeyay [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|mashiinnada uumiga ee triple-expansion]]. Mashiinka uumiga ee cadaadiska hooseeya ayaa kaxeeyay marwaxadda dhexe ''via'' qalabka dhimista.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=101}} ==Adeegga rayidka== Laga bilaabo 1850-yadii, maraakiibta rakaabka ee RMSP waxay u adeegi jireen waddo joogto ah oo u dhexeysa Britain iyo dekedaha [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]] ee Koonfurta Ameerika. Waxay ka dhoofeen [[Southampton]] ee koonfurta England, waxay joogsadeen jasiiradaha [[Madeira]] iyo [[Tenerife]] oo ku yaal xeebta [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]; [[Pernambuco]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador de Bahia]] iyo [[Rio de Janeiro]] oo ku yaal xeebta Brazil; ka dibna [[Montevideo]] oo ku yaal [[Uruguay]] ka hor intaysan dhammaystirin safarkooda [[Buenos Aires]] ee Argentina.<ref name=Trains/> ''Aragon'' iyo gabdhaheeda waxay casriyeeyeen adeeggii RMSP ee Southampton – River Plate,<ref name=Seligmann144/><ref name=Seligmann132/> iyagoo beddelay maraakiibta sida RMS ''Atranto'' oo adeegga ku jiray laga bilaabo 1889 wixii ka dambeeyay.<ref name=Trains/> Maraakiibta A-series waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen faa'iidada waddada. Sanadkii 1906 waxay samaysay afar safar oo ay ku tagtay oo ay uga soo laabatay Koonfurta Ameerika waxayna heshay faa'iido dhan £45,368.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=100}} Sanadkii 1908 waxay ku xirtay xeebta [[Isle of Wight]], laakiin marka laga reebo taas adeeggeeda rayidka wuxuu ahaa mid guud ahaan aan wax dhacdo ah lahayn.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=106}} Sanadkii 1913 ''Aragon'' waxaa loo qalabaysay [[wireless telegraphy]], iyadoo ku shaqaynaysa hirarka 300 iyo 600 mitir. [[Maritime call sign|Call sign]]-keedu wuxuu ahaa MBN.{{sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1913|page=245}} ==Markab ganacsi oo leh hub difaac ah== {{main|Defensively equipped merchant ships#Anglo-German arms race}} Laga bilaabo bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, xiisadaha sii kordhaya ee u dhexeeya [[Great Powers|Awoodaha Weyn]] ee Yurub waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Anglo-German naval arms race]] oo khatar geliyay amniga maraakiibta ganacsiga. Laga bilaabo 1911, Sirdoonka Britain waxay ogaadeen in [[German Empire|Boqortooyada Jarmalka]] ay si qarsoodi ah u hubaynayso qaar ka mid ah maraakiibteeda rakaabka, dawladda UK iyo [[British Admiralty|Admiralty-ga Britain]] waxay ka wada hadleen sida looga jawaabo.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=136}} Dhamaadkii 1912, Admiralty-gu wuxuu go'aansaday inuu la jaanqaado siyaasadda Jarmalka iyadoo la hubaynayo qaar ka mid ah maraakiibta rakaabka ee Britain, iyadoo laga bilaabayo RMS ''Aragon''.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=139}} Waxaa loo qorsheeyay inay sidato qoryaha badda laga bilaabo Diseembar 1912, laakiin gudaha Dawladda Britain iyo Admiralty-ga waxaa ka jiray hubanti la'aan ku saabsan sida waddamada shisheeye iyo dekedaha ay uga falcelin doonaan.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=141}} Janaayo 1913 Rear Admiral [[Henry Hervey Campbell|Henry Campbell]] wuxuu ku taliyay in Admiralty-gu uu markab ganacsi u diro badda isagoo sita qoryo badda ah, laakiin aan lahayn rasaas, si loo tijaabiyo falcelinta dawladaha shisheeye.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=141}} Shir uu guddoomiyay [[Francis Hopwood, 1st Baron Southborough|Sir Francis Hopwood]], [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty#Organisation|Civil Lord of the Admiralty]] ayaa isku raacay, Sir [[Eyre Crowe]] wuxuu diiwaangeliyay ''"Haddii aysan waxba dhicin, waxaa laga yaabaa inay suurtagal noqoto oo fudud, muddo ka dib, in la saaro rasaas."''{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=141}} 25 Abriil 1913 ''Aragon'' waxay ka dhooftay Southampton iyadoo ah markabkii ugu horreeyay ee Britain ee [[Defensively equipped merchant ships#Anglo-German arms race|markab ganacsi oo leh hub difaac ah]] (DAMS), iyadoo sidata laba qori oo [[QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV|QF]] {{convert|4.7|in|adj=on}} ah oo dhabarka kaga yaal.<ref name=Seligmann132/> Dawladaha, wargeysyada iyo dadweynaha waddamada Koonfurta Ameerika ee ''Aragon'' ay booqatay wax yar ayay dareemeen mana muujin wax walaac ah.<ref name=Seligmann144/> Waxaa jiray dhaliil ka timid qaar ka mid ah saraakiisha badda ee firfircoon iyo kuwa hawlgabka ah ee Britain{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=145}} laakiin siyaasadda way sii socotay. ''Aragon''{{'}}s markab mataano ah RMS ''Amazon'' ayaa loo sameeyay DAMS-kii xigay, bilooyinkii xigayna maraakiib kale oo RMSP "A-liners" ayaa la hubeeyay.<ref name=Seligmann132/> Waxaa ka mid ahaa markabkii dhawaan la dhisay ee {{RMS|Alcantara|1913|2}}, kaas oo Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka u adeegay sidii [[Armed merchantman#Auxiliary cruisers|markab ganacsi oo hubaysan]]. ==Gallipoli== Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka markabka waxaa loo qoondeeyay inuu noqdo [[Troopship|markab ciidan]] wuxuuna noqday HMT ''Aragon''. Wuxuu ka qaybqaatay [[Gallipoli Campaign]], kaas oo hal ilo-wareed uu sheegay inuu ku bilaabay inuu qaado Guutada 5aad, [[Hampshire Regiment]] iyo unugyada [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] si ay uga qaybqaataan ololaha Maarso 1915.<ref name=Nicol117>{{harvnb|Nicol|2001|p=117.}}</ref> Maadaama degitaanku aanu dhicin ilaa 25 Abriil, tani waxay u gudbi kartaa ciidamada ka guuraya UK una socda Bariga Mediterranean-ka si ay ugu diyaar garoobaan degitaanka. Waajibaadkeeda waxaa ka mid ahaa in ku dhawaad 1,500 oo qof oo dhaawac ah loo daadgureeyo [[Alexandria Port|Alexandria]] iyo Malta.<ref name=Nicol117/> 8 Abriil ''Aragon'' waxay joogtay Alexandria halkaas oo ay ka qaadday Guutada 4aad, [[Worcestershire Regiment]] iyo Guutada 2aad, Hampshire Regiment.<ref name=Worcs>{{cite web |url= http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/bat_4_1915.php |last=Scully |first=Louis |title=4th Battalion Worcestershire Regiment – 1915 |work=The Worcestershire Regiment – The History of the Regiment 1694 – 1970 |date=2002–2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Hurst>{{cite web |url= http://www.warmemorial.org.uk/ww1.php?p=38 |title=White, Frederick |work=Hurst War Memorial |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Labada guuto waxay ahaayeen unugyo ka tirsan [[88th Brigade (United Kingdom)|88th Brigade]], kuwaas oo qayb ka ah [[29th Division (United Kingdom)|29th Division]] lagu amray inay ka qaybqaataan [[Gallipoli Campaign#Landings|Gallipoli Landings]].<ref name=Hurst/> 11 Abriil waxay ka dhooftay Alexandria waxayna u socotay jasiiradda Aegean ee [[Lemnos#Modern period|Lemnos]], halkaas oo maraakiibta Faransiiska iyo Britain ay ku urursanayeen dekedda weyn ee dabiiciga ah ee [[Moudros]] si ay ugu diyaargaroobaan degitaanka ugu dambeeya.<ref name=Worcs/><ref name=Hurst/> 13 Abriil 1915 ciidamadii ''Aragon'' ayaa u wareegay markabkii xamuulka ee {{SS|River Clyde}}<ref name=MNO/> si ay ugu diyaargaroobaan [[landing at Cape Helles]] 10 maalmood ka dib. Goor dambe oo ka tirsan [[Gallipoli Campaign]] xafiiska boostada ee [[British Forces Post Office]], Base Army Post Office Y, ayaa ka wareegay {{SS|Arcadian||2}}, oo ahaa markab kale oo ciidan, una wareegay ''Aragon''.<ref name=FPHS>{{cite web |url=http://www.forcespostalhistorysociety.org.uk/society/meetings-archive/2012/july-2012.html |title=Report of the Meeting of 20th – 22nd July 2012 York Weekend 60th Anniversary Conference |publisher=Forces Postal History Society |date=July 2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=18 Bisha Sideedaad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818164234/http://forcespostalhistorysociety.org.uk/society/meetings-archive/2012/july-2012.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> BAPO Y ayaa markii dambe ka guurtay ''Aragon'' una guurtay saldhig dhulka ah oo ku yaal Moudros.<ref name=FPHS/> Duulaanku wuxuu ahaa guuldarro qaali ah, bishii Janaayo 1916 ciidamada Faransiiska iyo Britain waxay [[Gallipoli Campaign#Evacuation|ka baxeen gacanka Gallipoli]]. 13 Febraayo ''Aragon'' waxay ka dhooftay Moudros waxayna u socotay Malta, iyadoo qaadaysa ciidamo fasax ku jiray oo ay ku jiraan afar sarkaal iyo 270 nin oo ka tirsan [[63rd (Royal Naval) Division]] (RND).<ref name=Clegg1>{{cite web |url=http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary001.htm |last=Clegg |first=Jack |title=1st Royal Marine Battalion (aka 1st Bn. RMLI) War Diaries: May 1916 to Jan. 1919 |work=The Campaign for War Grave Commemorations |date=2000–2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=18 Bisha Afraad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418025110/http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary001.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 14 May ''Aragon'' waxay mar kale joogtay Moudros si ay u soo saarto ciidamo; markan oo ay ku jiraan Guutada 1aad ee [[Royal Marines]]<ref name=Clegg2>{{cite web |url=http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary002.htm |last=Clegg |first=Jack |title=Royal Naval Division War Diary Jan. to May 1916 |work=The Campaign for War Grave Commemorations |date=2000–2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073232/http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary002.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo xubno ka tirsan [[2nd (Royal Naval) Brigade]].<ref name=Clegg1/> Waxay gaartay [[Marseille-Fos Port|Marseille]] ee koonfurta France saacadda markay ahayd 0630 19 May.<ref name=Clegg2/> Goor dambe oo 1916 ''Aragon'' waxay ka adeegtay [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Diseembar 1916 waxay ka dhooftay [[Kilindini Harbour]] oo ku taal British [[East Africa Protectorate]], waxayna gaartay [[Durban]] maalinta Christmas-ka.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://samilitaryhistory.org/diaries/edkins.html |last=Grice |first=Rob |title=East London's Edkins brothers in WWI |publisher=The South African Military History Society |date=September 2009 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> ==Alexandria Roads== Dhamaadkii 1917 ''Aragon'' waxay laba toddobaad ku qaadatay xiritaan xeebta Marseille ka hor intaysan qaadan amarro Diseembar inay u dhoofaan [[Sultanate of Egypt|Egypt]].<ref name=MNO/> Waxay qaadday ku dhawaad 2,200 oo ciidan<ref name=SoE/> si ay u xoojiyaan [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] ee [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Southern Palestine Offensive|Palestine Campaign]] ee ka dhanka ah [[Ottoman Empire|Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta]], oo lagu daray qiyaastii 150 sarkaal oo ciidan ah, 160 [[Voluntary Aid Detachment|VAD]]s iyo qiyaastii 2,500 oo boorso oo Christmas-ka ah.<ref name=SoE/> Iyada iyo gaadiid kale, ''Nile'', ayaa markaas ku dhoofay [[Convoys in World War I|convoy]] iyadoo ay weheliyaan ilaalada [[destroyer]]s<ref name=MNO/> ee Egypt. 23 Diseembar<ref name=MNO/> waxay gaareen Windy Bay, [[Malta]], halkaas oo labada gaadiid ay ku sugnaayeen xiritaan muddo afar<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> ama shan<ref name=Jones>{{cite web |url=http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/Maureen_Jones.html |last=Jones |first=Maureen |title=Poems of the First World War |publisher=The War Poetry Web Site |date=November 2007 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920194013/http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/Maureen_Jones.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> maalmood. Halkaas ayay ku xuseen Christmas-ka, marka loo eego mid ka mid ah VAD-yada kuwa saarnaa ''Aragon'' waxay heleen waqti "top hole" ah.<ref name=Jones/> [[File:HMS Attack (1911).jpg|thumb|{{sclass|Acheron|destroyer}} {{HMS|Attack|1911|6}}]] ''Aragon'' iyo ''Nile'' ayaa markaas u sii waday Egypt iyagoo wata ilaalo cusub: {{sclass|Acheron|destroyer}} {{HMS|Attack|1911|6}} oo lagu daray laba [[Imperial Japanese Navy#World War I|Imperial Japanese Navy]] destroyers.<ref name=SoE/> Convoy-gu wuxuu la kulmay duufaan,<ref name=MacD>{{harvnb|MacDonald|1984|pp=230–231}}</ref> iyo xeebta Egypt markay waagu baryay Axaddii 30 Diseembar ayay qaybsantay.<ref name=MNO/> Labadii Japanese destroyers waxay u kaxeeyeen ''Nile'' [[Port Said]], halka ''Attack'' ay u kaxeysay ''Aragon'' Alexandria.<ref name=MNO/> Markay u dhowaadeen dekedda ''Attack'' waxay u socotay si zigzag ah si ay u raadiso [[Naval mine|miinooyin]] halka ''Aragon'' ay ku sugaysay Alexandria Roads.<ref name=Nicol117/> Markabka [[Naval trawler#United Kingdom|armed trawler]] {{HMT|Points Castle}} ayaa u soo dhawaaday ''Aragon'' isagoo wata calaamadda calanka caalamiga ah "I raac". Markabkii ciidanka ayaa sidaas sameeyay, ilaa ''Attack'' ay ka soo laabato oo ay calaamad u dirtay "Ma lihid xaqa aad uga qaadato amarro markab trawler ah".<ref name=Nicol117/> Destroyer-ku wuxuu dhexgalay ''Points Castle'' ka dibna wuxuu amray ''Aragon'' inay ku laabato badda.<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> Markabkii ciidanka ayaa adeecay oo u soo jeestay badda.<ref name=Nicol117/> Sarkaalkii ugu sarreeyay ee ''Aragon'' ee ka badbaaday wixii dhacay ayaa isku dayay inuu dareen u yeesho jahwareerka: <blockquote>''"Sharaxaadda kaliya ee qoraagu uu soo bandhigi karo waa in taliyaha ''Attack'' uu haystay digniin ku saabsan miinooyinka kanaalka, taas oo ku qasabtay inuu amro ''Aragon'' inay iska indhatirto ''Points Castle'' ''I raac''. Sida muuqata cadowgu waxay dhigeen miinooyin waqtigii habboonaa iyagoo og in markabka dibadda lagu hayn doono sidaas darteedna uu noqon doono bartilmaameedka weerarka torbiitada."''<ref name=Nicol117/></blockquote> ''Aragon'' iyo ''Attack'' waxay ku sugnaayeen Alexandria Roads<ref>{{cite Uboat.net |id=402.html |name=Aragon |type=1ship |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> qiyaastii {{convert|8|mi|0}}<ref name=MNO/> ama {{convert|10|mi|0}} banaanka dekedda, iyagoo sugaya ogolaansho inay galaan, markii qiyaastii 1100 saacadood<ref name=MNO/> [[German Type UC II submarine]] {{SMU|UC-34}} ay ku weerartay torbiito ''Aragon'',<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> ku dhufatay dhinaca [[Port and starboard#Port (left)|bidix]] [[aft|gadaal]]<ref name=SoE/> waxayna keentay burbur baahsan oo ku yimid qaybteeda 4aad ee xamuulka oo ku dhowaad madhan.<ref name=Nicol117/><ref name=Jones/> ''Aragon''{{'}}s sarkaal [[Deck department|deck]] ee [[Watchstanding|watch]], Lieut. J.F.A. Thompson, wuxuu sheegay inay markaas u janjeertay dhinaca [[Port and starboard#Starboard (right)|midig]].<ref name=MNO/> ===Badbaadinta=== {{Rquote|right|Aan qaadanno fursaddeenna annagoo la jirna [[Tommy Atkins|Tommies]].|A [[Voluntary Aid Detachment|VAD]]|oo laga soo xigtay ''[[The Northern Star]]'', 8 Abriil 1918}} ''Attack'' iyo ''Points Castle'' ayaa u yimid badbaadinta.<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> Hal xisaab ayaa sheegaysa in laba trawlers ay joogeen.<ref name=MacD/> VADs waxaa lagu amray inay galaan doonyaha badbaadada ee ugu horreeya ee la bilaabo.<ref name=Jones/><ref name=Star>{{cite news |title=Last Song on Doomed Ship |newspaper=[[The Northern Star]] |location=[[Lismore, New South Wales]] |date=8 April 1918 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Laba ama saddex ka mid ah VADs ayaa ka mudaaharaaday in la siiyo mudnaan mid ka mid ahna waxay ku bariday ''"Aan qaadanno fursaddeenna annagoo la jirna [[Tommy Atkins|Tommies]]"'' ka hor intaysan dhammaantood adeecin amarrada.<ref name=Star/> Doonyaha VADs waxay badbaadiyeen qaar ka mid ah ciidamadii biyaha ku jiray<ref name=Jones/> ka dibna u wareejiyeen badbaadayaashooda mid<ref name=MacD/> ama laba<ref name=MacD/> trawlers. ''Aragon'' waxay sii daysay [[Lifeboat (shipboard)#Liferaft versus lifeboat|doonyaha badbaadada]]<ref name=MNO/> laakiin qaraxu wuxuu burburiyay mid ka mid ah doonyaha badbaadada<ref name=Star/> iyo janjeerkeeda sii kordhaya waxay ka hor istaagtay shaqaalaheeda inay bilaabaan qaar ka mid ah inta hartay.<ref name=MNO/> Shaqaalaha ''Aragon'' waxay shaqeeyeen ilaa ay dhexda ugu jireen biyaha si ay u bilaabaan doonyaha ay awoodaan.<ref name=Star/> {{Rquote|right|Waxaan maqlay heesta ''[[Keep the Home Fires Burning (1914 song)|Keep the Home Fires Burning]]'' munaasabado badan laakiin uma maleynayo inaan waligey maqlay iyadoo lagu siiyay awood intaas le'eg.|Qof badbaaday|oo laga soo xigtay ''[[The Northern Star]]'', 8 Abriil 1918}} ''Attack'' waxay si sax ah u barbar dhigtay ''Aragon'' si ay u qaaddo badbaadayaasha si dhakhso ah intii suurtagal ah,<ref name=MacD/> iyadoo la kaashanayo xarigga u dhexeeya labada markab.<ref name=MNO/> Markabkii ciidanka wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu degay gadaasha. In ka badan hal qof oo badbaaday ayaa sheegay in askartii ku sugayay sagxadda si loo badbaadiyo ay bilaabeen heeso.<ref name=Jones/> Mid ayaa yiri ''"Waxaan maqlay heesta '[[Keep the Home Fires Burning (1914 song)|Keep the Home Fires Burning]]' munaasabado badan laakiin uma maleynayo inaan waligey maqlay iyadoo lagu siiyay awood intaas le'eg"''.<ref name=Star/> Hadda waxaa jiray tirada sii kordhaysa ee ragga biyaha ku jira, iyo [[Trooper (rank)|trooper]] James Werner Magnusson ee [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade#World War I formation|New Zealand Mounted Rifles]] wuxuu arkay askari dhaawac ah oo ku dhibtoonaya badda aad u qallafsan.<ref name=Gazette>{{Cite web |url= http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30565/pages/2990 |title=Board of Trade, Whitehall Gardens, 7th March, 1918 |newspaper=[[The London Gazette]] |date=8 March 1918 |page=229 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Wuxuu ka booday markabka, wuxuu badbaadiyay ninkii wuxuuna geliyay doon.<ref name=Gazette/> Magnusson ka dib wuxuu ku soo laabtay markabka, wuxuu dib ugu biiray unuggiisa, wuxuuna la degay markabka.<ref name=Gazette/> Waxaa loo abaalmariyay abaalmarinta [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]].<ref name=Gazette/> Qabyo [[3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Buffs (East Kent Regiment)]] loo diray inay xoojiyaan [[10th (Royal East Kent and West Kent Yeomanry) Battalion, Buffs (East Kent Regiment)|10th (Royal East Kent and West Kent Yeomanry) Battalion, Buffs]], ayaa ku guulaystay ammaan sare anshaxooda. Marka hore, Lance-Sergeant Canfor (oo isaga laftiisu dhaawacay qaraxu) ayaa wacay roll-ka, ka dibna ragga waxaa loo qoondeeyay inay gooyaan doonyaha badbaadada inta kale ay heesayeen. Markii doonyaha badbaadada la bilaabay Lance-Corporal Baker ayaa iskiis u soo bandhigay inuu ka boodo biyaha si uu u sugo doon badbaado oo ka fogaanaysa, taasoo xaqiijinaysa badbaadada ku dhawaad 20 nin. Qabyada intiisa kale waxay galeen biyaha waxayna ku dhegeen doonyaha badbaadada muddo laba saacadood iyo bar ah, iyagoo heesaya oo ku dhiirigelinaya dadaallada badbaadinta. Hal nin oo keliya oo ka tirsan qabyada ayaa lumay.<ref>Moody, pp. 64–5.</ref> {{Rquote|right|Waxaan dareennay in dhammaan saaxiibadeen ay ku degayaan hortayada.<br>A [[Voluntary Aid Detachment|VAD]]|oo laga soo xigtay {{harvnb|MacDonald|1984|pp=230–231}}}} Qiyaastii 15 daqiiqo<ref name=MNO/> ka dib markii torbiito ay ku dhufatay ''Aragon'', [[Master mariner|Master]]-keeda, Captain Bateman, wuxuu amar ka bixiyay [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]]-keeda ''"Ninkii ha is badbaadiyo"''.<ref name=Star/> Kuwii haray waxay u carareen inay ka baxaan dhinaceeda,<ref name=MNO/> iyo qaansadeeda ayaa ka kacday badda markii askartu ay u soo degayeen dhinaceeda biyaha.<ref name=MacD/> Mid ka mid ah VADs oo badbaaday ayaa markii dambe diiwaangeliyay ''"Waxaan dareennay in dhammaan saaxiibadeen ay ku degayaan hortayada"''.<ref name=MacD/> Qiyaastii 17<ref name=Jones/> ilaa 20 daqiiqo ka dib markii lagu dhuftay ''Aragon'' way degtay, waxayna la kulantay qarax labaad markii biyaha badda ee qabow ay gaareen kariyayaasheeda kulul.<ref name=MNO/> Qaar ka mid ah doonyaha badbaadada ayaa lagu reebay biyaha.<ref name=MNO/> [[File:VCErnestGeorgeHorlock(orHarlock).jpg|thumb|[[Cigarette card]] sawirka [[Company Sergeant Major|BSM]] [[Ernest George Horlock|Ernest Horlock]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]], oo ka mid ahaa boqollaal askar oo la dilay markii ''Aragon'' la quusiyay]] ''Attack'' hadda waxay ahayd dad aad u badan oo leh 300 ilaa 400 oo badbaadayaal ah:<ref name=Star/> qaar qaawan, qaar dhaawac ah, qaar badan oo miyir la'aan ah oo dhimanaya.<ref name=MacD/> Hal askari, Sergeant Harold Riddlesworth oo ka tirsan [[Cheshire Regiment]], ayaa marar badan ka booday destroyer-ka una booday badda si uu u badbaadiyo badbaadayaal kale.<ref name=Express>{{cite news |title=Amazing tale of 'luckiest soldier' |newspaper=Macclesfield Express |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/macclesfieldexpress/news/s/1438702_amazing-tale-of-luckiest-soldier |date=20 July 2011 |accessdate=9 April 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wuu badbaaday waxaana lagu sharraxay [[Meritorious Service Medal (United Kingdom)|Meritorious Service Medal]].<ref name=Express/><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30652/supplements/5037 |title=His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of the Meritorious Service Medal to the undermentioned. |newspaper=[[The London Gazette]] |date=8 March 1918 |page=5037 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> [[File:HMS Attack (1911) sinking.jpg|thumb|upright|HMS ''Attack'' oo degaysa]] Markaas torbiito ayaa ku dhufatay ''Attack'' dhexda waxayna u qarxisay laba qaybood,<ref name=Jones/> labaduba waxay degtay shan ilaa toddobo daqiiqo.<ref name=MNO/> Qaraxu wuxuu dillaaciyay bakhaarada ''Attack'', wuxuuna ku daadiyay boqollaal tan oo [[Fuel oil#Bunker fuel|bunker fuel]] saliid madow oo qaro weyn badda markay degtay.<ref name=MacD/> Boqollaal rag ah ayaa biyaha ku jiray, qaar badan oo ka mid ahna waxay noqdeen kuwo saliidda lagu daboolay ama uu qiiqeeda ka adkaaday.<ref name=MacD/> Doonyaha badbaadada ee ''Aragon'' ee badbaaday ayaa hadda boqollaal badbaadayaal ah u qaaday trawlers, halkaas oo VADs ''"ay u shaqeeyeen si aan kala joogsi lahayn oo geesinimo weyn leh"'' si ay u daryeelaan dadka badan ee dhaawacmay.<ref name=MNO/> Trawlers kale ayaa u soo baxay si ay u caawiyaan,<ref name=MNO/> iyo trawler-kii ugu horreeyay ama trawlers-ka<ref name=MNO/> waxay ku soo laabteen dekedda si ay u badbaadaan.<ref name=MacD/> ===Dhimashada iyo badbaadayaasha=== Kuwii saarnaa ''Aragon'', 610 ayaa la dilay<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> oo ay ku jiraan Captain Bateman, 19 ka mid ah shaqaalihiisa,<ref name=Wreck/> iyo lix ka mid ah VADs.<ref name=MacD/> Boqollaal askar ayaa la dilay. Mid ka mid ah wuxuu ahaa [[Ernest George Horlock|Ernest Horlock]], a [[Royal Field Artillery]] [[Company Sergeant Major|Battery Sergeant Major]] oo helay [[Victoria Cross|VC]] "geesinimo muuqata" oo lagu muujiyay [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] sanadkii 1914.<ref name=MacD/> [[Private (rank)|Private]] [[Fred J. Barnes]], askari ka tirsan [[Essex Regiment]] oo ka shaqayn jiray qoraaga heesaha ka hor dagaalka, ayaa sidoo kale dhintay.<ref name="CWGC">{{CWGC|id=475872|name=F J Barnes|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> Airman 2nd Class Alfred Moore oo dhintay isagoo jira 22 sano oo ka yimid Lower Edmonton, London. 25 kale oo ka mid ah kuwii la dilay waxay ahaayeen askar cusub oo ka tirsan Guutada 5aad ee [[Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment#The Bedfordshire Regiment (1881 to 1919)|Bedfordshire Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/5thbn/ssaragon.html |last=Fuller |first=Steven |title=The sinking of the S.S. Aragon, 30th December 1917 |work=The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War |date=2003–2013 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=3 Bisha Afraad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403133511/http://www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/5thbn/ssaragon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Askar ku dhintay degitaanka ayaa ka mid ah kuwa lagu xusuusto Chatby Memorial ee degmada [[Shatby]] ee bari Alexandria.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142020/CHATBY%20MEMORIAL |title=Chatby Memorial |work=Cemetery details |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> ''Aragon''{{'}}s [[Second mate|sarkaalkii labaad]] wuxuu ka mid ahaa badbaadayaasha.<ref name=Indarra>{{harvnb|Thompson|1918|pp=20–21}}</ref> Bil ka dib wuxuu u sheegay Master-ka markab ciidan oo Australian ah, markabkii la beddelay [[Australian United Steam Navigation Company|AUSNC]] [[SS Indarra|HMAT ''Indarra'']], in markii ''Aragon'' ay degtay Captain Bateman uu ka qayliyay buundooyinkiisa ilaa taliyaha ''Attack'' inuu dalban doono baaritaan ku saabsan markabkiisa oo lagu amray inuu ka baxo dekedda.<ref name=Indarra/> Bateman ka dib wuxuu ka booday badda mana la arkin mar dambe.<ref name=Indarra/> Qaar badan oo ka mid ah badbaadayaashii shaqaalaha ''Aragon'' ayaa dib loogu celiyay England, iyagoo gaaray Southampton 10 Febraayo 1918.<ref name=Star/> Qaar waxay u safreen dhammaan habka markab uumi ah, laakiin inta badan waxay u safreen dhulka.<ref name=Star/> ==Burbur== {{location map |Egypt |width= |lat= 31.3 |long= 29.8 |caption=Meesha qiyaas ahaan ee burburka ''Aragon'' |relief= yes}} ''Aragon'' wuxuu weli yahay burbur ka baxsan xeebta Egypt, isagoo ku yaal qiyaastii {{convert|40|m}} oo biyo ah.<ref name=SoE/> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Ilaha iyo akhris dheeraad ah== *{{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Lyn |author-link=Lyn MacDonald |orig-year=1980 |year=1984 |edition=2nd |title=The Roses of No Man's Land |location=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Papermac]] |isbn=014017866X}} *{{cite book |author=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd |author-link=Marconi Company |year=1913 |title=The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony |place=London |publisher=The St Katherine Press}} * Col R.S.H. Moody, ''Historical Records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment, 1914–1919'', London: Medici Society, 1922/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-84342395-9. *{{cite book |last=Nicol |first=Stuart |year=2001 |title=MacQueen's Legacy; Ships of the Royal Mail Line |volume=Two |place=Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC |publisher=[[The History Press|Tempus Publishing]] |isbn=0-7524-2119-0 |pages=101–105, 117–118}} *{{cite book |last=Seligmann |first=Matthew S |year=2012 |title=The Royal Navy and the German Threat 1901 – 1914: Admiralty Plans to Protect British Trade in a War Against Germany |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-957403-2 |page=132}} *{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=JEM |date=13 October 1917 – 29 October 1918 |title=Diary |work=Manuscripts, oral history & pictures |publisher=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |id=MLMSS 2889/Item 1 }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Aragon (ship, 1905)}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlH9DCNcwpw&ab_channel=OceanicSteamNavigationCompany RMS ''Aragon'' Fiidiyow gaaban oo leh sawirro badan oo gudaha markabka ah] * {{cite web |url= http://www.jrawl.co.uk/pugh.htm |last=Rawlins |first=John |title=John Pugh |work=Machen First World War Memorial Site}} – xusuus u ah [[Royal Engineers]] [[sapper]], oo lagu sharraxay sawirrada [[Imperial War Museum]] ee ''Aragon'' adeegga iyo degitaanka * {{cite web |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/cats/hamilton/h0-0704.htm |title=HAMILTON: 7/4/1-42 Instructions, reports, orders of battle, staff diary and related papers of General Headquarters, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1915 |work=Catalogues |publisher=[[King's College London]] }} – buugga dukumentiyada milatariga oo taariikhaysan 9 Luulyo 1915 ilaa 8 May 1916 oo ku saabsan ''Aragon''{{'}}s qayb ka mid ah [[Gallipoli Campaign]]. {{coord|31|18|N|29|48|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aragon, HMT}} pabp0bq4misy9w5is93os0tkaf581g3 0 47743 300748 299856 2026-07-04T00:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Algérie Ferries | logo = | logo_size = 200px | caption = | type = | genre = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | founded = 1987 | founder = | defunct = | hq_location_city = [[Algiers]] | hq_location_country = [[Aljeeriya]] | hq_location = | num_locations = | area_served = [[Badda Dhexe]] | key_people = | industry = Maraakiibta | products = | services = Gaadiidka rakaabka<br>Gaadiidka xamuulka | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = | parent = | divisions = | subsidiaries = | website = {{URL|http://algerieferries.dz}} | footnotes = }} '''Algérie Ferries''' ({{langx|ar|النقل البحري الجزائري}}) ama Entreprise Nationale de Transport Maritime de Voyageurs (ENTMV) ({{langx|ar|المؤسسة الوطنية للنقل البحري للمسافرين}}) waa shirkad maraakiibta oo ay leedahay dowladda Aljeeriya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Algérie Ferries is looking for a new ferry|url=http://www.ship2shore.it/en/shipping/algerie-ferries-is-looking-for-a-new-ferry_48517.htm|publisher=Ship2Shore|accessdate=13 September 2014|date=12 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NAVANTIA starts the works of repairing and modernization of the first ship for the Algerian Navy|url=http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=228|publisher=Navantia|accessdate=13 September 2014|date=15 November 2012|archive-date=21 Bisha Sagaalaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921010541/http://www.navantia.es/noticia.php?id_noti=228|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shirkaddu waxay maamushaa adeegyada rakaabka iyo xamuulka ee u dhexeeya [[Aljeeriya]], [[Faransiiska]] iyo [[Isbayn]]. ==Jidadka== Algérie Ferries waxay ka hawlgashaa sideed waddo oo ku baahsan Badda Dhexe.<ref>{{cite web|title=International ferries|url=http://www.travellerspoint.com/guide/International_ferries/|publisher=Travellers' Point|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref> *[[Oran]] - [[Alicante]] *[[Oran]] - [[Marseille]] *[[Algiers]] - [[Alicante]] *[[Algiers]] - [[Barcelona]] *[[Algiers]] - [[Marseille]] *[[Béjaïa]] - [[Marseille]] *[[Skikda]] - [[Marseille]] *[[Annaba]] - [[Marseille]] ==Maraakiibta== Algérie Ferries waxay maamushaa shan maraakiib oo rakaab ah / baabuur ah:<ref>{{cite web|author=Micke Asklander|accessdate=10 September 2011|title=Fakta om fartyg - Algérie Ferries|url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/algerie_ferries.htm}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Markabka !Calanka !Adeegga uu galay !Markabka uu galay !Dhererka (m) !Ballaca (m) !Tonnage !Rakaabka !Xawaaraha adeegga !Qoraalo |- |Tariq Ibn Ziyad |{{Flag|Aljeeriya}} | colspan="2" |1995 |153,3 |25,2 |{{GT|21,659}} |1,276 |21 guntin |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tariq Ibn Ziyad - Algerie Ferries|url=https://algerieferries.dz/tariq-ibn-ziyad|access-date=2021-08-29|website=algerieferries.dz|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829200531/https://algerieferries.dz/tariq-ibn-ziyad|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Tassili II |{{Flag|Aljeeriya}} | colspan="2" |2004 |146,6 |24 |{{GT|20,124}} |1,320 |23.5 guntin |<ref>{{Cite web|title=TASSILI II (Passenger Ship) Registered in Algeria|url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.marinetraffic.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829200532/https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:744379/mmsi:605046150/imo:9265419/vessel:TASSILI_II |archive-date=2021-08-29 }}</ref> |- |El Djazair II |{{Flag|Aljeeriya}} | colspan="2" |2005 |146,6 |24 |{{GT| 20,124}} |1,320 |23.5 guntin |<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Djazair II - Algerie Ferries|url=https://algerieferries.dz/index.php/el-djazair-ii|access-date=2021-08-29|website=algerieferries.dz}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Badji-Mokhtar III |{{Flag|Aljeeriya}} | colspan="2" |2021 |200 |30 |{{GT|49,785}} |1,800 |24 guntin |<ref>{{Cite web|title=BADJI MOKHTAR III, Passenger/Ro-Ro Cargo Ship|url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.vesselfinder.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829205320/https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/BADJI-MOKHTAR-III-IMO-9827889-MMSI-605016420 |archive-date=2021-08-29 }}</ref> |} ==Fadeexad== 2 Juun 2022, maamulaha guud Kamel Issad ayaa laga eryay xilkiisa sababtoo ah "dabeecaddiisa oo wiiqday sumcadda Aljeeriya kana soo horjeeday danaha muwaadiniinta".<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/algerie/140608-fins-de-fonctions-pour-le-pdg-de-l-entmv-et-de-son-chef-d-escale-a-alger Fins de fonctions pour le PDG de l'ENTMV et de son Chef d'escale à Alger], site aps.dz, 2 juin 2022.</ref> 19 Janaayo 2023, Kamel Issad ayaa lagu xukumay lix sano oo xarig ah maamul xumo iyo dayactir la'aan maraakiibta shirkadda.<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/algerie/150416-justice-l-ex-pdg-de-l-entmv-condamne-a-6-ans-de-prison-ferme Justice: l'ex PDG de l'ENTMV condamné à 6 ans de prison ferme], site aps.dz, 19 janvier 2023.</ref> Waxaa la xiray dhowr maalmood ka dib markii la eryay Juun 2022 eedeymo la xiriira "musuqmaasuq lacagaha dadweynaha, xadgudub awoodeed, iyo taajirnimo sharci darro ah."<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-01-20|language=fr-FR|title=Six ans de prison ferme pour l’ancien PDG d’Algérie Ferries – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1410759/politique/six-ans-de-prison-ferme-pour-lancien-pdg-dalgerie-ferries/|website=JeuneAfrique.com}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Agaasimayaal kale oo hore ayaa sidoo kale lagu xukumay kiiskan. Agaasimihii hore ee ganacsiga Karim Bouzenad wuxuu helay xukun shan sano oo xarig ah. Hamouche Aghiles iyo Oufar Malika, oo labaduba baxsad ah, ayaa midkiiba lagu xukumay toban sano oo xarig ah waxaana lagu soo rogay waaran caalami ah oo lagu soo qabanayo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-17 |title=Algérie Ferries : Les traversées Oran- Alicante suspendues - Journal communautaire algérien |url=https://www.djaliadz.com/algerie-ferries-les-traversees-oran/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> 28 Maajo 2023, Maxkamadda Algiers waxay xaqiijisay xukunnadii lagu riday xukunka koowaad ee kiiska ENTMV. Kamel Issad waxaa lagu xukumay lix sano oo xarig ah, Karim Bouzenad, agaasimihii hore ee ganacsiga, shan sano oo xarig ah, iyo Fatma Laimchi, oo mas'uul ka ah nidaamyada macluumaadka, hal sano oo xarig ah oo ganaax leh. Eedeymaha waxaa ka mid ahaa musuqmaasuq lacagaha dadweynaha, xadgudub awoodeed, iyo taajirnimo sharci darro ah. Kamel Eddalia iyo Cherifi Ikbal ayaa la siidaayay.<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|title=Affaire ENTMV: les peines prononcées en première instance confirmées|url=https://www.aps.dz/algerie/156256-affaire-entmv-la-cour-d-alger-confirme-les-peines-de-premiere-instance-a-l-encontre-des-accuses|website=Algérie Presse Service}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Ferries}} kvzg2qzbugmpob6vdtbxa1132g7m47t 0 47769 300805 299183 2026-07-04T08:14:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image | image= HMS-Gwendolen.jpg | image_caption= }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header = |country = [[Nyasaland]] |flag = [[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1919–1925).svg|60px]] |name = ''Gwendolen'' |namesake = Lady Gwendolen Cecil (1860–1945) |owner = |operator = |registry = |route = |ordered = |builder = |original_cost = |yard_number = |way_number = |laid_down = |launched = 1899 |completed = |christened = |acquired = |maiden_voyage = |in_service = |out_of_service = |identification = |fate = |status = |notes = }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics | hide_header = | header_caption = | class = | type = Markab rakaab (ferry) | tonnage = | displacement = | length = {{convert|136|ft}} | beam = {{convert|24|ft}} | height = | draught = {{convert|5.5|ft}} | depth = {{convert|19|ft}} | decks = | deck_clearance = | power = Uumi (steam) | propulsion = Screw | speed = | capacity = | crew = | notes = }} }} '''SS ''Gwendolen''''' (mararka qaarkood loo qoro ''Guendolen'' iyo ''Gwendolyn'') wuxuu ahaa markab uumi ku shaqeeya oo Ingiriis ah oo ku jiray [[Lake Nyasa|Harada Nyasa]]<ref>[http://www.chakoten.dk/images/eng_flot_nyassa_4756.jpg The Guendolen (sawir)]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kaas oo ka qaybgalay [[Battle of Lake Nyasa|dagaalkii ugu horreeyay ee badda]] ee [[World War I|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]] ka dhan ah markabka uumiga ee Jarmalka ee ''[[Hermann von Wissmann (steamship)|Hermann von Wissman]]'' kaas oo uu ku qabtay meel u dhow Sphinxhafen, oo hadda loo yaqaan [[Liuli]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Warship International]] |volume=17 |publisher=[[International Naval Research Organization]], Naval Records Club (U.S.) |year=1980}} "Jarmalku waxay dayactir ku sameeyeen ''Von Wissmann'' laakiin ''Gwendolen'' ayaa mar kale goobta yimid 30-kii Maajo, 1915 markii ''Von Wissmann'' loo diray ... Ingiriisku waxay kaloo ku lahaayeen laba markab oo kale Harada Nyasa oo la oran jiray ''Chauncy Maples'' iyo ''Queen Victoria''."</ref> Markabka oo culeyskiisu ahaa 350-tan ayaa laga daahfuray [[Fort Johnston (Malawi)|Fort Johnston]] sanadkii 1899, waxaana loogu magacdaray [[Lady Gwendolen Gascoyne-Cecil|Lady Gwendolen Cecil]], oo ahayd gabadhii 39-sano jirka ahayd ee aan weli guursan ee [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Railway News |volume=75 |year=1901}} "Markabka, oo lagu baabtiisay ''Gwendolen'', magaca gabadha Lord Salisbury, waa 136 ft oo dherer ah, 24 ft oo ballac ah, 19 ft oo qoto-dheer, wuxuuna leeyahay qoto-dheer celcelis ah oo ah 5 ft iyo 6 in. In kasta oo culeyskiisu aanu diiwaangashanayn, 350 tan waa mid lagu qiyaaso..."</ref> Sanadkii 1907, ''Gwendolen'' wuxuu ahaa kii ugu weynaa saddex markab oo hore loogu isticmaali jiray maraakiibta qoryaha (gunboats), kuwa kale waxay ahaayeen {{SS|Chauncy Maples}} iyo ''Queen Victoria'', iyadoo ay jireen afar markab oo rayid ah oo harada ku shaqeynayay.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Statesman's Yearbook |volume=44 |first1=Frederick |last1=Martin |first2=Sir John Scott |last2=Keltie |author2-link=John Scott Keltie |first3=Isaac Parker Anderson |last3=Renwick |year=1907|title-link=The Statesman's Yearbook }} "Kani wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex markab, oo hore loogu isticmaali jiray maraakiibta qoryaha, oo ay ku jiraan ''Gwendolen'', 350 tan, oo la bilaabay 1899 ee Fort Johnston, oo ah xarunta waaxda. Gaadiidka caadiga ah waxaa harada ku yaal 4 markab oo yaryar..."</ref> Laga bilaabo 1914, waxaa amar ku lahaa Kapitaan Edmund Rhoades, kaas oo si lama filaan ah u weeraray [[Hermann von Wissmann (steamship)|''Hermann von Wissman'']], markabkii saaxiibkiis iyo saaxiibkiisii hore ee cabitaanka, Kapitaan Berndt, iyadoo Berndt aanu ogayn in dagaalku bilaabmay.<ref>{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Briggs |title=Malawi |edition=5th |year=2010 |page=299}} "Rhoades wuxuu markaas ku naxay inuu arko dhiggiisa Jarmalka ee cadhaysan iyo saaxiibkiisii hore ee cabitaanka, Kapitaan Berndt, oo u boodaya doon yar oo fuulaya ''Gwendolyn'' isagoo qaylinaya habaar iyo su'aalo ku saabsan maskaxda Rhoades. Waxaa soo baxday in warka dagaalka uusan gaarin Liuli. Rhoades wuxuu Berndt la fadhiistay wiski, wuxuuna u sharraxay xaaladda, ka dibna wuxuu kaxaystay maxbuuskiisii dagaalka ee cadhaysan."</ref> [[William Percival Johnson]] ayaa dib u xasuustay in Kapitaan Berndt, oo ahaa maamulaha markabka Jarmalka ee ujeeddadiisii hore ahayd markab lid ku ah addoonsiga qarnigii 1890-meeyadii, uu ahaa saaxiib dhow oo la lahaa dadkii Ingiriiska ahaa ee adeegayaasha diinta (missionaries) maalmihii [[Chauncy Maples]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles M. |last=Good |title=The steamer parish: the rise and fall of missionary medicine on an... |year=2004 |page=95}} "Johnson wuxuu xasuustay in 'saaxiibkeenna aadka u dhow Kapitaan Berndt,' oo amar ku lahaa markabka Jarmalka ''Hermann von Wissmann'', 'uu ahaa qof si joogto ah u soo booqan jiray waqtigii Maples' (Johnson 1926, 211; cf. CA 12 [1894]: 71)."</ref> 1920-meeyadii, [[Nyasaland]] Government Marine Transport waxay wadi jireen safar billle ah oo SS ''Gwendolen'' uu ka bilaabmayo Fort Johnston oo sidda badeecado iyo rakaab, safar 15 maalmood ah oo uu ku wareegayo dekedaha kala duwan ee harada.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Economic survey of the colonial empire Great Britain |publisher=Colonial Office |year=1936}} "Muddo sanado badan ah, Nyasaland Government Marine Transport waxay ku shaqeyn jireen safar billle ah oo SS ''Guendolen'' oo ka bilaabma Fort Johnson, kaas oo sidda badeecado iyo rakaab u kala gooshaya dekedaha kala duwan ee Harada, safarka oo qaadanaya 15 maalmood."</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwendolen}} fmsqykjubkn33ef4qcg8y1qyfhyxsdk 0 47799 300780 299226 2026-07-04T04:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Uniamési | other_name = | image = | alt = | pushpin_map = Africa | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Bariga Dhexe ee Afrika | coords = {{coord|6|S|27|E|dim:2000000|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = [[Webiga Benue|Benue]], [[Webiga Kongo|Kongo]], [[Niil]], [[Zambezi]] | reference = }} '''Harada Uniamési''' ama '''Badda Uniamesi''' waxay ahayd magac ay bixiyeen dadka wacdiga faafiya (missionaries) qarnigii 1840-meeyadii iyo 1850-meeyadii, loona bixiyay harad aad u weyn ama bad gudaha ah oo la moodayay inay ku taal gobol ka tirsan Bariga Dhexe ee Afrika oo wata magacaas. Saddex qof oo wacdiyaal ah, kuwaas oo ku koobnaa xeebta, ayaa maqlay gobolka [[Unyamwezi]] oo ku yaalla waqooyi-galbeed ee waxa hadda loo yaqaan Tansaaniya, waxayna buunbuuniyeen cabirkeeda si ay ugu daraan qayb weyn oo ka mid ah gudaha qaaradda. Waxay maqleen harad weyn, waxayna maleeyeen harad baaxad leh oo noqon doonta isha ay ka soo burqadaan webiyada [[Webiga Benue|Benue]], [[Niil]], [[Zambezi]] iyo [[Webiga Kongo|Kongo]]. Waxay sawireen khariidad muujinaysa "Harada Uniamesi" oo aad u weyn taas oo la daabacay 1855. Khariidaddu waxay dhiirigelisay safarkii [[Richard Francis Burton|Burton]] iyo [[John Hanning Speke|Speke]] si ay u baaraan gobolka [[African Great Lakes|Harada Waaweyn ee Afrika]], halkaas oo ay ka ogaadeen in haradaha [[Lake Victoria|Victoria]], [[Lake Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] iyo [[Lake Malawi|Nyasa]] ay ahaayeen xubno biyo ah oo kala madax bannaan. Ma ahayn ilaa 1877 markii la xaqiijiyay in haradahani ay quudiyaan webiyada Niil, Kongo iyo Zambezi, inkasta oo ay kala gooni yihiin. ==Taariikhda== [[File:Deutsch Ostafrika.PNG|thumb|Bariga Afrika ee Jarmalka sanadkii 1894, oo muujinaya haradaha Nyasa, Tanganyika iyo Victoria. "Unjamwesi" waxay ku taal xagga hoose ee "D" ee "Deutsch Ostafrika"]] Harada Waaweyn ee Bariga Afrika waxaa ka mid ah haradaha [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Albert]], [[Lake Edward|Edward]], [[Lake Kivu|Kivu]] iyo [[Lake Tanganyika|Tanganyika]], kuwaas oo dhammaantood ku yaalla laanta galbeed ama [[Albertine Rift|Albertine]] ee nidaamka [[East African Rift|Dooxada Rift ee Bariga Afrika]], [[Lake Victoria]] oo ku taal bariga silsiladdan iyo Harada Nyasa ([[Lake Malawi|Malawi]]) oo ku taal koonfurta. Harada Victoria waa harada saddexaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, waxayna ku taal madal ku taal inta u dhexeysa dooxooyinka galbeed iyo bari. Si ka duwan haradaha dhaadheer, cidhiidhiga ah iyo qotada dheer ee rift-ka, Harada Victoria waa mid ballaaran oo qoto dheerideedu aad u hooseyso.{{sfn|Griffiths|2013|p=3}} [[Bantu peoples|Qowmiyadaha Bantu]] waxay u soo guureen gobolka u dhexeeya Harada Waaweyn iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] waqti ka dib 1000 BC waxayna dhex galeen dadkii deegaanka.{{sfn|Taylor|1963|p=4}} Qarnigii koowaad AD markab ka yimid jasiiradda Carabta ayaa ka ganacsanayay xeebta Bariga Afrika. [[Arab people|Carab]] muslimiin ah oo ka yimid [[Oman]] ayaa bilaabay inay gumaystaan xeebta qarnigii 8-aad AD.{{sfn|Taylor|1963|p=5}} Dadka Bantu ee xeebta ayaa guursaday Carabta si ay u sameeyaan [[Swahili people|dadka Sawaaxiliga]], oo leh luqad isku darka walxaha Bantu, Carabi iyo Beershiya.{{sfn|Taylor|1963|p=6}} Dhaqanka Sawaaxiligu wuxuu ku daray dhinacyo badan oo Carabi iyo Islaami ah, isagoo weli ahaanaya asal ahaan Bantu.{{sfn|Fyle|1999|p=46}} Gobolka [[Unyamwezi]] wuxuu ku yaallaa hareeraha magaalada casriga ah ee [[Tabora]], oo u dhexeysa xeebta iyo Harada Tanganyika, wuxuuna ka kooban yahay degmooyinka [[Tabora Urban District|Tabora]], [[Nzega District|Nzega]] iyo [[Kahama District|Kahama]] ee madal-galbeedka [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] casriga ah. Qarnigii 19-aad dadka deegaanka waxaa dadka kale ugu yeeri jireen [[Nyamwezi people]], inkasta oo ereygan uu daboolayay kooxo kala duwan.{{sfn|Jerman|1997|p=111}} Unyamwezi waxay ku tiilay meel ay iska galaan waddo ganacsi oo ka timid xeebta, iyada oo hal laan ay u sii socoto galbeedka ilaa dekedda [[Ujiji]] ee Harada Tanganyika halka laan kale ay u horseedday waqooyiga ilaa boqortooyooyinka [[Buganda]] iyo [[Bunyoro]].{{sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976|p=277}} Ganacsatada xeebta ayaa degay Unyamwezi, qaarkoodna waxay wateen boqollaal dad ah oo si wanaagsan u hubaysan.{{sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976|p=316}} Nyamwezi waxay bixiyeen inta badan dadka qaada rararka ee qafilayay dadka Carbeed ee xeebta iyo [[Swahili people|Sawaaxiliga]], sidoo kale waxay maamulayeen rarahooda.{{sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976|p=285}} Nyamwezi waxay ahaayeen ganacsato fogaan-socod ah oo ku baahsan Bariga Afrika.{{sfn|Jerman|1997|p=111}} Fool-maroodiga si ballaaran ugama aysan isticmaalin Nyamwezi, laakiin waqti ka mid ah waxay ogaadeen inuu jiro suuq dibadda ah oo badeecadaas ah, waxayna bilaabeen inay u qaadaan fool-maroodiga jidka ka yimaada Tabora ilaa xeebta Badweynta Hindiya ee ka soo horjeeda Zanzibar. Waxaa jira diiwaanno ku saabsan Suldaan [[Sayyid Said]] oo ka tirsan [[Zanzibar]] oo la gorgortamaya ergooyin ka socda Unyamwezi sanadkii 1839 si ay u helaan waddo ammaan ah oo loo maro qafilka gudaha.{{sfn|Jerman|1997|p=112}} Nyamwezi ma aysan iibin dadkooda sidii addoomo, maadaama ay u baahnaayeen awood shaqaale oo loogu talagalay [[ivory trade|ganacsiga fool-maroodiga]], laakiin ka dib 1850-meeyadii ganacsiga addoonta ayaa bilaabay inuu noqdo mid muhiim ah. Addoomada laga keenay [[Congo Basin|Dooxada Kongo]] ama gobolka Harada Waaweyn ayaa lagu hayn jiray Tabora, ka dibna loo diri jiray xeebta kooxo yaryar si loogu sii dhoofiyo.{{sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976|p=300}} ==Xiriirradii hore ee Yurub== [[File:Johann Ludwig Krapf.jpg|[[Johann Ludwig Krapf]]|thumb]] Horraantii 1844 Suldaan Sayyid Said wuxuu oggolaansho siiyay wacdigii Jarmalka [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] (1810–1881) inuu xarun wacdi ku aasaaso xeebta. Krapf wuxuu gaaray [[Mombasa]] 13 Maarso 1844.{{sfn|Bursik|2008|p=36}} Waxaa ku soo biiray 1846 [[Johannes Rebmann]] (1820–1876). 12 Nofembar 1848 Rebmann wuxuu bilaabay safar uu ku galay gudaha. ''Church Missionary Intelligencer'' ayaa soo weriyay in, "Ujeeddada ugu dambeysa, ee wacdiyaashayadu ay damacsanaayeen, waxay ahayd inay gaaraan Uniamési, oo ah dalka gudaha ah halkaas oo waddooyinka Bariga Afrika iyo Galbeedka Afrika ay ku kala qaybsamaan."{{sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850|p=106}} Uniamési waxaa la sheegay inay ku taallay qiyaastii 150 ilaa 200 saacadood galbeedka boqortooyada [[Chagga]], taas oo ku taallay jiirarka [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]].{{sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850|p=107}} 10 Juun 1849 [[Jakob Erhardt]] (1823–1901) iyo John Wagner waxay gaareen xaruntii wacdiga ee [[Rabbai Mpia]] oo u dhow [[Mombasa]]. Wagner wuxuu dhintay 1 Agoosto 1849. Gu'gii 1850 Erhardt iyo Krapf waxay ku safreen [[dhow|doon]] iyagoo sii maraya xeebta Bariga Afrika ee ka timid Mombasa.{{sfn|Bursik|2008|p=45}} Safarkii ay ku kulmeen ganacsato ka yimid Unyamwezi. Krapf wuxuu qoray in rarahii saddex ilaa afar kun oo nin oo ka yimid Unyamwezi ay ku imaan doonaan xeebta Diseembar ka dib safar saddex bilood ah, waxayna bixi doonaan safarka soo noqoshada Maarso ama Abriil.{{sfn|Jerman|1997|p=114}} Carabta [[Zanzibar]] waxay u colaadiyeen Yurubiyiinta gaaraya Unyamwezi. 1847 waxay u diyaariyeen Washenzi inay dilaan ganacsade Faransiis ah, Mr. Maison, oo ku sii jeeday gudaha.{{efn|"Washenzi" wuxuu ahaa erey meel-ka-dhac ah oo ay isticmaali jireen Carabta xeebta dadka gudaha oo ku guuldareystay inay qaataan wax walba oo dhaqanka Carabta ah. Waxay ka dhiganayd "baxar naxariis daran".{{sfn|Mbogoni|2012|p=167}} }}{{sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850|pp=112–113}} Wacdiyaashu waxay ku degdegayeen inay wax badan ka ogaadaan "dalka weyn ee dhexe ee Uniamési, halkaas oo ay ku kulmaan webiyada waaweyn ee leh afafkooda xeebaha galbeed iyo bari... oo taas, sida ay tahay fikradda dadka deegaanka, ay tahay meel looga baxo afarta qaybood ee adduunka." Waxay u muuqatay "shaki la'aan in dadka deegaanka ee dalkan dhexe ay la ganacsadaan galbeedka iyo sidoo kale xeebta bari."{{sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850|pp=392–393}} 1850 Krapf wuxuu qayliyay in, "Haddii aan haysanno hab dhaqaale oo ku filan oo aan ku amro, oo haddii aysan ahayn waajibkeenna sharciga ah inaan hoos-geyno dhammaan ujeedooyinka sareyso ujeeddadeenna ugu weyn, oo ka kooban wacdiga Injiilka, khariidadda Bariga Afrika waxay dhawaan xiran doontaa muuqaal kale."{{sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850|p=128}} Krapf wuxuu qoray, "Waxaan dhawaan akhrinay warqad ka dhigaysa harada Niassa iyo tan Uniamesi inay u muuqdaan hal iyo isku mug biyo ah... maamullada kale ee maxalliga ah waxaan ogahay ugu yaraan in dadka deegaanka ay si cad u kala saaraan haradaha Niassa iyo Uniamesi. Laakiin maadaama aan ka dhigtay xeer aan ku aamini waayo dhammaan warbixinnada deegaanka, ilaa ay ka xaqiijiyaan indha-indheyn shakhsiyeed, ma oran doono wax kale oo ku saabsan qodobkan."{{sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850|p=128}} Later sanadkaas ''Church missionary intelligencer'' waxay daabaceen xisaab uu Krapf ka bixiyay safar uu ku tagay [[Ukambani]]{{efn|Ukambani waa gobol qallalan oo ka mid ah Kenya maanta, gudaha Mombasa iyo bari ka xigta [[Nairobi]].{{sfn|BMMK appeals... 2010}} }} oo uu sameeyay Nofembar iyo Diseembar 1849. Wuxuu saadaaliyay in [[Webiga Niger|Niger]] iyo wabi-hoosaadkeeda Tshadda ([[Webiga Benue|Benue]]), [[Webiga Kongo|Kongo]], [[Niil]] iyo Kilimani ([[Quelimane]] – oo u dhow afka [[Zambezi]]) ay dhammaantood bixin doonaan marin loo maro bartamaha Afrika.{{sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850|p=450}} Uniamési waxaa loo malaynayay inay ku jirto harad weyn. Krapf wuxuu yiri, {{blockquote|"Isha dhammaan webiyadan waaweyn kama fogaadaan midba midka kale sida aqoonteena juqraafiyeed ee hadda ay naga dhigi doonto inaan rumaysanno... Xaqiiqdii waa, in qofkii gaara ilaha Niilka uu yeelan doono fursad ka badan tan suurtogalka ah ee uu ku gaari karo ilaha Tshadda, ee Kongo, iyo ee Kilimani. Dhammaantood waxay u janjeeraan dhanka dhulbaraha—dhanka dalka ballaaran ee Uniamési, iyo dhulalka ku hareeraysan Uniamési, oo loo rogi karo tarjumaadda "Hantida Dayaxa" ... Waxaan ... si fudud u xusi doonaa, in Tshadda, Kongo, Niil, iyo webiyada Kilimani, midkoodna ka soo jeeda harada weyn ee Uniamési, ama aad ugu dhow haradaas..."{{sfn|Krapf|1852|p=456}} }} ==Khariidadda Erhardt== [[File:The Sea of Uniamesi - Erhardt and Rehman.png|thumb|Khariidadda Erhard iyo Reibmann ee Badda Uniamesi sida lagu daabacay ''Proceedings'' ee Ururka Juqraafiyeedka Boqortooyada]] [[File:Slug map.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda ''Lac d'Uniamési'' ee uu qoray [[Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun]] taariikhdeedu tahay Juun 1856, oo ku salaysan sawirka Erhard iyo Reibmann iyo khariidad uu qoray [[August Heinrich Petermann]] ]] [[File:Johann-jakob-ehrhardt.jpg|[[Jakob Erhardt]]|thumb|163px]] Jakob Erhardt wuxuu lix bilood ku qaatay [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]] isagoo baranaya [[Kisambara language|luqadda Kisambara]], halkaas oo uu ka maqlay sheekooyinka ganacsatada fool-maroodiga ee soo booqday gudaha.{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=486}} Sida uu qabo Rebmann, oo xisaabtiisa lagu daabacay xusuus-qorkii Krapf, {{blockquote|Waxay u mataleen isaga in Badda Uniamesi ay ahayd si fudud sii wadidda Harada Niassa, tan dambe, sida ay qabaan, waxay u sii jeeddaa dhanka galbeed ka timid jihada woqooyi, ka dibna ay ku faafayso xitaa baaxad ka weyn tii hore, si ay ugu dhowaato buuraha mara bartamaha qaaradda, oo ay sameeyaan caqabad aad muhiim u ah oo aan la geli karin iyo biyo-qabato. Dhinaca waqooyi ee caqabadan waxay ka kooban tahay ilaha Niilka, ee Harada Tsad, iyo ee webiga Chadda, halka dhinaca koonfureed ay u dirto biyaha qayb ahaan Badweynta Atlantic, iyadoo loo marayo webiga Kongo ama Zaire, qayb ahaan Badweynta Hindiya iyadoo loo marayo Jub, Dana iyo Osi, iyo sidoo kale, sida aan u malaynayo mid aad u macquul ah, harada weyn ee gudaha lafteeda.{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=486}} }} Erhardt waxaa la dhacay xaqiiqda ah in dadka safarka ah ee kala duwan oo u socday gudaha dhibco kala duwan oo xeebta bari ee Afrika ay dhammaantood u yimaadeen bad gudaha ah, waxayna sameeyeen khariidad ku salaysan macluumaadka la heli karo, oo ay ku jiraan natiijooyinkii Krapf iyo Rebmann. Nofembar 1854 intii uu ka hadlayay dhibaatada Rebmann, "hal iyo isku mar, dhibaatadu waxay ku iftiimisay labadayadaba xal loo helay mala-awaal fudud oo ah in halka mala-awaalka juqraafiyeed uu ilaa hadda u malaynayay dhul-buureed weyn, waa inaan hadda raadinnaa doox weyn iyo bad gudaha ah."{{sfn|Godsall|2008|p=147}} Khariidadda uu isaga iyo Rebmann sawireen saddexda haradood waxaa lagu muujiyay hal harad oo aad u weyn oo S-qaab ah.{{sfn|Bursik|2008|p=76}} 1855 Erhardt waxaa lagu soo celiyay sababtoo ah caafimaad darro, wuxuuna qaatay khariidadda isaga.{{sfn|Heldring|2011|p=68}} Rebmann wuxuu warqado u qoray ''Calwer Missionary Intelligencer (Calwer Missionsblatt)'', oo la helay oo la daabacay 1855, halkaas oo uu ugu yeeray harada Uniamesi ama Ukerewe.{{efn|Harada Ukerewe waa magac kale oo loo bixiyay Lake Victoria Nyanza. Sida uu qabo Burton magacu wuxuu ka yimid [[Ukerewe Island]].{{sfn|Burton|1860|p=214}} }} Wuxuu sheegay in sida ay qabaan xisaabaadka ganacsatada, loo tixgeliyay inay yihiin kuwo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo ay wacdiyaashu yihiin, haradu waxay ku fidayeen laga bilaabo loolka 0.5°N ilaa 13.5°S iyo laga bilaabo dhigga 23.5°E ilaa 36°E, waxayna lahayd aag dhan 13,600 mayl laba jibaaran oo Jarmal ah, marka loo barbar dhigo 7,860 mayl laba jibaaran oo Jarmal ah oo loogu talagalay Badda Madow iyo 7,400 ee Caspian.{{sfn|The Lake Region in Central Africa 1862|p=17}} Khariidadda waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu daabacay ''Calwer Missionsblatt'' ka dib 1855, ka dibna ''Church Missionary intelligencer'' 1856.{{sfn|Heldring|2011|p=68}} [[August Heinrich Petermann]] wuxuu daabacay khariidadda ''Mittheilungen''-kiisa, laakiin wuxuu ka digay in wacdiyaashu laga yaabo inaysan si ku filan u xisaabin buunbuuninta ay sheegeen kuwa warbixinnada bixiyay. Wuxuu bixiyay sawir dheeraad ah oo muujinaya harada oo fidsan laga bilaabo 7°S ilaa 12°S iyo 22.5°E ilaa 30.5°E, meel saddex meelood meel ka mid ah cabirka lagu qiyaasay Rebmann.{{sfn|The Lake Region in Central Africa 1862|p=18}} Khariidadda waxaa lagu soo celiyay faallooyin daabacaadyo kale.{{sfn|Cooley|Petermann|1856}} [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] wuxuu arkay nooc qalin-iyo-kalluun ah oo khariidadda ah oo uu sameeyay "Mr. Rehman of Moubar, on the Zanguebar coast." Warqad uu qoray Abriil 1857 oo ku socotay ''[[Académie des Sciences]]'' ee Paris wuxuu ku faallooday in badda gudaha ay ka weynaan doonto [[Badda Madow]]. Wuxuu yiri, "Joogitaanka baddan waxaa ii xaqiijiyay intii aan joogay [[Khartoum]] qof xaj ah oo ka yimid Mecca, kaas oo deggan Afrikata Dhexe, oo siiyay Mahmoud Pasha, mid ka mid ah wasiirrada Viceroy, faahfaahin u dhiganta khariidadda Mr. Rehman. Qofkan xajka ah wuxuu ku daray inuu arkay maraakiib ka waaweyn kuwa ''Uniamesi'' kuwaas oo uu ku dhoofay Badda Cas."{{sfn|Lesseps|1888|p=42}} Warbixinnada barafka ee ku yaalla buuraha [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] iyo [[Mount Kenya|Kenya]], oo u dhow dhulbaraha, ayaa sababay muran aad u weyn.{{sfn|Newman|2009|p=64}} Sir [[Francis Galton]], oo ku guuleystay billad dahab ah ee [[Royal Geographical Society]] 1853 sahamintiisii koonfur-galbeed Afrika, wuxuu lahaa khariidadda Erhardt oo lagu daabacay ''Proceedings''-ka ururka. Galton waxaa lagu cadaadiyay inuu u safro Afrika si uu u xaqiijiyo warbixinta ku saabsan Buurta Kilimanjaro. Wuu diiday iyada oo ku saleysan in uusan weli si buuxda u soo ceshan caafimaadkiisii ka dib safarkiisii hore.{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=110}} Taa beddelkeeda, Ururka Juqraafiyeedka Boqortooyada wuxuu ku qanciyay dawladda Ingiriiska inay bixiso £1,000 safar ay sameeyaan [[Richard Francis Burton]] iyo [[John Hanning Speke]] si ay u baaraan harada weyn, ama haradaha, oo ay go'aamiyaan inay yihiin isha Niilka.{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=110}} Khariidadda waxaa loo yaqaanay "khariidadda slug" laga soo bilaabo qaabka badda gudaha ee Uniamesi ama Niassa. Burton wuxuu ugu yeeray Khariidadda Mombas Mission.{{sfn|Newman|2009|p=64}} ==Sahamin== [[File:Johannes rebmann.gif|[[Johannes Rebmann]]|thumb]] Burton iyo Speke waxay gaareen Zanzibar 20 Diseembar 1857, waxay booqdeen Rebmann xaruntiisa wacdiga ee Kisuludini, waxayna booqdeen Fuga, caasimadda boqortooyada [[Usambare]].{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=xxvii}} Burton wuxuu la kulmay boqor [[Kimweri ye Nyumbai]], oo mar ahaan jiray dagaalyahan awood badan oo xakameyn jiray waddooyinka ganacsiga ee gudaha laakiin hadda aad u gaboobay.{{sfn|Briggs|McIntyre|2013|p=175}} Waxay u dhoofeen gudaha 26 Juun 1858. Ka dib markii ay u safreen waddan buuraley ah waxay gaareen madal gudaha ah ee Uniamesi. Xarunta ganacsiga Carabta ee Kazeh (hadda [[Tabora]]) waxay ku qoreen kor u kac dhan {{convert|3400|ft}}.{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=xxviii}} Kazeh Burton iyo Speke waxay ka heleen dad isku dhafan oo Nyamwezi, Tutsi iyo Carab ah oo ku hawlan dhaqashada xoolaha iyo beerista cuntooyinka sida bariiska, kassava, pawpaw iyo liin. Burton wuxuu ugu yeeray Unyamwezi beerta Afrika ee u dhexeysa kuleylaha.{{sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976|p=297}} Dhulku wuxuu ka soo hoobtay halkaas ilaa Harada Takanyika [sic], ama Uniamesi, oo ay gaareen 3 Maarso 1849 halkaas oo ay ku qoreen kor u kac dhan {{convert|1843|ft}}.{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=xxviii}}{{efn|Harada Tanganyika waxay leedahay kor u kac dusha sare oo ah {{convert|2536|ft}} halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd {{convert|1843|ft}} oo uu qoray Burton iyo Speke.}} Burton iyo Speke waxay ogaadeen in haradu ay ku fidayeen qiyaastii {{convert|300|mi}} waqooyi ka xigta [[Ujiji]], halkaas oo ay ku xireen silsilad buur ah oo u qaabaysan cursad.{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=xxviii}} Waxaa u sheegay dadka deegaanka in haradu ay gaartay ilaa loolka 8° koonfur. Later [[David Livingstone]] waxaa la siiyay macluumaad joogto ah oo uu bixiyay ganacsade Carbeed oo ku wareegay koonfurta harada, iyo qof safar ah oo Sawaaxili ah ayaa sidoo kale xaqiijiyay in "Taganyika" aysan ku xirnayn Niassa oo koonfurta ah.{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=xxviii}} Burton iyo Speke waxay ku soo noqdeen Kazeh, halkaas oo Burton lagu qasbay inuu nastaan halka Speke uu u safray waqooyiga si uu u sahamiyo [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]] (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Lake Ukerewe), isagoo gaaray 3 Agoosto 1849. Speke wuxuu qoray kor u kac dhan {{convert|3788|ft}}{{efn|Harada Victoria waxay leedahay kor u kac dusha sare oo ah {{convert|3717|ft}}, oo u dhow cabbirka Speke ee {{convert|3788|ft}}.}} waxaana loo sheegay in wabi uu ka tagay waqooyiga harada oo uu ku qulqulay Niilka.{{sfn|Krapf|Ravenstein|1860|p=xxix}} Waxaa jiray muran joogto ah oo ku saabsan Harada Waaweyn iyo webiyada quudiyay oo ka daadiyay iyaga. Speke wuxuu sameeyay safar dheer oo uu la sameeyay [[James Augustus Grant]] inta u dhaxaysa Oktoobar 1860 iyo Febraayo 1863, isagoo ka safraya xeebta ka soo horjeeda Zanzibar iyada oo loo marayo Tabora iyo Uganda ilaa Khartoum.{{sfn|Kokwaro|1994|p=3}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, su'aasha ah in Niilka uu ka soo baxay Harada Victoria ayaa looga tagay mid aan la hubin.{{sfn|Kalb|2001|p=288}} 1866–73 [[David Livingstone]] wuxuu ka tagay xeebta [[Pemba, Mozambique|Pemba]], wuxuu raacay [[Ruvuma River|Wabiga Ruvuma]] gudaha wuxuuna u lugeeyay koonfurta Harada Nyasa, taas oo uu ku wareegay dhanka galbeed. Wuxuu markaas u safray waqooyiga Harada Tanganyika.{{sfn|Moorehead|2000|p=98}} Ka dib sahamin dheer oo ku saabsan dalka koonfur-galbeed ee Harada Tanganyika, caafimaadkiisa oo jabay Livingstone wuxuu gaaray Ujiji oo ku taal bari ee Harada Tanganyika, halkaas oo uu ku yeeshay kulankiisii caanka ahaa ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]] 10 Nofembar 1871.{{sfn|Moorehead|2000|p=114-117}} [[Verney Lovett Cameron]] waxaa loo diray 1873 si uu u caawiyo David Livingstone. Shortly ka dib markii uu ka tagay Zanzibar wuxuu bartay in Livingstone uu dhintay, laakiin wuxuu sii waday Ujiji. Wuxuu ku wareegay Harada Tanganyika wuxuuna ogaaday inay lahayd meel ay ka baxdo dhanka galbeed, isagoo ku quudinaya wabi-hoosaad ka tirsan Wabiga Kongo. Cameron wuxuu u sii gudbay Atlantic-ga, wuxuuna noqday mid ka mid ah Yurubiyiintii ugu horreysay ee sameeya ka gudubka bari-galbeed ee Afrikata Dhexe.{{sfn|Koivunen|2008|p=216}} Ma ahayn ilaa Stanley uu ku wareegay Harada Victoria 1874–1875 in la xaqiijiyay in haradu ay ahayd isha Niilka Cad.{{sfn|Kalb|2001|p=288}} Stanley oo ku soo laabtay Zanzibar 1877 su'aalihii ugu dambeeyay ee waaweyn ee ku hareeraysan dheecaanka Harada Waaweyn ayaa la xaliyay.{{sfn|Moorehead|2000|p=139}} Krapf wuxuu qiyaasay inay jirtay hal harad weyn oo quudinaysa Kongo, Zambezi, Niil iyo Benue. Waxaa soo baxay inay jireen saddex haradood oo waaweyn, kuwaas oo quudinaya Kongo, Zambezi iyo Niil. ==Tixraacyo== '''Qoraallo''' {{notes}} '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Isha''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite web|ref={{harvid|BMMK appeals... 2010}}|url=http://www.world-federation.org/Relief+and+Economic+Development/Articles/BMMK_appeals_famine_relief_drought_Ukambani.htm|title=BMMK waxay rafcaan u qaadatay gargaarka macaluusha ee abaarta Ukambani|date=5 January 2010|access-date=2013-09-11|publisher=Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|last2=McIntyre|first2=Chris|title=Tansaaniya Waqooyi, 3aad: Serengeti, Kilimanjaro, Zanzibar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdaQHWHnq2QC&pg=PA175 |year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-457-0|page=175}} *{{cite web |url=http://othes.univie.ac.at/404/1/02-13-2008_9125172.pdf |last=Bursik |first=Heinrich |year=2008 |publisher=Universität Wien |title=Wissenschaft u. Mission soll sich aufs innigste miteinander befreunden |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218001319/http://othes.univie.ac.at/404/1/02-13-2008_9125172.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-18 }} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Burton|first=Sir Richard Francis|authorlink=Richard Francis Burton|title=Gobollada harada ee Afrikata Dhexe: Sahamin sawir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBNXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA214 |year=1860|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts}} *{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}} |title=Church Missionary Intelligencer: majaladda bil kasta ee macluumaadka wacdiga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjNCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA106|access-date=2013-09-11 |year=1850|publisher=Seeley}} *{{cite book|title=Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen |publisher=Gotha |year=1856 |last1=Cooley|first1=W. Desborough|authorlink1=William Desborough Cooley|last2=Petermann|first2=August |chapter=Mémoire zur Erläuterung der von ihm und Johannes Rebmann zusammengestellten Karte von Ost- und Central-Afrika}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last1=Fage|first1=J. D.|last2=Flint|first2=John E.|last3=Oliver|first3=Roland Anthony|title=Taariikhda Cambridge ee Afrika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqf1nwb2QlIC&pg=PA300 |year=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-20701-0|page=300}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Fyle|first=C. Magbaily|title=Hordhac Taariikhda Sibilayshanka Afrika: Afrikata Xilligii Gumaysiga Ka Hor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9l7v1WzlPIC&pg=PA46 |date=1999-01-01|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-1456-6|page=46}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Griffiths|first=Ieuan L.l.|title=Atlas-ka Arrimaha Afrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FxYcRl_TAYC&pg=RA1-PA3-IA3 |year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-85559-8}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Godsall|first=Jon R.|title=Webka Qasan: Nolosha Sir Richard Burton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scwb2eRzsFYC&pg=PA146 |year=2008|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-906510-42-8|page=146}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Heldring|first=J.W.|title=Dilka Dr. Albrecht Roscher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRNTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 |year=2011|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4653-6786-0|page=68}}{{self-published inline|date=September 2013}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Jerman|first=Helena|title=Inta u dhexeysa Shan Sadar: Horumarinta Qowmiyadda Tansaaniya iyadoo tixraac gaar ah loo leeyahay Degmada Bagamoyo ee Galbeedka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaRCXzxokJUC&pg=PA111 |year=1997|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=978-91-7106-408-0}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Kalb|first=Jon|title=Qisooyin ku jira Ganacsiga Lafaha: Tartanka lagu daahfurayo Awoowayaasha Aadanaha ee Ethiopia Afar Depression |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJCjC7vLifAC&pg=PA288 |year=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-98742-2|page=288}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Koivunen|first=Leila|title=Muujinta Afrika ee Qarnigii 19-aad Xisaabaadka Safarka Ingiriiska |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L1QMYtQ4usC&pg=PA216 |year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-88463-8}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Kokwaro|first=J. O.|title=Qoysaska Dhirta Ubaxa ee Bariga Afrika: Hordhac Canshuur-dhirta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFkrABmphJsC&pg=PA3 |year=1994|publisher=East African Publishers|id=GGKEY:YRQ2AK3YL8E}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Krapf|first=Dr.|title=Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine: Inay noqoto sii wadida Arminian ama Methodist Magazine First Publ. by John Wesley |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDRAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA456|year=1852|page=456|chapter=Rajo Afrika}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last1=Krapf|first1=Johann Ludwig|last2=Ravenstein|first2=Ernest George|title=Safarrada, Cilmi-baarista, iyo Shaqooyinka Wacdiga, Intii lagu jiray siddeed iyo toban sano oo degenaansho ah Bariga Afrika: Iyadoo ay la socdaan safarro ku tagay Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia iyo Khartum, iyo Safar Xeeb ah oo ka yimid Nombaz ilaa Cape Delgado |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z78NAAAAQAAJ |year=1860|publisher=Trübner and Company, Paternoster Row|page=xxvii}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Lesseps|first=Ferdinand de|authorlink=Ferdinand de Lesseps |title=Xusuus-qorka Afartan Sano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LC0DAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA42 |year=1888|publisher=D. Appleton|page=42}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Mbogoni|first=Lawrence E. Y.|title=Dhinacyada Taariikhda Tansaaniya ee Gumaysiga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2xTnncTO3gC&pg=PA167 |year=2012|publisher=African Books Collective|isbn=978-9987-08-300-8|page=167}} *{{cite book|last=Moorehead|first=Alan|title=Niilka Cad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBDHGXK1CKcC&pg=PA139|year=2000|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-095639-4|page=139}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Wadooyin aan Ammaan lahayn: Richard Francis Burton ee Afrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2JsKRrgsboC&pg=PT64 |year=2009|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc|isbn=978-1-59797-596-4|page=64}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Ross|first=Andrew C.|title=David Livingstone: Wacdi iyo Boqortooyo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5YztNA5Nl4C&pg=PA147 |year=2002|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1-85285-285-6}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Taylor|first=James Clagett|title=Horumarinta Siyaasadeed ee Tanganyika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2qmAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4|year=1963|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-0147-1}} *{{cite book|ref={{harvid|The Lake Region in Central Africa 1862}}|access-date=2013-09-11 |chapter=Gobolka Harada ee Afrikata Dhexe|title=New Englander|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA17 |year=1862|publisher=A. H. Maltby}} *{{cite book|access-date=2013-09-11 |last=Wright|first=Nicholas|title=Nolosha Sir Francis Galton: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta Afrika ilaa Dhalashada Eugenics: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta Afrika ilaa Dhalashada Eugenics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJfgUvTPAv8C&pg=PA110|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-534943-6}} {{refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uniamesi}} 0jrr674gpttyu7b5tb6exxo4ha05r58 0 47867 300762 299314 2026-07-04T02:27:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300762 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dhul biyoodka ee Dar Fatma''' ({{langx|ar| مستنقعات دار فاطمة}}, {{langx|fr| Les Tourbières de Dar Fatma}}) waa goob dabiici ah oo ku taal joog dhan 780 m oo ku taal [[Jendouba Governorate]], waqooyi-galbeed ee Tuniisiya, oo daboolaysa aag dhan shan iyo toban [[hectare]]. Waxaa loo kala saaray [[nature reserve]] sanadkii 1993 iyo [[Ramsar site]] 7 Noofambar 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Les Tourbières de Dar Fatma {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1708 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> Goobta la ilaaliyo waxaa loo abuuray in lagu ilaaliyo [[biotope]]-ka dhirta gaarka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, [[peat]], iyada oo ilaalisa [[pollen]] iyo [[spore]]s la qabtay oo la dhagax-geliyay, waxay bixisaa macluumaad cilmiyeed gaar ah oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo shaqada [[ecosystem]]s oo midba midka kale ka dambeeyay ku dhawaad 33,000 oo sano. Dar Fatma peatland ma laha wax u dhigma oo kale meel kasta oo ka mid ah Waqooyiga Afrika waxayna ka dhigan tahay "sanduuq kayd ah oo cimilada iyo paleobotanical ah.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Redonner vie aux tourbières de Dar Fatma à Ain Draham |url=https://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/13350 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=Turess |archive-date=26 Bisha Shanaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526110205/https://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/13350 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sida uu sheegay [[legend]] maxalli ah, magaca Dar Fatma (Guriga Fatma ee [[Arabic]]) wuxuu ka yimid sheekada aroosad yar oo reer Roomaan ah oo ku qarqoontay ama ku xayiranayd qoyan. Asalka magaca wuxuu muujinayaa aqoonsi muddo dheer ah oo qoto dheer oo ku saabsan dabeecadda qoyan ee aagga.<ref name=":0" /> == Dhul biyood == === Deegaanka === Goobta ugu weyn ee Dar Fatma waxay ka kooban tahay shan [[peatland]]s. Goobta waxaa ku hareeraysan [[forest]]s, laakiin peatlands-ka laftoodu waxay ku jiraan meel qoyan oo ku taal Mouzoued Louize wadi watershed. Peatlands-ka gaarka ah waxay ku xaddidan yihiin cabbirka, oo leh dhexroor u dhexeeya laba ilaa siddeed mitir iyo qoto dheer oo aan ka badnayn toban mitir.<ref name=":0" /> Goobta ugu weyn, oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin xayndaab, waxaa loo kala saaray [[nature reserve]].<ref name=":0" /> Meel labaad, oo si ka sii daran loo ilaaliyo oo hoos u dhacaysa waxay ka kooban tahay laba peatlands kale. Meeshan labaad ee cad maaha qayb ka mid ah kaydka dabiiciga ah laakiin waxaa lagu daray [[Ramsar site]].<ref name=":0" /> Biyaha ku jira gunta peatlands-ka waxay leeyihiin [[pH]] dhexdhexaad ah oo leh u janjeera dhanka [[acid]]ity.<ref name=":0" /> Goobta waxaa la quusiyaa oo kaliya xilliga jiilaalka sababtoo ah roobab mahiigaan ah. Roobabka jiilaalka waa muhiim (qiyaastii 1,500 mm sanadkii, taas oo ka dhigaysa gobolka ugu qoyan Tuniisiya), iyo [[summer]]s waa engegan yihiin laakiin waa khafiif (oo leh heerkul sanadle ah oo celcelis ahaan 18 °C).<ref name=":0" /> Goobta Dar Fatma waxay ahayd mawduuca daraasado aad u faahfaahsan [[Palynology|palynological]]. Muunado udub dhexaad u ah oo qoto dheer, oo gaaraya ilaa toban mitir, ayaa bixiyay fikrado dib ugu noqonaya qiyaastii 33,000 oo sano, taas oo u oggolaanaysa saynisyahannadu inay bartaan horumarinta dhirta ee gobolka [[Kroumirie]] tan iyo wakhtigaas. Kani waa peatland kaliya ee Mediterranean-ka iyo Waqooyiga Afrika oo lagu bartay si faahfaahsan, iyada oo bixisa natiijooyin joogto ah muddo dheer oo aan kala go' lahayn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ben Tiba |first=Béchir |last2=Reille |first2=Maurice |date=1982 |title=Recherches pollenanalytiques dans les montagnes de Kroumirie (Tunisie septentrionale): premiers résultats |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecmed_0153-8756_1982_num_8_4_1004 |journal=Ecologia Mediterranea |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004}}</ref> === Dhirta Gaarka ah === Peatlands-ku waxay hoy u yihiin [[Poaceae|cawska]] iyo taxane ah dhirta biyaha oo laga helo meel kale oo Tuniisiya ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[sphagnum]] mosses oo aad u maxalli ah: ''Sphagnum subsecundum'' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Sphagnum auriculatum'') iyo ''Sphagnum plumulosum'' (ama ''S. subnitens''). Kuwan waxay la nool yihiin dhir kale oo biyaha ah sida ''[[Eleocharis multicaulis]]'', ''Bellis annua'', ''Montia fontana'', ''Hypericum afrum'', ''Anagallis crassipes'', asphodel laamo leh (''Asphodelus microcarpus'' ama ''ramosus''), iyo ''[[Isoetes histrix]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Muddo dheer ka hor, goobta Dar Fatma waxay ahayd deegaan aad u qoyan, oo biyo lagu daboolay oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kayn ah zean oaks. Joog sare, kayntan waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray geedo kedar ah iyo firs, taas oo ka tarjumaysa cimilo qabow oo qoyan. Waqti ka dib, cimiladu waxay noqotay mid engegan, dhirtuna si weyn ayay isu beddeshay. Cork oaks ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelay [[Quercus canariensis|zean oaks]]. Noocyada kale sida [[Alnus glutinosa]], [[Salix pedicellata]], iyo common ash (''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'') ayaa baaba'ay sababtoo ah goobta ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u engegtay. Maanta, waxaad ka heli doontaa heathers iyo weyn [[fern]]s koraya dhammaan aagga.<ref name=":0" /> == Kaymaha iyo Xoolaha ku hareeraysan == === Xoolaha === Aagga ku hareeraysan [[peatland]]s waa kayn xun oo ah [[Quercus suber|cork oaks]] (''Quercus suber''), oo leh zean oaks oo firidhsan (''Quercus faginea'') oo ku hodminaya meelo qaar. Joogitaanka zean oaks-kan goonida ah waa caddayn doorka ay mar u ciyaareen dhirta gobolka. Fiditaanka hadda ee geedka cork, oo kaashanaya zean oak, waa sababta oo ah [[anthropozoogenic]] tallaabo (saamaynta bini'aadamka iyo xayawaanka).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ben Tiba |first=Béchir |last2=Reille |first2=Maurice |date=1982 |title=Recherches pollenanalytiques dans les montagnes de Kroumirie (Tunisie septentrionale): premiers résultats |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004 |journal=Ecologia mediterranea |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004 |issn=0153-8756|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dhul-hoosaadku waxaa ku nool [[Myrtles Plantation|myrtles]], heathers, brooms, iyo geedaha strawberry. Gobolku wuxuu sidoo kale caan ku yahay [[mushroom]]s, sida [[chanterelle]]s iyo [[Boletus edulis|porcini]] mushrooms (''[[Boletus edulis]]''), iyo [[orchid]]s, oo ay ku jiraan aborted-leaf [[Limodorum|limodore]] iyo naadir ah ''[[Serapias lingua subsp. stenopetala|Serapias stenopetala]]''. === Naasleyda === Kaynta Kroumirie waxay hoy u ahayd libaaxyadii ugu dambeeyay ee waaweyn ee Tuniisiya. [[Barbary lion|Atlas lion]]-kii ugu dambeeyay waxaa lagu dilay [[Babouch]] 1891, panther-kii ugu dambeeyay 1925,<ref name=":1" /> iyo leopards-kii ugu dambeeyay waxay ka baaba'een gobolka Kroumirie horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Serval-ka sidoo kale waxay u muuqataa inay ka baaba'day aagga tan iyo 1930-meeyadii. Kayntu waxay hoy u tahay [[Barbary stag]] (''Cervus elaphus barbarus''), iyo sidoo kale [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'') iyo dawacada cas (''Vulpes vulpes''). Si ka sii dhif ah, qofku wuxuu sidoo kale la kulmi karaa jackal, Egyptian mongoose (''[[Egyptian mongoose|Herpestes ichneumon]]''), [[hare]], iyo [[wildcat]].<ref name=":0" /> === Shimbiraha === Kaynta Kroumirie ee ku hareeraysan waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo Palearctic ah oo shimbiraha buulasha ah, kuwaas oo ka hela xadka koonfureed ee baaxaddooda halkan.<ref name=":0" /> Saddex nooc oo woodpeckers ah ayaa jooga, oo ay ku jiraan [[Levaillant's woodpecker]] (''Picus vaillantii''), nooc ka mid ah Waqooyiga Afrika.<ref name=":0" /> [[woodlark]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa halkan, sida waa endemic subspecies of [[European robin]], ''Erithacus rubecula witherbyi''.<ref name=":0" /> Kayntu waxay sidoo kale martigelisaa [[mistle thrush]] (''Turdus viscivorus''), [[melodious warbler]] (''Hippolais polyglotta''), kaas oo lagu arkay buul ku yaal Dar Fatma, malaha xadka bari ee xadka Waqooyiga Afrika, iyo [[Atlas pied flycatcher|Atlas flycatcher]] (''Ficedula speculigera''), nooc kale oo endemic ah. Shimbiraha kale ee jooga waa [[coal tit]] (''Parus ater'') iyo [[Eurasian jay]] (''Garrulus glandarius''), kaas oo ah endemic subspecies. Dhamaadka sanadka, dhowr nooc oo jiilaalka ah ayaa yimaada, sida [[Eurasian woodcock]] (''Scolopax rusticola'') iyo common [[Common wood pigeon|wood pigeon]] (''Columba palumbus''). == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} t5z1b64szgpoxroq33tpy55khtyoy87 0 47931 300761 299419 2026-07-04T02:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | type=Dhul-qoyaneed | name = Ruduhira Marsh | native_name = | other_name = Marais de Ruduhira <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]] | coordinates = {{coord|-2.39583|30.37917}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Ruduhira Marsh''' ({{langx|fr|Marais de Ruduhira}}; {{coord|-2.39583|30.37917}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla waqooyi-bari ee [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi. ==Goobta== Ka hor inta aan la kala goyn badhkeed iyadoo la isticmaalayo waddo, [[Nyamabuno Marsh]] wuxuu ahaa in ka badan {{convert|400|m}} ballac iyo in ka badan {{convert|15|km}} dherer.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} Sanadkii 2005 waddo dhan {{convert|400|m}} ayaa laga dhisayay [[Karambo]] oo ku taal Gobolka Kirundo ilaa [[Ruzo]], [[Muyinga Province]] iyada oo loo marayo dhul-qoyaneedka Ruduhira.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Wadadu waxay dhul-qoyaneedka u kala goysaa laba. Qaybta midig waxay haysataa magaca Nyamabuno, halka qaybta bidix loo yaqaan Ruduhira Marsh.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} Dhul-qoyaneedka Nyamabuno iyo Ruduhira waxay ka daadiyaan biyaha harada Lake Rweru ee biyaha mara Vumasi, Rusenyi, Karambo iyo Nonwe.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} ==Ka faa'iidaysiga== Sannadkii 2005-tii waxaa la arki karay bilowgii nadiifinta beeraha ee labadan dhul-qoyan si loogu beero bariis labada dhinac ee waddada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Wadadu waxay keentay in heerka biyuhu hoos u dhacaan, taas oo u oggolaanaysa dadka deegaanka inay bilaabaan inay bariis ku beertaan dhul-qoyaneedka. Wadadu waxay keeni doontaa qallajin tartiib-tartiib ah oo ku timaada dhul-qoyaneedka iyo hoos u dhaca heerka biyaha harada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} Maamulaha degmada Bwambarangwe wuxuu sheegay sanadkii 2005 in Mashruuca Dib-u-habaynta iyo Taageerada Beeraha (PRASAB) si looga faa'iidaysto dhul-qoyaneedka Nyamabuno uu bilaabmay.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}} ==Ilaalinta== Qorshaha maamulka iyo horumarinta ee [[Protected Aquatic Landscape of Bugesera]] ayaa la daabacay Sebtembar 2009.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|p=1}} Waxaa la ansixiyay kulan aqoon-is-weydaarsi ah oo la qabtay 8 Luulyo 2011.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} Qorshuhu wuxuu ilaaliyay [[Lake Kanzigiri]] iyo [[Lake Rweru]], kuwaas oo ay isku xiraan marin-biyood gudbaya Ruduhira Marsh.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|p=10}} Waxay qeexday Aagagga Dhammaystiran, kuwaas oo ah meelo ay tahay inay ahaadaan kuwo ku dhowaan xor ka ah saamaynta aadanaha. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah harooyinka Gacamirindi, Nagitamo iyo Mwungere, iyo dhul-qoyaneedka dooxooyinka labaad ee [[Akanyaru River]] kaas oo ku xira dhammaan harooyinka oo ay ku jiraan dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo Ruduhira.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|pp=44–45}} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi |archive-date=9 Bisha Lixaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161848/https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/kagera/resource/TAMP%20Kagera%20_%20Plan_de_gestion_%20Paysages%20Aquatiques%20_Bugesera.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-17 |last1=Nzigidahera |first1= Benoît |last2=Nindorera |first2=Damien |title=Plan de gestion et d’aménagement du Paysage Aquatique Protégé de Bugesera |language=fr |date=September 2009 }} {{refend}} 4r8vbp9g7s9spvvarhsa93hfzgmwzyx 0 47956 300803 300044 2026-07-04T07:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Nxuba | other_name = Cradock | settlement_type = [[Town|Magaalo]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Cradock, South Africa.jpg | image2 = 38 Bree Street - Cradock-001.jpg | image3 = 9 2 024 0012-DRC-1-Cradock-s.jpg | image4 = South Africa-Cradock01.jpg}} | image_caption = '''Saacad-u-jeedin xagga sare''': Waddo ku taal Cradock, 38 Bree Street, [[Dutch Reformed Church, Cradock|Kaniisadda Dutch Reformed]], Calaamadda soo dhawaynta | pushpin_map = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa | coordinates = {{Coord|32|09|54|S|25|37|03|E|region:ZA_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Country|Dal]] | subdivision_name = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = [[District|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chris Hani District Municipality|Chris Hani]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Municipality|Degmo]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality|Inxuba Yethemba]] | subdivision_type4 = Meel Weyn | established_title = La aasaasay | established_date = 1816<ref name=established /> | leader_title = Xildhibaan | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/278003001 |title=Sub Place Cradock |work=Census 2011 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711055647/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/278003001 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 118.57 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | population_total = 8626 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = Qowmiyada (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics1_title1 = [[White South African|Caddaan]] | demographics1_info1 = 50.0% | demographics1_title2 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Madowga Afrika]] | demographics1_info2 = 30.5% | demographics1_title3 = [[Coloureds|Midabo kale]] | demographics1_info3 = 17.9% | demographics1_title4 = [[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiya]] | demographics1_info4 = 0.9% | demographics1_title5 = Kale | demographics1_info5 = 0.7% | demographics_type2 = [[First language|Afaf]] (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]] | demographics2_info1 = 68.8% | demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | demographics2_info2 = 20.0% | demographics2_title3 = [[South African English|Ingiriisi]] | demographics2_info3 = 7.9% | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = Kale | demographics2_info5 = 2.3% | timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Koodka boostada]] (waddo) | postal_code = 5880 | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]] | postal2_code = 5880 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Koodka deegaanka]] | area_code = 048 }} '''Nxuba''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Cradock''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=85 towns hit with name changes in South Africa – and more are on the way |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/766851/85-towns-hit-with-name-changes-in-south-africa-and-more-on-the-way/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=BusinessTech}}</ref> waa magaalo ku taal Gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee Koonfur Afrika, qaybta sare ee dooxada [[Great Fish River]], 250 km marka loo eego waddo waqooyi ka xigta [[Gqeberha]]. Magaaladu waa xarunta maamulka ee [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality]] ee [[Chris Hani District Municipality|Degmada Chris Hani]] ee Eastern Cape. Magaalada waxaa markii hore loogu magacdaray [[John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden|John Cradock]], guddoomiyihii [[Cape Colony]] horraantii qarnigii 19-aad iyo taliyihii ciidamada.<ref name="Raper1989" /> ==Taariikhda== Kumanaan sano oo la soo dhaafay dadka [[San people|San]] ee ugaarsada-ururiya ayaa ahaa dadka kaliya ee deggan koonfurta Afrika. Qiyaastii 2000 sano ka hor dhalashadii Ciise (BC) dadka [[Khoikhoi]] ayaa yimid iyagoo wata lo', ido iyo riyo. Dadkan xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa u haajiray koonfurta xagga xeebta. Sawirrada dhagaxyada iyo petroglyphs-ka ayaa weli ah caddeyn u ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee halkaan ku noolaa. Qarnigii 4-aad ee dhalashada Ciise (AD) dadka ku hadla afka Bantu ayaa bilaabay inay ka haajiraan bartamaha Afrika ilaa xeebta bari ee koonfurta Afrika. Dadka [[amaXhosa]] ayaa u riixday si ka sii fog koonfurta xagga bangiyada [[Great Fish River]] halkaas oo ay kula kulmeen dadka ugaarsada-ururiya ee San iyo xoolo-dhaqatada [[Khoikhoi]], ka dibna dadka deggan Dutch-ka iyo Ingiriiska. ===Taariikhda gumeysiga=== Degmada ku xeeran Nxuba waxaa markii hore deganaa beeraleyda Dutch-ka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, laakiin waxaa aad uga horreeyay ugaarsatada kuwaas oo si sharci-darro ah uga gudbay xuduudda iyagoo raadinaya ugaar iyo fool-maroodi. Duullaankii ugu horreeyay ee rasmiga ah ee Dutch-ka ee sare ee Great Fish River wuxuu ahaa bartamihii 1752 markii koox uu hoggaaminayey Ensign [[August Frederik Beutler]] ay booqdeen aagga.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Beutler, oo raacaya tilmaamaha Guddoomiyaha [[Ryk Tulbagh]] si uu u baaro suurtagalnimada horumarinta gobollada bari ee Cape, waxaa la socday tiro saraakiil kale ah oo ay ku jiraan qoraa, Carl Haupt, iyo sahmiye, Carl Wentzel, oo sawiray khariidadda jidka la maray. Ku dhawaad xusidda kaliya ee laga sameeyay aagga buugga xusuus-qorka ayaa ahayd inuu ahaa mid aad u qalalan oo daaqsin aan la heli karin. Afartan iyo shan sano ka dib safar [[Sir John Barrow]] ayaa ka gudbay Great Fish River. Meeshii uu ka gudbay wuxuu ku xusay khariidaddiisa jiritaanka dhinaca webiga ee "Hepatic wells" – ilo baaruud ah. Sannadihii dambe ilaha waxaa loo isticmaali jiray dhaqidda dhogorta iyo dharka magaalada.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Ka dib [[Xhosa Wars#Fourth War (1811–12)|Dagaalkii Xhosa 1811–12]], waxay noqotay mid muuqata in si loo ilaaliyo nidaamka xuduudda in xarumo maamul iyo ciidan oo badan laga dhiso Great Fish River. Degmada [[Graaff-Reinet]] waxay ahayd mid aad u weyn si loo maamulo si habboon magaaladuna aad ayey uga fogayd webiga, sidaas darteed waxaa la go'aamiyay in la dhiso sub-drostdy cusub, iyo Juun 1812 Ensign [[Andries Stockenstrom]] waxaa loo magacaabay ku-xigeenka landdrost. Beerta Piet van Heerden ee Buffels Kloof ee Great Fish River waxaa lagu iibsaday 3 500 oo rix dollars. Mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka iibsiga ayaa ahaa in guriga derbiga dhagaxa ah ee Van Heerden uu u adeegi karo sidii xabsi, shuruudda ugu horreysay ee muhiimka ah ee magaalo kasta. Guriga wuxuu sidoo kale bixiyay hoy loogu talagalay boolis iyo laba askari oo boolis ah. Baaqii rasmiga ahaa wuxuu ka muuqday [[Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette|Cape Town Gazette]] 21 Janaayo 1814. [[Sir John Cradock]] wuxuu ansixiyay kharash dhan 12 000 [[rixdollar]]s oo ku saabsan dhismayaasha dadweynaha iyo shaqada ayaa isla markiiba ka bilaabatay guriga ku-xigeenka landdrost. Intaas waxaa sii dheer waxaa loo oggolaaday beerta si "looga dhigo booskiisa mid raaxo leh oo xushmad leh intii suurtagal ah". Beerta la doortay waxay ahayd Driefontein, midda walaalkiis Piet van Heerden, W J van Heerden. Julaay 1817 Reverend John Evans waxaa loo magacaabay wasiirkii ugu horreeyay wuxuuna bilaabay ururinta lacag loogu talagalay kaniisad. Wasiir, ku-xigeen landdrost, boolis iyo askari boolis, dadka deggan waxay u tixgelin karaan tuuladooda yar inay si wanaagsan u marayso inay noqoto "magaalo".<ref name="LogieSnaddon2006" /> 1830-meeyadii [[Great Trek]] wuxuu bilaabmay, maadaama [[Afrikaners]] oo aan ku qanacsanayn xukunka Ingiriiska ay ka tageen ''en masse'' xagga gudaha. Inta badan socdaalku wuxuu ka baxay (iyo iyada oo loo marayo) aagga ku xeeran Cradock.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Cape Colony]] waxay heshay heer madax-bannaanideed 1872 markii "[[Responsible Government]]" lagu dhawaaqay iyo, 1877, dowladda Ra'iisul Wasaare [[John Molteno]] waxay ansixisay dhismaha khadka tareenka oo ku xiraya [[Port Elizabeth]] xeebta iyo gudaha. Isagoo maraya Cradock waxay keentay koritaan weyn iyo horumar dhaqaale gudaha iyo hareeraha magaalada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burman |first=Jose |title=Early railways at the Cape |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6YMAQAAIAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Human & Rousseau |page=73 |isbn=9780798117609}}</ref><ref name="Schoeman2014">{{cite book |last=Schoeman |first=Chris |title=The Historical Karoo: Traces of the Past in South Africa's Arid Interior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4OGngEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Zebra |isbn=978-1-77022-568-8 |page=117}}</ref> Horraantii 1900-meeyadii, kor u kac ku yimid baahida loo qabo baalasha gorayada waxay keentay kor u kac baaxad leh oo barwaaqo u ah beeraleyda gorayada ee maxalliga ah.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} ===The Cradock Four=== {{Main|The Cradock Four}} [[Matthew Goniwe]], [[Sparrow Mkhonto]], [[Fort Calata]] iyo [[Sicelo Mhlauli]], oo loo yaqaan [[The Cradock Four]] – waxaa la afduubtay iyagoo ka safraya [[Port Elizabeth]] ilaa Cradock 1985.<ref>[http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98217_0x6849810596.htm STATEMENT BY THE TRC: AMNESTY APPLICATIONS FOR CRADOCK FOUR KILLINGS, 16 February 1998] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98217_0x6849810596.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> Kadib waxaa loo kaxeeyay meel aan la aqoon, halkaas oo lagu garaacay, lagu dilay meydadkooda iyo gaarigii ay ku safrayeen lagu gubay. Qaar ka mid ah dhacdooyinkan waxay dhaceen habeenkii 27 Juun 1985 (habeenkii afduubkooda) iyo qaar ka mid ah waxay dhaceen waqti dambe oo aan la aqoon. Saddex askari oo [[Security Branch (South Africa)|Security Branch]] ah, Sergeant Faku, Sergeant Mgoduka, iyo hal Sakati oo ka qayb qaatay dilka dadka u ololeeya ayaa dambe laga dilay qarax gaari oo ka dhacay [[Motherwell, Eastern Cape|Motherwell]] 1989. Cradock Four Memorial waa taallo ku taal Lingelihle, degmo u dhow Nxuba. Taallada waxaa la dhisay 22 Julaay 2000 iyadoo lagu xusayo Cradock Four.<ref name="news_Crad">{{Cite web |title=Cradock Four memorial neglected, forgotten |last=Spies |first=Derrick |work=News24 |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=2017-10-11 |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cradock-Four-memorial-neglected-forgotten-20150407 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906180503/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cradock-Four-memorial-neglected-forgotten-20150407 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha iyo dalxiiska== {{unreferenced section|date=January 2025}} [[File:View of Cradock, Eastern Cape, South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|Calaamad ku taal hareeraha Nxuba]] Nxuba waa mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu waaweyn ee Cape ee warshadaha [[dhogorta]], sidoo kale waxay soo saartaa hilibka lo'da, caanaha, miraha, [[alfalfa|lucerne]], iyo [[mohair]]. Muhiimad aad u weyn u leh horumarka dhaqaale ee Nxuba waxay ahayd dhismaha [[Orange-Fish River Tunnel]]. Waxaa la dhammaystiray 1975 oo dhererkeedu yahay 83 km wuxuu ka weeciyaa biyaha [[Gariep Dam]] ee [[Orange River]] ilaa Great Fish River ka dibna ilaa Addo Valley, [[Makhanda, South Africa|Makhanda]] iyo [[Gqeberha]] waraabka, isticmaalka qoyska iyo warshadaha. Dhismaha tunnel-ka ayaa sidoo kale suurtageliyay sanadlaha ah [[Fish River Canoe Marathon]]. Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii hoose ee 1982 labada maalmood, 80 km dhacdada hadda waxay soo jiidataa in ka badan 1 500 oo kuwa doonyaha wata oo adduunka oo dhan ah. Soojiidashada la xuso waa [[Mountain Zebra National Park]] kaliya 15 km magaalada, halkaas oo noocyada [[Mountain zebra|zebra]] ee mar halis ku jiray oo ay weheliyaan libaax, geeta, buffalo iyo noocyo badan oo antelope ah laga arki karo meel cajiib ah. Soojiidashada lagu xuso magaalada waa "tuishuise" (guryaha-guriga), guryaha farsamada ee Victorian era oo si heer sare ah loo soo celiyay ee Market Street kuwaas oo ka mid ah Victoria Manor Hotel; [[NG church|Dutch Reformed Moederkerk]] oo soo bilaabatay 1868 waxaana loo qaabeeyay ka dib qaabka [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] ee [[Trafalgar Square]], London; iyo [[List of heritage sites in Eastern Cape|Schreiner House]] halkaas oo qoraaga ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' ku noolaa iyadoo gabar yar ah. Guriga, oo ku yaal 9 Cross Street waana satellite-ka [[National English Literary Museum]], wuxuu ka kooban yahay bandhigyo casri ah oo muujinaya nolosha Olive Schreiner. ==Dadka caanka ah== * [[William Faulds]], qaataha [[Victoria Cross]] * General [[Pieter Hendrik Kritzinger]], Boer general iyo Assistant Commandant of the Forces of the Orange Free State iyo Commander-in-Chief of the Boer Rebel Forces in the Cape Colony intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Boer-ka labaad * [[Douglas Gilfillan]], qareen iyo ururiyaha dhirta * [[Olive Schreiner]], qoraa iyo u ololeeya xuquuqda aadanaha * [[Guy Butler (poet)|Guy Butler]], qoraa iyo abwaan * [[Etienne van Heerden]], qoraa iyo abwaan * [[Neville Alexander]], qoraa * [[James Arthur Calata]], wadaad iyo u ololeeya * [[Mary Ngalo]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Clifford Isaacs]], garsoore cricket * [[T. O. Honiball]], kaartooniste * [[Abe Bailey]], tycoon dheeman, siyaasi, maalgaliye iyo cricket * [[Baby Michau]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[Sir Joseph Robinson, 1st Baronet]], magnate macdanta * [[Paul Schoeman]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1884)|Harry Smith]], cricket * [[Joshua Stander]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[Deon Stegmann]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[George Weideman]], abwaan iyo qoraa * [[Leigh Julius]], cayaaryahan * Samantha Stander, qoraa, abwaan iyo cayaaryahan naaf ah{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/matie-voice/samantha-stander/ |title=Samantha Stander |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617214851/https://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/matie-voice/samantha-stander/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/student-determined-not-to-let-hip-disorder-grind-her-down-2007280 |title=Student determined not to let hip disorder grind her down |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619030448/https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/student-determined-not-to-let-hip-disorder-grind-her-down-2007280 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://saocr.co.za/2016/04/22/samantha-stander-the-grind/ |title=Interview with Samantha Stander |date=22 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617232102/https://saocr.co.za/2016/04/22/samantha-stander-the-grind/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mabin |first=Alan |date=2021 |title=History and hope in Cradock, Eastern Cape |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trn.2021.0015 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=35–67 |doi=10.1353/trn.2021.0015 |s2cid=239828874 |issn=1726-1368|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===Siyaasiyiin=== * [[Fort Calata]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Matthew Goniwe]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Sicelo Mhlauli]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Sparrow Mkhonto]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid ==Coat of arms== Cradock waxaa loo aasaasay degmo 1840. 1902, golaha magaalada waxay qaateen coat of arms.<ref name=med>Hubka waxaa lagu sawiray [http://southafricanmedals.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=828&category_id=1&keyword=Cradock&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1 medallion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222144550/http://southafricanmedals.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=828&category_id=1&keyword=Cradock&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1 |date=22 December 2015 }} oo la soo saaray 1902.</ref><ref name=cig>Hubka waxaa lagu sawiray [http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Category:UTC_South_African_town_arms cigarette card] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106052637/http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Category:UTC_South_African_town_arms |date=6 January 2018 }} oo la soo saaray 1931.</ref> Hubka waxaa si rasmi ah u bixiyay maamulaha gobolka Maajo 1966<ref name=og1>Cape of Good Hope ''Official Gazette'' 3348 (27 Maajo 1966).</ref> waxaana lagu diiwaangeliyay [[Bureau of Heraldry]] Sebtembar 1969. Hubka wuxuu ahaa: ''Quarterly: I, Argent, a tree Vert; II, Gules, a beehive, Or; III, Gules, a fleece Or; IV, Azure, a garb Or''. Erayada layman-ka, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in gaashaan loo qaybiyay afar meelood oo muujinaya (1) geed cagaaran oo ku yaal asalka lacagta, (2) xiniinyo malab dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka cas, (3) dhogor dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka cas, iyo (4) xidhmo sarreen dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka buluugga ah.<ref name="ngw._Crad">{{Cite web |title=Cradock |work=Heraldry of the World |access-date=2016-01-04 |url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Cradock |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164514/http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Cradock |url-status=live }}</ref> Ilaa 1966, gaashaan waxaa hareereeyay laba baal oo gorayo ah. Waxaa lagu beddelay laba mountain zebras, sidii taageerayaal. Crest-ka wuxuu ahaa cornucopia iyo hal ku dhiggu wuxuu ahaa ''Perseverantia vincit''. ===Magac bixinta=== Cradock waxaa si rasmi ah loogu magacdaray Nxuba 26 Ogosto 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cradock- Nxba |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/cradock-nxba |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/737785/all-the-new-name-changes-for-south-african-cities-towns-and-villages-in-2023/ | title=All the new name changes for South African cities, towns, and villages in 2023 }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Beer Hall Boycott]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="LogieSnaddon2006">{{cite book |last1=Logie |first1=Bartle |last2=Snaddon |first2=Ann |title=Water in the wilderness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3ARAQAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Bluecliff |isbn=9780620361637}}</ref> <ref name=established>{{cite thesis |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |title=The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact |date=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |chapter=Annexure A |chapter-url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y#page=31 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |hdl=2263/26503 |pages=xlv–lii |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030353/https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Raper1989">{{cite book |last=Raper |first=P. E. |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names |url=https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames#page/n123/mode/2up |year=1989 |publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |isbn=978-0-947464-04-2 |page=123 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za The Cradock Four] * [http://www.gardenroute.co.za/cradock/ Cradock South Africa Guide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gardenroute.co.za/cradock/ |date=20200517132529 }} * [http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ Cradock history and other information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ |date=20041226155953 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226155953/http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ |date=26 December 2004 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051205081316/http://www.suntimes.co.za/explorer/05/13/today.asp Panoramas of Cradock and further information on the area] * [https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/cradock-four-memorial.php The Cradock Four Memorial] * [http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/cradock.php About Cradock] * {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cradock |volume=7 |page=360}} {{Geographic location |Center = Cradock |North = [[Steynsburg]] {{convert|96|km|0|abbr=off}} <br /> [[Hofmeyr]] {{cvt|63|km|mi|0}} |East = [[Tarkastad]] {{cvt|76|km|0}}, [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]] {{cvt|120|km|mi|0}} |Southeast = [[Bedford, Eastern Cape|Bedford]] {{cvt|85|km|mi|0}} |Southwest = [[Pearston]] |South = [[Somerset East]] {{cvt|100|km|mi|0}} |West = [[Graaff-Reinet]] {{cvt|140|km|0}} |Northwest = [[Middelburg, Eastern Cape|Middelburg]] {{cvt|95|km|0}} |Northeast = [[Burgersdorp]], [[Aliwal North]] }} {{Chris Hani District Municipality}} {{Authority control}} mh96jpxp70csf4jeula7vkuds2ncmyy 0 47960 300797 300021 2026-07-04T06:55:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Middleton | image_skyline = Old Church 1903 Middleton-001.jpg | image_caption = Kaniisaddii hore ee Middleton, la dhisay 1903 | pushpin_map = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa | coordinates = {{coord|32.949|S|25.816|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Dal | subdivision_name = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = Gobol | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmo | subdivision_name2 = [[Sarah Baartman District Municipality|Sarah Baartman]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo | subdivision_name3 = [[Blue Crane Route Local Municipality|Blue Crane Route]] | subdivision_type4 = Meel Weyn | established_title = La aasaasay | leader_title = Xildhibaan | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Madowga Afrika]] | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = [[Coloureds|Midabo kale]] | demographics1_info2 = | demographics1_title3 = [[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiya]] | demographics1_info3 = | demographics1_title4 = [[White South African|Caddaan]] | demographics1_info4 = | demographics1_title5 = Kale | demographics1_info5 = <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | demographics2_title2 = | demographics2_info2 = | demographics2_title3 = | demographics2_info3 = | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = | demographics2_info5 = <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Koodka boostada]] (waddo) | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]] | postal2_code = 5810 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Koodka deegaanka]] }} '''Middleton''' waa [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] ku yaalla [[Blue Crane Route Local Municipality]] ee [[Sarah Baartman District Municipality|Degmada Sarah Baartman]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Middleton waxay ku taal bangiyada [[Great Fish River|Webiga Fish]] ee ka baxsan waddada [[N10 (South Africa)|N10]] waxayna qiyaastii 30 km koonfur ka xigta [[Cookhouse (village)|Cookhouse]]. ==Taariikhda== Middleton waxay ku taal meel u dhow Cookhouse waxaana markii ugu horreysay la aasaasay 1879 sidii saldhig tareen si ay u noqoto meel lagu nasto oo u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka waaweyn. Bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, Middleton complex waxaa horumariyey Mr George Webster, oo ahaa bir-tumaha ganacsi ahaan. Goobtu waxay door aad muhiim u ah ka ciyaartay maalmahaas gaadiidka. 1901 wuxuu ugu deeqay dhul dhismaha kaniisad yar oo la dhisay sidii Kaniisadda Methodist 1903. Waqtigaas Middleton waxay ka koobnayd hudheel, dhisme bir-tume, dukaan ganacsi oo guud, dugsi kaniisad iyo 500 [[morgen]] oo dhul ah. 1992 kaniisaddu waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah All Saint’s United Church waxaana si joogto ah u isticmaala dadka deggan Middelton. Saldhigga tareenka ee hore ayaa hadda loo beddelay baar. Noupoort Christian Care Center ayaa iska leh hamlet-ka Middleton. Xaruntani waxay maamushaa [[rehabilitation center|xarun dhaqancelin]] loogu talagalay dadka la ildaran [[addiction|balwadda]] walxaha. Xaruntu waxay siisaa dadka ka soo kabanaya balwadda shaqooyin ay ku ilaalinayaan dhulka iyo xarumaha Middleton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciara.co.za/ciara/about/|title=About|website=Middleton Ciara|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065411/http://www.ciara.co.za/ciara/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Dhismaha== Dhismaha ugu caansan ee Middleton waa saldhigga tareenka ee hore, kaas oo hadda loo beddelay baar. Saldhigga tareenka waxaa la dhisay 1879, waana dhismaha ugu da'da weyn ee ka taagan hamlet-ka yar. Dhismaha kale ee caanka ah waa All Saint's United Church, oo ah kaniisad dhagax ah oo markii ugu horreysay loo dhisay sidii kaniisad Methodist 1903. Dhismaha dhismayaasha hore ee Middleton waa mid si cad [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], gaar ahaan saldhigga tareenka ee loo beddelay baar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/middleton.php|title=ABOUT MIDDLETON}}</ref> ==Dalxiiska== Baarka saldhigga hore wuxuu bixiyaa cunto baar caadi ah iyo sidoo kale goob ciyaar iyo [[petting zoo|xayawaanada la salaaxayo]] ee carruurta. Middleton waxay kaloo leedahay xarumo B&B iyo teendhooyin sida Hunters Lodge iyo B&B-ga Manor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/places-slave-rememberance-western-cape|title=Overberg|website=Western Cape Government|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04|archive-date=2019-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515024146/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/places-slave-rememberance-western-cape|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bluegnu.co.za/10463-middleton.php|title=Middleton - Towns and Cities in the Eastern Cape|website=www.bluegnu.co.za|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref> Dadka safarka ah waxay u arkaan Middleton inay tahay meel joogsi oo qurux badan oo ay ku sii jeedaan meelaha kale ee soo jiidashada leh. [[Addo Elephant National Park]] iyo dhowr kayd oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa ka yar saacad koonfur ka xigta wadada N10 ee ka timaadda Middleton. [[Grahamstown]] waa saacad koonfur-bari ka xigta. Laba saacadood oo waqooyi-bari ah waa magaalooyinka [[Graaff-Reinet]] iyo [[Nieu-Bethesda]], kuwaas oo hoy u ah soo jiidasho badan oo ay ku jiraan [[Camdeboo National Park]], [[Nieu-Bethesda]] [[The Owl House (museum)|Owl House]], iyo Kitching Fossil Exploration Centre. Saacad koonfur ka xigta waxay u kaxayn doontaa dadka safarka ah [[Port Elizabeth]] iyo ilaa [[Garden Route]] ee xeebta koonfureed. ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[List of heritage sites in Graaff-Reinet|Liiska goobaha dhaxalka ee Graaff-Reinet]] * [[George, Western Cape|George]] * [[Knysna]] * [[Plettenberg Bay]] * [[Mossel Bay]] * [[Bloukrans Bridge Bungy]] * [[Tsitsikamma]] ==Tixraacyo== <references /> ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Middleton, Eastern Cape}} * [http://www.bluecraneroute.co.za/ Bogga rasmiga ah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bluecraneroute.co.za/ |date=20170520102533 }} {{Authority control}} lcs70yuojjua1gko2cha98g3omlkcj2 0 47963 300858 299488 2026-07-04T10:16:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webi Tsitsikamma | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Laga soo qaatay afka [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] ''tjisi'', oo macnaheedu yahay toban, iyo ''ǁamma'', oo macnaheedu yahay biyo. Macnayaasha kale waa 'meel biyo badan' iyo 'biyaha ayaa bilaabma'.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afka Webi Tsitsikamma ku yaalla <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Tsitsikamma Mountains|Buuraleyda Tsitsikamma]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Huisklip Beach]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|03|35|S|22|14|33|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Tsitsikamma''' ({{langx|af|Tsitsikammarivier}}) waa webi yar oo ku yaalla dhinaca galbeed ee xeebta [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu qayb ka yahay [[Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Fish ilaa Tsitsikama]].<ref>[http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us Mossel Bay Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921042953/http://www.mosselbay.gov.za/about_us |date=2011-09-21 }}</ref> ==Koorsada== Waa webi yar oo joogto ah kaas oo ilo-biyoodkiisu ay ku yaallaan [[Tsitsikamma Mountains|Buuraleyda Tsitsikamma]]. Bilowgii wuxuu u qulqulaa dhinaca koonfureed, ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa dhinaca koonfur-bari, isagoo u siman xeebta inta badan koorsadiisa, wuxuuna u leexdaa dhinaca koonfur-galbeed kaliya 3 km meel u jirta afkiisa [[Huisklip Beach]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg Fish/Tsitsikamma WMA 15]</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Tsitsikamma National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Tsitsikamma]] * [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]] * [[List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa|Liiska kaydadka iyo biyo-xireennada Koonfur Afrika]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.sanparks.org/parks/garden_route/ Beerta Qaranka ee Tsitsikamma] *[https://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html Cilmi-baarista Webiga Tsitsikamma] {{Wayback|url=https://albanymuseum.blogspot.com/2010/07/tsitsikamma-river-research.html |date=20210829153751 }} jhu8e4w15mt5rkx0uyxmpewzs05l05t 0 47966 300856 299491 2026-07-04T10:14:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Webiga Swartkops|native_name=<!-- {{native name|<tag>|<name>}} or {{native name list |tag1=<tag>|name1=<name> |tag2=<tag>|name2=<name> ... }} -->|name_other=|name_etymology=|nickname=<!---------------------- IMAGE-->|image=File:ISS018-E-7074 - View of South Africa.jpg|image_size=|image_caption=Muuqaalka Koonfur Afrika oo laga soo qaaday [[ISS Expedition 18]], 2008|image_alt=<!---------------------- MAPS -->|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|map_alt=|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=|pushpin_map_alt=<!---------------------- LOCATION -->|subdivision_type1=|subdivision_name1=|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=|subdivision_name3=|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->|length=|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->|source1=|source1_location=|source1_coordinates=<!-- {{Coord|...}} -->|source1_elevation=|mouth=|mouth_location=|mouth_coordinates={{coord|-33.8633|25.6294|type:landmark_globe:earth|display=title,inline}}<!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} -->|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|basin_landmarks=|basin_population=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|waterbodies=|waterfalls=|bridges=|ports=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}} '''Webiga Swartkops''', sidoo kale '''Webiga Zwartskop''', ([[Afrikaans]]: ''buuro madow'') waa marin biyo ku yaalla gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref name="geohydrology">{{cite thesis |last=Maclear |first=Limont Gordon Alexander |title=The Geohydrology of the Swartkops River Basin - Uitenhage Region, Eastern Cape |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/26081/Maclear_geohydrology_1996_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=March 1996 |degree=Master of Science |publisher=[[University of Cape Town]]}}</ref> Isha Webiga Swartkops waxay u dhowdahay [[Cockscombe Mountain (South Africa)|Buurta Cockscombe]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Protecting Our Estuary |url=https://www.zwartkopsconservancy.org/phone/about.html |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=Zwartkops Conservancy |archive-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217200457/https://www.zwartkopsconservancy.org/phone/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhinaca bari ilaa [[Algoa Bay]] ee [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Bluewater Bay, South Africa|Bluewater Bay]], meel ka baxsan [[Gqeberha]].<ref name="geohydrology" /> Labadiisa gacan-biyood ee ugu waaweyn waa [[Kwa-Zunga River|Webiga Kwa-Zunga]] oo dhinaca waqooyi ah iyo [[Elands River (Swartkops)|Webiga Elands]] oo dhinaca koonfureed ah.<ref name="geohydrology" /> Webiga waxaa sidoo kale ku quudiya [[Motherwell Canal|Kanaalka Motherwell]], [[Markman Canal|Kanaalka Markman]], iyo [[Chatty River|Webiga Chatty]], kuwaas oo sidoo kale ah ilo [[water pollution|wasakhaynta biyaha]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Groendal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Groendal]] ee webiga ayaa la dhisay 1933. Weysada Swartzkops waxay la jiiftaa Uitenhage Artesian Basin.<ref name="geohydrology" /> Webigu wuxuu la ildaran yahay wasakhaynta bulaacada, qashinka, iyo ubaxa algae-ga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-30 |title= Behind the Herald Headlines with Daron Mann: Swartkops Estuary pollution reaches crisis level |url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/amp/multimedia/2022-03-30-listen-swartkops-estuary-pollution-reaches-crisis-level/ |access-date=2022-12-17 |work=[[The Herald (South Africa)]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} kwffcknheu4rc7sduv0uqmy685kimqv 0 48017 300802 299556 2026-07-04T07:17:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NachalParan1.jpg|thumb|Nahal Paran]] [[File:Nahal Paran Estuary.jpg|thumb|Sawirka hawada ee Nahal Paran Estuary]] '''Nahal Paran''' ({{langx|he| נחל פארן||Webiga Paran}}) waa [[webi xilliyeed]] ku yaalla [Masar]] ee Gacanka Siinaay iyo [[Israa'iil]] ee Saxaraha Negev. Isagoo dhererkiisu yahay 150 kiiloomitir, waa [[dur-biyoodka]] saddexaad ee ugu weyn [[Israel]] ka dib [[Jordan River|Webiga Urdun]] iyo [[Yarmouk River|Webiga Yarmouk]]. Sidoo kale waa dur-biyoodka ugu ballaaran Israel. == Biyo-mareenka == Asalka webigu wuxuu ku yaallaa Saxaraha Paran ee Gacanka Siinaay, wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[estuary|af-webiga]] [[Nahal HaArava]]. Qulqulka biyuhu wuxuu jiraa oo kaliya inta lagu jiro daadadka degdegga ah. Kani waa webiga ugu weyn [[drainage basin|dooxada qulqulka]], oo leh aag dhan kumanaan kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, isagoo abuuraya bannaano ballaaran oo kala saara waqooyiga sare ee Negev iyo [[Eilat mountains|buuraha Eilat]] ee koonfurta.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wohl|first=Ellen E.|last2=Greenbaum|first2=Noam|last3=Schick|first3=Ascher P.|last4=Baker|first4=Victor R.|year=1994|doi=10.1002/esp.3290190102|title= Controls on bedrock channel incision along nahal paran, Israel|journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]]|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1}}</ref> Waqtiyadii hore, intii lagu jiray daadadka, sida webiyada kale ee waaweyn ee Negev, Nahal Paran wuxuu daadku qabsan jiray Waddada Arava (waddada weyn ee loo maro [[Eilat]]), ilaa laga dhisay buundo dusha ka marta webiga. Dur-biyoodku wuxuu lahaa qulqulka ugu sarreeya ee la diiwaangeliyey ee Israel oo ah 1,150 mitir kuyuubik ilbiriqsikii 6 Nofeembar 1970. Sannadkii 2014, rikoorkii waa la jebiyey iyadoo la cabbiray qulqul dhan 1,280 mitir kuyuubik ilbiriqsikii oo lagu cabbiray Zin. Si loo barbar dhigo, qulqulka celceliska ah ee [[Jordan River|Webiga Urdun]] waa 16 mitir kuyuubik ilbiriqsikii. Biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah ee u dhow sariirta webiga waxay bixiyaan biyo la cabo oo ay helaan bulshooyinka ku nool [[Arava desert|saxaraha Arava]]. Biyahani waxay leeyihiin milix badan waxaana lagu sameeyaa [[desalination|ka-saarid milix]]. == Joolajiyada iyo juqraafiga-muuqaalka == Cilmi-baaris joolajiyeed iyo juqraafiga-muuqaalka oo lagu sameeyay Nahal Paran ayaa tilmaamaya in marin-biyoodka webigu uu ku dhaco goyn dhagax-weyn oo muhiim ah. Habkan goynta ah waxaa si firfircoon u xakameeya lithology-ga gaarka ah ee aagga (sifooyinka dhagaxa), dhaqdhaqaaqa tectonic ee la xidhiidha [[Dead Sea|Badda Dhimatay]] Transform, iyo hoos u dhaca heerka aasaasiga ah ee gobolka.<ref name=eew>{{Cite journal |last=Wohl |first=Ellen E. |last2=Greenbaum |first2=Noam |last3=Schick |first3=Asher P. |last4=Baker |first4=Victor R. |date=February 1994 |title=Controls on bedrock channel incision along nahal paran, Israel |url=https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/0028323926 |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1002/esp.3290190102 |issn=0197-9337}}</ref> Intaa waxaa dheer, daraasado cilmiyeed oo ku saabsan deegaanka aadka u qallalan ee ku xeeran dur-biyoodka ayaa muujinaya in khasaaraha gudbinta, halkaas oo biyaha daadku ay u deggaan dhulka hoostiisa (alluvial aquifer), ay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan hab-dhaqanka biyaha ee webiga, taas oo si toos ah u saameynaysa gaadiidka wasakhda iyo wax ka beddelka marin-biyoodka inta lagu jiro dhacdooyinka daadadka degdegga ah ee waaweyn.<ref name=eew/> == Horumarinta gobolka iyo beeraha == Khayraadka biyaha iyo dooxada juqraafiyeed ee Nahal Paran waxay si dhow ugu xiran yihiin degganaanshaha gobolka iyo horumarinta [[Arabah|saxaraha Arava]]. Moshav Paran, oo ah bulsho beeralay ah oo laga aasaasay gobolka 1970-yadii, waxay si weyn ugu tiirsan tahay maamulka biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee aagga iyo kaabayaasha maxalliga ah. Sanduuqa Qaranka Yuhuudda ([[Jewish National Fund|KKL-JNF]]) wuxuu si firfircoon uga qaybqaatay hirgelinta xalalka maaraynta biyaha iyo taageeridda ballaarinta beeraha aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee horumarsan ee moshav-ka iyo kaabayaasha bulshada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moshav Paran - Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael - KKL-JNF |url=http://https//kkl-jnf.org%2fpeople-and-environment%2fcommunity-development%2farava%2fmoshav-paran%2f |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=https |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|30.3333|N|34.9686|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} 6qltgpslgrxvgrp3bqcuutgfkcqs5bw 0 48036 300787 299601 2026-07-04T06:03:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Likouala-Mossaka | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = File:Sanghabasinmap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Dooxada [[Webiga Sangha]], oo muujinaysa Likouala oo dhanka galbeedka ah | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Congo River|Webiga Congo]] | mouth_location = [[Mossaka]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-1.2270|16.7991|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Likouala-Mossaka''' (ama '''Webiga Likouala''') ({{langx|sw|Mto Likouala}}) waa webi ku yaalla [[Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Congo]]. Waa gacan-biyoodka [[Congo River|Webiga Congo]], kaas oo uu ka galo dhanka bari ee magaalada [[Mossaka]]. == Goobta == Likouala-Mossaka waa gacan-biyoodka midig ee Congo oo uu ka galo Mossaka qiyaastii {{convert|650|km}} u jira isha uu ka soo askumo. Dooxadiisu waxay ku dhowdahay tan [[Sangha River|Webiga Sangha]] oo dhanka waqooyi ah iyo [[Ogooué River|Webiga Ogooué]] oo ku yaalla Gabon dhanka galbeed. Dhanka koonfureed waxay ku dhowdahay dooxada [[Alima]], oo aan lahayn gacan-biyoodyo bidix ah.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=268}} Webiyada hoose ee [[Sangha River|Sangha]], [[Likouala-aux-Herbes]] iyo Likouala-Mossaka ayaa dhex mara Congolese Cuvette, oo ah niyad-jab weyn oo leh cimilo dhulbaraha. Ciidda gobolkan waa ciid ama dhoobo quaternary fluvial alluvia. Dhirta waa kayn cufan, qoyan, hadh leh oo qayb ahaan fatahamaysa xilliga biyaha badan.{{sfn|LaraqueMahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=107}} == Biyo-xireenka == Intii u dhaxaysay 1951 iyo 1993 roobabka sannadlaha ah ee dooxada Likouala-Mossaka waxay ahaayeen {{convert|1689|mm}} iyo celceliska qulqulka saldhigga Makoua wuxuu ahaa {{convert|216|m3/s}}.{{sfn|LaraqueMahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=113}} Dooxada ka sarraysa bartaas waxay daboolaysay {{convert|14100|km2}}.{{sfn|LaraqueMahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=106}} == Sahamintii Yurub == [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] wuxuu sahamiyay qaybta sare ee Likouala-Mossaka, Licona, Ogosto 1878. [[Albert Dolisie]] wuxuu galay afkiisa 1884. [[Giacomo Savorgnan di Brazzà]] wuxuu ka soo degay webiga markii uu ka soo laabtay sahamintiisii waqooyi Diseembar 1885. 1899 dhammaan dooxada Likouala-Mossaka waxaa la siiyay walaalaha Tréchot oo abuuray ''Compagnie Française du Haut-Congo'' (CFHC) si ay u hawlgeliyaan.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=268}} 1908 waxaa jiray afar saldhig oo maamul oo ku yaalla dhul dhan qiyaastii {{convert|80000|km2}}. Toddobaatan iyo laba tuulo ayaa lagu qasbay inay bixiyaan 44,648 faran oo cashuur ah.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=270}} Ilaa 1909 maamulkii Faransiiska ee dooxada Likouala-Mossaka wuxuu ahaa mid aad u fudud, wax yar ayaana laga qabtay horumarinta khayraadkiisa.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=269}} == Xusuusin == {{notes}}{{reflist|25em}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_59-60/010026307.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-19 |first1=Alain |last1=Laraque |first2=Gil |last2=Mahé |first3=Didier |last3=Orange |first4=Bertrand |last4=Marieu |title=Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century |journal=Journal of Hydrology |issue=245 |year=2001 |pages=104–117}} *{{citation |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/cea_0008-0055_1966_num_6_22_3067.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-20 |last=Mazenot |first=Georges |title=L'occupation du Bassin de la Likouala-Mossaka 1909-1914 |journal=Cahiers d'études africaines |volume=6 |issue=22 |year=1966 |pages=268-307 |doi=10.3406/cea.1966.3067 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == *{{cite report |last=Thiebaux |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Hydrologie du bassin de la Likouala Mossaka |language=fr |publisher=[[ORSTOM]] |year=1987 |url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/MONOGRAPHIE%20DE%20LA%20LIKOUALA%20MOSSAKA.pdf}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Likouala-Mossaka}} kgh53xvl3bx0jvo3mt3ioctgv3daxgq 0 48039 300823 299606 2026-07-04T09:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bouenza | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = File:Kouilou-Niari River OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Dooxada Webiga Kouilou-Niari | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Niari River|Webiga Niari]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-4.186550|13.821485|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Kouilou-Niari River|Webiga Kouilou-Niari]] | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Bouenza''' waa webi ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Congo. Waa gacan-biyoodka midig ee [[Webiga Niari]]. Wuxuu quudiyaa [[Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Moukoukoulou]]. == Marin-biyoodka == Webiga Bouenza wuxuu qaloocdaa inta badan marin-biyoodkiisa. Qaybta waqooyi ee webiga waxay u qulqushaa jihada koonfur-galbeed, iyadoo samaynaysa xuduudka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Lékoumou Department|Lékoumou]] iyo [[Pool Department|Pool]]. Hoos u sii qulqulaya wuxuu u socdaa koonfur-bari ka dibna koonfur isagoo maraya [[Bouenza Department]] ilaa uu ka gaaro isku-biiriddiisa Niari oo ku taal magaalada Kimpombo.{{sfn|Way: Bouenza (78550472)}} == Taariikh == Sannadkii 1883 Kabtankii Belgian-ka ahaa ee [[Edmond Hanssens]] wuxuu aasaasay saldhigga Philippeville xadka dhulalka la siiyay [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]].{{sfn|Engels|1946}} Saldhigga waxaa lagu aasaasay isku-biiridda webiyada Bouenza iyo Niari iyadoo la matalayo danaha Belgian-ka ee hoos yimaada Guddiga Daraasadda Haut Congo.{{sfn|Moundza|2017|p=26}} Hawlgalku wuxuu ahaa mid ka jawaabaya walaac uu qabay boqor [[Leopold II of Belgium]] in reer Portugal ay kaga adkaan karaan sheegashadooda ah inay gacanta ku hayaan afka [[Congo River|Webiga Congo]]. Haddii taasi dhacdo, Belgium waxay u baahan lahayd waddo ay uga baxdo Atlantic-ga oo waqooyi ka xigta [[Loango, Republic of Congo|Loango]].{{sfn|Engels|1946}} == Korontada biyaha == Warshadda korontada biyaha ee 74-MW Moukoukoulou ee ku taal Webiga Bouenza waa tii ugu muhiimsanayd dalka. Waxaa dhisay farsamayaqaanno Shiineys ah sannadkii 1974. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1999 warshadda ayaa waxyeello soo gaartay, tan iyo markaasna waxay bixisay 25 MW oo kaliya. Bishii Maajo 2007 Madaxweyne [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] wuxuu booqday Moukoukoulou, halkaas oo dhammaan afar matoor-dhaliye oo turbine ah dib loogu soo celiyay qiimo dhan 12 milyan oo US dollar, inkasta oo shaqadii transformers-ka aysan wali dhammaystirnayn. Waxyeellada shabakadda gudbinta ayaa ka horjoogsanaysay awooddeeda inay gaarto [[Brazzaville]], oo ku tiirsanayd korontada ka timaada warshadaha Inga ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Congo.{{sfn|Congo Republic restores 74-MW Moukoukoulou}} == Xusuusin == {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2007/05/07/congo-republic-restores-74-mw-moukoukoulou/#gref |access-date=2020-09-07 |work=Hydro Review |title=Congo Republic restores 74-MW Moukoukoulou |ref={{harvid|Congo Republic restores 74-MW Moukoukoulou}} |date=7 May 2007 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.kaowarsom.be/fr/notices_hanssens_edmond_winnie_victor |access-date=2020-09-06 |date=23 December 1946 |pages=col. 479–493 |last=Engels |first=A. |publisher=Inst. roy. colon. belge |title=Biographie Coloniale Belge |chapter=HANSSENS (Edmond-Winnie-Victor) |volume=I}} *{{citation |last=Moundza|first=Patrice|title=Géographie du Congo: Mélanges offerts au Professeur Bonaventure Maurice Mengho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiJFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|access-date=2020-09-07|date=2017-03-15|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-14-003259-2}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/78550472#map=16/-4.1894/13.8242 |access-date=2020-09-07 |title=Way: Bouenza (78550472) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Bouenza (78550472)}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} q9hsq5r1rc3zuxop2rvl3ywlufnmnxe 0 48047 300854 300174 2026-07-04T10:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Serorome | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Botswana]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} {{location map|Botswana|caption=Goobta uu afka Webiga Metsimotlhabe kaga dhaco Webiga Limpopo {{coord|-23.564066|27.130639|display=inline,title}}|lat_deg=-23.564066|lon_deg=27.130639|relief=y|display=title}} '''Webiga Serorome''' waa webi ku yaalla [[Central District (Botswana)|Degmada Dhexe]] ee Botswana, waana gacan-biyoodka [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. == Juqraafi == Mar hore, Gobolka Kalahari ee galbeedka wuxuu ahaa haro weyn oo gudaha ah, oo u qulqulaysa Limpopo iyada oo sii marta Dooxada Serorome. Dambayntii isbeddellada juqraafiyeed ayaa dib u habayn ku sameeyay webiyada gobolka si ay ugu badnaan ugu qulqulaan waqooyi-bari dhanka Zambezi.{{sfn|Burgess}} Dooxada Serorome waa marka laga reebo, oo weli u horseedda Limpopo iyada oo sii marta cilad jabaq ah.{{sfn|Aqua Tech Groundwater Consultants|1992|p=2-61}} == Cimilada == Maanta webigu wuxuu maraa dhul siman oo badh-abaar ah oo leh dhul daaqsimeed, duur iyo geedo. Webigu wuxuu qulqulaa marmar xilliga roobka, kaas oo socda Nofeembar ilaa Abriil, inta soo hartay sannadkana waa mid qallalan.{{sfn|CIC MDA|p=4}} Wuxuu qulqulaa hoosta isku-biiriddiisa [[Bonwapitse River|Webiga Bonwapitse]] sababtoo ah qulqulka Bonwapitse.{{sfn|Aqua Tech Groundwater Consultants|1992|p=2-35}} [[David Livingstone]] ayaa booqday gobolka sannadkii 1857, wuxuuna ku tilmaamay Serorome sida "... meel qurux badan oo ku taal gobolka kale ee qallalan. Ceelasha aan biyaha ka soo saari jirnay xoolahayaga waa kuwo qoto dheer, laakiin way buuxsanaayeen."{{sfn|Spinage|2012|p=219}} == Hawlaha dhaqaalaha == Dhuumaha [[North-South Carrier]] ayaa mara dooxada Serorome, halkaas oo ay ku taallo xarun bambo oo ku taal {{convert|227|km}} oo u jirta [[Letsibogo Dam|Biya-xireenka Letsibogo]].{{sfn|Bevanger|1994|p=8}} Goobta dhuxusha ee [[Mmamabula]] ayaa ku taal koonfurta webiga.{{sfn|CIC Energy|2010}} == Tixraacyo == '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Isha''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/PppBasePdf/oppdragsmelding/320.pdf |title=The North-South Carriér Water Project in Botswana |last=Bevanger |first=Kjetil |date=December 1994 |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628184534/http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/PppBasePdf/oppdragsmelding/320.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/botswana1992aquatecgwconscentraldistrictplanningstudy.pdf |title=CENTRAL DISTRICT PLANNING STUDY - MAIN REPORT = VOLUME 1 |date=May 1992 |author=Aqua Tech Groundwater Consultants |publisher=Ministry of Local Government & Lands Central District |access-date=2012-09-21}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Botswana/botswana2.htm |title=Botswana - The Pasture Resource |last=Burgess |first=Jeremy |publisher=FAO |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-date=2017-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102231750/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/botswana/botswana2.htm |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|CIC MDA}} |url=http://www.cicenergycorp.com/_resources/financials/CIC_MDA_Q3_2006.pdf |title=CIC Energy Corp. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS For the three and nine months ended August 31, 2006 |date=October 12, 2006 |publisher=CIC Energy |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-date=Bisha Saddexaad 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224229/http://www.cicenergycorp.com/_resources/financials/CIC_MDA_Q3_2006.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url = http://cicenergycorp.com/project/mmamabula_coalfield/index.php?content_id=145&page_number=1 |author = CIC Energy |year = 2010 |title = Mmamabula Coalfield |access-date = 2012-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101106124458/http://cicenergycorp.com/project/mmamabula_coalfield/ |archive-date = 2010-11-06 |df = }} *{{cite book |last=Spinage|first=Clive Alfred|title=African Ecology: Benchmarks and Historical Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3vOHF8PNKkC&pg=PA219|access-date=2012-09-21 |date=2012-06-28|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-22871-1}} {{refend}} q9nsxb8eqwxt695bedwyvhtyzabrr1x 0 48050 300844 299619 2026-07-04T09:59:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Motloutse | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-22.225488|29.017614|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = Botswana | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size_km2 = 19053 | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} {{location map|Botswana|caption=Goobta uu ku yaallo Botswana| relief= yes| lat_deg=-22.225488|lon_deg= 29.017614}} '''Webiga Motloutse''' waa webi ku yaalla Botswana, waana gacan-biyoodka [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Aagga biyaha qabta waa {{convert|19053|km2}}. [[Letsibogo Dam|Biya-xireenka Letsibogo]] oo ku yaalla Motloutse ayaa loo dhisay si uu ugu adeego magaalada warshadaha leh ee [[Selebi-Phikwe]] iyo meelaha deegaanka ee ku xeeran, iyada oo leh awood loo isticmaali karo waraabka.{{sfn|FAO Subregional Office ... 2004}} == Deegaanka == Sahankii goobta ee la sameeyay bishii Janaayo 1989, ka hor inta aan la dhisin biya-xireenka, ayaa diiwaangeliyay 120 nooc oo shimbiro ah, badidooduna ay yihiin cayayaan yar yar. Tiro aad u badan oo shimbiro biyo-mareen ah ayaa laga helay sababtoo ah joogitaanka balliyo joogto ah oo ku yaalla webiga Motloutse ee hoos u dhaca isku-biiriddiisa [[Letlhakane river|Webiga Letlhakane]]. Noocyada shimbiraha ayaa guud ahaan caadi u ahaa gobolka.{{sfn|Bevanger|1994|p=11}} Ka hor inta aan la dhisin biya-xireenka, shan ama in ka badan oo noocyo kalluun ah oo hormood ah ayaa u haajiri jiray kor u qulqulka Webiga Limpopo una geli jiray Webiga Motloutse intii lagu jiray fatahaadaha. Biya-xireenka Letsibogo ayaa la filayay inuu taageero dad kalluun oo joogto ah oo la mid ah kan [[Shashe Dam|Biya-xireenka Shashe]].{{sfn|Bevanger|1994|p=12}} == Khayraadka biyaha == Celceliska roobabka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|430|mm}}, halka celceliska suurtagalka ah ee uumi-baxa sannadlaha ah uu yahay {{convert|2000|mm}}.{{sfn|FAO Subregional Office ... 2004}} Kala duwanaanshahaas awgeed, webigu waa webi ciid ah oo ku-meel-gaar ah oo leh qulqulka dusha sare oo keliya inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka.{{sfn|Bevanger|1994|p=3}} Roobabku sidoo kale waa kuwo aad u doorsooma, iyadoo ka hooseeya 40% celceliska roobabka sannadlaha ah ee la filayo hal sano toddobadii sanaba mar.{{sfn|Bevanger|1994|p=10}} Celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|111000000|m3}}.{{sfn|FAO Subregional Office ... 2004}} == Khayraadka macdanta == Macdan-qodista dahabka ee weheliya webiyada Motloutse iyo Limpopo ayaa bilaabmay qiyaastii 1200 [[CE]], waqtigii ay [[Great Zimbabwe]] kor u kacday si ay u noqoto awood goboleed.{{sfn|Denbow|Thebe|2006|p=27}} ayaa la helay 1860-kii shaqooyinkii hore ee u dhow [[Francistown]], waqooyiga webiga, taas oo keentay duufaantii ugu horreysay ee dahabka ee Afrika.{{sfn|Denbow|Thebe|2006|p=29}} Dheemman-tii ugu horreysay ee la xaqiijiyay ee laga helo Botswana waxay ahaayeen saddex dhagax oo yaryar oo la helay 1959-kii oo ay heshay Central African Selection Trust oo ku yaalla quruuruxda Webiga Motloutse meel u dhow [[Foley Siding]]. Kooxdii heshay dheemanka ayaa baartay webiga ilaa ilaha biyaha, laakiin ma aysan helin il la aamini karo. == Tixraacyo == '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Isha''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/PppBasePdf/oppdragsmelding/320.pdf |last=Bevanger |first=Kjetil |title=The North-South Carriér Water Project in Botswana |location=Trondheim |date=December 1994 |isbn=82-426-0531-9 |access-date=2012-09-17 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628184534/http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/PppBasePdf/oppdragsmelding/320.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite journal |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/19473363/First-Diamonds-in-Botswana |title=First diamonds in Botswana |journal=Rough Diamond Review |date=September 2004 |last=Daniels|first=Dr Leon |access-date=2012-09-17}} *{{cite book |last1=Denbow|first1=James Raymond|last2=Thebe|first2=Phenyo C.|title=Culture And Customs of Botswana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ycoVZ-DfrYC&pg=PA27|access-date=2012-09-17 |year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33178-7}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|FAO Subregional Office ... 2004}} |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm |author=FAO Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa Harare |publisher=FAO |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin |year=2004 |access-date=2012-09-17}} {{refend}} 66984p7xrhv5p5o7rmh6blkn5rlfixu 0 48051 300841 299620 2026-07-04T09:59:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Metsimotlhabe | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = Botswana | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} {{location map|Botswana|caption=Goobta uu afka Webiga Metsimotlhabe kaga dhaco Webiga Notwane {{coord|-24.443633|26.081107|display=inline,title}}|lat_deg=-24.443633|lon_deg=26.081107|relief=y|display=title}} '''Webiga Metsimotlhabe''' waa webiga ugu weyn ee [[Kweneng District|Degmada Kweneng]] ee Botswana, isagoo ka dareeraya aagga koonfurta ka xigta [[Molepolole]] una dareeraya [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]], kaas oo isna ah gacan-biyoodka [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]].{{sfn|Kweneng District Council|2002|p=3}} Magaca "Metsimotlhabe" macnihiisu waa "webiga biyaha iyo ciidda".{{sfn|Metsimotlhabe}} [[Bokaa Dam|Biya-xireenka Bokaa]] ayaa la dhisay 1990/1991 iyadoo la xiray Webiga Metsimotlhabe koonfurta tuulada [[Bokaa]].{{sfn|Bokaa Dam - Birdlife International}} Qulqulka dusha sare ee [[sandveld]] ee ku xeeran Metsimotlhabe wuxuu ku kooban yahay dooxooyin iyo waadiyo qallalan, kuwaas oo dhif ah inay xambaaraan biyo dusha sare ah.{{sfn|Kweneng District Council|2002|p=3}} [[Sand extraction|Soosaarista ciidda]] ee sariirta webiga ayaa keentay dhibaatooyin, maadaama ay taasi hoos u dhigayso heerka biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah ayna sababto in dhirta ku xeeran ay dhintaan.{{sfn|Kweneng District Council|2002|p=34}} Tani waa hawl dhaqaale oo muhiim ah oo ka jirta Degmada.{{sfn|Kweneng District Council|2002|p=123}} Bishii Juun 2012, afhayeen u hadlay Wasaaradda Macdanta, Tamarta iyo Khayraadka Biyaha ayaa tilmaamay in baahidu ay sarreysay sababo la xiriira kobaca guryaha ee uu keenay barwaaqada sii kordhaysa ee dalka.{{sfn|Mathala|2012}} == Tixraacyo == '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Isha''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Bokaa Dam - Birdlife International}} |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6053 |title=Bokaa Dam |publisher=Birdlife International |access-date=2012-09-18}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.bw/Global/MLG/KWENENG.doc |title=KWENENG DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 6: 2003 – 2009 |author=Kweneng District Council |date=July 2002 |access-date=2012-09-19}} *{{cite web |url = http://www.gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13867:river-sand-is-diminishing&catid=18:headlines&Itemid=2 |title = River sand is diminishing |last = Mathala |first = Oaitse |date = 27 June 2012 |work = The Botswana Gazette |access-date = 2012-09-19 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Metsimotlhabe}} |url=http://www.metsimotlhabe.com/about.html |title=Metsimotlhabe |access-date=2012-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331213721/http://www.metsimotlhabe.com/about.html |archive-date=2012-03-31 }} {{refend}} r3w5lcxpfh6os7ydvf1puwzbr9xlxtl 0 48067 300815 299639 2026-07-04T08:26:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Ruo–Ndiza | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Malawi | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | location_map_alt = | location_map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|16|05|25|S|35|39|53|E|type:landmark_region:MW|display=inline,title}} | country = Malawi | location = [[Mulanje]], | purpose = P | status = O | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = | operator = Mulanje Hydro Limited | dam_type = | dam_crosses = Is-goyska [[Ruo River|Webiga Ruo]] iyo Webiga Ndiza | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = [[Pelton wheel|Pelton turbine]]<br/>2 x {{convert|3.30|MW|abbr=on}}<br/>1 x {{convert|1.65|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|8.25|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity_factor= | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Ruo–Ndiza''' waa warshad [[hydroelectric power|koronto biyood]] oo leh awood dhan {{convert|8.25|MW|0}} oo ku taalla koonfur-bari ee [[Malawi]], xadka ay la wadaagto [[Mozambique]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-gilkes-completes-second-phase-of-ruo-ndiza-hydroelectric-project/ |title=Malawi: Gilkes completes second phase of Ruo-Ndiza hydroelectric project |publisher=Afrik21.africa |date=2 May 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=9 May 2020 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=8 Bisha Shanaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508014450/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-gilkes-completes-second-phase-of-ruo-ndiza-hydroelectric-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Goobta == Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku yaallaa is-goyska [[Ruo River|Webiga Ruo]] iyo gacantiisa, ''Webiga Ndiza'', ee [[Mulanje District]], ee [[Southern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Koonfureed]] ee Malawi, xadka caalamiga ah ee uu la wadaago [[Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique]].<ref name="2R">{{cite web|title=Gilkes commissions African project, receives new order |access-date=9 May 2020 | url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsgilkes-commissions-african-project-7894735 |date=28 April 2020 | publisher=Waterpowermagazine.com |author=Water Power Magazine | location=Dartford, Kent, United Kingdom}}</ref> Goobtu waxay ku dhex taal ''Lujeri Tea Estate'', qiyaastii {{convert|96|km|0}}, marka loo eego jidka, koonfur-bari ee [[Blantyre]], oo ah xarunta ganacsiga iyo maaliyadda ee Malawi.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="3R">{{google maps|title=Road Distance Between Blantyre And Lujeri Tea Estate |access-date=9 May 2020 | url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Blantyre,+Malawi/Lujeri+Tea+Estate+Lodge,+Mulanje,+Malawi/@-15.9077179,35.0195602,10z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x18d84513cbc0005f:0x236358dae4d811e6!2m2!1d35.0167866!2d-15.7666707!1m5!1m1!1s0x18d9e3fe5f6611cf:0xce5112779a8b7c63!2m2!1d35.6559784!2d-16.0334259!3e0}}</ref> == Dulmar == Bishii Maarso 2018, awoodda koronto-dhalinta ee Malawi waxay ahayd {{convert|363|MW}},<ref name="4R">{{cite web|author=USAID |url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001230213/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/malawi |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2015 |title=Malawi: Power Africa Fact Sheet |access-date=9 May 2020 |date=28 March 2018 | publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Iyadoo baahida ugu sarreysa ay tahay 350 megawatt iyo koror dhan 6 boqolkiiba sannadkiiba, shabakadda Malawi ayaa leh dabacsanaan aad u yar. Tani waxay dalka u bandhigtay koronto-goyn joogto ah oo daran.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/malawi-power-station-2014-05-23/rep_id:4136 |title=Chinese bank looks to finance Malawi power station |location=Johannesburg |date=23 May 2014 |author=Marcel Chimwala |publisher=Engineeringnews.co.za | access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Mulanje Renewable Energy Plc (sidoo kale Mulanje Hydro Limited), oo ah shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo dhalisa tamarta, kana diiwaangashan Malawi, ayaa la qandaraas qaadatay ''Gilkes'', oo ah shirkad sameysa mishiinnada korontada ee [[United Kingdom|British]], si ay u dhisto saldhiggan korontada, muddo laba sano ah.<ref name="6R">{{cite web|title=Malawi's Mulanje US$16 million power plant to roll out March |publisher=Energycentral.com | url=https://energycentral.com/news/malawi%E2%80%99s-mulanje-us16-million-power-plant-roll-out-march |date=27 February 2019 | author=Lloyd M’bwana |access-date=8 May 2020 |format=Quoting ''The Maravi Post''}}</ref> == Faahfaahinta farsamada == Saldhigga korontadu waa naqshad [[run-of-river]] oo aan u baahnayn [[dam|biyo-xireen]] sidaas darteedna uma baahna [[reservoir|kayd biyo]]. Waxaa jira saddex [[Pelton wheel|Pelton-type]] turbines oo mid kasta lagu qiimeeyay {{convert|3.30|MW|0}}. Mid ayaa lagu rakibay ''Webiga Ndiza'', intii lagu jiray wejigii koowaad. Sababo la xiriira xawaaraha socodka biyaha ee webigan yar, kaliya 1.65 megawatt ayaa laga soo saari karay.<ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> Wejigii labaad wuxuu ku jiray rakibidda laba turbines oo kale oo Pelton ah oo mid kasta lagu qiimeeyay 3.3 megawatt, oo ka gudbaya Webiga Ruo, taas oo dhalisay wadar ahaan 6.6 megawatt oo tamar cusub ah. Wadarta wax-soo-saarka dhismaha korontadu waa 8.25 megawatt.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> == Dhismaha == Miisaaniyadda dhismaha ayaa lagu soo warramay inay tahay 16 milyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah. Dhismaha ayaa bilaabmay Juun 2018 wuxuuna dhammaaday Abriil 2020. Korontada la soo saaro waxaa loo iibiyaa qaybiyaha korontada qaranka [[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] (Escom), iyadoo la raacayo [[power purchase agreement|heshiis iibsashada tamarta]] muddada dheer ah.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/16-million-power-project-on-course-in-mulanje-to-supply-electricty-to-escom-from-march/ |title=$16 Million Power Project On Course In Mulanje: To Supply Electricity To Escom From March |newspaper=[[Nyasa Times]] |date=26 February 2019 |author=Elijah Phimbi |access-date=9 May 2020 | location=Blantyre}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == {{Portal|Africa|Water|Renewable energy}} * [[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Malawi]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.pgi-uk.com/renewable-energy/our-companies/mulanje-hydro-ltd-malawi/ Sharraxaad kooban] {{Authority control}} {{stack|}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Ruo–Ndiza}} tjvra0fhjoq0dex336o3q9yytr3c2z7 0 48070 300793 300010 2026-07-04T06:42:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name =Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Mount Coffee | image = | image_caption = | name_official = | dam_crosses =[[Saint Paul River|Webiga Saint Paul]] | res_name = | location =White Plains, [[Montserrado County]], [[Liberia]] | operator =Shirkadda Korontada ee Liberia | dam_length = | dam_height = | dam_width_base = | construction_began = | opening =1966 | cost = | res_capacity_total = | res_catchment = | res_surface = | coordinates = {{coord|6|30|17|N|10|38|54|W|region:LR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | extra = }} '''Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Mount Coffee''' waa mashruuc [[hydroelectric|koronto biyood]] ah oo ku yaalla waddanka [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]] ee [[Liberia]] kuna yaalla [[Saint Paul River|Webiga Saint Paul]]. Waxaa la dhisay 1966 iyadoo wejiyo dheeraad ah la dhammaystiray goor dambe, mashruucu wuxuu leeyahay awood dhalin ugu badan oo dhan 88 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref name="mcc2018"/> '''Biyo-xireenka Korontada Biyaha ee Walter F. Walker''' iyo xarumaha dhalinta ayaa si ba'an u waxyeelloobay intii lagu jiray [[First Liberian Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Liberia]] sanadkii 1990-kii, hawlgalkiina dib looma soo celin ilaa 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liberia;Liberian Engineer Presents Project For Hydro Dam Construction, But Faces Stone Wall|author=The Analyst|date=January 4, 2005|work=Africa News}}</ref><ref name="mcc2018">{{cite web | url=https://www.mcc.gov/blog/entry/blog-072318-success-of-mount-coffee-hydropower-plant-helps-liberia | title=Success of Mount Coffee Hydropower Plant Helps Liberia Shine Brighter | date=July 23, 2018 | author=Jonathan Nash | work=Millennium Challenge Corporation blog}}</ref> == Taariikhda == Sanadkii 1963, dawladda Liberia waxay heshay amaah ka timid [[World Bank|Bangiga Adduunka]] si ay u horumariso mashruuc koronto biyood ah oo ku kacaya US$24.3 milyan.<ref name="LEC">{{cite web|url=http://libelcorp.com/history.htm|title=History|publisher=Liberia Electricity Corporation|accessdate=2008-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210032413/http://libelcorp.com/history.htm|archive-date=2009-02-10|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Dhismaha xarunta waxaa la bilaabay 1964-tii Hay'adda Korontada ee Monrovia iyadoo la isticmaalayo shirkadda Raymond Concrete Pile Company oo ahayd qandaraaslaha iyo [[Stanley Consultants]] oo ahayd maamulayaasha mashruuca.<ref name="LEC"/> Sanadkii 1966, shirkadda korontadu waxay dhammaystirtay wejigii koowaad ee biyo-xireenka waxayna bilowday dhalinta korontada.<ref name=undp>[http://www.lr.undp.org/State%20of%20the%20environment%20report%20final.pdf First State of the Environment Report for Liberia – 2006.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411035426/http://www.lr.undp.org/State%20of%20the%20environment%20report%20final.pdf |date=2009-04-11 }} United Nations Development Programme. 2006, p. 44&ndash;45. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Mashruuca waxaa la dhammaystiray 1967-tii waxaana loo bixiyay Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee [[Thomas J. R. Faulkner|T. J. R. Faulkner]] W.F. Walker.<ref name="LEC"/> Awoodda dhalinta bilowga ahayd waxay ahayd 30 MW oo ay soo saareen laba [[turbine|matoor]], taas oo kor u kacday 64 MW markii laba matoor oo kale lagu daray 1973.<ref name=undp/> Hay'adda Korontada ee Monrovia waxay noqotay [[Liberia Electricity Corporation|Shirkadda Korontada ee Liberia]] 12-kii Luulyo, 1973.<ref name="LEC"/> Bishii Juun 1990, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday qorshayaal ay ku laba-laabayso awoodda dhalinta korontada ee mashruuca iyo ku darista kayd biyo ah si loogu oggolaado dhalin badan inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref name=expand>"Liberia expands hydropower", ''Engineering News-Record'', June 7, 1990. McGraw-Hill, Inc., Vol. 224, No. 23; p. 27.</ref> Qorshayaashu waxay ugu baaqayeen biyo-xireen cusub oo dhan {{convert|4000|ft|m}} in laga dhiso webiga Vai si loo bixiyo awoodda kaydinta, halka laba matoor oo 52 MW ah lagu dari lahaa xarunta dhalinta korontada ee jirta.<ref name=expand/> Balaarinta US$300 milyan ee aan waligeed la bilaabin sababo la xiriira Dagaalkii Sokeeye.<ref name=expand/> Bishii Luulyo 1990, ciidamada fallaagada oo uu amar ku siiyay [[Charles Taylor (Liberia)|Charles Taylor]] ayaa qabsaday biyo-xireenka waxayna xireen korontadii iyo biyaha Monrovia.<ref>Huband, Mark. "Retreating Liberian rebel leader urges peace talks" [[United Press International]], October 7, 1990.</ref><ref>"Worldwide: Liberia blackout", ''[[The Independent]]'', July 1, 1990, Foreign News Page, p. 14.</ref> Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad, biyo-xireenka qaadashada ee mashruuca ayaa lagu burburiyay hal dhinac halka inta kale ay heleen waxyeello kale.<ref name=post>[http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Liberia_DS.pdf Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia.] {{Wayback|url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Liberia_DS.pdf |date=20221011172944 }} United Nations Environment Programme. 2004, p. 30. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Qaybo kale oo ka mid ah xarumaha ayaa la boobay oo la burburiyay sannadihii dambe ee khilaafka.<ref name=post/> Laga soo bilaabo horraantii 2005, waxaa la sameeyay soo-jeedinno lagu dayactirayo xarunta oo dib loogu soo celinayo korontada,<ref>The Analyst. "Liberia; Liberian Engineer Presents Project For Hydro Dam Construction, But Faces Stone Wall", Africa News, January 4, 2005.</ref> oo ay ku jirto soo-jeedin ka timid [[China|Shiinaha]].<ref>"Weekly Recap", Power, Finance and Risk, March 25, 2005.</ref> [[United States Trade and Development Agency|Wakaaladda Ganacsiga iyo Horumarinta ee Maraykanka]] waxay siisay $400,000 Liberia bishii Febraayo 2007 si ay u darsaan dib-u-dhiska iyo ballaarinta mashruuca.<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33185.pdf Liberia's Post-War Recovery: Key Issues and Developments.] Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Daraasadu waxay muujisay in aysan jirin waxyeello dhismeed oo ku yimid biyo-xireenka,<ref>{{cite news|title=No structural damage done to hydro|last=Wrokpoh|first=Patrick K.|date=February 25, 2008|work=The Inquirer}}</ref> laakiin in inta badan xarumaha mashruuca ay u baahan doonaan in dib loo dhiso qiimo dhan US$383 milyan.<ref name="privatize">{{cite news|title=Liberia needs about 383m dollars to rebuild hydroelectric plant|last=STAR Radio|author-link=STAR Radio|date=August 22, 2008|work=BBC Monitoring International Reports|publisher=Global News Wire}}</ref> Ilaa Ogosto 2008, dawladda Liberia waxay tixgelinaysay gaar-u-yeelashada mashruuca tiro sano ah maadaama waddanku uusan haysan khayraad uu ku maalgeliyo dayactirka.<ref name="privatize"/> Bishii Maajo 2012, Mashruuca Dib-u-dhiska Korontada Biyaha ee Mt. Coffee ayaa la bilaabay iyadoo la raacayo taxane baaritaano ah iyo qiimayn farsamo oo ku saabsan suurtagalnimada in la soo nooleeyo warshadda.<ref name=piu>{{cite web|title=LEC Signs Consulting Services Agreement with Norplan/Fichtner for Mt. Coffee Owner's Engineer|url=http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=715|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927045647/http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=715|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 27, 2013|work=Press and News|publisher=Mt Coffee PIU|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> Shaqadan waxay ku dhammaatay saxiixa qandaraas bishii Abriil 2013 oo lala galay shirkad Norway ah (Norplan AS) iyo shirkad Jarmal ah (Fichtner GmbH) si loo soo nooleeyo warshadda korontada ee burburtay marka la gaaro 2015.<ref name=piu/> Bishii Disembar 2016, matoorkii ugu horreeyay ee korontada biyaha iyo qaybta dhalinta, oo leh awood lagu rakibay 22 megawatt (MW), ayaa si rasmi ah loo daahfuray oo loo hawlgeliyay. Mashruuca, oo la dhammaystiray 2018, wuxuu kor u qaaday wadarta awoodda lagu rakibay ee Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Mt. Coffee ilaa 88 MW (afar qaybood oo dhalin ah oo midkiiba 22 MW ah).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=1878 |title=MT. COFFEE HYDROPOWER PLANT SUCCESSFULLY GENERATES POWER AFTER MORE THAN 25 YEARS! ~ TURNS ON 1ST OF 4 TURBINE WITH a GENERATING CAPACITY OF 88MW UPON COMPLETION IN AUGUST 2017 ~ - Mt. Coffee PIU |access-date=2018-01-25 |archive-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012115152/http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=1878 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="mcc2018"/> Biyo-xireenka Korontada Biyaha ee Mount Coffee wuxuu ku yaallaa Mount Coffee, degmada Harrisburg. White Plains waa goobta warshadda sifeynta biyaha. == Faahfaahin == Wuxuu ku yaallaa Harrisburg Township ee [[Careysburg District|Degmada Careysburg]], [[Montserrado County]], wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Saint Paul River|Webiga Saint Paul]] qiyaastii 21 mayl (34 km) oo u jirta [[Monrovia]].<ref name=undp/><ref name=cda>{{cite news|url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf|title=Montserrado County Development Agenda|year=2008|publisher=Republic of Liberia|accessdate=2008-10-14|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102070138/https://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Biyo-xireenku waa [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|biyo-xireen qaabka qulqulka webiga]], taas oo ah in aysan jirin kayd biyo.<ref name=undp/> Maadaama uusan jirin kayd biyo ah, awoodda dhalinta lagu kalsoonaan karo waa 10 MW oo keliya, maadaama uu taasi yahay qulqulka caadiga ah ee webiga inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref name=undp/> Kahor [[First Liberian Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Liberia]], warshaddu waxay soo saartay 64MW oo koronto ah, taas oo ka dhigan 35% dhammaan korontada laga dhaliyo waddanka.<ref>[http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=384&ArticleID=4411&l=en Restoring the Battered and Broken Environment of Liberia One of the Keys to a New and Sustainable Future.] United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Marka lagu daro korontada, Shirkadda Biyaha iyo Fayadhowrka ee Liberia waxay isticmaashay mashruuca si ay u bixiso biyo la cabbo Monrovia iyo meelaha ku hareeraysan ka hor dagaalka.<ref name=cda/> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{stack|{{Portal|Liberia|Water|Renewable energy}}}} *[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTENERGY2/Resources/exercise.pdf Jimicsiga Kooxda Shaqada] – wuxuu ka kooban yahay sawirro mashruuca ka dib dagaalka eux7afxdrcruj0q0emonw8v48621lf5 0 48074 300816 300093 2026-07-04T08:28:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti<br/>{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|苏阿皮蒂水电站}}}} | image = | image_caption = | image_size = 300 | location_map = Guinea | location_map_size = 300 | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{Coord| 10.42| -13.26}} | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Guinea]] | location = oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Konkoure]]<ref name="Dango2019">{{cite book|author=Abdou Mahaman Dango|title=A Guide to Sustainable Energy in West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=25 November 2019|publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5275-4399-7|pages=27–}}</ref> | purpose = Koronto | status = | construction_began = 22 Diseembar, 2015 | opening = | demolished = | cost = $2 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2015/09/23/guinea-considering-chinese-partner-to-build-550-mw-souapiti-hydro/#gref|title=Guinea considering Chinese partner to build 550-MW Souapiti hydro|first= |last= |date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=|website=Hydroreview.com}}</ref> | owner = | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/12/c_136276420.htm|title=Feature: Chinese workers help bring prosperity to countries along Belt and Road|first=|last=|date=2017-05-12|accessdate=|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> ({{langx|zh|苏阿皮蒂水电站}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/k/201907/20190702881520.shtml|title=利比里亚总统维阿参观凯乐塔水电站和苏阿皮蒂水电站|first=|last=|date=2019-07-14|accessdate=|website=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]]|archive-date=2022-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210317/http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/k/201907/20190702881520.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti<ref name="Dept.2019">{{cite book|author=International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.|title=Guinea: Technical Report-Public Investment Management Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghu3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|date=28 March 2019|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|isbn=978-1-4983-0391-0|pages=51–}}</ref> ama Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti,<ref>{{cite book|title=Guinea - Electricity Access Scale Up Project|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/869041550631657109/text/Guinea-Electricity-Access-Scale-Up-Project.txt|date=January 25, 2019|publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> waa mashruuc [[biyo]]-xireen ah oo ku yaalla [[Jamhuuriyadda Guinea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/44304-china-exim-bank-to-fund-souapiti-hydro-project-in-guinea|title=China Exim Bank To Fund Souapiti Hydro Project in Guinea|first= |last= |date=Apr 9, 2018|accessdate=|publisher=[[Engineering News-Record]]}}</ref> kaas oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Konkoure]],<ref name="BarhamBunker1994">{{cite book|author1=Brad Barham|author2=Stephen G. Bunker|author3=Denis O'Hearn|author3-link=Denis O'Hearn|title=States, Firms, and Raw Materials: The World Economy and Ecology of Aluminum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NS2ja36QckC&pg=PA191|year=1994|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=978-0-299-14114-1|pages=191–}}</ref> awood guud oo la rakibay oo ah 550 MW. Mashruucan waxaa dhistay shirkadda [[China International Water & Electric Corporation]] (CWE).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/16/were-leaving-everything-behind/impact-guineas-souapiti-dam-displaced-communities|title=The Impact of Guinea's Souapiti Dam on Displaced Communities|first= |last= |date=April 16, 2020|accessdate=|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Xarunta korontada ayaa lagu qiyaasay in ay ku kacayso ilaa $2 bilyan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-15/china-s-cwe-in-talks-to-build-2-billion-dam-in-guinea|title=China's CWE in Talks to Build $2 Billion Dam in Guinea|first= |last= |date=Sep 15, 2015|accessdate=|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> [[File:Souapiti Dam watershed.jpg|thumb|Baaxadda Biyaha ee Biyo-xireenka Souapiti iyo Kaydka Biyaha ([https://mghydro.com/app/shared/348F86 Khariidad is-dhexgal ah])]] ==Taariikh== Xafladda dhagax-dhigga ee Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti ayaa la qabtay 22 Diseembar, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gb.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=N2019060102000287&dbcode=CYFD&dbname=CYFD|title=A delegation from the African Development Bank visited and inspected the Kaleta Hydropower Station and Suapiti Hydropower Station in Guinea|first=|last=|date=2019-06-10|accessdate=|website=[[CNKI]]|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041327/http://gb.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=N2019060102000287&dbcode=CYFD&dbname=CYFD|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Warshadda korontada biyaha]] ayaa la dhameeyay oo la hawlgeliyay sanadkii 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/202005/20200502966005.shtml|title=Guinea's Souapiti Hydropower Station: Resuming work and production to help the local fight against the epidemic|first=|last=|date=2020-05-19|accessdate=|website=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]]|archive-date=2022-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210323/http://gn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/202005/20200502966005.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mashruucyada waaweyn ee biyo-xireennada ayaa taariikh ahaan saameyn taban ku yeeshay deegaanka iyo bulshooyinka maxalliga ah, kuwaas oo ay barakiciyeen fatahaadaha kaydka biyaha.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Zed Books| isbn = 978-1-85649-902-6| last = McCully| first = Patrick| title = Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams| location = London; New York| date = 2001-10-01}}</ref> Si looga jawaabo, dad badan oo dhisayay iyo maalgeliyayaal biyo-xireenno ayaa isku raacay qaar ka mid ah mabaadi'da ay abuurtay [[Guddiga Adduunka ee Biyo-xireennada]] sanadkii 2000. Sida laga soo xigtay ururka aan faa'iido doonka ahayn ee [[International Rivers]], dadka deegaanka Madina Tahiré, Tènè Kansa iyo Khouloufa (oo ku yaalla gobolka Dubreka ee Waqooyi Galbeed ee Guinea) si ku filan loogama talo-gelin dhismaha biyo-xireenka. Tuulo-degganayaasha ayaa loo raray goobo leh dhul aan wax-soo-saar lahayn iyo sahay biyo oo aan ku filnayn, taas oo xadgudub ku ah xuquuqdooda aadanaha iyo sharciga caalamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Ngende| first = Genny| title = Communities Left in Dire Straits After the Construction of the Souapiti Dam in Guinea| work = International Rivers| access-date = 2024-08-09| date = 2024-07-21| url = https://www.internationalrivers.org/news/communities-left-in-dire-straits-after-the-construction-of-the-souapiti-dam/}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} oajnxaeidqxw810flxljf6j93g7b7n3 0 48075 300814 299649 2026-07-04T08:24:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Pita | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Guinea | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Guinea oo muujinaysa goobta ay ku taal Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Pita. | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|10|53|03|N|12|38|24|W|display=inline, title}} | location_map_relief = | country = [[Guinea]] | location = [[Pita, Guinea|Pita]], [[Degmada Pita]], [[Gobolka Mamou]] | purpose = P | status = P | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = US$92.3 milyan | owner = [[Eiffage]] | operator = | dam_type = [[Run of river]] | dam_crosses = Webiga Fétoré (gacan ka mid ah ''Webiga Kakrima'') | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = 40 MW | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Pita''' ('''PHPS''') waa xarun korontada biyaha oo la qorsheeyay oo dhan {{convert|40|MW}}, taas oo ka gudubta ''Webiga Fétoré'', oo ah gacantii ''Webiga Kakrima'', ee dalka [[Guinea]]. Xarunta korontada ayaa waxaa horumarinaya [[Eiffage|Eiffage International]], oo ah shirkad Faransiis ah oo ku takhasustay [[injineernimada madaniga ah]] iyo [[dhismaha]], fadhigeeduna yahay [[Asnières-sur-Seine]], oo ah xaafad ka tirsan Paris, qiyaastii {{convert|8|km|0}}, waqooyi ka xigta bartamaha magaaladaas.<ref name="1R">{{cite web| work=Construction Review Online |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/guinea-to-develop-40mw-hydroelectric-dam-in-pita/ |title=Guinea to develop 40MW hydroelectric dam in Pita |date=15 August 2021 |author=Dominic Mandela |access-date=11 September 2021 |place=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web |work=Afrik21.africa |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/guinea-eiffage-to-build-a-40-mw-dam-in-the-west-of-the-country/ |title=Guinea: Eiffage to build a 40 MW dam in the West of the country |date=1 October 2019 |author=Boris Ngounou |access-date=11 September 2021 |place=Paris, France |archive-date=11 Bisha Sagaalaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911160121/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/guinea-eiffage-to-build-a-40-mw-dam-in-the-west-of-the-country/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontada ayaa ku taalla meel u dhow magaalada [[Pita, Guinea|Pita]], ee [[Degmada Pita]], ee [[Gobolka Mamou]], ee koonfurta-dhexe ee Guinea. Pita waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{convert|108|km|0}}, oo waddada loo maro, waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta magaalada [[Mamou]], oo ah caasimadda gobolka.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pita,+Guinea/Mamou,+Guinea/@10.5437806,-12.4921733,9z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0xefdcad22a873a2b:0x7517932ea8c88f35!2m2!1d-12.3979431!2d11.0574624!1m5!1m1!1s0xf02000e21a808cf:0x74abfc564792c6e!2m2!1d-12.0832543!2d10.3785237!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Pita, Guinea And Mamou, Guinea With Map | access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|313|km|0}}, oo waddada loo maro, waqooyi-bari ka xigta [[Conakry]], oo ah caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn dalka.<ref name="4R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Pita,+Guinea/Conakry,+Guinea/@10.3458162,-12.9445971,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0xefdcad22a873a2b:0x7517932ea8c88f35!2m2!1d-12.3979431!2d11.0574624!1m5!1m1!1s0xf1cd12aa388e129:0x8a66de1569d341d4!2m2!1d-13.5784012!2d9.6411855!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Pita, Guinea And Conakry, Guinea With Map |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Sebtember 2019, shirkadda injineernimada madaniga ah iyo dhismaha ee Faransiiska Eiffage, ayaa soo bandhigtay daraasadda macquulnimada ee xaruntan korontada dhagaystayaal ku sugnaa Conakry, caasimadda Guinea. Webiga Fétoré, oo uu biyo-xireenku ka dul-dhisnaan doono, waa webi xilliyeed, kaas oo xaruntan korontada taageeri doona lix bilood sanadkii, inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka. Waxaa hadda la qorsheynayaa in la dhiso xarun koronto oo qorraxda ku shaqeysa oo la socota si ay u kabto biyo-xireenka xilliyeed.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Lahaanshaha== Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Pita, ayaa waxaa horumarinaya oo leh Eiffage, oo ah shirkad Faransiis ah oo ku takhasustay injineernimada madaniga ah iyo dhismaha.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Kharashka dhismaha iyo jadwalka== Qiyaastii ugu dambeysay ee kharashka la heli karo ee mashruucan tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo waa US$92.3 milyan. Dhismaha ayaa qaadan doona qiyaastii lix sano.<ref name="1R"/> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Guinea]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/guinea Macluumaadka Waddanka: Guinea] Ilaa Maajo 2016. {{Authority control}} n1cef8dbm6hoo91crumqc73b35hqnr1 0 48077 300821 300150 2026-07-04T09:26:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Kaleta<br/>{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|凯乐塔水电站}}}} | image = | image_caption = | image_size = | location_map = Guinea | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taallo Guinea | coordinates = {{coord|10.4634|-13.2819|type:landmark_region:GN|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Guinea]] | location = oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Konkoure|Dooxada Webiga Konkoure]] ee galbeedka [[Guinea]]<ref name=Dango2019>{{cite book |last=Dango |first=Abdou Mahaman |date=25 November 2019 |title=A Guide to Sustainable Energy in West Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-5275-4399-7 |pages=113–}}</ref> | purpose = Koronto | status = | construction_began = 18 Abriil 2012<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2015 |title=The story behind a new Guinean currency |language=zh |website=[[People's Daily]] |url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0608/c70731-27117707.html}}</ref> | opening = | demolished = | cost = $527 milyan (kharash lagu qiyaasay)<ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2012 |title=Document of The World Bank(Report No: 68084-GN) |website=[[World Bank]] |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/216571468033661715/text/680840PJPR0P120Official0Use0Only090.txt}}</ref> | owner = | website = | extra = }} '''Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Kaleta''' ({{zh|凯乐塔水电站}}),<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-07-14 |title=利比里亚总统维阿参观凯乐塔水电站和苏阿皮蒂水电站 |language=zh |website=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]] |url=http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/k/201907/20190702881520.shtml |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2022-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210317/http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/k/201907/20190702881520.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Kaleta'''<ref name="EberhardGratwick2016">{{cite book |last1=Eberhard |first1=Anton |last2=Gratwick |first2=Katharine |last3=Morella |first3=Elvira |date=18 April 2016 |title=Independent Power Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Five Key Countries |publisher=[[World Bank Publications]] |isbn=978-1-4648-0801-2 |pages=280– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76AeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280}}</ref> ama '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Kaléta''',<ref>{{cite book |date=13 October 2016 |title=Africa Yearbook Volume 12: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2015 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-33323-9 |pages=101– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nfc6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA101}}</ref> waa mashruuc [[biyo]]-xireen ah oo ku yaalla [[Jamhuuriyadda Guinea]],<ref>{{cite web |date=2006-04-06 |title=Nursing home cures arthritis in the right knee of a female worker in Jiangxi province |work=[[CNKI]] |url=https://oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=N2006040069000713&dbcode=CYFD&dbname=CYFD}}</ref> kaas oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Konkoure|Dooxada Webiga Konkoure]] ee galbeedka [[Guinea]],<ref>{{cite web |date=Nov 4, 2014 |title=Chinese capital has not 'large-scale withdrawal' from West Africa |work=[[sina.com.cn|Sina]] |url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20141104/020920720594.shtml}}</ref> oo leh [[awood la rakibay]] oo dhan 240 MW.<ref>{{cite web |date=Jun 23, 2015 |title=IFC Advisory Powers Guinea in World Bank Group Effort |website=[[International Finance Corporation]] |url=https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/news_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/news+and+events/news/za_ifc_guinea_power_sector}}</ref> Mashruucan waxaa dhistay shirkadda [[China International Water & Electric Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |date=April 16, 2020 |title=The Impact of Guinea's Souapiti Dam on Displaced Communities |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/16/were-leaving-everything-behind/impact-guineas-souapiti-dam-displaced-communities}}</ref> Dhismaha mashruuca ayaa si rasmi ah u bilaabmay 18 Abriil 2012,<ref>{{cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=The Kaleta Water Conservancy Project in Guinea was officially put into operation |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-09/30/c_1116724653.htm}}</ref> iyadoo kharash lagu qiyaasay $527 milyan.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Project Appraisal Document - World Bank Document(Report No: PAD904) |website=[[World Bank]] |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/844231468257335375/pdf/PAD9040PAD0P14010Box385222B00OUO090.pdf}}</ref> 28 May 2015, qaybtii ugu horreysay ee xarunta korontada biyaha ayaa si rasmi ah loogu xiray shabakadda si loo dhaliyo koronto.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 29, 2015 |title=The first unit of Guinea's Keleta Hydropower Station contracted by a Chinese company was officially connected to the grid for power generation |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2015-05/29/c_1115450806.htm}}</ref> 28 Sebtember 2015, xilliga maxalliga ah ee Guinea, warshadda ayaa la dhameeyay waxaana la xusay munaasabad dabbaaldeg ah.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 29, 2015 |title=The largest hydropower station in Guinea was completed |publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-10/10/c_128302240.htm}}</ref> Kahor intaan [[Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti]] la qorsheyn in la dhameeyo oo la hawlgeliyo sanadkii 2021,<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-05-19 |title=Guinea's Souapiti Hydropower Station: Resuming work and production to help the local fight against the epidemic |website=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]] |url=http://gn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/202005/20200502966005.shtml |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2022-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210323/http://gn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/202005/20200502966005.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Kaleta waxay ahayd xarunta ugu weyn korontada biyaha ee Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-03-30 |title=A delegation from the African Development Bank visited and inspected the Kaleta Hydropower Station and Suapiti Hydropower Station in Guinea |website=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]] |url=http://gn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/201703/20170302543581.shtml }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Koukoutamba]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} lufzpiy5ibvgfxhgrhn5tdwyr9h9ii9 0 48078 300808 299671 2026-07-04T08:17:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee FE2 | name_official = | image = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Gabon#Africa#World | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Gabon oo muujinaysa goobta ay ku taal Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee FE2 | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|00|42|56|N|11|36|28|E|region:GA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location_map_relief = | country = [[Gabon]] | location = [[Mitzic]], [[Degmada Okano]], [[Gobolka Woleu-Ntem]] | purpose = P | status = UC | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = €180 milyan | owner = [[Dowladda Gabon]] | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Okano]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 3 x 12 MW [[Francis turbine|nuuca Francis]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|36|MW}} | plant_annual_gen = 240 GWh | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee FE2''' waa xarun korontada biyaha oo dhan 36 megawatt oo ku taalla dalka [[Gabon]]. Dhismaha biyo-xireenkan ayaa bilaabmay sanadkii 2010. Sababo la xiriira dhaqaale ku filan oo aan la helin, shaqada ayaa la joojiyay sanadkii 2013. Sanadkii 2018, ka dib markii shaqada ay hakad ku jirtay shan sano, Tebian Electric Apparatus Stock Limited (TBEA), oo ah shirkad Shiineys ah oo [[soo saarta korontada]] (IPP), iyadoo la kaashanaysa Sanduuqa Maalgashiga Istaraatiijiga ah ee Gabon, ayaa muujisay ujeeddadooda ah inay ku maalgeliyaan €180 milyan horumarinta Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee FE2.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-work-on-fe2-hydroelectric-power-plant-construction-site-to-resume/ |title=Gabon: Work on FE2 hydroelectric power plant construction site to resume |work=Afrik21.africa |date=6 September 2018 |author=Boris Ngounou |access-date=2 May 2022 |location=Paris, France }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Qandaraaska [[injineernimada, iibsashada iyo dhismaha]] (EPC) ayaa waxaa la siiyay [[Gezhouba Group|China Gezhouba Group Company]] (CGGC). Shirkadda qaadanaysa tamarta waa Société d'Énergie et d'Eau du Gabon (SEEG), oo ah shirkadda qaran ee adeegga korontada ee Gabon.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|work=Construction Review Online |date=3 July 2019 | url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/news/construction-hydroelectric-power-stations-gabon-begin/ |title=Construction of hydroelectric power stations in Gabon to begin |author=Bonface | access-date=2 May 2022 |location=Nairobi, Kenya}}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontada ayaa ku taalla biyo-dhaca FE2 ee [[Webiga Okano]], koonfur-bari ka xigta magaalada [[Mitzic]], ee [[Degmada Okano]], ee [[Gobolka Woleu-Ntem]], ee waqooyiga Gabon.<ref name="3R">{{cite web| work=Gauff.net | url=https://www.gauff.net/en/referenzen/gabon/fe2.html | date=1 November 2014 |title="FE2" hydroelectric power plant in Gabon: Technical Assistance for the energy ministry on an EPC contract for the construction of the "FE2" hydroelectric power plant in Gabon |author=Gauff Engineering |access-date=2 May 2022 | location=Nuremberg, Germany}}</ref> Mitzic waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{convert|112|km|0}} koonfur ka xigta magaalada [[Oyem]], oo ah xarunta gobolka.<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mitzic,+Gabon/Oyem,+Gabon/@1.048469,11.2868846,8.71z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x108110ee09959449:0x63e073a3c707e1b4!2m2!1d11.5503832!2d0.782292!1m5!1m1!1s0x1086ee57dfdb872b:0xd8ce1361d3e0127!2m2!1d11.5759672!2d1.5991751!3e0|title=Road Distance Between Mitzic, Gabon And Oyem, Gabon | access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|323|km|0}} oo waddada loo maro waqooyi-bari ka xigta [[Libreville]], oo ah magaalada ugu weyn iyo caasimadda Gabon.<ref name="5R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mitzic,+Gabon/Libreville,+Gabon/@0.8225819,11.2909135,7.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x108110ee09959449:0x63e073a3c707e1b4!2m2!1d11.5503832!2d0.782292!1m5!1m1!1s0x107f3b8a5438f3ed:0x7bc2e2f27cd22bc2!2m2!1d9.4672676!2d0.4161976!3e0 |title=Road Distance Between Mitzic, Gabon And Libreville, Gabon |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Naqshadda xarunta korontadu waxay ku baaqaysaa xarun [[run-of-the-river]] ah oo leh [[xadhig biyo]] oo dhan {{convert|88|m|0}}. Saddex marawaxadood oo toosan oo [[nuuca Francis]] ah, oo mid kastaa lagu qiimeeyay 12 MW, ayaa bixin doona awood dhan 36 megawatts. Horumarinta kale ee la xiriirta kaabayaasha waxaa ka mid ah xarun koronto oo cusub, xariiqda gudbinta ee ka saaridda, xero shaqaale iyo waddooyin laga galo goobta.<ref name="3R"/> Waxaa la filayaa in cidda qaadanaysa tamarta halkan laga dhaliyo ay noqoto shirkadda qaran ee adeegga korontada ee [[parastatal]], SEEG. Korontada waxaa loogu talagalay in loo qaybiyo magaalada [[Libreville]], caasimadda qaranka, [[Ndjolé]], ee [[Degmada Abanga-Bigne]] ee [[Gobolka Moyen-Ogooué]] iyo gobolka Woleu-Ntem.<ref name="1R"/> ==Horumarkii ugu dambeeyay== Ilaa Diseembar 2020, dowladda Gabon ayaa weli raadinaysay dhaqaale ay ku dhameyso dhismaha Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee FE2, taas oo wax soo saarkeeda tamarta sanadlaha ah lagu xisaabiyay 240 GWh sanadkiiba.<ref name="XXR">{{cite web|url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/tackling-gabons-future-energy-needs-scientifically/ |title=Tackling Gabon's future energy needs scientifically |work=ESI-Africa |date=19 December 2020 | author=Aristide Ngari* |access-date=2 May 2022 | place=Cape Town, South Africa}}</ref> Aristide Ngari waa Agaasimaha Guud, Wasaaradda Tamarta, Dowladda Gabon. ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Gabon]] *[[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Kinguélé Aval]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.africa-energy.com/article/gabon-fe2-hydro-scheme-resumes-construction Gabon: Mashruuca biyaha ee FE2 ayaa dib u bilaabay dhismihii] Ilaa 13 Maajo 2016]. {{Authority control}} bc1ahrzve15wyizaysh7loo5p7wc0ku 0 48079 300812 299672 2026-07-04T08:22:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Ngoulmendjim | image = | image_caption = | name_official = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Komo]] | location = Ngoulmendjim, [[Gobolka Estuaire]], [[Gabon]] | dam_type = [[Biyo-xireenka cufisjiidadka]] | dam_length = | dam_height = | dam_width_base = | dam_width_crest = | dam_volume = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | construction_began = 2023 (la filayo) | opening = 2028 (la filayo) | cost = €300 milyan | owner = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_depth = | plant_operator = | plant_turbines = [[Pelton wheel|Pelton]]: 3 x 27.35 MW | plant_capacity = {{convert|82|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = ~500 GWh | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | location_map = Gabon#Africa#World | location_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaallo Biyo-xireenka Ngoulmendjim <br/>'''Meesha khariidadda ku taal waa qiyaas''' | location_map_relief = | location_map_size = | coordinates = {{coord|00|10|49|N|10|08|53|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada ee Ngoulmendjim''' waa xarun korontada biyaha oo la qorsheeyay oo ka gudubta [[Webiga Komo]] ee dalka [[Gabon]]. Xarunta korontada ayaa waxaa horumarinaya [[urur]] ka kooban shirkadda Faransiiska ee [[Eranove|Eranove Group]] iyo Sanduuqa Gabon ee Maalgashiga Istaraatiijiga ah (FGIS). Laga bilaabo Nofeembar 2021, horumarintu waxay ku jirtay "wajiga abaabulka maaliyadeed".<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-eranove-and-fgis-to-raise-e300-million-for-the-ngoulmendjim-hydropower-project/ |title=Gabon: Eranove and FGIS to raise €300 million for the Ngoulmendjim hydropower project |work=Afrik21.africa |date=26 November 2021 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=28 November 2021 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=27 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127191235/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-eranove-and-fgis-to-raise-e300-million-for-the-ngoulmendjim-hydropower-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontada ayaa ku taalla Webiga Komo, ee [[Gobolka Estuaire]], qiyaastii {{convert|125|km|0}} koonfur-bari ka xigta caasimadda [[Libreville]].<ref name="1R"/> ==Dulmar== Libreville, oo ah caasimadda dalka Gabon, waxaa ku nool qiyaastii kala bar dadka dalka. Sannadkii 2018, 15-20 megawatts oo awood koronto oo cusub ah ayaa looga baahnaa sanadkii si loola socdo baahida cusub ee Libreville oo keliya. Ngoulmendjim HPP waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu xalliyo baahidan.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |date=8 October 2018 | url=https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/epc-contractor-sought-for-ngoulmendjim-storage-project-gabon/ |work=The International Journal On Hydropower & Dams |title=EPC contractor sought for Ngoulmendjim storage project, Gabon |author=Hydropower & Dams | access-date=28 November 2021 |location=Wallington, Surrey, United Kingdom}}</ref> Biyo-xireenku wuxuu yeelan doonaa ballac dhan {{convert|635|m|ft}} oo leh joogga ugu badan oo dhan {{convert|38.5|m|0}}. Tani waxay samayn doontaa kayd biyo ah oo leh aag dusha sare ah oo ka badan {{convert|30|km2|acre}}. Saddex marawaxadood oo [[Pelton wheel|Pelton]] ah ayaa la rakibi doonaa waxaana la filayaa inay dhaliyaan 82 megawatts oo koronto ah. Tamarta waxaa laga soo gudbin doonaa xarunta korontada iyada oo loo marayo xarig cusub oo koronto oo 225kV ah, oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|135|km|0}}, ilaa meel ay korontadu ka geli doonto shabakadda qaranka. [[Heshiis iibsashada korontada]] oo 30-sano ah ayaa u dhexeeya [[Dowladda Gabon]] iyo horumariyeyaasha xarunta korontada.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> ==Lahaanshaha== Horumariyeyaasha xarunta korontadan, ayaa sameeyay shirkad ujeedo gaar ah u leh oo la yiraahdo Asokh Energy, taas oo iska leh, naqshadayn doonta, horumarin doonta, hawlgelin doonta oo dayactiri doonta HPP-kan. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa saamiga Asokh Energy.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Saamiga Asokh Energy''' ! style="width:2em;"|Darajo !!Magaca milkiilaha!!Boqolkiiba lahaanshaha |- |1||[[Eranove|Eranove Group]]|| 60.0<ref name="1R"/> |- |2|| Gabon Power Company || 40.0<ref name="1R"/> |- | ||'''Wadarta'''||'''100.0''' |- |} Fiiro gaar ah: Gabon Power Company (GPC) waa shirkad hoosaad ka tirsan Sanduuqa Gabon ee Maalgashiga Istaraatiijiga ah (FGIS).<ref name="1R"/> ==Kharashka dhismaha== Miisaaniyadda dhismaha ayaa la sheegay inay tahay €300 milyan. Horumariyaha/milkiilayaasha ayaa doortay [[Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika]] inuu noqdo hoggaamiyaha diyaariya [[amaahda la wadaago]]. Guriga maaliyadeed ee Ingiriiska ee [[Standard Chartered Bank]] ayaa loo doortay inuu qaabeeyo amaahda.<ref name="1R"/> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Gabon]] * [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Dibwangui]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{stack|{{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Ngoulmendjim}} b50zwzu0nftb12v43zr84pbxre6538m 0 48080 300807 299673 2026-07-04T08:17:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Dibwangui | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Gabon#Africa#World | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Gabon oo muujinaysa goobta ay ku taal Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Dibwangui. | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|02|13|08|S|11|33|42|E|region:GA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location_map_relief = | country = [[Gabon]] | location = Tuulada Mandji, [[Gobolka Ngounié]] | purpose = P | status = P | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = [[Eranove]] | operator = ''Louetsi Energy'' | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Louetsié]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 21 Maarso 2019 | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 3 x 5.1 MW [[Kaplan turbine|Kaplan]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|15|MW}} | plant_annual_gen = 90 GWh | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Dibwangui''' waa xarun korontada biyaha oo la qorsheeyay oo dhan 15 megawatt oo ku taalla dalka [[Gabon]]. Xarunta korontada ayaa waxaa horumarinaya urur ka kooban (a) [[Eranove]], oo ah shirkad Faransiis ah oo [[soo saarta korontada]] (IPP) iyo (b) Sanduuqa Maalgashiga Istaraatiijiga ah ee Gabon (FGIS), oo ah shirkad [[parastatal]] oo ay dowladdu leedahay. [[Heshiis iibsashada korontada]] (PPA) oo wakhti dheer ah ayaa waxaa saxiixay mas'uuliyiinta Gabon iyo ''Louetsi Energy'', oo ah shirkad ujeedo gaar ah u leh (SPV) oo iska leh xaruntan korontada dhisaysa.<ref name="1R">{{cite web | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydroelectric-power-plants/ | title=Gabon: AfDB finances construction of two hydroelectric power plants | date=10 January 2019 | author=Luchelle Feukeng | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=11 Bisha Shanaad 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511083259/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydroelectric-power-plants/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontada ayaa ku taalla Webiga Louetsié, oo ku yaalla tuulada Mandji, ee [[Gobolka Ngounié]], ee koonfur-galbeed ee Gabon. Biyo-xireenka iyo xarunta korontada ayaa ku yaalla qiyaastii {{convert|550|km|0}} oo waddada loo maro, koonfur-bari ka xigta [[Libreville]], oo ah caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee dalka.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://born2invest.com/articles/the-sustainability-of-the-dibwangui-hydroelectric-power-plant-project-was-certified/ |title=The sustainability of the Dibwangui hydroelectric power plant project was certified |date=26 August 2020 |work=Born2Invest.com |access-date=11 May 2022 | author=Anthony Donaghue |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Naqshaddu waxay ku baaqaysaa biyo-xireen laamiga dhagaxa ah oo leh [[xadhig biyo]] oo dhan {{convert|23.7|m|ft}}. Saddex marawaxadood oo [[Kaplan turbine|Kaplan]] ah, oo mid kastaa lagu qiimeeyay 5.1 MW ayaa la rakibi doonaa. Qiyaas dhan {{convert|25|m3|liter}} oo socodka biyaha ah ilbidhiqsi kasta ayaa lagu ilaalin doonaa marawaxad kasta. Shaqada waxaa ka mid ah dhismaha xarun koronto oo dibadda ah oo ku taalla xarunta korontada. Xarigo cusub oo koronto oo hawada sare ah ayaa korontada ka soo saari doona Dibwangui ilaa Bongolo. Xarunta korontada ee Bongolo ayaa la ballaarin doonaa lana qaabayn doonaa si ay u qaabisho tamarta soo galaysa.<ref name="3R">{{cite web|url=https://www.setec.fr/en/uncategorized/amenagement-hydroelectrique-de-dibwangui |title=Dibwangui hydroelectric development project: Overview |date=2018 |work=Setec France | access-date=11 May 2022 |author=Setec France |place=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Lahaanshaha== Ururka iska leh xarunta korontada ee dhisaya, ayaa sameeyay shirkad ujeedo gaar ah u leh oo la yiraahdo '''Louetsi Energy''', si ay u yeelato, u naqshadayso, u maalgeliso, u horumariso, u dhisto, u hawlgeliso oo u dayactirto kaabayaasha tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa saamiga shirkadda ujeeddada gaarka ah.<ref name="2R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Saamiga ''Louetsi Energy'' ! Darajo !! Saamilayda !!Hoyga !! Boqolkiiba !! Fiiro gaar ah |- | 1 || [[Eranove|Eranove Group]] ||[[Faransiiska]] || ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 2 || Sanduuqa Maalgashiga Istaraatiijiga ah ee Gabon (FGIS) ||[[Gabon]] || ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | || '''Wadarta''' || || '''100.0''' || |- |} ==Tixgelinno kale== Daraasad la sameeyay si loo go'aamiyo waaritaanka xaruntan korontada ayaa qiimeysay xarunta korontada ee la soo jeediyay iyadoo loo marayo "kow iyo toban shuruudood oo waxqabadka deegaanka, bulshada iyo maamulka (ESG)". Warbixin la soo saaray sanadkii 2020, xarunta korontada ayaa "gaartay dhaqan wanaagsan oo caalami ah qiimeynta ESG" waxaana "lagu qiimeeyay tusaale ahaan dhaqanka wanaagsan ee caalamiga ah ee naqshadeynta iyo qorsheynta waaritaanka".<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Hydropower.Org | url=https://www.hydropower.org/news/gabons-dibwangui-project-achieves-global-good-practice-in-esg-assessment |title=Gabon's Dibwangui project achieves global good practice in ESG assessment |date=25 August 2020 |author=International Hydropower Association |access-date=11 May 2022 |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Gabon]] *[[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Ngoulmendjim]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.eranove.com/en/africa/louetsi-energy/ Ku saabsan Louetsi Energy] {{Authority control}} dbjav6rtvwwduotc9awnoikguh74bxt 0 48097 300813 299699 2026-07-04T08:24:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa#World | location_map_size = x 180 | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo oo muujinaysa goobta<br/>Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|10|18|15|S|25|24|24|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] | location = [[Kolwezi]], [[Gobolka Lualaba]] | purpose =P | status = O | construction_began = 1950-yadii | opening = 1956 | demolished = | cost = | owner = | operator = [[Société Nationale d'Électricité]] (SNEL) | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Lualaba]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive = | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 1956 | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 4 x 65 MW | plant_capacity = {{convert|260|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke''' ([[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]: ''Centrale hydroélectrique de Nseke'') waa xarun koronto oo biyaha ku shaqaysa oo shaqaynaysa oo ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]], oo leh awood lagu rakibay oo dhan {{convert|260|MW}}. Waxaa maamula shirkadda korontada ee Kongo, [[Société Nationale d'Électricité]] (SNEL).<ref name="1R">{{cite web|date=22 Diseembar 2011 |url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/42627 | publisher=Global Energy Observatory |title=Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo |access-date=17 Diseembar 2020 |author=Global Energy Observatory |location=Los Alamos, New Mexico, Mareykanka}}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontadu waxay ku taal [[Webiga Lualaba]], ee [[Gobolka Lualaba]], ee koonfur-bari ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo, oo u dhow xadka [[Zambia]]. Goobteedu waa qiyaastii {{convert|69|km|0}}, waqooyiga magaalada [[Kolwezi]], caasimadda gobolka.<ref name="2R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kolwezi,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo/Nseke+Hydro+Power+Station,+Kolwezi,+Congo+-+Kinshasa/@-10.3916549,25.1609102,8.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1979e57971072e4f:0xa23ff3e3cd0d2277!2m2!1d25.5088914!2d-10.7275273!1m5!1m1!1s0x1979ccf3aef77021:0x1571813bc7dbc441!2m2!1d25.4057738!2d-10.3046845!3e0 |title=Masaafada Wadada u dhaxaysa Magaalada Kolwezi iyo Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke |access-date=17 Diseembar 2020}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|371|km|0}}, waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Lubumbashi]], magaalada ugu dhow ee weyn.<ref name="3R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Nseke+Hydro+Power+Station,+Kolwezi,+Congo+-+Kinshasa/Lubumbashi,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo/@-10.9941209,25.3083244,8z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1979ccf3aef77021:0x1571813bc7dbc441!2m2!1d25.4057738!2d-10.3046845!1m5!1m1!1s0x19723ea34874cbd9:0xa1c6f5a74f805b2f!2m2!1d27.5026174!2d-11.6876026!3e0 |title=Masaafada Wadada u dhaxaysa Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke iyo Lubumbashi, ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo |access-date=17 Diseembar 2020}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke waa: 10°18'15.0"S, 25°24'24.0"E (Loolka:-10.304167; Dhigta:25.406667).<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/10%C2%B018'15.0%22S+25%C2%B024'24.0%22E/@-10.3041667,25.4066667,386m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-10.3041667!4d25.4066667 |title=Goobta Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Nseke |access-date=17 Diseembar 2020}}</ref> ==Guudmarka== Xaruntan korontada waxaa la dhisay 1950-yadii waxaana ganacsi ahaan loo daah-furay 1956. Xarunta korontadu waxay ka kooban tahay afar turbines oo [[General Electric]] ah, mid kasta oo leh awood wax soo saar oo dhan 65 megawatts. Korontada la soo saaray waxaa lagu dhex daraa shabakada korontada qaranka, oo ay maamusho shirkadda korontada qaranka ee SNEL.<ref name="1R"/> Sababo la xiriira da'da hardware-ka, waxaa jiray dadaallo lagu doonayo in lagu dayactiro oo lagu casriyeeyo hardware-ka iyo hawlaha xarunta korontada, si loo ilaaliyo hufnaanta shaqada.<ref name="5R">{{cite web | title=Koronto Lagu Kalsoonaan Karo Si Loo Kiciyo Dhaqaalaha: Oo Ku Yaalla Meel Fog oo Ku Shaqaysa Awood La Dhimay | url=https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/stories/nseke-reliable-energy | publisher=[[General Electric]] | date=2000 | author=General Electric | access-date=17 Diseembar 2020 | archive-date=2023-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129191144/https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/stories/nseke-reliable-energy | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="6R">{{cite web |title=Alstom si ay u dayactirto 260-MW Nseke ee DR Kongo, 260-MW Cambambe ee Angola |date=20 Maarso 2009 |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2009/03/20/alstom-to-refurbish-dr-congos-260-mw-nseke-angolas-260-mw-cambambe/ |publisher=Hydro Review |access-date=17 Diseembar 2020 |author=Hydro Review }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Lahaanshaha== Xarunta Korontada ee Nseke waxaa la dhisay 1950-yadii waxaana ganacsi ahaan loo daah-furay 1956 si ay koronto u siiso Générale des carrières et des mines ([[Gécamines]]) oo ah shirkad macdan qodista oo ka tirsan DR Kongo, oo leh miinooyin ku yaalla Gobolka Lualaba iyo [[Gobolka Haut-Katanga]] ee ku dhow. Sannadkii 1974, SNEL, oo ah shirkadda kaliya ee korontada, gudbinta iyo qaybinta ayaa la wareegtay lahaanshaha xarunta korontada, ka dib [[digreeto madaxweyne]].<ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=https://usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/Democratic%20Republic%20of%20Congo%20Power%20Sector.pdf |title=Guudmarka Qaybta Korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo | date=Febraayo 2013 |publisher=[[United States Energy Association]] |author=Alex Kadiayi |access-date=17 Diseembar 2020 | location=Washington DC, Mareykanka}}</ref><ref name="8R">{{cite web|url=https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/rising-tensions-over-hydropower-plant-ownership-congo-dr.html |title=Xiisadaha sii kordhaya ee lahaanshaha xarunta korontada biyaha ee Kongo DR |publisher=Enerdata |date=21 Maajo 2013 | author=Enerdata |access-date=17 Diseembar 2020 |location=Grenoble, Faransiis}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} {{columns-list|colwidth=22em| *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada biyaha ee Afrika|Biyo-xireennada Korontada ee Afrika]] *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada biyaha|Biyo-xireennada Korontada ee Adduunka]] }} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.powerengineeringint.com/renewables/democratic-republic-of-congo-and-ge-sign-energy-infrastructure-agreement/ Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo iyo GE ayaa saxiixay heshiis kaabayaasha tamarta] Laga bilaabo 13 Febraayo 2020. {{Authority control}} 4zxsnrrafcfwxrocjceo5mqwno0r2m4 0 48098 300811 299700 2026-07-04T08:22:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada ee Mwadingusha | image = | image_caption = | name_official = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Lufira]] | location = [[Mwadingusha]], [[Degmada Kambove]], [[Gobolka Haut-Katanga]] | dam_type = [[Biyo-xireenka cufisjiidka]] | dam_length = | dam_height = | dam_width_base = | dam_width_crest = | dam_volume = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | construction_began = 2017 | opening = 2021 | cost = | owner = | res_name = [[Harada Tshangalele]] | res_capacity_total = | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|362|km2|mi2}} | res_max_depth = | plant_operator = | plant_turbines = [[Andritz AG]]: 6 x 13.05 MW | plant_capacity = {{convert|78.3|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | plant_commission = 1930 iyo 2021 | plant_decommission = | location_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa#World | location_map_caption = Goobta Xarunta Korontada ee Mwadingusha <br/>'''Meelaynta khariidadda waa mid qiyaas ah''' | location_map_relief = | location_map_size = | coordinates = {{coord|10|45|08|S|27|14|38|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mwadingusha''', sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Xarunta Korontada ee Mwadingusha''' waa xarun koronto oo biyaha ku shaqaysa oo leh awood dhan 78.3 megawatts oo ku taal [[Webiga Lufira]] ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]]. Asal ahaan ganacsi ahaan loo daah-furay 1930, lixda matoor ee korontada ayaa la beddelay oo la casriyeeyay iyadoo midkiiba laga dhigay 11.8 MW, waxaana la gaarsiiyay 13.05 MW, taasoo kor u qaadday awoodda wax soo saarka laga bilaabo 71 MW ilaa 78.3 MW.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |date=7 Abriil 2022 |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-andritz-and-cegelec-relaunch-the-mwadingusha-hydroelectric-plant/ |title=DRC: Andritz iyo Cegelec waxay dib u daah-fureen xarunta korontada biyaha ee Mwadingusha |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=8 Abriil 2022 |place=Paris, Faransiis |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326221214/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-andritz-and-cegelec-relaunch-the-mwadingusha-hydroelectric-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dib-u-dayactirka iyo casriyaynta xarunta korontada intii u dhaxaysay 2016 iyo 2021, waxaa fuliyay iskaashi wadajir ah oo u dhexeeya [[Ivanhoe Mines]], oo ah shirkad macdan qodista Kanada ah iyo [[Société Nationale d'Électricité]] (SNEL), oo ah shirkadda korontada qaranka ee [[parastatal]] ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo.<ref name="1R"/> Qayb ka mid ah korontada laga soo saaro halkan waxaa isticmaala Ivanhoe Mines ee ''Miinada Naxaasta ee Kamoa-Kakula'', oo qiyaastii {{convert|250|km|0}}, koonfur-galbeed ka xigta Mwadingusha HPP.<ref name="2R">{{cite web|url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/mwadingusha-hydro-plant-rehab-supports-developing-world-s-largest-copper-find-in-africa/ |title=Dib-u-dayactirka xarunta korontada biyaha ee Mwadingusha waxay taageertaa horumarinta miinada naxaasta ee ugu weyn adduunka ee Afrika | work=HydroReview.com |date=1 Sebteembar 2018 |author=Gregory Poindexter |access-date=8 Abriil 2022}}</ref> Inta kale ee korontada waxaa qaata SNEL waxaana lagu dhex daraa shabakada korontada qaranka.<ref name="1R"/> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontadu waxay jiiftaa Webiga Lufira, ee magaalada [[Mwadingusha]], [[Degmada Kambove]], [[Gobolka Haut-Katanga]], ee qaybta fog ee koonfur-bari ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo. Mwadingusha waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|72|km|0}} waqooyi-bari ee [[Likasi]], oo ah magaalada weyn ee ugu dhow.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Likasi,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo/Mwadingusha,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo/@-10.8568765,26.4243188,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x197139cec47131c1:0x95111190dd739c2b!2m2!1d26.7378585!2d-10.9884148!1m5!1m1!1s0x197400f35367fa85:0xfd68d4402789b518!2m2!1d27.2293969!2d-10.749249!3e0 |title=Masaafada Wadada u dhaxaysa Likasi, DRC iyo Mwadingusha, DRC oo leh Khariidadda |access-date=8 Abriil 2022}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|120|km|0}} waqooyiga [[Lubumbashi]], caasimadda gobolka iyo magaalada weyn ee ugu dhow.<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Lubumbashi,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo/Mwadingusha,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo/@-11.217855,27.085782,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x19723ea34874cbd9:0xa1c6f5a74f805b2f!2m2!1d27.5026174!2d-11.6876026!1m5!1m1!1s0x197400f35367fa85:0xfd68d4402789b518!2m2!1d27.2293969!2d-10.749249!3e0 |title=Masaafada Wadada u dhaxaysa Lubumbashi, DRC iyo Mwadingusha, DRC oo leh Khariidadda |access-date=8 Abriil 2022}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== Xaruntii hore ee korontada waxaa markii ugu horreysay la daah-furay 1930-kii ''Société générale africaine d’électricité'', ''Société générale des forces hydroélectriques du Katanga'' iyo [[Union Minière du Haut-Katanga]]. Ujeedada ugu weyn waxay ahayd keenista tamarta qaybta macdan qodista ee Katanga. Khadadka korontada ee 120 iyo 50 kV ayaa isku xiray magaalooyinka macdanta [[Likasi]], [[Kolwezi]], [[Lubumbashi]] iyo xitaa [[Kipushi]].<ref>M . G. Gillon. — Distribution de l ’énergie électrique au Congo. In [https://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/BULLETINS_MEDEDELINGEN/1937-3.pdf Bulletin de Seances - Institut Royal Colonial Belge / Koninklijk Belgisch Koloniaal Instituut - BulletÏjn der Zittingen VIII-1937-3.] p.680ff</ref> Naqshaddii asalka ahayd waxaa ku jiray lix matoor, mid kasta oo lagu qiimeeyay 11.8 MW, wadarta awoodda oo dhan 71 megawatts. Ilaa 2016, SNEL iyadoo la kaashanaysa Ivanhoe Mines, waxay bilaabeen cusboonaysiinta Mwadingusha HPP, taas oo aan helin wax cusboonaysiin ah tan iyo 1930. Bilowgii, hal matoor waqti kasta, ayaa la dayactiray oo la cusboonaysiiyay.<ref name="5R">{{cite web| url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/mwadingusha-hydropower-plant-in-the-drc-is-online/ |title=Xarunta korontada biyaha ee Mwadingusha ee DRC ayaa online ah |date=13 Sebteembar 2016 | work=HydroReview.com |author=Gregory Poindexter |access-date=8 Abriil 2022}}</ref> Alaab-qeybiyaha rakibaadda korontada ee asalka ah wuxuu ahaa ''Charmilles'' ee Switzerland. Heshiiska dib-u-dayactirka ee qarnigii 21-aad, heshiiska [[injineernimada, iibsashada iyo dhismaha]] (EPC) waxaa lagu abaalmariyay [[consortium]] ka kooban [[Andritz AG]] ee Austria iyo [[Cegelec]] ee Faransiiska. Cegelec waa shirkad hoosaad ka tirsan [[Vinci SA|Vinci Energies]].<ref name="1R"/><ref name="6R">{{cite web| work=[[Andritz AG]] | url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn31/mwadingusha-dr-congo |title=Tamar gudaha kaynta |date=Sebteembar 2016 | author=Andritz AG |access-date=8 Abriil 2022 | location=Graz, Austria}}</ref> Asal ahaan kaliya afar ka mid ah lixda matoor ee dhalinaya korontada ayaa loo qorsheeyay dib-u-dayactir. [[Francis turbine]]s cusub, mid kasta oo leh awood wax soo saar oo dhan 13.05 MW, ayaa la naqshadeeyay oo lagu soo saaray Yurub. Shaqadu waxay sidoo kale ku lug lahayd beddelka inta badan hardware-ka korontada ee xarunta korontada, oo ay ku jiraan valves, inverters, voltage regulators, exciters, stabilizers iyo qalab la xiriira.<ref name="6R"/> Sida shaqadu u socotay, 2017, go'aan ayaa la gaaray in lagu beddelo dhammaan lixda matoor kuwo cusub. Waqti ka dib, baaxadda shaqadu way ballaaraty ilaa Sebteembar 2021, markii dhammaan lixda turbines ee dib loo dayactiray si buuxda isku mar loogu wada-shaqeeyay shabakadda SNEL.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="7R">{{cite web| work=[[Andritz AG]] | url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn35/mwandingusha-dr-congo |title=Soo celinta Tamarta La Cusboonaysiin Karo: Mwadingusha, Kongo DRC |date=Sebteembar 2021 |author=Andritz AG |access-date=8 Abriil 2022 |location=Graz, Austria}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} * [[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] * [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Katende]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/mwadingusha-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ Mwadingusha HPP, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo] Laga bilaabo 15 Janaayo 2022. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mwadingusha Hydroelectric Power Station}} ok4kgn7elseuany0ca6va28pulkm5ku 0 48101 300754 299707 2026-07-04T01:19:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Thune | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Botswana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-22.18071|28.70232|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Botswana]] | location = [[Central District (Botswana)|Degmada Dhexe]] | purpose = | status = | construction_began = | opening = 2013 | demolished = | cost = | owner = | dam_type = | dam_height = {{convert|33.6|m}} | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = {{convert|1.7|km}} | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|90000000|m3}} | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Thune''' waa biyo-xireen ku yaalla [[Webiga Thune (Motloutse)|Webiga Thune]] ee dalka [[Botswana]], kaas oo dhismihiisu socday sannadkii 2012 isla markaana la furay sannadkii 2013. Waxa uu leeyahay awood qorshaysan oo dhan {{convert|90000000|m3}}.{{sfn|Media tours MMEWR Project Sites}} ==Sharaxaad== Biyo-xireenku waxa uu ku yaallaa webiga Thune, xagga sare ee isgoyska uu la leeyahay [[Webiga Motloutse|Motloutse]]. Biyo-xireenku waxa uu ku yaallaa dhul siman, waxaana uu yeelan doonaa qoto dheer celcelis ahaan ilaa {{convert|15|m}}. Marka la eego cimilada kulul oo abaaraha ah, uumiga biyaha ee lumaya waa arrin walaac weyn leh. Habab kala duwan oo lagu yareynayo khasaarahan ayaa la tixgeliyey balse waa la diiday. Biyo-xireenku waxa uu noqon doonaa dhismo carro ah oo leh udub-dhexaad dhoobo ah.{{sfn|Uys|2011}} Waxa uu noqon doonaa {{convert|33.6|m}} oo joog ah, iyada oo uu leeyahay derbi dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|1.7|km}} iyo awood dhan {{convert|90000000|m3}}.{{sfn|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} ==Ujeeddo== Biyo-xireenku waxa uu biyo cabitaan ah siin doonaa tuulooyin dhowr ah oo ku yaalla aagga [[Bobirwa]], iyo biyo waraabin ah oo loo isticmaali doono mashruuc beeraha ah oo u dhow [[Mathathane]].{{sfn|Modikwa|2010}} Marka la dhammeeyo, biyaha waxaa loo qaybin doonaa tuulooyinka [[Bobonong]], [[Motlhabaneng]], [[Mathathane]], [[Tsetsebjwe]], [[Mabolwe]], [[Semolale]], [[Gobojango]], [[Lepokole]] iyo [[Molalatau]].{{sfn|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} ==Dhismaha== Aqoon-is-weydaarsi daneeyayaasha ah ayaa lagu qabtay bishii Sebtembar 2009 hoolka dugsiga sare ee Molalatau, halkaas oo Wasiirku uu ku bixiyey macluumaad isla markaana uu uga jawaabay su'aalo. Waxa uu uga digay in inkasta oo biyo-xireenku uu keeni doono faa'iidooyin waaweyn, ay jiri doonaan dhibaatooyin inta lagu guda jiro habka dhismaha sida qulqulka muhaajiriinta sharci-darrada ah, dambiyada iyo dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada sida HIV/AIDS iyo uurka gabdhaha da'da yar.{{sfn|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} Goobta biyo-xireenka waxaa lagu wareejiyey qandaraaslaha, Zhon Gan Engineering and Construction, 30 Abriil 2010.{{sfn|Kolantsho|2010}} Mashruuca ayaa la qorsheeyay in la dhammaystiro Abriil 2013. Warshadda daaweynta biyaha iyo dhuumaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay dib u dhacaan ilaa 2014 sababo la xiriira dhibaatooyin dhanka maalgelinta ah. Bishii Luulyo 2010 waxaa la sheegay in shaqadii goobta biyo-xireenka ay istaagtay tan iyo dhacdo lagu dilay shaqaale bil ka hor. Nadiifinta duurka ayaa laga bilaabay goobta si loo sameeyo sahan, laakiin mashruucu wuu ka dambeeyay jadwalka.{{sfn|Modikwa|2010}} Xaflad dhagax-dhig ah ayaa la qabtay bishii Sebtembar 2010, waxaana ka soo qayb galay Ponatshego Kedikilwe, Wasiirka Macdanta, Tamarta iyo Khayraadka Biyaha.{{sfn|Tshukudu|2010}} Laga bilaabo Maarso 2011, Biyo-xireenka Thune wuxuu ahaa 38% oo kaliya. Dib-u-dhacyada waxaa sababay daadad, waxaana jirtay dhibaatooyin ka haystay dhismaha hoyga iyo ruqsadaha.{{sfn|Pheage|2011}} ==Tixraacyo== '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Ilaha''' {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Minerals-Energy-and-Water-Resources-MMWER/Latest-News/ |publisher=Wasaaradda Macdanta, Tamarta iyo Khayraadka Biyaha (MMEWR) |title=Aqoon-is-weydaarsigii ugu horreeyey ee Daneeyayaasha ee Mashruuca Dhismaha Biyo-xireenka Thune oo la qabtay. |date=17 Oktoobar 2009 |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |url=http://72.167.255.126/index.php?sid=4aid=1212dir=2012/June/Friday22&aid=5082&dir=2010/September/Wednesday22 |title=PHK oo ka digay qandaraaslayaasha Biyo-xireenka Thune |last=Kolantsho|first=Calistus |date=22 Sebtembar 2010 |work=Mmegi Online |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Media tours MMEWR Project Sites}} |url=http://www.mmewr.gov.bw/downloads/download.php?dir=newsletters/&&file=internalCOMMUNIQUE_2_2011.pdf&&type=PDF |title=Warbaahintu waxay booqatay goobaha mashruuca MMEWR |date=12 Abriil 2011 |publisher=Wasaaradda Macdanta, Tamarta & Khayraadka Biyaha |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=3394&dir=2010/July/Friday2 |last=Modikwa |first=Onalenna |date=2 Luulyo 2010 |title=Dhismaha biyo-xireenka Thune oo la hakiyay |work=Mmegi Online |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8934%3Afloods-delayed-dam-construction-&catid=18%3Aheadlines&Itemid=2 |title=Daadad dib u dhigay dhismaha biyo-xireenka |last=Pheage |first=Tefo |date=9 Maarso 2011 |work=The Botswana Gazette |access-date=2012-09-20 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.thevoicebw.com/2010/09/24/giving-a-dam/ |work=The Voice |title=BIIXIN BIYO-XIREEN |last=Tshukudu |first=Innocent |date=24 Sebtembar, 2010 |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.jgi.co.za/news/item/three-dams-and-a-pipeline |last=Uys |first=Dominic |publisher=Jeffares & Green |title=Saddex Biyo-xireen iyo Dhuumaha Biyaha : Biyaha Bullaacadaha & Qashinka |date=Jannaayo 2011 |access-date=2012-09-20}} {{refend}} e87fqpw1pwhrrnrnt395piym0h3bv7q 0 48105 300753 299885 2026-07-04T01:16:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Nnywane | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Botswana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-25.115399|25.689567|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Botswana]] | location = [[South-East District (Botswana)|Degmada Koonfur-Bari]] | purpose = Sahayda biyaha magaalooyinka | status = | construction_began = | opening = 1970 | demolished = | cost = | owner = | dam_type = | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|2300000|m3}} | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = {{convert|238|km2}} | res_surface = {{convert|1.65|km2}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Nnywane''' waa biyo-xireen ku yaalla [[Webiga Nnywane]] ee dalka [[Botswana]]. Kaydka biyuhu waxa uu sahay biyo ah siiyaa [[Lobatse]], oo ah magaalo u jirta {{convert|70|km}} koonfurta [[Gaborone]].{{sfn|Mwakikagile|2009|p=65}} Biyaha kaydka ayaa sidoo kale loo wareejin karaa Gaborone haddii loo baahdo.{{sfn|Prommer|2001|p=11}} ==Dhismaha== Biyo-xireenka Nnywane waa kan ugu yar kaydka biyaha ee ay maamusho [[Shirkadda Adeegga Biyaha (Botswana)|Shirkadda Adeegga Biyaha]].{{sfn|Department of Environmental Affairs|2006|p=27}} Biyo-xireenka waxaa la dhisay 1970-kii iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhismo carro ah oo leh udub-dhexaad. Waxay leedahay aag biyo-qabatin ah oo dhan {{convert|238|km2}}. Bedka oogada kaydka biyaha waa {{convert|1.65|km2}}.{{sfn|Water Utilities Corporation|2010}} Kaydka biyuhu waxa uu leeyahay awood dhan {{convert|2300000|m3}}.{{sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009|p=3}} Waxaa quudiya webiga Nnywane ee mararka qaar qallala, kaas oo socda oo kaliya xilliga roobka.{{sfn|De Vrces|Gieske|1990|p=84}} Biyo-xireenka ka hooseeya, Nnywane wuxuu ku qulqulaa [[Webiga Ngotwane]], kaas oo ku qulqula [[Biyo-xireenka Ngotwane]] ee Koonfur Afrika. Ngotwane ayaa markaa samaysa xudduudda u dhaxaysa Botswana iyo Koonfur Afrika ka hor inta aysan ku qulqulin [[Biyo-xireenka Gaborone]].{{sfn|Ngwanaamotho|2011}} ==Isbeddellada sahayda== Sababo la xiriira cimilada kulul oo abaaraha ah, ku dhawaad 2.3% biyaha lagu kaydiyey Biyo-xireenka Nnywane ayaa ku luma uumi-bax sannadkii caadiga ah.{{sfn|Department of Environmental Affairs|2006|p=26}} Roobabku waa kuwo aan la isku halayn karin. Xilligii roobka ee 1978–79 wuxuu ahaa bilowgii xilli abaar ah. Kaydka biyaha ayaa gabaabsi noqday 1982-kii, waxaana sahayda biyaha dadweynaha lagu qasbay inay u wareegaan bamgareynta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa.{{sfn|De Vrces|Gieske|1990|p=86}} Intii u dhaxaysay 1998 iyo 2008 boqolkiiba awoodda kaydka biyaha ee buuxsamay waxay u dhaxaysay 39.1% sannadkii 2003 ilaa 100% sannadkii 2006.{{sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009|p=4}} Bishii Juun 2012, xilliga jiilaalka oo ahaa mid aad u qalalan, biyo-xireenka ayaa hoos ugu dhacay 52% awooddiisa.{{sfn|Morewagae|2012}} ==Tixraacyo== '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Ilaha''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf |title=TIRA-KOOBKA BIYAHA BOTSWANA |author=Xafiiska Tirakoobka Dhexe |date=Oktoobar 2009 |access-date=2012-09-18 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5r28HPAkm?url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.car.org.bw/Documents/Report%20Water%20Accounts%20Botswana.pdf |title=Xisaabaadka biyaha ee Botswana (1992-2003) |author=Waaxda Arrimaha Deegaanka |date=Luulyo 2006 |access-date=2012-09-19 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite web |url=https://iahs.info/redbooks/a191/iahs_191_0081.pdf |work=Goboleynta Biyaha (Nidaamka Shirka Ljubljana, Abriil 1990). |publisher=IAHS |year=1990 |title=Habka dheelitirka chloride-ka ee fudud si loo goboleeyo dib-u-buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa: daraasad kiis oo ku saabsan Botswana oo semi-abaar ah |last1=De Vrces|first1=J. J. |last2=Gieske |first2=A. |access-date=2012-09-18}} *{{cite journal |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=31&aid=961&dir=2012/June/Tuesday12 |journal=Mmegi Online |date=12 Juun 2012 |title=Yaraanta biyaha ee daran ayaa soo socota |last=Morewagae|first=Isiah |access-date=2012-09-18}} *{{cite book |last=Mwakikagile|first=Godfrey|title=Botswana Tan iyo Xornimadii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnJ9cbY9cLEC&pg=PA65|access-date=2012-09-18 |date=31 Oktoobar 2009|publisher=Godfrey Mwakikagile|isbn=978-0-9802587-8-3}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=350&dir=2011/January/Thursday20 |title=Daadadku waxay keenaan fowdo |last=Ngwanaamotho|first=Maranyane |date=20 Janaayo 2011 |access-date=2012-09-19 |work=Mmegi Online}} *{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Research/POP/pde/docs/manual.pdf |title=Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia: Qaabaynta Caqabadaha Dadweynaha iyo Horumarinta Joogtada ah ee Xilligii HIV/AIDS |last=Prommer |first=Isolde |date=Maarso 2001 |publisher=International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis |access-date=2012-09-19 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114425/http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Research/POP/pde/docs/manual.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=107 |title=Halbeegyada Biyo-xireenka |author=Shirkadda Adeegga Biyaha |year=2010 |access-date=2012-09-19 |archive-date=2023-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041900/https://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=107 |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} kmllkvpobi22ff9yga3gchqh1979fgd 0 48108 300806 299726 2026-07-04T08:17:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Angola | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Angola oo muujinaysa goobta Saldhigga Korontada ee Caculo Cabaça. | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|09|41|11|S|14|59|20|E|region:UG_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location_map_relief = | country = [[Angola]] | location = São Pedro da Quilemba, [[Gobolka Cuanza Norte]] | purpose = P | status = UC | construction_began = 2017 | opening = 2026 (la filayo) | demolished = | cost = 5.2 bilyan oo US$ | owner = [[Dowladda Angola]] | operator = [[Gezhouba Group]] & Empresa Pública de Produção de Electricidade | dam_type = [[Roller-compacted concrete|RCC]] [[Biyo-xireen cufis]] | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Kwanza]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 4 x 530 MW + 1 x 52 MW | plant_capacity = 2,172 MW | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça''' waa saldhig koronto oo biyo-mareen ah oo awoodiisu tahay 2,172 MW oo ka socda dhismahiisa dalka [[Angola]]. Marka la dhammaystiro, waxa uu ka weynaan doonaa Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee [[Laúca Hydroelectric Power Station]] oo leh 2,070 MW, kaas oo ah saldhigga korontada ugu weyn dalka, ilaa July 2017.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=Masuuliyiinta Angola oo dhagax-dhigay warshadda korontada biyaha ee Caculo Cabaca oo leh 2,170-MW, dhalintuna ka bilaabatay Lauca oo leh 2,070-MW |publisher=renewableenergyworld.com | url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/angolan-officials-break-ground-on-2-170-mw-caculo-cabaca-hydropower-plan-generation-begins-at-2-070-mw-lauca |date=8 Luulyo 2017 | author=Michael Harris |access-date=14 Oktoobar 2025 |location=United States of America}}</ref> ==Goobta== Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku yaallaa tuulada São Pedro da Quilemba, oo u dhow magaalada [[Dondo, Angola|Dondo]], ee [[Gobolka Cuanza Norte]].<ref name="2R">{{cite web|date=24 Sebtembar 2017 |url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/hydroelectric-project-caculo-cabaca-angola |title=Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça, Angola |publisher=[[Environmental Justice Atlas]] |access-date=21 Juun 2020 |author=Daniela Del Bene}}</ref> Goobtaan waa qiyaastii {{convert|195|km|0}}, waddo ahaan, koonfur-bari ee [[Luanda]], oo ah caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Angola.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Luanda,+Angola/S.+Pedro+Da+Kilemba,+Angola/@-9.2789136,13.3056006,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a51f15cdc8d2c7d:0x850c1c5c5ecc5a92!2m2!1d13.2301756!2d-8.8146556!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a4c8c4207c42a59:0x36057ffd2f230ecd!2m2!1d14.4948618!2d-9.7440413!3e0 |title=Masaafada Waddada ee u dhaxaysa Luanda, Angola Iyo São Pedro da Kilemba, Angola |access-date=21 Juun 2020}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça waa: 09°46'50.0"S, 14°32'58.0"E (Latitude:-9.780556; Longitude:14.549444).<ref name="4R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/9%C2%B046'50.0%22S+14%C2%B032'58.0%22E/@-9.7150218,14.7913567,80910m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-9.7805556!4d14.5494444 |title=Goobta Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça, Angola |access-date=21 Juun 2020}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Bishii Agoosto 2017, dhismaha ayaa ka bilaabmay saldhiggan korontada, oo uu wado qandaraaslaha la doortay, [[Gezhouba Group|China Gezhouba Group Company Limited]], iyadoo qayb ka mid ah maalgelinta ay ka timid [[Bangiga Warshadaha iyo Ganacsiga ee Shiinaha]] (ICBC) ee dowladda leedahay. Awoodda dhalineed ee qorshaysan ee Caculo Cabaça waa 2,172 megawatt, si loogu isticmaalo Angola iyo in loo dhoofiyo waddamada [[Barkadda Korontada ee Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref name="2R"/> Dhismaha ayaa la filayaa inuu socdo ugu yaraan 80 bilood.<ref name="1R"/> Bishii Oktoobar 2019, [[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] ayaa soo warisay in hawl-gelinta ganacsi ee saldhiggan korontada la filayo 2024-tii.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|date=16 Oktoobar 2019 | url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2019/9/42/Caculo-Cabaca-dam-starts-producing-power-2024,31ee869c-7bd5-4d53-8485-d7644b9c84f2.html |title=Biyo-xireenka Caculo Cabaça oo bilaabaya soo saarista koronto 2024 |publisher=[[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] | access-date=21 Juun 2020 |author=Wakaaladda Wararka Angola | location=Luanda}}</ref> Biyo-xireenka weyn wuxuu noqon doonaa {{convert|103|m|0}} dherer ah, oo leh ballac dusha sare ah oo ah {{convert|553|m|0}}, isagoo abuuraya harada kaydka oo cabbirkeedu yahay {{convert|16.3|km|0}} dherer ah, oo leh bedka oogada oo dhan {{convert|16.6|km2|0}}.<ref name="6R">{{cite news | url=https://www.ae-africa.com/read_article.php?NID=10314 | title=Caculo Cabaça Hydroelectric oo la filayo inay khadka ka soo gasho 2024 | publisher=Alternative Energy Africa | date=18 Oktoobar 2019 | author=Alternative Energy Africa | access-date=21 Juun 2020 | location=Qaahira, Masar }}</ref> ==Qiimaha dhismaha iyo maalgelinta== Wadarta qiimaha mashruuca ayaa lagu qiyaasay 4.5 bilyan oo US$, 85 boqolkiiba waxaa laga soo amaahday ICBC. Shirkadda dhismaha, Gezhouba Group, ayaa yeelan doonta, maamuli doonta oo dayactiri doonta saldhigga korontada ugu yaraan afar sano ka dib hawlgelinta ganacsi. Afartaas sano gudahood, China Gezhouba waxay tababari doontaa injineerada iyo farsamoyaqaannada Angola sidii ay u maamuli lahaayeen saldhigga korontada. Qiyaastii 10,000 oo shaqaale ayaa la filayaa in la shaqaaleysiiyo inta lagu jiro wajiga dhismaha.<ref name="1R"/> Bishii Maajo 2023 miisaaniyadda dhismaha ayaa kor loogu qaaday 5.2 bilyan oo US$, iyadoo 3.8 bilyan oo US$ loo qoondeeyay biyo-xireenka iyo 1.4 bilyan oo US$ loo qoondeeyay qalabka koronto-dhalinta iyo gudbinta. Dowladda [[Jarmalka]] ayaa ogolaatay inay 1.16 bilyan oo doolar amaahiso dowladda Angola si loo maalgeliyo soo iibinta iyo rakibida marawaxadaha iyo qalabka korontada ee la xiriira ee ay samaysay shirkadda Jarmalka ee [[Voith Hydro]].<ref name="WorkR">{{cite web |url=https://www.e-mc2.gr/el/news/angola-chinas-cggc-launches-work-caculo-cabaca-dam-2-gw |title=Angola: Shiinaha CGGC ayaa bilaabay shaqada biyo-xireenka Caculo Cabaça (2 GW) |work=e-mc2.gr |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 Maajo 2023 |access-date=14 Oktoobar 2025 |location=Shanghai, Shiinaha }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2024, Voith Hydro waxaa lagala xiriiray inay soo saarto afar marawaxadaha Francis oo midkiiba wax soo saarkiisu yahay 530MW iyo hal marawaxadaha Francis oo dheeraad ah oo leh wax soo saar 52MW, oo ay la socdaan qalab la xiriira. Marka saldhigga korontada si ganacsi ahaan loo hawlgeliyo, 67 boqolkiiba awoodda dhalineed ee qaranka Angola ayaa ka iman doonta ilaha korontada biyaha. Isha maalgelinta Yurub waxaa lagu aqoonsaday [[Commerzbank]] iyo [[UniCredit]], iyadoo dammaanad qaadyada u dhexeeya dowladaha ay bixisay [[Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Jarmalka]]. Dalabka sahayda ee Voith wuxuu ka badan yahay 1 bilyan oo US$.<ref name="SoR">{{cite web| date=1 Janaayo 2024 |access-date=2 Juun 2024 |url=https://africanreview.com/energy/voith-to-equip-large-scale-hydropower-plant-in-angola |title=Voith Si ay u qalabeeyaan Warshad Biyo-dhaliye oo ballaaran oo ku taal Angola |work=African Review of Business & Technology (ARBT) |author=ARBT |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Angola]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/angola/ Profaaylka Dalka Angola ee Korontada Biyaha] {{stack|{{Portal|Biyaha|Tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo}}}} {{Authority control}} j44bwoc1aom3n8n7u3w4x09a9d73g5o 0 48110 300809 299728 2026-07-04T08:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Angola | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | location_map_alt = | location_map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|07|21|47|S|20|50|36|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Angola]] | location = [[Luachimo]] | purpose = P | status = O | construction_began = | opening ={{Start date and age|1957|df=y}} | demolished = | cost = 212 milyan oo US$ | owner = | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = Webiga Luachimo | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = Saldhigga Korontada ee Ruacana | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = [[Francis-type]]<br/>4 x {{convert|8.5|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|34|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity_factor= | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo''' waa warshad [[koronto biyo-dhaliye]] ah oo ku taal meel u dhow [[Luachimo]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Angola]], meel u dhow xadka ay la wadaagto [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web|date=Maarso 2017 | url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn31/luachimo-angola |title=Luachimo, Angola: Marawaxado Cusub oo Isku-dhafan oo loogu talagalay Koronto Badan - Koronto Yar & Mini |publisher=Andritz.com |author=Hans Wolfhard |access-date=12 Juun 2020 |location=Vienna, Austria}}</ref> ==Goobta== Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku yaallaa Webiga Luachimo, ee [[Degmooyinka Angola|degmada]] [[Luachimo]], ee [[Gobolka Lunda Norte]] ee Angola, oo ku xigta xadka caalamiga ah ee ay la wadaagto Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo. Luachimo waa goobta ay ku taal magaalada [[Dundo]], qiyaastii {{convert|1123|km|0}}, waddo ahaan, waqooyi-bari ee [[Luanda]], caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Angola.<ref name="2R">{{google maps|title=Masaafada u dhaxaysa Luanda Iyo Dundo ee Angola |access-date=12 Juun 2020 | url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Luanda,+Angola/Dundo,+Angola/@-8.4332054,12.5315484,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a51f15cdc8d2c7d:0x850c1c5c5ecc5a92!2m2!1d13.2301756!2d-8.8146556!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a2f5b95814610ff:0xe6734527b01a060c!2m2!1d20.8195292!2d-7.3741779!3e0}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo waa: 07°21'47.0"S, 20°50'36.0"E (Latitude:-7.363056; Longitude:20.843333).<ref name="3R">{{google maps|title=Goobta Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo |access-date=12 Juun 2020 | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/7%C2%B021'47.0%22S+20%C2%B050'36.0%22E/@-7.3622388,20.8744539,20353m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-7.3630556!4d20.8433333}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Dhismaha saldhigga korontada ee asalka ah ee goobtan, wuxuu bilaabmay 1953-dii.<ref name="4R">{{cite web |title=Dib-u-habeyn loo qorsheeyay 9-MW Luachimo iyo 1.6-MW Kunje ee Angola |publisher=Hydroreview.com |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2008/05/29/refurbishment-planned-for-angolas-9-mw-luachimo-16-mw-kunje/#gref |date=29 Maajo 2008 |author=Hydro Review |access-date=12 Juun 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612173305/https://www.hydroreview.com/2008/05/29/refurbishment-planned-for-angolas-9-mw-luachimo-16-mw-kunje/#gref |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 1957, saldhigga korontadu wuxuu bilaabay hawlgallada afar marawaxadood oo midkiiba lagu qiimeeyay 2.1 megawatt wadarta awoodda dhalineed oo dhan {{convert|8.4|MW|0}}. Saldhigga korontada waxaa leh oo maamula Empresa Nacional de Diamantes de Angola.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |url=https://www.industryabout.com/country-territories-3/2557-angola/hydro-energy/39744-luachimo-hydro-power-plant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716193626/http://www.industryabout.com/country-territories-3/2557-angola/hydro-energy/39744-luachimo-hydro-power-plant |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 Luulyo 2017 | title=Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo |publisher=Industryabout.com | date=15 Luulyo 2017 |access-date=12 Juun 2020 |author=Industry About}}</ref> ==Dib-u-habeynta iyo ballaarinta== Qorshayaasha lagu dayactirayo lana ballaarinayo saldhiggan korontada ayaa socday tan iyo 2009-kii, markii Emanuela Vieira Lopes, oo ahayd wasiirka tamarta ee dalka, ay qorshayaashaas ka dhigtay mid dadweyne.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |url=http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/sociedade/2009/4/22/Luachimo-hydroelectric-power-plant-rehabilitated,c653d8b9-b302-4ecf-8209-077e7aa2fb12.html |date=30 Maajo 2009 |title=Saldhigga korontada biyaha ee Luachimo oo la dayactirayo |publisher=[[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] |author=Wakaaladda Wararka Angola |access-date=13 Juun 2020 |location=Luanda |archive-date=2020-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613114159/http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/sociedade/2009/4/22/Luachimo-hydroelectric-power-plant-rehabilitated,c653d8b9-b302-4ecf-8209-077e7aa2fb12.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 2016 ayaa shaqo ka bilaabatay saldhigga korontada, si loo kordhiyo awoodda dhalineed ee laga bilaabo 8.4 megawatt ilaa 34 megawatt. Marawaxad kasta oo cusub waxay yeelan doontaa awood dhalineed oo dhan 8.5 megawatt. Korontada la soo saaray waxay siin doontaa 186,000 oo qof oo ku nool magaalada Dundo iyo xaafadaha ku dhow. Dib-u-cusbooneysiinta iyo casriyeynta saldhigga korontada waxay ku kacday 212 milyan oo US$.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2020/5/24/State-Secretary-for-Energy-oversees-Luachimo-dam-works,dfa2b91a-0074-4889-a0e9-78ab3329003e.html |title=Xoghayaha Gobolka ee Tamarta ayaa kormeeraya shaqooyinka biyo-xireenka Luachimo |publisher=[[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] |date=10 Juun 2020 |author=Wakaaladda Wararka Angola | access-date=12 Juun 2020 |location=Luanda}}</ref> Saldhigga korontada ee la dayactiray, ee la ballaariyay oo leh awood dhalineed oo dhan 34 MW, ayaa si ganacsi ahaan loo hawlgeliyay 17 Maajo 2024. Qandaraaslaha [[injineernimada, iibsashada iyo dhismaha]] wuxuu ahaa [[China Gezhouba Group Corporation]] (CGGC).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/energy-china-relaunches-the-luachimo-hydroelectric-power-station-in-angola/ | title=Tamarta Shiinaha oo dib u bilowday saldhigga korontada biyaha ee Luachimo ee Angola | date=30 Maajo 2024 | work=Afrik21.africa | author=Jean Marie Takouleu | access-date=2 Juun 2024 | location=Paris, France | archive-date=2024-06-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602161704/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/energy-china-relaunches-the-luachimo-hydroelectric-power-station-in-angola/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo}} * [[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Angola]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.africaoilandpower.com/2020/01/03/power-generation-in-angola/ Koronto-dhalinta ee Angola] Laga bilaabo 3 Janaayo 2020. {{Authority control}} {{stack|}} 5vsx40ojstaj954o0pd2g7g53ly1ekv 0 48114 300752 299732 2026-07-04T01:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Mukurumudzi | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | location_map_alt = | coordinates = | country = Kenya | location = Mombasa | purpose = Isha koowaad ee biyaha ee Mashruuca Ciidda Macdanta ee Kwale | status = | construction_began = Janaayo 2012 | opening = Agoosto 2013 | demolished = | cost = | owner = | operator = Base Resources | dam_type = Biyo-xireen ciid ah oo isku mid ah | dam_crosses = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = 24m | dam_length = 347 mitir | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = 200,000 mitir kuyuub | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_capacity_factor= | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} {{EngvarB|date=Maarso 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=Maarso 2014}} {{coord|4.3844|S|39.45|E|display=title}}<!-- kuwan waxay tilmaamayaan dhismooyin ku dhow miinooyinka --> Biyo-xireenka '''Mukurumudzi''' waa isha koowaad ee biyaha ee Mashruuca Ciidda Macdanta ee Kwale kaas oo qoda [[titanium]] iyo [[zircon]] macdanta ah oo laga helo buuraha bacaadka ah ee ku yaalla koonfurta [[Mombasa]], Kenya. Mashruuca Kwale waxaa maamula shirkadda macdanta ee Australia, [[Base Resources]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20110608/pdf/41z3898w1x420f.pdf |title=Base Resources Ltd : Ruqsadda Biyo-xireenka Mukurumudzi oo la cusbooneysiiyay |publisher=Asx.com.au |accessdate=2 Sebtembar 2013}}</ref> wuxuuna ku yaallaa 10 kiiloomitir gudaha xeebta Kenya iyo 50 kiiloomitir koonfurta Mombasa, oo ah xarunta dekedda ugu weyn Kenya. Naqshadeynta iyo maamulka dhismaha biyo-xireenka waxaa fulisay Wave International Pty Ltd iyada oo la kaashanaysa ARQ. Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa bilaabmay Janaayo 2012 iyadoo la dhammaystiray Agoosto 2013, waxaana fuliyay Qandaraasle Madani ah oo maxalli ah oo Kenyan ah, Hayer Bishan Singh & Sons Ltd. == Naqshad == Biyo-xireenka Mukurumudzi waa [[biyo-xireen ciid ah]] oo dhererkiisu yahay 24m, leh udub-dhexaad dhexe oo dhex-galkiisu hooseeyo iyo furaha goynta iyo daaha dhoobada, si loo xaddido qulqulka hoostiisa biyo-xireenka. Shaqada meesha biyaha laga saaro waxay ka kooban tahay [[munaarad qaadashada]] oo ka samaysan shub aad loo xoojiyay iyo [[biyo-mareen]] la jiido oo ka samaysan shub aad loo xoojiyay iyo tuubooyin la xiriira.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.miningweekly.com/topic/mukurumudzi-dam |title=Biyo-xireenka Mukurumudzi – Wararka Macdanta |publisher=MiningWeekly.com |date= |accessdate=1 Sebtembar 2013 |archive-date=3 Bisha Saddexaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303052016/http://www.miningweekly.com/topic/mukurumudzi-dam |url-status=dead }}</ref> Biyo-xireenka wuxuu ka kooban yahay {{convert|200000|m3}} oo bacaad-dhoobo ah oo ka yimid degaanka. Sababtoo ah la'aanta qalab dhoobo ah oo ku habboon degaanka, xuub-dhex-galka ah ee bentonite-sement-ciid aan biyuhu dhex-mari karin ayaa la dhisay iyadoo la raacayo biyo-xireenka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arq.co.za/projects/Mukurumudzi%20Dam.html |title=Mashaariicda : Biyo-xireenka Mukurumudzi |publisher=ARQ |date= |accessdate=1 Sebtembar 2013 |archive-date=28 Bisha Labaad 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228103339/http://www.arq.co.za/projects/Mukurumudzi%20Dam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Biyo-baxa (spillway)]] wuxuu ku shubaa [[Webiga Mukurumudzi]]. Wuxuu ku yaallaa dhinaca bidix iyadoo leh {{convert|65|m|abbr=on}} ballac leh, oo aan la xakameyn karin oo ah biyo-bax shub ah, geeska biyaha ee ogee iyo kanaalka biyaha oo lagu dahaaray shub xooggan oo loogu talagalay {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}} ugu horreeya. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu xiraa qiyaastii 8.4 x 106 m³ heerka sahayda buuxda wuxuuna leeyahay aag biyaha qabta oo ah 133 km². Heerka ugu sarreeya ee biyaha waxaa loo dejiyay {{convert|58|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda, dushana derbiga biyo-xireenka wuxuu ku yaallaa {{convert|61.2|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda taas oo siinaysa dhererka derbiga biyo-xireenka oo ah {{convert|22|m|abbr=on}}, dhererka derbiga oo ah {{convert|347|m}} iyo mugga ugu sarreeya ee ku jira oo ah {{convert|8.8|Gl}}. Sahayda biyo-xireenka waxaa lagu kabayaa goobta qodista ee [[Gongoni]] marka heerka biyuhu ka hooseeyaan {{convert|6000000|m3}}. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} blyr9rqx5p75dfkkqytdgx8lnnqwdqw 0 48115 300755 299887 2026-07-04T01:20:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Tichy-Haf | location = [[Gobolka Béjaïa|Béjaïa]] | dam_type = [[Biyo-xireen qaanso-cufis ah]] | construction_began = 1999 | opening = 2009 | cost = | owner = Agence Nationale des Barrages et Transferts | res_name = Kaydka Tichy-Haf | res_capacity_total = 80 milyan oo mitir kuyuub | location_map = Algeria | coordinates = {{coord|36|25|45.05|N|4|39|8.46|E|type:structure|display = inline}} | location_map_caption = Biyo-xireen ku yaalla Algeria | country = [[Algeria]] | purpose = I | dam_height_foundation = 90 m | res_surface = 5km2 | res_max_length = 2km }} Biyo-xireenka '''Tichy-Haf''' waa [[biyo-xireen qaanso-cufis ah]] oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Bou Sellam|Oued Bousellam]] oo ku yaalla [[Mahfouda]], [[Bouhamza|Degmada Bouhamza]], [[Gobolka Béjaïa|Béjaïa]], [[Algeria]]. ==Taariikhda== Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa bilaabmay dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii oo ay bilowday shirkadda [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] ee Hydrotchnika, ka dibna ay dhammaystirtay shirkadda Algeria ee Cosider Group. Biyo-xireenka waxaa la dhammaystiray 2008, waxaana la furay 26-kii Febraayo 2009. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu soo saaraa 47 milyan oo mitir kuyuub sannadkii oo biyo la cabbi karo ah oo loogu talagalay marin-biyoodka Akbou-Béjaïa, iyo 43 milyan oo mitir kuyuub sannadkii oo loogu talagalay waraabka. Biyo-xireenka agtiisa waxaa ku yaalla Warshadda Daweynta ee Tichy-Haf, taas oo leh awood dhan 120,000 oo mitir kuyuub maalintii, dhuun-biyood dhererkeedu yahay 70km iyo haamo lagu kaydiyo oo leh awood dhan {{cvt|42,000|m3}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nieuwe Trends Voor Heren & Dames |url=http://www.soudoud-dzair.com/index.php?action=esmap_vect&table=chahidgis_barrage&id=66 |website=Soudoud Dzair }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=EN RAISON DE LA VALEUR “TRÈS ÉLEVÉE” DE LA TURBIDITÉ : L’ADE de Béjaïa suspend la distribution d’eau du barrage de Tichy Haf - L’Actualité : Liberté |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/l-ade-de-bejaia-suspend-la-distribution-d-eau-du-barrage-de-tichy-haf-367254 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.liberte-algerie.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Youcef |first=BELHANI |date=1980-01-31 |title=ESMA, Développement des applications full web, Webmapping |url=http://197.112.0.211/soudoud-dzair/index.php?action=esmap_vect&table=chahidgis_barrage&id=66 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=197.112.0.211 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boudjadi |first=Kamel |date=2024-07-18 |title=De l’eau à partir du barrage de Bouhamza |url=https://www.lexpression.dz/societe/de-l-eau-a-partir-du-barrage-de-bouhamza-383681 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=L'Expression}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=L'Expression: Société - De l’eau à partir du barrage de Bouhamza |url=https://www.lexpression.dz/societe/de-l-eau-a-partir-du-barrage-de-bouhamza-383681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718032521/https://www.lexpression.dz/societe/de-l-eau-a-partir-du-barrage-de-bouhamza-383681 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=L'Expression |language=fr-dz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=samir |date=2017-07-10 |title=TIFRA. Les habitants bloquent la mairie - |url=https://leflaye.net/tifra-les-habitants-bloquent-la-mairie |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tichy haf |url=https://www.anbt.dz/en/tichy-haf-2/ }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |date=2025-01-16 |title=Bejaïa : Le barrage de Tichy Haff reçoit un million de mètres cubes en 48 heures |url=https://lavoiedalgerie.dz/bejaia-le-barrage-de-tichy-haff-recoit-un-million-de-metres-cubes-en-48-heures/2025/16/13/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=La voie dAlgérie |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dhismaha biyo-xireenka iyo kaydka biyuhu wuxuu ku yaallay dhul-beereed hore, kaas oo dadka degaanku ay ka mudaaharaadeen dhismihiisa sannadihii 2000-meeyadii iyo 2011-kii. Sannadkii 2023 biyo-xireenku wuxuu ahaa 6% oo keliya awooddiisa, taas oo keentay in ceelal biyood laga qodo dooxada iyo in kaydka biyuhu uu qayb ahaan qallalo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=samir |date=2011-09-19 |title=Béjaïa en proie à la protestation - |url=https://leflaye.net/bejaia-en-proie-a-la-protestation |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dadka degaanku waxay inta badan u isticmaalaan biyo-xireenka iyo kaydka biyaha dabaasha, quusitaanka, doon-wadidda, waxaana jira geedo saytuun ah oo safan dhinaca webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabah |first=Irbah |date=2015-08-03 |title=Barrage de Tichy Haf (Béjaïa) : Des baigneurs bravent le danger |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/500863 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052653/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/500863 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commune de Darguina : Un programme pour désenclaver les villages |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/106446 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153758/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/106446 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalluumeysigu wuxuu kaloo ka dhacaa kaydka biyaha, gaar ahaan [[Common carp]] iyo [[Common bream]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pêche continentale sur le barrage de Tichy Haf |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/10078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623001853/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/10078 |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.djazairess.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa khatar in lagu dabaasho ama lagu quusto meel aad ugu dhow biyo-xireenka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amghar |first=Kamel |date=2009-08-05 |title=Dangers omniprésents dans de nombreuses localités à Béjaïa |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/20731 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153914/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/20731 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} e6sa2gnk1yzn96ntj5ljncfudumtuue 0 48116 300810 299734 2026-07-04T08:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Cameroon | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Cameroon oo muujinaysa goobta ay ku taal Mekin HPP. | location_map_alt = | location_map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|03|15|34|N|12|25|17|E|region:CM_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Cameroon]] | location = Mekin, [[Dja-et-Lobo|Degmada Dja iyo Lobo]], [[Gobolka Koonfurta (Cameroon)]] | purpose = P | status = UC | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = €52.5 milyan | owner = | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Dja]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = {{convert|611|m|abbr=on}} | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = ''HydroMekin'' | plant_commission = Q4 2022 (la filayo) | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 4 x 3.75 MW | plant_capacity = {{convert|15|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = ~100 GWh | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Saldhigga Korontada ee Mekin''', waa saldhig koronto oo biyaha ku shaqeeya oo awoodiisu tahay {{convert|15|MW|abbr=on}}, oo ku yaalla [[Cameroon]]. Saldhiggan korontada ayaa ahaa mid la dhisayay tan iyo horraantii 2010-meeyadii, iyadoo bilowgii hawlgelinta la qorsheeyay 2015-kii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mashruuca waxaa ragaadiyay dib-u-dhacyo badan, xiritaan warshadeed iyo dib-u-bilaabis. Saldhigga korontada ayaa qayb ahaan dib loo bilaabay Juun 2022 si loogu oggolaado dhalinta iyo bixinta 11.25 [[Megawatt|MW]] oo koronto ah, taas oo ka kooban 75 boqolkiiba awoodda ugu badan. Marka tijaabada wax-soo-saarka hadda ay dhammaato, waxaa la filayaa in qaybta ugu dambeysa la soo geliyo khadka inta lagu jiro rubuca afaraad ee 2022.<ref name="1R">{{cite web | work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ | title=Cameroon: Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin oo qayb ahaan dib u bilaabay hawlgalka | date=1 Luulyo 2022 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu | access-date=2 Luulyo 2022 | location=Paris, France | archive-date=2025-07-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723054808/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mashruucan kaabayaasha tamarta dib-u-cusboonaysiinta ah ayaa waxaa horumarinaya '''Mekin Hydroelectric Development Corporation''' (Hydro Mekin sidoo kale HydroMekin), oo ah [[soo-saare koronto oo madax-bannaan]] (IPP) oo reer Cameroon ah. Qaataha tamarta waa ''ENEO Cameroon S.A.'', oo ah shirkadda adeegga korontada ee iskaashiga dadweynaha iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay. Korontada waxaa loogu talagalay qaybinta ugu horrayn, [[Dja-et-Lobo|Degmada Dja iyo Lobo]] ee [[Gobolka Koonfurta (Cameroon)|Gobolka Koonfurta]] ee Cameroon, halkaas oo saldhigga korontadu ku yaallo.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown |title=Biyo-xireenka Mekin oo dib u bilaabay hawlgallada ka dib xiritaan 2 sano ah |work=Business In Cameroon |date=29 Maajo 2022 |author=Business in Cameroon | access-date=2 Luulyo 2022 |location=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> ==Goobta== Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku fidsan yahay [[Webiga Dja]], isla markiiba dhinaca hoose ee isgoyska uu la leeyahay ''Webiga Lobo'', ee ''Mekin Village'', ee ''Degmada Dja iyo Lobo'' ee Gobolka Koonfurta ee Cameroon. Mekin wuxuu ku yaallaa qiyaastii {{convert|75|km|0}}, waqooyi-bari ee magaalada [[Sangmélima]], xarunta degmada.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mekin,+Cameroon/Sangmelima,+Cameroon/@3.4926536,12.3912899,7.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x108ec1f36fd37db1:0xa54c54489bb70d92!2m2!1d12.4172595!2d3.2666386!1m5!1m1!1s0x1088d1611a775449:0xd6d3297e0ced6365!2m2!1d11.9861694!2d2.9372148!3e0 |title=Masaafada Waddada u dhaxaysa Mekin, Cameroon Iyo Sangmélima, Cameroon |access-date=2 Luulyo 2022}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|194|km|0}} koonfur-bari ee [[Yaoundé]], caasimadda dalka Cameroon.<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mekin,+Cameroon/Yaound%C3%A9,+Cameroon/@3.4832673,12.0262881,8.25z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x108ec1f36fd37db1:0xa54c54489bb70d92!2m2!1d12.4172595!2d3.2666386!1m5!1m1!1s0x108bcf7a309a7977:0x7f54bad35e693c51!2m2!1d11.5020752!2d3.8480325!3e0 |title=Masaafada Waddada u dhaxaysa Mekin, Cameroon Iyo Yaoundé, Cameroon |access-date=2 Luulyo 2022}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin waa: 3°15'34.0"N, 12°25'17.0"E (Latitude:3.259444; Longitude:12.421389).<ref name="5R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/3%C2%B015'34.0%22N+12%C2%B025'17.0%22E/@3.2594444,12.4213889,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xf376393c31551760!8m2!3d3.2594444!4d12.4213889 |title=Goobta Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin |access-date=2 Janaayo 2022}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Naqshadu waxay ugu baaqaysaa [[biyo-xireen dhagax-buuxin ah]] oo leh afar marawaxadood oo dhalin ah, midkiiba lagu qiimeeyay 3.75 MW wadarta awoodda dhalineed oo dhan 15 MW. Tamarta waxay ka baxdaa marawaxadaha dhalinta 63kV. Xarunta korontada ee ka baxsan saldhigga korontada, tamarta waxaa loo kordhiyaa 110kV. Kadib waxaa lagu kala gudbiyaa fiilooyinka korontada sare ee hawada sare ilaa xarunta ENEO ee ''Ndjom Yekomo''. Halkaas tamarta waxaa lagu hoosaysiiyaa 30kV ka dibna waxaa loo gelayaa shabakadda ENEO si loo qaybiyo.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/cameroon-course-15mw-hydroelectrical-power-dam/ |title=Cameroon oo ku socota biyo-xireen koronto oo 15MW ah | work=ESI-Africa |date=28 Febraayo 2018 |author=Babalwa Bungane |access-date=2 Juun 2022 |location=Cape Town, Koonfur Afrika}}</ref> ==Dhismaha iyo maalgelinta== Qandaraaslaha [[injineernimada, iibsashada iyo dhismaha]] (EPC) waa [[China National Electric Engineering Company]] (CNEEC). Miisaaniyadda bilowga ahayd waxay ahayd CFA 25 bilyan (qiyaastii €40 milyan), iyadoo [[Exim Bank of China]] uu amaahiyay 85 boqolkiiba iyo dawladda Cameroon ay ku darsatay 15 boqolkiiba.<ref name="2R"/> Laga bilaabo Juun 2022, iyadoo kharashyo badan ay kordheen, ugu yaraan €52.5 milyan ayaa lagu kharash gareeyay dhismaha.<ref name="1R"/> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Cameroon]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-memveele-and-mekin-dams-to-start-operating-in-2020/ Cameroon: Biyo-xireenada Memve’éle iyo Mekin oo bilaabaya inay shaqeeyaan 2020] Laga bilaabo 24 Abriil 2019. {{Authority control}} 6q5t4fdi9c2qaad8lhfsau88t1lb5qk 0 48130 300828 299761 2026-07-04T09:39:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wouri estuary 1850.svg|thumb|300px|Wouri estuary oo muujinaya qaybta hoose ee webiga (dhexe-bari) iyo degsiimooyinkii [[Duala people|Duala]] qiyaastii 1850]] '''Webiga Dibamba''' wuxuu ku yaalla [[Gobolka Littoral (Cameroon)|Gobolka Littoral]] ee koonfurta [[Cameroon]], wuxuuna ugu shubaa [[Cameroon estuary]] meel u dhow magaalada [[Doula]]. ==Goobta== Webiga Dibamba wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|150|km|mi}} iyo aag ballaaran oo dhan {{convert|2400|km2|sqmi}}. Celceliska qulqulka afka webiga waa 480 mitir kuyuubik ilbidhiqsi kasta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |title=ASTAAMAHA DABIICIGA AH IYO KUWA BINI'AADMIGA EE AAGGA XEEBTA CAMEROON |author1=Jean Folack |author2=Charles Emene Gabche |publisher=Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Horumarinta (IRAD), Cameroon |accessdate=2011-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727125229/http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |archive-date=27 Luulyo 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afkiisa, webigu waa mid uu saameeyo hirarka badda (tidal), wuxuuna ugu qulqulaa estuary-ga iyada oo loo marayo kaymo mangrove ah oo koonfurta ka fidsan Douala ilaa Point Souelaba.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA466 |page=466 |title=Tusmada qoyaan-dhuleedka Afrika |author1=R. H. Hughes |author2=J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Meel u dhow Douala, webiga waxaa ka gudba {{convert|370|m|ft}} buundo wadada weyn ah oo laga dhisay laami (concrete) la diyaariyay 1983–1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0006931 |title=Pont de Douala sur la Dibamba |work=Structurae |accessdate=2011-02-24 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121534/http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0006931 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Carrière de sable de la Dimbamba.jpg|thumb|Tuulo u dhow goobta ciidda laga qodo]] ==Taariikh== [[Duala people|Duala]], oo maanta ku nool gobolka magaalada Douala iyo hareeraheeda, waxay u guureen goobta ay hadda joogaan iyagoo ka yimid [[Piti, Cameroon|Piti]] oo ku taal webiga Dibamba, iyagoo barakiciyay beeraleydii Bassa-Bakoko. Dhaqanka Duala wuxuu leeyahay waxay yihiin faracii Mbedi, wiilkii Mbongo, oo ku noolaa Piti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peuplesawa.com/downloads/60.pdf |title=Unraveling Conflicting Narratives about the Origins of the Isubu of Bimbia |author=Dibussi Tande |work=Peuplesawa |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> [[Monneba]] wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiye Duala ah oo ku sugnaa xeebta Cameroon 1630-meeyadii, wuxuuna ku hawlanaa ganacsiga fool-maroodiga iyo addoonta uu la lahaa reer Yurub. Khariidadaha Dutch-ka ee 1650-meeyadii waxay magaca Monneba saareen Webiga Dibamba, kaas oo loo yaqaan Monneba's Creek ama Channel (Monnebasa Gat).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Austen, Ralph A. |author2=Derrick, Jonathan |year=1999 |title=Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600–c.1960 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Dibamba waxay ahayd goobtii dagaallada badda intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], markii Taliye Ralph Stuart Sneyd uu ka qayb qaatay oo uu quusiyay markab weyn oo Jarmal ah 10 Sebteembar 1914, wuxuuna cadowga ka saaray saldhigoodii Piti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1409Cameroons.htm |title=CAMEROONS CAMPAIGN - 1914 |editor=Gordon Smith |work=Naval-History.Net |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> ==Arrimaha deegaanka== [[File:A la recherche du sable dans la rivière Dmbamba.jpg|thumb|Goobta ciidda laga qodo ee Webiga Dibamba]] Aagga warshadaha ee Bassa ee Douala wuxuu ku dhammaadaa qaab-dhismeedka qulqulka biyaha ee Webiga Dibamba, halkaas oo wasakhdu ka soo baxdo. Dhulka qoyan waxaa si dhakhso ah u gumeystay noocyo duullaan ah (invasive species), waxaana la aqoonsaday tiro badan oo [[phytoplankton]] ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay sababtay wasakhdu.{{Citation needed|date=Febraayo 2011}} Dhanka gudaha, weli waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah kaymaha qoyan ee joogtada ah ee webiga, laakiin kuwa kale oo badan ayaa la nadiifiyay oo la miiray beeraha timirta saliidda. Xoolaha webiga si fiican looma ilaaliyo. African Manatee ([[Trichechus senegalensis]]) waa mid khatar ku jira.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |title = Cameroon |work = Ramsar Wetlands |accessdate = 2011-02-24 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173954/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |archivedate = 28 Luulyo 2011}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{coord|3.948858|N|9.762726|E|display=title}} 381e75ne0q3qtn42bm5j0dauemjczhl 0 48141 300818 299775 2026-07-04T08:53:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Old Subri |other_name = Subri Dada |image_skyline = Old_Subri_Township.jpg |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Magaalo]] |motto = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Waddanka |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Ghana.svg|25px]] [[Ghana]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Ghana|Gobolka]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Western Region (Ghana)|Gobolka Galbeedka]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Ghana|Degmada]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Wassa East]] |subdivision_name3 = Subri Circuit |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Chief |leader_name = Nana Twumasi Ampaakwaw II |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = [[Kwabena Okyere Darko-Mensah]] |leader_title2 = Wasiirka Gobolka Galbeedka |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2012 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 1000 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Qowmiyadaha |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Diimaha |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset_DST = n |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = 00233 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Subri Hore''' (Subri Dada) waa [[magaalo]] ku yaalla [[Western Region (Ghana)|gobolka galbeedka]] ee [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ADAMS |first=KWESI ALFRED |date=2023-07-28 |title=GREL waxay ku wareejisay mashruuc biyo ah oo dhan GH¢176k bulshada Old Subri |url=https://thechronicle.com.gh/grel-hands-over-gh¢176k-water-project-to-old-subri-community/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=The Chronicle News Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=grel |date=2023-08-03 |title=GREL waxay ku wareejisay mashruuc biyo ah oo dhan GHS 176,294 bulshada Old Subri - Grelghana |url=https://grelghana.com/grel-hands-over-ghs-176294-mechanised-water-project-to-old-subri-community/,%20https://grelghana.com/grel-hands-over-ghs-176294-mechanised-water-project-to-old-subri-community/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=grelghana.com |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Janaayo 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Magaaladu waa mid ka mid ah aagagga ay ka hawlgasho [[Golden Star Resources|Golden Star]] Wassa Limited oo ah shirkad [[macdanta]] ka soo saarta [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-24 |title=12 bulsho ayaa saxiixay heshiis is-faham la leh Golden Star Wassa Mines |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/11/12-communities-sign-mou-with-golden-star-wassa-mines/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Dadku waxay qayb ka yihiin [[Wasa people|qabiilka Wassa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=WordHistory |date=2015-03-17 |title=Akan States: Bono, Dankyira, Wassa |url=https://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/29616-akan-states-bono-dankyira-wassa.html}}</ref> == Mashruucyada == === Biyaha === Odayaasha iyo dadka deggan Old Subri ee [[Degmada Wassa East]] ee [[Western Region (Ghana)|Gobolka Galbeedka]] ayaa bishii Luulyo 2023 helay mashruuc biyo bulsho oo qiimihiisu yahay GH¢176,294.00 oo ka yimid Ghana Rubber Estate Limited (GREL).<ref name=":0" /> Chief-ku wuxuu xusay in kaalmada wakhtigeeda ku timid ee shirkadaha sida Golden Star Resource, GREL, ay si joogto ah u daboolaan baahiyaha bulshada ee aagagga ay ka hawlgalaan, taas oo saameyn weyn oo togan ku yeelatay nolosha bulshada martigelisa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=graphic.com.gh |date=2023-08-03 |title=Nidaamka biyaha mashiineysan ee kumanaan qof ee Old Subri |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mechanised-water-system-for-thousands-in-old-subri.html |location=Accra, Ghana|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]}}</ref> Mashruucu wuxuu ka kooban yahay nidaam biyo mashiineysan oo leh laba [[ceel]], saddex meelood oo biyaha laga qaato, iyo awood dhan 20,000 litir. Hindisahan ayaa looga golleeyahay in lagu hagaajiyo helitaanka [[biyo nadiif ah]] ee [[bulshada deegaanka]]. Mashruuca biyaha bulshada, oo la bilaabay 2021, ayaa la kulmay caqabad yar oo la xiriirta biyo la'aan ka timid ceelkii ugu horreeyay. Ceel dheeraad ah ayaa lagu daray, waxaana hadda la filayaa inuu u adeego ilaa 1,400 oo qof oo ku nool Old Subri, Gobolka Galbeedka.<ref name=":0" /> == Waxbarashada == Dadka magaalada iyo nawaaxigeeda waxay [[Waxbarasho|waxbarashadooda rasmiga ah]] ka heli karaan Dugsiga Aasaasiga ah ee Old Subri D/A, kaas oo ah [[Dugsiga dawladda|dugsi dadweyne]] oo kormeerkiisa ay leedahay xarunta degmada, [[Daboase]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=coursesghana.com |title=Old Subri D/A Basic School, faahfaahinta Daboase |url=https://www.coursesghana.com/schools/10467-old-subri-d-a-basic-school.aspx }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hogaamiyeyaasha Dhaqanka == === Chief-ka === Nana Twumasi Ampaakwaw II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=old subri |url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=169&q=old+subri&cvid=17eab16034864d2389bf733b11f84d21&aqs=edge.3.69i57j46j69i59l2j46l2j0l2j69i60.3952j0j1&FORM=ANAB01&PC=U531 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ciyaaraha == === Kooxda Kubadda Cagta === '''Royal Jet FC''': Koox [[kubadda cagta]] oo heerka labaad ah gudaha Ghana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=Ciyaartoyda Royal Jet FC oo si xun ugu dhaawacmay shil wadada Huni Valley-Damang |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019131642/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Royal-Jet-FC-players-severely-injured-in-an-accident-on-Huni-Valley-Damang-road-1327363 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Murannada, Dhacdooyinka iyo Dacwadaha == === Dhacdooyinka === Fiidnimadii [[Khamiis]], xilli xubnaha kooxda Royal Jet ay ku sii jeedeen Old Subri ka dib markii ay la kulmeen guuldarro 2-0 ah oo ka soo gaartay Tarkwa United, kulan ka tirsan horyaalka heerka labaad oo lagu qabtay Akon Park, garoonka guriga [[Medeama S.C.|Medeama SC]] ee [[Tarkwa]] ka hor inta aan la dhisin garoonka TnA Stadium ee Goldfield Ghana Limited, kooxdu waxay la kulantay shil.<ref name=":1" /> Natiijada ka dhalatay dhacdadii nasiib-darrada ahayd ee ka dhacday wadada [[Huni Valley]]-Damang, tiro dad ah oo ka mid ah ciyaartoyda Royal Jet FC, koox kubadda cagta ah oo ku tartamaysa heerka labaad, ayna saldhiggoodu ku yaallaan Old Subri gudaha maamulka [[Degmada Wassa East]] ee Gobolka Galbeedka, ayaa nasiib darro soo gaaray dhaawacyo culus.<ref name=":1" /> == Tixraacyo == <references /> sdsft1uxuw5f6ymkdy4jxvqn2azoz9c 0 48177 300767 299860 2026-07-04T03:43:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guddiga Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Koonfurta Suudaan''' waa [[United Nations commission of inquiry|guddi baaritaan oo Qaramada Midoobay ah]] oo ay aasaastay [[Golaha Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Golaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay]] . <ref>https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R43344.pdf</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/es/news-media/meeting-summary/2016/03/human-rights-council-establishes-commission-human-rights-south |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223215850/https://www.ungeneva.org/es/news-media/meeting-summary/2016/03/human-rights-council-establishes-commission-human-rights-south |url-status=dead }}</ref> Guddiga oo lagu aasaasay [https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/RES/31/20 Qaraarkii 31/20] 23 Maarso 2016, waxaa loo xilsaaray inuu la socdo oo uu baaro xadgudubyada [[Xuquuqda dadka|xuquuqda aadanaha]] ee ka dhaca [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . Waajibaadkiisa waxaa la cusbooneysiiyaa sannad kasta iyadoo lagu saleynayo go'aanka 47-ka waddan ee xubnaha ka ah [[Golaha Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Golaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha]] . <ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/26/joint-ngo-letter-calls-renewal-un-commission-human-rights-south-sudan-critical</ref> == Qaab-dhismeedka == Guddiga waxaa madax u ah saddex Guddoomiye, oo ay magacawday [[Golaha Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Golaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay]] . <ref>https://sudantribune.com/article57589/</ref> Hadda, xubnaha Guddiga waa Marwo [[Yasmin Sooka]] <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/06/president-human-rights-council-appoints-members-monitoring-mission-south?LangID=E&NewsID=20097</ref> <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/co-h-south-sudan/bio#sooka</ref> (Guddoomiye, oo ka timid [[Koonfur Afrika]] ), Mudane Barney Afako (oo ka timid [[Yugandha|Uganda]] ), Mudane Carlos Castresana Fernandes <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/human-rights-council-president-appoints-carlos-castresana-fernandez-serve</ref> <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/06/human-rights-council-president-appoints-barney-afako-uganda-new-member-south</ref> (oo ka timid [[Isbania|Spain]] ). Guddiga waxaa taageera xoghayn fadhigeedu yahay [[Juba]], [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . == Warbixinta == Guddigu wuxuu daabacaa warbixinnada baaritaanka sanadlaha ah (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Warbixinnada Waajibaadka) isagoo faahfaahinaya xaaladda guud [[Xuquuqda dadka|ee xuquuqda aadanaha]] ee [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]], wuxuuna sidoo kale daabacaa warbixinno mawduucyo ah oo loo yaqaan Warqadaha Qolka Shirarka (CRPs). Warbixinnadani waxay inta badan diiradda saaraan xadgudubyada ba'an ee [[International human rights law|Sharciga Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Caalamiga ah]] iyo [[International humanitarian law|Sharciga Caalamiga ah ee Bani'aadamnimada]], iyadoo si weyn diiradda loo saarayo rabshadaha galmada ee la xiriira colaadaha. <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/06/human-rights-council-president-appoints-barney-afako-uganda-new-member-south</ref> <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/human-rights-council-president-appoints-carlos-castresana-fernandez-serve</ref> Shaqaalaha xoghaynta Guddiga iyo saddexda Guddoomiye waxay sameeyaan hawlgallo xaqiiqo-raadin ah oo ka socda Koonfurta Suudaan iyo waddamada deriska ah si ay u wareystaan dhibanayaasha iyo markhaatiyaasha. Natiijooyinkan baaritaanka ayaa aasaas u ah warbixinnada Guddiga. Warbixinnada Guddiga waxaa isticmaala bulshooyinka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan dowladaha iyo [[Non-governmental organization|NGO-yada]], si ay u xoojiyaan dadaalladooda u doodista iyo inay wargeliyaan go'aannada dejinta siyaasadda/jawaabta. <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/human-rights-council-president-appoints-carlos-castresana-fernandez-serve</ref> Warbixinadii ugu dambeeyay ee uu Guddigu soo saaray qaarkood waa sidan hoos ku qoran: * Warbixinta Maarso 2024: <ref>https://literaturfestival.com/en/authors/carlos-castresana-fernandez/</ref> waxay faahfaahin ka bixinaysaa xaaladda guud ee xuquuqda aadanaha ee Koonfurta Suudaan waxayna tilmaamaysaa in suurtagalnimada xadgudubyo badan ay sarreyso haddii aysan dowladdu qaadin tallaabooyin degdeg ah oo u heellan si wax looga qabto waxyaabaha sababa khilaafaadka <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/human-rights-council-president-appoints-carlos-castresana-fernandez-serve</ref> * Warbixinta Oktoobar 2023 (CRP): waxay faahfaahin ka bixinaysaa xaaladda mawqifka madaniga ah iyo siyaasadeed ee Koonfurta Suudaan. Waxay sheegaysaa sida qalab nidaamsan loogu isticmaalo caburinta, xakamaynta iyo xakamaynta [[Civil society organization|ururada bulshada rayidka ah]] iyo [[Media (communication)|warbaahinta]] * Warbixinta Abriil 2023 (CRP): oo la sii daayay 3-dii Abriil, ayaa si faahfaahsan uga hadashay khilaafaadkii ka dhacay Koonfurta Suudaan intii lagu jiray 2022 waxayna muujinaysaa sida [[Impunity|ciqaab la'aantu]] u hurinayso rabshadaha dalka. Waxay diiwaangelisay xadgudubyada ka dhacay macnaha guud ee khilaafaadkan waxayna magacowday shaqsiyaadka mas'uulka ka ah isla arrintaas * Warbixinta Maarso 2023: waxay faahfaahin ka bixinaysaa xaaladda guud ee xuquuqda aadanaha ee Koonfurta Suudaan iyadoo la raacayo natiijooyinka baaritaannada Guddiga intii lagu jiray 2022 waxayna sheegaysaa sida ciqaab la'aantu u horseeddo dhammaan khilaafaadka iyo xadgudubyada ka dhaca dalka. <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/human-rights-council-president-appoints-carlos-castresana-fernandez-serve</ref> == Tixraacyada == 6hz9ro7hweueuxg2masf3cr07icf72g 0 48191 300746 299938 2026-07-04T00:22:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Alexander Bay | native_name = Alexanderbaai | settlement_type = [[Magaalo]] | image_skyline = Alexander Bay Airport Terminal.jpg | image_caption = Terminalka garoonka diyaaradaha ee Alexander Bay oo cidlo ah. | pushpin_map = South Africa Northern Cape#South Africa#Africa | coordinates = {{coord|28|35|S|16|29|E|region:ZA_dim:6000|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Dal | subdivision_name = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Koonfur Afrika|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Koonfur Afrika|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Maamulka ee Namakwa|Namakwa]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Koonfur Afrika|Degmo maamul]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Degmada hoose ee Richtersveld|Richtersveld]] | subdivision_type4 = Meel Weyn | established_title = La aasaasay | leader_title = Xildhibaan | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/363007 |title=Main Place Alexander Bay |work=Census 2011 |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171314/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/363007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 9.25 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | population_total = 1736 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = Isirka (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Madowga Afrika]] | demographics1_info1 = 9.7% | demographics1_title2 = [[Midab-takoorka|Coloured]] | demographics1_info2 = 74.7% | demographics1_title3 = [[Hindi]]/[[Aasiyaan]] | demographics1_info3 = 0.1% | demographics1_title4 = [[Caddaan]] | demographics1_info4 = 15.2% | demographics1_title5 = Kuwo kale | demographics1_info5 = 0.2% <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = [[Luqadda koowaad]] (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]] | demographics2_info1 = 92.7% | demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | demographics2_info2 = 2.6% | demographics2_title3 = [[Ingiriisi]] | demographics2_info3 = 1.5% | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = Kuwo kale | demographics2_info5 = 3.2% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[Waqtiga Halbeegga ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Koodhka boostada]] (waddo) | postal_code = 8290 | postal2_code_type = [[Sanduuqa boostada]] | postal2_code = 8290 | area_code_type = [[Koodhka aagga]] | area_code = 027 }} [[File:James Edward Alexander00.jpg|thumb|Sawirka James Edward Alexander oo magaalada loogu magac daray.]] '''Alexander Bay''' ({{Langx|af|Alexanderbaai}}) waa magaalo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxay ku taallaa bangiga koonfureed ee afka [[Wabiga Orange]]. Waxaa loogu magac daray [[James Edward Alexander|Sir James Alexander]],<ref name="Raper1989">{{cite book|last=Raper|first=R.E.|title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|publisher=[[Human Sciences Research Council (South Africa)]] |url = https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames#page/n55/mode/2up| page= 56|date=1989}}</ref> kaas oo ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee khariidadda gobolka u sameeya intii uu ku jiray safar [[Ururka Juqraafiga Boqortooyada]] uu ku tagay [[Namibia]] sannadkii 1836. (Dadka deegaanka qaarkood ayaa si khaldan u rumeysan in isagu uu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee aasaasay macdanta naxaasta ganacsiga ee aagga.) Iyadoo dheeman laga helay [[Xeebta Galbeed, Northern Cape|Xeebta Galbeed]] sannadkii 1925, Alexander Bay waxaa loo aasaasay si ay ugu adeegto warshadaha macdanta. Magaalada [[Oranjemund]] waxay ku taal bangiga waqooyi ee wabiga, kaas oo samaynaya [[xadka caalamiga ah]] ee [[Namibia]]. Labada magaalo waxaa isku xira [[Ernest Oppenheimer Bridge]], oo loogu magac daray [[Ernest Oppenheimer]] sannadkii 1951. Magaalada waxaa u adeega [[Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Alexander Bay]]. == Taariikhda == === Dheeman === Ka dib markii dheeman laga helay xeebtan sannadkii 1925 by Dr [[Hans Merensky]], Alexander Bay waxay caan ku noqotay hawlaheeda macdanta. [[Dheeman-baadhid]]-tii ka dhalatay waxay keentay kacdoonkii Xeebta Dheeman ee 1928. === Naxaas === Naxaasta waxaa lagu soo raray [[Richtersveld]] iyada oo la raacayo doonyo Wabiga Orange si loogu dhoofiyo gacankan. Magaaladu waxay ahayd aag amaan sare leh oo ruqsado ayaa loo baahnaa marka la galayo. Hadda maaha aag amaan sare leh mana loo baahna ruqsado. == Juqraafiga iyo cimilada == Alexander Bay waa magaalada ugu waqooyi ee ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Koonfur Afrika. Wabiga Orange wuxuu galaa Badweynta Atlantic ee Alexander Bay. Qoyan-dhuleedka Wabiga Orange wuxuu sameeyaa xadka u dhexeeya Koonfur Afrika iyo Namibia. Qoyan-dhuleedka Wabiga Orange waa goob lagu dhawaaqay [[Ramsar site]]. Beeraha lichen ee cagaaran iyo oranji ah ayaa ka baxa buur u dhow leexashada magaalada Alexander Bay. Waa {{convert|150|mi|order=flip}} waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Springbok, Northern Cape|Springbok]], xarunta maamulka ee Namaqualand. Maadaama ay u dhowdahay dhamaadka koonfureed ee saxaraha [[Namib]], waa rasmi ahaan magaalada ugu qallalan Koonfur Afrika oo leh celceliska roobka sannadlaha ah oo ka yar {{convert|2|inch|order=flip}}. [[Benguela Current]] ee qabow ee [[Badweynta Atlantic]] waxay leedahay saameyn dhexdhexaadin ah oo ku saabsan cimilada xeebta iyadoo leh isbeddello yaryar oo ku saabsan heerkulka maalinlaha iyo xilliyeedka. <div style="width:75%;"> {{Weather box |location = Alexander Bay (1961−1990) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 41.9 |Feb record high C = 35.1 |Mar record high C = 42.0 |Apr record high C = 41.3 |May record high C = 36.8 |Jun record high C = 33.4 |Jul record high C = 33.5 |Aug record high C = 36.1 |Sep record high C = 41.0 |Oct record high C = 39.5 |Nov record high C = 42.1 |Dec record high C = 39.1 |year record high C = 42.1 |Jan high C = 24.3 |Feb high C = 24.0 |Mar high C = 24.3 |Apr high C = 23.5 |May high C = 22.9 |Jun high C = 21.5 |Jul high C = 20.6 |Aug high C = 20.1 |Sep high C = 20.6 |Oct high C = 21.5 |Nov high C = 22.7 |Dec high C = 23.4 |year high C = 22.5 |Jan mean C = 19.1 |Feb mean C = 18.8 |Mar mean C = 18.3 |Apr mean C = 17.0 |May mean C = 15.7 |Jun mean C = 14.8 |Jul mean C = 13.8 |Aug mean C = 13.7 |Sep mean C = 14.5 |Oct mean C = 15.7 |Nov mean C = 17.1 |Dec mean C = 18.2 |year mean C = 16.4 |Jan low C = 15.1 |Feb low C = 15.1 |Mar low C = 14.2 |Apr low C = 12.5 |May low C = 10.6 |Jun low C = 9.9 |Jul low C = 8.7 |Aug low C = 8.9 |Sep low C = 9.9 |Oct low C = 11.3 |Nov low C = 12.9 |Dec low C = 14.2 |year low C = 11.9 |Jan record low C = 10.5 |Feb record low C = 8.7 |Mar record low C = 8.1 |Apr record low C = 5.7 |May record low C = 4.6 |Jun record low C = 1.9 |Jul record low C = 2.6 |Aug record low C = 2.3 |Sep record low C = 3.7 |Oct record low C = 5.8 |Nov record low C = 7.6 |Dec record low C = 8.6 |year record low C = 1.9 |Jan rain mm = 1 |Feb rain mm = 2 |Mar rain mm = 2 |Apr rain mm = 4 |May rain mm = 4 |Jun rain mm = 8 |Jul rain mm = 5 |Aug rain mm = 6 |Sep rain mm = 3 |Oct rain mm = 0 |Nov rain mm = 0 |Dec rain mm = 2 |year rain mm = |unit rain days = 1.0 mm |Jan rain days = 0 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 1 |Apr rain days = 1 |May rain days = 1 |Jun rain days = 2 |Jul rain days = 2 |Aug rain days = 2 |Sep rain days = 1 |Oct rain days = 1 |Nov rain days = 0 |Dec rain days = 0 |year rain days = 11 |Jan humidity = 77 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 78 |Apr humidity = 78 |May humidity = 73 |Jun humidity = 70 |Jul humidity = 73 |Aug humidity = 75 |Sep humidity = 75 |Oct humidity = 75 |Nov humidity = 75 |Dec humidity = 77 |year humidity = 75 |Jan sun = 325.5 |Feb sun = 273.8 |Mar sun = 282.1 |Apr sun = 255.0 |May sun = 260.1 |Jun sun = 234.9 |Jul sun = 244.6 |Aug sun = 258.2 |Sep sun = 257.7 |Oct sun = 287.4 |Nov sun = 309.6 |Dec sun = 319.9 |year sun = 3308.8 |source 1 = NOAA<ref name="NOAA">{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/UA/68406.TXT | server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | title = Alexander Bay Climate Normals 1961−1990 | accessdate = November 29, 2013}}</ref> |date=Agoosto 2010 }} </div> {{climate chart|Alexander Bay |15|28|0 |15|27|0 |14|27|0 |12|26|2 |10|24|3 |9|22|6 |8|21|3 |8|21|3 |9|23|1 |10|24|2 |13|26|0 |14|26|0 |source=[http://www.saexplorer.co.za/south-africa/climate/alexander_bay_climate.asp SA Explorer] }} == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} bnfku0plvvp8c4fh4fligj76b4xiwyu 0 48192 300785 300537 2026-07-04T05:36:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian |image = Photo_of_the_day_11.10.2015_(21868921339).jpg |image_size = |image_alt = |caption = Muuqaal hawada sare ah oo laga soo qaaday [[Kaydka Xayawaanka Okapi]] |map = Ecoregions-of-the-republic-of-the-congo.jpg |map_size = |map_caption = Ecoregions-ka kaymaha roobka ee Congolian: 2. [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]], 6. [[Central Congolian lowland forests]] 7. [[Eastern Congolian swamp forests]], 8. [[Western Congolian swamp forests]], 9. [[Northeastern Congolian lowland forests]], 15. [[Northwestern Congolian lowland forests]] |biogeographic_realm = [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] |biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] |animals = |bird_species = |mammal_species = |border = |borders = |area = |country = [[Angola]] ([[Gobolka Cabinda|Cabinda]]) |country1 = [[Cameroon]] |country2 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe]] |country3 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] |country4 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] |country5 = [[Equatorial Guinea]] |country6 = [[Gabon]] |state = |region_type = |elevation = |coordinates = |geology = |seas = |rivers = |climate = |soil = |conservation = |global200 = |habitat_loss = |habitat_loss_ref = |protected = |protected_ref = }} '''Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Forêts tropicales congolaises'') waa suun ballaaran oo kaymaha roobka ah ee dhulka hoose, kuwaas oo ku fidsan [[Congo Basin|bacaad-haadka]] [[Wabiga Kongo]] iyo tributaries-kiisa ee [[Bartamaha Afrika]]. == Sharaxaadda == [[File:Sapele Tree Congo Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Geedka Sapele oo ku yaal Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] Kaynta roobka ee Congolian waa kaynta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka ee [[kaynta kulaylaha]], ka dib [[Amazon rainforest|kaynta roobka ee Amazon]]. Waxay dabooshaa in ka badan {{convert|500000000|acres|km2}} oo ku kala baahsan lix dal waxayna ka kooban tahay rubuc ka mid ah kaymaha roobka ee adduunka ka haray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/initiatives/cbfp.html|title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership|publisher=USAID|access-date=2008-05-06|archive-date=2008-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508210051/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/initiatives/cbfp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="congobasin">{{cite web |url= https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/congo-basin|title= Congo Basin|website= World Wildlife Fund|publisher= World Wildlife Fund - WWF|access-date= 20 May 2022}}</ref> Kaymaha Congolian waxay dabooshaa koonfur-bari [[Cameroon]], [[Gabon]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], waqooyiga iyo bartamaha [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]], iyo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta iyo bartamaha Afrika. Kaynta roobka ee Congolian waa hoy u ah tiro aad u badan oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah, oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 10,000 oo nooc oo dhir ah iyo in ka badan 10,000 oo nooc oo xayawaan ah. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in gobolku uu ka kooban yahay in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah noocyada dhirta adduunka waana hoy u ah mid ka mid ah noocyada prímates-ka ee ugu hanjabaadda badan adduunka, [[western lowland gorilla|gorilla-ha dhulka hoose ee galbeedka]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Maisels, F. |author2=Strindberg, S. |author3=Breuer, T. |author4=Greer, D. |author5=Jeffery, K. |author6=Stokes, E. |year=2018 |amends=2016 |title=''Gorilla gorilla'' ssp. ''gorilla'' |article-number=e.T9406A136251508 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9406A136251508.en}}</ref> Waxaa kale oo jira tiro noocyo kale oo primates ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[chimpanzee]], [[Black colobus|daanyeerka colobus-ka madow]], [[Red colobus|daanyeerka colobus-ka cas]], iyo [[olive baboon|daanyeerka baboon-ka saytuunka]]. Bartamaha Bacaad-haadka Kongo waa hoy u ah mid ka mid ah dhulka-biyo-mareennada (peatlands) ee ugu weyn adduunka, kuwaas oo ku fidsan labada dhinac ee Wabiga Kongo iyo tributaries-kiisa. [[Peat swamp forests|Kaymaha dhulka-biyo-mareenka]] ee Bacaad-haadka Kongo waxay kaydiyaan ku dhawaad 29 bilyan oo tan oo kaarboon ah - taas oo u dhiganta ku dhawaad saddex sano oo qiiqa kaarboonka ee caalamiga ah.<ref name = unep>{{cite web |title=Critical ecosystems: Congo Basin peatlands |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/critical-ecosystems-congo-basin-peatlands |website=UN Environment Programme |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=27 February 2023}}</ref> Waqooyiga, koonfurta, iyo koonfur-galbeed, kaymuhu waxay u gudbaan [[forest-savanna mosaic|dhul-kayn iyo savana isku dhex-yaal]], oo ah isku-darka kaymo qallalan, [[savanna|savana]], iyo [[grassland|dhul-cawsleed]].<ref>Linder, H. Peter, Helen M. de Klerk Julia Born et al. (2012). "The partitioning of Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub‐Saharan Africa". ''Journal of Biogeography'' Volume 39, Issue 7 May 2012.</ref> Galbeedka, kaymaha Congolian waxay u gudbaan [[Lower Guinean forests|kaymaha xeebaha ee Lower Guinean]], kuwaas oo ka fidsan koonfur-galbeed Cameroon ilaa koonfurta [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Benin]]; aagaggan kaynta waxay wadaagaan waxyaabo badan oo isku mid ah waxaana mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan kaymaha Lower Guinean-Congolian. Bari, kaymaha Congolian ee dhulka hoose waxay u gudbaan [[Albertine Rift montane forests|kaymaha buuraleyda ee Albertine Rift]], kuwaas oo daboosha buuraha safka ugu jira [[Albertine Rift]], oo ah laan ka mid ah nidaamka [[East African Rift|East African Rift]]. === Ecoregions === [[World Wide Fund for Nature|Ururka World Wide Fund for Nature]] wuxuu u qaybiyaa kaymaha Congolian lix [[ecoregion|ecoregion]] oo kala duwan: * [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]] (Angola, Cameroon, Jamhuuriyadda Kongo, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo, Equatorial Guinea, iyo Gabon) * [[Central Congolian lowland forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) * [[Eastern Congolian swamp forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) * [[Northeastern Congolian lowland forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) * [[Northwestern Congolian lowland forests]] (Cameroon, Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe, Gabon, iyo Jamhuuriyadda Kongo) * [[Western Congolian swamp forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Kongo iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == {{See also|Category:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa}} [[File:Grooming de Zoé.jpg|thumb|[[Bonobo]]s waxay ku nool yihiin koonfurta [[Wabiga Kongo]]]] Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian waa hoy u ah in ka badan 10,000 oo nooc oo dhir ah kuwaas oo 30% ay yihiin [[endemic|hooyo]] u ah gobolka.<ref name="congobasin" /> Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian waxay leeyihiin kala duwanaansho nooleed oo ka yar kaymaha [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]] iyo [[Southeast Asia|Aasiyada Koonfur-Bari]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhirta iyo xayawaanka ku nool weli waa kuwa ka qaniisan oo ka kala duwan inta badan meelaha kale ee Dunida. Kaymaha Congolian waa [[global 200|global 200]] [[ecoregion|ecoregion]]. Waxaa jira in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo naasley ah oo ku nool kaynta roobka, oo ay ku jiraan [[African forest elephant|maroodiga kaynta Afrika]], [[African bush elephant|maroodiga duurjoogta Afrika]], [[leopard|shabeelka]], [[Bongo (antelope)|bongo]], [[red river hog|doofaarka webiga cas]], [[chimpanzee|chimpanzee]], [[bonobo|bonobo]], [[mountain gorilla|gorilla-ha buurta]], iyo [[lowland gorilla|gorilla-ha dhulka hoose]].<ref name="congobasin" /> [[okapi|Okapi]]-ga ayaa u gaar ah (endemic) kaymaha roobka ee Congolian ee waqooyi-bari. Kaymaha roobka waxay leeyihiin 1,000 nooc oo shimbiro ah oo hooyo u ah kaynta sida [[grey parrot|babeegga cawlan]], [[brown nightjar|nightjar-ka buniga ah]] iyo [[bat hawk|baaska caawada]], iyo 700 oo nooc oo kalluun ah sida [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Nile]], [[Nile perch|perch-ka Nile]] iyo [[giraffe catfish|giraffe catfish-ka]].<ref name = congobasin/> [[File:Rainforest Gabon.jpg|thumb|Kaynta roobka ee Gabon]] == Ilaalinta == [[File:Rainforest - Ituri (20874628148).jpg|thumb|Kaynta roobka oo laga eegayo xagga sare]] Hanjabaadaha ku wajahan kaymaha roobka waxaa ka mid ah burburinta iyo kala-goynta kaymaha ee ay sababaan goynta alwaaxda ee ganacsiga, beeraha [[Elaeis guineensis|timirta saliidda]], iyo macdanta. Ganacsiga [[bushmeat|hilibka duurjoogta]] iyo ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah ayaa ka dhimaya kaymaha roobka ee duurjoogta.<ref name="congobasin" /> Iyadoo [[forest loss|luminta kaynta]] sannadlaha ah ay ahayd 0.3% intii lagu jiray 2000-yadii,<ref>{{cite journal|title= State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010|journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume= 368|issue= 1625|article-number= 20120300|year= 2013|last1= Mayaux|first1= P.}}</ref> gobolku wuxuu lahaa heerka ugu hooseeya ee [[deforestation|kayn-baxa]] marka loo eego aag kasta oo kale oo waaweyn oo kaynta kulaylaha ah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/deforestation.html|title=Deforestation in the Congo Rainforest|publisher=Mongabay}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 2015 ilaa 2019, heerka [[deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|kayn-baxa ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] wuu laba-laabmay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49679883|title=World 'losing battle against deforestation'|last=Kinver|first=Mark|date=2019-09-12|work=BBC News}}</ref> Sannadkii 2021, kayn-baxa kaynta Congolian wuu kordhay 5%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/next-amazon-congo-basin-faces-rising-deforestation-threat-2022-11-11/ |work=Reuters |date=11 November 2022}}</ref> 20-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, 17.1 milyan oo hektar oo kayn ah ayaa la gooyay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: Preventing deforestation in the Congo |url=https://ecologi.com/projects/preventing-deforestation-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/ | work=ecologi |date=14 February 2024}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/congo/ecoregions/congo-basin-ecoregion Congo Basin Ecoregions] {{Wayback|url=http://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/congo/ecoregions/congo-basin-ecoregion |date=20201123191301 }}, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies * [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/ The Congo Rainforest] * [https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/congo-basin Congo Rainforest and Basin (WWF)] * [https://ecologi.com/projects/preventing-deforestation-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo] cjldqs6q7z10273azz2unof0mniue7z 0 48196 300857 300180 2026-07-04T10:14:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Wabiga Tshopo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = File:Cascades of the Tshopo river.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyadhaca Wabiga Tshopo, Janaayo 2015 | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = {{convert|100|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = {{convert|700|m3/s}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Wabiga Kongo]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|0.563030| 25.117032|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|17200|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Wabiga Tshopo''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]. Wuxuu maraa waqooyiga magaalada [[Kisangani]] wuxuuna ku biiraa [[Wabiga Lindi]] wax yar ka hor intaan wabigaasi gelin [[Wabiga Kongo]]. Wuxuu magaciisa bixiyey gobolka [[Tshopo]]. == Dooxada == Dooxada Tshopo waxay leedahay baaxad dhan qiyaastii {{convert|17200|km2}}, oo inta badan ay dabooleen [[Congolian rainforests|kaymaha roobka ee Congolian]]. Waa mid dheer, oo ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba waqooyi ka xiga dhulbaraha. Wabigu wuxuu ka qulqulaa bari ilaa galbeed wuxuuna galaa Wabiga Kongo {{convert|13|km}} xagga hoose ee Kisangani halkaas oo uu ku biiro Wabiga Lindi.{{sfn|Léonard|1993|p=286}} Biyadhaca waaweyn ee u dhow afka wabiga waxay ku kala duwan yihiin dhererka {{convert|11.2|to|13.8|m}} iyadoo ku xiran dhererka Wabiga Kongo. Qiyaastii {{convert|120|m}} kor u sii qulqulka biyadhaca yaryar ayaa ah {{convert|3.2|m}} oo dherer ah oo ka dul maraya qayb ka mid ah durdurrada.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=130}} Goobta gudaha qaaradda ee dhulbaraha oo leh laba xilli oo roobaad iyo laba xilli oo abaareed, iyo dhirta daboosha dooxada, ayaa keena qulqul joogto ah. Waxaa jira biyo yar oo dhaca Febraayo–Abriil iyo Juun–Ogosto, iyo biyo badan oo dhaca Abriil–Maajo iyo gaar ahaan Oktoobar–Diseembar. Qulqulka celceliska sanadlaha ah waa qiyaastii {{convert|300|-|450|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Léonard|1993|p=286}} Biyadhaca waaweyn ee kor ka xiga afka wabiga qulqulku waa {{convert|100|-|700|m3/s}}, iyadoo xawaarahoodu yahay {{convert|5|-|6|m/s}}.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=130}} Biyaha pH-koodu waa 6.6–6.8, waxayna leeyihiin heerkul ah {{convert|26|-|28|C}} Janaayo iyo Juun 1987.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=130}} == Deegaanka == Wabiyada Lindi iyo Tshopo waxay sameeyaan mid ka mid ah saddexda nidaam ee waaweyn ee wabiyada bangiga midig ee [[Cuvette Centrale]], ama bartamaha [[Congo Basin|Bacaad-haadka Kongo]], kuwa kale waa [[Wabiga Itimbiri]] iyo [[Wabiga Aruwimi]].{{sfn|Decru|Emmanuel|Danadu|Walanga|2017|p=226}} Sida laga soo xigtay warbixin sanadkii 2015, 184 nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa laga helay dooxada Lindi/Tshopo. Qoyska kalluunka maroodiga, ''[[Mormyridae]]'', ayaa ahaa kan ugu qanisan noocyada.{{sfn|Decru|2015}} Wabigu wuxuu leeyahay biyo cad, marka la barbardhigo biyaha daruuriga ah ee Kongo, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid la degi karo noocyada dhirta sida ''[[Inversodicraea]]''.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=129}} [[Schistosomiasis]] waa cudur dabadheeraad ah oo dulin ah oo ay gudbiyaan [[mollusc|mollusc]] biyo macaan ah. Daraasad la sameeyey sanadkii 2018 oo lagu sameeyey dad ku nool xero ku taal bangiyada wabiga Tshopo {{convert|28|km}} u jirta Kisangani oo ku taal waddadii hore ee [[Buta, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Buta]] ayaa lagu ogaaday 54.5% inay qaadeen ''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]'' iyo 7.3% inay qaadeen ''[[Schistosoma mansoni]]''. Tani waxay ka duwanayd 2.4% iyo 4.8% heerarka dadka tuulo u dhow.{{sfn|Mongita Esol’e|Zingabako Ngbingina|Anagwatalibe Kota|Mopaya Pakowe|2020}} == Warshadda korontada biyaha == Warshad koronto oo biyaha laga dhaliyo ayaa laga dhisay Biyadhaca Wabiga Tshopo ee waqooyiga Kisangani sanadihii 1950-meeyadii, taasoo keentay baaba'a maxalliga ah ee ''Inversodicraea congolana'' mid ka mid ah labadii goobood ee adduunka ee laga helay.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=129}} Waxay ahayd [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|warshad durdurka wabiga ka dhalisa koronto]], markaa uma baahnayn kayd weyn.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=131}} Wabigu wuxuu maraa biyo-xireenka korontada ka dibna wuxuu maraa biyadhac.{{sfn|Barnes|2015}} Sanadkii 2013 Wasiirka Iskaashiga iyo Horumarinta ee Belgium {{Ill|Jean-Pascal Labille|fr}} iyo barasaabka [[Orientale Province]] [[Jean Bamanisa]] waxay dib u fureen xarunta korontada biyaha ee Tshopo ka dib markii la xiray si dib loogu dayactiro.{{sfn|Daly|2013}} Biriijka loo yaqaan truss bridge ayaa laga dhisay biyadhaca sanadkii 1968, kaas oo bixiya waddo ay beeralayda waqooyi-bari u maraan magaalada. Wuu burburay, waxaana sanadkii 2014 lagu beddelay {{convert|163|m}} oo biriijka birta ah oo leh hal waddo oo qaadi kara baabuur ilaa 41 tan. Waxay lahayd laba waddo oo lugta dadka lagu maro.{{sfn|Barnes|2015}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist|30em}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2015/03/tshopo-river-bridge-how-a-panel-bridge-brings-east-and-west-africa-together/ |accessdate=2020-08-29 |last=Barnes |first=Robert |date=12 Oktoobar 2015 |title=Tshopo River Bridge: how a panel bridge brings East and West Africa together |work=Construction Review Online}} *{{citation |volume=62 |doi=10.3767/blumea.2017.62.02.07 |last1=Cheek |first1=Martin |last2=Feika |first2=A. |last3=Lebbie |first3=Aiah |last4=Goyder |first4=David |last5=Tchiengue |first5=Barthélemy |last6=Séné |first6=Olivier |last7=Tchouto |first7=P. |last8=Burgt |first8=Xander |year=2017 |title=A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae) |journal=Blumea – Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants|issue=2 |pages=125–156 |url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/636690 }} *{{citation |url=https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Hydroelectric/Belgian-Minister-Inaugurates-Power-Plant-in-Eastern-DRC.html |accessdate=2020-08-29 |work=OilPrice.com |last=Daly |first=John |date=13 Ogosto 2013 |title=Belgian Minister Inaugurates Power Plant in Eastern DRC}} *{{citation |url=https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS1705962&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&fromSitemap=1 |last=Decru |first=Eva |accessdate=2020-08-29 |type=thesis |title=The ichthyofauna of the Central Congo basin: diversity and distribution in the north-eastern tributaries |others=Snoeks, Jos (Supervisor); Vreven, Emmanuel (Co supervisor) |date=Nofeembar 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320174009 |last1=Decru |first1=Eva |last2=Emmanuel |first2=Vreven |last3=Danadu |first3=Célestin |last4=Walanga |first4=Albert |last5=Mambo |first5=Taylor |last6=Snoeks |first6=Jos |year=2017 |title=Ichthyofauna of the Itimbiri, Aruwimi, and Lindi/Tshopo rivers (Congo basin): Diversity and distribution patterns |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=225–247 |doi=10.3750/AIEP/02085 |accessdate=2020-08-29|doi-access=free }} *{{citation |title=Etude phytosociologique des chutes de la Tshopo (Kisangani: Zaïre) |first=J. |language=fr |accessdate=2020-08-29 |last=Léonard |journal=Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique / Bulletin van de Nationale Plantentuin van België |volume=62 |issue=1/4 |date=30 Sebteembar 1993 |pages=283–347|publisher=Botanic Garden Meise |doi=10.2307/3668280 |jstor=3668280 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3668280 |url-access=subscription }} *{{citation |url=https://journalsajp.com/index.php/SAJP/article/view/30097 |accessdate=2020-08-29 |journal=South Asian Journal of Parasitology |volume=3 |pages=1–8 |last1=Mongita Esol’e |first1=B. |last2=Zingabako Ngbingina |first2=C. |last3=Anagwatalibe Kota |first3=A. |last4=Mopaya Pakowe |first4=H. |last5=Etisomba Likoke |first5=F. M. |year=2020 |title=Prevalence of Schistosomiasis among the Bavaido Village Peasants and the Residents of Tshopo River at Kisangani- DR. Congo |issue=3 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2683372#map=11/0.6324/25.3132 |accessdate=2020-08-29 |title=Relation: Tshopo |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Tshopo}} }} {{refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category-inline}} {{authority control}} 6hqtgchbb5a0ks6utrsr1snesd4frxn 0 48203 300794 299954 2026-07-04T06:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Mbandaka | official_name = ''Ville de Mbandaka'' | settlement_type = Caasimadda gobolka iyo [[Magaalooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|magaalo]] | image_skyline = Stadsaanzichten f.JPG | image_caption = Xarunta ganacsiga ee Mbandaka, 2008 | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type = Waddanka | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|DR Kongo]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Équateur|Gobolka Équateur]] | parts_type = [[Degmooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|Degmooyin]] | parts_style = para | p1 = Mbandaka | p2 = [[Wangata]] | established_title = La aas-aasay | established_date = 1883 | established_title2 = [[Heerka magaalada]] | established_date2 = 1958 | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |title=Equateur : le nouveau maire de la ville de Mbandaka prend ses fonctions |url=https://acpcongo.com/index.php/2023/01/01/equateur-le-nouveau-maire-de-la-ville-de-mbandaka-prend-ses-fonctions/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |agency=Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP) |date=1 January 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> | government_type = | leader_title = Duqa magaalada | leader_name = [[Yves Balo]] | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = 460 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-mbandaka/?domaine=fiche caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-mbandaka/?domaine=fiche]</ref> | total_type = Magaalo | population_total = 1187837 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban_footnotes = <ref>[https://populationstat.com/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/mbandaka PopulationStat.com]</ref> | population_blank1_title = Qowmiyadaha | population_blank1 = [[Dadka Mongo|Anamongo]] | population_urban = 376000 | timezone = [[Waqtiga Galbeedka Afrika]] | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|0|02|52|N|18|15|21|E|region:CD|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = | elevation_m = 370 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mbandaka''' ({{IPA|sw|mbaˈnda.ka|pron}}, oo hore loogu yaqaanay '''Coquilhatville''' oo [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]] ah, ama '''Coquilhatstad''' oo [[Af-Holandees|Holandees]] ah) waa [[Magaalooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|magaalo]] ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] oo ku taal meel u dhow isgoyska wabiyada [[Wabiga Kongo|Kongo]] iyo [[Wabiga Ruki|Ruki]]. Waa caasimadda [[Gobolka Équateur|Gobolka Équateur]]. Magaalada waxaa aas-aasay 1883 sahmintii reer Boqortooyada Midowday ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]] magaca Équateurville. Xarunta dhexe ee Gobolka Afraad ee Ciidamada Badda ee [[Ciidamada Badda ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] waxay ku taallaa magaalada. == Juqraafi == Mbandaka waxay ku taal bariga wabiga [[Wabiga Kongo]] ee ka hooseeya afka [[Wabiga Ruki]], oo ah wabi laan u ah Kongo. Koonfurta [[Kaydka Ngiri]], oo ah aag weyn oo kayn qoyan ah oo ku taal dhinaca kale ee Kongo, waxay ku taal bartamaha [[Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe]] dhulka qoyan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6059 |title=CD003 Ngiri |publisher=Birdlife International |access-date=2012-01-30}}</ref> ==Sharaxaad== Mbandaka waa caasimadda gobolka Équateur, waxayna ku taal dhowr kiiloomitir u jirta dhulbaraha. Waxay hoy u tahay [[Madaarka Mbandaka]] waxaana ku xiran safar afar ilaa toddobo maalmood ah oo wabiga ah oo lagu tago [[Kinshasa]] iyo [[Boende]]. Kinshasa waa saacad duulimaad ah. Mbandaka waxaa inta badan deggan dad ka tirsan qowmiyadda [[Dadka Mongo|Mongo]], inkasta oo dad ka kala yimid qabiillo iyo gobollo badan ay magaalada ku nool yihiin. Luuqadaha ugu muhiimsan ee lagaga hadlo Mbandaka waa [[Af-Lingala|Lingala]], [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]], iyo [[Af-Mongo|Mongo]]. Sanooyin dagaal iyo dayac ah ayaa sababay in kaabayaashii magaalada ay burburaan; qaybo waaweyn oo magaalada ka mid ah ma laha koronto ama biyo socda. Inta badan waddooyinka iyo jidadka magaalada waa waddooyin aan laami ahayn. ==Taariikh== [[File:Mbandaka koloniale architectuur Banque du Congo belge.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Bangiga Kongo ee Belgian]] Mbandaka waxaa aas-aasay 1883 sahmintii reer Boqortooyada Midowday ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]], kaas oo u bixiyay ''"Équateurville."'' (Wakhtigaas dhulku wuxuu hoos imaan jiray xukunka shakhsiyeed ee Boqor Leopold II, boqorkii Belgians-ka iyo luuqadda rasmiga ahna waxay ahayd Faransiis.) Hoolka magaalada wuxuu ku yaallaa qiyaastii {{convert|4|km|mi|1|abbr=in}} waqooyiga [[dhulbaraha]]. Mbandaka waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu dhow dhulbaraha ee magaalo kasta oo muhiim ah oo adduunka ah. Stanley wuxuu dhigay "Dhagaxii Dhulbaraha" oo weyn meel u dhow bangiga wabiga koonfurta magaalada si uu u calaamadiyo meesha uu rumaysnaa in dhulbaraha uu ka tallaabo wabiga. Waxay halkaas ku taal maanta. Sababo la xiriira goobteeda calaamadeed ee u dhow dhulbaraha iyo Wabiga Kongo, waxaa jiray qorshayaal hore oo lagu doonayay in caasimadda [[Congo Free State]] lagu meeleeyo Coquilhatville, sida magaalada loogu yeeri jiray, laakiin weligood kama rumoobin. Qorshayaashan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha]] ee dad lagu qiyaasay 100,000 oo qof, saldhig tareen, kaniisad Katoolik ah, hoyga guddoomiyaha, iyo qasriga booqashooyinka mustaqbalka ee [[Leopold II ee Belgium|Boqor Leopold II ee Belgians]].<ref>''Le Congo: de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance'', Auguste Maurel, page 94-95</ref> 1886, bilowgii xukunka gumeysiga, Belgians-ku waxay u beddeleen magaca magaalada "Coquilhatville" iyagoo ugu magac daray [[Camille-Aimé Coquilhat]]. 1938, shaqo ayaa ka bilaabatay buundada wabiga Kongo ee ku xirta Coquilhatville iyo [[Congo-ga Faransiiska]] (hadda ah [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]). Shaqadii waa laga tagay markii uu bilowday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], waxaana kaliya oo hadhay aasaaskii tiirarka buundada. 1930-meeyadii, Dowladda [[Congo-ga Belgian]] waxay bilowday mashaariic dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan warshado iyo hool magaalada cusub. Hoolka magaalada waxaa la dhammaystiray 1947, isla markiiba ka dib dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Wakhtigaas, oo dhererkiisu ahaa {{convert|39|m|ft|abbr=in}}, wuxuu ahaa dhismihii ugu sarreeyay ee Congo-ga Belgian. Taallo Leopold II ah ayaa la saaray saqafkeeda. Hoolka magaalada waxaa burburiyay dab 1963.<ref>''Le Congo : de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance,'' Auguste Maurel, pp. 153-155</ref> Ka dib markii Congo-ga Belgian ay heshay xorriyaddeeda oo ay noqotay [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo (Léopoldville)|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], dowladdii cusub ayaa u beddeshay magaca magaaladan 1966 ''"Mbandaka"'' si ay u sharfto hoggaamiye maxalli ah oo caan ah. ===Xasuuqii Hutu-ga=== Meel u dhow dhammaadkii [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Kongo]] dabayaaqadii qarnigii 20-aad, boqolaal qof (inta badan qaxooti [[Hutu]], haween, iyo carruur) ayaa lagu xasuuqay halkan 13-kii Maajo, 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombshell UN report leaked: 'Crimes of genocide' against Hutus in Congo |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=August 26, 2010 | author=Jason Stearn |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2010/0826/Bombshell-UN-report-leaked-Crimes-of-genocide-against-Hutus-in-Congo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/1997/11/14/world/hidden-horrors-special-report-uncovering-guilty-footprints-along-zaire-s-long.html |title=Hidden Horrors: Special Report: Tracing the Guilty Footsteps Along Zaire's Long Trail of Death|work=New York Times |date=November 14, 1997 |author1=James C. McKinley Jr |author2=Howard W. French}}</ref> Askartii reer Kongo waxay sheegeen in amarku ka yimid Col. Wilson, oo madax u ahaa guuto ka tirsan ciidamada [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila|Kabila]], iyo Col. Richard, oo ahaa madaxa hawlgallada guutada, labaduba waxay ahaayeen [[Rwanda|Rwanda]]-yiin. Gen. Gaston Muyango (Congolese) wuxuu haystay cinwaanka taliyaha militariga laakiin ma lahayn awood dhab ah, ayay yiraahdeen.<ref>{{cite web|title=MASSACRES WERE A WEAPON IN CONGO'S CIVIL WAR |author=John Pomfret |work=Washington Post |date=June 11, 1997 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/06/11/massacres-were-a-weapon-in-congos-civil-war/d108200d-90f7-4ee9-8331-e0be34b9ea79/}}</ref> ===Dillaacii Ebola=== 16-kii Maajo 2018, kiis [[Ebola]] ah ayaa ka dhacay magaalada, iyadoo cudurku ku faafay halkaas ka dib [[2018_Equateur province Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak|dillaac ka dhacay miyiga]].<ref name = "patient zero">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/first-confirmed-urban-ebola-case-is-a-game-changer-in-congo/2018/05/17/430babce-5890-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html|title=First confirmed urban Ebola case is a 'game changer' in Congo outbreak|last=Bearak|first=Max|date=2018-05-17|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="BBC-2">{{Cite web|title=DR Congo Ebola outbreak: WHO in emergency talks as cases spread |publisher=BBC | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44164027}}</ref> Dillaac cusub ayaa la soo sheegay 1-dii Juun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second Ebola outbreak confirmed in DRC after four people die |publisher=Telegraph | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/experts-scramble-confirm-second-ebola-outbreak-drc/}}</ref> Saddex kiis ayaa waxaa xaqiijiyay [[WHO]] saddex kiis oo kalena waa suurtagal, kuwaas oo afar qof ay dhinteen ilaa 2-dii Juun, 2020. ==Meelaha ugu muhiimsan== ===Saldhigga Kaniisadda Katooliga iyo xarunta cilmi-baarista taariikhda Afrika ee Bamanya=== [[File:Missie kerk a.JPG|thumb|Kaniisadda Mashiiniyadii Qalbiga Quduuska ah (MSC) ee Bamanya, 2008.]] Xarun cilmi-baaris oo weyn oo ku saabsan taariikhda Afrika ee Bartamaha, oo ay markii hore aasaaseen Aabbayaasha [[Gustaaf Hulstaert]] iyo Honoré Vinck, waxay ku taal saldhigga kaniisadda Katooliga ee Bamanya (Ururka Qalbiga Quduuska ah ee Maryan (CCIM)), {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=in}} bari ka xigta Mbandaka.<ref>Eeg: www.aequatoria.be</ref> {{anchor|Beerta Botaniska ee Eala}} ===Beerta Botaniska ee Eala=== Waxaa jira beero botaniska oo ku yaalla Eala oo u dhow, qiyaastii {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=in}} bari ka xigta bartamaha magaalada. [[Beerta Botaniska ee Eala]], oo la aas-aasay 1900, waxay hore u lahayd inta u dhaxaysa 4,000 iyo 5,000 oo nooc. Waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|370|ha|acre|lk=in}} ururin gaar ah ({{convert|125|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}), kayn ({{convert|190|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}), marj ({{convert|50|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}) iyo savanna "Euobe" ({{convert|7|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}). Sababo la xiriira dagaal iyo khalkhal bulsho, beerta waa la dayacay. Waxaana lagu xiray xayndaab waana la tirsadaa [[qoryo goyn sharci darro ah]]. Buugga ugu dambeeyay ee hantideeda waxaa la daabacay 1924. ===Mashruuca guryaha ee ugu horreeya ee Habitat for Humanity International=== Mbandaka waa hoyga mashruuca ugu horreeya ee adduunka ee [[Habitat for Humanity]] International. Aasaasaha [[Millard Fuller]] wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii mashiin-yahan kaniisadda [[Disciples of Christ]] ee Mbandaka laga soo bilaabo 1973 ilaa 1976. Mashruuca guryaha ee Fuller ka bilaabay Mbandaka 1973 wuxuu caan ku noqday mashruuca ugu horreeya ee Habitat for Humanity markii Fuller uu aasaasay Habitat markii uu ku soo laabtay Mareykanka. [[File:Mbandaka Cathedral.jpg|260px|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Katooliga ee St Eugene ee Mbandaka. Erayada baiso baala nkolo, oo lagu qoray albaabka kaniisadda korkiisa, waa bilowgii Sabuurka 123 ee luuqadda Mongo.]] ==Cimilada== Mbandaka waxay leedahay [[cimilada kaynta roobka ee kulaylaha]] (''Af'') iyadoo la raacayo [[kala soocidda cimilada Köppen]]. Inkasta oo roobabka magaalada ay kala duwan yihiin, ma lahan [[xilli qalalan]]; bisha ugu qallalan waa Janaayo, celcelis ahaan qiyaastii {{convert|68|mm|in|1|disp=or}} roobab. Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Sebtembar oo leh {{convert|201|mm|in|1|disp=or}}. Heerkulku waa mid joogto ah sanadka oo dhan, iyadoo heerkulka dhexe uu u dhexeeyo {{convert|74|to|79|F|C|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=50046&cityname=Mbandaka%2C+Equateur%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&units= |title = Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Weather→Climate Summary) |publisher = weatherbase |access-date = 10 December 2022 |archive-date = 11 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221211064842/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=50046&cityname=Mbandaka,+Equateur,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&units= |url-status = dead }}</ref> {{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Mbandaka ([[Beerta Botaniska ee Eala]]), joogga {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1971–2000) |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C = 30.5 |Feb high C = 31.3 |Mar high C = 31.3 |Apr high C = 31.3 |May high C = 31.2 |Jun high C = 29.9 |Jul high C = 28.9 |Aug high C = 29.2 |Sep high C = 29.9 |Oct high C = 30.2 |Nov high C = 30.1 |Dec high C = 30.4 | year high C = |Jan low C = 20.7 |Feb low C = 20.8 |Mar low C = 21.0 |Apr low C = 21.2 |May low C = 21.3 |Jun low C = 20.8 |Jul low C = 20.3 |Aug low C = 20.3 |Sep low C = 20.4 |Oct low C = 20.6 |Nov low C = 20.7 |Dec low C = 20.9 | year low C = |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 68.0 |Feb rain mm = 94.0 |Mar rain mm = 168.0 |Apr rain mm = 137.0 |May rain mm = 111.0 |Jun rain mm = 90.0 |Jul rain mm = 104.0 |Aug rain mm = 166.0 |Sep rain mm = 201.0 |Oct rain mm = 186.0 |Nov rain mm = 134.0 |Dec rain mm = 96.0 |year rain mm = | source 1 = [[Ururka Cunnada iyo Beeraha|FAO]]<ref name=FAO>{{cite web | url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/ | title = CLIMWAT climatic database | publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations | access-date = 28 August 2024}}</ref> }} ==Dadka== {{see also|Category:Dadka ka yimid Mbandaka|}} * [[Guy Loando Mboyo]], qareen iyo siyaasi * [[Roger Hitoto]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Frédéric Boyenga-Bofala]], siyaasi * [[José Bosingwa]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Adam Bombolé]], siyaasi * [[Issama Mpeko]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Banza Mukalay]], siyaasi * [[Jules Fontaine Sambwa]], dhaqaaleyahan iyo siyaasi ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Jaamacadda Mbandaka]] *[[Madaarka Mbandaka]] *[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mbandaka-Bikoro]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007132019/http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/0037/ Beeraha Botaniska ee Zaire iyo Xaaladda Hadda ee Kala-duwanaanshaha Nolosha ee Zaire] * {{cite web|url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11221|title=Villes de RD Congo - Mbandaka|date=2006-05-29|publisher=[[Howlgalka Qaramada Midoobay ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|MONUC]]|language=fr|access-date=2008-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304175734/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11221 |archive-date=2008-03-04}} {{Authority control}} aycfl5fvr9lamxge2yfoqj3gxs9qms0 0 48225 300758 300482 2026-07-04T01:53:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Cintra | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=es|name1=Bahía de Cintra |tag2=es|name2=Angra de Cintra}} | other_name = Gacanka Cintra<br />Golfo de Cintra <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Saxaraha Galbeed]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|22.951944|N|16.215556|W|scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Gacan]] | etymology = | part_of = [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Western Sahara | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal xeebta Saxaraha Galbeed <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Gacanka Cintra''' ama '''Gacanka Cintra''' waa [[gacan]] weyn oo leh qaab dayax-gacmeed ah<ref>{{cite web|author=Burkhalter M.|year=2011|title=Cintra Bay West Sahara|url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144|page=[[Panoramio]]|access-date=2013-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215647/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144|archive-date=2014-05-12}}</ref> oo ku taal xeebta gobolka [[Río de Oro]], [[Saxaraha Galbeed]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfurta [[Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla]]. Xeebteedu waa mid dadku ku yar yihiin, deegaankuna inta badan waa duurjoog iyo mid aan horumarin. Asal ahaan waxaa loo yaqaanay "Gacanka St. Cyprian", waxaana dib loogu magac daray [[Gonçalo de Sintra|Kabtan Gonçalo de Sintra]], oo ahaa [[Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska|Bortuqiis]] [[List of explorers|sahmiye]] qarnigii 15-aad, kaas oo loo malaynayo inuu ku dhintay gacanka{{efn|Weerarkii dhabta ahaa, oo ay kabtankii iyo 7 ka mid ah raggiisii ku nafwaayeen, ayaa ka dhacay Gacanka Arguin, oo dhanka koonfureed ka sii fog }} intii lagu jiray duullaan addoonsi oo aan la oggolayn oo aan guulaysan.<ref>Cortesão (1931); Diffie & Winius (p.82)</ref> ==Magacaabista== {{see also|Spanish protectorate in Morocco}} Aagga waxaa asal ahaan loo yaqaanay "Gacanka St. Cyprian" laakiin waxaa dib loogu magac daray [[Gonçalo de Sintra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/|title='V' is for Vintage Sahara Maps|first=Chris|last=S|date=27 March 2016|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008181957/https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> [[Treaty of Angra de Cintra|Heshiiskii Angra de Cintra]] ee 1958, kaas oo horseeday dhammaadkii [[Ifni War|Dagaalkii Ifni]], waxaa loogu magac daray Gacanka Cintra. ==Juqraafi== {{Climate chart | Gacanka Cintra | 5| 21| 5 | 10| 23| 2 | 13| 29| 2 | 14| 31| 4 | 15| 33| 1 | 14| 28| 1 | 17| 30| 1 | 19| 34| 9 | 19| 33| 12 | 19| 33| 1 | 15| 27| 4 | 11| 26| 8 |float=right |clear=right |source = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |title=Browse datasets &#124; NASA Earth Observations (NEO) |access-date=2020-09-16 |archive-date=2015-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306025403/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} Gacanku wuxuu ku fadhiyaa 29 [[nautical mile]] inta u dhaxaysa Punta del Pescador iyo gacanka Lagouira, guud ahaanna waa mid furan oo aad u gacalin ah, qoto-dheerida celceliska qaybta dhexe waa 10 mitir.<ref>http://www.equipement.gov.ma/maritime/PORTS/La%20connaissance-du-milieu/Documents/Annuaire%20des%20cotes_DAKHLA.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.equipement.gov.ma/maritime/PORTS/La%20connaissance-du-milieu/Documents/Annuaire%20des%20cotes_DAKHLA.pdf |date=20160603040139 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040139/http://www.equipement.gov.ma/maritime/PORTS/La%20connaissance-du-milieu/Documents/Annuaire%20des%20cotes_DAKHLA.pdf |date=2016-06-03 }}.</ref><ref name=MoroccoAquaculture>National Agency for Aquaculture Development of Kingdom of Morocco. [http://www.mpm.gov.ma/wps/wcm/connect/2a0e45b4-f68f-48da-ba96-f4bb5483d636/AMI+Dakhla+19+11+V+En.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. Call for Expression of Interest Marine Aquaculture Development Project Ined Dakhla Oued Ed Dahab REgion] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mpm.gov.ma/wps/wcm/connect/2a0e45b4-f68f-48da-ba96-f4bb5483d636/AMI+Dakhla+19+11+V+En.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. |date=20191230230440 }} (pdf). Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> Waa ku dhowaad {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} dhexroor ahaan, laga bilaabo cirifka woqooyi ee ''Puntilla de las Raimas'', meel u dhow Via Candelaria iyo Hassi Amatai, koonfurta ilaa ''Puntila Negra'' ama ''Punta Negra'', meel u dhow Las Talaitas.<ref>Around Guides. [http://aroundguides.com/17272204 Angra de Cintra]. Retrieved December 27. 2014</ref> Qodobka ugu qoto dheer ee gacanka waa ''Hasi el Beied'', oo u dhow bartamaha Gacanka Cintra. Biyaha gacanku waxay ka kooban yihiin gudaha ''Angra de Citra'' iyo aagagga bannaanka ee Bajo El Tortugo, Bajo Ahogado, iyo Bajo del Medio Golfo. Biyaha pelagic-ka ee ka baxsan Gacanka Cintra waxaa loo yaqaan Bajo Arcila. [[Cliff|Dhagaxyo]] dhaadheer, [[dune|buuro ciid ah]], [[beach|xeebo]], iyo [[lagoon|balliyo]] ayaa ka kooban inta badan muuqaalka xeebta. Balli weyn, ''Bajo Tortugo'' ("Gacankii Yare ee Yaxaas-yare"), ayaa ku yaal dhinaca woqooyi, waxaana jira aag la yiraahdo ''Las Matorrales'' oo ku yaal qaybta koonfureed. Dhowr buurood, oo qaarkood ay leeyihiin dusha sare ama meelaha ugu sarreeya oo fidsan ayaa laga arki karaa gobolka oo dhan. Gacanka Cintra wuxuu leeyahay jasiirad yar (peninsula) labada darafba. Punta de las Raimas oo ku taal woqooyi waa {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}} dherer ahaan waxayna u badan tahay ciid waxayna leedahay dhagaxyo iyo caqabad dhagax ah oo ku taal cirifka, halka buur ciid ah laga heli karo Punta Negra, taas oo leh caqabado dhagax ah oo ku fidsan qiyaastii {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}} agteeda.<ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /> [[Shoal|Gacalin-biyoodka]] ku yaal koonfur-galbeed ee Gacanka Cintra waxaa loo yaqaan Banco de Sylvia. Waxay u dhaxaysaa Dakhla iyo Gacanka Cintra, halka [[Amseisat Saccum]] iyo [[Imlili]] ay ka sii fog yihiin bari gudaha saxaraha gudaha. Dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ee ''Las Taraitas'' iyo Morro de Gorrei waa Gacanka Gorrei ama 'Bahia de Gorrei, oo qaab ahaan u eg laakiin ka yar Gacanka Cintra. Waxaa jira dhowr gacmood ama meelo kale oo qaababkoodu aad ugu eg yihiin Gacanka Cintra ama Gorrei ee gobolka Rio de Oro. ===Bathymetry=== Arrimaha juqraafi iyo bathymetric ee Gacanka Cintra ayaa ka dhigaya mid ku habboon kalluumeysiga iyo beerashada biyaha.<ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /> Gacalkiisa iyo muuqaalkiisa xiran waxay siinayaan heerkulka biyaha ugu sarreeya gobolka. Qulqulka koonfur-waqooyi wuxuu socdaa oo kaliya gudaha gacanka waxaana saameeya hirarka, gaar ahaan aagagga u dhow biyaha furan. Qulqulkani wuxuu sidoo kale keenaa wareeg, ama wareegga badda ee [[Dextrorotation and levorotation|levorotation]], oo ku yaal aagga woqooyi.<ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /> ==Taariikhda dabiiciga ah== {{see also|Dakhla, Western Sahara|Banc d'Arguin National Park|Atlantic coastal desert}} Xeebta gacanka iyo aagagga ku hareeraysan waa qayb ka mid ah galbeedka [[Saxaraha]], iyadoo inta badan ay daboolan yihiin buuro ciid ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa [[vegetation|dhirta]] gacanka Cintra mid aad u liita. Marka loo eego dhulka, biyaha aaggan waa qayb ka mid ah Nidaamka [[Canary Islands|Canary]] Current kaas oo ah [[ocean current|qulqul-biyood]] aad u wax soo saar badan, iyo [[Nouadhibou]] Upwelling. Mid ka mid ah aagagga waaweyn ee [[Upwelling|upwelling]]-ka ayaa ku yaal meel u dhow shelf-ka qaaradda. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa aagga mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu qanisan kalluumeysiga adduunka, Gacanka Cintra laftiisa wuxuu u adeegaa sidii meel kulul oo loogu talagalay zooplankton<ref>{{cite journal |title=Short-term variation of zooplankton community in Cintra Bay (Northwest Africa) |journal=Oceanologia |date=1 July 2019 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=368–383 |doi=10.1016/j.oceano.2019.02.001 |last1=Berraho |first1=Amina |last2=Abdelouahab |first2=Hinde |last3=Baibai |first3=Tarik |last4=Charib |first4=Said |last5=Larissi |first5=Jamila |last6=Agouzouk |first6=Aziz |last7=Makaoui |first7=Ahmed |doi-access=free }}</ref> iyo goob lagu dhalo [[sardine|sardinnada]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Friend of the Sea |title=Fishery Audit Report Checklist |url=http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |access-date=2014-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720221203/http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-20}}</ref> [[Cephalaspidea]] ayaa sidoo kale laga heli karaa gudaha gacanka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malaquias |first1=Manuel António E. |last2=Ohnheiser |first2=Lena T. |last3=Oskars |first3=Trond R. |last4=Willassen |first4=Endre |title=Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12478 |hdl=1956/17026 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Inkasta oo Morocco ay mar ka fikirtay inay abuurto beer qaran oo ay ku jiraan Gacanka Cintra iyo Dakhla,<ref name=Waders /> waxaa la sheegay in deegaanka iyo noolaha Gacanka Cintra ay halis ugu jiraan qorshe socda oo lagu xoojinayo beerashada biyaha ee Morocco iyadoo la kaashanayo EU-da,<ref>[https://www.wsrw.org/a105x3682 EU funding to fish sector in occupied Western Sahara increases]. Retrieved March 30, 2017</ref><ref>The Sahara Question. 2013. [http://sahara-question.com/en/news/spanish-consortium-wins-morocco-tender-develop-aquaculture-dakhla-region Spanish Consortium Wins Morocco Tender to Develop Aquaculture in Dakhla Region] {{Wayback|url=http://sahara-question.com/en/news/spanish-consortium-wins-morocco-tender-develop-aquaculture-dakhla-region |date=20200213140346 }}. Retrieved December 26. 2014</ref><ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004801/https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-14 }}</ref> iyo in cilmi-baaris looga baahan yahay aagga, gaar ahaan [[right whale|nibiri-yada midig]],<ref>Reeves R. R.. Leatherwood S..[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1994-014.pdf 1994-1998 Action Plan for the Conservation of Cetaceans: Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales] (pdf). The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|lUCN]] Conservation Library. Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> iyo ilaalinta bulshooyinka kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka.<ref>Economic, Social and Environmental Council of Morocco. 2013. [http://www.ces.ma/Documents/PDF/Report-New%20development%20model%20for%20the%20southern%20provinces.pdf New Development Model for the Southern Provinces] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ces.ma/Documents/PDF/Report-New%20development%20model%20for%20the%20southern%20provinces.pdf |date=20200605025920 }} (pdf). Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> ===Naasleyda=== ====Cetaceans==== Iyada oo ku saleysan diiwaannada ugaarsiga nibiriyada ee qarnigii 19-aad, xeebta laga bilaabo 10 mayl waqooyi ka xigta Puntilla de las Raimas, oo ay ugaarsatada u bixiyeen Gacanka "Goree", ilaa 20 mayl woqooyi ka xigta [[wikt:sv:Cabo Barbas|Cabo Barbas]]<ref>Randall R. Reeves, 2001, Overview of catch history, historic abundance and distribution of right whales in the western North Atlantic and in Cintra Bay, West Africa, Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 2, pp.187–192</ref> iyo malaha baaxad ballaaran<ref name=Duke2008>{{cite thesis |last1=Good |first1=Caroline |title=Spatial Ecology of the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena Glacialis) |date=24 April 2008 |hdl=10161/588 }}</ref> waxay ahayd meesha kaliya ee la yaqaan ee jiilaalka ama dhalmada ee dadka bariga Waqooyi Atlaantik ee [[North Atlantic right whale|nibiri-yada midig ee Waqooyi Atlaantik]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reeves R.R.|year=2001|title=Overview of catch history, historic abundance and distribution of right whales in the western North Atlantic and in Cintra Bay, West Africa.|journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=2|pages=187–192}}</ref> Nibiriyadan hadda waxaa loo malaynayaa inay yihiin kuwo dabar-go'ay ama tiradoodu aad u yar tahay.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silvia A M. |author2=Steiner L. |author3=Cascao I. |author4=Cruz J.M. |author5=Prieto R., Cole T. |author6=Hamilton K.P. |author7=Baumgartner M. |year=2012|title=Winter sighting of a known western North Atlantic right whale in the Azores|journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=12|pages=65–69|url=http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=124184&pt=2&p=9906|format=PDF|access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref> Qarniyadii 18-aad iyo 19-aad, Gacanka Cintra wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah saddex ama afar goobood oo waaweyn oo loogu talagalay ugaarsiga nibiriyada midig ee Waqooyi Atlaantik, oo ay la socdaan koonfur-bari xeebaha Mareykanka, [[Cape Farewell, Greenland|Cape Farewell]] ee [[Greenland]], iyo malaha gobolka [[Iceland]], sidoo kale waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah laba goobood oo jiilaal-guga ah oo ay la socdaan xeebaha US.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Reeves, R.R. |author2=Mitchell, E.|year=1986|title=American pelagic whaling for right whales in the North Atlantic.|journal=Report of the International Whaling Commission |issue=Special Issue 10|pages=221–254|url=https://archive.iwc.int/pages/search.php?search=%21collection34&k=&offset=0&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&#/pages/view.php?ref=470&search=%21collection34&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&offset=0&archive=0&k=|format=PDF|access-date=2013-10-09}}</ref> Qiyaastii 92 nibiri ayaa la dilay intii lagu jiray 44 booqasho oo ay sameeyeen ugaarsatada laga bilaabo Noofambar ilaa Abriil sannad kasta, taas oo siinaysa gobolkan cufnaanta ugaarsiga ugu sarreeya qarnigii 19-aad, inkasta oo ugaarsiga aan la fulin xilliyada oo dhan. 82 ka mid ah xayawaankaas ayaa dhab ahaan la qabtay labadii sano ee ugu horreysay ee 1855–56, malaha noocyo kale sida [[Humpback whale|humpbacks]]. Cilmi-baaris saynis oo fidsan ilaa [[Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla]] ayaa la sameeyay 1998 mana jiro wax caddayn ah oo muujinaya in nibiriyada midig ay weli isticmaalayaan aagga.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Notarbartolo di Sciara G. |author2=Politi E. |author3=Bayed A. |author4=Beaubrun.P.C. |author5=Knowlton A. |year=1998|title=A Winter Cetacean Survey off Southern Morocco, With a Special Emphasis on Right Whales|journal=The Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission À (SC/49/O 3)|volume=48|pages=547–551|editor=Donovan P.G.|url=http://www.disciara.net/documents/NotarbartolodiSciara_etal_1998.pdf |access-date=2013-04-28|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002141149/http://www.disciara.net/documents/NotarbartolodiSciara_etal_1998.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> Waxa kale oo la ogaaday in biyahan xeebta ay si la yaab leh u liiteen noolaha cetacean. Kaliya laba nooc ayaa la helay si joogto ah, labaduba tiro aad u yar, labaduba waxaa la helay oo kaliya gobolka Dakhla Bay: nooc ka weyn [[bottlenose dolphin|dolphinka sanka-dhalada]] iyo [[Atlantic humpback dolphin|dolphinka humpback ee Atlaantik]]. [[Killer whale|Nibiriyada dilaaga ah]] ayaa la ogyahay inay ku dhacaan xeebaha Saxaraha Galbeed maanta<ref>{{cite web|author=Ed Temperley|title=Postcards From The Sahara|url=http://ja.magicseaweed.com/news/postcards-from-the-sahara/4792/?page=13829|work=MSW-Magic Sea Weed|access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> mararka qaarkoodna tiro aad u badan, sida ku cad diiwaannada ugaarsiga nibiriyada. Cilmi-baarisyo dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa rajada ka dhigay in Cinta Bay laga yaabo in dib loogu dego nibiriyada midig ee ka yimid dadka galbeedka, maadaama labada dadba ay muujiyeen inay aad ugu dhow yihiin midba midka kale sidii hore loo malayn jiray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.whales.org/blog/nicolahodgins/2014/04/whale-named-pico|page=nicola.hodgins's blog|title=A whale named Pico|date=11 April 2014|work=[[Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society|Whale and Dolphin Conservation]]|access-date=2014-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427222217/http://us.whales.org/blog/nicolahodgins/2014/04/whale-named-pico|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> Iyadoo aan loo eegin cufnaanta deegaanka, nibiriyada baleen, [[fin whale|nibiriyada fin]], [[Bryde's whale|nibiriyada Brydes]], [[sei whale|nibiriyada sei]], iyo [[minke whale|nibiriyada minke]] ayaa la ogyahay inay weli ku dhacaan xeebaha Saxaraha Galbeed. Kuwan, nibiriyada fin iyo nibiriyada Bryde ayaa la xaqiijiyay inay joogaan meelaha Dakhla iyo Cintra - Gorrei. Noocyo kale sida [[Risso's dolphin|Risso's dolphins]],<ref name=PaulWildlifewriter /> [[common dolphin|dolphinka caadiga ah]], [[rough-toothed dolphin|dolphinka ilka-qallafsan]], iyo [[harbor porpoise|harbor porpoise]]s<ref>[http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/ScC14_Doc_07_Harbour_porpoise_E_0.pdf Conservation Status of the Northwest African population of the Harbour porpoise]</ref> kuwaas oo la xaqiijiyay inay joogaan aagga [[Bay of Arguin]] ayaa laga yaabaa inay halkan sidoo kale ka dhacaan.<ref>{{citation|author=WalshD.|year=2006|title=SeiWhale|url=http://blather.net/abroad/archives/2006/04/sei_whale.html|page=the DaveWalshPhoto.com|publisher=[[Greenpeace]]|access-date=2014-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208212030/http://www.blather.net/abroad/archives/2006/04/sei_whale.html|archive-date=2012-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{ citation|author=White R.|year=2013|title=At Sea, from Senegal to Western Sahara - Apr 17, 2013 - National Geographic Explorer|url=https://www.expeditions.com/daily-expedition-reports/155707/west-africa/|publisher=the [[Lindblad Expeditions]] - [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|access-date=2014-12-19}}</ref> <ref>{{ cite journal |author=Waerebeek V.K. |author2=Andrei M. |author3=Sequeirai M. |author4=Martin V. |author5=Robinea D. |author6=Collet A. |author7=Ndiaye E.P.V. |title=Spatial and temporal distribution of the minke Whale,Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépede, 1804), in the southernnortheast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, With reference to stock identity|journal=J. Cetacean Res. Manag. |volume=l |issue=3|pages=223–237|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/243243.pdf.|format=PDF|access-date=2014-12-20}}</ref> ====Pinnipeds==== Iyadoo ay la socdaan cetaceans, Gacanka Cintra wuxuu bixin karaa deegaan muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay [[Mediterranean monk seal|nibiriyada monk-ga ee Mediterranean]] oo halis ugu jira dabar-go'.<ref name=FootPrintBook>{{ Cite book |author=Tiwari M. |author2=Aksissou M. |author3=Semmoumy S. |author4=Ouakka K. |year=2006|title=Morocco Footprint Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&q=cintra+bay+monk+seal&pg=PA265|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|page=265|access-date=2014-12-27|isbn=978-1-907263-31-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africa-middle-east/morocco/agadir-and-the-south/deep-south/south-into-the-sahara|page=South into the Sahara|title=Footprint Travel Guides|access-date=2013-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227013222/http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africa-middle-east/morocco/agadir-and-the-south/deep-south/south-into-the-sahara|archive-date=2013-12-27}}</ref> Waxaa si ba'an loo ugaarsaday ilaa heer dabar-go' qarnigii 15-aad ee ugaarsatada Yurub iyo qabaa'ilka deegaanka, haddana waxay ku dhow yihiin inay dabar-go'aan [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean]]. Inkasta oo aysan ku jirin Gacanka Cintra, [[Ras Nouadhibou|Cabo Blanco]] oo ku taal Dakhla Peninsula ayaa weli martigelisa mid ka mid ah gumeysiyada ugu waaweyn ee hadhay.<ref>{{citation |author1=Johnson M.W. |author2=Karamanlidis A.A. |author3=Dendrinos P. |author4=Larrinoa D.F.P. |author5=Gazo M. |author6=González M.L. |author7=Güçlüsoy H. |author8=Pires R. |author9=Schnellmann M. |title=Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Sheet |url=https://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm |publisher=The Monachus Guardian |access-date=2014-12-19 |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031041324/https://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Noocyada dhulka==== Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah noolaha xayawaanka dhulka ee gacanka hareerihiisa ayaan caddayn oo lama baran. [[Camel|Geel]] saaxiibtinimo leh ([[dromedary]]) ayaa ku nool xeebta.<ref>Triptrafic1. 2012. [http://www.trafic-amenage.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29241 Sur les traces de l'Aéropostale.]. http://www.Trafic-Amenage.com. Retrieved January 1, 2015</ref> ===Xayawaannada badda ee gurguurta=== [[Sea turtle|Qoolleyda badda]] ayaa la ogyahay inay ku buulleydaan xeebta gacanka.<ref name=FootPrintBook /> Waxaa jiray daraasado diiradda saaraya gobolka Dakhla.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tiwari M. |author2=Aksissou M. |author3=Semmoumy S. |author4=Ouakka K. |year=2006|title=Sea Turtle Surveys in Southern Morocco (Plage Blanche – Porto Rico) in July 2006|journal=A Report to the Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, Kingdom of Morocco|url=http://www.rufford.org/files/131.01.04%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf|access-date=2014-12-19|archive-date=2014-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219120446/http://www.rufford.org/files/131.01.04%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf}}</ref> ===Shimbiraha=== Noocyo badan oo shimbiraha muhaajiriinta ah iyo [[Seabird|shimbiraha badda]], sida [[Wader|shimbiraha wader ee Galbeedka Palearctic]], ayaa jiilaalka ku qaata xeebta Saxaraha Galbeed, gobolka Gacanka Cintra iyo [[Banc d'Arguin National Park]], oo ah [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO]], [[Mauritania]] halkaas oo ku dhowaad 110 nooc oo shimbiraha badda ah la xaqiijiyay.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deserts and xeric shrublands - Atlantic coastal desert|page=WWF-World Wildlife Fund |url=http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1304 |access-date=2013-09-16}}</ref><ref name=Waders>{{cite journal |author=Rufino R. |author2=Neves R. |author3=Pina J.P.|year=1998|title=Wintering waders in Dakhla Bay, Western Sahara|journal=Wader Study Group Bulletin |volume=87|pages=26–29|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/iwsgb/v087/p00026-p00029.pdf |access-date=2014-12-26}}</ref> Iyada oo lagu salaynayo daraasado dabagal-bayooloji ah, [[osprey|osprey-ga]] ayaa sidoo kale ah nooc u muhaajira halkan.<ref>Dailey J. 2014. [https://kielderospreys.wordpress.com/2014/12/14/uv-and-the-gulf-of-cintra/ UV and the Gulf of Cintra]. Retrieved December 26. 2014</ref> == Degsiimooyinka == [[File:Western Sahara, 2007-12-25.jpg|thumb|Mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka u dhow Gacanka Cintra]] Aaggu aad buu u fog yahay oo ku dhowaad dad la'aan baa, iyadoo kaliya dhowr degsiimo oo kalluumeysi oo yar yar oo guryo ah ay ku kala firirsan yihiin xeebta. Kuwan, ''Puntillas de las Raimas'' oo ku taal Bajo Tortugo, cirifka woqooyi ee gacanka, waa tan ugu weyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadku waxay yaraadeen waqtiyadii dhowaa tuuladuna waxay ku dhowaatay inay cidlo noqoto ilaa 2012.<ref name=PaulWildlifewriter>Paul Wildlifewriter. 2014. [https://thewildlifewriter.blogspot.jp/2014/12/ghost-town.html Ghost Town - Geography lessons from Ospreys #437]. Retrieved December 26. 2014</ref> ''Porto Rico'', degsiimo kale oo kalluumeysi oo ku taal waqooyiga gacanka, ayaa sidoo kale lumisay dad aad u badan.<ref>[https://misviaj.es/transa41.htm Viaje Transahariano Enero 2012]</ref> Magaalada ugu dhow waa [[Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla]], oo qiyaastii {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirta. == Dalxiiska == Inkasta oo Gacanka Cintra loo tixgeliyey soo jiidasho maxalli ah, duufaannada ciidda (gaar ahaan guga) iyo miinooyinka laga soo ururiyay Cabo Barbas ayaa ka dhigaya aagga mid aan ku habboonayn dalxiisayaasha.<ref>[https://cibio.up.pt/crocodilos/images/saara/15.pdf. Western Sahara (Morocco): Tan-Tan – Fort Guerguerat] {{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (pdf). Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> ==Qoraalo== {{notelist}} == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[North Atlantic right whale]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 34d5x26mfw77zun6ne9y4z1yjbkek4h 0 48228 300765 300032 2026-07-04T03:32:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Table | native_name = {{native name|af|Tafelbaai}} | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Koonfur Afrika | image = Bloubergdtand.jpg | caption = Muuqaal xagga sare ah oo laga soo qaaday Gacanka Table oo laga eegayo [[Bloubergstrand]], oo dhanka woqooyi ka xigta Cape Town. [[Table Mountain]] ayaa ka muuqda masaafo fog oo dhanka kale ah ee gacanka. | coords = {{coord|33|51|S|18|27|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers = | oceans = [[Badweynta Koonfurta Atlaantigga]] | countries = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | length = | width = | area = {{convert|100|km2}}<ref name="Sabinet">{{cite journal |title=Table Bay, Cape Town, South Africa: an overview of its physical and ecosystem properties |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_9228 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=2007 |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> | frozen = | islands = [[Jasiiradda Robben]] | cities = [[Cape Town]] }} '''Gacanka Table''' (Afrikaans: ''Tafelbaai'') waa gacan dabiici ah oo ku yaal [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] dhanka woqooyi ee [[Cape Peninsula]], kaas oo u fidsan dhanka koonfureed ilaa [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Isagoo ay kor ka eegayso [[Cape Town]], gacanka waxaa ku dul yaal buurta fidsan ee [[Table Mountain]], taas oo uu magaca ka soo qaatay. {{wide image|File:Table Bay pano from Table Mountain.jpg|700px|Gacanka Table, dekedda iyo [[City Bowl]] oo laga eegayo dusha sare ee [[Table Mountain]] sannadkii 2022.}} ==Taariikh== ===Sahamintii hore ee Yurub=== Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee sahamiya gobolka wuxuu ahaa [[Bartolomeu Dias]], kaas oo ku wareegay Cape of Good Hope sannadkii 1488.<ref name="BritannicaDias">{{cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias |website=Britannica |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref><ref name="SAHODias">{{cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/bartolomeu-dias |website=South African History Online |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee ku xirta gacanka laftiisa wuxuu ahaa sahamiye reer Bortuqiis ah [[António de Saldanha]] sannadkii 1503. Saldanha wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay koritaankii ugu horreeyay ee la diiwaangeliyay ee Table Mountain.<ref name="SAHOSaldanha">{{cite web |title=António de Saldanha |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/antonio-de-saldanha |website=South African History Online |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> Gacanka waxaa markii dambe loogu magac daray ''Aguada de Saldanha'' ("Goobta biyaha ee Saldanha").<ref name="SAHOSaldanha"/><ref name="CastleTimeline">{{cite web |title=A Timeline Of The Castle of Good Hope |url=https://castleofgoodhope.co.za/reps_pubs/ccb_annexA_Timeline-Of-Castle-of-Good-Hope.pdf |website=castleofgoodhope.co.za |access-date=2025-07-31 |archive-date=2026-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226185731/https://www.castleofgoodhope.co.za/reps_pubs/ccb_annexA_Timeline-Of-Castle-of-Good-Hope.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 1601, sahamiye reer Holland ah Joris van Spilbergen wuxuu u beddelay magaca Gacanka Table.<ref name="CastleTimeline"/> In kasta oo uu caan ku ahaa qarniyo badan inuu yahay hoyga maraakiibta, gacanku waa deked dabiici ah oo liidata, oo u nugul hirarka duufaannada woqooyi-galbeed. Maraakiib badan oo shiraaq ah oo magangelyo ka raadinayay gacanka intii lagu jiray qarniyadii 17-aad iyo 18-aad ayaa duufaannada jiilaalka ku soo tuuray xeebta. ===Degitaankii Holland iyo dhismaha dekedda=== In kasta oo ay xaaladuhu liiteen, gumaystayaashii Holland waxay ku adkaysteen degitaankooda xeebaha Gacanka Table, maadaama dekedo dabiici ah oo wanaagsan ay ku yar yihiin xeebtan. 6 Abriil 1652, [[Jan van Riebeeck]] wuxuu saldhig dib-u-habeyn ah ka dhisay gacanka ee [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC).<ref name="SAHORiebeeck">{{cite web |title=The Arrival of Jan Van Riebeeck in the Cape – 6 April 1652 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/arrival-jan-van-riebeeck-cape-6-april-1652 |website=South African History Online |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> Qalcaddii ugu horreysay, oo ahayd qalcad yar oo la yiraahdo [[Fort of Good Hope]], ayaa laga dhisay xeebta.<ref name="SAHODutchForts">{{cite web |title=Dutch and British coastal fortifications at the Cape of Good Hope, 1665-1829 |url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/dutch-and-british-coastal-fortifications-cape-good-hope-1665-1829 |website=South African History Online |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> Degitaankii wuxuu u koray magaalada Cape Town. Gacmo kale oo u dhow ayaa la tixgeliyay. Kuwa ugu fiican, [[Gacanka Saldanha]], waxay ka maqnaayeen biyo nadiif ah. [[Gacanka Simon]], in kasta oo si wanaagsan looga ilaaliyo duufaannada jiilaalka ee galbeedka, waxay u nuglayd duufaannada koonfur-bari ee xagaaga waxaana adkaa in laga galo dhanka dhulka ee Cape Town. [[Gacanka Hout]] wuxuu ahaa mid yar oo u nugul hirarka koonfur-galbeed ee jira. Ugu dambeyntii, deked casri ah ayaa laga dhisay Gacanka Table iyada oo loo marayo habka [[land reclamation|soo celinta dhulka]] waxaana laga ilaaliyay hirarka duufaanta iyadoo la isticmaalayo [[breakwater (structure)|biyo-xireenno]]. Dhismaha biyo-xireenkii ugu horreeyay wuxuu bilaabmay 1860, iyadoo [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Alfred]] uu si rasmi ah u bilaabay rarka ugu horreeyay ee dhagxaanta.<ref name="GatewayGuides">{{cite web |title=A Walking Tour of the V&A Waterfront |url=https://www.gatewayguides.co.za/Downloads/Waterfront.pdf |website=gatewayguides.co.za |access-date=2025-07-31 }}</ref> Qaab-dhismeedkan wuxuu ilaaliyay Alfred Basin, qaybta ugu horreysay ee dekedda cusub.<ref name="CTHeritage">{{cite web |title=Cape Town Breakwater |url=https://www.cape-town-heritage.co.za/landmark/cape-town-breakwater.html |website=Cape Town Heritage |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> Qaybtii hore ee horumarkan maanta waxaa loo yaqaan [[Victoria & Alfred Waterfront]]. Qaybta cusub, ee qoto dheer waa [[Duncan Dock]].<ref name="ArtefactsDuncan">{{cite web |title=Duncan Dock |url=https://artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=14872 |website=Artefacts.co.za |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> [[Jasiiradda Robben]], halkaas oo [[Nelson Mandela]] lagu xiray tobannaan sano, waxay ku taal gacankan. ===Sliedrecht shidaal ku daatay=== Xeebaha gacanka ayaa shidaal ku daatay ka dib shil ku lug lahaa markabka Holland ee Sliedrecht bishii Nofembar 1953. Maraakiibta ayaa u dhaqaaqay {{cvt|96|km}} xeebta si ay u soo saaraan 1,000 tan oo shidaal ah oo ku wasakhoobay biyaha badda ka dib saameyntii hore.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article161508121 |title=Ship Oil Kills Fish, Penguins |date=1953-11-03 |work=Newcastle Sun (NSW : 1918 - 1954) |pages=8 |access-date=2020-04-22 |archive-date=2021-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321101447/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/161508121 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{expand section|other oil spills - there have been several|date=October 2025}} ===Maraakiib degtay=== {{See also|Shipwrecks of Cape Town}} ==Juqraafi== ===Jasiiradda Robben=== [[Jasiiradda Robben]] waxay ku taal Gacanka Table. Juqraafi ahaan, waxaa hoosta ka maray [[Tygerberg Formation]], kaas oo qayb ka ah Neoproterozoic ilaa horraantii Cambrian [[Malmesbury Group]] ee [[Saldania Belt]].<ref name="UCTGeology">{{cite thesis |last=Belcher |first=M.P. |title=STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF ROBBEN ISLAND |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/items/f2e47252-cf05-4832-b9d6-e1c3cd1751ea |website=OpenUCT |date=2003 |publisher=University of Cape Town |access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> ===Bathymetry=== Gacanka Table waa gacan biyo ah oo qoto dheer oo iska yar, wuxuuna daboolayaa aag dhan qiyaastii 100 km². Waxay si tartiib ah uga soo kacdaa bari ilaa galbeed, iyadoo gaaraysa qoto dheer oo dhan 35 m xarunta afka gacanka.<ref name="Sabinet"/> Dhagax-hoosaadka waa shales, slates iyo sandstone ee kooxda Malmesbury, oo la mid ah dabeecadda, jiirada, iyo garaaca, dhagaxyada qaawan ee Jasiiradda Robben iyo Mouille Point. Badda hoosteeda waxaa ku yaal aagag waaweyn oo dhagax-hoosaad ah oo qayb ahaan qaawan iyo baro ciid fiican ilaa mid adag.<ref name="Sabinet"/> ===Khataraha socdaalka=== *Whale Rock: Goobta maraakiib badan oo degtay iyo kuwo dhulka ku dhacay. *Green Point: Goobta maraakiib badan oo degtay iyo kuwo dhulka ku dhacay. ==Galabta sawirrada== <gallery> File:Anonymous The Noord-Nieuwland in Table Bay, 1762.jpg|Maraakiibta [[Netherlands|Holland]] oo ku sugan Gacanka Table 1763 File:Pieter van der Aa Cape of Good Hope.jpg|Muuqaalka maraakiibta shiraaca ee Gacanka Table 1727 iyadoo [[Table Mountain]] ay ku taal gadaal File:Cape Town & Table Bay 1882.jpg|Khariidadda Gacanka Table (1882) File:IMRAY(1884) p0707 TABLE BAY.jpg|Khariidadda Dekedaha iyo Kaabayaasha (1884) File:Capetown table false bay.jpg|Cape Town oo laga eegayo meel bannaan, iyadoo loo eegayo koonfurta [[False Bay]] iyadoo [[Hangklip Point]] (bidixda sare), [[Cape Point]] (midigta sare) iyo Gacanka Table koonfurta iyo bariga ee si cad u muuqda, [[Jasiiradda Robben]], Febraayo 1995. File:Satellite image of Cape peninsula.jpg|Muuqaal macmal ah oo leh 2× kor u kac ah, laga soo qaaday xogta dayax-gacmeedka iyo sawirka. Laga eegayo bari [[Cape Peninsula]] iyo [[False Bay]] (gadaal) iyadoo [[Jasiiradda Robben]] (hore bidix), [[Table Mountain]] (xarunta hore) iyo [[Cape Point]] (hore midig). File:Ship Defense at Anchor in Table Bay.jpg|Sawirka Cape Town oo laga soo qaaday markabka [[East India Company]] [[Defence (1735 EIC ship)|Defense]], oo ku sii jeeda [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] ilaa [[Mumbai|Bombay]], oo ku xirnaa Gacanka Table Janaayo 24, 1739. </gallery> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *{{annotated link|False Bay}} *{{annotated link|Port of Cape Town}} *{{annotated link|Cape Peninsula}} *{{annotated link|Robben Island}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} pja3475s0n0dfzp5sclk73vzwu53wct 0 48232 300764 300491 2026-07-04T03:29:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Sodwana | native_name = {{native name|af|Sodwanabaai}} | image = SODWANA BAY Beach (Humpback whale in foreground) - panoramio.jpg | caption = Muuqaalka xeebta gacanka iyadoo [[humpback whale]] uu ka muuqdo dhanka hore | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Koonfur Afrika | coords = {{coord|27|32|S|32|41|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers = | oceans = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | countries = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | length = | width = | area = | frozen = | islands = | cities = | embedded = }} '''Gacanka Sodwana''' waa [[gacan]] ku yaal [[Koonfur Afrika]] oo ku taal xeebta woqooyi ee [[KwaZulu Natal]], inta u dhaxaysa [[Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park|St. Lucia]] iyo [[Harada Sibhayi]]. Waxay ku dhex taal Beerta Qaranka ee Gacanka Sodwana, iyo Kaydka Badda ee Maputaland, waana goob caan ku ah [[quusitaanka madadaalada]]. Magaca waxaa caadi ahaan loo adeegsadaa in lagu tilmaamo labadaba kaydka badda iyo beerta dhulka, iyo sidoo kale gacanka juqraafi ahaan. [[Beerta Qaranka ee Gacanka Sodwana]] waa xariijin cidhiidhi ah oo ah dunes ciid kaymo ah oo ku yaal xeebta bari. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday beerta qaranka 1950-meeyadii, waxaana inta badan booqda kalluumaysato iyo quusayaal.<ref name="Nature reserve" /> Sodwana waxay ku taal [[Aagga Badda ee La Ilaaliyo ee Maputaland]] waana aagga kaliya ee quusitaanka isboortiga ee baaxadda leh ee ku yaal xeebta Greater St Lucia Wetlands Park (oo hadda loo bixiyay iSimangaliso{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}). Waxaa loo kala saaray mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu wanaagsan ee quusitaanka adduunka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top dive sites in the World {{!}} PADI|url=https://travel.padi.com/dive-sites/world/?ordering=-rating,-number_reviews|access-date=2021-04-30|website=PADI Travel|language=en}}</ref> beerta waxaa sanadkii booqda ilaa 35,000 oo quusayaal ah. Gacanku wuxuu u dhow yahay cidhifka koonfureed ee [[marine ecoregion|deegaanka badda]] ee kulaylaha ee galbeedka [[Indo-Pacific]], waxaana ku yaal [[Coral reef|xashiishka coral-ka]]. Xarigga {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} waa hoyga noocyo badan oo deegaan iyo socdaal ah. Dhowr kanaal oo badda hoosteeda ah ayaa gooyay cidhifka shelf-ka qaaradda, kaas oo aad ugu dhow xeebta. Waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwan oo 27 Nofeembar 2000 la ogaaday dad deegaan ah oo [[coelacanth]] ah. [[Sailfish]], [[king mackerel]], [[King mackerel|kingfish]] iyo noocyada kale ee kalluunka ayaa u guura dhanka koonfureed ee xeebta bari ee Afrika, tan iyo markii hawlaha [[Piracy|burcad-badeedda]] ee xeebta woqooyi-bari ee Afrika ay sii bateen, dadka kalluunka ee caafimaadka qaba ayaa mar kale gaaray ilaa koonfurta xeebta Koonfur Afrika, taas oo dib u dhistay Sodwana sidii goob kalluumaysi oo isboorti ah.<ref>{{cn|date=May 2018}}</ref> [[Aagga badda ee la ilaaliyo]] waxaa lagu yaqaan [[megafauna|naasleyda badda]] ee halista ugu jira oo ay ka mid yihiin [[whale shark]], [[great white shark]], [[Bull shark|zambezi sharks]], [[hammerhead shark]], [[blacktip shark]], [[manta rays]], [[orange-spotted grouper]], [[potato cod]], [[leatherback turtle|quraanjada maqaarka]] oo si weyn halis ugu jira,<ref name=Sibonya /> [[loggerhead sea turtle|quraanjada loggerhead]], iyo [[coelacanth]].<ref name="Venter et al 1992" /> Daah-furka Coelacanths ayaa gobolka ka dhigay mid caan ka ah adduunka. Cadadka Maarso 2011 ee ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', maqaal gaaban oo cinwaankiisu ahaa ''Dabaal-yaqaannadii Hore'' ayaa soo baxay, kaas oo ka hadlayay daahfurka [[coelacanths]] ee moolka Gacanka Sodwana iyo agagaarkeeda. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah maqaalka qoran ayaa sharraxaysa: {{quote|"Tan iyo markii la arkay fursaddan, ''[[Latimeria chalumnae]]'' waxaa laga helay dhowr jeebadood gudaha iyo hareeraha Badweynta Hindiya. Qofna ma garanayo inta ay yihiin - laga yaabee in ay u yar yihiin 1,000 ama ilaa 10,000. Sababo la xiriira qoto-dheerida deegaankooda, waxaa inta badan sawiray submersibles iyo baabuurta laga maamulo meel fog. Quusayaashii ayaa markii ugu horreysay diiwaangeliyay kalluunka [ee Gacanka Sodwana] sannadkii 2000; Janaayo iyo Febraayo 2010, koox si gaar ah loo tababaray ayaa quustay si ay sawirro uga qaadaan [mid kale] gumeysi yar oo ku yaal Gacanka Sodwana, Koonfur Afrika."}} [[Whale watching|Daawashada nibiriga]] ee beegsanaya nibiriyada socdaalka ama deegaanka waa warshad dalxiis oo maxalli ah.<ref name="Sodwana Bay Lodge" /> [[Bottlenose dolphin|Dolphin-ka]] ayaa ku nool agagaarka waxaana la arkay iyagoo la dabaalanaya shark-ka nibiriga. [[Humpback whale|Nibiriyada humpback]] ayaa u guura gacanka inta lagu jiro xilliyada jiilaalka ilaa gu'ga halka [[southern right whale]] iyo noocyada kale ay aad u yar yihiin. [[Orca|Nibiri-dilaha]] ayaa sidoo kale booqan kara biyaha gacanka.{{cn|date=May 2018}} Aagagga dhulka ee [[iSimangaliso Wetland Park]] waa hoyga noocyada xayawaanka waaweyn ee dhulka sida [[libaax]], [[gerraaf]], [[maroodi]], [[hippopotamus|jeer]] iyo [[rhinoceros|wiyil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=William |title=Africa's big five |date=1999 |publisher=Southern |others=Gerald Hinde, R. F. Du Toit |isbn=1-86812-779-6 |location=Johannesburg |oclc=42659355}}</ref> ==Cimilada== Cimiladu waa mid kulaylaha ah iyadoo heerkulka biyuhu inta badan ka sarreeyaan {{convert|20|C|F}}, ilaa {{convert|29|C|F}} xagaaga. ==Deegaanka== ===Dhulka=== [[File:Ecoregions of South Africa.svg|thumb|upright=2|Khariidadda Deegaannada Koonfur Afrika ]] ===Badda=== [[File:Ecoregions of SA EEZ.png|thumb|upright=2|alt=Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone |Sodwana waxay ku taal Delagoa coastal ecoregion]] Biyaha xeebta ee Gacanka Sodwana waxay ku jiraan [[Delagoa|Delagoa coastal marine ecoregion]]. {{expand section|date=May 2018}} ==Dhaqaalaha== Dhaqaalaha maxalliga ah wuxuu ku salaysan yahay dalxiiska. ===Dalxiiska=== Dalxiiska aaggan wuxuu ku salaysan yahay quusitaanka isboortiga, kalluumaysiga isboortiga iyo safarrada beerta ciyaarta. ====Quusitaanka madadaalada==== {{see|iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area#Scuba diving|Scuba diving tourism|Environmental impact of recreational diving}} Ruqsad ayaa looga baahan yahay in lagu quuso wax kasta oo MPA ah gudaha Koonfur Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan [[goobaha quusitaanka madadaalada]] ee Aagga Badda ee La Ilaaliyo ee iSimangaliso. Ruqsadahani waxay ansax yihiin hal sano waxaana laga heli karaa qaar ka mid ah laamaha Xafiiska Boostada.<ref name="Gazette 39646 I" /> Ruqsadaha ku-meel-gaarka ah, oo ansax ah bil, waxaa laga yaabaa in laga heli karo dukaamada quusitaanka ama hawl-wadeennada doonyaha quusitaanka ee ka shaqeeya MPA. Ruqsadda quusitaanka madadaalada ee shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ansax ku tahay dhammaan MPA-yada Koonfur Afrika halkaas oo quusitaanka madadaalada loo oggol yahay. Ruqsadda ganacsiga ee loogu talagalay in lagu fuliyo hawlaha ganacsiga quusitaanka madadaalada ee MPA waxaa lagu xaddiday MPA gaar ah. Quusitaanka ujeedooyin ganacsi ama saynis sidoo kale wuxuu hoos yimaadaa ruqsad. Dhowr goobood oo lagu dabaasho, iyo tiro badan oo goobaha quusitaanka ah ayaa loo heli karaa quusitaanka madadaalada. Dhowr hawl-wadeennada quusitaanka ayaa ku sugan Sodwana, qalabka iyo buuxinta gaaska waa la heli karaa. Xaaladaha quusitaanka guud ahaan waa kuwo wanaagsan sanadka oo dhan, laakiin aragga ugu wanaagsan ee ilaa 30 mitir ayaa ugu suurtogalsan inta lagu jiro Abriil ilaa Sebteembar. Cimilada ku habboon quusitaanka habeenkii waa la diyaarin karaa.<ref name="Nature reserve" /> Goobaha quusitaanka waxaa lagu ururiyay aagagga soo socda:<ref name="Nature reserve" /> *Two-mile Reef waa aagga ugu caansan ee leh qoto dheer oo u dhaxaysa 9 mitir ilaa in ka badan 30 mitir xagga cidhifka dibadda. *Quarter Mile Reef waxaa inta badan la quustaa Janaayo iyo Febraayo marka [[Ragged-toothed shark|shark-ga ilkaha fiiqan]] ay isugu yimaadaan. *Stringer Reef oo qoto dheer oo 14 mitir ah waa reef yar oo leh noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo ah. *Four and Five Mile Reefs waxay ku saabsan yihiin {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} laga bilaabo Jesser Point. Waxay yihiin kuwo xoogaa qoto dheer, waxayna leeyihiin coral-yo laamo leh, miis iyo saxan. *Seven Mile Reef waa aagga ku saabsan {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} woqooyi ka xigta Jesser Point. Waxaa jira overhangs, drop-offs iyo reef-yo likaha ah. *Nine Mile Reef waa reef-ka ugu woqooyi ee aagagga la heli karo. Qoto dheeridu waxay u dhaxaysaa 6 ilaa 21 mitir. Waxaa jira coral geed cagaaran oo ku taal dhinaca badda ee reef-ka. *Quusitaanka Coelacanth ee kanaalka waxay u baahan yihiin ruqsad gaar ah iyo shahaado iyo karti ku filan quusitaanka trimix ee qoto dheer oo ka badan 100 m. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:View over Mgobezeleni Lake towards Sodwana Bay.jpg|Muuqaalka Harada Mgobezeleni ee u jeeda Gacanka Sodwana File:Sodwana Beach.jpg|Xeebta Sodwana File:Sodwana Beach ... (Photo JC PLE) - 52313083832.jpg|alt= </gallery> ==Tixraac== <references> <ref name="Gazette 39646 I" >{{cite journal |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |journal=Regulation Gazette No. 10553 |title=R118. Draft Regulations for the management of the Isimangaliso Marine Protected Area |volume=608 |issue=39646 |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria |access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=7 Bisha Labaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182757/http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Nature reserve" >{{cite web|url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/ |accessdate=19 March 2021 }}</ref> <ref name=Sibonya>{{cite web|website=Siyabona Africa Travel |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park.html |title=Sodwana Bay National Park, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Sodwana Bay Lodge">{{cite web |website=Sodwana Bay Lodge |url=http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |title=Whale watching |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-date=18 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103712/http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |url-status=dead }}{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103712/http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |date=18 December 2014 }}</ref> <ref name="Venter et al 1992">{{cite web |last1=Venter |first1=Pieter |last2=Timm |first2=Peter |last3=Gunn |first3=Gilbert |last4=le Roux |first4=Etienne |last5=Serfontein |first5=Christo |last6=Smith |first6=Pieter |last7=Smith |first7=Erna |last8=Bensch |first8=Martin |last9=Harding |first9=Dennis |last10=Heemstra |first10=Phillip |date=1992 |url=http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |title=Discovery of a viable population of Coelacanths (Latimeria Chalumnae Smith, 1939) at Sodwana Bay, South Africa] |website= |publisher=Science in Africa |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-date=18 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103600/http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |url-status=dead }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103600/http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |date=1992 }}</ref> </references> ==Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commonscat inline}} * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/ St Lucia 3974 South Africa Website] * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/knowledgebase/sodwana-bay-info/ Gacanka Sodwana] * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/sodwana-bay-bookings/ Quusitaanka iyo Hoyga Gacanka Sodwana] * [https://sodwanabayskipperstraining.co.za/ Tababarka Kabtanka Xeebta] hiiktngfkxo8bp7stcuae1m98vy0ee1 0 48248 300791 300064 2026-07-04T06:26:57Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Mahajanga |other_name = |native_name = Majunga |settlement_type = [[Degmooyinka Madagascar|Degmo]] iyo magaalo |image_skyline = Mahajanga cathedrale.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Kaniisadda Mahajanga |pushpin_map = Madagascar | image_shield = Mahajanga.png | shield_size = 100px |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Madagascar |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name = {{flag|Madagascar}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Madagascar|Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Boeny]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Madagascar|Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Mahajanga District]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka yaryar ee Madagascar|Degmo yar]] |subdivision_name3 = Mahajanga |leader_title = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Degmada |leader_name = Abdallah Abad Ali |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = 51.05 |population_as_of = tirakoobkii 2018 |population_footnotes = |population_total =246022 |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = |utc_offset = |coordinates = {{coord|15|43|S|46|19|E|region:MG|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = [[Kala saarista cimilada ee Köppen|Cimilada]] |blank_info = [[Cimilada savannada kulul|Aw]] |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mahajangā''' ({{IPA|mg|maːˈdzaŋɡə̥|}}; Faransiis: '''Majunga''') waa [[magaalo]] iyo degmo maamul oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Madagascar]]. Magaalada Mahajanga (Mahajanga I) waa caasimadda Gobolka [[Boeny]]. Degmadu (oo la mid ah magaalada) waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu ahayd 258,068 sannadkii 2020.<ref>Institut National de la Statistique, Madagascar</ref> == Magaalada == [[File:Acadie.jpg|thumb|left|Acadie]] Mahajanga waa [[deked badeed]], waana tan labaad ee ugu muhiimsan Madagascar ka dib [[Toamasina]]. Terminal-ka badda wuxuu qaadaa maraakiibta xamuulka iyo maraakiib yar yar (150 tan) oo xamuul guud ah. Sababo la xiriira qoto-dheeraanta biyaha oo xaddidan ee dekadda, maraakiib yar yar oo kaliya ayaa wici kara terminal-ka. Maraakiibta qoto dheer ayaa ku xirta meel ka baxsan terminal-ka waxayna xamuulka u kala gudbiyaan maraakiibta yaryar, kuwaas oo u rara terminal-ka. Duufaannadii xoogganaa ee bishii Diseembar 2006 ayaa waxyeello u geystay bulkhead-ka, taasoo u oggolaatay biyaha inay gudaha u galaan oo ay ka maydhaan buuxinta ka hoosaysa baloogyada laamiga ee terminal-ka. Burburka ka dhashay baloogyada laamiga ayaa ka dhigay hawlgallada terminal-ka kuwo aan waxtar lahayn waxayna yareeyeen booska kaydinta ee la heli karo. Dhoofinta weelasha ee ugu weyn uguna qiimaha badan waa shrimp-ka barafaysan. Waxaa jira [[Amborovy Airport|garoon diyaaradeed oo caalami ah]] oo leh duulimaadyo goboleed oo taga [[Mayotte]], maraakiibta Acadie waxay magaalada ku xirayaan [[Mutsamudu]] iyo [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]]. Mahajanga waxay ku taal Webiga [[Betsiboka]], kaas oo markaa u horseeda [[Bombetoka Bay]]. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dad badan oo Muslimiin ah. Sannadkii 1977, waxay ahayd goob ay ka dhaceen rabshado qowmiyadeed, taasoo ku qasabtay in laga daadgureeyo dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee Komoros ee halkaas ku noolaa. Mahajanga sidoo kale waa xarunta [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mahajanga|Roman Catholic Diocese]] (Kaniisadda Wadnaha Quduuska ah ee Maryan). === Baobab === [[File:The baobab, Mahajanga.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Baobab-ka ku yaal Mahajanga]] [[File:Mahajanga - sur la plage.jpg|thumb|right|Mid ka mid ah xeebaha waqooyiga magaalada]] Geedka [[African baobab|baobabka Afrika]] ee u dhow xeebta waa tusaalihii ugu weynaa ee Madagascar, kaas oo leh wareeg dhan {{convert|21|metres|feet}}, waana astaanta magaalada. Da'diisu lama yaqaan, laakiin badanaa waxaa la sheegaa inay tahay 700–800 oo sano. Waxaa mar loo isticmaali jiray goob loogu talagalay shirarka muhiimka ah, iyo, qarnigii 19-aad, goob loogu talagalay [[execution|dilalka]]. Waxaa la sheegaa in si loo sharfo awowayaasha Malagasy, qof kasta oo booqda waa inuu ku wareegaa todobo jeer.<ref name="sipa">{{cite web |last1=Sipa |first1=Masika |title=The Old Baobab of Mahajanga | date = 2013 |url=http://www.madamagazine.com/en/der-alte-baobab-von-mahajanga/ |website=madamagazine.com |publisher=MadaMagazine |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> == Taariikh == Sida laga soo xigtay Jane Hooper, "Tan iyo qarnigii tobnaad, dekedaha waqooyiga Madagascar, oo ay deggan yihiin dad Islaam ah, ayaa soo jiitay ganacsato iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Bariga Afrika, Bariga Dhexe, iyo xitaa Bariga Fog. Ugu yaraan darsin dekedood ayaa laga aqoonsaday waqooyiga Madagascar dhammaadkii qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad dhanka juqraafi yaqaanka Carabta Ibn Mājid... Qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, Andriamandisoarivo, isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidankiisa siddeed boqol oo nin, wuxuu aasaasay boqortooyo cusub oo Sakalava ah waqooyiga taas oo uu u bixiyay Volamena, oo macnaheedu yahay lacag cas ama dahab. Faraciisa waxaa loo yaqaanay Zafibolamena, carruurta Volamena. Wuxuu ku dhintay magaalada waqooyi ee Bezavo qiyaastii 1710, isagoo magaciisa ku xardhay dhaqanka sidii aasaasihii boqortooyo cusub oo awood leh. Boqortooyadiisu waxay lahayd dekedda Mazalagem Nova, ama Massaliege, oo horeyba u ahayd xarun ganacsi oo barwaaqo ah, iyo sidoo kale dekedaha cusub ee Boina iyo Mahajanga (Majunga)... Hal kabtan Ingiriis ah ayaa ku tilmaamay magaalada waqooyi-galbeed ee Mahajanga deked mashquul badan oo caalami ah 1764. Wuxuu qoray in magaalada, oo loo dhisay "habka Hindiya," ay ku jiraan dhismayaal dhagax ah oo badan iyo masaajidyo. Waxaa degganaa Muslimiin "waddani" ah iyo kuwo kale oo ka yimid "Surate, Johana, Mosembeck, iyo jasiiradaha Commoro," Mahajanga waxay ahayd deked barwaaqo iyo caalami ah. Magaalada gudaheeda, taliyayaashii Sakalava waxay u oggolaadeen Muslimiinta inay si xor ah u gutaan diintooda. Taas beddelkeeda, Sakalava waxay aasaaseen taxane kontorool ganacsi. Boqorku wuxuu magacaabay "purser loo idmaday inuu ganacsi ku sameeyo magaca boqorka, iyadoo lala kaashanayo purser kale oo ka yimid boqorka." Boqorada iyo boqorada Sakalava waxay xitaa u oggolaadeen ganacsatada Yurub ee soo booqanaya inay la ganacsadaan ganacsatada maxalliga ah ee Muslimka ah iyo sidoo kale wakiillada Sakalava waxayna u muuqdeen inay si sii kordheysa ugu xiran yihiin shabakadahan ka gudbaya gobolka Badweynta Hindiya ee koonfur-galbeed. Boqorad Sakalava ah ayaa guursatay nin Bariga Afrika (ama Komoros) ah qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad bartamihiisii, sida laga soo xigtay warbixinnada Ingiriiska iyo Holland. Boqorada iyo boqorada Sakalava waxay sidoo kale ku daray caqiidooyinka Islaamka iyo cibaadada ku dhaqanka boqornimada rabaaniga ah qaarkoodna waxay u beddeleen Islaamka qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad."<ref>Hooper, Jane. "Feeding Globalization." Ohio University Press. 2017. Pages 40, 80, 82 </ref> === Bulshada Hindiya === [[File:En rad indiska oxkärror på gatan. Mahajunga, Majunga. Madagaskar - SMVK - 021942.tif|alt=Sawir laga soo qaaday waddo ku taal Mahajanga oo leh gaadhifaras Hindida. Oktoobar 1912. Sawirka waxaa qaaday Walter Kaudern.|left|thumb|Sawir laga soo qaaday waddo ku taal Mahajanga oo leh gaadhifaras Hindida. Oktoobar 1912. Sawirka waxaa qaaday [[Walter Kaudern]].]] 1780-meeyadii, bulsho ku dhow 200 oo ganacsato Muslimiin ah oo ka yimid [[Indian subcontinent|dhulweynaha Hindiya]] ayaa ku samaysmay Mahajanga afka Webiga Betsiboka, sida laga soo xigtay safarka Faransiiska Dumaine. Sidaas darteed, etymology-ga erayga "Mahajanga" waxaa laga yaabaa inuu yahay mid Hindiya.{{fact|date=January 2018}} Jahwareer ayaa ka dhashay heerka sharcigooda; waxay inta badan ku dhawaaqi jireen inay yihiin dad Malagasy ah si ay uga fogaadaan sharciyada ka dhanka ah addoonsiga ama dhismaha guryaha dhagaxa ah, labaduba waa laga mamnuucay dadka Ingiriiska. Dhows-kooda, oo ay u isticmaali jireen inay ku qaadaan alaabta dhulweynaha Afrika, waxay duuliyeen calanka Faransiiska. Soo-galootigii ugu horreeyay waxay ahaayeen inta badan Muslimiin [[Khoja]]s, [[Ismaili people|Ismaili]]s iyo [[Da'udi Bohra]]s, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah Hindus-ka ay degganaayeen goor dambe. Tirakoobkii 1911 wuxuu helay 4,480 Hindi ah dalka, taasoo ka dhigaysa 21% wadarta dadka ajaanibta ah iyo dadka ajaanibta ah ee labaad ee ugu weyn, ka dib Faransiiska. Ka dib qaranimada ganacsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay 1970-meeyadii, qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa lagu qasbay inay baxaan; kuwa hadhay waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan waxbarasho lahayn, laakiin way sii joogeen waxayna si tartiib tartiib ah u dhisteen ganacsigooda. Sannadkii 2000, waxaa guud ahaan la aaminsanaa inay gacanta ku hayaan 50-60% dhaqaalaha dalka, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay bartilmaameed u noqdaan mudaaharaadayaasha xilliyada rabshadaha. Bishii Diseembar 2006, duufaan ayaa ku dhufatay Mahajanga, taas oo keentay waxyeello weyn oo soo gaartay xarumaha dekedda iyo dhismayaal qaar oo ku yaal ama u dhow xeebta. === Taariikhda militariga === Magaaladu waxay leedahay garoon diyaaradeed oo Ingiriisku u isticmaali jiray inay ku xareeyaan diyaaradaha [[Avro Shackleton|Shackleton]] si ay u taageeraan [[Beira Patrol]] tan iyo Maajo 1966.<ref name="DOS">{{cite book|last1=Spence|first1=Daniel Owen|title=A History of the Royal Navy: Empire and Imperialism|date=2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|location=London}}</ref> == Gobolka == Mahajanga waa caasimadda Gobolka Boeny. == Dadka caanka ah == [[Ali Soilih]] (1937 – 1978) oo ahaa [[Comoros|Komoros]] [[socialist revolutionary|kacaankii hantiwadaaga]] iyo shakhsiyad siyaasadeed oo u adeegay sidii [[Dictator|Kaligii taliye]] ee [[State of the Comoros|Dawladda Komoros]] laga soo bilaabo 3 Janaayo 1976 ilaa 13 Maajo 1978. == Isboorti == *[[Fosa Juniors FC]] waa kooxda kubadda cagta ee maxalliga ah. *[[ASCB Boeny]] (basketball) - Horyaalada Malagasy 2017 Garoonka Jacques Rabemananjara, oo leh 8,000 oo meelood, waa kii 5-aad ee ugu weyn dalka.<ref>Galibert, Didier. ''Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar. Etat postcolonial, légitimités et territoire (1956-2002)''. Karthala. 2019. Page 392</ref> == Cimilada == [[File:Cyclone Gafilo Mahajanga.jpg|thumb|right|Xeebta socodka ka dib [[cyclone Gafilo|duufaantii Gafilo]] sannadkii 2004]] Mahajanga waxay leedahay [[cimilada savannada kulul]] ([[Kala saarista cimilada ee Köppen|Köppen]] ''Aw'') oo leh laba xilli oo kala duwan: [[wet season|xilli roobaad]] qoyan oo ka bilaabma Nofeembar ilaa badhtamaha Abriil, iyo [[dry season|xilli qallalan]] qorrax leh, qoyaan yar iyo dhab ahaan qalalan muddo lix iyo badh bilood ah oo hadhay. [[Tropical cyclone|Duufaannada]] waxay dhici karaan inta lagu jiro xilli roobaadku, iyagoo soo saaraya roob aad u culus iyo nabaad-guur ballaaran. {{Weather box |location = Mahajanga (1991–2020) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high C = 31.4 |Feb high C = 31.5 |Mar high C = 32.6 |Apr high C = 33.3 |May high C = 32.7 |Jun high C = 31.6 |Jul high C = 31.2 |Aug high C = 31.9 |Sep high C = 32.7 |Oct high C = 33.3 |Nov high C = 33.2 |Dec high C = 32.3 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 27.9 |Feb mean C = 27.9 |Mar mean C = 28.4 |Apr mean C = 28.4 |May mean C = 27.1 |Jun mean C = 25.5 |Jul mean C = 25.0 |Aug mean C = 25.5 |Sep mean C = 26.6 |Oct mean C = 27.9 |Nov mean C = 28.7 |Dec mean C = 28.4 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 24.3 |Feb low C = 24.3 |Mar low C = 24.3 |Apr low C = 23.5 |May low C = 21.6 |Jun low C = 19.5 |Jul low C = 18.7 |Aug low C = 19.2 |Sep low C = 20.5 |Oct low C = 22.5 |Nov low C = 24.1 |Dec low C = 24.5 |year low C = 22.2 |Jan record high C = 36.4 |Feb record high C = 35.2 |Mar record high C = 37.0 |Apr record high C = 38.1 |May record high C = 36.2 |Jun record high C = 35.0 |Jul record high C = 34.0 |Aug record high C = 35.3 |Sep record high C = 37.0 |Oct record high C = 39.2 |Nov record high C = 38.0 |Dec record high C = 38.0 |year record high C = |Jan record low C = 19.6 |Feb record low C = 20.0 |Mar record low C = 20.3 |Apr record low C = 19.3 |May record low C = 16.3 |Jun record low C = 15.2 |Jul record low C = 12.6 |Aug record low C = 14.0 |Sep record low C = 15.7 |Oct record low C = 16.4 |Nov record low C = 19.7 |Dec record low C = 19.5 |year record low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 485.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 328.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 186.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 48.8 |May precipitation mm = 4.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 1.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 1.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 2.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 2.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 15.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 101.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 198.1 |year precipitation mm = 1375.7 |Jan precipitation days = 18.4 |Feb precipitation days = 15.7 |Mar precipitation days = 10.5 |Apr precipitation days = 3.1 |May precipitation days = 0.5 |Jun precipitation days = 0.2 |Jul precipitation days = 0.2 |Aug precipitation days = 0.2 |Sep precipitation days = 0.3 |Oct precipitation days = 1.8 |Nov precipitation days = 5.2 |Dec precipitation days = 11.8 |year precipitation days = 67.9 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan humidity = 82 |Feb humidity = 83 |Mar humidity = 81 |Apr humidity = 73 |May humidity = 67 |Jun humidity = 64 |Jul humidity = 62 |Aug humidity = 60 |Sep humidity = 63 |Oct humidity = 66 |Nov humidity = 72 |Dec humidity = 80 |year humidity = |Jan sun = 209.0 |Feb sun = 184.9 |Mar sun = 244.8 |Apr sun = 269.9 |May sun = 294.9 |Jun sun = 282.9 |Jul sun = 291.5 |Aug sun = 303.1 |Sep sun = 307.0 |Oct sun = 319.7 |Nov sun = 288.2 |Dec sun = 227.3 |year sun = 3223.2 |source 1 = NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67027.TXT | title = Majunga/Mahajanga Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065003/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67027.TXT | archive-date = 2020-10-31 | url-status = dead | access-date = October 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923234825/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Madagascar/CSV/MAHAJANGA_67027.csv | archive-date = 23 September 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Madagascar/CSV/MAHAJANGA_67027.csv | title = Antsirabe Climate Normals 1991–2020 | work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 23 September 2023}}</ref> |source 2 = Weltwetter Spiegel Online (humidity)<ref name=weltwetter> {{cite web |url =http://wetter.spiegel.de/spiegel/klima.php?r=afrika&land=MG&stat=67027 |title = Wetter im Detail: Klimadaten |publisher=Spiegel Online |year=2012 }} Retrieved on July 19, 2012. </ref> |date=Nofeembar 2011 }} == Waxbarashada == [[University of Mahajanga]] waxay ku taal xarunta Ambondrona. Dugsiyada Faransiiska: * Collège français Françoise-Dolto<ref>"[http://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/madagascar-majunga-college-francais-francoise Collège français Françoise-Dolto] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/madagascar-majunga-college-francais-francoise |date=20240822043716 }}." [[AEFE]]. Retrieved on May 7, 2015.</ref> == Suugaanta == *R. J. Barendse, ''Arabian Seas 1700-1763: The Western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century'' *Du Maine, ''Idée de la côte orientale de Madagascar'', Paris, 1792. == Tixraac == <references/> == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Mahajanga}} {{Authority control}} hlcvbcix3c4knh5cdhricsobjwf2ji5 0 48256 300766 300492 2026-07-04T03:40:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Réunion Trou-de-Fer3.jpg|thumb|right|Biyo-dhaca Trou-de-Fer oo laga arkay meel sare oo ka mid ah goobaha laga daawado]] [[File:Trou-de-Fer-hélico.jpg|thumb|right|Biyo-dhaca ugu weyn ee Webiga Bras de Caverne ee Trou de Fer]] '''Trou de Fer''' ("Godka Birta") waa [[canyon|doox]] ku yaal [[Réunion Island|Jasiiradda Reunion]], oo ka baxsan xeebta [[Madagascar]] ee [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Webiga ugu weyn ee dhex mara dooxan, kaas oo ilaa {{convert|300|m|abbr=on|-2}} qoto dheer, waa [[Bras de Caverne River|Webiga Bras de Caverne]], oo ah biyo-mareen ka tirsan [[Rivière du Mât]]. Dooxan wuxuu leeyahay laba qaybood oo kala duwan: god weyn oo weyn, kaas oo ay ku quudiyaan lix biyo-dhac oo caan ah, iyo [[slot canyon|doox cidhiidhi ah]] oo ku yaal meesha uu ka baxo, kaas oo ka kooban inta badan dhererka dooxan. Dooxan wuxuu ka bilaabmaa biyo-dhaca durdurka Bras Mazerine ka dibna qiyaastii 1.4 – 1.8 km dhinaca bidix wuxuu ku biirayaa durdurka ugu weyn ee Bras de Caverne.<ref name=wondermondo>{{cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm|title=Trou de Fer canyon and waterfalls|publisher=Wondermondo|access-date=2026-06-28|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102719/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Webiga Bras de Caverne wuxuu galaa dooxan isagoo leh biyo-dhac qiyaastii {{convert|200|m|abbr=on|-1}} sare ah. Hoos-u-dhacan badiyaa wuu engegan yahay ama wuxuu leeyahay biyo aad u yar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/ReunionIslandPages/A7.htm|title=The First Drop in the Trou de Fer|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> laakiin inta u dhaxaysa taas iyo tan xigta, {{convert|180|m|adj=on}} hoos-u-dhac, ilo-biyoodyo ayaa quudiya webiga, kaas oo ku dhaca tan ka dibna ku dhaca dhagax-weyn oo hoose oo dhan {{convert|300|m|adj=on|-2}} oo ku dhex jira Trou de Fer oo ah biyo cidhiidhi ah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173|title=Trou de Fer, Cascades de|publisher=world-waterfalls.com|work=World Waterfall Database|last=Swan|first=Bryan; Goss, Dean|accessdate=2009-07-13|date=13 April 2006|archive-date=2011-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611100543/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Trou-de-Fer.jpg|thumb|left|Trou de Fer oo laga arkay kor; Biyo-dhaca Bras de Caverne wuxuu ku yaal dhanka midig ee fog.]] Si toos ah dhanka bidix ee biyo-dhacan, durdur kale ayaa ku dhaca dhagax-weyn, kaas oo hoos loo dhigay ilaa inta uu leeyahay in ka badan {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} oo bannaan oo u dhexeeya isaga iyo sagxadda dooxada, oo qiyaastii isla dherer ah laba kanaal, oo ku dhaca dhagax ka hor inta aanu ku shubin isla barkad la mid ah biyo-dhaca Bras de Caverne. Biyo-dhacan ma aha mid sare, wuxuuna leeyahay biyo socod yar. Waxaa quudiya dhowr biyo-dhac oo kale oo ka soo qulqulaya dhagaxyada korkiisa. Dhanka bidix, qiyaastii laba jeer masaafada u jirta biyo-dhacyadii ugu horreeyay ilaa kii labaad, durdur kale oo weyn ayaa ku dhex dhacaya dooxada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T2.htm|title=The Route from the Second Cascade to the Bottom|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Guud ahaan, waxaa jira ugu yaraan lix biyo-dhac oo quudiya dooxada. Salka dooxada, [[slot canyon|doox cidhiidhi ah]] oo gooni ah, ama "Cidhiidhiga", ayaa bilaabma. Biyaha ka imanaya biyo-dhaca Bras de Caverne iyo biyo-dhaca dhankiisa bidix waxay ku shubmaan dooxada cidhiidhiga ah xagal 90-degree ah, iyada oo loo marayo biyo-dhac si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan "Mashiinka Dhaqidda".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T5.htm|title=Approaching the Washing Machine|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Magacu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa ceeryaamo uu soo saaro, taas oo qoysa dadka taagan meel u dhow salka biyo-dhaca.<ref name=canyon>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/TroudeFer.htm|title=Canyoneering Reunion Island: The Trou de Fer|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Dooxada cidhiidhiga ah, ama "Waddada", waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}}, waxaana la sheegaa inay inta badan xiraan qashinka si ay u sameeyaan harooyin, oo ay ku jirto "Harada Eelka".<ref name=canyon/> Ilo badan ayaa dhex mara dhagaxii folkaano ee daloolada leh ee darbiyada, iyagoo abuuraya biyo-dhac aan la tirin karin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T11.htm|title=Waterfall in the "Corridor"|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Kooxda Pascale Lapoule, Laurent Broisin iyo Pascal Colas ayaa ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee fuula/socda dooxada 19–21 Sebtembar 1989.<ref name=wondermondo/> == Tixraac == {{Commons category|Trou de Fer}} {{reflist}} {{Coord|21|2|25|S|55|33|25|E|type:landmark_region:FR|display=title}} 73e2w91q7crmrqaxm5scbl4ddyesuca 0 48284 300783 300534 2026-07-04T05:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Mustapha Kutiyote''' waa aasaasaha wadajirka ah iyo agaasimaha fulinta ee Students’ Organization for Liberty and Entrepreneurship (SOLE),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soless.org/|title=SOLE South Sudan Website|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=1 Bisha Saddexaad 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301104558/https://soless.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> oo ah [[think tank]] ujeeddadiisu tahay horumarinta bulsho xor ah, nabdoon, oo barwaaqo ah gudaha [[South Sudan]]. Kutiyote wuxuu dhashay bishii Diseembar 1982 magaalada [[Yambio]], gobolka [[Western Equatoria]] ee Koonfur Suudaan. == Socdaalkii nolosha == Sannadkii 2014, John wuxuu bilaabay safarkiisa hoggaaminta isbeddelka markii uu ku biiray [[Students for Liberty|Students For Liberty]] (SFL) isagoo arday ka ahaa African International University ee Kenya. Halkaas ayuu ku ogaaday kartidiisa hoggaamineed, wuxuuna ka aasaasay cutub ka tirsan ururka jaamacaddiisa, isagoo sidoo kale muddo ka badan hal sano hoggaaminayay. Markii uu dib ugu soo laabtay [[South Sudan]], wuxuu sii waday faafinta mabaadi'da xorriyadda isagoo adeegsanaya magaca SFL.<ref>https://studentsforliberty.org/success-story/john-mustapha-kutiyote-championing-african-womens-property-rights/</ref> == Shaqada == Kutiyote wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii SOLE, oo ah xarun cilmi-baaris (think tank) si rasmi ah uga diiwaangashan gobolka Western Equatoria, taas oo ujeeddadeedu tahay dhisidda bulsho xor ah, nabdoon, oo barwaaqo ah iyadoo loo marayo waxbarashada bulshada, barnaamijyada ganacsiga iyo u doodista arrimaha bulshada. Bishii Agoosto 2019, wuxuu ku guuleystay abaalmarinta ''Africa Think Tank Shark Tank'' ee ay bixiso [[Atlas Network]], isagoo helay US$5,000 si uu u fuliyo mashruuc kor loogu qaadayo wacyiga ku saabsan takoorka dhaqameed ee haweenka ka hor istaaga lahaanshaha hantida gudaha Koonfur Suudaan. Lacagtaas waxaa lagu maalgeliyay aqoon-is-weydaarsiyo, kulammo bulsho iyo barnaamijyo idaacadeed oo laga hirgeliyay deegaanno ay ka mid yihiin [[Yambio]] iyo Nzara. Dhammaadkii 2019, SOLE waxay gaartay ku dhowaad 350 haween ah oo ka qayb galay aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada, iyo dad kale oo badan oo laga wacyigeliyay ololayaasha kor u qaadaya aqoonta sharciga iyo xoojinta awoodda dhaqaale. Intii uu hoggaaminayay Kutiyote, SOLE waxay sannadkii 2022 bilowday Barnaamijka Tababarka Daneeyayaasha (Stakeholders Training Program), kaas oo lagu beegsaday dadka xilalka haya si kor loogu qaado xuquuqda sharci ee haweenka ee lahaanshaha hantida. SOLE waxay sidoo kale hirgelisay barnaamijyo waxbarasho oo ay ka mid yihiin barnaamijyo idaacadeed iyo akhris bulsho oo ku saleysan buugaag, iyadoo la adeegsanayo buugaag ay ka mid yihiin ''The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible'', si bulshada loogu baro mabaadi'da suuqa xorta ah iyo xirfadaha ganacsiga. Kutiyote wuxuu sidoo kale xubin ka ahaa guddiga hagidda ee Bastiat Society (oo xiriir la leh [[American Institute for Economic Research]]) ee Koonfur Suudaan, wuxuuna qabtay doorar isku-duwid oo ka tirsan Students for Liberty iyo [[Foundation for Economic Education]]. Waxa kale oo uu ka qayb qaatay dadaallada caalamiga ah ee [[peacebuilding|dhismaha nabadda]] isaga oo la shaqeynayay Mediators Beyond Borders International gudaha Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=jmustafa902 |url=https://hayekcollege.com/john-mustapha |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=hayekcollege.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://studentsforliberty.org/success-story/john-mustapha-kutiyote-championing-african-womens-property-rights/| title =Championing African Women's Property Rights| website =Students for Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.hayekcollege.com/john-mustapha| title =John Mustapha| website =Hayek Global College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.atlasnetwork.org/articles/kutiyote-wins-the-2019-think-tank-shark-tank-prize| title =Kutiyote wins the 2019 Think Tank Shark Tank prize| website =Atlas Network| date =22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://admin.atlasnetwork.org/assets/documents/financials/AR_2019_Revised.pdf|title=Atlas Network 2019 Annual Report Page 12|access-date=1 March 2024}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Promotion of liberty ideas from Tuttle Twins Books in South Sudan – Organization for Liberty and Entrepreneurship |url=https://olent.org/2024/09/27/promotion-of-liberty-ideas-from-tuttle-twins-books-in-south-sudan/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=SOLE empowers women to overcome cultural biases in South Sudan |url=https://www.atlasnetwork.org/articles/sole-empowers-women-to-overcome-cultural-biases-in-south-sudan |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Atlas Network |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == 1a1flbt4lqlipjgu1igwhh4ewoiangi 0 48288 300774 300188 2026-07-04T04:12:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kijanebalola | image = | caption = | location = [[Rakai District|Degmada Rakai]], [[Uganda]] |pushpin_map = Uganda | coordinates = {{coord|0.71714|S|31.329403|E|type:waterbody_region:UG|display=inline,title}} | type = | part_of = Webiga Harada Fiktooriya | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Uganda]] | length = | width = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | islands = | cities = | reference = }} [[File:Lake_Kijanebalora,_located_in_Rakai_District,_central_Region,_Uganda_23.jpg | thumb|right | Harada Kijanebalora]] '''Harada Kijanebalola''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Harada Kijanebarola''' ama '''Harada Kijjanebalola''', waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal deegaanka Koki, hoos-tagga Kyalulangira, [[Rakai District|Degmada Rakai]], Badhtamaha Uganda. Waxay ku fadhidaa aag qiyaastii ah 14 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, waxaanay ka kooban tahay Jasiiradda Kisozi iyo Jasiiradda Kinoni. Harada waxaa ku hareereysan meelo ay dadku deggen yihiin oo ay ka mid yihiin Lugando, Kisomole, Gombe, Lukondo, Kayonza, Buyanda iyo Dwaniro.<ref name=":0" /> == Juqraafiga iyo biyaha == Harada Kijanebalola waxay ku taal {{Coordinates|-0.71714|31.329403}}, iyadoo ku dhex taal qiyaastii 1,200 oo mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda. Dotada harada way isbedbeddeshaa, iyadoo celcelis ahaan haysata qiyaastii 4 mitir. Harada waxaa ku xeeran gobollo kala duwan, oo ay ka mid yihiin Kyarurangira, Ddyango Town Council, Ddwaniro, Kagamba, Kibaale, Kibanda, Lwamaggwa, iyo Rakai Town Council. Nidaamka biyaha ee harada waxa uu xiriir la leeyahay Harada Kacheera iyo [[Kagera River|Webiga Kagera]], kuwaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shubma [[Lake Victoria|Harada Fiktooriya]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Muhiimadda deegaanka iyo dhaqaalaha == Haradu waxay gabbaad u tahay nidaam deegaan oo kala duwan, oo ka kooban noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah kuwaas oo muhiim u ah hababka kalluumaysiga ee aagga u dhow. Dhulka qoyan ee ku dhow iyo xeebta waxay [[habitat|hoos dabiici ah]] u yihiin noocyo badan oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah. Dhinaca dhaqaalaha, haradu waa qayb aasaasi ah oo ka mid ah dakhliga bulshooyinka maxalliga ah, iyadoo fududaysa hawlaha dakhli raadiska ah sida kalluumaysiga, beerashada, iyo xoolo-dhaqashada.<ref>[https://nilewell.org/system/files/2022-09/The%20Status%20of%20East%20Africa%E2%80%99s%20Lake%20Ecology.pdf The Status of East Africa's Lake Ecology and Biodiversity]</ref> == Caqabadaha deegaanka == Harada Kijanebalola waxay hadda la kulmaysaa taxane caqabado deegaanka ah. Waxaa la arkay inay muujisay dhacdooyin ah koritaanka dhirta duulaanka ah ee [[green algae|ajgaha cagaaran]], kuwaas oo si weyn u hortaagan hawlgallada [[fishing|kalluumaysiga]] saameyn muuqatana ku yeeshay tayada biyaha harada. Dhacdadani waxay inta badan u sabab tahay joogitaanka wasakhda, gaar ahaan kuwa ka yimaada dhanka beeraha, kuwaas oo keena heerar sarreeya oo nitrogen iyo phosphorus ah oo soo gala [[aquatic ecosystem|nidaamka deegaanka biyaha]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 2022, waxaa sidoo kale la soo sheegay in haradu ay si weyn u engegtay taas oo keentay dhowr caqabadood oo dhanka dhaqaalaha iyo deegaanka ah, iyadoo dhacdo la mid ahi ay horay u dhacday sannadkii 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Fishermen stranded as lake fails to regain water level |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fishermen-stranded-as-lake-fails-to-regain-water-level-3816972 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-18 |title=Lake Kijanebarola dries up leaving scores of fish dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lake-kijanebarola-dries-up-leaving-scores-of-fish-dead/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Haradu waxay sidoo kale soo martay xaalado engegan oo biyo la'aan ah, iyadoo dhacdo si weyn loo xusay ay dhacday bishii May 2021. Tani waxay keentay dhimasho ballaaran oo kalluunka ah waxayna saamayn ku yeelatay fayo-qabka dhaqaale ee bulshada kalluumaysatada maxalliga ah.<ref name=":0" /> Sidoo kale haradu waxay la kulantay dhowr dhacdo oo ah inay fana qarka u dhaafto, taasoo keentay inay biyuhu hafiyaan waddooyinka u dhow iyo barakaca dadka deegaanka. Dhacdada ugu weyn ee kuwan ka mid ah waxay dhacday bishii Diisambar 2022, taasoo keentay dhimasho iyo khasaare weyn oo hantiyeed.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Three dead, scores missing after Lake Kijanebarola burst banks |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/three-dead-scores-missing-after-lake-kijanebarola-burst-banks-4065596 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Watchdog |date=2022-12-27 |title=Lake Kijanebarola floods: MPs Gyaviira, Kinyamatama donate aid |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20221227/147196/lake-kijanebarola-floods-mps-gyaviira-kinyamatama-donate-aid.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dadaallada dhowrista == Dadaallo ayaa hadda socda si wax looga qabto arrimahan. Labadaba dawladaha hoose iyo hay'adaha qaranka ayaa bilaabay hindisayaal lagu dhiirrigelinayo hababka kalluumaysiga waara iyo xakameynta faafidda noocyada duulaanka ah.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT PRODUCTION AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira mashaariic joogto ah oo diiradda lagu saarayo baxnaaninta nidaamka deegaanka harada iyo dammaanad qaadka isticmaalka mas'uuliyadda leh ee kheyraadkeeda.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzCentral2/Rakai%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf Rakai District Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability profile]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhiimadda dhaqanka iyo taariikhda == Harada Kijanebalola waxay muhiimad dhaqameed u leedahay bulshooyinka maxalliga ah. Waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah taariikhda iyo caadooyinka Ururka Dhaqanka ee Kooki. Marka laga soo tago doorkeedha dhaqaale, haradu waxay si joogto ah uga soo muuqataa sheeko-xariirada maxalliga ah, taas oo muujinaysa muhiimaddeeda ballaaran ee ka baxsan faa'iidada dhaqaale oo kaliya. == Eeg barnaamijyada kale == * [[Lake Nakivali|Harada Nakivali]] * [[Lake Kyoga|Harada Kyoga]] * [[Lake Kachera|Harada Kachera]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 8er1hccl1br23ynle5obd59yxstctbr 0 48292 300771 300193 2026-07-04T04:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kachera | other_name = | image = Lake Kachira.jpg | caption = Khariidadda dayax-gacmeedka ee Harada Kachira | location = [[Rakai District|Degmada Rakai]] | coordinates = {{Coord|type:waterbody|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | type = Biyo macaan | part_of = [[Lake Victoria|Webiga Harada Fiktooriya]] | inflow = [[River Rwizi|Webiga Rwizi]] | basin_countries = Uganda | length = {{cvt|20|km}} | width = {{cvt|3.5|km}} | area = {{cvt|42|km2|sqmi}} | depth = | outflow = [[Kagera River|Webiga Kagera]] }} '''Harada Kachera''' oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Harada Kachira, Harada Kacheera, Harada Kakyera''' iyo '''Harada Kachra''' waa haro biyo macaan oog u dhow oo ku taal [[Rakai District|Degmada Rakai]] iyo [[Mbarara District|Degmada Mbarara]] ee Uganda.<ref name=":63">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fred |first=Turyakira |date=4 June 2021 |title=Companies asked for support to save river Rwizi |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/agriculture/companies-asked-for-support-to-save-river-rwi-NV_105223 |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=New Vision }}</ref><ref name=":07">{{Cite book |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT |location=Uganda |pages=6, 8, 14, 15 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OpenStreetMap">{{Cite web |title=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=OpenStreetMap |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307213415/https://www.openstreetmap.org/search |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522103849/https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachira lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_kachira,232904 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=ug.geoview.info }}</ref> Waxay qayb ka tahay nidaamka dhulka qoyan ee Mburo-Nakivale iyo sidoo kale qayb ka mid ah nidaamka isku xiran ee harooyinka loo yaqaanno harooyinka Koki kuwaas oo ay kala qaybiyaan dhiiqooyin baaxad leh.<ref name=":45">{{Cite book |last=Dismas |first=Mbabazi |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Nature Uganda |location=Uganda |pages=76, 77, 80 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Kibwika |first=Daniel |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35204 |title=Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use |chapter=Human activities and interests within and around lakes of the Victoria and Kyoga basin and their consequences to sustainable fish production, Biodiversity of Lake Victoria: Its conservation and sustainable use |date=2000 |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) |location=Uganda |publication-date=2000 |pages=4, 7 |hdl=1834/35204 |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite book |last1=Eric O. |first1=Odada |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf |title=Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities |last2=Daniel O. |first2=Olago |last3=Washington O. |first3=Ochola |date=2006 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS) |location=Kenya |pages=79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111 |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-kachera-lake-mburo.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US }}</ref> Waxay kaloo ka mid tahay harooyinka ka tirsan harooyinka ku hareereysan Fiktooriya.<ref name=":32"/><ref name=":53" /> == Goobta == Harada Kachera waxay ku taal [[Mbarara District|Degmada Mbarara]] ee qaybta Galbeed ee [[Uganda]]. Harada Kachera waxay ku taal iskudhafka coordinates-ka ee {{Coord|-0.595|31.115}}.<ref name="OpenStreetMap"/><ref name=":23"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kachera |url=https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Mbarara Tours |language=en-US |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617142344/https://mbararatours.com/attractions/lake-kachera.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harada Kachera waxay ku taal dherer dhab ah oo ah {{Convert|1232|m|ft|abbr=off}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref name=":23"/> Waxay u dhow dahay [[Lake Mburo National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Mburo]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT |location=Uganda |pages=6, 8, 14, 15 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Dismas |first=Mbabazi |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Nature Uganda |location=Uganda |pages=76, 77, 80 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Harada Kachera waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Harooyinka Koki kuwaas oo laga soo gooyay Harada Fiktooriya kordhinta dhiiqooyin baaxad leh awgeed, waxaanay sidoo kale tahay mid ka mid ah harooyinka ka tirsan harooyinka ku hareereysan Fiktooriya.<ref name=":23"/><ref name=":32"/><ref name=":42" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last1=Eric O. |first1=Odada |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf |title=Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities |last2=Daniel O. |first2=Olago |last3=Washington O. |first3=Ochola |date=2006 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS) |location=Kenya |pages=79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111 |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Smelly water threatens livelihoods in lyantonde |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162018/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/smelly-water-threatens-livelihoods-in-lyantonde-1512590 |url-status=live }}</ref> Harooyinka Koki waxay ka kooban yihiin Harada Kachera, [[Lake Mburo|Harada Mburo]], [[Lake Kijanebalola|Harada Kijanebalola]] iyo [[Lake Nakivali|Harada Nakivali]].<ref name=":52" /> == Juqraafiga iyo samaysanka == Ka dib [[1997–98 El Niño event|dhacadii El Niño ee 1997–98]], Harada Kacheera waxay lumisay inta badan biyaheeda oo u gudbay dhanka Harada Fiktooriya sababo la xiriira qulqul weyn oo biyo ah oo soo maray Harada Kijjanebarora, waxaanay heerkeedu hoos u dhacay 3 mitir.<ref name=":32"/> Harada Kachera waxay sidoo kale lumisay jasiiraddeedii dul falan jirtay oo u ahaan jirtay gabbaad kalluunka.<ref name=":32" /> Xeebaha harada waxaa qariyay dhiiqooyin, duur iyo dhulal kaymo ah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Braczkowski |first1=Aleksander |last2=Schenk |first2=Ralph |last3=Samarasinghe |first3=Dinal |last4=Biggs |first4=Duan |last5=Richardson |first5=Allie |last6=Swanson |first6=Nicholas |last7=Swanson |first7=Merlin |last8=Dheer |first8=Arjun |last9=Fattebert |first9=Julien |date=27 January 2022 |title=Leopard and spotted hyena densities in the Lake Mburo National Park, southwestern Uganda |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=10 |article-number=e12307 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12307 |doi-access=free |pmid=35127275 |pmc=8801179 |issn=2167-8359 }}</ref> Harada Kachera waa haro hoosaysa oo leh celcelis ahaan qoto dheer oo ah 5 mitir (16 feet) waxaanay sidoo kale ku fadhidaa aag dhan {{Convert|42|km2|sqmi|abbr=off}} iyo xariiq xeobeed oo dhererkiisu yahay 81 kiiloomitir.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT |location=Uganda |pages=6, 8, 14, 15 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay leedahay dhererka ugu badan oo ah {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=off}} iyo ballac ah {{Convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=off}}.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book |last=Dismas |first=Mbabazi |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Nature Uganda |location=Uganda |pages=76, 77, 80 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Webiga Ruizi waxa uu ka soo qulqulaa degmada Bushenyi wuxuuna dhex maraa Harada Kachera iyo Harada Kijanebalola ka hor inta uusan gelin [[Lake Mburo|Harada Mburo]] uuna ku dhammaan Harada Fiktooriya.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Habari |date=5 January 2023 |title=Attractions in Mbarara {{!}} Mbarara City Tour {{!}} Uganda Safaris Tours |url=https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=www.habariugandatours.com |language=en-US |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://www.habariugandatours.com/attractions-in-mbarara/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxa uu biyaheeda ugu shubaa dhanka Harada Fiktooriya isagoo maraya [[Kagera River|Webiga Kagera]] oo ah webiga kaliya ee harada ka baxa.<ref name=":43" /> [[River Rwizi|Webiga Rwizi]] sidoo kale waxa uu biyihiisa ku shubaa Harada Fiktooriya isagoo sii maraya Harada Kachera oo ah nidaamka bullaacadaha ee Harada Fiktooriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=River Rwizi on the verge of drying up |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/letters/river-rwizi-on-the-verge-of-drying-up-3547386 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2020 |title=Conservationists walk 330 kilometres to save River Rwizi |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Monitor |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162023/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-walk-330-kilometres-to-save-river-rwizi-1879882 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mbarara: A city choking on plastic waste |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_160763 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=New Vision |language=en }}</ref> == Deegaanka == Harada Kachera waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiro, kalluun, dhir iyo xayawaan ah.<ref name=":23"/><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT |location=Uganda |pages=6, 8, 14, 15 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> === Noocyada kalluunka === Harada Kachera waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ay ka mid yihiin; tallabiyaal (Nile tilapia), ''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'', (oo maxalli ahaan loo yaqaan engege), iyo noocyada kala ah ''[[Astatoreochromis]]'', ''[[Astatotilapia]]'', ''[[Clarias]]'', ''[[Haragachromis]]'', iyo ''[[Protopterus]]''.<ref name=":23"/><ref name=":12"/><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dismas |first=Mbabazi |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Nature Uganda |location=Uganda |pages=76, 77, 80 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Harada Kachera waxay leedahay kalluun u dhashay deegaanka oo aan ahayn [[cichlid fish|nooca cichlid]] kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin; ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]'', ''[[Clarias liocephalus]]'', iyo ''[[Protopterus aethiopicus]]''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Eric O. |first1=Odada |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf |title=Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities |last2=Daniel O. |first2=Olago |last3=Washington O. |first3=Ochola |date=2006 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Pan African START Secretariat (PASS) |location=Kenya |pages=79, 83, 93, 98, 102, 104, 109, 110, 111 |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7987/environment_development.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> === Noocyada dhirta === Dhirta ku taal xariiq xeobeedka Harada Kachera waxay leedahay ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', ''[[Cyperus esculentus]]'', ''[[Phragmites mauritianus]]'', xoogaa kaymo ah, iyo beeraha mooska.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":62"/> ==== Noocyada ajgaha (algae) ==== Harada Kachera waxay leedahay wadar ahaan 47 taxa oo ay ku jiraan; [[Cyanophyta]] (17), [[Chlorophyta]] (19), [[Bacillariophyta]] (5), [[Euglenophyta]] (3), [[Pyrrophyta]] (1), [[Chrysophyta]] (1), iyo [[Cryptophyta]] (1).<ref name=":5" /> === Noocyada xayawaanka === ==== Zooplankton ==== Harada Kachera waxay leedahay 22 zooplankton taxa. Waxaa jira wakiilo ka tirsan [[Diplostraca]]; ''[[Ceriodaphnia cornuta]]'', ''[[Moina micrura]]'', ''[[Eucyclops]]'', ''[[Mesocyclops]]'', ''[[Toronaeus incisus]]'', iyo ''[[Toronaeus neglectus]]'', iyo [[Rotifera]], oo ay ku jiraan; ''[[Asplanchna]]'', ''[[Brachionus angularis]]'', ''[[Brachionus bidentatus]]'', ''[[Brachionus budapestinensis]]'', ''[[Brachionus quadridentatus]]'', ''[[Brachionus calyciflorus]]'', ''[[Brachionus falcatus]]'', ''[[Brachionus patulus]]'', ''[[Filinia longiseta]]'', ''[[Filinia opoliensis]]'', ''[[Hexarthra]]'', ''[[Keratella tropica]]'', ''[[Lecane bulla]]'', ''[[Polyarthra vulgaris]]'', ''[[Synchaeta pectinata]]'', iyo ''[[Trichocerca cylindrica]]''.<ref name=":5" /> ==== Beribiyoodka ==== Harada Kachera waxay leedahay 8 nooc oo xayawaanka beribiyoodka ah kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin; ''[[Bufo gutturalis]]'' (guttural toad), ''[[Hyperolius acuticeps]]'' (sharp-nosed reed frog), ''[[Hyperolius kivuensis]] kivuensis'' (Kivu reed frog), ''[[Hyperolius viridiflavus]] bayoni'', iyo ''Hyperolius viridiflavus viridiflavus'' (common reed frog), ''[[Phrynobatrachus natalensis]]'' (Natal dwarf puddle frog), ''[[Ptychadena mascareniensis]]'' (Mascarene grassland frog), ''[[Ptychadena oxyrhynchus]]'' (Kaffirland grassland frog), ''[[Ptychadena porissisima]]'' (Ethiopia grassland frog), iyo ''[[Xenopus victorianus]]'' (Lake Victoria clawed frog).<ref name=":5" /> ==== Xamaaratada ==== Harada Kachera waxay leedahay 7 nooc oo xamaarato ah oo ay ka mid yihiin; ''[[Agama atricollis]]'' (common tree agama), ''Cocodylus niloticus'' ([[Nile crocodile|Yaxaska Niilka]]), ''[[Mabuya maculilabris]]'' (speckle-lipped skink), ''[[Mabuya striata]]'' (common striped skink), ''[[Naja melanoleuca]]'' (water cobra), ''[[Python sebae]]'' (rock python), iyo ''[[Varanus niloticus]]'' (Nile monitor).<ref name=":5" /> ==== Naasleyda ==== Harada Kachera waxay leedahay 5 nooc oo naasley ah oo ay ka mid yihiin; ''[[Atilax paludinosus]]'' (marsh mongoose), ''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' (jeerta), ''[[Lophuromys sikapusi]]'' (common brush-furred bat), ''[[Lutra maculicollis]]'' (spot-necked otter), iyo ''[[Praomys jacksoni]]'' (Jackson's soft-furred rat).<ref name=":5" /> == Dhaqaalaha iyo hawlaha aadanaha == Kalluumaysiga, ka shaqaynta kalluunka, dalxiiska, beeraha, xoolo-dhaqashada, iyo beerashada isku-dhafan ayaa ka mid ah hawlaha dhaqaale ee laga fuliyo agagaarka Harada Kachera.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":06">{{Cite book |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT |location=Uganda |pages=6, 8, 14, 15 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Dismas |first=Mbabazi |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |title=Rapid assessment of the fish biodiversity of the Mburo-Nakivali wetland systems and Opeta-Bisina wetland systems, Uganda |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Nature Uganda |location=Uganda |pages=76, 77, 80 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522131044/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78049050.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=HULME |first=D. |url=https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/gdi/publications/workingpapers/archive/cc/cc_wp03.pdf |title=COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN PRACTICE: A CASE STUDY OF LAKE MBURO NATIONAL PARK |date=1998 |publisher=Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester |isbn=1-900728915 |location=Crawford House, Precinct Centre, Oxford Road, MANCHESTER M13 9GH |pages=14, 30, 36 |language=en }}</ref> == Dhowrista == Maamulka degmada Rakai waxay u ololeeyaan kalluumaysi waara iyagoo siiya kalluumaysatada tilmaamo iyo samaynta xeerar iyo nidaamyo cusub sida xaddididda kalluumaysiga ee goobaha qaar ee laga soo dego, xiridda kuwa ka qaybqaata hawlaha kalluumaysiga sharci-darrada ah iyadoo loo marayo dhowrista biyaha iyo ilaalada dhulka iyo sidoo kale iskaashi lala yeesho hay'adaha dawladda Uganda iyo ururada bulshada kalluumaysatada (BMU).<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":05">{{Cite book |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |title=THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |publisher=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT |location=Uganda |pages=6, 8, 14, 15 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2010/ug-government-gazette-dated-2010-09-03-no-53.pdf |title=The Uganda Gazette |publisher=Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation (UPPC) |year=2010 |series=53 |volume=CIII |location=Uganda |publication-date=3 September 2010 |pages=195, 196, 214 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615190216/https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ug/2010/ug-government-gazette-dated-2010-09-03-no-53.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://budget.finance.go.ug/sites/default/files/Indivisual%20LG%20Budgets/LG%20%20Annual%20Workplan_201314_Rakai.pdf |title=Local government Workplan for 2013/14, Vote: 549 Rakai District |date= |publisher=Ministry of Finance, Government of Uganda |year= |location=Uganda |pages=45, 46, 100 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162019/https://budget.finance.go.ug/sites/default/files/Indivisual%20LG%20Budgets/LG%20%20Annual%20Workplan_201314_Rakai.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2020, [[National Environment Management Authority of Uganda|Maamulka Maareynta Deegaanka Qaranka ee Uganda (NEMA)]] wuxuu dib u soo celiyay 200 oo hektar oo ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka dhulka qoyan ee xeebta Harada Kachera ee xumaaday ee degmada Kiruhura iyada oo loo marayo calaamadaynta aagga dhowrsan, beeridda geedaha iyo ka saarista dhismayaasha sharciga darrada ah ee aaggaas, iyo wacyigelinta bulshada ee ku saabsan maareynta nidaamka deegaanka.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nema.go.ug/sites/default/files/NEMA%20Annual%20Report%20FY%202018-19_0.pdf |title=ANNUALCORPORATE REPORT FOR 2018/19 |date=2019 |publisher=National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) |location=Uganda |publication-date=2019 |pages=17, 18, 44 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162020/https://www.nema.go.ug/sites/default/files/NEMA%20Annual%20Report%20FY%202018-19_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mwe.go.ug/sites/default/files/library/SPR%20FINAL%20BOOK%202019.pdf |title=Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2019 |publisher=Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda |year=2019 |location=Uganda |pages=122, 152, 153 |language=en |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522162020/https://www.mwe.go.ug/sites/default/files/library/SPR%20FINAL%20BOOK%202019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/spr-20-final-combined.pdf |title=Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2020 |publisher=Ministry of Water and Environment, Government of Uganda |year=2020 |location=Uganda |page=196 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819221145/https://www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/spr-20-final-combined.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 3b6r216t2afac6271chraacxz45g7ai 0 48298 300779 300526 2026-07-04T04:26:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Tritonis | type = Haro biyo macaan oo qadiimi ah | location = Libya-dii Qadiimiga ahayd (Waqooyiga Afrika) | basin_countries = Tunisia | reference = Herodotus; Diodorus Siculus; Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax | islands = Phla, Mene }} '''Harada Tritonis''' ({{langx|el|Τριτωνίδα λίμνην}}) waxay ahayd aag ballaran oo biyo macaan ah oo ku yaallay [[North Africa|Waqooyiga Afrika]] ama lagu sharaxay qoraallo badan oo qadiimi ah. Qorayaashii Giriigga ee xilligii hererka caadiga ah waxay haradan dhigeen [[Ancient Libya|Libya-dii Qadiimiga ahayd]]. Faahfaahinta khuraafaadkii dambe iyo u kuur-galkii shakhsiyadeed ee ay akhriyeen taariikhyahannadan, waxaa la sheegay in harada loogu magac daray [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]]. Sida uu sheegay Herodotus waxay lahayd laba jasiiradood, [[Phla (island)|Phla]], oo ay ahaan jirtay in [[Laconia (ancient region)|Lacedaemonians]]-ku ay gumeystaan, marka loo eego tixraac wax sii sheegid ah, iyo [[Mene (island)|Mene]]. ==Goobta== Goobta ay ku taallay ma cdda. Harada waxaa lagu xusay inay ku taal [[Ancient Libya|Libya]], dhul ay Giriigga qadiimiga ahi aaminsanaayeen inuu ku xeeran yahay adduunka, "oo ay baddii ka dhaqday dhinac kasta", Herodotus ayaa yiri,<ref>Herodotus, iv. 42 ([http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html on-line text]).</ref> "marka laga reebo meesha ay ku xiran tahay Aasiya". "Aqoontooda, Libya waxay ka fidsanayd [[Ancient Egypt|Masartii Qadiimiga ahayd]], [[Nile Valley|Dooxada Niil]] iyo biyo-qabatinkeeda, Aljeeriya iyo agagaarka koonfurta Masartii Qadiimiga ahayd." Labadaba [[Herodotus]]<ref name=":0">"Herodotus, iv. 179."</ref> qarnigii shanaad C.H. iyo [[Diodorus]]<ref name=":1">"Diodorus, iii,55."</ref> qarnigii koobaad C.D. ayaa sharaxay harada. Gudaha ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'', oo loo malaynayo inay taariikhdeedu dib u dhacdo bartamihii qarnigii 4-aad C.H., waxaa lagu sheegay inay leedahay wareeg dhan 1000 stades, taasoo siinaysa aag dhan qiyaastii 2,300&nbsp;km² (900&nbsp;mi²), ama, kala badh baaxadda gobolka casriga ah ee Rhode Island ee dalka Mareykanka.<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/102 ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'' § 110.]</ref> Herodotus wuxulu u qaatay inay jiri doonto webi weyn oo ku qulqula, kaas oo uu ugu yeeray Triton.<ref>Herodotus, iv. 179; "he supposed it to be a lake like any other, and that a lake of such extent should have a large river as its feeder was but a natural assumption" remarked Edward Herbert Bunbury, ''A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans'' vol. I (1883) note S, p. 315.</ref> ==Taariikhda== Magaca harada wuxuu ka muuqdaa doodaha ku saabsan juqraafiga la xiriira [[Greek mythology|khuraafaadka Giriigga]]. Marka [[Athena]] loogu yeero ''Athene Tritogeneia'' ("ku dhalatay Trito"),<ref>As when [[Diomedes]] addresses her in prayer, ''[[Iliad]]'' x; see also ''Iliad'' iv. 515, viii. 839.</ref> magac-sharafta qadiimiga ah waxaa lagu sharaxay dhacdadii, markii ay si buuxda u samaysan uga soo boodday madaxa&mdash;ama bawdada&mdash;[[Zeus]]&mdash;kaas oo liqay hooyadeed oo uur leh si uu uga hortago inuu ka dhaco xukunka hadda ee ilaahyada Giriigga sababo la xiriira dhalanteedkeeda, sidii la pro saadaaliyey&mdash;ilaahadda waxaa loo gelbiyey '''Harada Trito''' waxaana daryeelay nymphs (hablo-ilaahyo qadiimi ah).<ref>Some authors of antiquity explain the ancient epithet in other ways, [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] for one relating it both to a torrent in [[Boeotia]] or to a spring in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]; there are other explanations (Liddell-Scott-Jones ref).</ref> Fasiraad ka duwan, iyadoo la tixgelinayo khuraafaadkii aad u horreeyey ee Giriigga iyo Minoan, waxay u horseedday turjumaan [[Robert Graves]] inuu soo jeediyo in jihada beddelka ah ee saameynta diimeed ay dhacday, iyadoo [[Neith]] ay ahayd ilaahadda saameynta ku yeelatay horumarka fekerka Giriigga ee ku saabsan ilaahadda Athene. Neith waxay ahayd ilaah qadiimi ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay ka muuqato nidaamkii ugu horreeyey ee ilaahyada Masar.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} Sheekada [[Argonauts]] waxay dhigeysaa guriga Triton xeebta [[Mediterranean coast|Badda Dhexe]] ee Libya. Kahor epiga ''Argonautika'' ee Apollonius, Herodotus wuxuu ogaa dhaqankan Jason, kaas oo dabayshu <blockquote>"ay ka qaadday wadadiisii oo ay u gaysay xeebta Libya; halkaas oo, ka hor intaanu dhulka helin, uu dhex galay meelaha gacmeedka ah ee Harada Tritonis. Markii uu maskaxda ku hayey sida uu ku heli lahaa waddo uu kaga baxo, Triton (waxay dhahaan) ayaa u muuqday, wuxuuna u soo jeediyay inuu u muujiyo marinka, oo uu u sugo dib u gurasho ammaan ah, haddii uu siinayo saddex-lugoodka (tripod). Jason oo u hoggaansamay, waxaa Triton u muujiyey marinka dhex mara meelaha gacmeedka ah; ka dib markay taasi dhacday ilaahii wuxuu qaatay saddex-lugoodkii, wuxuuna u qaaday macbadkiisa, wuxuu ku fadhiistay korkiisa, isagoo ka buuxa cadho wax sii sheegid ah, wuxuu u sheegay Jason iyo saaxiibbadiis saadaal dheer. "Markii farac", ayuu yiri, "oo ka mid ah shaqaalaha Argo uu qabsan doono oo uu qaadi doono saddex-lugoodka naxaasta ah, markaas masiirka aan laga baaqsan karin wuxuu keeni doonaa in boqol magaalo oo Giriig ah laga dhiso hareeraha Harada Tritonis". Dadkii reer Libya ee gobolkaas, markay ngheereen erayada wax sii sheegidda, waxay la tageen saddex-lugoodkii waana qariyeen. " <ref>''Histories'', iv. 179.</ref></blockquote> Sida uu [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] u sheegay, markii Argo lagu kaxeeyey xeebta Lesser Syrtes duufaan xooggan awgeed iyadoo ka soo laabanaysa [[Colchis]], Argonauts-ku waxay isku arkeen "aag ay ku hareeraysan yihiin ciid". Waxay [[portage|xambaareen]] markabkooda laba iyo toban maalmood ilaa Harada Tritonis, laakiin biyaha harada waxay ahaayeen kuwo cusbo leh oo aan la cabbi karin. Maadaama ay waayeen wax laga baxo oo ka geeya Harada Tritonis ilaa badda, waxba ma ay qaban karin. Markaasay ilaahyadii raalli-geliyeen iyagoo dhigay saddex-lugood dahab ah oo [[sacrificial tripod|allabari ah]] xeebta, Triton oo ahaa ilaahii deegaanka ayaa u muuqday iyaga oo u eg nin dhallinyaro ah, si uu u muujiyo marin qarsoon oo badda u baxa.<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], iv. 1552.</ref> Khuraafaadkan dambe wuxuu sheegay in [[nymphs|nymph haro]] oo magaceeda la yiraahdo Tritonis ay harada ka dhigatay gurigeeda, marka loo eego dhaqan qadiimi ah, waxay ahayd hooyadii Athena oo uu dhalay [[Poseidon]]. ([[Herodotus]], iv. 180; [[Pindar]]. Pytli. iv. 20.) Iyada oo loo marayo [[Amphithemis]], waxay noqotay hooyadii [[Nasamon]] iyo [[Cephalion (mythology)|Caphaurus]].<ref>Apollonius of Rhodes, iv. 1495.</ref> ==Xitaa== <references/> ==Xigashooyin== *[http://www.asu.cas.cz/%7Ejklokocn/AJG_2017_Sahara.pdf A support for the existence of paleolakes and paleorivers buried under Saharan sand by means of Bgravitational signal from EIGEN 6C4] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051217025109/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3509.html Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, p. 1175]}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171207203139/http://www.metrum.org/mapping/argo.htm Mapping argo] (la kaydiyey) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051205094959/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Cyrene.html Cyrene] *[http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/argonauts.html#Libya Libya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/argonauts.html#Libya |date=20110607103514 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607103514/http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/argonauts.html#Libya |date=7 June 2011 }} *[https://www.amazon.com/gp/phrase?phrase=Lake%20Tritonis Amazon.com: Phrase: "Lake Tritonis"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060524002233/http://www.net4you.net/user/poellauerg/Amazons/Tun2005e.html Southern Tunisia - research campaign 2005] *[http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/chott_el_jerid.htm CHOTT EL JERID: Dry salt lake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803095327/http://www.lexicorient.com/tunisia/chott_el_jerid.htm |date=3 August 2020 }} *[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/lexindex?entry=*tritoge/neia Liddell-Scott-Jones ''Lexicon of Classical Greek''] *[http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/sabkha.htm Geology of Wessex Coast] *[http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_28.pdf Chapter 28] {{Wayback|url=http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_28.pdf |date=20160304074607 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074607/http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_28.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} *[http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_27.pdf Chapter 27] {{Wayback|url=http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_27.pdf |date=20160304093632 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093632/http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_27.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Tritonis}} 6nzrccho7s7j6zblyqblu04x8nuetqk 0 48322 300763 300266 2026-07-04T03:11:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eye Radio''', oo hore loogu yiqiin '''Sudan Radio Service''', waa idaacad 24-saacadood ah oo xarunteedu tahay [[Juba]], [[South Sudan]]. Idaacadda waxaa sidoo kale laga dhageysan karaa internetka.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abeka |first1=Moses |title=Media and music in South Sudan |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/node/16398 |website=musicinafrica.net |publisher=Music in Africa |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> == Taariikh == Idaacadda waxaa la aasaasay iyadoo loo bixiyay Sudan Radio Service (SRS) 30-kii Luulyo 2003 magaalada Nairobi, iyadoo ahayd mashruuc ay maalgelisay [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] oo ay fulinaysay Education Development Center (EDC), waxaana markii hore lagu baahin jiray hirarka gaagaaban (shortwave). Bilowgii, idaacaddu waxay baahin jirtay war kooban iyo barnaamijyo muusig ah muddo hal saac ah, waxaana laga sii dayn jiray luqadaha [[English language|Ingiriis]], [[Arabic]], [[Dinka language|Dinka]], [[Zande language|Azande]], [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]], [[Nuer language|Nuer]], [[Bari language|Bari]], iyo [[Moru language|Moru]]. Sannadkii 2005, idaacaddu waxay si toos ah u baahisay [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]].<ref name="ER">{{cite web |last1=Eye Radio |first1=Eye Radio |title=About Us |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/about-us/ |website=eyeradio.org |publisher=Eye Radio |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="EYE">{{cite web |last1=Ninrew |first1=Chany |title=Eye Radio at 12: A Story of Success and Sustainability Challenge |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/eye-media-at-12-a-story-of-success-and-sustainability-challenge/ |website=eyeradio.org |publisher=Eye Radio |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Bishii Juun 2010, SRS waxay si rasmi ah uga bilowday baahinta xarunteeda ku taal magaalada Juba.<ref name="EYER">{{cite web |last1=Ninrew |first1=Chany |title=Eye Radio voted South Sudan's Most Trusted, Most Listened-to-Radio - Survey |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/eye-radio-voted-south-sudans-most-trusted-most-listened-to-radio-survey/ |website=eyeradio.org |publisher=Eye Radio |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Bishii Agoosto 2012, idaacaddu waxay magaceeda ka beddeshay Sudan Radio Service una beddeshay Eye Radio.<ref name="ER"/> 11-kii Nofeembar 2016, dowladda Koonfur Suudaan ayaa hakisay baahinta Eye Radio kadib markii ay sii daysay cod uu lahaa [[Riek Machar]] oo laga soo qaatay wareysi uu siiyay [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera TV]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sudan Tribute |first1=Sudan Tribute |title=South Sudan radio unveils clip that led to closure |url=https://sudantribune.com/article59072/ |website=sudantribune.com |publisher=Sudan Tribute |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dumo |first1=Denis |title=South Sudan authorities shut down popular radio station |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13613S/ |website=reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> 19-kii Nofeembar, dowladda ayaa qaaday xayiraaddii, waxaana Eye Radio dib u billowday baahinteedii.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sudan Tribute |first1=Sudan Tribute |title=South Sudan lifts ban on Eye Radio |url=https://sudantribune.com/article59118/ |website=sudantribune.com |publisher=Sudan Tribute |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Sannadkii 2019, Eye Radio waxay soo bandhigtay warbixin ku saabsan booliska oo lacago sharci darro ah ka qaadanayay darawallada gaadiidka sababo la xiriira muraayadaha madow ee baabuurta (factory tints). Warbixintan ka dib, dowladda ayaa xirtay 85 askari oo boolis ah, halka siddeed kalena shaqada laga eryay.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Internews |first1=Internews |title=Eye Radio Helps the Public Fight Corruption by Police |url=https://internews.org/eye-radio-helps-public-fight-corruption-police/ |website=internews.org |publisher=Internews |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=29 Bisha Labaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229130339/https://internews.org/eye-radio-helps-public-fight-corruption-police/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Baahinta == Eye Radio waxay leedahay 11 xarumood oo dib-u-baahin (repeaters) ah oo ku yaal [[Yambio]], [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], [[Aweil]], [[Kuajok]], [[Renk]], [[Malakal]], [[Baliet County|Baliet]], iyo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]].<ref name="EYER"/> Iyadoo adeegsanaysa tamarta qoraxda (solar panels), idaacaddu waxay awood u leedahay inay hawada ku jirto 24 saacadood maalintii.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Inter News |first1=Inter News |title=Eye Radio Sustains Airtime with Solar Power |url=https://internews.org/eye-radio-sustains-airtime-solar-power/ |website=internews.org |publisher=Inter News |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Eye Radio waxay baahisaa warar ku baxa Ingiriisi, Carabi iyo luqado kale oo qaran, barnaamijyo madadaalo, baahin toos ah oo wada-hadallada nabadda ah, iyo sidoo kale barnaamijyo isboorti.<ref name="ER"/> USAID ayaa bixisay maalgelin lagu taageerayo hawlaha iyo shaqada Eye Radio.<ref name="EYE"/> == Tixraacyo == 7ai5hcpcrijfzh6mzdx1pdysajlbcwn 0 48363 300778 300522 2026-07-04T04:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Sare | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|-0.042|34.059 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Sare''' waa haro ku taal galbeedka Kenya oo u dhaxaysa [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] iyo [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]]. Waxay leedahay karti ay ku noqon karto goob dib loogu soo celiyo noocyada kalluunka ee haliska ugu jira dabar-go'a gudaha Harada Victoria, laakiin maamul la'aan darteed deegaanka harada ayaa si joogto ah u sii xumaanaya. ==Goobta== Harada Sare asal ahaan waxay ahaan jirtay gacanka Harada Victoria oo ku yaal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] meeshii uu ka baxayay Dhoobada Yala. Gacanka waxaa ka go'ay harada tuubo weyn (culvert), taas oo dhalisay dib-u-fatahaad abuurtay Harada Sare oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|500|ha}}.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Biyaha webigu waxay ka galaan Harada Victoria dhanka Harada Sare iyagoo maraya kanaal ay ku dul taal biriij qaada jidka weyn ee xeebta ee C27 ee dhererka jidka Goye.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}} Harada Sare waxaa ku xeeran maryafeexyo [[papyrus|baxaro]] ah, kuwaas oo ku milma Dhoobada Yala.{{sfn|Lake Sare ... Siaya County}} Haradu ma taageerto jillaabashada ganacsiga maamul la'aan darteed, inkastoo taasi ay isbeddeli karto.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} Xiriirka tooska ah ee ay la leedahay Harada Victoria, waxay muhiim u tahay dhowrista xayawaanka kalluunka [[cichlid]] ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} Waxay leedahay karti ay ku noqoto goob ay ku koraan noocyada yaryar ee kalluunka ee haliska ugu jira dabar-go'a ka hor inta aysan u guurin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} ==Deegaanka== Warbixin soo baxday 1991-kii ayaa sheegtay in biyaha ku qulqula Harada Sare ay soo sifeeyeen dhoobadu, ayna xajistaan nafaqooyin yar iyo waxyaabo yar oo biyaha ku dhex jira oo lalalabo. Biyuhu waxay leeyihiin conductivity dhan 120–130μS/cm iyo pH dhan 7.6, iyadoo leh 7–9 mg oo ogsajiin ah halkii liitar ee xilliga maalintii. Aagga hoose waxaa ka buuxay haraaga baxarada, iyadoo ay yar yihiin aagagga carrada ama quruuruxa ah. Waxay hoy u ahayd [[nematode]]s godod samaysta, unugyada [[mayfly]], unugyada [[dragonfly]] iyo maryafeexyada ''[[oligochaeta]]'', gaar ahaan noocyada ''[[Alma emini]]'' iyo ''[[Limnodrilus]]''.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=31}} Haradu aad uguma ficanayn dhanka [[limnology]], iyadoo leh cufnaan aad u hoosaysa oo ah [[phytoplankton]] iyo [[zooplankton]] ee tiirka biyaha xorta ah marka la barbardhigo Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=32}} Haradu ma lahayn noocyo kala duwan oo qani ah oo kalluunka ah. Kuwa ugu caansan waxay ahaayeen [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''), ''[[Oreochromis leucostictus]]'' iyo noocyada ''[[Haplochromis]]''. Dhoobada ku xeeran harada waxaa ku jiray [[marbled lungfish|kalluunka sanbabka leh]] (Protopterus aethiopicus), [[Lake Victoria squeaker|kalluunka dhawaaqa sameeya ee Harada Victoria]] (''Synodontis victoriae''), ''[[Synodontis afrofischeri]]'' iyo ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]''. Kalluunka hilibka cuna ee [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ayaa qabsaday harada. Iyadoo ay sabab u tahay qayb ahaan biciidka Niil iyo qayb ahaan jillaabashada xad-dhaafka ah ee dadka deegaanka, ma jirin ''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'' ama ''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'' oo ku dhex jiray harada.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=32}} Warbixin soo baxday 2005-tii ayaa xustay isbeddelo ka dhacay Harada Sare kuwaas oo khatar ku ah nidaamka deegaanka iyada oo loo marayo [[eutrophication]] iyo wasakhayn. Waxay ku talisay qorshe maamul oo loo dhan yahay oo loogu talagalay dhammaan isku-darka dhoobada Yala si looga hortago xumaansho dheeraad ah oo ku yimaada nidaamka deegaanka.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005||p=347}} Warbixin soo baxday 2014-kii ayaa xustay xumaansho weyn oo ku yimid deegaanka harada 24-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Gidisha dhibta leh ee [[macrophytes]] ayaa qabsatay harada iyadoo bilowday isbeddel gaabis ah oo sababi kara inay aakhirka qallasho.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} Wixii ka dambeeyay 2019-kii BirdLife International waxay u qiimeysay khatarta ku wajahan dhammaan isku-darka dhoobada inay tahay mid sarreysa, waxayna ahayd mid rajo xumo ka muujisay tallaabo la qaado.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qoraallo== {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351503 |access-date=2021-03-07 |last1=Gichuki |first1=John |first2=Jacob |last2=Maithya |first3=D. M. |last3=Masai |title= Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya |date=September 2005 |publisher=Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute}} *{{citation |chapter-url=https://siaya.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Lakes-bklet-A6.pdf |access-date=2021-03-08 |chapter=Lake Sare |title=The County of Diverse Lakes |publisher=Siaya County |ref={{harvid|Lake Sare ... Siaya County}} |archive-date=2022-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720103001/https://siaya.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Lakes-bklet-A6.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=http://41.89.101.166:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3995 |access-date=2021-03-08 |publisher=Maasai Mara University |last1=Maithya |first1=Jacob |last2=Abila |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Ecological Evolution of Lake Sare: The Need to Develop and Manage Fisheries Resources of the Small Water Bodies In Kenya }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |type=Proceedings of the KWWG Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 3-5 July 1991 |last1=Njuguna|first1=Steven G.|last2=Howard|first2=Geoffrey W.|title=Wetlands of Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq_Rz4s-uJQC&pg=PA31|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0127-1}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8873639#map=12/-0.0290/34.0623 |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Relation: Yala (8873639) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Yala (8873639)}} }} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} 0le083wjlwung1nozn3f69x7alw6i55 0 48367 300772 300510 2026-07-04T04:12:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Goobta== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qiimaha deegaanka== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Hanjabaadyo iyo ilaalin== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Qoraalo == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya }} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054119/https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species |archive-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812213536/http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} f66xv4anbmtozla1h8pes8sg8f88err 0 48400 300769 300399 2026-07-04T04:01:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada El Rayan | basin_countries = {{Flag|Egypt}} | type = Haro | location = [[Faiyum Governorate|Gudoomiyaha Faiyum]] | coordinates = {{Coord|29|11|50|N|30|24|30|E|type:waterbody_region:EG|display=inline,title}} }} '''Harada El Rayan''' waa haro ku taal dhexdeeda Deegaanka La Ilaaliyo ee [[Wadi El Rayan]] ee [[Egypt|Masar]]. Waxay daboolaysaa aag baaxadiisu tahay 52.9 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, waxayna ka kooban tahay laba haro oo ku xiran aag [[waterfall|biyo-dhac]] ah. Haradan waxay muhiim u tahay ilaha kheyraadka kalluunka.<ref>[https://egyresmag.com/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86/ Wadi al-Rayan Lakes]</ref> == Juqraafiga == [[File:WadiRaiyanSouthernWaterfall.jpg|thumb|Biyo-dhacyada El Rayan]] Harada El Rayan waxay ku taal gobolka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Faiyum Governorate|Gudoomiyaha Fayoum]], iyadoo ku dhex taal [[Western Desert|Lamadegaanka Galbeed]]. Waxay qiyaastii 25 kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed ka xigtaa magaalada. Mashruuca [[Wadi El Rayan]] wuxuu billowday Oktoobar 1968, ka dib markii uu kordhay heerka biyaha ee [[Lake Moeris|Harada Qarun]], taasi oo halis gelisay kaabayaasha laga dhisay hareeraheeda.<ref>[https://egyptencyclopedia.com/m/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 Discover Wadi al-Rayyan, Egypt - Encyclopædia Egyptica.]</ref> Kaabayaashan waxaa loogu talagalay inay u adeegaan sidii kayd loogu talagalay biyaha wasakhda beeraha ee [[Faiyum|Fayoum]]. Mashruuca waxaa la soo gabagabeeyay Janaayo 1973, iyadoo markii ugu horreysay loo wareejiyay biyaha wasakhda beeraha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wadi El-Rayan Reserve |url=https://sis.gov.eg/Story/115458?lang=ar |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2024-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907112102/https://sis.gov.eg/Story/115458?lang=ar |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/203119/3/725270/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA---%C2%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%C2%BB-%D9%88%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%C2%BB-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF.aspx Saving lakes. Qarun and Rayan in the grip of overfishing and pollution]</ref> Mashruucu wuxuu koobayaa dhismaha kanaal dhererkiisu yahay 5.9 kiiloomitir oo ka bilaabma hareeraha gudoomiyaha ilaa xadka lamadegaanka. Tani waxaa ku xiga dhismaha kanaal daboolan oo dhererkiisu yahay 5 kiiloomitir, ballaciisuna yahay 3 mitir oo ku yaal Buqayrat Plateau, kaasi oo ugu dambayn ku shubma harada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in qiyaastii 200 oo milyan oo mitir kuyuubik oo biyaha wasakhda beeraha ah ay sannad kasta galaan niyad-jabka Rayan.<ref>[https://www.elbalad.news/4403902#goog_rewarded A story with a history Wadi al-Rayyan in Fayoum Muhammad Ali Pasha was the first to think of utilizing its waters]</ref><ref>[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]</ref> Harada waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood: haro sare oo leh baaxad oogu dhow 50.90 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, dhanaan qiyaastii ah 5.1 garaam litirkii, iyo moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 22 mitir; iyo haro hoose oo leh baaxad ah 6,200 oo hektar. Labada haro waxaa isku xira aagga biyo-dhacyada,<ref>[https://www.albayan.ae/editors-choice/asfar/2015-12-27-1.2537888 “Wadi al-Rayan, Egypt's only waterfall]</ref> halkaas oo heerka biyuhu uu gaaro ilaa 20 mitir. Gobolkan waxaa caan ku yahay cufnaanta sare ee kalluunka.<ref>[https://www.fayoum.8k.com/invest.htm/ Fayoum Governorate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505065519/http://www.fayoum.8k.com:80/invest.htm/ Archived] May 5, 2010, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Warshadaha Kalluumeysiga == Biyaha niyad-jabka Rayan waxaa loo kala saaraa inay yihiin kuwo badh-macaan, iyadoo inta badan wax-soo-saarka kalluunka uu yahay kalluunka Niilka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoysaska mullet iyo bass waxaa loo wareejiyaa harooyinka sidii dillaac ahaan (fry) oo laga keeno aagga xeebaha Masar. Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee kalluunka lagu arko niyad-jabka El-Rayan waxaa ka mid ah [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[tilapia|tilapia-da]] cad, [[Zander]], iyo carp [[Bass (fish)|bass]].<ref>[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]</ref> Waxaa jira shan xarunood oo kalluunka lagu ururiyo oo ku yaal dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan, saddex ka mid ah waxay ku yaallaan niyad-jabka koowaad, labana waxay ku yaallaan kii saddexaad. Xilliga kalluumeysiga ee dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan waa qiyaastii 200 oo maalmood dherer ahaan. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in wax-soo-saarka xilliyeedka ee dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan uu yahay qiyaastii 1,100 ilaa 1,200 oo tan oo kalluun ah. Deegaanka waxaa ku yaal warshad barafka soo saarta oo ku shaqeysa tamarta qorraxda oo ku taal Wadi El Rayan, taasi oo ku shaqeysa unugyada sawir-qaadista (photovoltaic cells). Warshaddan waxay shaqaysaa oo qura inta lagu jiro xilliga kalluumeysiga ee dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan, waxayna u phụcaysaa mashruuca suuq-geynta kalluunka ee gudoomiyaha, iyo sidoo kale ururada Rayan iyo Qarun.<ref>[http://www.fayoum.gov.eg/rayan.htm/ Official website of Fayoum Governorate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081017103249/http://www.fayoum.gov.eg/rayan.htm Archived] October 17, 2008, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Dalxiiska == Nadiifinta ka sokow hawsheeda sida kanaal loogu talagalay daadinta biyaha wasakhda beeraha, Harada El Rayan, oo ku taal dhexdeeda dooxada cagaaran kuna hareeraysan [[Waterfall|biyo-dhacyo]] isdaba-joog ah, waxay u taagan tahay goob dalxiis oo caan ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee gobolka, waxaa tusaale u ah jiritaanka duur-joog dhif ah oo ku taal weynta Mount Rayan.<ref>[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} bupdi3kkksbx23d46o4tm3gnkhlslwv 0 48432 300777 300434 2026-07-04T04:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Rwihinda | native_name = | other_name = {{langx|fr|Lac Rwihinda}} <!-- Images --> | image = File:Arbres dans la nature du Lac Rwihinda.jpg | alt = | caption = Harada Rwihinda <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|2|32|22|S|30|03|15|E|name=Lake Rwihinda|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Rwihinda''' ({{langx|fr|'''Lac Rwihinda'''}}, {{coord|2|32|22|S|30|03|15|E|name=Lake Rwihinda}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''''Lac aux Oiseaux''''' (Haradii Shimbiiraha) waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. Waa hoyga shimbiraha socdaalka ah ee kala duwan, kuwaas oo ah meesha ugu weyn ee dalxiisayaashu u soo booqdaan gobolka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo la ilaaliyo, haddana waxay halis ugu jirtaa beeraha soo galootiga ah ee gobolkan aadka u saboolka ah. ==Goobta== Harada Rwihinda waxay ku taal [[Commune of Kirundo|Degmada Kirundo]], waqooyiga caasimadda gobolka ee [[Kirundo]].{{sfn|Relation: Lac Rwihinda}} Waxay dabooshaa {{convert|425|ha}} waxayna jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1420|m}} ka sarreysa heerka badda.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} [[Mutawenzi]] iyo Xerada Milatariga ee Mutawenzi ayaa ku taal koonfurta harada. [[Kirundo Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Kirundo]] iyo degaanka [[Rutare]] ayaa ku yaal waqooyi-bari. Xariijin dhoobo leh ayaa u horseedda waqooyi-galbeed dhanka [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]]. [[Lake Narungazi|Harada Narungazi]] iyo [[Lake Gitamo|Harada Gitamo]] ayaa sidoo kale biyaha ku shuba xariijintan dhoobada leh.{{sfn|Relation: Lac Rwihinda}} Haddii [[cyperus papyrus|dhirta papyrus-ka]] ee dooxada Nyavyamo ee ka hooseeya harada la qallajin lahaa, haradu waxay ku qulquli lahayd [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]].{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} ==Deegaanka== Harada Rwihinda waa muhiim sababtoo ah noolaha biyaha ku jira, iyo sidoo kale dhaqaalaha deegaanka.{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=16}} Shimbiraha Harada Rwihinda waa meesha ugu weyn ee dalxiisayaashu u soo booqdaan ''paysage aquatique du nord'', iyadoo 200 ilaa 300 oo dalxiisayaal ah ay soo booqdaan sannad kasta si ay u daawadaan shimbiraha.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=11}} Haradu waxay soo jiidataa noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiraha socdaalka ah. Tani waxaa laga yaabaa inay halis geliyaan saamaynta [[climate change|isbeddelka cimilada]] iyo beerashada soo galootiga ah.{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=52}} In ka badan 60 nooc oo shimbirro ah ayaa soo booqda harada, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo cajiib ah sida [[Reed cormorant|Phalacrocorax africanus]], Gambian [[Spur-winged goose|Plectropterus gambensis]], [[Great white pelican|Pelecanus onocrotalus]] iyo [[Little egret|Egretta garzetta]].{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=5}} Goobtu waxay sidoo kale taageertaa noocyo badan oo xayawaan ah dhammaan wareegyada noloshooda laga soo bilaabo taranka ilaa koritaanka.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=5}} Hippo-gii ugu dambeeyay ee harada ayaa la dilay 1989-kii. Dhawaan, [[Vervet monkey|Danyeerka Vervet]] (''Cercopithecus aethiops'') ayaa aad u badnaa agagaarka harada Rwihinda. Abeesada ukunta cunta ee [[Dasypeltis scabra]] ayaa laga helay Jasiiradda Akagwa ee Harada Rwihinda, halkaas oo ay ku burburiso buulasha shimbiraha.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=8}} Dhirta sabaysa ee harada badankood waa noocyada ''[[nymphaea]]'', ''[[potamogeton]]'' iyo ''[[utricularia]]''. Harada waxaa ku hareeraysan dhul-daaqsimeed geedo leh oo leh noocyo [[Acacia|Acacia]] iyo [[Combretum]], kuwaas oo loo nadiifinayo beeraha. Jasiiradda Akagwa ee dhexda harada waxay leedahay dhir aan la taaban oo ay ku badan yihiin ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'', oo ay la socdaan dhir kale sida ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' iyo ''[[Phragmites mauritianus]]''.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} ==Ilaalinta== Harada Rwihinda waa harada kaliya ee waqooyi ee la ilaalinayay muddo, iyadoo yoolku yahay in la ilaaliyo noocyada kala duwan ee shimbiraha.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} Qorshe maamul oo loogu talagalay harada ayaa la daabacay 2005-tii.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|2005b|p=9}} Haradu waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Lacs du Nord Aquatic Landscape Protected Area|Aagga La Ilaaliyo ee Dhul-biyoodka ee Harooyinka Waqooyiga]] kaas oo la abuuray 2006-dii.{{sfn|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} Waxaa loo ilaaliyay sidii "Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee La Maamulo" qorshaha maamulka ee [[Bugesera aquatic landscapes|dhul-biyoodka Bugesera]] ee la qeexay 2011-kii.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} Hadda waxay qayb ka tahay [[Protected Aquatic Landscape of the North|Dhul-biyoodka La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Rwihinda, lac aux oiseaux waxay ku jirtaa Liiska Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee looga fiirsanayo sidii [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxal-gal ah oo Dunida ah]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=26}} Tirada shimbiraha biyaha ayaa yaraanayay, laakiin dadaallada lagu abuurayo aagga buffer-ka oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|50|m}} oo ku xeeran harada ayaa hagaajiyay deegaanka noolaha. Olole si liidata loo qorsheeyay oo lagu soo bandhigayo beerashada timirta saliidda ee gobolka Bugesera ayaa sababay in beeralaydu nadiifiyaan qayb ka mid ah aagga buffer-ka. Iyadoo hoos imaanaysa barnaamij ay dawladdu maalgeliso, qayb ka mid ah dhul-qoyan ee Nyavyamo ee isku xira Harada Rwihinda iyo [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]] ayaa dhawaan loo horumarin doonaa beeraha. Haddii aan si taxadar leh loo maamulin, tani waxay sababi kartaa in haradu qallasho.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=12}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{commonscat|Lac Rwihinda}} {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082920/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |date=September 2010 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |title=Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) |ref={{harvid|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BI2149RIS.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar}} |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR) |language=fr |date=14 March 2013}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161848/https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/plan-gestion-reserve-rwihinda.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-11 |publisher=INECN |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |title=Réserve Gérée du Lac Rwihinda: Plan de gestion |date=March 2005b}} *{{citation |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/nbsap/sbsap/bi-sbsap-bugesera-fr.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-10 |language=fr |publisher=Institut National pour l’Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN) |title=Plan régional de mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité dans la dépression de Bugesera 2013-2020 |location=Bujumbura |date=November 2013 |ref={{harvid|Plan régional ... INECN}} }} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801164020/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |ref={{harvid|USAID/Burundi 2022}} |title=USAID/Burundi Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Analysis |date=June 2022}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2315763 |accessdate=2024-06-11 |title=Relation: Lac Rwihinda (2315763) |ref={{harvid|Relation: Lac Rwihinda}} |work=OpenStreetMap}} {{refend}} agqccp7533s38mzxcu2ej5cv1wlzn9e 0 48434 300775 300436 2026-07-04T04:14:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mwungere | native_name = | other_name = Lac Mwungere <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|2|34|43|S|29|56|48|E|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Mwungere''' ({{coord|2|34|43|S|29|56|48|E}}) waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. ==Goobta== Harada Mwungere waxay ku taal [[Commune of Ntega|Degmada Ntega]] ee Gobolka Kirundo meel u dhow tuulooyinka Mariza iyo Mugina. Waxay ku xiran tahay dhul-qoyan biyaha u horseeda [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]].{{sfn|Way: Lac Mwungere}} [[Köppen climate classification|Nidaamka kala-soocidda cimilada ee Köppen]] waa Aw: Kayd-dhuleed kulaylaha, qoyan.{{sfn|Way: Lac Mwungere}} ==Ilaalinta== Harada Mwungere waxay ku taal [[Lacs du Nord Aquatic Landscape Protected Area|Aagga La Ilaaliyo ee Dhul-biyoodka Harooyinka Waqooyiga]], oo la abuuray 2006-dii, taas oo mabda' ahaan ilaalisa in ka badan {{convert|30,000|ha}} oo harooyin iyo dhul-qoyan ah iyadoo yoolku yahay maaraynta bulshada oo isku dhafan, wax soo saarka beeraha, iyo ilaalinta harada.{{sfn|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} Haradu waxay qayb ka tahay Jidka Biyaha ee La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga, oo ah {{convert|162.42|km2}} oo ka kooban 8 harooyin biyo macaan oo joogto ah oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka [[Lake Rweru|Rweru]], [[Lake Cohoha|Cohoha]], [[Lake Rwihinda|Rwihinda]], [[Lake Kanzigiri|Kanzigiri]], [[Lake Gacamirindi|Gacamirindi]], [[Lake Nagitamo|Nagitamo]], [[Lake Narungazi|Narungazi]] iyo Mwungere iyo sidoo kale dhulal qoyan, kuwaas oo qayb ka ah [[Nile Basin|Dooxada Niil]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Harooyinkani waxaa ku badan kalluunka yaryar ee [[Tilapia]] iyo noocyada [[Oreochromis]]. Waxay ahaayeen goob ay si ballaaran ugu soo duuleen [[water hyacinth|gabooyaha biyaha]], taas oo aad u yaraysay wax soo saarka iyo kaydka kalluunka, iyo sidoo kale ka saartay dhirtii asaliga ahayd. Burundi dadaal yar ayay u gashay inay ka saarto noocyada soo duulay.{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Qorshaha Maamulka ee Aagga Biyaha ee Kagera wuxuu higsanayaa inuu hagaajiyo maaraynta harooyinka, dhul-qoyanka iyo dhirta ee aagga [[Murehe Forest|Kaynta Murehe]]. Harada Mwungere waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay Aag Muhiim ah qorshahan, kaas oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka Gacamirina iyo Nagitamo, iyo dhul-qoyanka ku yaal dooxooyinka sare ee [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]]. Saamaynta bini'aadamka waa in laga saaraa aagga iyadoo la samaynayo suun dhan {{convert|50|m}} si loo ilaaliyo noocyada dabiiciga ah.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} bishii Nofeembar 2021 [[Albert Hatungimana]], Guddoomiyaha Kirundo, wuxuu ammaanay guulihii Inades-Formation Burundi ee abuurista aagagga buffer-ka ee harooyinka Nagitamo, Mwungere iyo Gacamirinda. Suunka ilaalintu wuxuu ka kooban yahay geedo, kanaallo ka hortagaya nabaad-guurka oo leh caws lagu hagaajiyo kor ku xusan, iyo kanaal kala soocaya aagga buffer-ka iyo hantida gaarka ah. Wax soo saarka kalluunka iyo tayada biyaha ayaa ku soo hagaagay harooyinka la ilaaliyo natiijadaas darteed.{{sfn|Towards ownership ... Inades}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082920/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |date=September 2010 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |title=Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) |ref={{harvid|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161848/https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-430221.html |accessdate=2024-06-09 |title=Lac Mwungere, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Lac Mwungere Mindat}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.inadesformation.net/13349/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=Inades-Formation Burundi |ref={{harvid|Towards ownership ... Inades}} |title=Towards ownership of the achievements of the TAPSA project by the local administration of Bugabira and Ntega communes |date=29 November 2021}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801164020/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |ref={{harvid|USAID/Burundi 2022}} |title=USAID/Burundi Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Analysis |date=June 2022}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/299661662#map=14/-2.5825/29.9546 |title=Way: Lac Mwungere (299661662) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Lac Mwungere}} }} {{refend}} ay22mqovkdeljclcrjw53i7op4jhuvl 0 48435 300773 300437 2026-07-04T04:12:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanzigiri | native_name = | other_name = Lac Kanzigiri <!-- Images --> | image = File:ISS012-E-17842 - View of Burundi (cropped Lac Kanzigiri on the right).jpg | alt = Satellite view. Lac Kanzigiri on the right | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|-2.4659|30.3611|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Kanzigiri''' ({{langx|fr|'''Lac Kanzigiri'''}}, {{coord|-2.4659|30.3611}}) waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. ==Goobta== Harada Kanzigiri waxay ku taal xadka u dhexeeya [[Commune of Bwambarangwe|Degmada Bwambarangwe]] ee bari iyo [[Commune of Busoni|Degmada Busoni]] ee galbeed.{{sfn|Relation: Lac Kanzigiri}} Waxay ku taal koonfurta [[Lake Rweru|Harada Rweru]], taas oo ay ku xiran tahay aag dhul-qoyan ah.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=4}} Degaanka [[Kabanga, Kirundo Province|Kabanga]] wuxuu ku yaal galbeedka barta ay koonfurta ka xigto, degaanka [[Bunwera]] wuxuu ku yaal bari ka xiga isla bartaas. [[Mukenke]] wuxuu ku yaal koonfurta.{{sfn|Relation: Lac Kanzigiri}} Haradu waxay dabooshaa {{convert|750|ha}}.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=3}} Harada Kanzigiri ku hareeraysan waxaa ku yaal kaymo dhul-daaqsimeed ah oo ay ku badan yihiin dhirta ay ka midka yihiin ''[[Pericopsis angolensis]]'', ''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' iyo ''[[Hymenocardia acida]]'', kuwaas oo muujinaya saamaynta Zambezian. Kaymahan bari waxaa badanaa laga helaa [[Ruvubu National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Ruvubu]], taas oo muujinaysa in Harada Kanzigiri iyo dhul-qoyankeeda la xiriira ay yihiin aag kala go'a oo u dhexeeya [[Bugesera District (ecology)|Degmada Bugesera]] iyo [[Mosso-Malagarazi District|Degmada Mosso-Malagarazi]].{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=7}} ==Wabiyaasha iyo meesha ay ka baxdo== Cidhifka koonfureed ee harada waa dhul-qoyan ay quudiyaan [[Kanzigiri River|Webiga Kanzigiri]] iyo [[Gacucu River|Webiga Gacucu]], qaybta hoose ee Webiga Kabuyenge.{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}} Cidhifka waqooyi sidoo kale waa dhul-qoyan, waxaana quudiya Harada Kanzigiri iyo [[Nyamabuno River|Webiga Nyamabuno]], wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Lake Rweru|Harada Rweru]].{{sfn|Lac Rweru USDMA}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, jihada qulqulka u dhexeeya Harada Rweru iyo Harada Kanzigiri waxay ku xiran tahay waqtiga sannadka. Bilowga xilliga roobka, Harada Rweru waxay u qulqushaa dhanka [[Kagera River|Webiga Kagera]]. Marka la gaaro Maarso-Abriil, heerka webiga Kagera wuu ka sarreeyaa kan Harada Rweru, qulqulkuna wuu rogmadaa, iyadoo webigu uu ku qulqulayo Harada Rweru iyo dhul-qoyanka ku xeeran, oo ay ku jirto tan u horseedda Harada Kanzigiri. Marka fatahaaddu gurto, inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Agoosto, Harada Rweru waxay u qulqushaa dhanka [[Nyabarongo River|Webiga Nyabarongo]] ee dushooda dhul-qoyanka, ka dibna kanaal keliya.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=9}} ==Deegaanka== [[Kabuyenge Marsh|Dhul-qoyanka Kabuyenge]] iyo [[Kabanga Marsh|Dhul-qoyanka Kabanga]] waxay ilaaliyaan dheelitirka biyaha ee Harada Kanzigiri. Ururka [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Cuntada iyo Beeraha]] ee Qaramada Midoobay (FAO) wuxuu horumariyay aagagga buffer-ka ee hareeraha mid kasta oo ka mid ah dhul-qoyankan.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Haddii dhul-qoyanka papyrus-ka ee u dhexeeya Harada Kanzigiri iyo Harada Rweru la qallajin lahaa, Harada Kanzigiri way qallali lahayd xilliga qulqulka hooseeya. Nidaamka deegaanka ee dhul-qoyanka waxaa halis ku ah ballaarinta aan la xakameynin ee beerashada ee dhul-qoyanka, iyo sidoo kale abaarihii dhawaa.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=9}} Kalluumeysiga xad-dhaafka ah iyo soo gelinta dhirta soo duulay ayaa sidoo kale halis ku ah nidaamka deegaanka ee harada.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=15}} ==Ilaalinta== Haradu waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Lacs du Nord Aquatic Landscape Protected Area|Aagga La Ilaaliyo ee Dhul-biyoodka Harooyinka Waqooyiga]] kaas oo la abuuray 2006-dii.{{sfn|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} Waxaa loo ilaaliyay sidii "Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee La Maamulo" qorshaha maamulka ee [[Bugesera aquatic landscapes|dhul-biyoodka Bugesera]] ee la qeexay 2011-kii.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} Hadda waxay qayb ka tahay [[Northern Protected Waterway|Jidka Biyaha ee La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{commonscat}} {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082920/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |date=September 2010 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |title=Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) |ref={{harvid|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BI2149RIS.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar}} |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR) |language=fr |date=14 March 2013}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi |archive-date=2024-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161848/https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/nbsap/sbsap/bi-sbsap-bugesera-fr.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-10 |language=fr |publisher=Institut National pour l’Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN) |title=Plan régional de mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité dans la dépression de Bugesera 2013-2020 |location=Bujumbura |date=November 2013 |ref={{harvid|Plan régional ... INECN}} }} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801164020/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |ref={{harvid|USAID/Burundi 2022}} |title=USAID/Burundi Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Analysis |date=June 2022}} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-2.jpg |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Rweru |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Lac Rweru USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-10 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Rugari |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2031514#map=12/-2.4693/30.3926 |accessdate=2024-06-10 |title=Relation: Lac Kanzigiri (2031514) |work=Open Street Map |ref={{harvid|Relation: Lac Kanzigiri}} }} {{refend}} 6ddxyzt9om7sb5oifmc559owue6ebcu 0 48436 300770 300438 2026-07-04T04:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Gacamirindi | native_name = | other_name = {{langx|fr|Lac Gacamirindi}} <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = Harada Gacamirindi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|2|27|00|S|30|00|00|E|name=Lake Gacamirindi|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Gacamirindi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Lac Gacamirindi'''}}, {{coord|2|27|00|S|30|00|00|E|name=Lake Gacamirindi}}), ama '''Harada Gacamirinda''', waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. ==Goobta== Harada Gacamirindi waxay ku taal [[Commune of Bugabira|Degmada Bugabira]], Gobolka Kirundo.{{sfn|Way: Lac Gacamirinda}} Haradu waxay dabooshaa bed dhan {{convert|250|ha}}, waxayna ku taal inta u dhaxaysa buuro leh jiirar cadaalad ah oo taagan.{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} Waxaa ku hareeraysan ''[[collines of Burundi|collines]]'' dadku aad u deggan yihiin oo kala ah Kiri iyo Nyakarama.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=40}} Waqtiyadii hore haradu waxay ku milantay aag dhul-qoyan ah oo ku yaal dhinaca [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]].{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} Hadda mooska iyo hadhuudhka ayaa laga beeraa labadaba kor iyo hoosba harada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Harada Gacamirindi waxaa caadi ahaan quudin lahaa biyaha webiga Akanyaru, laakiin laga bilaabo 2011 waxaa webigan ka soocay dhul-beereed waxayna noqotay balli yar oo dhowr hektar ah.{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} ''[[Typha domingensis]]'' waxay samaysataa suun aad u cidhiidhi ah oo ku wareegsan balligan, iyada oo kala soocaysa dalagyada iyo biyaha.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=13}} Harada Gacamirindi way qallashay 2004-tii, oo ah xilli roobaad caadi ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=29}} [[Lake Narungazi|Harada Narungazi]] iyo [[Lake Nagitamo|Harada Nagitamo]] hadda waxay biyo siiyaan Harada Gacamirindi iyada oo loo marayo kanaal isku xira harooyinka iyada oo loo marayo dhul-qoyanka Rugege.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}} Waxaa jira halis ah in kanaalkani uu hoos u dhigo heerka biyaha ee [[Nyavyamo Marsh|Dhul-qoyanka Nyavyamo]] iyo [[Lake Rwihinda|Harada Rwihinda]], gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilliyada abaarta, marka biyuhu aysan ka soo qulqulin Webiga Akanyaru ilaa Harada Rwihinda.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=62}} ==Ilaalinta== Sannadkii 2001 waxaa jiray isku day lagu abuurayo aag buffer ah oo u dhexeeya harada iyo dhulka la beero, laakiin lama ixtiraamin.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=44}} Harada Gacamirindi hadda waxay ku taal qaybta galbeed ee ''[[Paysage aquatique protégé du Nord]]'' (Dhul-biyoodka La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga), oo la abuuray 2011.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=6}} Waxaa loo ilaaliyaa sidii "Aag Isku-dhafan", halkaas oo joogitaanka bini'aadamka laga saari doono. Aag buffer ah, ama suun dhul ah oo dhererkiisu yahay ugu yaraan {{convert|50|m}} ayaa laga dhisi doonaa hareeraha harada.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC143164/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |ref={{harvid|Décret n°100-114}} |title=Décret n°100-114 du 12 avril 2011 portant délimitation du paysage aquatique protégé du nord. |date=12 April 2011}} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BI2149RIS.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar}} |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR) |language=fr |date=14 March 2013}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi |archive-date=9 Bisha Lixaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609161848/https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/25469567 |accessdate=2024-06-12 |title=Way: Lac Gacamirinda (25469567) |ref={{harvid|Way: Lac Gacamirinda}} |work=OpenStreetMap}} {{refend}} dp931ngc7laixqlhmtmw7uve2qha8zt 0 48446 300776 300449 2026-07-04T04:16:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Oubeïra | image = Lac Oubeira, Parc National d'El-Kala, El-Tarf.jpg | caption = Harada Oubeïra | area = | length = | type = [[Haro]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|50|41|N|8|23|22|E|display=inline}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac Oubeïra {{!}} Service d'information sur les Sites Ramsar |trans-title=Oubeïra Lake Integral Reserve {{!}} Ramsar Site Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/280?language=fr |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=Ramsar |language=fr}}</ref> | location = [[El Kala]],<br>[[El Taref Province|El Taref]],<br>{{flag|Algeria}} | alt = Xeebta dhul biyo leh. }} '''Harada Oubeïra''' waa [[haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taal [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]] ee [[El Taref Province|Gobolka El Tarf]], [[Algeria]]. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay goob [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] ah bishii Noofambar 4, 1983. Haradu waxay u adeegtaa sidii goob muhiim ah oo ay ku buulashaan noocyada shimbiraha ee [[North Africa|Woqooyiga Afrika]]. == Goobta == [[File:Plan_elkala.png|left|thumb|Waxay ku taal degmada [[El Kala]], Harada Oubeïra waa harada dhexe ee saddexda haro.]] Harada Oubeïra waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal aagga bartamaha ee [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]] ee Gobolka El Tarf, Algeria. Beertu waxay sidoo kale gartaa [[Lake Tonga|Harada Tonga]] oo ah dhul kale oo biyo macaan ah, iyo [[Lake Mellah|Harada El Mellah]] oo ah moryo cusbo leh. Sannadkii 1983, dhammaan saddexda haro waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin [[List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance|dhul-qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh]] marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ee [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Côte |first=Marc |title=Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine |date=1996 |publisher=Média-Plus |isbn=9961-9-2200-X |location=Algeria |pages=211 |language=fr |trans-title=Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage}}</ref> Harada Oubeïra waa haro [[Endorheic basin|endorheic (biyo-xireen dabiici ah)]] ah oo ku taal inta u dhaxaysa magaalada El Kala, ee waqooyi-bari Aljeeriya, iyo [[Algeria–Tunisia border|xadka Aljeeriya iyo Tunisia]], iyadoo jooggeedu yahay 23 mitir. Waxay leedahay qaab qiyaastii wareeg ah, hoos u siman oo ay dabooshay dhoobo cawl ah,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Alayat |first1=H |last2=Kherici |first2=N |last3=Lamouroux |first3=C |date=2009 |title=EVOLUTION SPATIALE DE L'ENVASEMENT DU LAC OUBEIRA IMPOSE PAR L'EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIEN) SPACE EVOLUTION OF THE SILTING OF OUBEIRA LAKE IMPOSED BY EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIAN) |trans-title=SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF THE SILTING OF OUBEIRA LAKE IMPOSED BY EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIAN) |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/37472 |journal=Le Journal de l'EAU et de l'Environnement |language=fr |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=28–42 |issn=2602-6724 |access-date=May 30, 2025 |archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530153749/https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/37472 |url-status=dead }}</ref> waxayna ku fadhidaa bed dhan 2,000 oo hektar iyadoo qotadeeda celcelis ahaan ay tahay 1 mitir.<ref name=":1" /> Goobtu waxay qayb ka tahay dhul-qoyan weyn oo adag kaas oo gartay nidaam ciid-tuumo ah. Inkastoo ay tahay endorheic, haradu waxay ku xiran tahay [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]].<ref name=":0" /> Durdurka biyaha ee ugu weyn ee ku xiran Harada Oubeïra waa Oued Messida, kaas oo muujiya qaab qulqul xilliyeed ah: wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa harada dhanka Oued el Rebir xagaaga, halka xilliga qaboobahana uu u qulqulo jihada ka soo horjeeda.<ref name=":1" /> Isku-dheelitirnaanta u dhaxaysa u-uumi baxa iyo roobka ayaa ilaaliya sii jiritaanka harada. Baaxadda doox-biyoodka iyo tabarucaadka biyaha dhulka hoose xilliga [[dry season|jiilaalka/abaarta]] waxay gacan ka geystaan magcompensation-ka biyaha lumaya waxayna taageeraan sii socoshada harada.<ref name=":2" /> == Cimilada == Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay [[Mediterranean climate|cimilada Bada Dhexe]], oo lagu gartaa celcelis ahaan heerkulka sannadlaha ah oo ah 18.9 °C iyo xilli qallalan oo soconaya afar bilood. Janaayo waa bisha ugu qabow, Ogostona waa tan ugu kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu ka badan yahay 700 mm, iyadoo roobku uu ku urursan yahay dayrta iyo qaboobaha, waxana jira roob aad u yar inta lagu guda jiro mieqyada xagaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kadid |first1=Yamina |last2=Thébaud |first2=Gilles |last3=Pétel |first3=Gilles |last4=Abdelkrim |first4=Hacène |date=2007 |title=Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie |trans-title=Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |journal=Acta Botanica Gallica |language=fr |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=597–599 |doi=10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |bibcode=2007AcBG..154..597K |issn=1253-8078 |access-date=May 30, 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Dhirta iyo duunyada == [[File:Flamants_roses._Phoenicopterus_roseus._Lac_des_Oiseaux._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg|left|thumb|Hanti-gorgor casaan ah (Pink flamingos) ee ku dhex yaal Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala.]] Haradu waxay u adeegtaa sidii deegaan muhiim ah dhirta biyaha, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ku ah Aljeeriya, sida [[Eleocharis dulcis|gogoshasada biyaha]] iyo [[Nuphar lutea|ubaxa biyaha ee jaalaha ah]].<ref name=":0" /> Haradu waxay taageertaa dad weyn oo kalluun kala duwan ah, oo ay ku jirto joogitaanka muhiimka ah ee [[Eel|kalluun-maska]]. Noocyada ka tirsan qoyska [[Mullet (fish)|Mugilidae]], sida [[Mugil cephalus]] iyo [[Liza ramada]], waxay si xilliyeed ah uga soo galaan harada dhanka badda iyagoo maraya kanaalka qulqulka badan. [[Common barbel|Kalluunka barbel-ka]] waxay ku ukun-shubaan Harada Oubeïra dhammaadka qaboobaha iyo bilowgiga gu'ga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analyse et developpement d'une exploitation lagunaire extensive: example du lac Mellah, Algerie |trans-title=Analysis and development of extensive lagoon farming: the example of Lake Mellah, Algeria |url=https://www.fao.org/4/af018f/AF018F13.htm |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=www.fao.org |language=fr}}</ref> Haradu waa deegaan ay ku nool yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiro buulal samaysta ah, oo ay ku jiraan noocyada deegaanka ah sida [[Western swamphen|shimbir-biyoodka guduudan]] iyo [[osprey|gorgorka kalluunka]], iyo noocyada u soo guura xilliga jiilaalka sida [[white-headed duck|buraashka madaxa-cad]], [[greylag goose|buraashka cirada leh]], iyo [[great cormorant|waada weyn]]. Noocyada qaarkood waxay halis ugu jiraan dabar-go' caalami ah. [[glossy ibis|Shimbirta dhalaalaysa ee ibis]] iyo [[greater flamingo|hantida weyn ee gogorka]] waxay joogaan sannadka oo dhan. Aaggu wuxuu sidoo kale taageeraa noocyada naasleyda ah, oo ay ku jirto [[otter|idaha biyaha]].<ref name=":0" /> Dadka deegaanka waxay ku dhaqmaan taranka xoolaha iyo beerashada dhulka ku xeeran.<ref name=":0" /> Harada waxaa lagu dhex abuuray [[carp|kalluunka carp]], waxana ku yaal steshin ku saabsan beerashada biyaha (aquaculture) oo ku yaal xeebta waqooyi.<ref name=":1" /> == Xigasho == <references /> {{Rivers of Algeria}}{{Portal|Algeria }} r4xf5mev6fobbc6f5l999unh510ylgg 0 48464 300819 300551 2026-07-04T09:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Veronica Lucy Gordon''' waa saxafiyad, baahiye raadiye iyo u ololeeyaha xuquuqda aadanaha oo u dhalatay Koonfur Suudaan. Waxay ka mid tahay aasaasayaashii '''[[Association of Media Women in South Sudan]] (AMWISS)'''. Sannadkii 2014, waxay noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee xubin ka noqota guddiga fulinta ee '''Association for Media Development of South Sudan (AMDISS)'''. == Taariikh nololeed iyo waxbarasho == Gordon waxay haysataa Dibloomo ku saabsan Daraasaadka Bulshada iyo Horumarinta Reer Miyiga oo ay ka qaadatay [[Juba University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayen Achol Deng |first=Female Journalists Network |date=14 December 2021 |title=Veteran journalist who bore brunt of war for decades narrates her story |url=https://beta.cityreviewss.com/veteran-journalist-who-bore-brunt-of-war-for-decades-narrates-her-story/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010234318/https://beta.cityreviewss.com/veteran-journalist-who-bore-brunt-of-war-for-decades-narrates-her-story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale qaadatay tababar socday lix bilood oo ku saabsan tebinta wararka wargeysyada iyo sawir-qaadista, kaas oo ay maalgelisay Hirondele iyo [[BBC Trust]].<ref name=":0" /> Xiisaha ay u qabtay wax ka qabashada sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga ee warbaahinta wuxuu bilowday xilligii ay dhiganaysay dugsiga sare, markaas oo ay warbixinno ku daabici jirtay wargeyska dugsiga si ay u muujiso matalaadda hoose ee haweenka ee bulshadeeda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Activist - Women of Rubies |url=https://womenofrubies.com/tag/activist/,%20https://womenofrubies.com/tag/activist/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hoggaaminteedii hore waxay saldhig u noqotay shaqadeeda mustaqbalka, oo ay ku jirto doorkeedii aasaasidda Association of Media Women in South Sudan (AMWISS) iyo u doodista in codka haweenku si weyn uga muuqdo warbaahinta qaranka. == Shaqada == Gordon waxay ahayd qoraa joogto ah oo ka tirsan wargeyska ''Nile Mirror Newspaper'' sannadkii 1983, iyadoo inta badan wax ka qori jirtay waxbarashada gabdhaha.<ref name=":0" /> Intii u dhaxaysay 1985 iyo 2000, Gordon waxay ka shaqaynaysay Sudan National Broadcasting Cooperation, halkaas oo si qasab ah looga fariisiyay shaqada.<ref name=":0" /> Kadib waxay ku biirtay Coordination Council for the Southern States, oo uu aasaasay [[Riek Machar]].<ref name=":0" /> Sannadkii 2006, waxay ka shaqaynaysay idaacadda Free Voice Radio iyadoo ahayd soo-saare iyo turjubaan barnaamijyo.<ref name=":0" /> Sannadkii 2006, iyadoo ay weheliso marxuumad [[Apollonia Mathia]] iyo xubno kale, Gordon waxay ka mid ahayd aasaasayaashii Association of Media Women in South Sudan (AMWISS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-04 |title=Meet Veronica Lucy Gordon, South Sudan |url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-veronica-lucy-gordon-south-sudan/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Nobel Women's Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=FOJO:Media Institute |date=November 2012 |title=Report on Training Needs for South Sudanese Journalists |pages=13 |work=Fojo Media Institute |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-fojo-needs-assessment-southsudan-2012.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Isla muddadaas waxay sidoo kale ahayd Agaasimaha South Sudan Radio sannadkii 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Powell |first=Robert |date=1 February 2012 |title=South Sudan : Media and telecoms landscape guide, February 2012 |pages=13–14 |work=Infoasaid |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/South%20Sudan%20Media%20and%20Telecoms%20Landscape%20Guide.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Sannadkii 2014, Gordon waxaa loo doortay guddoomiye ku xigeenkii ugu horreeyay ee haweeney ah ee Association for Media Development in South Sudan (AMDISS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-17 |title=Veteran Journalist Alfred Taban elected head of AMDISS |url=https://eyeradio.org/alfred-taban-elected-head-amdiss/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Apollonia Mathia]] * [[Mass media in South Sudan]] * [[Human rights in South Sudan]] == Tixraacyo == tqijccoq7bx61qd39tdrfsyqdm8u8in 0 48469 300749 300562 2026-07-04T00:33:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apollonia Mathia''' (waxay geeriyootay 18 Maarso 2011) waxay ahayd saxafiyad iyo [[Activism|u-dhaqdhaqaaqe bulsho]] oo u dhalatay [[South Sudan]]. Mathia waxay ka mid ahayd aasaasayaashii Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfur Suudaan (AMWISS), iyo sidoo kale Midowga Saxafiyiinta Koonfurta Suudaan (UJOSS). == Nolosheedii hore iyo waxbarashada == Mathia waxay dhalatay sannadihii 1950-meeyadii.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Oduha |first=Joseph |date=19 March 2011 |title=Saxafiyaddii hormuudka ahayd ee haweenka ayaa ku geeriyootay shil gaari |pages=3–4 |work=The Pioneer |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/africacan/the_pioneer_issue_11_juba.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=11 Bisha Labaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211153236/https://blogs.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/africacan/the_pioneer_issue_11_juba.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxay carruurnimadeeda ku qaadatay waqooyiga [[Uganda]] ka hor intii aysan u guurin [[Juba]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title=Apollonia Mathia: Tiir ka mid ah saxaafadda Suudaan |url=http://www.thejournalist.org.za/spotlight/apollonia-mathia-a-rock-of-sudanese-journalism-2/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=The Journalist}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2011 |title=Xusuusta wariyihii hormuudka ahaa ee haweenka Koonfur Suudaan |url=https://cpj.org/2011/03/remembering-south-sudans-pioneer-female-reporter/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shaqada == Ka hor intii aysan ku biirin Wasaaradda Maaliyadda iyadoo xoghaye ka noqotay sannadkii 1978, Mathia waxay ka shaqaynaysay Kaniisadda Katooliga iyadoo ahayd Maareeyaha Warfaafinta.<ref name=":0" /> Markii dambe way iska casishay shaqadaas si ay ugu biirto [[Juba Post]], halkaas oo ay ahayd haweeneydii keliya ee tifaftire ahayd iyo [[Managing editor|tifaftiraha maamulka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Okello |first=Rosemary |date=May 2011 |title=Xuska nolosha Apollonia Mathia: Isuduwaha qaranka GMMP iyo saxafiyaddii ugu horreysay ee haweeney ah ee Koonfur Suudaan |pages=15–16 |work=Media & Gender Monitor |url=https://new.waccglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/wacc-global/Images/Galleries/RESOURCES/e-pubs/MGM/MGM-PDFS/mgm22.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Waxay ka tagtay ''Juba Post'' sannadkii 2008, waxayna ku biirtay BBC Monitoring Service iyadoo noqotay wariyahooda Koonfur Suudaan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Mathia waxay ka soo shaqeysay shaqooyin kala duwan, waxayna gacan ka geysatay aasaaska Midowga Saxafiyiinta Koonfurta Suudaan (UJOSS). Waxay sidoo kale lataliye ka ahayd waaxda maalgelinta microfinance ee Bangiga Adduunka ee Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2011 |title=Saxafiyaddii rug-caddaaga ahayd ee Koonfur Suudaan ayaa geeriyootay |url=https://www.media-diversity.org/south-sudans-veteran-female-journalist-passes-on/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Media Diversity Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> Markii ay geeriyootay sannadkii 2011, Mathia waxay ahayd Agaasimaha Fulinta ee Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfur Suudaan (AMWISS), oo ay wada aasaaseen sannadkii 2008 iyada, [[Veronica Lucy Gordon]] iyo xubno kale.<ref name=":3" /> == Geerida == 18 Maarso 2011, Mathia waxay ku geeriyootay shil gaari kadib markii mooto ay saarneyd uu jiiray gaari xamuul ah.<ref name=":0" /> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Anna Nimiriano]] * [[Veronica Lucy Gordon]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 3ppjivu58v6od4pycipvgq1swve7kzy 0 48471 300747 300564 2026-07-04T00:22:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300747 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Taban Logune''' (1957, [[Kajokeji]] – 27 Abriil 2019, [[Kampala]]) wuxuu ahaa saxafi warbaahineed oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]]. Wuxuu hore u ahaa weriyaha [[BBC]] ee magaalada [[Khartoum]]. Wuxuu ahaa aas-aasaha iyo tifaftirihii guud ee hore ee ''[[Juba Monitor]]'', oo ah wargeyska madaxbannaan ee ugu caansan [[South Sudan]], kaas oo markii hore loo yiqiin ''[[Khartoum Monitor]]'', wargeyskii ugu horreeyay ee madaxbannaan oo ku baxa afka Ingiriisiga ee [[Sudan]]. Taban wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa guddoomiyihii hore ee [[Association for Media Development in South Sudan|Ururka Horumarinta Warbaahinta ee Koonfurta Suudaan (AMDISS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html|title=The Democracy Award – 2006 Democracy Award|date=24 August 2006|website=National Endowment for Democracy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824062550/https://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html|archive-date=24 August 2006|url-status = dead|access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> Waqtigii uu geeriyooday wuxuu ahaa xildhibaan ka tirsan Golaha Sharci-dejinta Qaranka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Koonfurta Suudaan. Inkasta oo uu ku tababartay farsamada shaybaarka, Taban wuxuu doortay xirfadda saxaafadda. Bishii Abriil 2001 waxaa hay'adaha ammaanku xireen muddo shan maalmood ah isaga oo tebiyay shir jaraa'id oo ay qabteen hoggaamiyeyaasha kaniisadaha ee Khartuum, kuwaas oo ka mudaaharaaday joojinta adeeg kaniisadeed iyo xarigga ilaa boqol Masiixiyiin ah.<ref>[[UNHCR]], 3 May 2002, [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,RSF,,SDN,456d621e2,487c52655,0.html Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2002 – Sudan], accessed 8 July 2009</ref> Bishii Luulyo 2005, [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Guddoomiyaha]] [[British House of Commons]] [[Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn|Michael Martin]] ayaa Alfred Taban guddoonsiiyay Abaalmarinta Speaker Abbot, isaga oo ku maamuusay shaqadiisii uu ku iftiimiyay xasuuqii ka dhacay [[Darfur conflict|Darfur]]. Abaalmarintan waxaa la siiyaa saxafiga caalamka ugu waxqabadka badan ee ka qayb qaatay "ilaalinta, horumarinta iyo joogtaynta dimuqraadiyadda baarlamaannada".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk/page.php?domain_name=parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk&viewpage=Abbot%20Award |title=Abbot Award |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625175511/http://www.parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk/page.php?domain_name=parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk&viewpage=Abbot%20Award |archive-date=25 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 2006, Taban wuxuu ka mid ahaa saddex qof oo la guddoonsiiyay Abaalmarinta [[National Endowment for Democracy]] oo uu bixiyay madaxweynihii Maraykanka [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="NED">[[National Endowment for Democracy]], [http://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html 2006 Democracy Award] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html |date=20090609035332 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609035332/http://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html |date=9 June 2009 }}</ref> 30 Oktoobar 2006, Taban ayaa loo yeeray waxaana loo sheegay inuu mas'uul ka yahay maqaal lagu daabacay wargeyska 14 Sebteembar 2006, kaas oo ku eedeeyay wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, wasiiru-dowlaha arrimaha dibadda iyo agaasimaha warfaafinta iyo xiriirka dadweynaha, [[Lam Akol]], inay yihiin afhayeenno iyo fuliyayaal [[genocide|xasuuq]] isla markaana ay yihiin xagjiriin [[Islam]]i ah. Waxaa lagu dooday in maqaalku uu ahaa dhaleeceyn guud iyo aragtida gaarka ah ee qoraaga. Marka laga soo tago canaanta la daabacay, waxaa sidoo kale lagu soo rogay ganaax.<ref>''[[Sudan Tribune]]'', 31 October 2006, [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article18421 Khartoum Monitor reprimanded after complaint by Foreign Ministry]</ref> Bishii Luulyo 2016, Taban wuxuu qoray maqaal uu ugu baaqayay Madaxweyne [[Salva Kiir]] iyo Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka [[Riek Machar]] inay xilka iska casilaan maadaama ay ku guuldareysteen inay hagaajiyaan xaaladda amniga ee Juba. Maalintii xigtay waa la xiray waxaana la hayay dhowr maalmood iyada oo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin.<ref>[https://cpj.org/2016/07/south-sudan-authorities-arrest-editor-order-juba-m.php South Sudan authorities arrest editor, order Juba Monitor to cease publishing], ''CPJ'', 18 July 2016.</ref> Taban wuxuu markii dambe noqday xildhibaan sharaf leh oo ka tirsan Golaha Sharci-dejinta Qaranka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Koonfurta Suudaan, wuxuuna sidoo kale xubin ka ahaa guddiga hagidda ee Wadahadalka Qaranka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ssnationaldialogue.org/news-item/press-freedom-in-south-sudan/|title=National Dialogue Hosts Forum on Press Freedom in South Sudan|last=Wanga|first=Vincent|date=25 January 2018|work=South Sudan National Dialogue|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140749/https://www.ssnationaldialogue.org/news-item/press-freedom-in-south-sudan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wuxuu ku geeriyooday 27 Abriil 2019 magaalada [[Kampala]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200205192643/https://www.voanews.com/archive/south-sudan-mourns-veteran-journalist South Sudan Mourns Veteran Journalist], ''VOA'', 29 April 2019.</ref><ref>Franklin Draku, [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/South-Sudanese-veteran-journalist-dies-Uganda/688334-5092028-oar89mz/index.html South Sudanese veteran journalist dies in Uganda], ''Daily Monitor'', 29 April 2019.</ref> == Tixraacyo == 4q4kri5m57838229sm4txl7icvhsr66 0 48477 300822 300619 2026-07-04T09:32:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Black Kei | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Swart-Keirivier | name_etymology = Waxay ka timid ''kei'', oo ah ereyga loo isticmaalo "biyaha" ee [[Khoekhoe language|Luqadda Khoekhoe]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Black Kei <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Eastern Cape Province|Gobolka Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Stormberg District|Stormberg]] | source1_location = [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = [[Swart-Kei River|Swart-Kei]] / [[Wit-Kei River|Wit-Kei]] | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_coordinates= | source_confluence_elevation = | mouth = Ku biirista [[White Kei River|Webiga White Kei]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|32|13|34|S|27|30|36|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|540|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Klaas Smits River|Webiga Klaas Smits]] | tributaries_right = [[Klipplaat River|Webiga Klipplaat]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Black Kei''' wuxuu ka bilaawdaa koonfur-galbeed [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]], wuxuuna aakhirka ku biiraa [[White Kei River|Webiga White Kei]], si uu u noqdo [[Great Kei River|Webiga Great Kei]]. Dhowr tuulo ayaa ku yaal hareerihiisa, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin Tuulada McBride, Qabi, Ntabelanga, [[Thornhill, Tsolwana|Thornhill]], Loudon, Mitford, [[Basoto, Tsolwana|Basoto]], [[Baccle's Farm]] iyo [[Tentergate]].<ref>{{Citation |title=South Africa (Republic) - Animals & Animal Welfare |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/doi/10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012 |access-date=2026-06-22 |language=en |doi=10.1163/2213-2996_flg_COM_172012 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Miyir-biyeedka [[Thrift Dam]] waa kaydkiisa kaliya ee muhiimka ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah webigan wuxuu ka tirsan yahay [[Mzimvubu to Keiskama Water Management Area|Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Mzimvubu ilaa Keiskama]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> Qaybihiisa kore waxay sameeyaan xadka galbeed ee [[Tsolwana Nature Reserve|Hagaaga Deegaanka ee Tsolwana]], intii lagu guda jiray bartamihii 1800-meeyadii, Black Kei iyo laantiisa Klipplaat waxay sameeyeen xadka waqooyi ee [[British Kaffraria]]. Webiyada [[Klaas Smits River|Klaas Smits]] iyo [[Klipplaat River|Klipplaat]] waa laamihiisa ugu muhiimsan.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA12MzimvubuKeiskamma.jpg Mizimbuvu to Keiskamma WMA 12]</ref> == Eeg sidoo kale == *[[Great Kei River]] * [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]] ==Tixraac== <references /> ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041011/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html SA Estuarine Land-cover: Great Kei Catchment] *[http://www.wildcoast.co.za/node/112 Towns of historical interest in the 'kei] 8y6aaas96pfoa11nny3l3y7xpnrbp5x 0 48482 300756 300625 2026-07-04T01:20:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo xireenka Vanderkloof | image = Vanderkloof Dam aerial.jpg | image_caption = | name_official = Vanderkloof Dam | dam_crosses = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] | res_name = Vanderkloof Dam Reservoir | location = U dhaxeeya [[Northern Cape]] iyo [[Free State (province)|Free State]] | country = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | owner = [[Department of Water Affairs|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Biyaha]] | plant_operator = [[Eskom]] | dam_length = {{convert|756|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="dawf" /> | dam_height = {{convert|108|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="vanderkloofdam">{{cite web|url=http://www.vanderkloofdam.co.za/|title=Vanderkloof Dam|access-date=2009-05-27|archive-date=2020-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601033757/http://vanderkloofdam.co.za/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | dam_type = A | dam_width_base = | construction_began = 1973 | opening = 1977 | cost = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|3236|e6m3}}<ref name="dawf">{{cite web|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/Mid_Orange/vanderkl.htm|title=Vanderkloof Dam|publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)]]|access-date=2009-05-27}}</ref> | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|133.402|km2|abbr=on}} | plant_turbines = 2 | plant_capacity = {{convert|240|MW|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|360|MW|abbr=on}} (max) | plant_annual_gen = {{convert|932|GWh|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.eskom.co.za/c/article/48/vanderkloof-power-station/ Eskom website]</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|-29.99222|24.73167|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = South Africa Northern Cape#South Africa }} '''Biyo-xireenka Vanderkloof''' (markii hore loo yaqaanay Biyo-xireenkii [[P. K. Le Roux]]) wuxuu ku yaal qiyaastii {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}} dhanka hoose ee [[Gariep Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gariep]], waxaana ku shubma [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]], oo ah webiga ugu weyn Koonfur Afrika.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-25307/page/197/mode/2up?q=%22vanderkloof+dam%22+%22berg+river%22 |title=South Africa’s water governance hydraulic mission (1912–2008) in a WEF-Nexus context |date=2018 |publisher=AOSIS (Pty) Ltd |editor-last=Van Aarde |editor-first=Andries |pages=198–200 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Biyo-xireenka Vanderkloof waa biyo-xireenka labaad ee ugu weyn Koonfur Afrika (dhanka baaxadda biyaha), wuxuuna leeyahay gidaarka biyo-xireen ee ugu sarreeya dalka kaas oo gaaraya {{convert|108|m}}. Biyo-xireenkan waxaa la hawlgaliyay sannadkii 1977; wuxuu qaadaa biyo xaddigoodu yahay {{convert|3187.557|e6m3|acre.ft}} wuxuuna leeyahay baaxad dhul oo gaaraysa {{convert|133.43|km2}} marka uu buuxo. Webiyada kale ee ku shubma biyo-xireenkan waxaa ka mid ah Webiga Berg, labo durdurrood oo aan magac lahayn oo ka yimaada dhanka [[Reebokrand]], [[Knapsak River|Webiga Knapsak]], [[Paaiskloofspruit]], [[Seekoei River|Webiga Seekoei]], [[Kattegatspruit]] iyo [[Hondeblaf River|Webiga Hondeblaf]], marka loo raaco dhanka wareegga saacadda.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} [[Vanderkloof|Magaalada VanderKloof]] waxaa laga dhisay dhanka bidix ee biyo-xireenka, iyadoo marinka weyn ee laga galo magaalada uu ku yaal meel xoogaa ka sarreysa gidaarka biyo-xireenka, waxaana ku yaal meelo loo dalxiis tago iyo jardiinooyin, sida [[Rolfontein Nature Reserve|Hagaaga Deegaanka ee Rolfontein]]. ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rolfontein_Nature_Reserve Sawirrada Wiki Commons]) ==Eeg sidoo kale== {{stack|{{Portal|South Africa|Water|Renewable energy}}}} * [[List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa|Liiska kaydadka biyaha iyo biyo-xireennada Koonfur Afrika]] ==sawirro== <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:VanderKloof Dam Wall 1.jpg| Muqaalka biyo-xireenka ee dhanka midig File:VanderKloofDamLookingLeftSide.jpg File:VanderKloofDamLookingLeftSideDownRiver.jpg File:VanderKloofDamLookingDownPanoramic.jpg File:VanderKloofDamLookingAcrossFromRight2.jpg File:VanderKloofDamLookingDownServicesTunnel.jpg File:VanderKloofDamLookingOverIt.jpg File:VanderKloofClose u from the right.jpg File:VanderKloofDamLookingDownPanoramic (2).jpg </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category}} * [http://www.vanderkloofdam.co.za/ Vanderkloof Dam] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vanderkloofdam.co.za/ |date=20200601033757 }} * [http://www.eskom.co.za/Whatweredoing/ElectricityGeneration/PowerStations/Pages/Vanderkloof_Power_Station.aspx Vanderkloof Power Station] ku yaal degelka [[Eskom]] {{Power in South Africa |state=expanded}} kefwirlybnaswm8sb513kyl6i4eu4ph 0 48488 300824 300632 2026-07-04T09:37:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Breede | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Breë | name_etymology = Luqadda [[Dutch language|Hulandeeska]] ku ah "ballaaran". <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = Breede River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Breede oo qiyaastii 5km u jira afkiisa dhanka gudaha. | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 7 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Breede <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[Western Cape Province|Gobolka Western Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|337|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Waqooyiga [[Swartberg]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Witsand]] | mouth_location = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|24|S|20|50|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|12384|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Breede''' ({{langx|af|Breederivier}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Webiga Breë''', waa webi ku yaal [[Western Cape Province|Gobolka Western Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Isagoo u socda dhanka waqooyi ee gudaha dalka marka laga bilaabo magaalada [[Cape Town]], webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa bari. Buuraha ku xeeran ee galbeedka waxay noqdeen qaybintii ugu horreysay ee qaaradda ee ay la kulmaan [[Europe|Yurubiyaankii]] [[settlers|degay]] qarnigii 18-aad. Webiga Witels iyo [[Dwarsrivier|Webiga Dwars]] waxay isku beddelaan Webiga Breë. ==Isha webiga== [[Drainage basin|Aagga ururinta biyaha]] ee ugu horreeya ee webiga wuxuu ku yaal silsiladda buuraha Skurweberg oo u dhow [[Ceres, South Africa|Ceres]]. Biyaha sare waxay markaas dhex maraaan marinka casriga ah ee [[Michell's Pass]] ka hor intaysan u fidin marinkiisa dhexe ee aagga [[Worcester, South Africa|Worcester]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.places.co.za/html/breedevalley.html|title=Breede River Valley|website=www.places.co.za|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413032623/https://www.places.co.za/html/breedevalley.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afka webigu wuxuu ku yaal af-gariir dabiici ah ([[estuary]]) oo ku yaal [[Witsand]] ee dhanka [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]].<ref>[http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/bree.html Bree - estuary] {{Wayback|url=http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/bree.html |date=20061008000217 }} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008000217/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/bree.html |date=October 8, 2006 }}</ref> ==Laamaha== Marinkiisa uu dhex maro [[Breede River Valley|Dooxada Webiga Breede]], waxaa ku biira Webiyada Holsloot iyo Smalblaar, oo ka yimaada aagaggooda ururinta biyaha ee silsiladaha buuraha [[Du Toitskloof]] iyo Stettyn. Webiga Hex oo aaggiisa ururinta biyuhu ku yaal [[Hex River Mountains|Buuraha Webiga Hex]] wuxuu sidoo kale kaga soo biiraa Webiga Breede dhanka waqooyi-bari. Dhanka hoose, Webiga Slang iyo [[Buffeljags River|Webiga Buffeljags]] waxay soo miiqaan jiidda koonfureed ee buuraha Langeberg ka hor intaysan biyahooda ku shubin Webiga Breede. U dhow [[Swellendam]] waxaa webiga kaga biira Riviersonderend, oo aaggiisa ururinta biyuhu ku yaal buuraha ku xeeran Biyo-xireenka Theewaterskloof oo u dhow [[Villiersdorp]]. == Biyo-xireennada ku yaal webiga == Biyo-xireenka weyn ee Brandvlei (Greater Brandvlei Dam), oo la dhameystiray 1936-dii si buuxdana loo ballaariyay 1987-dii, wuxuu biyo u fidiyaa nidaamyo waraab oo kala duwan oo ku yaal guud ahaan qaybta beeraha ee gobolka. (Waxa kale oo loo yaqaanaa [[Brandvlei Dam|Biyo-xireenka Brandvlei]] iyo [[Kwaggaskloof Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kwaggaskloof]]){{Clarify|date=May 2010}}. Aagga ururinta biyaha waxaa ku yaal dhowr biyo-xireenno kale oo kale: * [[Stettynskloof Dam|Biyo-xireenka Stettynskloof]] oo ku yaal laanta Webiga Holsloot ee ku biirta Webiga Breede. * Biyo-xireenka Zwiegelaars * [[Theewaterskloof Dam|Biyo-xireenka Theewaterskloof]] labaduba waxay ku yaallaan [[Riviersonderend River|Webiga Riviersonderend]] * [[Elandskloof Dam|Biyo-xireenka Elandskloof]] oo ku yaal [[Elands River (Western Cape)|Webiga Elands]] oo ah laan ka tirsan [[Riviersonderend River|Webiga Riviersonderend]]. * Biyo-xireenka Moordkuil oo ku yaal Webiga Hooks oo ah laan ka tirsan Webiga Breede. * [[Keerom Dam|Biyo-xireenka Keerom]] oo ku yaal Webiga Nuy oo ah laan ka tirsan Webiga Breede. * [[Klipberg Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klipberg]] oo ku yaal Webiga Konings oo isna ah laan ka tirsan Webiga Keisers, oo ah laan ka tirsan Webiga Breede. * [[Pietersfontein Dam|Biyo-xireenka Pietersfontein]] oo ku yaal Webiga Pietersfontein oo ah laan ka tirsan [[Kogmanskloof River|Webiga Kogmanskloof]], isna ah laan ka tirsan Webiga Breede. * [[Poortjieskloof Dam|Biyo-xireenka Poortjieskloof]] oo ku yaal [[Groot River (Western Cape)|Webiga Groot]] isna ku shubma Webiga Kogmanskloof * [[Buffeljags Dam|Biyo-xireenka Buffeljags]] oo ku yaal [[Buffeljags River|Webiga Buffeljags]] oo ah laan ka tirsan Webiga Breede. ==Hawshaha la qabto== {{See also|Breede River Canoe Marathon}} Webiga Breede waa goob caan ku ah socdaallada dooomaha ragaabka ee webiga (river rafting). Biyaha si tartiib ah u qulqulaya iyo maqnaanshaha yaxaasna, masiyada iyo kaneecada ayaa ka dhigaya meeshan mid loo dalxiis tago dhammaadka toddobaadka. Dhowr shirkadood oo dalxiis ayaa dooomaha ka bilaaba qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km koonfurta [[Swellendam]] iyagoo adeegsanaya dooomaha la afuufo ee labada qofood ah. Webiga dhexdiisa dooomaha waa la marin karaa qiyaastii 28&nbsp;km, laga bilaabo afka webiga ee [[Witsand]]. == Deegaanka dabiiciga ah == Inta badan, [[bull shark|libaax-badeedka dibiga]] ayaa soo gala af-gariirka webiga waxayna dhex degaan biyaha Webiga Breede, iyadoo la diwaangeliyay iyagoo jooga ilaa 5&nbsp;km oo kor u raacsan webiga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wavescape.co.za/environment/sharks/bizarre-bull-shark-record.html|title=Bizarre Bull Shark Record|first=Spike at|last=Wavescape|website=www.wavescape.co.za|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-date=2022-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817142318/https://www.wavescape.co.za/environment/sharks/bizarre-bull-shark-record.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Libaax-badeedyadan waxaa lagu soo bandhigay xilli-ciyaareedkii labaad ee taxanaha [[River Monsters]]. Sida ay muujisay baaritaanadii [[Jeremy Wade]], libaax-badeedka dibiga ee Webiga Breede way ka weyn yihiin celceliska caadiga ah sababo la xiriira caadada gaarka ah ee ay u leeyihiin inay ka xadaan jillaabatooyinka waxyaabaha ay soo qabtaan, taas oo u oggolaanaysa inay quustaan oo ay miisaan kororsadaan iyagoon isticmaalin tamar badan. Arrintan iyo caafimaadka wanaagsan ee nidaamka deegaanka webiga ayaa keentay in deegaankaas laga diwaangeliyo weeraro aad u yar ama aanaba jirin oo libaax-badeedku u geysto aadanaha.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Hidden Predator |series=River Monsters | network=[[Animal Planet]] |date=30 May 2010}}</ref> == Sawirro == <gallery mode="packed" heights="165"> Image:Alvi's Drift low-water bridge across the Breede River.jpg|Buundada biyaha hoose ee Alvi's Drift ee ka dul dhisani Webiga Breede Image:Breede River PA020053.JPG|Webiga Breede oo laga soo eegay Bontebok Park Image:Handbetriebene Fähre P1020854.JPG|[[Cable ferry|Doonta xarigga]] ee Malgas Image:PA020092 Breede River vor Langeberg Mountains.JPG|Breede iyadoo asalka dambe ay ku yaallaan Buuraha [[Langeberg]] </gallery> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionswc/breederiver-attractions.htm Breede River Valley, Western Cape] mfu6mnogzt4tahuhwkpwyq6avee4orp 0 48489 300825 300635 2026-07-04T09:37:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | mapframe = Yes | name = Webiga Buffels | map = South Africa Northern Cape location map.svg | map_size = 250 | map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal Webiga Buffels ee Northern Cape, Koonfur Afrika | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Afka Webiga Buffels oo u dhow kleinzee | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = Koonfur Afrika | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = Northern Cape | source1 = Gobolka Kamiesberg | source1_location = Northern Cape | mouth = Badweynta Atlaantikada | mouth_location = U dhow Kleinzee | basin_size = ~9,250 km² | river_system = Nidaamka Webiga Buffels | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|29|40|35|S|17|3|8|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Webiga Buffels''' waa [[webi]] qulqula oo keliya muddo gaaban ka dib marka uu roobku da'o, inta badan sannadkana waa uu engegan yahay. Wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Northern Cape|gobolka Northern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa gobolka abaartu u saaxiibka tahay ee [[Namaqualand]] wuxuuna guud ahaan u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed isagoo ku shubma [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantikada]] meel u dhow [[Kleinzee]]. Webigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaabab qulqulatooyin oo aad u isbedbeddela, wuxuuna inta badan ku tiirsan yahay roobabka xilliyada leh ee ka da'a aaggiisa [[Drainage basin|ururinta biyaha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=The Buffels River catchment illustrating the drainage network and rainfall isohyets |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Buffels-River-catchment-illustrating-the-drainage-network-and-rainfall-isohyets-The_fig1_49608860 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution of Estuaries |doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2011.01.004 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159}}</ref> == Marinka iyo baaxadda koobidda == [[File:The Buffels River catchment.jpg|thumb|Aagga ururinta biyaha ee webiga oo muujinaya shabakadda bullaacadaha iyo isohyets roobka (sadarrada isku xira qodobbada hela roob isku mid ah muddo cayiman gudaheed).]] Webiga Buffels wuxuu ka bilaawdaa dhulka sare ee gudaha ee Northern Cape wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed isagoo dhex mara Namaqualand, wuxuu soo maraa degsiimooyin ay ka mid yihiin [[Springbok, South Africa|Springbok]], [[Nababeep]], iyo [[Okiep]] ka hor int uusan gaarin xeidda Atlaantikada u dhow Kleinzee, halkaas oo uu ka samayn karo af-gariir dabiici ah oo meel ku gaar ah xilliyada daadadka. Marinka guud ee webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{Convert abbreviated|250|km|mi}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Benito |first1=G. |last2=Botero |first2=B. A. |last3=Thorndycraft |first3=V. R. |last4=Rico |first4=M. |last5=Sánchez-Moya |first5=Y. |last6=Sopeña |first6=A. |last7=Machado |first7=M. J. |last8=Dahan |first8=O. |date=2011-04-08 |title=Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/15/1185/2011/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1185–1196 |doi=10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011HESS...15.1185B |issn=1607-7938}}</ref> Qaybihiisa hoose, webigu inta badan waa mid engegan oo kaliya qulqula roobab culus ka dib. Waa mid aad u dhalanteed ah (ephemeral), oo si adag u qulqula xilliyada daadadka degdegga ah iyo roobabka waaweyn, wuxuuna ahaanayaa mid gabi ahaanba engegan inta badan sannadka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Gend |first1=J. |last2=Francis |first2=M. L. |last3=Watson |first3=A. P. |last4=Palcsu |first4=L. |last5=Horváth |first5=A. |last6=Macey |first6=P. H. |last7=Le Roux |first7=P. |last8=Clarke |first8=C. E. |last9=Miller |first9=J. A. |title=Impacts of climate change and human activities on water resources and water quality |journal=The Science of the Total Environment |year=2020 |volume=762 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143140 |pmid=33131834 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720366705}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2011-05-01 |title=Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |journal=Quaternary Research |language=en-US |volume=75 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.yqre |doi-broken-date=8 June 2026 |issn=0033-5894 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421184612/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589411000159 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |access-date=2026-07-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Biyaha == Webiga Buffels waa webi ku meel gaar ah oo qulqula oo keliya ka dib marka uu roobku da'o. Wuxuu miiraa aag ururin biyo ah oo qiyaastii ah 9,000–9,500&nbsp;km² wuxuuna inta badan ku tiirsan yahay roobabka jiilaalka ee u dhaxeeya May iyo September, inkastoo qaybta bari ee aagga ururinta biyuhu ay la kulanto roobab xagaagii ah oo wata onkod iyo hillaac.<ref name=":2" /> Roobabka gobolka ka da'a waxay u dhaxeeyaan 100&nbsp;mm iyo 300&nbsp;mm sannadkii, taas oo ka dhigaysa webiga mid aad ugu nugul daadad degdeg ah oo ay ku xigaan xilliyo engegan oo dhaadheer.<ref name=":0" /> Inta badan daadadku waxay dhacaan xilliga roobka jiilaalka, inkastoo roobabka xagaaga ee mararka qaarkood ay sababi karaan daadad degdeg ah.<ref name=":2" /> == Juqraafiga iyo Deegaanka == Webigu wuxuu dhex maraa gobolka jiilaalka ee Namaqualand, kaas oo ay ku badan yihiin [[granite]] qadiimi ah, [[gneiss]], iyo [[metamorphic rock|dhagaxaan metamorphis]] ah. Gobolku waa mid [[Semi-arid climate|nus-engegan]] oo leh dhir kooban oo la qabsaday xaaladaha abaaraha. Maadaama ciiddu ay tahay midgaboob oo dhagax leh, ma haysan karto biyo badan, sidaas darteed biyaha roobku si dhakhso ah ayay u socdaan roobka ka dib.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Portal |url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/The-provenance-of-the-Buffels-River/9911142007691 |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=ujcontent.uj.ac.za}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Isticmaalka bini'aadamka == Bulshooyinka ku dhex nool aagga ururinta biyaha ee Webiga Buffels waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin ilaha biyaha dhulka hoose ee la xiriira kaydadka alluvial ee webiga. Taariikh ahaan, aagga ururinta biyuhu wuxuu taageeray macdanta naxaasta ee agagaarka Springbok, Okiep iyo Nababeep, iyo sidoo kale xoolo dhaqatada. Maareynta ilaha biyaha ee dooxada waxay diiradda saartaa isticmaalka joogtada ah ee biyaha dusha sare ee xaddidan iyo sahayda biyaha dhulka hoose ee deegaan engegan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Water Resources of South Africa 2012 |publisher=Water Research Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=South African Atlas of Climatology and Agrohydrology |publisher=Water Research Commission}}</ref> == Muhiimada cilmiyeed == Webiga Buffels waxaa si joogto ah loogu soo xaqiijiyaa daraasadaha webiyada ku meel gaarka ah, dib u buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoose iyo haidroloojiga dhulka engegan ee koonfurta Afrika. Aaggiisa ururinta biyuhu wuxuu bixiyaa tusaale muhiim ah oo ku saabsan sida webiyada go'a u shaqeeyaan xaaladaha cimilada engegan, waxaana loo isticmaalay cilmi-baarista maareynta ilaha biyaha, joomorfoloojiga iyo geeddi-socodka deegaanka ee gobolka Namaqualand.<ref>{{cite book |title=Water Resources of South Africa 2012 |publisher=Water Research Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=South African Atlas of Climatology and Agrohydrology |publisher=Water Research Commission}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} jrz0q8qy2l05h7fbk17911fi57cmrzc 0 48494 300829 300650 2026-07-04T09:40:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Doring | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Doring/Oudrif <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Woqooyi-bari ee [[Ceres, Western Cape|Ceres]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = Sida Webiga Oudrif | mouth_location = Isku-darka | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|31|52|26|S|18|38|23|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|44|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Dore.jpg | thumb | right]] '''Webiga Doring''' ({{langx|af|Doringrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Western Cape Province|Gobolka Western Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu qayb ka yahay nidaamka [[Olifants/Doring River|Webiga Olifants/Doring]].<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverWCDoring/DoringRiver.htm Rivers in South Africa - Doring River]</ref> Magaca 'Doring' waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa qayb ka mid ah Webiga Sout, oo ah laan kale oo Olifants ah, bartamaha marinkiisa.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]</ref> ==Marinka== Webiga Doring wuxuu ka bilaawdaa woqooyi-bari ee [[Ceres, Western Cape|Ceres]] wuxuuna ku biiraa [[Olifants River (Western Cape)|Webiga Olifants]] u dhow magaalada [[Klawer]] asagoo ah Webiga Oudrif ka dib marka uu la kulmo Webiga Koebee. Laamaha ku biira waxaa ka mid ah Webiga Tankwa, [[Riet River (Doring)|Webiga Riet]], Webiga Wolf iyo Webiga Brandewyn.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA17OlifantsDoorn.jpg Olifants/Doorn WMA 17]</ref> ==Deegaanka== Kalluunka [[Clanwilliam Yellowfish]] (''Labeobarbus capensis''), oo ah nooc deegaanka u [[endemism|gaar ah]] oo ay [[IUCN]] u kala saartay inuu yahay [[Vulnerable species|mid u nugul baaba'a]], ayaa laga helaa Doring iyo webiyada kale ee dooxadiisa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |access-date=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf The Influence of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Temperature on the Distribution, Habitat, Use and Recruitment of Threatened Cyprinids in a Western Cape River, South Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |date=20160304083759 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083759/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/1483-1-09.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm List of South African Dams] from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa) ceago2mcmubpveifwup9o01v7tpzcwf 0 48495 300852 300652 2026-07-04T10:07:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Salt River | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata = yes | map_caption = Khariidadda jidka ee Salt River | pushpin_map = | coordinates = {{coord|33|55|58|S|18|27|27|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Dalka | subdivision_name = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = Gobolka | subdivision_name1 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmada | subdivision_type3 = Dawladda Hoose | subdivision_name3 = [[City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality|City of Cape Town]] | subdivision_type4 = Goobta Muhiimka ah | subdivision_name4 = [[Cape Town]] | established_title = La aasaasay | leader_party = [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|DA]] | leader_title = [[Councillor|Xildhibaan]] | leader_name = Bernadette Le Roux | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041017 |title = Sub Place Salt River |work=Census 2011}} </ref> | area_total_km2 = 2.75 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | population_total = 6577 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = Qaab-dhismeedka qowmiyadaha (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Madow Afrikaan]] | demographics1_info1 = 39.5% | demographics1_title2 = [[Coloureds|Midabka isku dhafka ah (Coloured)]] | demographics1_info2 = 45.0% | demographics1_title3 = [[Indian South African|Aasiya]]/[[Asian South African|Hindi]] | demographics1_info3 = 3.8% | demographics1_title4 = [[White South African|Putiin]] | demographics1_info4 = 6.6% | demographics1_title5 = Kuwa kale | demographics1_info5 = 5.1% <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = [[First language|Luqadda koowaad]] (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics2_title1 = [[English language|Ingiriisi]] | demographics2_info1 = 56.5% | demographics2_title2 = [[Afrikaans]] | demographics2_info2 = 15.9% | demographics2_title3 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | demographics2_info3 = 10.1% | demographics2_title4 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]] | demographics2_info4 = 1.8% | demographics2_title5 = Kuwa kale | demographics2_info5 = 15.7% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information --> | timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Xeerka boostada]] (jidka) | postal_code = 7925 | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|Khaanadda boostada]] | postal2_code = | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Xeerka aagga]] }} '''Salt River''' waa xaafad ka tirsan [[Cape Town]], kuna taal u dhow [[Table Bay]], dhanka bari ee [[Cape Town CBD]].<ref name= "Salt River">{{cite web|url= https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionswc/salt-river.php |title= Salt River |author= |publisher= SAVenues |date= |access-date= 14 January 2026 }}</ref> Aaggan waxaa lagu yaqaannaa xiriirka uu la leeyahay warshadaha [[Clothing industry|dharka]] iyo [[textiles industry|dharka la dhotay]]. Magaca Salt River waa turjumaad ka timid luqadda [[Dutch language|Hollandeeska]] oo ah "Soutrivier". == Taariikh == Kahor intaan loo aasaasin sidii xaafad ka tirsan [[Cape Town]], aagga waxaa degganaa qabiilka Goringhaiqua ee [[Khoikhoi]]. Sannadkii 1510 wuxuu ahaa madasha [[Battle of Salt River|Dagaalkii Salt River]] ee u dhaxeeyay Boortaqiiska iyo Goringhaiqua. Salt River oo mar ahaan jirtay meel aad u horumarsan oo Cape Town ka tirsan sababtoo ah u dhowaanshaheeda CBD, waxay ahayd wadnaha warshadaha ee Cape Town. Warshadaha birta iyo tareennada ayaa muhiim u ahaa horumarkii hore ee xaafadda sababtoo ah ballaarinta shabakadda tareennada ee horraantii 1900-meeyadii.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} Ilaa dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, warshadaha caanka ah waxaa sidoo kale ka mid ahaa waxbshada dharka iyo samaynta dharka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah soo qulqulka dhar raqiis ah oo dibadda laga keeno, qaar badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha dharka ayaa xirmay, waxaana dib loogu sameeyay qaabayn cusub.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200503071209.html|title=Rex Trueform Reels After Loss of US Deal|date=7 March 2005|publisher=AllAfrica.com|access-date=16 December 2011}}</ref> Sababtoo ah u dhowaanshaha Salt River ee [[Cape Town CBD]] iyo warshado waaweyn oo wax soo saar, xaafaddu waxay caan ka noqotay dadka [[Cape Malays|Cape Malay-ga]] iyo dabaqadda shaqada ee loo yaqaan [[coloureds|midabka isku dhafka ah]]. Dad badan oo Cape Malay iyo dadka midabka isku dhafka ah leh ayaa ka soo guuray [[District Six]] una soo guuray Salt River dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1960-meeyadii, xitaa ka hor "raristii qasabka ahayd" ee District Six, taas oo dhacday qiyaastii 1967.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} Cape Malay-ga iyo dadka midabka isku dhafka ah waxay ka iibsan kareen guryo Salt River, laakiin Hindida ma iibsan karin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Hindida waxaa loo oggolaaday inay degaan Salt River haddii ay iibsadaan ama kireystaan guri ku dheggan dukaan [[groceries|raashinka]] oo geeska ku yaal.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} Tobankii sano ee xigay, ganacsiyo badan oo deegaanka ah ayaa xirmay, halka shaqo la'aanta iyo dambiyaduba ay kordheen. Korodhka kooxaha burcadda ah iyo isticmaalka daroogada ee xaafadda bartamihii 1990-meeyadii waxay keentay in la aasaaso kooxda hubaysan ee [[PAGAD]].{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} Sannadkii 2010, Salt River waxaa loo qoondeeyay dib-u-noolayn qayb ka ah qorshaha cusboonaysiinta magaalooyinka ee ku kacaya [[South African rand|R]]20 bilyan ee guud ahaan Cape Town.<ref>[http://www.iolproperty.co.za/roller/news/entry/cape_town_s_r20bn_facelift/ Cape Town's R20bn facelift] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iolproperty.co.za/roller/news/entry/cape_town_s_r20bn_facelift/ |date=20100420044956 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420044956/http://www.iolproperty.co.za/roller/news/entry/cape_town_s_r20bn_facelift |date=20 April 2010 }}</ref> Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, xaafaddu waxay martay isbeddel dhanka casriyeynta ah (gentrification), qiimaha guryahana wuxuu noqday mid kordha. Laga bilaabo Janaayo 2026, celceliska qiimaha guri [[condo]] ah oo 2 qol ka kooban oo ku yaal Salt River wuxuu ahaa R2.33 milyan.<ref name= "Apartments / Flats for Sale in Salt River">{{cite web|url= https://www.property24.com/apartments-for-sale/salt-river/cape-town/western-cape/10158?sp=bd%3d2%26so%3dPriceLow |title= Apartments / Flats for Sale in Salt River |author= |publisher= property24 |date= |access-date= 14 January 2026 }}</ref> == Juqraafi == Salt River waxaa loogu magac daray webi isla magacaas leh. [[Salt River (river, Cape Town)|Webiga Salt River]] waxaa foomiya isku-darka webiyada [[Liesbeek River|Liesbeek]] iyo [[Black River (Cape Town)|Black River]]. Webiga waa la kaniilay wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Table Bay]] inta u dhaxeysa [[Paarden Eiland]] iyo [[Brooklyn, Cape Town|Brooklyn]]. Webiga Salt waxay ku taal qiyaastii 4km u jirta Cape Town CBD, 8km u jirta Sea Point, 8km u jirta Century City, iyo 14km u jirta Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Cape Town. Waxaa ku hareeraysan aagag kale oo isticmaalka isku dhafka ah leh; kuwaas oo kala ah Woodstock, Observatory, Foreshore, Paarden Eiland, Maitland, iyo Ndabeni. == Qaab-dhismeedka == Salt River waa [[mixed-use development|aag isticmaalka isku dhafka ah leh]], oo ka kooban meelo tafaariiqda ah, ganacsi, [[light industrial|warshado fudud]], iyo guryo la dego. In ka badan kala badh aagga xaafadda (qaybta waqooyi-bari) waxaa deggen meelo la xiriira tareennada, baabuurta, iyo bakhaarrada. Marka la eego guryaha, xaafaddu waxay u badan tahay guryo dabaqyo ah oo dhererkoodu hooseeyo ama dhexdhexaad yahay (condos), laakiin waxay leedahay guryo gooni u taoggan oo qaarkood ah sidoo kale.<ref name= "Property for Sale in Salt River">{{cite web|url= https://www.property24.com/for-sale/salt-river/cape-town/western-cape/10158?sp=bd%3d2%26so%3dPriceLow |title= Property for Sale in Salt River |author= |publisher= property24 |date= |access-date= 14 January 2026 }}</ref> == Goobaha caanka ah == * [[Community House (Salt River, Cape Town)|Community House]], oo ah goob taariikhi ah oo loogu talagalay u-dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada taas oo hoos geysa ururro badan oo [[NGO]]-yo ah iyo [[trade union|ururrada shaqaalaha]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{commons category}} hfub1tohiqafc633iyji141jjoh9nli 0 48497 300853 300654 2026-07-04T10:07:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sand | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Sandrivier | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray dhacdo uu gaari-faras ku go'ay ciidda dhexdeeda ee sariirta webiga ee engegan<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = 10 of 'History of the Boers in South Africa ... with three maps' (11189449154), crop.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Sand (badhtamaha midig) ee khariidaddii 1887 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Sand <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Waxaa ag dhow [[Tweefontein]] | source1_location = Woqooyi-galbeed ee [[Ficksburg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1660|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Vet River|Webiga Vet]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Tierfontein]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|28|5|33|S|26|24|51|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1260|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Sand''' ({{langx|af|Sandrivier}}, hore loo oran jiray '''Zandrivier'''<ref name=raper>{{cite book|last=Raper|first=P. E.|title=Sand River|url=https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt |work=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names |accessdate=28 October 2013}}</ref>) waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu u dhow yahay magaalooyinka [[Welkom]] iyo [[Virginia, Free State|Virginia]] oo ah xarunta [[gold mining|macganta dahabka]] ee Free State. Ishiisu waxay ku taal meel u dhow [[Tweefontein]] oo woqooyi-galbeed ka xigta [[Ficksburg]] meel aan ka fogeyn [[South Africa-Lesotho border|xadka Koonfur Afrika iyo Lesotho]] (halka ay isku-duwaha yihiin {{coord|28|40|49|S|27|41|23|E|}}). Webigan wuxuu caan ku yahay sababtoo ah taariikhda [[Sand River Convention|Heshiiskii Webiga Sand]] ee lagu saxiixay meel u dhow, taas oo ah dhacdo muhiim u ah taariikhda siyaasadeed ee Koonfur Afrika. ==Aagga ururinta biyaha iyo laamaha== Webiga Sand waa laan kaga biirta [[Vet River|Webiga Vet]], oo isna ah laan kaga biirta [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]]. Laamaha ku biira waxaa ka mid ah [[Debeerspruit]], iyo kuwa kale. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay qayb ka tahay [[Middle Vaal Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Bartamaha Vaal]].<ref name="DWAF-FS Rivers-2003-28">{{cite book|title=Free State Region River Systems – 2003|publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)]]|date=March 2004|pages=28|isbn=0-620-31794-9|url=http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Free_State_AvOCU.pdf|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-date=2017-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205012032/http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Free_State_AvOCU.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waxaa kaliya oo laga xiray [[Allemanskraal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Allemanskraal]] oo ku yaal [[Willem Pretorius Game Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta Willem Pretorius]]. ==Taariikh== {{main|Sand River Convention}} [[Sand River Convention|Heshiiskii Webiga Sand]] ee horseeday madaxbannaanida [[Transvaal Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Transvaal]] waxaa lagu saxiixay teendho ku taal hareeraha Webiga Sand 17kii Janaayo 1852. Taallo xusaysa xafladdaas ayaa maanta laga heli karaa hareeraha webiga qiyaastii {{convert|15|km}} u jirta [[Winburg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freestatetourism.org/about-the-free-state/lejweleputswa-ventersburg/index.html|title=Ventersburg – Lejweleputswa – Free State|publisher=Free State Tourism|accessdate=1 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207101420/http://www.freestatetourism.org/about-the-free-state/lejweleputswa-ventersburg/index.html|archivedate=7 December 2009}}</ref> 25kii Maarso 1900, xilligii marxaladdii dharbaaxo-galka (guerrilla) ee [[Anglo-Boer War|Dagaalkii Anglo-Boer]], Golaha Dagaalka oo ay horkacayeen [[Boer|Boer-ta]] oo rabay inay sii dajiyaan colaadda ayaa lagu qabtay buundo korkeed oo ku taal Webiga Sand.<ref>[http://myfundi.co.za/e/The_Anglo-Boer_War_I:_Review The Anglo-Boer War I: Review]</ref> 10kii Maajo 1900, Ingiriisku wuxuu [[Battle of Zand River|la dagaallamay fariisinkii difaaca ee Boer-ta]] ee ku yaallay Webiga Sand xilligii [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]]. Sannadkii [[1988 in South Africa|1988]] Webiga Sand wuxuu ku fatahay hareerihiisa wuxuuna harqiyay qaybo ka mid ah magaalada Virginia. Sannadkii [[1994 in South Africa|1994]] masiibadii [[Merriespruit tailings dam disaster|biyo-xireenkii haraaga miinada ee Merriespruit]] ayaa ka dhacday meel ka baxsan Virginia, halkaas oo ay ku dhinteen toddoba iyo toban qof.<ref name="Wagener 1997a">{{cite journal |last= Wagener |first= F |year= 1997|title= The Merriespruit slimes dam failure: Overview and lessons learnt|journal= SAICE Journal |volume= 39|issue= 3|pages= 11–15 }}</ref> Webiga waxaa loogu magac daray dhacdo uu gaari-faras ku go'ay ciiddiisa dhexdeeda, dadeedna ay ahayd in laga dejiyo agabka ka hor intaan safarka la sii wadin.<ref name=raper/> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071025125021/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/reports/rivers/free%20state/Free%20State.pdf Free State Region River Systems] *[http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/intro/second-british-offensive.php The Anglo-Boer War – The Second British Offensive] gre92miv8f6soe8rbrfeka010t5zko4 0 48498 300855 300656 2026-07-04T10:09:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Steelpoort | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=nso |name1=Tubatse |tag2=nr |name2=iNdubazi}} | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = 11 of 'History of the Boers in South Africa ... with three maps' (11191958004), crop3.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Steelpoort oo loo muujiyay inuu yahay laan kaga biirta Olifants ee khariidaddii 1887 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Steelpoort <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Kwaggaskop, [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1930|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Kromellenboog]], [[Limpopo Province]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|26|35|S|30|26|06|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|605|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|7139|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Working_Papers/working/WOR17-2.pdf Olifants and Steelpoort River Basins]{{Dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> }} '''Webiga Steelpoort, iNdubazi''' ama '''Tubatse''' ({{langx|af|Steelpoortrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-bari waana laan dhanka midig kaga biirta [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]], wuxuuna kula biiraa cidhifka hoose ee dooxadiisa. Ishiisu waxay ku taal Kwaggaskop, oo ah beer u dhaxaysa [[Dullstroom]], [[Stoffberg]] iyo [[Belfast, Mpumalanga|Belfast]]. Laamaha ugu muhiimsan ee Webiga Steelpoort waa Webiga Klip<!-- DO NOT WIKILINK with Klip River, that river flows in Johannesburg-->, [[Dwars River|Webiga Dwars]], [[Waterval River|Webiga Waterval]] iyo [[Spekboom River|Webiga Spekboom]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUSteelpoort/STEELPOORTRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |title=Steelpoort River: Hydrology and geohydrology |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052032/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUSteelpoort/STEELPOORTRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[De Hoop Dam (Limpopo)|Biyo-xireenka De Hoop]] ee ku yaal Webiga Steelpoort wuxuu shaqaynayay tan iyo dabayaaqadii 2014.<ref name=beeld>{{cite news |last1=Celliers |first1=Heléne |title=De Hoop-dam eers later voltooi |url=http://www.beeld.com/sake/2014-02-16-de-hoop-dam-eers-later-voltooi |access-date=18 June 2014|agency=Beeld|date=16 February 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> Qaybaha qaar ee webigan waa goobo caan ku ah [[kayaking|doomaha yar yar ee kayaking]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://adrian.playak.com/index.php/sa-mpumalanga-mainmenu-13/21-the-steelpoort-river# |title=The Steelpoort River |access-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sekhukhuneland]], oo ah aagga taariikhiga ah ee [[Pedi people|dadka Pedi-ga]], waxay ku taal u dhaxaysa Webiga Steelpoort iyo Webiga Olifants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm# |title=The Ba Pedi |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314132451/http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20-%20Ba%20Pedi%20-%20Bapedi%20-%20Northern%20Basotho.htm# |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx The Olifants River Basin, South Africa] *[http://www.nra.co.za/content/Tubatse1.pdf Greater Tubatse municipality] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nra.co.za/content/Tubatse1.pdf |date=20200708063520 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703100205/http://www.csir.co.za/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco.html The Olifants River System] *[http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/topic/steelpoort-river Steelpoort River - News - EngineeringNews] *[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Working_Papers/working/WOR17.pdf Hydro-Institutional Mapping in the Steelpoort River Basin, South Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Working_Papers/working/WOR17.pdf |date=20240420040803 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120610212125/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/School/oLIFANTS%20COVER.pdf The Olifants River] {{Authority control}} t7osqmmd0oqxkbeui94wmkjs8hm0ka6 0 48499 300658 2026-07-03T11:59:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Steenbras''' waa webi yar oo ku yaal gobolka [[Western Cape]] ee dalka Koonfur Afrika, iyadoo ishiisu ay ku dhow dahay [[Grabouw]].<ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa buuraha Hottentots Holland iyo Kogelberg, wuxuuna ku shubmaa False Bay oo dhanka koonfureed ka xigta [[Gordon's Bay]]. Webiga waxaa laga dhisay labo biyo-xireen—Biyo-xireennada Sare iyo Hoose ee Steenbras—si biyo loogu qaybiyo magaalada Cape Town. Biyo-xireenka sare wuxuu sidoo kale u shaqeeyaa badd hifdinta biyaha ee [[Steenbras Power Station|nidaamka korontada biyaha ee kaydinta kor u rista ee Steenbras]], kaas oo kabis u ah korontada Cape Town xilliyada baahida ugu sarreysa ay jirto. [[File:Steenbras river bridge R44.jpg|thumb|Buundada ([[R44 (South Africa)|R44]]) ee ka kor dhalatay Webiga Steenbras]] ==Aagga ururinta biyaha iyo Haydaroolojiga== Aagga ugu weyn ee ururinta biyaha wuxuu leeyahay baaxad qiyaastii dhan 70&nbsp;km², iyadoo ay ku jiraan biyo-xireennadu, wuxuuna u dhaxeeyaa [[Hottentots Holland Mountains|Buuraha Hottentots Holland]] ee dhanka [[northwest|waqooyi-galbeed]] iyo [[Kogelberg]] ee dhanka koonfur-bari, kuwaas oo ka tirsan [[Cape Fold Belt]]. Dooxada kor uga xigta biyo-xireenka hoose waxay ahayd dooxe aad u ballaaran oo furan. Dhanka hoose ee biyo-xireenka, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa dooxe dhagaxaan ah oo dhinac kasta ka dhow, ilaa uu ka gaaro dhulka xeebta ah ee cidhiidhiga ah ee ku yaal xeebta bari ee [[False Bay]].<ref name="SAN 1016" /> Biyo-xireennada waxaa biyo u keena webiga weyn iyo sidoo kale toggag badan oo aan magac lahayn iyo khadadka qulqulka ee xilliyeedka ah.<ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Dhererka durdurka weyn, oo ay ku jiraan biyo-xireennadu, waa qiyaastii 17&nbsp;km.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> [[geology|Jioolojiga]] aagga ururinta biyaha wuxuu u badan yahay [[quartzitic sandstone|dhagax-ciideed quartzitic ah]] oo leh lakabyo khafiif ah oo [[shale|dhagax-dhoobo]] iyo [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] ah oo ka tirsan [[Table Mountain Sandstone]].<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Jioolojigan wuxuu sameeyaa kaydka biyaha dhulka hoose ee Table Mountain Group, oo ah kayd dhagaxaan dillaacsan ah oo leh marinno biyo oo cakiran oo dhulka hoose ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa in dib-u-buuxinta farsamaysan ee ay maamusho magaaladu aysan suurtogal ka ahayn aaggan.<ref name="Circle of Blue 2018" /> Qulqulka celceliska muddada dheer ee aagga ururinta biyaha waxaa lagu qiyaasay 50 × 10⁶m³ sannadkii.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qulqulka waxaa si weyn u beddelay biyo-xireennada. Sida laga soo xigtay daraasad ay sameysay Waaxda Biyaha iyo Fayadhawrka ee sannadkii 2009, qulqulka ka soo baxa goobta Kaydka Biyaha Deegaanka (EWR) bishii Luulyo 2009 wuxuu ahaa 0.42 m³/s, taas oo la mid ah celceliska maanta ee bishaas (0.41 m³/s) laakiin ku dhowaad labanlaab ka badan 0.26 m³/s ee laga filayay xaaladaha dabiiciga ah ee aan biyo-xireenka lahayn.<ref name="DWS 2009" /> Inta badan aagga ururinta biyaha wuxuu ku dhex yaal xuduudaha [[City of Cape Town|Magaalada Cape Town]].<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Celceliska roobka sannadlaha ah ee laga diiwangeliyay biyo-xireenka mid u dhaxeeyay 1963 iyo 1981 wuxuu ahaa 984&nbsp;mm, laakiin wuu ka sarreeyaa qaybaha sare ee aagga ururinta biyaha, isagoo gaaraya ilaa 2,000&nbsp;mm sannadkii. ===Afka webiga (Estuary)=== Afka webigu waa dooxe yar oo ka go'an marinka xeebta ee cidhiidhiga ah, wuxuuna leeyahay xeebo dhagaxaan dhow ah iyo xeebo quruurux ah oo ay mowjaduhu soo wareejiyeen oo dhanka berriga xiga. Mowjaduhu waxay soo gaaraan qaybta baddu saamayso ee webiga, taas oo wajahaysa ruxanka caanka ah ee koonfur-galbeed, taas oo ka dhigaysa xeeb leh ''tamar sare''.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Shabakadda Uku-ku-fiirsashada Deegaanka ee Koonfur Afrika waxay sheegaysaa in afka Steenbras uu muujinayo xoogaa xaaluf deegaan ah oo dhexdhexaad ah wuxuuna leeyahay astaamo u dhow [[fjord]] yar marka loo eego afka webi ee caadiga ah.<ref name="SAEON 2025" /> ==Tayada biyaha== Biyuhu guud ahaan waa kuwo xoogaa aashito ah (acidic) wuxuuna midabkoodu dabiici ahaan u bunni yahay sababa la xiriira tannins-ka ka yimaada dhirta fynbos-ka.<ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Waxay leeyihiin dhadhan fiican iyo waxyaabo adag oo dhex dillaacsan oo yar laakiin waxaa la daaweeyaa si loo dhex-dhexaadiyo pH-ka loona saaro midabka, qayb ahaan sababo bilicda ah iyo qayb ahaan si loo yareeyo daxalka dhuumaha.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /><ref name="Brown and Magoba 2009 part 1" /><ref name="City of Cape Town 2011" /> Inkastoo aashitada dabiiciga ah iyo midabka ay jiraan, aagga ururinta biyaha wuxuu haysataa heer caafimaad webi oo sarreeya (Class A). La-socodka deegaanka ayaa xaqiijiyay joogitaanka makhluuqaad xasaasi ah, sida kaneecada baalalka leh ee net-winged midges (Blephariceridae), oo haysa dhibcaha ugu sarreeya ee Nidaamka Dhibcaha Koonfur Afrika (SASS) oo ah 15, taas oo muujinaysa tayo biyo oo aad u sarreysa.<ref name="Umvoto 2021" /> ==Deegaanka== Kaydka Deegaanka ee Steenbras wuxuu daboolayaa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah aagga ururinta biyaha.<ref name="Steenbras nature reserve" /> Noocyada dhirta berriga ee laga diiwangeliyay qaybaha hoose waxaa ka mid ah kaymo webiyeed, fynbos-ka buuraha qoyan, geed-gaabyada webiyeed, iyo fynbos-ka buuraha ee engegan.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> [[Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa aagga ururinta biyaha.<ref name="Brown and Magoba 2009 part 1" /> Aagga hareeraha webiga waxaa ku jira noocyo ay ka mid yihiin palmiet (''[[Prionium serratum]]''), ''Pennisetum macrourum'', ''Juncus effusus'', ''Juncus lomatophyllus'', ''Erica caffra'', ''Calopsis paniculata'', ''Elegia capensis'', ''Blechnum capense'', iyo ''Todea barbara''. Nooca ugu caansan ee aan cidhifka kaliya ku koobnayn waa Cape myrtle (''Metrosideros angustifolia''). Warbixin sannadkii 2009 soo baxday ayaa xustay in inkastoo aagga hareeraha webiga uu leeyahay kala duwanaansho wanaagsan oo noocyada ah, haddana baaxaddiisa sare iyo tiradiisa hoos ayay u dhacday, qayb ahaan sababo la xiriira saamaynta biyo-xireennada iyo isbeddelka nidaamka fatahaadda.<ref name="DWS 2009" /><ref name="iNat" /> ==Waddooyinka== Waddada weyn ee xeebta ee gobolka ee [[R44 (South Africa)|R44]] oo ka timaada Gordon's Bay ilaa Hermanus waxay webiga ka gooysaa qiyaastii 200&nbsp;m u jirta afka webiga dhanka berriga.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Waddada weyn ee qaranka ee [[N2 (South Africa)|N2]] waxay webiga ka gooysaa dhowr kilomitir dhanka bari ee [[Sir Lowry's Pass]]. ==Taariikh== Injineerka la-talinta ah Thomas Stewart ayaa markii ugu horreysay baaray goobaha suurtogalka ah ee biyo-xireenka laga dhisayo ee Webiga Steenbras dabayaaqadii 1890-meeyadii, si uu u noqdo il biyo oo suurtogal ah oo ay isticmaalaan degmooyinka Mowbray iyo Rondebosch.<ref name="WRC 2015" /> Webiga waxaa markii ugu horreysay ka talaabay sahamiyayaal Yurubiyan ah oo ka yimid fariisinkii Cape qiyaastii bartamihii qarnigii 17-aad. Magiciisii hore ee Dutch-ka wuxuu ahaa ''Steenbrazans rivier'', waxaana loo malaynayaa in loogu magac daray kalluunka red steenbras (''[[Petrus rupestris]]''), kaas oo laga dambaysan karay xeebta dhagaxaan ah ee u dhow afka webiga.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /> Webiga waxaa laga dhisay biyo-xireen horraantii qarnigii 20-aad si uu biyo ugu keeno Cape Town. [[Steenbras Dam|Biyo-xireenka Steenbras]] waxaa la dhammaystiray 1921 iyadoo awooddiisa asalka ahayd ay ahayd 2.9 × 10⁶m³. Darbiga biyo-xireenka ayaa markii dambe kor loo qaaday 1928 iyo 1952, taas oo kordhisay awoodda ilaa 34.3 × 10⁶m³.<ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" /><ref name="WRC 2015" /> Sannadkii 1977, [[Steenbras Upper Dam|Biyo-xireenka Sare ee Steenbras]] ayaa laga dhisay si toos ah qaybta sare. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[Steenbras Power Station|nidaamka korontada biyaha ee kaydinta kor u rista ee Steenbras]], kaas oo kabis u ah korontada Cape Town xilliyada baahida ugu sarreysa ay jirto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dams |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx |website = www.capetown.gov.za |access-date=2015-09-27 |archive-date=28 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928214954/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Biyo-xireennadu waxay qayb ka yihiin [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] (WCWSS), oo ah nidaam isku xiran oo ka kooban lix biyo-xireen oo weyn, dhuumo, godad dhulka hoose ah, shabakadaha qaybinta, iyo dhowr biyo-xireen oo yaryar oo ku yaal [[Western Cape]]. Qaar waxaa iska leh oo maamula [[Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation|Waaxda Biyaha iyo Fayadhawrka]] halka kuwo kalena ay leedahay [[City of Cape Town|Magaalada Cape Town]].<ref name="Kasrils">[http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03041609461001.htm Address by Ronnie Kasrils, MP, minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, at the Berg Water Project signing ceremony on 15 April 2003, in Cape Town], accessed on 11 December 2009</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Brown and Magoba 2009 part 1" >{{cite report |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT-376-08_Part%201.pdf |title=Rivers and Wetlands of Cape Town (Part 1) |pages=1–178 |editor1-first=Cate |editor1-last=Brown |editor2-first=Rembu |editor2-last=Magoba |publisher=Water Research Commission |work=Project No: K5/1691 |date=2009 |first1=Tony |last1=Murray |first2=Cate |last2=Brown |first3=Evan |last3=Dollar |first4=Jenny |last4=Day |first5=Hans |last5=Beuster |first6=Candice |last6=Haskins |first7=Charlie |last7=Boucher |first8=Jane |last8=Turpie |first9=Julia |last9=Wood |first10=Martin |last10=Thompson |first11=Steve |last11=Lamberth |first12=Lara |last12=van Niekerk |first13=Dean |last13=Impson |first14=Rembu |last14=Magoba |first15=Chantel |last15=Petersen |first16=Denis |last16=Davey |first17=Mandy |last17=Noffke |first18=Rowena |last18=Hay |first19=Chris |last19=Hartnady |first20=Justine |last20=Ewart-Smith |first21=Marius |last21=Burger |first22=Emily |last22=Fairburn |first23=Geordie |last23=Ractliffe |first24=Liz |last24=Day |first25=Mike |last25=Luger |first26=Katy |last26=Lannas |first27=Tovhowani |last27=Ndiitwani-Nyamande }}</ref> <ref name="Heinecken et al 1982" >{{cite report |last1=Heinecken |first1=T.J.E. |last2=Bickerton |first2=I.B. |last3=Morant |first3=P.D. |date=1982 |title=Buffels (Wes), Elsies, Sir Lowry's Pass, Steenbras and Buffels (Oos). Report 12 of the Estuaries of the Cape. Part 2: Synopses of available information on individual systems series |editor1-last=Heydorn |editor1-first=A.E.F. |editor2-last=Grindley |editor2-first=J.R. |publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research |location=Stellenbosch: CSIR. |work=CSIR Research report 411 |url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Document/347 |via=saeis.saeon.ac.za }}</ref> <ref name="iNat" >{{cite web |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/check_lists/4350905-Steenbras-Gorge-Check-List |title=Steenbras Gorge Check List |website=iNaturalist |access-date=24 November 2023 }}</ref> <ref name="SAN 1016" >{{cite map |title=SAN 1016 - Valsbaai |publisher=SA Navy Hydrographic Office |location=Cape Town |date=1978 }}</ref> <ref name="Steenbras nature reserve" >{{cite web |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/See-all-city-facilities/Our-recreational-facilities/Nature%20reserves/Steenbras%20Nature%20Reserve |title=Steenbras Nature Reserve |website=capetown.gov.za |access-date=24 November 2023 }}</ref> <ref name="City of Cape Town 2011">{{cite web |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Steenbras_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf |title=Integrated Reserve Management Plan: Steenbras Nature Reserve |publisher=City of Cape Town |date=June 2011 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="DWS 2009">{{cite web |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwrp/WC/Documents/Riverine%20Environmental/2.%20Appendix%204%20-%20Rapid%20Reserves%20Steenbras,%20Pombers,%20Kromme.pdf |title=Rapid Reserves: Steenbras, Pombers, and Kromme Rivers |publisher=Department of Water and Sanitation |date=2009 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=Feasibility Study into the Potential Development of Further Surface Water Supply Schemes for the Western Cape}}</ref> <ref name="Circle of Blue 2018">{{cite web |last=Macknick |first=J. |date=18 September 2018 |title=Thirsty Cities Drill for Water |url=https://www.circleofblue.org/2018/world/thirsty-cities-drill-for-water/ |website=Circle of Blue |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Umvoto 2021">{{cite web |title=Ecological monitoring at Steenbras |url=https://www.umvoto.com/ecological-monitoring-in-the-steenbras-catchment/ |publisher=Umvoto Africa |date=13 September 2021 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="WRC 2015">{{cite journal |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/steenbras.pdf |title=Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water & power |journal=The Water Wheel |publisher=Water Research Commission |date=November 2015 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="SAEON 2025">{{cite web |title=Steenbras |url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Info/92 |website=South African Estuary Information System |publisher=South African Environmental Observation Network |year=2025 |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref> }} 7d9al462msix9q054fi8prli9na3km5 0 48500 300661 2026-07-03T12:03:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Liesbeek | image = Liesbeek river at Rosebank 2.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = Webiga Liesbeek ee Rosebank | image_caption = Webiga Liesbeek ee Rosebank | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Cape Town, South Africa|Cape Town]] | etymology = | length_km = 9 | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Webiga Liesbeek''' (sidoo kale loo qoro '''Liesbeeck''') waa webi ku yaal [[Cape Town]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxaa loogu magac daray webi yar oo ku yaal dalka Holland. "Burghers-kii xorta ahaa" ee ugu horreeyay ee [[Dutch East India Company]] ayaa la siiyay dhul ay ku beereen hareeraha webiga sannadkii 1657, wax yar ka dib markii ay degeen dadkii ugu horreeyay ee Nederlaandees ah ee soo gaaray Cape. Webiga waxaa markii hore loo oran jiray Amstel ama Versse Rivier. Waa webigii ugu horreeyay ee uu magacaabay [[Jan van Riebeeck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215182914/http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |archive-date=2011-12-15 }}</ref> Webiga Liesbeek, oo dhererkiisu ka yar yahay {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}, wuxuu ku yaallaa dooxada webiga ee ugu hantida weyn ee la magaaleeyay ee Koonfur Afrika. Biyaha sare waxay ka soo qulqulaan jiidda bari ee [[Table Mountain]] ee ka sarreysa [[Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens]] halkaas oo dhirtu u badan tahay mid u dhalatay deegaanka. Jiidaha [[Bishopscourt, Cape Town|Bishopscourt]] waxay leeyihiin hanti waaweyn, oo ay ku jirto beertii Jan van Riebeeck. Biyo ka soo saarid ayaa halkan ka dhacda, inta badanna waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu waraabiyo beeraha guryaha dadka deegaanka, taas oo sababta in qulqulku yaraado xilliyada xagaaga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |archive-date=2011-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215182914/http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dhanka [[Newlands, Cape Town|Newlands]], waxaa ku yaal dhulal yaryar oo la dego. Warshadda khamriga ee South African Breweries iyo Josephine Mill ayaa ku yaal halkan. Marka laga bilaabo [[Rondebosch]], qaybo waaweyn oo webiga ah waa la kaniilay (canalised), qaybaha dhererka yar ee webiga ee aan la kaniilinna waxaa ragaadiyay nabaad-guur ka dhashay qulqulka korodhay ee ka yimaada qaybaha la kaniilay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215182914/http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |archive-date=2011-12-15 }}</ref> Hoos u dhaca [[Rosebank, Cape Town|Rosebank]] iyo [[Mowbray, Cape Town|Mowbray]], ee [[Observatory, Cape Town|Observatory]], waa barta ay ku kulmaan Liesbeek iyo [[Black River (Cape Town)|Webiga Black]] {{coord|33|55|47.59|S|18|28|41.97|E}}. Beerta Two Rivers Urban Park waxay ku taal dhulka u dhaxeeya Liesbeek iyo Black iyadoo leh goobo dhaxal taariikhi ah iyo meelo caam ah oo loo qoondeeyay dadweynaha. Webiga Black wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Table Bay]] dhanka [[Paarden Eiland]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |archive-date=2011-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215182914/http://www.riversoftheworld.org/files/11875 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Liesbeeck waa hoyga [[African clawed frog|Platanna]], ama rafiidka Cidiyaha leh ee Afrika (African clawed frog), oo ah nooc dhex-deggenayaal biyo iyo berri ah (amphibian) kaas oo muhiim u ahaa meelaha qaarkood ee cilmi-baarista caafimaadka. '''Ku dhex lugaynta Liesbeek''' Waa suurtogal in lagu dhex lugayso ku dhowaad dhammaan dhererka Webiga Liesbeek iyadoo la adeegsanayo waddooyinka dadka lugaynaya ee caanka ah. Socodka oo dhan dhererkiisu waa qiyaastii 9.7&nbsp;km, wuxuuna qaadanayaa qiyaastii labo ilaa labo saacadood iyo bar. Adigoo ka bilaabaya meesha uu Liesbeek ka soo baxo [[Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens]] ee ku yaal [[Bishopscourt, Cape Town|Bishopscourt]], ka soco Dugsiga The Hill Pre-Primary oo ku yaal Winchester Avenue adigoo dhex maraya geedaha duugga ah ee Boschenheuwel. Waxaad raaci kartaa marinkiisa 500 oo mitir ee ugu horreeya ama wax dhow, ilaa barta uu ka galo dhul gaar loo leeyahay. Dib uga hel webiga Fernwood barta ay ku kulmaan Kirstenbosch Drive iyo St Albans Close; u gudub dhanka Riverside Road, halkaas oo ay ku taal waddo ku dhow webiga oo dhex marta Fernwood ilaa barta uu ka hoos maro Edinburgh Drive. Beerta Upper Liesbeek River Garden ee Fernwood waa beertii rasmiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay ee ku taal hareeraha webiga. Sii wad lugaynta Riverside Road, ka dibna ka gudub Edinburgh Drive oo gal Paradise Park. Webigu wuxuu hoos ugu soo degaa cascades dhex mara Beerta. Buundo dadka lugaynaya ayaa ka tillaabta webiga, taas oo ay tahay inaad u isticmaasho inaad raacdo bangiga dhanka bari ee Beerta. Garaadka bangiga Webiga Liesbeek wuxuu si ku meel gaar ah u dhammaadaa xadka [[The Vineyard Hotel (Cape Town)|Vineyard Hotel]]. Tani waa qaybta kaliya ee weyn ee Webiga ee dhex marta dhul gaar loo leeyahay. Ka bax Beerta oo soco ilaa Bucksburn Road; u leexo bidix dhanka Bucksburn, ka dibna midig u leexo Lothian Road. Raac Colinton Road adigoo dhaafaya Vineyard Hotel—waxaad geli kartaa hoteelka si aad kafee u cabto oo aad hoos ugu socoto garoonka hoteelka ilaa waddada u dhow webiga, laakiin waa inaad mar kale ka baxdaa Hoteelka maadaama aysan jirin hab kale oo looga baxo. U leexo bidix dhanka Kildare Road - waxaad arki kartaa muuqaal kooban oo webiga ah marka ay waddu ka gudubto. Webigu wuxuu sii dhex maraa dhul gaar loo leeyahay isagoo barbar socda Main Street; u leexo midig dhanka ka soo horjeeda ee laga galo [[South African College Schools|SACS]] oo gal Sans Souci Road dadeedna dib uga hel webiga dhanka bidix wax yar ka hor Barkadda Dabaasha ee [[Newlands, Cape Town|Newlands]]. Halkaas, Waddada Liesbeek River Trail waxay si toos ah kuugu geynaysaa Belmont Road oo ku taal Rosebank. Ka dib marka ay ka hoos marto Main Road, Waddadu waxay dhaaftaa Josephine Mill iyo goobta [[Newlands Stadium]], iyadoo gadaal iyo hore uga gudbaysa buundooyinka dadka lugaynaya. Waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaataa dhabarka Riverside Mall oo ku taal Main Road [[Rosebank, Cape Town|Rosebank]]. Halkan, waddadu waa mid aan rasmi ahayn, oo u dhaxaysa bangiga la kaniilay iyo garoonka St Joseph's Marist College ee Rondebosch. Belmont Road, waddadu waxay ugu dambeyntii gaartaa Liesbeek Parkway barta ay ku kulmaan Alma Road ee [[Mowbray, Cape Town|Mowbray]]. Halkan, ka gudub Liesbeek Parkway, oo raac marinka webiga ee dhex mara Mowbray, hoos mara Settlers Way (N2) ilaa Two Rivers Urban Park. Waddadu waxay sii socotaa horteeda Cisbitaalka Valkenberg iyo [[South African Astronomical Observatory]] ilaa irdaha River Club ee [[Observatory, Cape Town|Observatory]]. Barta ay ku kulmaan [[Black River (Cape Town)|Webiga Swart (Black)]] waa mid la arki karo, kaas oo sii socda dhex mara [[Paarden Eiland]] si uu ugu shubmo [[Table Bay]]. [[File:Pelecanus onocrotalus Great White Pelecan2 Liesbeek.JPG|thumb|[[Great white pelican|Harag-boodayaasha cad cad ee waaweyn]] ee ku jira Webiga Liesbeek]] == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://fol.org.za Friends of the Liesbeek] {{commons category-inline|Liesbeek River}} == Sawirro== {{multiple image |total_width=800|align=center|caption_align=center |width1=3785|height1=1685|image1=Liesbeck's River.jpg|caption1=Buundada dadka lugaynaya ee ka kor dhalatay Webiga Liesbeek - [[William John Burchell]] 1811 }} {{coord|33|56|11|S|18|28|35|E|display=title|region:ZA_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} kxe3pvchol1ludg1o2ugbeeuai7kh43 0 48501 300663 2026-07-03T12:06:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Jukskei | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = South Africa-Johannesburg-Jukskei river-001.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Jukskei oo ag maraya Beerta Gillooly | map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=250|plain=yes |type1=line|id1=Q3811044|stroke-colour1=#4271ae|stroke-width1=5 |type2=line|id2=Q123009668|stroke-colour2=#4271ae|stroke-width2=3|title2=Klein Jukskei}} | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Jukskei <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Spring (hydrosphere)|Isha]] dabiiciga ah | source1_location = Ellis Park,<ref name="city_of_joburg">{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=1104&Itemid=168%20J |title=Water, water... everywhere |publisher=City of Johannesburg |author= |accessdate=2008-06-20 |archive-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105053157/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|26.196|S|28.064|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Crocodile River (West)|Webiga Crocodile]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|52|34|S|27|55|38|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1234|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} {{Use South African English|date = July 2023}} '''Webiga Jukskei'''<ref name="JukseiRiver">{{Cite web|title=Exact location of Juksei River|publisher=OpenStreetMap|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2679538}}</ref> waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa webiga ugu koonfureed ee ku yaal dooxada Webiga Crocodile.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> ==Marinka== Jukskei wuxuu ka bilaawdaa [[Ellis Park Stadium|Ellis Park]] ee Johannesburg. Ishiisa asalka ahayd waxay ku tiillay beertii hore ee Doornfontein, taas oo cabbirkeedu ahaa 18,000 oo litir saacaddii, laakiin tan iyo markaas way luntay sababo la xiriira horumarka magaaleed ee xigay.<ref name="Christie">{{Cite news|author=Christie, Sean|date=3 January 2014|title=Searching for the soul of the Jukskei|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|location=South Africa|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215935/http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei|archivedate=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Hadda muuqaalka ugu horreeya ee dusha sare ee Jukskei wuxuu ku yaal [[Bertrams, Gauteng|Bertrams]] barta ay isku dhiidhaan waddooyinka Queen Street iyo Sports Avenue halkaas oo uu kaga soo baxdo dhuumaha biyaha roobka. Halkaas wuxuu webigu dhex maraa [[Bezuidenhout Valley]] iyo [[Bruma, Gauteng|Bruma]]. Ka dib wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo dhex mara [[Bedfordview]] iyo [[Edenvale, Gauteng|Edenvale]] ka hor intaanu dhex marin [[Alexandra, Gauteng|Xaafadda Alexandra]]. Ka dib wuxuu u leexdaa waqooyi-galbeed wuxuuna dhex maraa Modderfontein, [[Buccleuch, Gauteng|Buccleuch]], Xabsiga Leeuwkop, [[Lone Hill]], Dainfern iyo Steyn City ka hor intaanu ku biirin [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] oo ka baxsan Lanseria.<ref name="Christie" /> ==Laamaha== Webiga Jukskei waxaa ku biira toggag badan oo marinkiisa ah iyadoo laamaha ugu waaweyn ay yihiin [[Modderfontein Spruit]], [[Braamfontein Spruit]] iyo [[Klein-Jukskei River|Klein-Jukskei]]. Webiga Jukskei wuxuu keenaa cadadka ugu badan ee biyo ah, dhanka qulqulka, ee ku shubma dooxada [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]].<ref name="Christie" /> ==Sifada== {{Stack|[[File:South Africa-Johannesburg-Jukskei river-002.jpg|thumb|Gabar Koonfur Afrikaan ah oo fadhida jirrid geed oo dhex taal agta Webiga Jukskei]]}} Jukskei inta badan waa midgabal (gacmeed) oo aan u qoto dhereyn gaadiidka biyaha. Sidoo kale waxaa si xoog leh u [[water pollution|wasakheeyay]] [[urban runoff|qulqulka magaalada]]. Dayactir la'aanta kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha ayaa u oggolaatay in wasakhda cayriin ay ku qulqusho webiga maalin kasta. Bakteeriyada keenta [[Cholera|daacuunka]] ayaa mararka qaar laga helay webiga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Cholera-found-in-Jukskei-river-20010118|title = Cholera found in Jukskei river}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cholera-found-in-city-river-438069|title = Cholera found in city river}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu qulqul weyn ka helaa Warshadda Daawaynta Biyaha Wasakhda ah ee Waqooyiga oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Johannesburg]]. Webiga Jukskei waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee keena dhibaatooyinka [[eutrophication|nafaqo-badnaanta]] ee haysata [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]] ee dhanka hoose ku yaal. Balaayiin tan oo wasakh ah oo iskugu jira balaastig, bir iyo rabadh ayaa sannad walba hoos u raaca webiga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm |title=Statement by minister Ronnie Kasrils, Minister of water affairs and forestry |publisher=South African Government |accessdate=2008-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604093758/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm |archivedate=2011-06-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM |title=Cholera found in Alexandra's Jukskei River |publisher=Daily Dispatch |accessdate=2008-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313092320/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM |archivedate=2007-03-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olukunle|first1=Olubiyi|last2=Okonkwo|first2=Jonathan|last3=Kefeni|first3=Kebede|last4=Lupankwa|first4=Mlindelwa|date=2011-12-10|title=Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments from Jukskei River, Gauteng, South Africa|journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=88|issue=3|pages=461–466|doi=10.1007/s00128-011-0481-y|pmid=22160134|s2cid=31382677|issn=0007-4861}}</ref> Bangiyada webiga waxay u nugul yihiin inay dillaacaan (fatahaan),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2006/nz0112a.html |title=Gauteng residents warned to be cautious in floods |date=2006-01-12 |publisher=Gauteng Provincial Government |accessdate=2008-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923103015/http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2006/nz0112a.html |archivedate=2006-09-23 }}</ref> gaar ahaan xilliga xagaaga marka ay roobabku yihiin kuwa ugu weyn ee sannadka ee deegaanka. Tani waxay masiibo u horseedaa [[squatter|dadka deegaanka ee danyarta ah]] ee degen [[Alexandra, South Africa|Xaafadda Alexandra]] kuwaas oo inta badan ka dhisata [[Shanty town|buulal]] kumeel gaar ah hareeraha bangiyada webiga sababo la xiriira saxmada ba'an iyo baahida loo qabo helitaanka biyo loo isticmaalo dhaqidda, cabbista, iyo karinta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2016-11-10-still-no-shelter-for-alex-flood-victims-foreign-nationals-search-for-lost-documents|title=Still no shelter for Alex flood victims, foreign nationals search for lost documents|last=Pather|first=Ra'eesa|newspaper=The M&G Online|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> ==Ahmiyadda dhaqanka iyo ciyaaraha== {{unsourced|section|date=August 2023}} Jukskei dhaqan ahaan wuxuu xaddidi jiray xadka u dhaxeeya ''Northern Transvaal'' iyo ''Transvaal'' ee ujeeddooyinka ciyaaraha,<ref name="Ltd1992">{{cite book|author=Chris van Rensburg Publications (Pty) Ltd|title=Transvaal: the Golden Province|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X21BAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=C. van Rensburg Publications|isbn=978-0-86846-065-9}}</ref> iyo kooxaha sida kooxda kirikitka ee [[Titans (cricket team)|Titans]] iyo [[Blue Bulls]] (hore loo oran jiray ''Northern Transvaal'') waxay sii wadaan inay xarun u ahaato Pretoria, oo dhanka waqooyi ka xigta Jukskei. ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]] * [[List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa|Liiska kaydadka iyo biyo-xireennada Koonfur Afrika]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons}} ===Dhaqan-celinta=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060926194336/http://www.wetland.org.za/news.htm%3D%26NodeId%3D912%26Id%3D19 Revamping the Jukskei River] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035628/http://www.queensu.ca/msp/pages/In_The_News/2001/January/lift.htm Alex Riverbank Face-lift] {{Authority control}} 2tbazekunpvvn7sc5gsakflsi2yhyyx 300664 300663 2026-07-03T12:06:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Jukskei | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = South Africa-Johannesburg-Jukskei river-001.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Jukskei oo ag maraya Beerta Gillooly | map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=250|plain=yes |type1=line|id1=Q3811044|stroke-colour1=#4271ae|stroke-width1=5 |type2=line|id2=Q123009668|stroke-colour2=#4271ae|stroke-width2=3|title2=Klein Jukskei}} | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Jukskei <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Spring (hydrosphere)|Isha]] dabiiciga ah | source1_location = Ellis Park,<ref name="city_of_joburg">{{cite web |url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&id=1104&Itemid=168%20J |title=Water, water... everywhere |publisher=City of Johannesburg |author= |accessdate=2008-06-20 |archive-date=2013-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105053157/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|26.196|S|28.064|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Crocodile River (West)|Webiga Crocodile]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|52|34|S|27|55|38|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1234|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Jukskei'''<ref name="JukseiRiver">{{Cite web|title=Exact location of Juksei River|publisher=OpenStreetMap|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2679538}}</ref> waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa webiga ugu koonfureed ee ku yaal dooxada Webiga Crocodile.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> ==Marinka== Jukskei wuxuu ka bilaawdaa [[Ellis Park Stadium|Ellis Park]] ee Johannesburg. Ishiisa asalka ahayd waxay ku tiillay beertii hore ee Doornfontein, taas oo cabbirkeedu ahaa 18,000 oo litir saacaddii, laakiin tan iyo markaas way luntay sababo la xiriira horumarka magaaleed ee xigay.<ref name="Christie">{{Cite news|author=Christie, Sean|date=3 January 2014|title=Searching for the soul of the Jukskei|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|location=South Africa|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103215935/http://mg.co.za/article/2014-01-02-searching-for-the-soul-of-the-jukskei|archivedate=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Hadda muuqaalka ugu horreeya ee dusha sare ee Jukskei wuxuu ku yaal [[Bertrams, Gauteng|Bertrams]] barta ay isku dhiidhaan waddooyinka Queen Street iyo Sports Avenue halkaas oo uu kaga soo baxdo dhuumaha biyaha roobka. Halkaas wuxuu webigu dhex maraa [[Bezuidenhout Valley]] iyo [[Bruma, Gauteng|Bruma]]. Ka dib wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo dhex mara [[Bedfordview]] iyo [[Edenvale, Gauteng|Edenvale]] ka hor intaanu dhex marin [[Alexandra, Gauteng|Xaafadda Alexandra]]. Ka dib wuxuu u leexdaa waqooyi-galbeed wuxuuna dhex maraa Modderfontein, [[Buccleuch, Gauteng|Buccleuch]], Xabsiga Leeuwkop, [[Lone Hill]], Dainfern iyo Steyn City ka hor intaanu ku biirin [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] oo ka baxsan Lanseria.<ref name="Christie" /> ==Laamaha== Webiga Jukskei waxaa ku biira toggag badan oo marinkiisa ah iyadoo laamaha ugu waaweyn ay yihiin [[Modderfontein Spruit]], [[Braamfontein Spruit]] iyo [[Klein-Jukskei River|Klein-Jukskei]]. Webiga Jukskei wuxuu keenaa cadadka ugu badan ee biyo ah, dhanka qulqulka, ee ku shubma dooxada [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]].<ref name="Christie" /> ==Sifada== {{Stack|[[File:South Africa-Johannesburg-Jukskei river-002.jpg|thumb|Gabar Koonfur Afrikaan ah oo fadhida jirrid geed oo dhex taal agta Webiga Jukskei]]}} Jukskei inta badan waa midgabal (gacmeed) oo aan u qoto dhereyn gaadiidka biyaha. Sidoo kale waxaa si xoog leh u [[water pollution|wasakheeyay]] [[urban runoff|qulqulka magaalada]]. Dayactir la'aanta kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha ayaa u oggolaatay in wasakhda cayriin ay ku qulqusho webiga maalin kasta. Bakteeriyada keenta [[Cholera|daacuunka]] ayaa mararka qaar laga helay webiga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Cholera-found-in-Jukskei-river-20010118|title = Cholera found in Jukskei river}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cholera-found-in-city-river-438069|title = Cholera found in city river}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu qulqul weyn ka helaa Warshadda Daawaynta Biyaha Wasakhda ah ee Waqooyiga oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Johannesburg]]. Webiga Jukskei waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee keena dhibaatooyinka [[eutrophication|nafaqo-badnaanta]] ee haysata [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]] ee dhanka hoose ku yaal. Balaayiin tan oo wasakh ah oo iskugu jira balaastig, bir iyo rabadh ayaa sannad walba hoos u raaca webiga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm |title=Statement by minister Ronnie Kasrils, Minister of water affairs and forestry |publisher=South African Government |accessdate=2008-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604093758/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/010119145p1001.htm |archivedate=2011-06-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM |title=Cholera found in Alexandra's Jukskei River |publisher=Daily Dispatch |accessdate=2008-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313092320/http://www.dispatch.co.za/2001/01/19/southafrica/CHOLERA.HTM |archivedate=2007-03-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Olukunle|first1=Olubiyi|last2=Okonkwo|first2=Jonathan|last3=Kefeni|first3=Kebede|last4=Lupankwa|first4=Mlindelwa|date=2011-12-10|title=Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sediments from Jukskei River, Gauteng, South Africa|journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=88|issue=3|pages=461–466|doi=10.1007/s00128-011-0481-y|pmid=22160134|s2cid=31382677|issn=0007-4861}}</ref> Bangiyada webiga waxay u nugul yihiin inay dillaacaan (fatahaan),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2006/nz0112a.html |title=Gauteng residents warned to be cautious in floods |date=2006-01-12 |publisher=Gauteng Provincial Government |accessdate=2008-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923103015/http://www.gpg.gov.za/docs/nz/2006/nz0112a.html |archivedate=2006-09-23 }}</ref> gaar ahaan xilliga xagaaga marka ay roobabku yihiin kuwa ugu weyn ee sannadka ee deegaanka. Tani waxay masiibo u horseedaa [[squatter|dadka deegaanka ee danyarta ah]] ee degen [[Alexandra, South Africa|Xaafadda Alexandra]] kuwaas oo inta badan ka dhisata [[Shanty town|buulal]] kumeel gaar ah hareeraha bangiyada webiga sababo la xiriira saxmada ba'an iyo baahida loo qabo helitaanka biyo loo isticmaalo dhaqidda, cabbista, iyo karinta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2016-11-10-still-no-shelter-for-alex-flood-victims-foreign-nationals-search-for-lost-documents|title=Still no shelter for Alex flood victims, foreign nationals search for lost documents|last=Pather|first=Ra'eesa|newspaper=The M&G Online|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref> ==Ahmiyadda dhaqanka iyo ciyaaraha== {{unsourced|section|date=August 2023}} Jukskei dhaqan ahaan wuxuu xaddidi jiray xadka u dhaxeeya ''Northern Transvaal'' iyo ''Transvaal'' ee ujeeddooyinka ciyaaraha,<ref name="Ltd1992">{{cite book|author=Chris van Rensburg Publications (Pty) Ltd|title=Transvaal: the Golden Province|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X21BAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=C. van Rensburg Publications|isbn=978-0-86846-065-9}}</ref> iyo kooxaha sida kooxda kirikitka ee [[Titans (cricket team)|Titans]] iyo [[Blue Bulls]] (hore loo oran jiray ''Northern Transvaal'') waxay sii wadaan inay xarun u ahaato Pretoria, oo dhanka waqooyi ka xigta Jukskei. ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]] * [[List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa|Liiska kaydadka iyo biyo-xireennada Koonfur Afrika]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons}} ===Dhaqan-celinta=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060926194336/http://www.wetland.org.za/news.htm%3D%26NodeId%3D912%26Id%3D19 Revamping the Jukskei River] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035628/http://www.queensu.ca/msp/pages/In_The_News/2001/January/lift.htm Alex Riverbank Face-lift] {{Authority control}} tnln0ogncyrql3elrzrxcvl28tl391o 0 48502 300666 2026-07-03T12:09:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kaaimans | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Kaaimansrivier | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray ''kaaiman'' ka dib ''leguaan'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah [[Varanus niloticus|Xamaaratada loola socdo (Monitor Lizard)]] oo markii hore laga heli jiray webiga.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> | nickname = Keeromrivier <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Tide's coming in.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Mawjadaha badda oo kor u soo kacaya afka Webiga Kaaimans | map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=line|stroke-colour=#4271ae|stroke-width=5}} | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Kaaimans <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = Deegaanka | subdivision_name3 = [[Garden Route]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = W waqooyiga ka xigta [[George, Western Cape|George]] | source1_location = [[Outeniqua Mountains|Buuraha Outeniqua]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = K galbeed ka xigta [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|59|52|S|22|33|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kaaimans''' ({{langx|af|Kaaimansrivier}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Keerom''', waa webi ku yaal [[Western Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Afka webigan wuxuu ku yaallaa u dhow [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |title=Kaaimans River Mouth Wilderness |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823074831/http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marka kor loo sii raaco webiga, Dooxada cidhiidhiga ah ee Kaaimans River Gorge waa meel caan ku ah [[hiking|lugeynta]] iyo [[whitewater kayaking|doomaha yar yar ee biyaha dheereeya]].<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/kk_wpg/2630904056/Kaaimans River Gorge]</ref> Magaalooyinka waaweyn ee ugu dhow waa [[Mossel Bay]] iyo [[George, Western Cape|George]]. ==Taariikh== {{stack|[[Image:saasveld04.jpg|thumb|Gaari-gacmeedyada dibidu jiiddo oo ka gudbaya Webiga Kaaimans dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad]]}} Webiga Kaaimans wuxuu markii hore caqabad ku ahaa socotada, kuwaas oo gawaaridoodu ay mararka qaar ku qasban jireen inay sugaan toddobaadyo ka hor intaysan awoodin inay si ammaan ah uga gudbaan marka uu biyaha buuxsamo. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu naaneesi jiray "Keeromrivier" (Webiga Soo-jeesashada) sababtoo ah, marka ay wajahaan biyaha qulqulaya, socotada qaar waxay ku qasbanaayeen inay soo jeestaan oo ay isku dayaan inay helaan hab kale oo ay ku gaaraan meeshii ay u socdeen. Ugu dambeyntii caqabadan waxaa laga guuleystay markii Waddada Seven Passes Road uu dhisay [[Thomas Charles John Bain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=4 |title=Idille History |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afka webiga ee baddu saamayso ([[estuary]]) ee ku yaal afkiisa waxaa ku yaal buundo tareen oo ka gudubta. [[Outeniqua Choo Tjoe]], oo ahaa tareenkii ugu dambeeyay ee rakaabka ee ku shaqeeya [[steam train|unugga uumiga]] ee Afrika, wuxuu mari jiray buundadan ilaa khadka laga xiray sababo la xiriira carsuqyo dhacay sannadkii 2006. == Sawirro == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Kaaimans River ... (52689615215).jpg|Goobta laga eego khariidadda Afrika File:N2 Kaaimansrivier.JPG|[[N2 (South Africa)|N2]] oo ka gudbaysa Webiga Kaaimans File:12 0328-30 pano - Kaaimans River mouth.jpg|Afka Webiga Kaaimans </gallery> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} *[http://www.nsri.org.za/2011/03/wildernesss-kaaimans-river-rescue/ Samatabbixinta webiga Kaaimans ee Wilderness] *[http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx Marinnada Buuraha ee Koonfurta Afrika - Kaaimans River Pass] *[http://www.kaaimans-river.co.za/ Webiga Kaaimans - Deegaanka] 1urmc09688t74lkf2917bj51hnv714f 300667 300666 2026-07-03T12:10:07Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kaaimans | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Kaaimansrivier | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray ''kaaiman'' ka dib ''leguaan'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah [[Varanus niloticus|Xamaaratada loola socdo (Monitor Lizard)]] oo markii hore laga heli jiray webiga.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> | nickname = Keeromrivier <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Tide's coming in.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Mawjadaha badda oo kor u soo kacaya afka Webiga Kaaimans | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Kaaimans <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = Deegaanka | subdivision_name3 = [[Garden Route]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = W waqooyiga ka xigta [[George, Western Cape|George]] | source1_location = [[Outeniqua Mountains|Buuraha Outeniqua]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = K galbeed ka xigta [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|59|52|S|22|33|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kaaimans''' ({{langx|af|Kaaimansrivier}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Keerom''', waa webi ku yaal [[Western Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Afka webigan wuxuu ku yaallaa u dhow [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |title=Kaaimans River Mouth Wilderness |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823074831/http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marka kor loo sii raaco webiga, Dooxada cidhiidhiga ah ee Kaaimans River Gorge waa meel caan ku ah [[hiking|lugeynta]] iyo [[whitewater kayaking|doomaha yar yar ee biyaha dheereeya]].<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/kk_wpg/2630904056/Kaaimans River Gorge]</ref> Magaalooyinka waaweyn ee ugu dhow waa [[Mossel Bay]] iyo [[George, Western Cape|George]]. ==Taariikh== {{stack|[[Image:saasveld04.jpg|thumb|Gaari-gacmeedyada dibidu jiiddo oo ka gudbaya Webiga Kaaimans dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad]]}} Webiga Kaaimans wuxuu markii hore caqabad ku ahaa socotada, kuwaas oo gawaaridoodu ay mararka qaar ku qasban jireen inay sugaan toddobaadyo ka hor intaysan awoodin inay si ammaan ah uga gudbaan marka uu biyaha buuxsamo. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu naaneesi jiray "Keeromrivier" (Webiga Soo-jeesashada) sababtoo ah, marka ay wajahaan biyaha qulqulaya, socotada qaar waxay ku qasbanaayeen inay soo jeestaan oo ay isku dayaan inay helaan hab kale oo ay ku gaaraan meeshii ay u socdeen. Ugu dambeyntii caqabadan waxaa laga guuleystay markii Waddada Seven Passes Road uu dhisay [[Thomas Charles John Bain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=4 |title=Idille History |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afka webiga ee baddu saamayso ([[estuary]]) ee ku yaal afkiisa waxaa ku yaal buundo tareen oo ka gudubta. [[Outeniqua Choo Tjoe]], oo ahaa tareenkii ugu dambeeyay ee rakaabka ee ku shaqeeya [[steam train|unugga uumiga]] ee Afrika, wuxuu mari jiray buundadan ilaa khadka laga xiray sababo la xiriira carsuqyo dhacay sannadkii 2006. == Sawirro == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Kaaimans River ... (52689615215).jpg|Goobta laga eego khariidadda Afrika File:N2 Kaaimansrivier.JPG|[[N2 (South Africa)|N2]] oo ka gudbaysa Webiga Kaaimans File:12 0328-30 pano - Kaaimans River mouth.jpg|Afka Webiga Kaaimans </gallery> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} *[http://www.nsri.org.za/2011/03/wildernesss-kaaimans-river-rescue/ Samatabbixinta webiga Kaaimans ee Wilderness] *[http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx Marinnada Buuraha ee Koonfurta Afrika - Kaaimans River Pass] *[http://www.kaaimans-river.co.za/ Webiga Kaaimans - Deegaanka] a6vo2gxb911eu1045grt38ej4jnod78 300833 300667 2026-07-04T09:48:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kaaimans | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Kaaimansrivier | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray ''kaaiman'' ka dib ''leguaan'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah [[Varanus niloticus|Xamaaratada loola socdo (Monitor Lizard)]] oo markii hore laga heli jiray webiga.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> | nickname = Keeromrivier <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Tide's coming in.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Mawjadaha badda oo kor u soo kacaya afka Webiga Kaaimans | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Kaaimans <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = Deegaanka | subdivision_name3 = [[Garden Route]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = W waqooyiga ka xigta [[George, Western Cape|George]] | source1_location = [[Outeniqua Mountains|Buuraha Outeniqua]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = K galbeed ka xigta [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|59|52|S|22|33|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kaaimans''' ({{langx|af|Kaaimansrivier}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Keerom''', waa webi ku yaal [[Western Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Afka webigan wuxuu ku yaallaa u dhow [[Wilderness, Western Cape|Wilderness]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |title=Kaaimans River Mouth Wilderness |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823074831/http://local-info.co.za/kaaimans-river-mouth-wilderness |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marka kor loo sii raaco webiga, Dooxada cidhiidhiga ah ee Kaaimans River Gorge waa meel caan ku ah [[hiking|lugeynta]] iyo [[whitewater kayaking|doomaha yar yar ee biyaha dheereeya]].<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/kk_wpg/2630904056/Kaaimans River Gorge]</ref> Magaalooyinka waaweyn ee ugu dhow waa [[Mossel Bay]] iyo [[George, Western Cape|George]]. ==Taariikh== {{stack|[[Image:saasveld04.jpg|thumb|Gaari-gacmeedyada dibidu jiiddo oo ka gudbaya Webiga Kaaimans dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad]]}} Webiga Kaaimans wuxuu markii hore caqabad ku ahaa socotada, kuwaas oo gawaaridoodu ay mararka qaar ku qasban jireen inay sugaan toddobaadyo ka hor intaysan awoodin inay si ammaan ah uga gudbaan marka uu biyaha buuxsamo. Waxaa sidoo kale lagu naaneesi jiray "Keeromrivier" (Webiga Soo-jeesashada) sababtoo ah, marka ay wajahaan biyaha qulqulaya, socotada qaar waxay ku qasbanaayeen inay soo jeestaan oo ay isku dayaan inay helaan hab kale oo ay ku gaaraan meeshii ay u socdeen. Ugu dambeyntii caqabadan waxaa laga guuleystay markii Waddada Seven Passes Road uu dhisay [[Thomas Charles John Bain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=4 |title=Idille History |access-date=2012-04-11 |archive-date=2015-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122010/http://www.idille.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afka webiga ee baddu saamayso ([[estuary]]) ee ku yaal afkiisa waxaa ku yaal buundo tareen oo ka gudubta. [[Outeniqua Choo Tjoe]], oo ahaa tareenkii ugu dambeeyay ee rakaabka ee ku shaqeeya [[steam train|unugga uumiga]] ee Afrika, wuxuu mari jiray buundadan ilaa khadka laga xiray sababo la xiriira carsuqyo dhacay sannadkii 2006. == Sawirro == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Kaaimans River ... (52689615215).jpg|Goobta laga eego khariidadda Afrika File:N2 Kaaimansrivier.JPG|[[N2 (South Africa)|N2]] oo ka gudbaysa Webiga Kaaimans File:12 0328-30 pano - Kaaimans River mouth.jpg|Afka Webiga Kaaimans </gallery> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} *[http://www.nsri.org.za/2011/03/wildernesss-kaaimans-river-rescue/ Samatabbixinta webiga Kaaimans ee Wilderness] *[http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx Marinnada Buuraha ee Koonfurta Afrika - Kaaimans River Pass] {{Wayback|url=http://samountainpasses.co.za/Home/WesternCape/Passes/EDENDISTRICT/KaaimansRiverPass/tabid/671/Default.aspx |date=20241205160654 }} *[http://www.kaaimans-river.co.za/ Webiga Kaaimans - Deegaanka] sznpnrjebjcwjbmm7tga1jq0ue2f3up 0 48503 300669 2026-07-03T12:14:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Klein | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Klein River meets Atlantic Ocean (Walker Bay, South Africa 2014).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = _ | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantigga]] | mouth_location = [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|25|15|S|19|18|0|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Klein''' waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Western Cape]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Afka webiga wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Hermanus]]. Laamihiisa waxaa ka mid ah [[Karringmelk River|Webiga Karringmelk]]. Wuxuu ku dhex dhacaa Nidaamka Biyo-mareenka ee G.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Cape Overberg, South Africa - The Klein River |url=http://www.overberg.co.za/content/view/206/28/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=www.overberg.co.za}}</ref> [[File:Klein River Cheese Gruberg.jpg|thumb|none|upright|Jiiska Webiga Klein]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} gn561j1h5w6p3w2jigce67k6nzo51v5 0 48504 300670 2026-07-03T12:17:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kowie | native_name = {{native name|xh|Coyi}} | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Kowie River, South Africa.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Kowie oo ag maraya [[Bathurst, Eastern Cape|Bathurst]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Kowie <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|94|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Port Alfred]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|36|06|S|26|53|58|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|800|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kowie''' (Coyi af Xhosa ahaan) waa webi ku yaal [[Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Ishiisu waxay ku tiillaa buuraha "Grahamstown Heights" halkaas oo uu uga qulqulo dhanka koonfur-bari isagoo biyo-mareen u ah qaybta ugu weyn ee gobolka [[Bathurst, Eastern Cape|Bathurst]], wuxuuna ku dhex dhacaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] isagoo dhex maraya af-webi baddu saamayso ([[estuary]]) oo ku yaal [[Port Alfred]]. Laamihiisa ugu waaweyn waa [[Bloukrans River (Grahamstown)|Webiga Bloukrans]], [[Bak River|Webiga Bak]] iyo [[Lushington River|Webiga Lushington]] (ama Torrens). [[Little Kowie River|Webiga Yar ee Kowie]] waa laan ka yar oo ku biirta qaybta af-webiga ee baddu saamayso 14&nbsp;km u jirta afka webiga. Sidoo kale waxaa jira toggag yaryar oo aan magac lahayn oo ku biira webiga inta uu marinkiisa ku jiro. Webiga Kowie wuxuu qayb ka yahay [[Fish to Tsitsikama]] [[Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg Fish to Tsitsikama WMA 15]</ref> ==Deegaanka== Waxaa jira tiro yar oo ah nooca [[endangered|halis ku jira]] ee [[Eastern Province rocky]] ''(Sandelia bainsii)'' oo ku nool qaybta Webiga Bloukrans ee Deegaanka Dabiiciga ah ee [[Blaauwkrantz Nature Reserve]].<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19889/all IUCN Sandelia bainsii]</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} d4fla7pz4zmfqq6tzbhk7a3zj17xe87 0 48505 300671 2026-07-03T12:20:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kraai | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = View west showing the climbing railway tracks - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga oo ag maraya [[Barkly East]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Moshesh's Ford | source1_coordinates= {{coord|30|51|9|S|27|46|40|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1845|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Aliwal North]], [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|30|40|2|S|26|45|6|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1340|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Karnmelkspruit]] | tributaries_right = [[Bell River (South Africa)|Webiga Bell]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kraai''' (macnehiisu yahay "Webiga Tuka weyn") waa laan ka mid ah [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] (oo sidoo kale ay dadka deegaanku u yaqaannaan ''Webiga Gariep'') kaas oo mara agagaarka [[Barkly East]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. == Sifada == [[File:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Buundada Loch ee ku taal Webiga Kraai]] Webiga Kraai wuxuu ka bilaawdaa buuraha koonfureed ee [[Lesotho]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed laga bilaabo barta ay ku kulmaan [[Bell River (South Africa)|Webiga Bell]] iyo Sterk Spruit ee Moshesh's Ford oo ku taal {{coord|-30.852558 |27.7777527 |format=dms}} ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Aliwal North]], halkaas oo uu kula biiro [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] marka ay murtu tahay {{coord|-30.66715 |26.75177 |format=dms}}.<ref>[http://www.walkerbouts.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=13 Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172656/http://www.walkerbouts.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=13 |date=3 March 2016 }} WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku dhowaad koo dhan ku dul qulqulaa dhagaxaan saba dhoobada ah (sandstone) ee samayska [[Clarens Formation]]. Kraai waa mid laga jallabeysan karo, waxaana ku jira kalluunka noocyadiisa kala ah [[rainbow trout]], [[brown trout]] iyo [[smallmouth yellowfish]].<ref>[http://www.wildmountainadventures.co.za/Fly-Fishing%281073594%29.htm "Fly Fishing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618190836/http://www.wildmountainadventures.co.za/Fly-Fishing(1073594).htm |date=2015-06-18 }} wildmountainadventures.co.za</ref> Sannadkii 1881<ref>[http://www.maclear.co.za/pdfs/other-stone-bridges.pdf "Stone Arch Bridges Of The Northeast Cape"] maclear.co.za</ref> buundo qaanso ah oo laga dhisay dhagaxaan saba dhoobada ah<ref>[http://www.farmersweekly.co.za/article.aspx?id=34255&h=Exploring-the-Eastern-Cape%E2%80%99s-bridging-legacy "Exploring the Eastern Cape’s bridging legacy"] farmersweekly.co.za</ref> oo loo yaqaan buundada J W Sauer ayaa lagu dhammeystiray webiga weyn dushiisa. Buundada waxay ku xirtay bulshooyinka ku nool dooxada Webiga Kraai magaalada [[Aliwal North]]. Buundada Sauer iyo Buundada Loch ee ku taal beerta Tyger Krantz, ayaa hadda ah goobo ka mid ah Dhaxalka Gobolka.<ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/node/31990 "J W Sauer Bridge, Kraai River, Aliwal North District"] sahra.org.za</ref><ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/node/31991 "Loch Bridge, Kraai River, Barkly East District"] sahra.org.za</ref> == Laamaha waaweyn == [[File:HGG-Kraai-River-Bridge.jpg|thumb|Tareen dalxiis oo gaar ah oo dhex maraya buundada Webiga Kraai ee u dhow [[Lady Grey, Eastern Cape|Lady Grey]] sannadkii 1979]] * [[Bell River (South Africa)|Webiga Bell]] iyo laan ka mid ah Bell, oo ah Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, oo laamihiisa ay yihiin Bok Spruit iyo Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit iyo laantiisa, oo ah Three Drifts Stream * [[Carlislehoekspruit Pass|Carlisleshoek Spruit]] iyo Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * [[Saalboom Spruit]] iyo laantiisa, oo ah Vaalhoek Spruit * [[Karnmelk Spruit]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category-inline|Kraai River}} bbqmfef9ume74fcko54cbsvclxaoak3 300836 300671 2026-07-04T09:54:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kraai | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = View west showing the climbing railway tracks - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga oo ag maraya [[Barkly East]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Moshesh's Ford | source1_coordinates= {{coord|30|51|9|S|27|46|40|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1845|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Aliwal North]], [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|30|40|2|S|26|45|6|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1340|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Karnmelkspruit]] | tributaries_right = [[Bell River (South Africa)|Webiga Bell]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kraai''' (macnehiisu yahay "Webiga Tuka weyn") waa laan ka mid ah [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] (oo sidoo kale ay dadka deegaanku u yaqaannaan ''Webiga Gariep'') kaas oo mara agagaarka [[Barkly East]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. == Sifada == [[File:Lochbridge.jpg|left|thumb|Buundada Loch ee ku taal Webiga Kraai]] Webiga Kraai wuxuu ka bilaawdaa buuraha koonfureed ee [[Lesotho]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed laga bilaabo barta ay ku kulmaan [[Bell River (South Africa)|Webiga Bell]] iyo Sterk Spruit ee Moshesh's Ford oo ku taal {{coord|-30.852558 |27.7777527 |format=dms}} ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Aliwal North]], halkaas oo uu kula biiro [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] marka ay murtu tahay {{coord|-30.66715 |26.75177 |format=dms}}.<ref>[http://www.walkerbouts.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=13 Physiography of the Kraai River Catchment] {{Wayback|url=http://www.walkerbouts.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=13 |date=20160303172656 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172656/http://www.walkerbouts.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=13 |date=3 March 2016 }} WalkerBouts.co.za</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku dhowaad koo dhan ku dul qulqulaa dhagaxaan saba dhoobada ah (sandstone) ee samayska [[Clarens Formation]]. Kraai waa mid laga jallabeysan karo, waxaana ku jira kalluunka noocyadiisa kala ah [[rainbow trout]], [[brown trout]] iyo [[smallmouth yellowfish]].<ref>[http://www.wildmountainadventures.co.za/Fly-Fishing%281073594%29.htm "Fly Fishing"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wildmountainadventures.co.za/Fly-Fishing%281073594%29.htm |date=20150618190836 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618190836/http://www.wildmountainadventures.co.za/Fly-Fishing(1073594).htm |date=2015-06-18 }} wildmountainadventures.co.za</ref> Sannadkii 1881<ref>[http://www.maclear.co.za/pdfs/other-stone-bridges.pdf "Stone Arch Bridges Of The Northeast Cape"] maclear.co.za</ref> buundo qaanso ah oo laga dhisay dhagaxaan saba dhoobada ah<ref>[http://www.farmersweekly.co.za/article.aspx?id=34255&h=Exploring-the-Eastern-Cape%E2%80%99s-bridging-legacy "Exploring the Eastern Cape’s bridging legacy"] farmersweekly.co.za</ref> oo loo yaqaan buundada J W Sauer ayaa lagu dhammeystiray webiga weyn dushiisa. Buundada waxay ku xirtay bulshooyinka ku nool dooxada Webiga Kraai magaalada [[Aliwal North]]. Buundada Sauer iyo Buundada Loch ee ku taal beerta Tyger Krantz, ayaa hadda ah goobo ka mid ah Dhaxalka Gobolka.<ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/node/31990 "J W Sauer Bridge, Kraai River, Aliwal North District"] sahra.org.za</ref><ref>[http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/node/31991 "Loch Bridge, Kraai River, Barkly East District"] sahra.org.za</ref> == Laamaha waaweyn == [[File:HGG-Kraai-River-Bridge.jpg|thumb|Tareen dalxiis oo gaar ah oo dhex maraya buundada Webiga Kraai ee u dhow [[Lady Grey, Eastern Cape|Lady Grey]] sannadkii 1979]] * [[Bell River (South Africa)|Webiga Bell]] iyo laan ka mid ah Bell, oo ah Kloppershoek Spruit * Sterk Spruit, oo laamihiisa ay yihiin Bok Spruit iyo Rifle Spruit * Joggem Spruit * Langkloof Spruit * Diep Spruit iyo laantiisa, oo ah Three Drifts Stream * [[Carlislehoekspruit Pass|Carlisleshoek Spruit]] iyo Maartenshoek Spruit * Klein Wildebeest Spruit * [[Saalboom Spruit]] iyo laantiisa, oo ah Vaalhoek Spruit * [[Karnmelk Spruit]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category-inline|Kraai River}} 4ldd1u8s66f9n25rn8ub5oxtdgpj67m 0 48506 300672 2026-07-03T12:22:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Letaba | native_name = {{native name|ts|Ritavi}} | name_other = | name_etymology = Macnaheedu yahay "webiga cammuudda ah" ee [[Northern Sotho language|luqadda Sotho-da Waqooyi]]<ref>{{Citation | first = Elwyn | last = Jenkins | title = Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names | publisher = David Philip Publishers | year = 2007 | page = 75 }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = Letaba River (16651107134).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Muuqaalka Webiga Letaba | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Letaba <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobolka | subdivision_name3 = [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Gauteng Province|Gobolka Gauteng]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | source2 = | source2_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] | mouth_location = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|59|22|S|31|49|36|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|67000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Nharhweni River|Webiga Nharhweni]], [[Ngwenyeni River|Webiga Ngwenyeni]], [[Klein Letaba River|Webiga Klein Letaba]], [[Molototsi River|Webiga Molototsi]], [[Nsama River|Webiga Nsama]] | tributaries_right = [[Groot Letaba River|Webiga Groot Letaba]], [[Nwanedzi River|Webiga Nwanedzi]], [[Makhadzi River|Webiga Makhadzi]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | mapframe-custom = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes |type1=line|id1=Q1009332|stroke-colour1=#4271ae|stroke-width1=2|title1=Groot Letaba River |type2=line|id2=Q1009320|stroke-colour2=#4271ae|stroke-width2=1|title2=Klein Letaba River |type3=line|id3=Q982692|stroke-colour3=#4271ae|stroke-width3=3|title3=Letaba River}} | mapframe = yes }} '''Webiga Letaba''' ({{langx|af|Letabarivier}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Leţaba''', '''Lehlaba''' ama '''Ritavi''', waa webi ku yaal bariga gobolka [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa mid ka mid ah laamaha ugu muhiimsan ee [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]]. ==Marinka== Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa barta ay ku kulmaan [[Groot Letaba River|Webiga Groot Letaba]] iyo [[Klein Letaba River|Webiga Klein Letaba]], halkaas oo ay kaga sii wataan safarkooda dhanka bariga iyagoo dhex mara [[Lowveld]] ahaan Webiga Letaba. Wuxuu kula biiraa [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] foothills-ka buuraha [[Lebombo Mountains]], meel u dhow xadka Koonfur Afrika ay la leedahay [[Mozambique]]. Dalka Mozambique, webiga dambe waxaa loogu yeeraa [[Rio Elefantes]]. Laamihiisa waxaa ka mid ah [[Middle Letaba River|Webiga Middle Letaba]], [[Nharhweni River|Webiga Nharhweni]], [[Ngwenyeni River|Webiga Ngwenyeni]], [[Nwanedzi River|Webiga Nwanedzi]], [[Molototsi River|Webiga Molototsi]], [[Nsama River|Webiga Nsama]], iyo [[Makhadzi River|Webiga Makhadzi]]. ==Biyo-xireennada ku yaal dooxada== *[[Ebenezer Dam|Biyo-xireenka Ebenezer]] *[[Tzaneen Dam|Biyo-xireenka Tzaneen]] *[[Modjaji Dam|Biyo-xireenka Modjaji]], ee ku yaal Webiga Molototsi *[[Hudson Ntsanwisi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hudson Ntsanwisi]], ee ku yaal Webiga Nsama *[[Middle Letaba Dam|Biyo-xireenka Middle Letaba]], ee ku yaal Webiga Middle Letaba *[[Engelhard Dam|Biyo-xireenka Engelhard]] [[image:Letaba River - South Africa 2008.jpg|thumb|none|450px|Duurjoogta ku sugan hareeraha bangiyadiisa, u dhow xerada Letaba, badhtamaha [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]]] ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Luvubu and Letaba Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Luvubu iyo Letaba]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} d2ugi21sfms3xjl2kruod53sjprb1t6 0 48507 300674 2026-07-03T12:29:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Elands | native_name = {{langx|tn|Kgetleng}} | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray [[Common Eland|Cawsha Eland (Taurotragus oryx)]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Elands <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[North West (South African province)|North West]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyinka | subdivision_name5 = [[Swartruggens]], [[Sun City, North West|Sun City]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Galbeedka [[Koster, North West|Koster]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1650|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Crocodile River (West)]] | mouth_location = Agagaarka [[Vaalkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vaalkop]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|27|51|S|26|45|24|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|971|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Koster River|Webiga Koster]], [[Selons River|Webiga Selons]], [[Hex River (Elands River)|Webiga Hex]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Elands''' ({{langx|tn|Kgetleng}},<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/7147078 | title=Fenders of Space: Kgatla Territorial Expansion Under Boer and British Rule, 1840–1920 | journal=Indigenous Southern African Responses to Colonialism, 1840-1930 | pages=21–46 | last1=Morton | first1=Fred }}</ref> {{langx|af|Elandsrivier}}) wuxuu ku yaallaa [[North West (South African province)|Gobolka North West]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]], wuxuuna qayb ka yahay dooxada [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. {{stack|[[File:AWM A05317 3rd New South Wales Bushmen Elands River 1901.jpg|thumb|Askari ka tirsan guutada 3-aad ee New South Wales Bushmen oo jooga Webiga Elands sannadkii 1901, sannad ka dib dagaalkii]]}} ==Marinka== Webiga Elands wuxuu ka bilaawdaa galbeedka [[Koster, North West|Koster]] ee Gobolka North West, isagoo u qulqulaya dhanka waqooyi dhexna maraya [[Swartruggens]] ilaa uu ka galo [[Lindleyspoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Lindleyspoort]]. Dhowr kiiloomitir oo hoos u dhac ah gidaarka biyo-xireenka ka dib, wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka bariga ee bariga [[Silwerkrans]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa si qalloocan oo u jihaysan dhanka bari-waqooyi-bari isagoo dhex maraya [[veld|bannaanka]] masaafo badan oo kiiloomitir ah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/bojanala/swartruggens.html |title=Swartruggens - North West Province South Africa |access-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401230214/http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/bojanala/swartruggens.html |archive-date=2012-04-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhanka bari ee dambe, wuxuu si toos ah u maraa koonfurta [[Pilanesberg]], isagoo qiyaastii 1.5&nbsp;km u jira xadka dibadda ee samayska fulkaanada ee qadiimiga ah. Elands wuxuu sii wadaa qulqulka dhanka bari ilaa [[Vaalkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vaalkop]]. Ugu dambeyntii, qiyaastii 5&nbsp;km oo hoos u dhac ah, wuxuu kula biiraa bangiga bidix ee Webiga Crocodile.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> Laamihiisa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Koster River|Webiga Koster]], [[Selons River|Webiga Selons]] iyo [[Hex River (Elands River)|Webiga Hex]], iyadoo kan dambe uu kula biiro bangiga midig ee Kaydka Biyaha ee Vaalkop.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/vaalkop.htm Vaalkop (reservoir)]</ref> Waxaa jira macdan qodis badan oo [[platinum]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan canaasirta la xiriirta ee [[palladium]], [[rhodium]], [[ruthenium]], [[iridium]] iyo [[osmium]], kuwaas oo laga qodo dooxada Webiga Elands, iyo sidoo kale [[dahab]], [[nickel]] iyo [[naxas]] ku dhex jira macdanta. Magaalada kaliya ee weyn ee aagga ku taal waa [[Rustenburg]]. [[Sun City, North West|Sun City]] waxay ku tiillaa inta u dhaxeysa Webiga Elands iyo buurta Pilanesberg. ==Taariikh== {{main|Battle of Elands River (1900)}} Webigan wuxuu caan ku yahay [[Battle of Elands River (1900)|Dagaalkii Webiga Elands]] ee [[Second Anglo-Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Anglo-Boer]]. Waxaa lagu dagaalamay sannadkii 1900 inta u dhaxeysay ciidan ka kooban 2,000 ilaa 3,000 oo [[Boer]] ah kuwaas oo weeraray ciidan difaac ah oo ka koobnaa 500 oo askari oo u dhashay [[Australia]], [[Rhodesia]], [[Canada]] iyo [[United Kingdom|Ingiriiska]] kuwaas oo fadhiyay goob sahayda lagu kaydiyo oo ku tiillay Brakfontein Drift. Dagaalku wuxuu ka dhacay bar ku dhow webiga oo ku dhex taal marinka sahayda ee u dhaxeeya Rustenburg iyo [[Zeerust]].<ref name=Wulfsohn>{{cite journal |last=Wulfsohn |first=Lionel |title=Elands River: A Siege Which Possibly Changed the Course of History in South Africa |journal=Military History Journal |publisher= South African Military History Society |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1984 |url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol063lw.html |issn=0026-4016 }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada ku yaal webiga == * [[Lindleyspoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Lindleyspoort]] * [[Vaalkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vaalkop]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Guudmarka Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West)/Marico] *[http://www.alltravels.com/south-africa/north-west/zwartruggens/photos/current-photo-58664048 Beerta Xusuusta ee Webiga Elands] *[http://www.marico.co.za/Elandsriver/ Godoomintii Saldhigga Webiga Elands 4 - 16 Ogosto 1900] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120221174607/http://www.nwhist.co.za/view-event.php?eventid=8 Dagaalkii Webiga Elands]}} 0 19dqugelweqmogicwdsqbrgm1sq8lto 0 48508 300676 2026-07-03T12:32:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Mohokare | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Caledon <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Lesotho]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = Magaalada | subdivision_name4 = [[Maputsoe]] | subdivision_type5 = Magaalada | subdivision_name5 = [[Maseru]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|642|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Mont-aux-Sources]] | source1_location = K galbeed ka xigta [[Phuthaditjhaba]], [[Drakensberg]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|2100|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] | mouth_location = Gidilka [[Bethulie]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|30|31|21|S|26|4|21|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1267|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | district = }} '''Webiga Caledon''' ({{langx|st|Mohokare}}) waa webi weyn oo ku yaal badhtamaha Koonfur Afrika. Dhererkiisa guud waa {{cvt|642|km}}, wuxuuna ka soo bilaawdaa Buuraha [[Drakensberg]] ee xadka [[Lesotho]], isagoo u qulqulaya dhanka koonfur-galbeed iyo ka dib dhanka galbeed ka hor intaanu kula biirin [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] meel u dhow [[Bethulie]] oo ku taal koonfurta gobolka [[Free State (province)|Free State]]. Webiga waxaa markii hore loogu magac daray ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' sannadkii 1777, waxaana u bixiyey Koronel R J Gordon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |url=https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf |title=Dictionary of South African Place Names |date=1987 |pages=105}}</ref> ==Juqraafi== Asalka Webiga Caledon wuxuu ku yaallaa [[bantustan|dhul-badalkii]] hore ee [[QwaQwa]], meel u dhow xadka Lesotho, dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Witsieshoek]]. Ka dib wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed isagoo xuduud la sameeya maserada weyn ee Lesotho, [[Maseru]]. Wuxuu xuduud u yahay [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] iyo Lesotho ka hor intaanu gelin gobolka Free State ee Koonfur Afrika (waqooyiga [[Wepener]]). Ka dib wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ka hor intaanu kula biirin [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] meel u dhow Bethulie oo ku taal koonfurta Free State, wax yar ka hor intaanu ku shubmin [[Gariep Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gariep]]. Dhererkiisa guud waa qiyaastii {{convert|480|km|abbr=on}}, dooxadiisuna waxay la kulantaa isbeddelo waaweyn oo dhanka kulaylka ah.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Caledon-River |title=Caledon River |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> Dhulka ku dhex yaal u dhaxeeya Webiga Caledon iyo Webiga Orange wuxuu dhisayaa Deegaanka Dabiiciga ah ee [[Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve]] oo baaxaddiisu tahay 22,000 oo hektar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/tussen_die_riviere.html |title=Tussen Die Riviere Game Reserve |publisher=SA Places |accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> ==Webiga== Webigu waa isha koowaad ee biyaha ee Maseru, paytaxta Lesotho, oo ku taal webiga dushiisa. Inta lagu jiro xilliyada roob-yarida, waxaa ka dhalan kara biyo-yari. Si tan loola tacaalo, dhowr [[reservoir|kayd biyo ah]] ayaa lagu abuuray dhismooyin ay ka mid yihiin [[Muela Dam|Biyo-xireenka Muela]] iyo [[Meulspruit Dam|Biyo-xireenka Meulspruit]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |title=Caledon River - Dams |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003111/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverFSCaledon/CALEDONRiver_Dams%20.htm# |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sannadkii 2003, biyo ayaa laga sii daayay halkan si looga baaqsado [[drought|abaar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |title=Drought |access-date=5 August 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201737/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2003/03102210461001.htm# |archive-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Dooxada Caledon waxay muhiim u tahay taariikhda dadka [[Basotho]]. Deegaanku wuxux ahaa mid si gaar ah u bacrin ah waxaana lagu beeran karay waraabin la'aan. Tani waxay ka dhigtay mid la rabo waxayna ahayd mid ka mid ah sababihii keenay khilaafkii dhex maray Basotho iyo [[Afrikaner|Boers-ka]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Coplan, David B. |year=2001 |title=A river runs through it: The meaning of the Lesotho‐free state border |journal=African Affairs |volume=100 |issue=398 |pages=81–116 |doi= 10.1093/afraf/100.398.81 }}</ref> Gallidda waxaa lagu beeraa miisaan weyn Dooxada Caledon.<ref name=Britannica/> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071025125021/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/reports/rivers/free%20state/Free%20State.pdf Nidaamyada Webiyada Gobolka Free State] {{authority control}} qp7qd5s4bwma6ado66nx1ifuuzttaof 0 48509 300677 2026-07-03T12:34:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bot | name_native = {{native name|af|Botrivier}} | name_other = | name_etymology = Waxaa loo turjumay Af-Afrikaans (bot; oo ah soo-gaabin laga keenay subag) iyadoo laga keenay magiciisa [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] ee ''Gouga'', oo macnaheedu yahay 'ku qani ah baruurta'.<ref>{{Cite web |title = History of Botrivier, Overberg, Western Cape |url=https://southafrica.co.za/history-of-botrivier.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=southafrica.co.za}}</ref> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes | id1 = Q3644396 | type1 = line | stroke-colour1 = #4271ae | stroke-width1 = 5 | id2 = Q61361433 | type2 = shape | fill-colour2 = #4271ae | stroke-colour2 = #4271ae | stroke-width2 = 1 | title2 = Nidaamka Af-webiga Bot - Kleinmond (Ramsar dhul qoyan)}} | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = South Africa | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Western Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = _ | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|22|5|S|19|5|55|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = Heerka badbaadada | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Nidaamka Af-webiga Bot - [[Kleinmond]] | designation1_date = 31 January 2017 | designation1_number = 2291<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|title=Bot - Kleinmond Estuarine System|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2291|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} | extra = }} '''Webiga Bot''' ({{langx|af|Botrivier}}) waa [[river|webi]] ku yaal gobolka [[Western Cape]] ee dalka Koonfur Afrika. [[Bot River Lagoon|Afka Webiga Bot]], oo ku yaal [[Fisherhaven]] iyo [[Kleinmond]], waa goob Ramsar ah.<ref name="ramsar" /> Laamihiisa waxaa ka mid ah [[Swart River|Webiga Swart]]. Webigu wuxuu ku dhex dhacaa Nidaamka Biyo-mareenka ee G. == Asalka magaca== Magaca Af-Afrikaans-ka ah ee {{Langx|af|bot|label=none}} waa soo-gaabin laga keenay {{Langx|af|botter|label=none}}. Tani waxay ka timid dadka [[Khoekhoe]] oo subagga ku sameyn jiray kuna beddelan jiray ganacsatada joogta Cape.<ref name="ramsar" /> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} pfm1x5hioqcsa9jcbqa4uq7kqqux414 0 48510 300678 2026-07-03T12:36:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bushman's | native_name = {{native name|zu|uMtshezi}}<ref>A. J. P. Opperman, The Battle of Blood River. CUM Books, Roodepoort, 1982. First edition, First impression. {{ISBN|0 86984 265 X}}. Page 4</ref><ref>[http://www.salanguages.com/munnames.htm South African Languages - Place names]</ref> | native_name_lang = | name_other = Boesmansrivier | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Wagendrift-damwal in Boesmansrivier.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Bushman's ee [[Wagendrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Wagendrift]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Bushman's <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Wagendrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Wagendrift]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|358|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Drakensberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Tugela River|Webiga Tugela]], [[Weenen]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|28|45|39|S|29|57|21|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Bushman's''' ({{langx|af|Boesmansrivier}}) waa laan ka mid ah [[Tugela River|Webiga Tugela]] oo u qulqusha dhanka bari ilaa waqooyi-bari, kuna taal gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa silsiladda [[Drakensberg Mountain|Buuraha Drakensberg]], iyadoo qaybta sare ee biyo-qabatinadiisa ay ku taal [[Giant's Castle Game Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Giant's Castle]], waqooyiga buurta Giant's Castle. Wuxuu quudiyaa [[Wagendrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Wagendrift]] ka dibna wuxuu soo maraa magaalada [[Estcourt]] si uu ugu biiro [[Tugela River|Webiga Tugela]] oo u dhow magaalada [[Weenen]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiversSA/defaultb.htm |title=Rivers in South Africa - e-wise |access-date=2009-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622074922/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/riverssa/defaultb.htm |archive-date=2011-06-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laamihiisa waxaa ka mid ah [[Little Bushmans River|Webiga Little Bushmans]] oo kula biira Webiga Bushmans magaalada Estcourt, Rensburgspruit, [[Mtontwanes River|Webiga Mtontwanes]] iyo [[Mugwenya River|Webiga Mugwenya]]. [[Wagendrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Wagendrift]] oo u dhow Estcourt waa kaydkiisa biyaha ee ugu weyn. Dhowr tuulo oo miyi ah oo dadku ku badan yihiin, oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah ay deggen yihiin dadka ''[[Hlubi|amaHlubi]]'', ayaa laga helaa aagga sare ee biyo-qabatinka webiga.<ref>{{cite book |title = Barrier of Spears - Drama of the Drakensberg |first = R.O. |last = Pearce |publisher = Howard Timins |isbn = 0-86978-050-6 |pages = 3–13 |year = 1973}}</ref> Webiga waxaa dhanka waqooyi ka xiga [[Bloukrans River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Webiga Bloukrans]] dhanka koonfurta na waxaa ka xiga [[Mooi River (river, KwaZulu-Natal)|Webiga Mooi]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm Liiska Biyo-xireennada Koonfur Afrika] [[Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa)|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Biyaha iyo Kaymaha (Koonfur Afrika)]] oien8wvn6sploz1479wm98jdgk4qmyd 0 48511 300679 2026-07-03T12:39:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Crocodile | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Krokodilrivier | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)-001.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga oo ku yaal kor u kaca [[Kwena Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kwena]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Crocodile <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobolka | subdivision_name3 = [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Steenkampsberg]] | source1_location = Waquuyiga [[Dullstroom]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]] | mouth_location = [[Komatipoort]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|26|18|S|31|58|35|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|10446|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-length_km = 100 }} '''Webiga Crocodile''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Crocodile (Bari)''', ({{langx|af|Krokodilrivier}}) waa webi weyn oo dhex mara gobolka [[Mpumalanga]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]]. ==Marinka== Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa waqooyiga [[Dullstroom]], [[Mpumalanga]], ee Buuraha [[Steenkampsberg]]. Hoos u dhaca [[Kwena Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kwena]], Webiga Crocodile wuxuu dhex maraa Schoemanskloof wuxuuna hoos u qulqulaa [[Montrose Falls|Shubka Montrose]]. Ka dib wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bariga isagoo soo mara [[Nelspruit]] wuxuuna kula biiraa [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]] magaalada [[Komatipoort]].<ref>[http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 The Komati River Basin and Land Use] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315050425/http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 |date=2014-03-15 }}</ref> Webiga Crocodile ee Mpumalanga wuxuu leeyahay aag biyo-qabatinka ah oo baaxaddiisu tahay 10,446&nbsp;km². Dhanka kore ee webiga waa meel caan ku ah jallabeysiga kalluunka [[trout]].<ref>[http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm Fishing - Dullstroom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111909/http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> Wuxuu dhex maraa aagga wershadaha ee [[Nelspruit]], aagga beeraha ee [[Lowveld]] wuxuuna xuduud la leeyahay [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]. Hoos u dhaca qulqulka webiga wuxuu yimaaddaa biyaha lagala baxayo ee loo isticmaalo waraabka beeraha khudaarta iyo sonkorowga. [[File:Crocodile River in the Lowveld Botanical Garden.jpg|thumb|Webiga Crocodile ee ku yaal [[Lowveld National Botanical Garden|Beerta Dhirta Qaranka ee Lowveld]] oo uu ku yimid daad bishii Janaayo 2026]] ==Laamaha== [[Elands River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Elands]] iyo Webiga Nels waa laamaha ku biira Crocodile. Webiga Elands, oo caan ku ah shubkiisa biyaha, wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa bannaanka doogga ah ee buuraha [[Drakensberg]] u dhow magaalada [[Machadodorp]] halka Webiga Nels uu isna ka soo bilaawdo Drakensberg sidoo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |title=SA Places - Dullstroom |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805014743/http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{gallery|width=165|height=165|mode=packed |image:Crocodile river from Marloth Park.jpg|Muuqaalka webiga oo laga arkayo [[Marloth Park]] |image:Ngwenya Lodge view on Crocodile River, 2011-02-23.jpg|Muuqaalka webiga oo laga arkayo Ngwenya Lodge xilliga roobka |image:Crocodile river Kruger Park01.JPG|[[Nile crocodile|Yaxaas]] ku dambabsanaya hareerta webiga, u dhow [[Malalane]] |image:Farms along Crocodile River ESA418732.tiff|Waraabka beeraha ee bangiga midig, iyo [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Kruger]] oo ku taal bangiga bidix, sidii uu u arkay [[Sentinel-2]] }} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 323tmh1fofdsumixvjddcd9w9bwbpi5 300827 300679 2026-07-04T09:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Crocodile | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Krokodilrivier | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)-001.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga oo ku yaal kor u kaca [[Kwena Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kwena]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Crocodile <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobolka | subdivision_name3 = [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Steenkampsberg]] | source1_location = Waquuyiga [[Dullstroom]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]] | mouth_location = [[Komatipoort]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|26|18|S|31|58|35|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|10446|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-length_km = 100 }} '''Webiga Crocodile''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Crocodile (Bari)''', ({{langx|af|Krokodilrivier}}) waa webi weyn oo dhex mara gobolka [[Mpumalanga]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]]. ==Marinka== Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa waqooyiga [[Dullstroom]], [[Mpumalanga]], ee Buuraha [[Steenkampsberg]]. Hoos u dhaca [[Kwena Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kwena]], Webiga Crocodile wuxuu dhex maraa Schoemanskloof wuxuuna hoos u qulqulaa [[Montrose Falls|Shubka Montrose]]. Ka dib wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bariga isagoo soo mara [[Nelspruit]] wuxuuna kula biiraa [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]] magaalada [[Komatipoort]].<ref>[http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 The Komati River Basin and Land Use] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 |date=20140315050425 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315050425/http://www.kobwa.co.za/index.cfm?objectid=50536F92-E0C4-BB9D-7D5CEF726B5B54B0 |date=2014-03-15 }}</ref> Webiga Crocodile ee Mpumalanga wuxuu leeyahay aag biyo-qabatinka ah oo baaxaddiisu tahay 10,446&nbsp;km². Dhanka kore ee webiga waa meel caan ku ah jallabeysiga kalluunka [[trout]].<ref>[http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm Fishing - Dullstroom] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm |date=20150402111909 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111909/http://www.dullstroom.biz/fishing.htm |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> Wuxuu dhex maraa aagga wershadaha ee [[Nelspruit]], aagga beeraha ee [[Lowveld]] wuxuuna xuduud la leeyahay [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]. Hoos u dhaca qulqulka webiga wuxuu yimaaddaa biyaha lagala baxayo ee loo isticmaalo waraabka beeraha khudaarta iyo sonkorowga. [[File:Crocodile River in the Lowveld Botanical Garden.jpg|thumb|Webiga Crocodile ee ku yaal [[Lowveld National Botanical Garden|Beerta Dhirta Qaranka ee Lowveld]] oo uu ku yimid daad bishii Janaayo 2026]] ==Laamaha== [[Elands River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Elands]] iyo Webiga Nels waa laamaha ku biira Crocodile. Webiga Elands, oo caan ku ah shubkiisa biyaha, wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa bannaanka doogga ah ee buuraha [[Drakensberg]] u dhow magaalada [[Machadodorp]] halka Webiga Nels uu isna ka soo bilaawdo Drakensberg sidoo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |title=SA Places - Dullstroom |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805014743/http://www.places.co.za/html/dullstroom.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{gallery|width=165|height=165|mode=packed |image:Crocodile river from Marloth Park.jpg|Muuqaalka webiga oo laga arkayo [[Marloth Park]] |image:Ngwenya Lodge view on Crocodile River, 2011-02-23.jpg|Muuqaalka webiga oo laga arkayo Ngwenya Lodge xilliga roobka |image:Crocodile river Kruger Park01.JPG|[[Nile crocodile|Yaxaas]] ku dambabsanaya hareerta webiga, u dhow [[Malalane]] |image:Farms along Crocodile River ESA418732.tiff|Waraabka beeraha ee bangiga midig, iyo [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Kruger]] oo ku taal bangiga bidix, sidii uu u arkay [[Sentinel-2]] }} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} mqrizf0iy4og85oiazw072nolaams00 0 48512 300680 2026-07-03T12:41:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Crocodile | native_name = {{langx|tn|Oodi}} | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{langx|af|Krokodilrivier}} | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Krokodilrivier, a, Phalandingwe.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Crocodile oo ku yaal [[Pelindaba]], [[North West (South African province)|North West]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Crocodile <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Gauteng]], [[North West Province, South Africa|North West]] iyo [[Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Witwatersrand]] | source1_location = Witpoortjie, [[Gauteng]] | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|-26.123|27.830|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1710|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = Dwaalboom, [[Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|11|27|S|26|52|22|E|display=i}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|872|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] → [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | length = {{convert|423|km|abbr=on}} | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|29572|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Crocodile''' ({{langx|tn|Oodi}},<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/7147078 | title=Fenders of Space: Kgatla Territorial Expansion Under Boer and British Rule, 1840–1920 | journal=Indigenous Southern African Responses to Colonialism, 1840-1930 | pages=21–46 | last1=Morton | first1=Fred }}</ref> {{langx|af|Krokodilrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Marka uu la kulmo [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]], waxaa samaysma [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> ==Marinka== [[File:ISS019-E-14058crocodile.jpg|190px|thumb|left|Sawir [[NASA]] ay ka qaadday Webiga Crocodile oo koonfur ka xiga [[Thabazimbi]]]] Webiga Crocodile wuxuu asalkiisu ka soo bilaawdaa silsiladda [[Witwatersrand]], isagoo ka unkama [[Constantia Kloof]], [[Roodepoort]], ee gobolka [[Gauteng]]. Biyo-xireenka ugu horreeya ee webiga ku yaal waa Biyo-xireenka Lake Heritage oo wax yar galbeed ka xiga [[Lanseria International Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Lanseria]]. Wax yar waqooyi ka xigta garoonkan waa barta uu kula kulmo [[Jukskei River|Webiga Jukskei]]. Marka hoos loogu sii dego dhanka [[North West (South African province)|gobolka North West]], waxaa ku yaal [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]] iyo [[Roodekoppies Dam|Biyo-xireenka Roodekoppies]]. Wixii ka dambeeya Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort, qulqulka webigu wuxuu soo maraa magaalada [[Brits, North West|Brits]]. [[Elands River (North West)|Webiga Elands]] wuxuu kula biiraa dhanka hoose ee [[Vaalkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vaalkop]], qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km ka dibna [[Pienaars River|Webiga Pienaars]] wuxuu kula biiraa bangigiisa midig, wax yar ka dib marka uu ka soo baxo [[Klipvoor Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klipvoor]]. Gobolka [[Limpopo]], qiyaastii 35&nbsp;km ka dib, webigu wuxuu soo maraa magaalada [[Thabazimbi]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa si qalloocan masaafo badan oo kiiloomitir ah iyadoo uu dhex marayo aag ay dadku ku yar yihiin ka hor intaanu kula biirin Webiga Marico wax yar galbeed ka xigta Rooibokkraal oo ku taal xadka gobolka North West si uu u bixiyo bilowga Webiga Limpopo.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Projects/MCWAP/documents/EIAphase1Appendices/Appendix%20H/Appendix%20H3/Mokolo%20Crocodile%20Water%20Augmentation%20Project%20-%20Report.pdf Mokolo and Crocodile River (West)]</ref> ==Laamaha== Laamaha ku biira Webiga Crocodile waxaa ka mid ah Bloubankspruit, [[Hennops River|Webiga Hennops]], [[Jukskei River|Webiga Jukskei]], Webiga Magalies, Webiga Sterkstroom, Rosespruit, Webiga Skeerpoort, Kareespruit, [[Elands River (North West)|Webiga Elands]], Webiga Bierspruit iyo Webiga Sundays.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> ==Kharibaadda Deegaanka== [[File:Hartbeespoort Dam, North West (South Africa).jpg|thumb|Korriinka baaxadda leh ee [[water hyacinth|gocondhada biyaha]] oo sii xumaynaysa tayada biyaha ee [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]]] Webiga Crocodile waa mid ka mid ah nidaamyada webiyada ee ugu kharriban uguna wasakhaysan [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Saamaynta wasakhda ka timaadda laba ka mid ah aagagga magaalo-madaxda ee Koonfur Afrika, oo kala ah [[Johannesburg]] iyo [[City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality|Tshwane]], waxay dhibaato weyn u geysatay nidaamka deegaanka. Wasakhda wershadaha ee aan la daawayn, kuwa macdanta, kuwa beeraha iyo qashinka guryaha ayaa hoos u dhigay tayada biyaha inta badan marinkiisa, waxayna keentay korriinkii baaxad lahaa ee [[algal bloom|ajayda]] ee ka dhex dhashay Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort iyo Biyo-xireenka Roodekoppies. Noocyada dhirta ee duulaanka ah ayaa si xun u saameeyay hufnaanta nidaamka. Hab-dhaqannada beerashada ee aan waaran waxay keeneen racyo badan oo [[sediment|carro-keen ah]] iyo nabaad-guur kuwaas oo sii waxyeelleeyay webiga. == Biyo-xireennada== [[File:South Africa-Hartbeespoot dam05.jpg|thumb|right|Muuqaalka [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]]] Webiga Crocodile wuxuu qayb ka yahay Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West) iyo Marico. Biyo-xireennada ku yaal dooxada webiga waa: * [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]] * [[Roodekoppies Dam|Biyo-xireenka Roodekoppies]] * [[Rietvlei Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rietvlei]], ee ku yaal [[Rietvlei River|Webiga Rietvlei]] * [[Bon Accord Dam|Biyo-xireenka Bon Accord]] iyo [[Leeukraal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Leeukraal]], ee ku yaal [[Apies River|Webiga Apies]] * [[Klipvoor Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klipvoor]] iyo [[Roodeplaat Dam|Biyo-xireenka Roodeplaat]], ee ku yaal Pienaars/[[Moretele River|Webiga Moretele]] * [[Vaalkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vaalkop]], ee ku yaal [[Elands River (North West)|Webiga Elands]] * [[Bospoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Bospoort]], ee ku yaal [[Hex River (Elands River)|Webiga Hex (Matshukubjana)]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Crocodile River (West)|Crocodile River}} *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Guudmarka Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West)/Marico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184646/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf |date=2018-04-19 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064627/https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/2008 Natural and anthropogenic influences on water quality: an example from rivers draining the Johannesburg Granite Dome] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120317153330/http://www.togoto.co.za/index.asp?pid=2 A river runs through Limpopo Province] *[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500007&script=sci_arttext The influence of land use on water quality and diatom community structures in urban and agriculturally stressed rivers] 3qcgnpqbcvkpn4848fldqnudzghl8dq 300826 300680 2026-07-04T09:37:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Crocodile | native_name = {{langx|tn|Oodi}} | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{langx|af|Krokodilrivier}} | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Krokodilrivier, a, Phalandingwe.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Crocodile oo ku yaal [[Pelindaba]], [[North West (South African province)|North West]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Crocodile <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Gauteng]], [[North West Province, South Africa|North West]] iyo [[Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Witwatersrand]] | source1_location = Witpoortjie, [[Gauteng]] | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|-26.123|27.830|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1710|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = Dwaalboom, [[Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|11|27|S|26|52|22|E|display=i}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|872|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] → [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | length = {{convert|423|km|abbr=on}} | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|29572|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Crocodile''' ({{langx|tn|Oodi}},<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/7147078 | title=Fenders of Space: Kgatla Territorial Expansion Under Boer and British Rule, 1840–1920 | journal=Indigenous Southern African Responses to Colonialism, 1840-1930 | pages=21–46 | last1=Morton | first1=Fred }}</ref> {{langx|af|Krokodilrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Marka uu la kulmo [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]], waxaa samaysma [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> ==Marinka== [[File:ISS019-E-14058crocodile.jpg|190px|thumb|left|Sawir [[NASA]] ay ka qaadday Webiga Crocodile oo koonfur ka xiga [[Thabazimbi]]]] Webiga Crocodile wuxuu asalkiisu ka soo bilaawdaa silsiladda [[Witwatersrand]], isagoo ka unkama [[Constantia Kloof]], [[Roodepoort]], ee gobolka [[Gauteng]]. Biyo-xireenka ugu horreeya ee webiga ku yaal waa Biyo-xireenka Lake Heritage oo wax yar galbeed ka xiga [[Lanseria International Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Lanseria]]. Wax yar waqooyi ka xigta garoonkan waa barta uu kula kulmo [[Jukskei River|Webiga Jukskei]]. Marka hoos loogu sii dego dhanka [[North West (South African province)|gobolka North West]], waxaa ku yaal [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]] iyo [[Roodekoppies Dam|Biyo-xireenka Roodekoppies]]. Wixii ka dambeeya Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort, qulqulka webigu wuxuu soo maraa magaalada [[Brits, North West|Brits]]. [[Elands River (North West)|Webiga Elands]] wuxuu kula biiraa dhanka hoose ee [[Vaalkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vaalkop]], qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km ka dibna [[Pienaars River|Webiga Pienaars]] wuxuu kula biiraa bangigiisa midig, wax yar ka dib marka uu ka soo baxo [[Klipvoor Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klipvoor]]. Gobolka [[Limpopo]], qiyaastii 35&nbsp;km ka dib, webigu wuxuu soo maraa magaalada [[Thabazimbi]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa si qalloocan masaafo badan oo kiiloomitir ah iyadoo uu dhex marayo aag ay dadku ku yar yihiin ka hor intaanu kula biirin Webiga Marico wax yar galbeed ka xigta Rooibokkraal oo ku taal xadka gobolka North West si uu u bixiyo bilowga Webiga Limpopo.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Projects/MCWAP/documents/EIAphase1Appendices/Appendix%20H/Appendix%20H3/Mokolo%20Crocodile%20Water%20Augmentation%20Project%20-%20Report.pdf Mokolo and Crocodile River (West)]</ref> ==Laamaha== Laamaha ku biira Webiga Crocodile waxaa ka mid ah Bloubankspruit, [[Hennops River|Webiga Hennops]], [[Jukskei River|Webiga Jukskei]], Webiga Magalies, Webiga Sterkstroom, Rosespruit, Webiga Skeerpoort, Kareespruit, [[Elands River (North West)|Webiga Elands]], Webiga Bierspruit iyo Webiga Sundays.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3]</ref> ==Kharibaadda Deegaanka== [[File:Hartbeespoort Dam, North West (South Africa).jpg|thumb|Korriinka baaxadda leh ee [[water hyacinth|gocondhada biyaha]] oo sii xumaynaysa tayada biyaha ee [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]]] Webiga Crocodile waa mid ka mid ah nidaamyada webiyada ee ugu kharriban uguna wasakhaysan [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Saamaynta wasakhda ka timaadda laba ka mid ah aagagga magaalo-madaxda ee Koonfur Afrika, oo kala ah [[Johannesburg]] iyo [[City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality|Tshwane]], waxay dhibaato weyn u geysatay nidaamka deegaanka. Wasakhda wershadaha ee aan la daawayn, kuwa macdanta, kuwa beeraha iyo qashinka guryaha ayaa hoos u dhigay tayada biyaha inta badan marinkiisa, waxayna keentay korriinkii baaxad lahaa ee [[algal bloom|ajayda]] ee ka dhex dhashay Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort iyo Biyo-xireenka Roodekoppies. Noocyada dhirta ee duulaanka ah ayaa si xun u saameeyay hufnaanta nidaamka. Hab-dhaqannada beerashada ee aan waaran waxay keeneen racyo badan oo [[sediment|carro-keen ah]] iyo nabaad-guur kuwaas oo sii waxyeelleeyay webiga. == Biyo-xireennada== [[File:South Africa-Hartbeespoot dam05.jpg|thumb|right|Muuqaalka [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]]] Webiga Crocodile wuxuu qayb ka yahay Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West) iyo Marico. Biyo-xireennada ku yaal dooxada webiga waa: * [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]] * [[Roodekoppies Dam|Biyo-xireenka Roodekoppies]] * [[Rietvlei Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rietvlei]], ee ku yaal [[Rietvlei River|Webiga Rietvlei]] * [[Bon Accord Dam|Biyo-xireenka Bon Accord]] iyo [[Leeukraal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Leeukraal]], ee ku yaal [[Apies River|Webiga Apies]] * [[Klipvoor Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klipvoor]] iyo [[Roodeplaat Dam|Biyo-xireenka Roodeplaat]], ee ku yaal Pienaars/[[Moretele River|Webiga Moretele]] * [[Vaalkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vaalkop]], ee ku yaal [[Elands River (North West)|Webiga Elands]] * [[Bospoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Bospoort]], ee ku yaal [[Hex River (Elands River)|Webiga Hex (Matshukubjana)]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Crocodile River (West)|Crocodile River}} *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Guudmarka Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West)/Marico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184646/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf |date=2018-04-19 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064627/https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/2008 Natural and anthropogenic influences on water quality: an example from rivers draining the Johannesburg Granite Dome] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120317153330/http://www.togoto.co.za/index.asp?pid=2 A river runs through Limpopo Province] *[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500007&script=sci_arttext The influence of land use on water quality and diatom community structures in urban and agriculturally stressed rivers]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} etx8no3kw86aq6qfgg7276oj7vmb7ui 0 48513 300681 2026-07-03T12:49:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Elands | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray [[Common Eland|Cawsha Eland (Taurotragus oryx)]] | image = Eland crossing QE1 48.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Gaari-faras ka gudbaya toggga Elands, dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Elands | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Mpumalanga]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = U dhow Machadodorp | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,046|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Crocodile]] | mouth_location = U dhow Shubka Montrose | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|27|17|S|30|42|58|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|772|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Elands''' waa webi ka tirsan dooxada [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]] ee gobolka [[Mpumalanga]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigan waxaa lagu yaqaannaa [[Elands River Falls|Shubka Biyaha ee Webiga Elands]], kaas oo ku yaal u dhaxeeya [[Waterval Boven]] iyo [[Waterval Onder]]. Shubkan wuxuu hoos u dhacaa 70 m hal mar, wuxuuna u dhow yahay tunelka NZASM. Waxaa kale oo uu u dhow yahay goob kale oo taariikhi ah oo loo yaqaan [[Krugerhof]], oo ahayd hoygii ugu dambeeyay ee Madaxweyne [[Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger]] ee [[South African Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika]] (ZAR), halkaas oo uu ku yaal Matxaf. Webigu wuxuu ka bilaawdaa u dhow magaalada [[Machadodorp]], ee aagga [[Highveld]] ee Mpumalanga, ka dib marka uu maro shub biyo ah oo cakiran, wuxuu kula biiraa bangiga midig ee [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Crocodile]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg Inkomati WMA 5]</ref> ==Hees== Fanaanka reer [[Rhodesia]] ee muusigga hiddaha iyo dhaqanka [[John Edmond]] ayaa qoray heesta "The Siege at Elands River" oo ku saabsan [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html Mpumalanga Waterfalls - South Africa] {{Authority control}} cawszpqxtusb2rjaubpc4bdm17nx59v 300830 300681 2026-07-04T09:42:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Elands | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray [[Common Eland|Cawsha Eland (Taurotragus oryx)]] | image = Eland crossing QE1 48.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Gaari-faras ka gudbaya toggga Elands, dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Elands | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Mpumalanga]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = U dhow Machadodorp | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,046|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Crocodile]] | mouth_location = U dhow Shubka Montrose | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|27|17|S|30|42|58|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|772|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Elands''' waa webi ka tirsan dooxada [[Komati River|Webiga Komati]] ee gobolka [[Mpumalanga]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigan waxaa lagu yaqaannaa [[Elands River Falls|Shubka Biyaha ee Webiga Elands]], kaas oo ku yaal u dhaxeeya [[Waterval Boven]] iyo [[Waterval Onder]]. Shubkan wuxuu hoos u dhacaa 70 m hal mar, wuxuuna u dhow yahay tunelka NZASM. Waxaa kale oo uu u dhow yahay goob kale oo taariikhi ah oo loo yaqaan [[Krugerhof]], oo ahayd hoygii ugu dambeeyay ee Madaxweyne [[Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger]] ee [[South African Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika]] (ZAR), halkaas oo uu ku yaal Matxaf. Webigu wuxuu ka bilaawdaa u dhow magaalada [[Machadodorp]], ee aagga [[Highveld]] ee Mpumalanga, ka dib marka uu maro shub biyo ah oo cakiran, wuxuu kula biiraa bangiga midig ee [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Crocodile]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA5Inkomati.jpg Inkomati WMA 5]</ref> ==Hees== Fanaanka reer [[Rhodesia]] ee muusigga hiddaha iyo dhaqanka [[John Edmond]] ayaa qoray heesta "The Siege at Elands River" oo ku saabsan [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html Mpumalanga Waterfalls - South Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.drakensberg-tourism.com/mpumalanga-waterfalls.html |date=20120602181933 }} {{Authority control}} 1kqt4zuj7pea07895no6yk0g5yu4dsi 0 48514 300682 2026-07-03T12:54:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ga-Selati | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Selatirivier | name_etymology = Waxaa la sheegay in loogu magac daray oday dhaqameed (suldaan)<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Ga-Selati <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = {{convert|0.29|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = {{convert|4.9|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Wolkberg]] | source1_location = Koonfur-Bari ee [[Tzaneen]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|840|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Phalaborwa]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|2|20|S|31|10|20|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|297|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Ga-Selati''' ama '''Webiga Selati''' ({{langx|af|Selatirivier}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. ==Marinka== Wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa dhiftada dhagaxan ee galbeedka Buuraha [[Wolkberg]], oo ka tirsan silsiladda Buuraha Drakensberg, qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km koonfur-bari ee [[Tzaneen]]. Laga soo bilaabo meeshan uu ka soo unkamo oo ah aag roobabku ku badan yihiin, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bariga qiyaastii 140 kiiloomitir ka hor intaanu kula biirin [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] qiyaastii 7 kiiloomitir koonfur ka xigta magaalada [[Phalaborwa]].<ref>[http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00334.pdf Hydrology and land use in the Ga-Selati catchment]</ref> Laamaha ugu weyn ee ku biira Webiga Ga-Selati waa [[Ngwabitsi River|Webiga Ngwabitsi]] iyo [[Mulati River|Webiga Mulati]], kuwaas oo labaduba kula biira bangigiisa midig.<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUSelati/defaulttrib.htm South African Rivers - Selati River]</ref> Xilliga jiilaalka, salka dooxada Ga-Selati wuxuu noqdaa mid engegan inta badan dhererkiisa. Webigan waxaa si weyn u saameeyay kharibaadda deegaanka iyo wasakhda ka dhalatay hawlaha macdanta ee laga sameeyo Phalaborwa ee qaybta hoose ee marinkiisa.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_4.03.html The Olifants River System; Ecoregions 4.03 & 4.05 - Ecoregion and River Characteristics]</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada dooxada ku yaal== *[[Tours Dam|Biyo-xireenka Tours]], ee ku yaal [[Ngwabitsi River|Webiga Ngwabitsi]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://ul.netd.ac.za/bitstream/10386/366/1/Ramollo%20PP%20MSc Bioassessing the Impact of Water Quality] g94d5ofxhv7157338w7n8qocghnr2w8 0 48515 300684 2026-07-03T12:56:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gamka | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Gamkarivier | name_etymology = Waxay ka timid "libaax" ee [[Khoisan language|luqadda Khoisan]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Olifants <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Waqooyiga [[Beaufort West]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|32|11|S|22|35|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1400|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Gourits River|Webiga Gourits]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|40|55|S|21|42|58|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|516|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Gamka''' ({{langx|af|Gamkarivier}}) waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Magaca '{{lang|khi|gamka}}' wuxuu ka dhigan yahay 'Libaax', waxaana suuragal ah inay saas u bixiyeen dadka [[San people|San]] (Bushmen). Webigu wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa waqooyiga [[Beaufort West]], isagoo guud ahaan u qulqula dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee ku wajahan [[Gamkapoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gamkapoort]]. Laamaha ugu weyn ee Webiga Gamka waa [[Dwyka River|Webiga Dwyka]], [[Koekemoers River|Webiga Koekemoers]] iyo [[Leeuw River|Webiga Leeuw]] kuwaas oo ka soo unkama Great [[Karoo]], kuna kulma ka dibna u qulqula dhanka koonfureed iyagoo dhex mara Buuraha [[Swartberg]]. [[Olifants River (Southern Cape)|Webiga Olifants]] wuxuu kula biiraa Webiga Gamka koonfurta [[Calitzdorp]]. Markay isku darsamaan waxay noqdaan [[Gourits River|Webiga Gourits]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]</ref> Webiga Gamka wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa dhanka Waqooyi-Bari ee [[Gamka Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gamka]] halka [[Dwyka River|Webiga Dwyka]] uu ka soo qulqulo dhanka Waqooyi-Galbeed. Labada webi waxay ku shubmaan Biyo-xireenka Gamka, halkaasna uu Webiga Gamka ka sii qulqulo dhanka koonfureed wuxuuna noqdaa [[Gourits River|Webiga Gourits]] marka uu joogo [[Calitzdorp]], halkaas oo uu ag maro buuraha magaca la wadaaga ee [[Gamkaberg]]. == Biyo-xireennada ku yaal Webiga Gamka == * [[Doornfontein Dam|Biyo-xireenka Doornfontein]] (baaxaddiisu waa {{convert|4400000|m3}}), * [[Gamka Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gamka]] (baaxaddiisu waa {{convert|1800000|m3}}), * [[Springfontein Dam|Biyo-xireenka Springfontein]], * [[Leeu-Gamka Dam|Biyo-xireenka Leeu-Gamka]] (baaxaddiisu waa {{convert|14300000|m3}}), * [[Gamkapoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gamkapoort]] (baaxaddiisu waa {{convert|44200000|m3}}), * [[Oukloof Dam|Biyo-xireenka Oukloof]] (baaxaddiisu waa {{convert|4200000|m3}}), * [[Calitzdorp Dam|Biyo-xireenka Calitzdorp]] (baaxaddiisu waa {{convert|4800000|m3}}), * [[Tierkloof Dam|Biyo-xireenka Tierkloof]] (baaxaddiisu waa {{convert|50000|m3}}) == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 2b4bq30f6opghjchep5r78xdfuhb93v 0 48516 300685 2026-07-03T12:58:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gourits | native_name = {{native name|af|Rio das Vaccas}} | name_other = Gouritz River, Gouritsrivier | name_etymology = Asalkiisa lama hubo; malaha wuxuu ka yimid ereyga "wasakh" ee [[Griqua language|luqadda Griqua]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Bridge Gouritsrivier.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = [[Gouritz River Bridge|Buundooyinka saddex-geesoodka ah ee Webiga Gourits]] u dhow [[Albertinia, Western Cape]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Gourits <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|416|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = [[Gamka River|Gamka]] (G)<br>[[Olifants River (Southern Cape)|Olifants]] (B) | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|33|40|57|S|21|42|58|E|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|516|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Gourits Estuary|Af-webiga Gourits]] | mouth_location = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], U dhow [[Gouritsmond]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|20|47|S|21|53|08|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|45715|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Gourits''' ({{langx|af|Gouritsrivier}}), mararka qaar loo qoro 'Gouritz River', wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100019&script=sci_arttext Water resources in the Klein Karoo: the challenge of sustainable development in a water-scarce area]</ref> Webiga Gourits wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa barta ay ku kulmaan [[Gamka River|Webiga Gamka]] iyo [[Olifants River (Southern Cape)|Webiga Olifants]] waxaana ku biira [[Groot River (Southern Cape)|Webiga Groot]], ka hor intaanu dhex marin Buuraha [[Langeberg]] iyo bannaanka xeebta. U dambayntii wuxuu ku shubmaa badda isagoo sii maraya [[Gourits Estuary|Af-webiga Gourits]] oo u dhow [[Gouritsmond]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]</ref> {{clear left}} ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} llze1t28yp53ltm2zhas4i4fycexny1 300831 300685 2026-07-04T09:43:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gourits | native_name = {{native name|af|Rio das Vaccas}} | name_other = Gouritz River, Gouritsrivier | name_etymology = Asalkiisa lama hubo; malaha wuxuu ka yimid ereyga "wasakh" ee [[Griqua language|luqadda Griqua]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Bridge Gouritsrivier.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = [[Gouritz River Bridge|Buundooyinka saddex-geesoodka ah ee Webiga Gourits]] u dhow [[Albertinia, Western Cape]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Gourits <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|416|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = [[Gamka River|Gamka]] (G)<br>[[Olifants River (Southern Cape)|Olifants]] (B) | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|33|40|57|S|21|42|58|E|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|516|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Gourits Estuary|Af-webiga Gourits]] | mouth_location = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], U dhow [[Gouritsmond]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|20|47|S|21|53|08|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|45715|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Gourits''' ({{langx|af|Gouritsrivier}}), mararka qaar loo qoro 'Gouritz River', wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water resources in the Klein Karoo: the challenge of sustainable development in a water-scarce area |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0038-23532009000100019&script=sci_arttext |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2024-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010062834/https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532009000100019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webiga Gourits wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa barta ay ku kulmaan [[Gamka River|Webiga Gamka]] iyo [[Olifants River (Southern Cape)|Webiga Olifants]] waxaana ku biira [[Groot River (Southern Cape)|Webiga Groot]], ka hor intaanu dhex marin Buuraha [[Langeberg]] iyo bannaanka xeebta. U dambayntii wuxuu ku shubmaa badda isagoo sii maraya [[Gourits Estuary|Af-webiga Gourits]] oo u dhow [[Gouritsmond]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]</ref> {{clear left}} ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} 0u3mi7pj8q08q2y15uk925mmrom4eu8 0 48517 300686 2026-07-03T13:01:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Great Fish | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Visrivier.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Great Fish ee ka tirsan Eastern Cape, kuna yaal [[Great Fish River Nature Reserve|Kaydka Waalidka ee Webiga Great Fish]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 7 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Great Fish <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|730|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Seafield, Eastern Cape|Seafield]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|29|34|S|27|07|52|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|30366|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Close to great fish river790.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalka deegaanka ee u dhow dhexda marinka Webiga Great Fish]] '''Webiga Great Fish''' (waxaa loogu yeeraa ''great'' si looga soociyo [[Namibia|Webiga Fish ee Namibia]]) ({{langx|af|Groot-Visrivier}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myfundi.co.za/a/Riviere_van_Suid-Afrika |title=Riviere van Suid-Afrika |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430151102/http://myfundi.co.za/a/Riviere_van_Suid-Afrika |archive-date=2012-04-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> waa webi dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|644|km|mi}} oo dhex mara gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Aagga xeebta ee u dhaxeeya [[Port Elizabeth]] iyo afka Webiga Fish waxaa loo yaqaannaa ''[[Sunshine Coast, Eastern Cape|Sunshine Coast]]''. Webiga Great Fish waxaa markii hore loo bixiyay ''Rio do Infante'', iyadoo loogu magac daray [[João Infante]], oo ahaa kabtanka mid ka mid ah maraakiibta caravel-ka ee [[Bartolomeu Dias]]. Infante wuxuu booqday webiga dabayaaqadii 1480-meeyadii.<ref>{{cite book|first=Peter Edmund |last=Raper |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|url=https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames|publisher=Human Science Research Council|location=Johannesburg|year=1987}} (public domain)</ref> Magaca Great Fish waa mid si khaldan u turjumaya, maadaama uu yahay turjumaadda afka Holland ee '''Groot Visch Rivier''', oo ahaa magaca laan webi ah oo ku taal agagaarka [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Toit |first=Chris Marais and Julienne du |date=2023-10-11 |title=Cradock II: The Fish, the Show, the Ghosts & the Trekbokke |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-10-11-cradock-ii-the-fish-the-show-the-ghosts-the-trekbokke/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> kaas oo marka uu ku biiro Little Fish ('''Klein Visch Rivier''') sameeya waxa si sax ah loogu yeero Webiga Fish ee ([[Eastern Cape]]). ==Marinka== Webiga Great Fish wuxuu ka unkamaa bariga [[Graaff-Reinet]] wuxuuna dhex maraa [[Cradock, South Africa|Cradock]]. Dhanka koonfureed, [[Tarka River|Webiga Tarka]] ayaa kula biira bangigiisa midig. Halkaas wuxuu u laabaa qaab goglan dhanka [[Cookhouse (village)|Cookhouse]], isagoo halkaas uga sii qulqulaya dhanka bari ee [[Grahamstown]] ka hor intaanu si toos ah ugu shubmin af-webigiisa oo 8&nbsp;km waqooyi-bari ka xiga [[Seafield, Eastern Cape|Seafield]], kuna yaal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Keeffe|first1=J. H.|last2=De Moor|first2=F. C.|date=January 1988|title=Changes in the physico-chemistry and benthic invertebrates of the great fish river, South Africa, following an interbasin transfer of water|journal=Regulated Rivers: Research & Management|volume=2|issue=1|pages=39–55|doi=10.1002/rrr.3450020105|issn=0886-9375}}</ref> Webigu guud ahaan waa mid joogto ah, oo biyo leh sannadka oo dhan, inkastoo meesha uu ka unkamo ay tahay aag engegan, qulqulkiisa dabiiciga ahna uu noqon karo mid gaabis ah xilliga jiilaalka; hadda, biyaha ka yimaada nidaamka Webiga Orange ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo ilaaliyo qulqulkiisa xilliyada engegan. Webiga waxaa saameeya ruxmanka badda qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km.<ref name=":0" /> Laamaha ugu weyn ee ku biira waa [[Groot Brak River (Eastern Cape)|Webiga Groot Brak]], [[Tarka River|Webiga Tarka]] iyo [[Kap River|Webiga Kap]] dhanka bidix, iyo Webiga Little Fish ({{langx|af|Klein-Visrivier}}) dhanka midig. Webiga Great Fish wuxuu ka tirsan yahay [[Fish to Tsitsikama|Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Fish to Tsitsikama]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |title=Fish to Tsitsikama WMA 15 |access-date=29 March 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630195400/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada dooxada== * [[Egerton Dam|Biyo-xireenka Egerton]] * [[Elandsdrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Elandsdrift]] ==Cimilada== Afka webiga, cimiladu waa mid dhexdhexaad ah oo leh roob qiyaastii gaaraya {{Convert|650|mm|abbr=on}} kaas oo inta badan da'a xilliyada gu'ga iyo dayrta. Heerkulka celceliska wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{Convert|12 to 24|C}} iyadoo uu hoos ugu dhici karo {{Convert|2|C}} ama uu kor ugu kici karo ilaa {{Convert|40|C}}. ==Deegaanka== 1970-meeyadii, mashruuc weyn oo biyo ah ayaa keenay [[Orange River water|biyaha Webiga Orange]], iyadoo la sii marinayo Webiga Fish, si loogu isticmaalo beeraha iyo wershadaha. [[Orange–Fish River Tunnel|Tunelka]] arsaaqdan loo sameeyey wuxuu ahaa hawl weyn oo dhanka injineernimada ah, iyadoo meesha laga soo qaado ay tahay [[Oviston]] (oo ah soo gaabin af Afrikaan ah oo u taagan Orange-Fish Tunnel). Oviston waxay ku taal xeebta [[Gariep Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gariep]]. Warshad korontada laga dhaliyo biyaha ayaa la dhigay meesha uu Webiga Fish ka soo baxo, laakiin ma ahan mid dhaqaale ahaan faa'iido leh hantideedana looma isticmaalo. Isku darsanka biyaha ee ka yimid labada dooxada wuxuu saameyn kharibaad ah ku yeeshay deegaanka—inta badan nidaamka deegaanka ee Webiga Fish waxaa hadda la wareegay dhirta iyo xayawaanka Webiga Orange. ===Dhirta=== Afka webiga, waxaa ku yaal kaymo dooxo ah, kaymo ciidda xeebta ah, dhirta hareeraha webiga iyo [[fynbos]]. Dhirta ay ka mid yihiin [[Encephalartos altensteinii|eastern Cape giant cycad]], kuwa cas iyo kuwa cad ee [[Sideroxylon inerme|milkwood]] waa geedo la ilaaliyo. Noocyada kale ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah akasiya, [[Dombeya rotundifolia|white pear]], [[Schotia afra|Karoo boer-bean]], [[Strelitzia nicolai|wild banana]], [[Acokanthera oblongifolia|dune poison bush]], [[Harpephyllum afrum|wild plum]], [[Erythrina afra|coral tree]] iyo [[Zanthoxylum capense|small knobwood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Landscape of the Great Fish River, South Africa |url=https://www.nature-reserve.co.za/great-fish-river-landscape.html |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za}}</ref> ===Xayawaanka=== Waxaa jira tiro yar oo ah kaluunka [[endangered|halis ku jira]] ee [[Eastern Province rocky]] (''[[Sandelia bainsii]]'') oo ku jira Webiga Kat, oo ka tirsan dooxada Webiga Great Fish.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19889/all Sandelia bainsii]</ref> Aagga afka Webiga Fish wuxuu hoy u yahay noocyo dhowr ah oo naaslay ah oo waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar oo ay ku jiraan shan nooc oo dharrajo ah, doofaarro kaymo ah, jiirar kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan [[mongoose|shulgumada]], [[hyrax|hinnifta]], bakaylaha, fiidmeerta, iyo bisadda duurjoogta ah ee [[Southern African wildcat]], [[genet (animal)|shabeel-gari weyn]], [[striped polecat]] iyo [[Cape porcupine|caanood-galeenka]]. Naaslayda duurjoogta ah ee ugu badan ee la arko waa [[vervet monkey|daanyeerka vervet]], kaas oo caan ku ah inuu cuntada ka dafo martida ku sugan Fish River Sun Resort. Waxaa jira dhar ka badan 135 nooc oo shimbiro badeed iyo kuwo dhulka ah oo laga helo hareeraha webiga oo ay ku jiraan [[Knysna lourie]], [[giant kingfisher]] iyo [[African fish eagle|gorgorka kalluunka]]. Waxaa jira 26 nooc o mogor ah, kuwaas oo shan ka mid ah oo kaliya ay sun yihiin. ==Taariikhda== [[File:Seven Years in South Africa, page 460, narrow escape near Cradock.jpg|thumb|Baaraha [[Emil Holub]] oo dhex maraya Webiga Great Fish ee fatahay u dhow Cradock (1879)]] Intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 19-aad, webigu wuxuu ahaa xadka [[Cape Colony]]<ref name="teal-1894-87">{{cite book|last=Theal|first=George McCall|title=South Africa (the Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State, South African Republic, and all other territories south of the Zambesi)|publisher=Unwin|location=London|year=1894|pages=87–88|url=https://archive.org/stream/southafricatheca00theauoft#page/87/mode/1up|access-date=2010-02-07}}</ref> waxaana si adag loogu tácallay intii lagu guda jiray [[Xhosa Wars|Dagaalladii Xhosa]] ee 1779 ilaa 1878 oo u dhaxeeyay qowmiyadda [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] dhinac iyo gumeystayaashii [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner]] iyo [[1820 Settlers|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] dhanka kale,<ref name="bantu_tribes-333">{{cite book|author1=Doke, Clement M. |author2=Dart, Raymond A. |author3=Goodwin, A.J.H. |author4=Marais, J.S. |author5=Eiselen, W.M. |title=The Bantu Speaking Tribes Of South Africa|publisher=Routledge And Kegan Paul Limited|year=1962|pages=333–334|url=https://archive.org/stream/bantuspeakingtri032916mbp#page/n380/mode/1up}}</ref> sanadkii 1835-kiina, dadka [[Fingo (Mfengu)|Fingo]] waxaa loo oggolaaday inay degaan hareeraha webiga. Intii lagu guda jiray nidaamkii [[apartheid]], qaybaha hoose waxay ahaayeen xadka galbeed ee dhulkii madax-bannaanida moodalka ahaa ee [[Ciskei]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1846 iyo 1847, aagga afka Webiga Fish wuxuu noqday goob dhaqdhaqaaq badan intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Faaska (War of the Axe), oo ahaa mid ka mid ah dagaalladii xadka ee xilligaas dhex maray qowmiyadda Xhosa iyo Ingiriiska. Dooni weyn ayaa laga dhisay Webiga Fish si ay isugu xirto Cape Colony (dhanka galbeed ee webiga) iyo Waterloo Bay (gacanka yar ee u dhow afka Webiga Old Woman ee hadda dhex mara dalxiiska Fish River Sun). Waterloo Bay, oo loogu magac daray markabkii ugu horreeyay ee xamuul ku dejiyay gacanka, wuxuu u adeegey meel ay ka degaan askarta iyo agabka dagaalka. Maraakiib dhowr ah ayaa ku gubtay ama ku burburay xeebta Webiga Fish intii lagu guda jiray sannadahaas.<ref name="military"/> Kuwa soo socda waa goobo taariikhi ah oo caan ah oo ku yaal afka Webiga Fish, kuwaas oo inta badan ku dhex yaal agagaarka Fish River Sun Resort kuwaas oo dhismahaas uu ku dadaalay inuu ilaaliyo: === Kaampada Ciidanka ee Maitland === Kaampada ciidanka ee ugu weyn waxay ku tiil gobolka bari ee Webiga Old Woman, waxaana loo yaqaannay Cape Maitland, si loogu sharfo Sir Peregrine Maitland, oo ahaa Badhasaabkii Cape Colony. Magaca waxaa hadda loo beddelay Fort Albert si loogu sharfo ninka boqorad Victoria. Kaampadu waxay ka koobnayd cooshado iyo teendhooyin ay ku wareegsan yihiin dhufaysyo ciid ah, waxaana laga tagay dhammaadkii dagaalka. Goobta kaampada waxaa dib loo 'helay' markii agab badan oo taariikhi ah laga soo qoday intii lagu guda jiray dhismaha garoonka goolfa ee Fish River Sun.<ref name="military" /> === Guriga Broxholm === Nin u darajaysnaa Sergeant C. Broxholm ayaa la sheegay inuu dhisay dhismaha kaliya ee ka badbaaday dagaalka, kaas oo ku yaal dhanka bari ee webiga. Waxaa la dhisay 1846, wuxuuna dhismaha ka iibiyay sanad ka dib Mr. J. Kidd oo ka tirsanaa Wesleyan Missionary Society kaas oo rajeynayay inuu shaqo diineed ka bilaabo Waterloo Bay. === Qabuuraha Askarta === Qaar ka mid ah askartii ku dhimatay intii lagu guda jiray haysashada Waterloo Bay waxaa lagu aasay qabuuro yar oo u dhow bangiga bari ee Webiga Old Woman. Qabuuraha ma lahayn wax calaamado ah laakiin waxaa la rumeysan yahay in xubno ka tirsan guutooyinka 6-aad iyo 45-aad iyo Cape Levy lagu aasay halkaas. Meel bannaanka ah oo dhex taal dhirta ciidda ayaa calaamadinaysa goobtan oo ku dhex taal hantida Fish River Sun Resort.<ref name="military" /> === Kaampada Rayidka === Kaampi weyn oo rayid ah oo ay la socdaan dukaamo ganacsi iyo hudheelo kuwaas oo raacay dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciidanka ayaa sida muuqata ku yaallay dhanka galbeed ee Webiga Old Woman. Dhammaan haraadiga taariikhiga ah waxaa hadda daboolay garoonka lagu ciyaaro goolfa.<ref name="military" /> === Burburka Maraakiibta === Haraadiga maraakiibta ''Catherine'' iyo ''Justina'' waxaa edeg ahaan wali u arki kara quusayaasha. Maraakiibtan waxay ku burbureen 1840-meeyadii waxayna ku yaallaan masaafo ka yar 1&nbsp;km afka Webiga Fish.<ref name="military" /> ==Dhaqaalaha== ===Madadaalada=== *In kasta oo magaciisa laga garan karo, kalluumeysiga ka dhaca hareeraha (inta badan qaybta hoose) waa mid u booqasho iyo madadaalo oo kaliya. *Sannad kasta, tartanka [[Fish River Canoe Marathon]], oo ah dhacdo caan ah oo doon-wadis ah ayaa laba maalmood ka dhacda Biyo-xireenka Grassridge ilaa [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]]. *Quusidda aagga afka webiga waa waayo-aragnimo weyn, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay maraakiibta tirada badan ee ku burburay halkaas oo la heli karo: SS ''Cariboo'', SS ''Kilbrennan'' iyo ''Waterloo'', si loo magacaabo dhowr. ===Fish River Sun Hotel and Country Club Resort=== Fish River Sun Hotel and Country Club Resort waa goob dalxiis oo ay leedahay Sun International oo ku taal afka Webiga Fish ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee Koonfur Afrika. Fish River Sun wuxuu albaabada u furay bishii Maarso 1989 isagoo ah hudheel iyo casino. Hantidan oo baaxaddeedu tahay 184,000 oo hektar oo ku taal bangiyada bari ee Webiga Fish waxay ku tiil aagga Ciskei ee xilligaas, oo ahaa dhul ka tirsan Bantustan intii lagu guda jiray maamulkii apartheid. Hudheelka, casino-ka iyo garoonka goolfa waxay sii ahaadeen goob dalxiis oo caan ah oo guulaystay, badidoodna waxaa ugu wacnaa casino-ka, maadaama sharciyada la bixiyo si aad u yar Koonfur Afrika. Goobtu waxay la kulantay dharbaaxo weyn markii shatiga casino-ka loo kordhin waayay ka dib markii uu dhammaaday muddo toban sano ah oo ku eg 1999. Habka hoyga waxaa laga beddelay hudheel loona beddelay naadi fasax oo ku shaqeeya habka wadaagga waqtiga (timeshare). Guddiga khamaarka ee Eastern Cape ayaa shati kale oo casino ah siiyay Port Elizabeth oo u dhow, kaas oo isna ay maamusho Sun International, kana dhex shaqeeya Boardwalk Casino iyo Entertainment World Complex. Sida qayb ka mid ah dalabka shatiga, Boardwalk wuxuu oggolaaday inuu kabo kharashyada lagu hayo Fish River Sun si ay qayb uga noqoto waajibaadkiisa horumarinta reer miyiga ee gobolka. Hawlaha waxaa ka mid ah dabaasha, socodka dabeecadda ee hagidda leh, goolfa, fuulista ciidda, doon-wadis, kalluumeysi, mini-goolf, iyo daawaynta spa. Waxaa jira garoon goolfa ah oo uu naqshadeeyay [[Gary Player]] waxaana lagu qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah 30-ka garoon goolfa ee ugu sarreeya Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="golf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.golfdirect.co.za/top100sacourses.php |title=Top 100 Golf Courses in South Africa |access-date=September 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529055238/http://www.golfdirect.co.za/top100sacourses.php |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |url-status=dead }}></ref> Webiga Old Woman wuxuu dhex maraa garoonka. Garoonku wuxuu martigeliyay dhacdooyin waaweyn oo ay ka mid tahay [[Africa Open]] sanadkii 2008. ==Great Fish Point== Great Fish Point waa [[lighthouse|guri-laandheere]] (laydhka hagidda maraakiibta) oo ku yaal u dhow afka Webiga Great Fish, qiyaastii 25&nbsp;km u jirta goobta dalxiiska xeebta ee [[Port Alfred]]. Ka hor intaan guri-laandheeraha la dhisin sanadkii 1898, laba laambadood oo markab ah oo soo saaraya iftiin cagaaran oo goonni ah ayaa laga taagay tiir ku yaal Port Alfred, laakiin iftiimadaas waxay dhowr jeer u cadaatay inay yihiin kuwo aan ku filnayn. Nidaamka saacadda ee loo isticmaali jiray in lagu kaxeeyo muraayadda weyneysada wali waa mid fiyow oo la soo bandhigo. In kasta oo guri-laandheeraha laftiisu uu dhererkiisu yahay kaliya {{Convert|9|m}}, wuxuu ku yaallaa {{Convert|76|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/other/wma/15/fishsundaysispfeb05ap.pdf Fish to Sundays: Internal Strategic Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307045904/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/other/wma/15/fishsundaysispfeb05ap.pdf |date=7 March 2016 }} * [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1196 James MacKinlay diary] ee Maktabadda Dartmouth College {{Authority control}} 7mnxkeh1zibnl1nf26kqyv6ark7mnct 300687 300686 2026-07-03T13:02:28Z Isma4l 41797 300687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Great Fish | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Visrivier.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Great Fish ee ka tirsan Eastern Cape, kuna yaal [[Great Fish River Nature Reserve|Kaydka Waalidka ee Webiga Great Fish]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 7 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Great Fish <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|730|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Seafield, Eastern Cape|Seafield]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|33|29|34|S|27|07|52|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|30366|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Close to great fish river790.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalka deegaanka ee u dhow dhexda marinka Webiga Great Fish]] '''Webiga Great Fish''' (waxaa loogu yeeraa ''great'' si looga soociyo [[Namibia|Webiga Fish ee Namibia]]) ({{langx|af|Groot-Visrivier}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://myfundi.co.za/a/Riviere_van_Suid-Afrika |title=Riviere van Suid-Afrika |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430151102/http://myfundi.co.za/a/Riviere_van_Suid-Afrika |archive-date=2012-04-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> waa webi dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|644|km|mi}} oo dhex mara gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Aagga xeebta ee u dhaxeeya [[Port Elizabeth]] iyo afka Webiga Fish waxaa loo yaqaannaa ''[[Sunshine Coast, Eastern Cape|Sunshine Coast]]''. Webiga Great Fish waxaa markii hore loo bixiyay ''Rio do Infante'', iyadoo loogu magac daray [[João Infante]], oo ahaa kabtanka mid ka mid ah maraakiibta caravel-ka ee [[Bartolomeu Dias]]. Infante wuxuu booqday webiga dabayaaqadii 1480-meeyadii.<ref>{{cite book|first=Peter Edmund |last=Raper |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|url=https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames|publisher=Human Science Research Council|location=Johannesburg|year=1987}} (public domain)</ref> Magaca Great Fish waa mid si khaldan u turjumaya, maadaama uu yahay turjumaadda afka Holland ee '''Groot Visch Rivier''', oo ahaa magaca laan webi ah oo ku taal agagaarka [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Toit |first=Chris Marais and Julienne du |date=2023-10-11 |title=Cradock II: The Fish, the Show, the Ghosts & the Trekbokke |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-10-11-cradock-ii-the-fish-the-show-the-ghosts-the-trekbokke/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> kaas oo marka uu ku biiro Little Fish ('''Klein Visch Rivier''') sameeya waxa si sax ah loogu yeero Webiga Fish ee ([[Eastern Cape]]). ==Marinka== Webiga Great Fish wuxuu ka unkamaa bariga [[Graaff-Reinet]] wuxuuna dhex maraa [[Cradock, South Africa|Cradock]]. Dhanka koonfureed, [[Tarka River|Webiga Tarka]] ayaa kula biira bangigiisa midig. Halkaas wuxuu u laabaa qaab goglan dhanka [[Cookhouse (village)|Cookhouse]], isagoo halkaas uga sii qulqulaya dhanka bari ee [[Grahamstown]] ka hor intaanu si toos ah ugu shubmin af-webigiisa oo 8&nbsp;km waqooyi-bari ka xiga [[Seafield, Eastern Cape|Seafield]], kuna yaal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Keeffe|first1=J. H.|last2=De Moor|first2=F. C.|date=January 1988|title=Changes in the physico-chemistry and benthic invertebrates of the great fish river, South Africa, following an interbasin transfer of water|journal=Regulated Rivers: Research & Management|volume=2|issue=1|pages=39–55|doi=10.1002/rrr.3450020105|issn=0886-9375}}</ref> Webigu guud ahaan waa mid joogto ah, oo biyo leh sannadka oo dhan, inkastoo meesha uu ka unkamo ay tahay aag engegan, qulqulkiisa dabiiciga ahna uu noqon karo mid gaabis ah xilliga jiilaalka; hadda, biyaha ka yimaada nidaamka Webiga Orange ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo ilaaliyo qulqulkiisa xilliyada engegan. Webiga waxaa saameeya ruxmanka badda qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km.<ref name=":0" /> Laamaha ugu weyn ee ku biira waa [[Groot Brak River (Eastern Cape)|Webiga Groot Brak]], [[Tarka River|Webiga Tarka]] iyo [[Kap River|Webiga Kap]] dhanka bidix, iyo Webiga Little Fish ({{langx|af|Klein-Visrivier}}) dhanka midig. Webiga Great Fish wuxuu ka tirsan yahay [[Fish to Tsitsikama|Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Fish to Tsitsikama]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |title=Fish to Tsitsikama WMA 15 |access-date=29 March 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630195400/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada dooxada== * [[Egerton Dam|Biyo-xireenka Egerton]] * [[Elandsdrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Elandsdrift]] ==Cimilada== Afka webiga, cimiladu waa mid dhexdhexaad ah oo leh roob qiyaastii gaaraya {{Convert|650|mm|abbr=on}} kaas oo inta badan da'a xilliyada gu'ga iyo dayrta. Heerkulka celceliska wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{Convert|12 to 24|C}} iyadoo uu hoos ugu dhici karo {{Convert|2|C}} ama uu kor ugu kici karo ilaa {{Convert|40|C}}. ==Deegaanka== 1970-meeyadii, mashruuc weyn oo biyo ah ayaa keenay [[Orange River water|biyaha Webiga Orange]], iyadoo la sii marinayo Webiga Fish, si loogu isticmaalo beeraha iyo wershadaha. [[Orange–Fish River Tunnel|Tunelka]] arsaaqdan loo sameeyey wuxuu ahaa hawl weyn oo dhanka injineernimada ah, iyadoo meesha laga soo qaado ay tahay [[Oviston]] (oo ah soo gaabin af Afrikaan ah oo u taagan Orange-Fish Tunnel). Oviston waxay ku taal xeebta [[Gariep Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gariep]]. Warshad korontada laga dhaliyo biyaha ayaa la dhigay meesha uu Webiga Fish ka soo baxo, laakiin ma ahan mid dhaqaale ahaan faa'iido leh hantideedana looma isticmaalo. Isku darsanka biyaha ee ka yimid labada dooxada wuxuu saameyn kharibaad ah ku yeeshay deegaanka—inta badan nidaamka deegaanka ee Webiga Fish waxaa hadda la wareegay dhirta iyo xayawaanka Webiga Orange. ===Dhirta=== Afka webiga, waxaa ku yaal kaymo dooxo ah, kaymo ciidda xeebta ah, dhirta hareeraha webiga iyo [[fynbos]]. Dhirta ay ka mid yihiin [[Encephalartos altensteinii|eastern Cape giant cycad]], kuwa cas iyo kuwa cad ee [[Sideroxylon inerme|milkwood]] waa geedo la ilaaliyo. Noocyada kale ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah akasiya, [[Dombeya rotundifolia|white pear]], [[Schotia afra|Karoo boer-bean]], [[Strelitzia nicolai|wild banana]], [[Acokanthera oblongifolia|dune poison bush]], [[Harpephyllum afrum|wild plum]], [[Erythrina afra|coral tree]] iyo [[Zanthoxylum capense|small knobwood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Landscape of the Great Fish River, South Africa |url=https://www.nature-reserve.co.za/great-fish-river-landscape.html |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za}}</ref> ===Xayawaanka=== Waxaa jira tiro yar oo ah kaluunka [[endangered|halis ku jira]] ee [[Eastern Province rocky]] (''[[Sandelia bainsii]]'') oo ku jira Webiga Kat, oo ka tirsan dooxada Webiga Great Fish.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19889/all Sandelia bainsii]</ref> Aagga afka Webiga Fish wuxuu hoy u yahay noocyo dhowr ah oo naaslay ah oo waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar oo ay ku jiraan shan nooc oo dharrajo ah, doofaarro kaymo ah, jiirar kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan [[mongoose|shulgumada]], [[hyrax|hinnifta]], bakaylaha, fiidmeerta, iyo bisadda duurjoogta ah ee [[Southern African wildcat]], [[genet (animal)|shabeel-gari weyn]], [[striped polecat]] iyo [[Cape porcupine|caanood-galeenka]]. Naaslayda duurjoogta ah ee ugu badan ee la arko waa [[vervet monkey|daanyeerka vervet]], kaas oo caan ku ah inuu cuntada ka dafo martida ku sugan Fish River Sun Resort. Waxaa jira dhar ka badan 135 nooc oo shimbiro badeed iyo kuwo dhulka ah oo laga helo hareeraha webiga oo ay ku jiraan [[Knysna lourie]], [[giant kingfisher]] iyo [[African fish eagle|gorgorka kalluunka]]. Waxaa jira 26 nooc o mogor ah, kuwaas oo shan ka mid ah oo kaliya ay sun yihiin. ==Taariikhda== [[File:Seven Years in South Africa, page 460, narrow escape near Cradock.jpg|thumb|Baaraha [[Emil Holub]] oo dhex maraya Webiga Great Fish ee fatahay u dhow Cradock (1879)]] Intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 19-aad, webigu wuxuu ahaa xadka [[Cape Colony]]<ref name="teal-1894-87">{{cite book|last=Theal|first=George McCall|title=South Africa (the Cape Colony, Natal, Orange Free State, South African Republic, and all other territories south of the Zambesi)|publisher=Unwin|location=London|year=1894|pages=87–88|url=https://archive.org/stream/southafricatheca00theauoft#page/87/mode/1up|access-date=2010-02-07}}</ref> waxaana si adag loogu tácallay intii lagu guda jiray [[Xhosa Wars|Dagaalladii Xhosa]] ee 1779 ilaa 1878 oo u dhaxeeyay qowmiyadda [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] dhinac iyo gumeystayaashii [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner]] iyo [[1820 Settlers|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] dhanka kale,<ref name="bantu_tribes-333">{{cite book|author1=Doke, Clement M. |author2=Dart, Raymond A. |author3=Goodwin, A.J.H. |author4=Marais, J.S. |author5=Eiselen, W.M. |title=The Bantu Speaking Tribes Of South Africa|publisher=Routledge And Kegan Paul Limited|year=1962|pages=333–334|url=https://archive.org/stream/bantuspeakingtri032916mbp#page/n380/mode/1up}}</ref> sanadkii 1835-kiina, dadka [[Fingo (Mfengu)|Fingo]] waxaa loo oggolaaday inay degaan hareeraha webiga. Intii lagu guda jiray nidaamkii [[apartheid]], qaybaha hoose waxay ahaayeen xadka galbeed ee dhulkii madax-bannaanida moodalka ahaa ee [[Ciskei]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1846 iyo 1847, aagga afka Webiga Fish wuxuu noqday goob dhaqdhaqaaq badan intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Faaska (War of the Axe), oo ahaa mid ka mid ah dagaalladii xadka ee xilligaas dhex maray qowmiyadda Xhosa iyo Ingiriiska. Dooni weyn ayaa laga dhisay Webiga Fish si ay isugu xirto Cape Colony (dhanka galbeed ee webiga) iyo Waterloo Bay (gacanka yar ee u dhow afka Webiga Old Woman ee hadda dhex mara dalxiiska Fish River Sun). Waterloo Bay, oo loogu magac daray markabkii ugu horreeyay ee xamuul ku dejiyay gacanka, wuxuu u adeegey meel ay ka degaan askarta iyo agabka dagaalka. Maraakiib dhowr ah ayaa ku gubtay ama ku burburay xeebta Webiga Fish intii lagu guda jiray sannadahaas.<ref name="military"/> Kuwa soo socda waa goobo taariikhi ah oo caan ah oo ku yaal afka Webiga Fish, kuwaas oo inta badan ku dhex yaal agagaarka Fish River Sun Resort kuwaas oo dhismahaas uu ku dadaalay inuu ilaaliyo: === Kaampada Ciidanka ee Maitland === Kaampada ciidanka ee ugu weyn waxay ku tiil gobolka bari ee Webiga Old Woman, waxaana loo yaqaannay Cape Maitland, si loogu sharfo Sir Peregrine Maitland, oo ahaa Badhasaabkii Cape Colony. Magaca waxaa hadda loo beddelay Fort Albert si loogu sharfo ninka boqorad Victoria. Kaampadu waxay ka koobnayd cooshado iyo teendhooyin ay ku wareegsan yihiin dhufaysyo ciid ah, waxaana laga tagay dhammaadkii dagaalka. Goobta kaampada waxaa dib loo 'helay' markii agab badan oo taariikhi ah laga soo qoday intii lagu guda jiray dhismaha garoonka goolfa ee Fish River Sun.<ref name="military" /> === Guriga Broxholm === Nin u darajaysnaa Sergeant C. Broxholm ayaa la sheegay inuu dhisay dhismaha kaliya ee ka badbaaday dagaalka, kaas oo ku yaal dhanka bari ee webiga. Waxaa la dhisay 1846, wuxuuna dhismaha ka iibiyay sanad ka dib Mr. J. Kidd oo ka tirsanaa Wesleyan Missionary Society kaas oo rajeynayay inuu shaqo diineed ka bilaabo Waterloo Bay. === Qabuuraha Askarta === Qaar ka mid ah askartii ku dhimatay intii lagu guda jiray haysashada Waterloo Bay waxaa lagu aasay qabuuro yar oo u dhow bangiga bari ee Webiga Old Woman. Qabuuraha ma lahayn wax calaamado ah laakiin waxaa la rumeysan yahay in xubno ka tirsan guutooyinka 6-aad iyo 45-aad iyo Cape Levy lagu aasay halkaas. Meel bannaanka ah oo dhex taal dhirta ciidda ayaa calaamadinaysa goobtan oo ku dhex taal hantida Fish River Sun Resort.<ref name="military" /> === Kaampada Rayidka === Kaampi weyn oo rayid ah oo ay la socdaan dukaamo ganacsi iyo hudheelo kuwaas oo raacay dhaqdhaqaaqyada ciidanka ayaa sida muuqata ku yaallay dhanka galbeed ee Webiga Old Woman. Dhammaan haraadiga taariikhiga ah waxaa hadda daboolay garoonka lagu ciyaaro goolfa.<ref name="military" /> === Burburka Maraakiibta === Haraadiga maraakiibta ''Catherine'' iyo ''Justina'' waxaa edeg ahaan wali u arki kara quusayaasha. Maraakiibtan waxay ku burbureen 1840-meeyadii waxayna ku yaallaan masaafo ka yar 1&nbsp;km afka Webiga Fish.<ref name="military" /> ==Dhaqaalaha== ===Madadaalada=== *In kasta oo magaciisa laga garan karo, kalluumeysiga ka dhaca hareeraha (inta badan qaybta hoose) waa mid u booqasho iyo madadaalo oo kaliya. *Sannad kasta, tartanka [[Fish River Canoe Marathon]], oo ah dhacdo caan ah oo doon-wadis ah ayaa laba maalmood ka dhacda Biyo-xireenka Grassridge ilaa [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]]. *Quusidda aagga afka webiga waa waayo-aragnimo weyn, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay maraakiibta tirada badan ee ku burburay halkaas oo la heli karo: SS ''Cariboo'', SS ''Kilbrennan'' iyo ''Waterloo'', si loo magacaabo dhowr. ===Fish River Sun Hotel and Country Club Resort=== Fish River Sun Hotel and Country Club Resort waa goob dalxiis oo ay leedahay Sun International oo ku taal afka Webiga Fish ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee Koonfur Afrika. Fish River Sun wuxuu albaabada u furay bishii Maarso 1989 isagoo ah hudheel iyo casino. Hantidan oo baaxaddeedu tahay 184,000 oo hektar oo ku taal bangiyada bari ee Webiga Fish waxay ku tiil aagga Ciskei ee xilligaas, oo ahaa dhul ka tirsan Bantustan intii lagu guda jiray maamulkii apartheid. Hudheelka, casino-ka iyo garoonka goolfa waxay sii ahaadeen goob dalxiis oo caan ah oo guulaystay, badidoodna waxaa ugu wacnaa casino-ka, maadaama sharciyada la bixiyo si aad u yar Koonfur Afrika. Goobtu waxay la kulantay dharbaaxo weyn markii shatiga casino-ka loo kordhin waayay ka dib markii uu dhammaaday muddo toban sano ah oo ku eg 1999. Habka hoyga waxaa laga beddelay hudheel loona beddelay naadi fasax oo ku shaqeeya habka wadaagga waqtiga (timeshare). Guddiga khamaarka ee Eastern Cape ayaa shati kale oo casino ah siiyay Port Elizabeth oo u dhow, kaas oo isna ay maamusho Sun International, kana dhex shaqeeya Boardwalk Casino iyo Entertainment World Complex. Sida qayb ka mid ah dalabka shatiga, Boardwalk wuxuu oggolaaday inuu kabo kharashyada lagu hayo Fish River Sun si ay qayb uga noqoto waajibaadkiisa horumarinta reer miyiga ee gobolka. Hawlaha waxaa ka mid ah dabaasha, socodka dabeecadda ee hagidda leh, goolfa, fuulista ciidda, doon-wadis, kalluumeysi, mini-goolf, iyo daawaynta spa. Waxaa jira garoon goolfa ah oo uu naqshadeeyay [[Gary Player]] waxaana lagu qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah 30-ka garoon goolfa ee ugu sarreeya Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="golf">{{Cite web |url=http://www.golfdirect.co.za/top100sacourses.php |title=Top 100 Golf Courses in South Africa |access-date=September 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529055238/http://www.golfdirect.co.za/top100sacourses.php |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |url-status=dead }}></ref> Webiga Old Woman wuxuu dhex maraa garoonka. Garoonku wuxuu martigeliyay dhacdooyin waaweyn oo ay ka mid tahay [[Africa Open]] sanadkii 2008. ==Barta Great Fish == Great Fish Point waa [[lighthouse|guri-laandheere]] (laydhka hagidda maraakiibta) oo ku yaal u dhow afka Webiga Great Fish, qiyaastii 25&nbsp;km u jirta goobta dalxiiska xeebta ee [[Port Alfred]]. Ka hor intaan guri-laandheeraha la dhisin sanadkii 1898, laba laambadood oo markab ah oo soo saaraya iftiin cagaaran oo goonni ah ayaa laga taagay tiir ku yaal Port Alfred, laakiin iftiimadaas waxay dhowr jeer u cadaatay inay yihiin kuwo aan ku filnayn. Nidaamka saacadda ee loo isticmaali jiray in lagu kaxeeyo muraayadda weyneysada wali waa mid fiyow oo la soo bandhigo. In kasta oo guri-laandheeraha laftiisu uu dhererkiisu yahay kaliya {{Convert|9|m}}, wuxuu ku yaallaa {{Convert|76|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/other/wma/15/fishsundaysispfeb05ap.pdf Fish to Sundays: Internal Strategic Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307045904/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/other/wma/15/fishsundaysispfeb05ap.pdf |date=7 March 2016 }} * [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1196 James MacKinlay diary] ee Maktabadda Dartmouth College {{Authority control}} 5tc7a1anzoit2e7iqvnzon9o516dsr2 0 48518 300688 2026-07-03T13:05:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Matlabas | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{ubl |Mothlabatsi |Matlabasrivier }} | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay "webi ciid leh" ee [[Tswana language|luqadda Tswana]]<ref>[http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf Transvaal Indigenous Place Names] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Matlaba river - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Matlabas <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 161 kilometres | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Massif]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1700|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], Xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Botswana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|41|45|S|26|59|53|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|844|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|3448|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | length_metric = }} '''Webiga Matlabas''' waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka tirsan [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Dooxada ururinta biyaha ee webigu waxay ka kooban tahay 3,448 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> Gidigiis aagga ururinta biyaha ee webiga wuxuu ku yaallaa gudaha [[Waterberg District Municipality|Degmada Waterberg]]. ==Marinka== Matlabas wuxuu ka unkamaa qaybta galbeed ee [[Waterberg Massif]] oo ku dhex taal aagga [[Marakele National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Marakele]].<ref>[http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 The Marakele Contractual National Park] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015042955/http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 |date=2009-10-15 }}</ref> Ka dib marka uu ka soo baxo buuraha wuxuu guud ahaan u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed isagoo dhex mara [[Lowveld]] ilaa uu kula biiro bangiga midig ee Webiga Limpopo. In kasta oo uu yahay webi joogto ah, Matlabas wuxuu si weyn ugu xiran yahay isbeddellada xilliyada, sidaas darteed [[surface runoff|biyo-shubankiisa guud]] waa mid aad u isbedbeddela.<ref>[http://www.metrogis.co.za/docs/WDEMF_Draft_EMF_Report_SectionA.pdf Waterberg District Environmental Management Network]</ref> Laantiisa ugu weyn waa [[Mamba River|Webiga Mamba]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> == Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{commonscat inline}} *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/xtra/Water_Quality_Situation_Assessments.pdf Water Resource Quality Situation Assessment] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120409120544/http://www.travel-informed.co.za/limpopo-lephalale.html South Africa: Limpopo: Lephalale] st7nhvgaockq4pzariy24usuedu845g 300839 300688 2026-07-04T09:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Matlabas | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{ubl |Mothlabatsi |Matlabasrivier }} | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay "webi ciid leh" ee [[Tswana language|luqadda Tswana]]<ref>[http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf Transvaal Indigenous Place Names] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Matlaba river - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Matlabas <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 161 kilometres | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Massif]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1700|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], Xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Botswana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|41|45|S|26|59|53|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|844|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|3448|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | length_metric = }} '''Webiga Matlabas''' waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka tirsan [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Dooxada ururinta biyaha ee webigu waxay ka kooban tahay 3,448 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> Gidigiis aagga ururinta biyaha ee webiga wuxuu ku yaallaa gudaha [[Waterberg District Municipality|Degmada Waterberg]]. ==Marinka== Matlabas wuxuu ka unkamaa qaybta galbeed ee [[Waterberg Massif]] oo ku dhex taal aagga [[Marakele National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Marakele]].<ref>[http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 The Marakele Contractual National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 |date=20091015042955 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015042955/http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 |date=2009-10-15 }}</ref> Ka dib marka uu ka soo baxo buuraha wuxuu guud ahaan u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed isagoo dhex mara [[Lowveld]] ilaa uu kula biiro bangiga midig ee Webiga Limpopo. In kasta oo uu yahay webi joogto ah, Matlabas wuxuu si weyn ugu xiran yahay isbeddellada xilliyada, sidaas darteed [[surface runoff|biyo-shubankiisa guud]] waa mid aad u isbedbeddela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterberg District Environmental Management Network |url=http://www.metrogis.co.za/docs/WDEMF_Draft_EMF_Report_SectionA.pdf |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035434/http://www.metrogis.co.za/docs/WDEMF_Draft_EMF_Report_SectionA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laantiisa ugu weyn waa [[Mamba River|Webiga Mamba]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> == Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{commonscat inline}} *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/xtra/Water_Quality_Situation_Assessments.pdf Water Resource Quality Situation Assessment] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120409120544/http://www.travel-informed.co.za/limpopo-lephalale.html South Africa: Limpopo: Lephalale] lss6l0mcl56rt5d681lylkar1cjo444 0 48519 300689 2026-07-03T13:08:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mbhashe | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Mbashe, Bashee | name_etymology = Waxay tilmaamaysaa 'webi madow' ama 'goglan khatar ah' ee [[Xhosa language|luqadda Xhosa]], ama waxaa laga yaabaa in loogu magac daray qof la yiraahdo 'Mbashe'<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mbashe | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = [[Drakensberg]] | source1_location = Waqooyi-Bari ee [[Elliot, Eastern Cape|Elliot]], [[Eastern Cape]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1700|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Mbhashe Local Municipality|Bashee]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|32|15|S|28|54|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|6030|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mbhashe'''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/26552a0.pdf | title=Approval of official place names | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101100654/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/26552a0.pdf | archive-date=1 January 2022 }}</ref> waa mid ka mid ah webiyada waaweyn ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-bari wuxuuna leeyahay aag biyo-qabatinka ah oo baaxaddiisu tahay 6,030&nbsp;km{{sup|2}} (2,330 sq. mi.).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Mbashe%20Trends%20Report%202010.pdf |title=Mbhashe River Trends - 2007/2010 |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033209/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Mbashe%20Trends%20Report%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku dhex dhacaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] isagoo sii maraya [[estuary|af-webi baddu saamayso]] oo ku yaal u dhow [[lighthouse|guri-laandheeraha]] [[Mbhashe Local Municipality|Bashee]], koonfurta Mhlanganisweni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lighthouses-of-sa.blogspot.com/2006/11/mbashee-lighthouse.html |title=Lighthouses of S Africa: M'bashee Lighthouse |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402215504/http://lighthouses-of-sa.blogspot.com/2006/11/mbashee-lighthouse.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka dib marka uu ka hoos maro wadada qaranka ee N2, Webiga Mbhashe wuxuu koonfur-galbeed ka xiga [[Elliotdale]] iyo waqooyi-bari ka xiga [[Dutywa]] kula kulmaa dhulka aadka u qallafsan ee loo yaqaan Wild Coast, wuxuuna si kedis ah u galaa marinka dhererkiisu yahay 64&nbsp;km (40 mile) oo qallooc iyo leexleexad rabshado wata ah oo loo yaqaan [[Collywobbles (Mbhashe River)|Collywobbles]] ka hor intaanu si deggen ugu sii qulqulin dhanka Badweynta Hindiya.<ref>{{cite web |title= Proposed Mgwali South Water Supply iDutywa, Mbhashe Municipality, Amatole District Municipality Eastern Cape Province Heritage Impact Report |publisher= Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd |date= July 27, 2012 |url= https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/HIA%20-%20Mgwali%20South%20reticulation%20project%20-%20THM%20-27072012-final_0.pdf |access-date= April 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name=Matthews>{{Citation | last= Matthews |first= Sue |title= Harnessing the Collywobbles |journal= The Water Wheel |pages= 22–24 |date= November 2008 |url= http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf }}</ref> Laamaha ugu weyn ee Webiga Mbhashe waa [[Xuka River|Webiga Xuka]], [[Mgwali River|Webiga Mgwali]], [[Dutywa River|Webiga Dutywa]] iyo [[Mnyolo River|Webiga Mnyolo]]. Hada webigan wuxuu ka tirsan yahay [[Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Mzimvubu ilaa Keiskamma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227093729/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> == Taariikh == Sannadkii 1554 markabkii reer [[Portuguese Empire|Burtugiis]] ee [[São Bento (carrack)|São Bento]] ayaa ku gubtay afka Webiga Mbhashe. Dhibaatadii soo gaartay 322 ka mid ah dadkii ka badbaaday, kuwaas oo halkaas ka lugeeyay ilaa [[Lourenço Marques]] (oo hadda ah Maputo), waa la diwaangeliyey.<ref>[http://www.mpondokingdom.co.za/history.html Mpondo Kingdom - The History of The Kingdom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704043140/http://www.mpondokingdom.co.za/history.html |date=2013-07-04 }}</ref> [[Mvezo]] waa tuulo ku taal hareeraha Webiga Mbhashe, halkaas oo uu ku dhashay [[Nelson Mandela]] sannadkii 1918.<ref>[http://www.donaldwoodsfoundation.org/mandela-biko-woods-trail-details.cfm Route and landmarks on the Mandela~Biko~Woods Trail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010094531/http://www.donaldwoodsfoundation.org/mandela-biko-woods-trail-details.cfm |date=2012-10-10 }}</ref> == Deegaanka == Kalluunka lagu qabto biyahan qaarkood waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Labeobarbus aeneus]]'', ''[[Barbus pallidus]]'', ''[[Barbus anoplus]]'', ''[[Myxus capensis]]'', ''[[Anguilla marmorata]]'' iyo ''[[Anguilla mossambica]]''. ''Labeobarbus aeneus'' waa [[invasive species|nooc duulaan ah]], oo hadda si ballaaran ugu sugan nidaamka webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/MBHASHE%20RIVER1%20SYSTEMSEPTEMBER%20.pdf |title=Mbhashe River System |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210081257/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/MBHASHE%20RIVER1%20SYSTEMSEPTEMBER%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/12/MzimvubuMbasheISPFeb05Chap8.pdf Mbashe Key Area] *[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/popup-detail?oid=20814&sn=636x443&pid=1 South African Tourism - Mbashe River Picture] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423061220/http://www.sabirding.co.za/birdspot/021323.asp SA Birding - Cwebe and Dwesa Nature Reserves] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131213103314/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1751/5/Ndima-MA-ch8.pdf A History of the Qwathi] {{Authority control}} 66ujywxp2uyq1fcpgiuvpg10wc91r7o 300840 300689 2026-07-04T09:58:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mbhashe | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Mbashe, Bashee | name_etymology = Waxay tilmaamaysaa 'webi madow' ama 'goglan khatar ah' ee [[Xhosa language|luqadda Xhosa]], ama waxaa laga yaabaa in loogu magac daray qof la yiraahdo 'Mbashe'<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mbashe | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = [[Drakensberg]] | source1_location = Waqooyi-Bari ee [[Elliot, Eastern Cape|Elliot]], [[Eastern Cape]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1700|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Mbhashe Local Municipality|Bashee]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|32|15|S|28|54|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|6030|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mbhashe'''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/26552a0.pdf | title=Approval of official place names | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101100654/https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/26552a0.pdf | archive-date=1 January 2022 }}</ref> waa mid ka mid ah webiyada waaweyn ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-bari wuxuuna leeyahay aag biyo-qabatinka ah oo baaxaddiisu tahay 6,030&nbsp;km{{sup|2}} (2,330 sq. mi.).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Mbashe%20Trends%20Report%202010.pdf |title=Mbhashe River Trends - 2007/2010 |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033209/https://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Mbashe%20Trends%20Report%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku dhex dhacaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] isagoo sii maraya [[estuary|af-webi baddu saamayso]] oo ku yaal u dhow [[lighthouse|guri-laandheeraha]] [[Mbhashe Local Municipality|Bashee]], koonfurta Mhlanganisweni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lighthouses-of-sa.blogspot.com/2006/11/mbashee-lighthouse.html |title=Lighthouses of S Africa: M'bashee Lighthouse |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402215504/http://lighthouses-of-sa.blogspot.com/2006/11/mbashee-lighthouse.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka dib marka uu ka hoos maro wadada qaranka ee N2, Webiga Mbhashe wuxuu koonfur-galbeed ka xiga [[Elliotdale]] iyo waqooyi-bari ka xiga [[Dutywa]] kula kulmaa dhulka aadka u qallafsan ee loo yaqaan Wild Coast, wuxuuna si kedis ah u galaa marinka dhererkiisu yahay 64&nbsp;km (40 mile) oo qallooc iyo leexleexad rabshado wata ah oo loo yaqaan [[Collywobbles (Mbhashe River)|Collywobbles]] ka hor intaanu si deggen ugu sii qulqulin dhanka Badweynta Hindiya.<ref>{{cite web |title= Proposed Mgwali South Water Supply iDutywa, Mbhashe Municipality, Amatole District Municipality Eastern Cape Province Heritage Impact Report |publisher= Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd |date= July 27, 2012 |url= https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/HIA%20-%20Mgwali%20South%20reticulation%20project%20-%20THM%20-27072012-final_0.pdf |access-date= April 1, 2019 |archive-date= Bisha Afraad 1, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401070018/https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/HIA%20-%20Mgwali%20South%20reticulation%20project%20-%20THM%20-27072012-final_0.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Matthews>{{Citation | last= Matthews |first= Sue |title= Harnessing the Collywobbles |journal= The Water Wheel |pages= 22–24 |date= November 2008 |url= http://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterWheel_2008_06_08%20Hydropower%20p%2022-24.pdf }}</ref> Laamaha ugu weyn ee Webiga Mbhashe waa [[Xuka River|Webiga Xuka]], [[Mgwali River|Webiga Mgwali]], [[Dutywa River|Webiga Dutywa]] iyo [[Mnyolo River|Webiga Mnyolo]]. Hada webigan wuxuu ka tirsan yahay [[Mzimvubu to Keiskamma Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Mzimvubu ilaa Keiskamma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227093729/http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> == Taariikh == Sannadkii 1554 markabkii reer [[Portuguese Empire|Burtugiis]] ee [[São Bento (carrack)|São Bento]] ayaa ku gubtay afka Webiga Mbhashe. Dhibaatadii soo gaartay 322 ka mid ah dadkii ka badbaaday, kuwaas oo halkaas ka lugeeyay ilaa [[Lourenço Marques]] (oo hadda ah Maputo), waa la diwaangeliyey.<ref>[http://www.mpondokingdom.co.za/history.html Mpondo Kingdom - The History of The Kingdom] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mpondokingdom.co.za/history.html |date=20130704043140 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704043140/http://www.mpondokingdom.co.za/history.html |date=2013-07-04 }}</ref> [[Mvezo]] waa tuulo ku taal hareeraha Webiga Mbhashe, halkaas oo uu ku dhashay [[Nelson Mandela]] sannadkii 1918.<ref>[http://www.donaldwoodsfoundation.org/mandela-biko-woods-trail-details.cfm Route and landmarks on the Mandela~Biko~Woods Trail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010094531/http://www.donaldwoodsfoundation.org/mandela-biko-woods-trail-details.cfm |date=2012-10-10 }}</ref> == Deegaanka == Kalluunka lagu qabto biyahan qaarkood waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Labeobarbus aeneus]]'', ''[[Barbus pallidus]]'', ''[[Barbus anoplus]]'', ''[[Myxus capensis]]'', ''[[Anguilla marmorata]]'' iyo ''[[Anguilla mossambica]]''. ''Labeobarbus aeneus'' waa [[invasive species|nooc duulaan ah]], oo hadda si ballaaran ugu sugan nidaamka webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/MBHASHE%20RIVER1%20SYSTEMSEPTEMBER%20.pdf |title=Mbhashe River System |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210081257/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/MBHASHE%20RIVER1%20SYSTEMSEPTEMBER%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/12/MzimvubuMbasheISPFeb05Chap8.pdf Mbashe Key Area] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/12/MzimvubuMbasheISPFeb05Chap8.pdf |date=20071020054229 }} *[http://www.southafrica.net/sat/content/en/za/popup-detail?oid=20814&sn=636x443&pid=1 South African Tourism - Mbashe River Picture] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110423061220/http://www.sabirding.co.za/birdspot/021323.asp SA Birding - Cwebe and Dwesa Nature Reserves] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131213103314/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1751/5/Ndima-MA-ch8.pdf A History of the Qwathi] {{Authority control}} k3ex4kfqtvzt801kxju4vueu00b35tx 0 48520 300690 2026-07-03T13:10:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Marico | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{langx|st|Madikwa}} | name_etymology = Waxay ka timid ereyga [[Bahurutse]] ee ''Madikwa'', oo lami macno ah "dhiig ayaa jira".<ref>[http://www.fionaayerst.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Marico-Oog-Aug-Sept-08.pdf Marico Oog Gallery]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = River, Madikwe Game Reserve.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = [[Madikwe Game Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Madikwe]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Marico <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Botswana]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[North West Province, South Africa|Gobolka North West]], [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Marico Oog | source1_location = Ngaka Modiri, Koonfur Afrika | source1_coordinates = {{coord|25|47|19|S|26|21|57|E}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1482|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = u dhow [[Oliphants Drift]], Xadka Koonfur Afrika/Botswana | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|11|27|S|26|52|22|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|872|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] → [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | length = {{Convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}} | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|13208|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> }}{{Use South African English|date = November 2024}} [[File:Limpopo watershed topo.png|thumb|300px|Marinka iyo Dooxada biyo-shubanka ee [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]]] '''Webiga Marico''' ama '''Madikwe''' waa webi ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]]. Waxaa jira dhowr biyo-xireen oo ku yaal dooxadiisa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |title=Major dams in the Marico River |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |archive-date=2012-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Magaalada [[Groot Marico]] waxaa loogu magac daray Webiga Marico.<ref>[http://www.marico.co.za/ Marico - Africa at its best]</ref> Ka dib marka uu bangigiisa midig ugala biiro [[Crocodile River (West)|Webiga Crocodile]], waxaa loo yaqaannaa [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. ==Marinka== [[File:Marico Oog.jpg|thumb|300px|Isha Marico, meesha uu ka unkamo Webiga Marico]] Webigu wuxuu ku bilowdaa magaca Webiga Groot Marico ee Marico Oog ([[Eye of Marico|Isha Marico]] ee af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]), u dhow [[Rustenburg]] iyo [[Swartruggens]] oo ku yaal [[North West (South African province)|Gobolka North West]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Meesha uu webigu ka unkamo waa god weyn oo [[dolomitic|dhagax-shiryeed]] ah oo dhulka ku jira oo leh biyo cad, kaas oo sidoo kale ah meel caan ku ah [[scuba diving|quusidda badda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |title=South Africa Information: Groot Marico |access-date=16 March 2012 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062129/http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo ah Great Marico (Groot Marico) wuxuuna sii hooseeyo kula midooba Webiga ka yar ee [[Klein Marico River]].<ref>[http://travelingluck.com/Africa/South+Africa/North-West/_990260_Klein-Maricorivier.html#local_map Klein-Maricorivier, North-West, South Africa]</ref> Inta u dhaxeysa marinka waxaa loogu yeeraa Webiga Madikwene, laakiin ka dib marka uu [[Sehubyane River|Webiga Sehubyane]] (Sandsloot) ka soo galo bangigiisa bidix, wuxuu dib ugu soo laabataa magaca Marico.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile (West) & Marico WMA 3]</ref> Wuxuu sii wadaa qulqulka dhanka waqooyi, isagoo u laabma dhanka waqooyi-bari isla markaana sameeya xadka u dhaxeeya [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[Botswana]]. Marinka hoose, Webiga Crocodile wuxuu dhanka midig uga soo biiraa Webiga Marico, magaca u baxa marinka ka dib barta ay ku kulmaanna wuxuu noqdaa [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Qiyaastii 5&nbsp;km ka hor barta ay ku kulmaan, [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] wuxuu koonfur-galbeed uga soo biiraa Limpopo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |title=Limpopo Drainage Network |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada dooxada webiga == Webiga Marico wuxuu ka tirsan yahay Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West) iyo Marico. Biyo-xireennada ku yaal dooxada webiga waa: * [[Molatedi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Molatedi]] * [[Kromellenboog Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kromellenboog]] * [[Marico-Bosveld Dam|Biyo-xireenka Marico-Bosveld]] * [[Uitkyk Dam|Biyo-xireenka Uitkyk]] * [[Klein-Maricopoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klein-Maricopoort]] * [[Sehujwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Sehujwane]] * [[Madikwe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Madikwe]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Overview of the Crocodile (West)/Marico Water Management Area] *[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060008/http://www.safarimappers.com/area.aspx?lngareaid=37 Madikwe Game Reserve] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111215154235/http://www.madikweriverlodge.com/ Madikwe River Lodge] t7i2vwk1vnqghjyrd2er83x68qxy4za 300691 300690 2026-07-03T13:10:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Marico | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{langx|st|Madikwa}} | name_etymology = Waxay ka timid ereyga [[Bahurutse]] ee ''Madikwa'', oo lami macno ah "dhiig ayaa jira".<ref>[http://www.fionaayerst.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Marico-Oog-Aug-Sept-08.pdf Marico Oog Gallery]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = River, Madikwe Game Reserve.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = [[Madikwe Game Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Madikwe]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Marico <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Botswana]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[North West Province, South Africa|Gobolka North West]], [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Marico Oog | source1_location = Ngaka Modiri, Koonfur Afrika | source1_coordinates = {{coord|25|47|19|S|26|21|57|E}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1482|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = u dhow [[Oliphants Drift]], Xadka Koonfur Afrika/Botswana | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|11|27|S|26|52|22|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|872|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] → [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | length = {{Convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}} | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|13208|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> }} [[File:Limpopo watershed topo.png|thumb|300px|Marinka iyo Dooxada biyo-shubanka ee [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]]] '''Webiga Marico''' ama '''Madikwe''' waa webi ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]]. Waxaa jira dhowr biyo-xireen oo ku yaal dooxadiisa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |title=Major dams in the Marico River |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |archive-date=2012-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Magaalada [[Groot Marico]] waxaa loogu magac daray Webiga Marico.<ref>[http://www.marico.co.za/ Marico - Africa at its best]</ref> Ka dib marka uu bangigiisa midig ugala biiro [[Crocodile River (West)|Webiga Crocodile]], waxaa loo yaqaannaa [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. ==Marinka== [[File:Marico Oog.jpg|thumb|300px|Isha Marico, meesha uu ka unkamo Webiga Marico]] Webigu wuxuu ku bilowdaa magaca Webiga Groot Marico ee Marico Oog ([[Eye of Marico|Isha Marico]] ee af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]), u dhow [[Rustenburg]] iyo [[Swartruggens]] oo ku yaal [[North West (South African province)|Gobolka North West]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Meesha uu webigu ka unkamo waa god weyn oo [[dolomitic|dhagax-shiryeed]] ah oo dhulka ku jira oo leh biyo cad, kaas oo sidoo kale ah meel caan ku ah [[scuba diving|quusidda badda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |title=South Africa Information: Groot Marico |access-date=16 March 2012 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062129/http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo ah Great Marico (Groot Marico) wuxuuna sii hooseeyo kula midooba Webiga ka yar ee [[Klein Marico River]].<ref>[http://travelingluck.com/Africa/South+Africa/North-West/_990260_Klein-Maricorivier.html#local_map Klein-Maricorivier, North-West, South Africa]</ref> Inta u dhaxeysa marinka waxaa loogu yeeraa Webiga Madikwene, laakiin ka dib marka uu [[Sehubyane River|Webiga Sehubyane]] (Sandsloot) ka soo galo bangigiisa bidix, wuxuu dib ugu soo laabataa magaca Marico.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile (West) & Marico WMA 3]</ref> Wuxuu sii wadaa qulqulka dhanka waqooyi, isagoo u laabma dhanka waqooyi-bari isla markaana sameeya xadka u dhaxeeya [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[Botswana]]. Marinka hoose, Webiga Crocodile wuxuu dhanka midig uga soo biiraa Webiga Marico, magaca u baxa marinka ka dib barta ay ku kulmaanna wuxuu noqdaa [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Qiyaastii 5&nbsp;km ka hor barta ay ku kulmaan, [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] wuxuu koonfur-galbeed uga soo biiraa Limpopo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |title=Limpopo Drainage Network |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada dooxada webiga == Webiga Marico wuxuu ka tirsan yahay Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West) iyo Marico. Biyo-xireennada ku yaal dooxada webiga waa: * [[Molatedi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Molatedi]] * [[Kromellenboog Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kromellenboog]] * [[Marico-Bosveld Dam|Biyo-xireenka Marico-Bosveld]] * [[Uitkyk Dam|Biyo-xireenka Uitkyk]] * [[Klein-Maricopoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klein-Maricopoort]] * [[Sehujwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Sehujwane]] * [[Madikwe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Madikwe]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Overview of the Crocodile (West)/Marico Water Management Area] *[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060008/http://www.safarimappers.com/area.aspx?lngareaid=37 Madikwe Game Reserve] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111215154235/http://www.madikweriverlodge.com/ Madikwe River Lodge] j5ap2px4oj9sppas49tt1tx1e37nnb0 0 48521 300692 2026-07-03T13:12:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Umgeni | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = uMngeni {{in lang|zu}} | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Blue Lagoon, d, Umgenirivier, Durban.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Goobta Blue Lagoon ee afka Webiga Umgeni ee ku taal [[Durban North]] | map = Umgeni river watershed.jpg | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda dooxada biyo-shubanka ee Webiga Umgeni | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Umgeni <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|232|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Drakensberg]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1825|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Durban]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|29|48|36|S|31|02|08|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|4432|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Msunduzi River|Webiga Msunduzi]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Howick falls3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Webiga Umgeni oo wax yar ka hooseeya [[Howick Falls]] ee ku yaal [[KwaZulu-Natal Midlands]], iyadoo la sawiray xilliga jiilaalka]] '''Webiga Umgeni''' ama '''Webiga Mgeni''' ({{langx|zu|uMngeni}}) waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka unkamaa deegaanka "Dargle" ee ku yaal [[KwaZulu-Natal Midlands|KZN Midlands]], afkiisuna wuxuu ku yaal [[Durban]], oo in yar waqooyi ka xiga dekedda dabiiciga ah ee Durban. Waxaa guud ahaan la isku raaciyay in magaciisu uu ku dhacayo "webiga laga galo" ee [[Zulu language|luqadda Zulu]], in kastoo macnayaal kale na la soo jeediyay.<ref name="d">{{cite book |last=du Plessis |first=E.J. |title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername |publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town |date=1973 |pages=277, 278 |isbn=0-624-00273-X}}</ref><ref name="r">{{cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African Place Names |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Jhb & Cape Town |date=2004 |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |page=245}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|232|km}} iyadoo aagga ururinta biyaha ee dooxadiisu ay tahay {{convert|4432|km2}}. Waterfalls-ka loo yaqaan [[Howick Falls]] waa biyo-dhaccaan caan ah oo ku yaal Webiga Mngeni. ==Laamaha== Laan weyn oo xusid mudan waa [[Msunduzi River|Webiga Msunduzi]], kaas oo kula biira inta u dhaxeysa biyo-xireennada Nagle iyo Inanda. Marinkiisa sare, Msunduzi (ama si kooban loogu yeero 'Dusi') wuxuu dhex maraa caasimadda KwaZulu-Natal ee [[Pietermaritzburg]]. Tartanka caanka ah ee doon-waddis-ka ah ee loo yaqaan [[Dusi Canoe Marathon]] ayaa ka dhaca inta u dhaxeysa caasimadda iyo Durban, kaas oo soo jiita kumanaan doon-wadeyaal ah dhacdaas saddexda maalmood socota oo la qabto sannad kasta bisha Janaayo. Laan yar oo saameynteedu ay ka weyn tahay baaxaddeeda iyo dhererkeeda waa Webiga Lions oo Umgeni kula biira qiyaastii 4 kiiloomitir dhanka sare ee [[Midmar Dam|Biyo-xireenka Midmar]] (u dhow Lidgetton). Muhiimaddiisu waxay ku jirtaa inay tahay qayb ka mid ah qorshaha biyo-wareejinta ee u dhaxeeya [[Mooi River (Tugela)|Webiga Mooi]] (Biyo-xireenka Spring Grove) iyo Umgeni. Laan ka sii yar oo u dhow afkiisa waa Webiga Palmiet oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|26|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}, kaas oo aan lalkiisa lagu khaldin Webiga Palmiet ee ku yaal [[Western Cape]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |title=Palmiet Nature Reserve Flooding |access-date=2012-03-12 |archive-date=2011-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724141321/http://www.palmiet.za.net/flooding.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada== Hadda Umgeni wuxuu ka tirsan yahay [[Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Mvoti ilaa Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> Waxaa jira afar biyo-xireen oo waaweyn oo ku yaal dooxadiisa ururinta biyaha: * [[Albert Falls Dam|Biyo-xireenka Albert Falls]] * [[Inanda Dam|Biyo-xireenka Inanda]] * [[Midmar Dam|Biyo-xireenka Midmar]] * [[Nagle Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nagle]] ==Deegaanka== Kalluunka [[Scaly Yellowfish]] (''Labeobarbus natalensis'') waa kalluun laga helo Nidaamka Webiga Umgeni iyo sidoo kale [[Umzimkhulu River|Umzimkhulu]], [[Thukela River|Thukela]], [[Umkhomazi River|Umkhomazi]] iyo [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. Waa nooc [[Endemism|u dhashay]] gobolka oo caan ka ah Gobolka KwaZulu-Natal wuxuuna ku nool yahay deegaanno kala duwan oo u dhaxeeya jiidda buuraha [[Drakensberg]] iyo dhulka hoose ee xeebta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |access-date=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Agunbiade|first1=Foluso O.|last2=Moodley|first2=Brenda|date=2014-07-16|title=Pharmaceuticals as emerging organic contaminants in Umgeni River water system, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=186|issue=11|pages=7273–7291|doi=10.1007/s10661-014-3926-z|pmid=25027777|bibcode=2014EMnAs.186.7273A |s2cid=25955776|issn=0167-6369|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Taariikhda== Waxaa loo qaadanayaa in [[Vasco da Gama]] uu biyo uga dhaansaday gogoshiisa maraakiibta afka Umgeni Maalintii Ciidda Gaalada (Christmas) ee sanadkii 1497, sidaas darteedna uu gobolka ugu bixiyay [[Early history of Natal|Natal]], oo af [[Portuguese language|Burtugiis]] ku ah Christmas. Webiga wuxuu markaas yeeshay magaca "Webiga Natal". 130 sano ka dib, Webiga Umgeni waxaa ka tallaabay [[Nathaniel Isaacs]] isagoo ku sii jeeda booqashada [[Shaka]].<ref name="d"/> Markii ay taariikhdu ahayd ka hor Oktoobar 1825, gumeystayaashii iyo dadkii deegaanka oo uu horkacayay [[Francis Farewell]] ayaa bilaabay dhismaha Fort Farewell oo u dhaxeeya Webiga Umgeni iyo Port Natal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaacs |first=Nathaniel |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsadventure01isaa |title=Travels and adventures in eastern Africa |publisher=Edward Churton |year=1836 |location=London |pages=30–33}}</ref> [[File:Umgeni river mouth, 21-Aug-2011.jpg|thumb|right|Af-webiga Umgeni (Blue Lagoon) iyo marinkiisa hoose oo ay hareereeyaan Umgeni Business Park, [[Umgeni Park]], [[Morningside, Durban|Morningside]], [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Umgeni River Bird Park]] iyo [[Burman Bush]]]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} *{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Janice|title=Proceedings of the first International Conference on Ephomeroptera|publisher=Brill Archive|date=1973|pages=90|isbn=978-90-04-03590-4}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commons category-inline}} [[Category:Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal]] od9wssnu85o798b1xyd7jarl61rfz36 0 48522 300693 2026-07-03T13:17:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Modder | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = ''Modder'' oo lami macno ah '[[mud|dhoobo]]' ee af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Modder River pontoon bridge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Buundada pontoon-ka ee Webiga Modder, 1899 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Modder <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]], [[Northern Cape]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Riet River|Webiga Riet]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|29|2|25|S|24|37|42|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1114|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Modder''' waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka tirsan [[Riet River|Webiga Riet]]<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA13UpperOrange.jpg Upper Orange WMA 13]</ref> kaas oo qayb ka ah xadka u dhaxeeya gobollada [[Northern Cape Province|Northern Cape]] iyo [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]]. Bangiyada webiga waxay ahaayeen goobihii ay ka dhaceen dagaallo culus bilowgii [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]] ee [[Battle of Modder River|Dagaalkii Webiga Modder]]. Waxaa jira goob beereed ay dad deggan yihiin oo la yiraahdo "[[Modder River, Northern Cape|Modder River]]" oo ku taal dhanka waqooyi ee barta ay ku kulmaan webigan iyo Riet.<ref>[http://plak.co.za/moreinfo.php?id=19564 Modder River - Description]</ref><ref>''Padlangs deur Suid-Afrika.'' 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-77007-751-5}}</ref> Webiga Modder waxaa si ballaaran loogu isticmaalaa waraabka, oo ay ku jirto [[Krugersdrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Krugersdrift]] oo u dhow [[Bloemfontein]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_modder_river.html Battle of Modder River, 28 November 1899] tgw744246uzz7jqxr0zop8lgwt2kcrw 2 48523 300695 2026-07-03T13:19:24Z Dacaryare 24128 Bog cusub: Hadii aad xiriirkayga rabto igala soo xiriir emailkan dacarmoh@gmail.com 300695 wikitext text/x-wiki Hadii aad xiriirkayga rabto igala soo xiriir emailkan dacarmoh@gmail.com 1vp4ubx7y57mnw84oro5a5coldm15g8 0 48524 300696 2026-07-03T13:19:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Klip | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other =Kliprivier | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Henley on Klip - Klip River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=line|stroke-colour=#4271ae|stroke-width=5}} | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa Gauteng | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] ee [[Vereeniging]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|40|15|S|27|57|15|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1414|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |pushpin_map_relief=yes}} '''Webiga Klip''' (ama af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]] ahaan: '''Kliprivier'''|oo macnaheedu yahay Webiga Dhagaxa) waa webiga ugu weyn ee qaada biyaha qaybta [[Johannesburg]] ee koonfurta [[Witwatersrand]], dooxadiisa ururinta biyahana waxay ka kooban tahay [[Johannesburg CBD|Bartamaha Ganacsiga ee Johannesburg]] iyo [[Soweto]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF |title=Klip Basin map |access-date=2014-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505170929/http://ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF |archive-date=2005-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afka webigu wuxuu ku yaal [[Vereeniging]] halkaas oo uu ku dhex shubmo [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]],<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA8UpperVaal.jpg Upper Vaal Basin map, Government of South Africa]</ref> kaas oo ah laan ka tirsan [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]]. Marka laga reebo Vereeniging, magaalooyinka kale ee ku yaal hareeraha webiga waxaa ka mid ah [[Henley on Klip]], [[Lenasia]] iyo [[Meyerton, Gauteng|Meyerton]]. == Biyo-xireenka Kidson == '''Biyo-xireenka Kidson''' (Kidson Weir) waa [[weir|biyo-xireen yar]] oo ku yaal tuulada Henley on Klip ee ku taal Webiga Klip ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], waxaana loogu magac daray Fenning Kidson oo ahaa wiil uu awow u yahay gumeystihii [[1820 Settlers|reer deegaankii 1820]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kidson Weir - Henley on Klip - Water Dams on Waymarking.com|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9GNT_Kidson_Weir_Henley_on_Klip|publisher=Groundspeak, Inc.|accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> [[File:Kidson Wier in Henley on Klip.jpg|thumb|Biyo-xireenka Kidson - [[Henley on Klip]]]] [[File:Flooding at the Kidson Weir - January 2010.JPG|thumb|Fatahaad ka dhacday Biyo-xireenka Kidson - Janaayo 2010]] [[File:Flooding at the Kidson Weir, Dec 2010.JPG|thumb|Fatahaad ka dhacday Biyo-xireenka Kidson - Diseembar 2010]] === Taariikhda === Fenning wuxuu wax ku bartay England, laakiin wuxuu isagoo dhalinyaro ah u soo laabtay Koonfur Afrika wuxuuna noqday rasiid gaadiidka u rira, oo xilli isku mid ah ahaa Sir [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Percy FitzPatrick]]. Muddo yar ka dib markii uu qarxay [[Anglo Boer War|Dagaalkii Anglo-Boer]], waxaa Kidson u timid calaamad muujinaysa in ciidan ay ku soo jeedaan beertiisa si ay u xiraan. Isagoo indhaha Boers-ka heryaya ayuu ka baxsaday, isagoo ku socda koore-dhinaceed, jirkiisii baaxadda weynna ku tuujiyay dhar-faras-fuulka ee xaaskiisa. Ugu dambeyntii wuxuu u sii gudbay dhanka [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], laakiin wuxuu ku laabtay [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]] dagaalka ka dib, isagoo degay [[Henley on Klip]] iyo xaaskiisa, Edith. Guriga qoyska waxaa loo bixiyay Tilham, kaas oo ah guriga weyn ee ku yaal webiga ee geeska Wadooyinka Regatta iyo Shillingford.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henley on Klip|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2004-09/1095156939 |publisher=The South Entertainment, September 2004, Issue No.59|accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref> === Maanta === Bishii Diseembar 2010, tuulada Henley on Klip waxay la kulantay fatahaado culus, ka dibna, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la sameeyo shaqooyin lagu hagaajinayo biyo-xireenka yar. Bishii Janaayo 2012 shaqada ayaa ka bilaabatay dayactirka tubooyinka ee dhanka galbeed ee biyo-xireenka. Bishii Maarso 2012 qorshayaal ayaa la dejinayay si loo dhiso buundo cusub oo ka gudubta biyo-xireenka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henley on Klip|url=http://www.henleyherald.co.za/.cm4all/iproc.php/November.pdf?cdp=a|publisher=The Henley Herald|accessdate=20 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MIDVAAL APPROVES A BUDGET OF R930 MILLION FOR 2012/2013|url=http://www.midvaal.gov.za/files/newsletters/Newsletter%20Final%20-%20individual%20pages%20(3rd%20edition%202012).pdf|publisher=Midvaal Local Municipality|accessdate=20 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> == Walaacyada deegaanka == Nidaamka deegaanka dhulka qoyan ee Webiga Klip ee Lenasia, Soweto iyo aagga ku xeeran ayaa la ogaaday inay leeyihiin heerar sare oo ah [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs) oo ay sababeen [[Terrestrial runoff|biyo-shubanka]] beeraha iyo wershadaha iyo qashinka magaalooyinka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mabuza |first=Ernest |title=University researchers uncover toxic legacy in Klip River |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2025-03-25-university-researchers-uncover-toxic-legacy-in-klip-river/}}</ref> Warbixinno la soo saaray 2016<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2016-06-01 |title=Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic ecosystems of Soweto/Lenasia |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2242-1-16.pdf |journal=Water Research Commission |volume=2242 |issue=16 |isbn=978-1-4312-0801-2}}</ref> iyo 2025<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Makobe |first=Samuel |last2=Seopela |first2=Mathapelo P. |last3=Ambushe |first3=Abayneh A. |date=2025-02-08 |title=Seasonal variations, source apportionment, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Klip River, Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-025-13724-0 |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=257 |doi=10.1007/s10661-025-13724-0 |issn=1573-2959 |pmc=11807025 |pmid=39921783}}</ref> ayaa muujiyay heerar sare oo PAHs ah oo ku jira kalluunka, xayawaanka laf-dhabarta leh, nolosha dhirta, iyo dalkalka carrada kuwaas oo halis ku ah caafimaadka aadanaha.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=99|location=78}} Unugyada uurjiifka ee [[Zebrafish]] ayaa la kulmay cillado daran, dib-u-dhac dhanka dhalidda ah iyo boqolkiiba 80% heerka dhimashada ah.<ref name=":1" /> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.henley-on-klip.co.za HENLEY-ON-KLIP] *[http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2004-09/1095156939 HENLEY-ON-KLIP] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111111114651/http://www.communitypages.co.za/index.php?option=com_sobi2&catid=71&Itemid=56 Community pages] - [[Henley on Klip]] *{{Commons category-inline|Klip River, Gauteng}} {{Authority control}} 2jejuucusbvnf8fp26ukpmc0so0d3gj 300697 300696 2026-07-03T13:20:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Klip | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other =Kliprivier | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Henley on Klip - Klip River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa Gauteng | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] ee [[Vereeniging]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|40|15|S|27|57|15|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1414|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |pushpin_map_relief=yes}} '''Webiga Klip''' (ama af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]] ahaan: '''Kliprivier'''|oo macnaheedu yahay Webiga Dhagaxa) waa webiga ugu weyn ee qaada biyaha qaybta [[Johannesburg]] ee koonfurta [[Witwatersrand]], dooxadiisa ururinta biyahana waxay ka kooban tahay [[Johannesburg CBD|Bartamaha Ganacsiga ee Johannesburg]] iyo [[Soweto]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF |title=Klip Basin map |access-date=2014-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050505170929/http://ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/images/scan/KLIPRIVE.GIF |archive-date=2005-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afka webigu wuxuu ku yaal [[Vereeniging]] halkaas oo uu ku dhex shubmo [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]],<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA8UpperVaal.jpg Upper Vaal Basin map, Government of South Africa]</ref> kaas oo ah laan ka tirsan [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]]. Marka laga reebo Vereeniging, magaalooyinka kale ee ku yaal hareeraha webiga waxaa ka mid ah [[Henley on Klip]], [[Lenasia]] iyo [[Meyerton, Gauteng|Meyerton]]. == Biyo-xireenka Kidson == '''Biyo-xireenka Kidson''' (Kidson Weir) waa [[weir|biyo-xireen yar]] oo ku yaal tuulada Henley on Klip ee ku taal Webiga Klip ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], waxaana loogu magac daray Fenning Kidson oo ahaa wiil uu awow u yahay gumeystihii [[1820 Settlers|reer deegaankii 1820]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kidson Weir - Henley on Klip - Water Dams on Waymarking.com|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9GNT_Kidson_Weir_Henley_on_Klip|publisher=Groundspeak, Inc.|accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> [[File:Kidson Wier in Henley on Klip.jpg|thumb|Biyo-xireenka Kidson - [[Henley on Klip]]]] [[File:Flooding at the Kidson Weir - January 2010.JPG|thumb|Fatahaad ka dhacday Biyo-xireenka Kidson - Janaayo 2010]] [[File:Flooding at the Kidson Weir, Dec 2010.JPG|thumb|Fatahaad ka dhacday Biyo-xireenka Kidson - Diseembar 2010]] === Taariikhda === Fenning wuxuu wax ku bartay England, laakiin wuxuu isagoo dhalinyaro ah u soo laabtay Koonfur Afrika wuxuuna noqday rasiid gaadiidka u rira, oo xilli isku mid ah ahaa Sir [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Percy FitzPatrick]]. Muddo yar ka dib markii uu qarxay [[Anglo Boer War|Dagaalkii Anglo-Boer]], waxaa Kidson u timid calaamad muujinaysa in ciidan ay ku soo jeedaan beertiisa si ay u xiraan. Isagoo indhaha Boers-ka heryaya ayuu ka baxsaday, isagoo ku socda koore-dhinaceed, jirkiisii baaxadda weynna ku tuujiyay dhar-faras-fuulka ee xaaskiisa. Ugu dambeyntii wuxuu u sii gudbay dhanka [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], laakiin wuxuu ku laabtay [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]] dagaalka ka dib, isagoo degay [[Henley on Klip]] iyo xaaskiisa, Edith. Guriga qoyska waxaa loo bixiyay Tilham, kaas oo ah guriga weyn ee ku yaal webiga ee geeska Wadooyinka Regatta iyo Shillingford.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henley on Klip|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2004-09/1095156939 |publisher=The South Entertainment, September 2004, Issue No.59|accessdate=20 June 2017}}</ref> === Maanta === Bishii Diseembar 2010, tuulada Henley on Klip waxay la kulantay fatahaado culus, ka dibna, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la sameeyo shaqooyin lagu hagaajinayo biyo-xireenka yar. Bishii Janaayo 2012 shaqada ayaa ka bilaabatay dayactirka tubooyinka ee dhanka galbeed ee biyo-xireenka. Bishii Maarso 2012 qorshayaal ayaa la dejinayay si loo dhiso buundo cusub oo ka gudubta biyo-xireenka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henley on Klip|url=http://www.henleyherald.co.za/.cm4all/iproc.php/November.pdf?cdp=a|publisher=The Henley Herald|accessdate=20 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MIDVAAL APPROVES A BUDGET OF R930 MILLION FOR 2012/2013|url=http://www.midvaal.gov.za/files/newsletters/Newsletter%20Final%20-%20individual%20pages%20(3rd%20edition%202012).pdf|publisher=Midvaal Local Municipality|accessdate=20 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> == Walaacyada deegaanka == Nidaamka deegaanka dhulka qoyan ee Webiga Klip ee Lenasia, Soweto iyo aagga ku xeeran ayaa la ogaaday inay leeyihiin heerar sare oo ah [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs) oo ay sababeen [[Terrestrial runoff|biyo-shubanka]] beeraha iyo wershadaha iyo qashinka magaalooyinka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mabuza |first=Ernest |title=University researchers uncover toxic legacy in Klip River |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2025-03-25-university-researchers-uncover-toxic-legacy-in-klip-river/}}</ref> Warbixinno la soo saaray 2016<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2016-06-01 |title=Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aquatic ecosystems of Soweto/Lenasia |url=https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2242-1-16.pdf |journal=Water Research Commission |volume=2242 |issue=16 |isbn=978-1-4312-0801-2}}</ref> iyo 2025<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Makobe |first=Samuel |last2=Seopela |first2=Mathapelo P. |last3=Ambushe |first3=Abayneh A. |date=2025-02-08 |title=Seasonal variations, source apportionment, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Klip River, Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-025-13724-0 |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=257 |doi=10.1007/s10661-025-13724-0 |issn=1573-2959 |pmc=11807025 |pmid=39921783}}</ref> ayaa muujiyay heerar sare oo PAHs ah oo ku jira kalluunka, xayawaanka laf-dhabarta leh, nolosha dhirta, iyo dalkalka carrada kuwaas oo halis ku ah caafimaadka aadanaha.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=99|location=78}} Unugyada uurjiifka ee [[Zebrafish]] ayaa la kulmay cillado daran, dib-u-dhac dhanka dhalidda ah iyo boqolkiiba 80% heerka dhimashada ah.<ref name=":1" /> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.henley-on-klip.co.za HENLEY-ON-KLIP] *[http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SOUTH-AFRICA/2004-09/1095156939 HENLEY-ON-KLIP] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111111114651/http://www.communitypages.co.za/index.php?option=com_sobi2&catid=71&Itemid=56 Community pages] - [[Henley on Klip]] *{{Commons category-inline|Klip River, Gauteng}} {{Authority control}} hg6rhb2sonlrk8vvo4mb1sekd1sho58 0 48525 300698 2026-07-03T13:23:43Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Keurbooms | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Keurboomsrivier | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray geedaha [[keurboom]] ([[Virgilia (plant)|genus ''Virgilia'']] ee af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]) <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Keurbooms river, R339.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Lodge iyo beerta kalluunka [[trout]] ee ku taal Webiga Keurbooms, sida laga arko [[R339 road (South Africa)|wadada R339]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Keurbooms <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Western Cape Province]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Spitskop]] | source1_location = [[Outeniqua Mountains]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = Kix dhow [[Plettenberg Bay]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|01|37|S|23|23|42|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|1080|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Keurbooms''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Keurboomsrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Western Cape Province]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigu wuxuu ka soo fulaa koonfurta [[Uniondale, Western Cape|Uniondale]] ee ku taal [[Langkloof]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa jihada koonfur-bari. Wuxuu sii maraa [[De Vlugt]] iyo Prince Alfred Pass, isagoo raacaya dhanka waqooyi ee wadada R340 ka dibna wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka koonfureed. Markii uu ka gudbo [[N2 road (South Africa)|wadada N2]], wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] isagoo maraya [[Keurbooms Estuary|Af-webiga Keurbooms]], oo ku yaal meel u dhow magaalada xeebta ah ee [[Plettenberg Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webiga Keurbooms dhererkiisu wuxuu dhow yahay 85&nbsp;km iyadoo dhulka uu biyaha ka ururiyo ay baaxaddiisu tahay 1,080 km2. Laantiisa ugu weyn waa webiga [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou).<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]</ref> {{stack|[[File:Keurbooms.jpg|thumb|Muqaalka laga arkay af-webiga Keurbooms oo u dhow Plettenberg Bay]]}} ==Deegaanka== Webiga Keurbooms wuxuu calaamad u yahay xadka bari ee aagga ay ku nool yihiin [[Cape galaxias]] ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', oo ah nooc kalluun oo Koonfur Afrikaan ah oo [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] gobolka [[Cape Floristic Region]]. Wuxuu deegaan la wadaagaa kalluunka [[trout]] ee dibadda laga keenay wuxuuna ku nool yahay aagga u dhaxeeya Keurbooms iyo [[Olifants River (Western Cape)|Webiga Olifants]]. Inkasta oo Koonfur Afrika dhexdeeda kalluunkan jilicsan lagu sifeeyay oo kaliya inuu yahay mid [[near threatened|qarka u saaran inuu madmo]], haddana gudaha [[Australia]] noocyada isku hiddaha ah waxaa dabar-goyn ku riday tartanka ay kula jiraan kalluunka kale ee [[salmonid]]s.<ref>[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Keurbooms River Nature Reserve Complex Management Plan] *[http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)] *[http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Invasion biology] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 A preliminary assessment of the impact of alien rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on indigenous fishes of the upper Berg River, Western Cape Province, South Africa] 4w98h98wjt1prydov927r7p2uglf0xl 300834 300698 2026-07-04T09:50:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Keurbooms | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Keurboomsrivier | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray geedaha [[keurboom]] ([[Virgilia (plant)|genus ''Virgilia'']] ee af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]) <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Keurbooms river, R339.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Lodge iyo beerta kalluunka [[trout]] ee ku taal Webiga Keurbooms, sida laga arko [[R339 road (South Africa)|wadada R339]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Keurbooms <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Western Cape Province]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Spitskop]] | source1_location = [[Outeniqua Mountains]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = Kix dhow [[Plettenberg Bay]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|34|01|37|S|23|23|42|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|1080|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Keurbooms''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Keurboomsrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Western Cape Province]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigu wuxuu ka soo fulaa koonfurta [[Uniondale, Western Cape|Uniondale]] ee ku taal [[Langkloof]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa jihada koonfur-bari. Wuxuu sii maraa [[De Vlugt]] iyo Prince Alfred Pass, isagoo raacaya dhanka waqooyi ee wadada R340 ka dibna wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka koonfureed. Markii uu ka gudbo [[N2 road (South Africa)|wadada N2]], wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] isagoo maraya [[Keurbooms Estuary|Af-webiga Keurbooms]], oo ku yaal meel u dhow magaalada xeebta ah ee [[Plettenberg Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |title=Keurbooms River – Hydrology and geohydrology |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808104935/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverSC2KeurboomsNEW/KEURBOOMSRiver_Hydrology%20.htm |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webiga Keurbooms dhererkiisu wuxuu dhow yahay 85&nbsp;km iyadoo dhulka uu biyaha ka ururiyo ay baaxaddiisu tahay 1,080 km2. Laantiisa ugu weyn waa webiga [[Bitou River|Bitou]] (Bietou).<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA16Gouritz.jpg Gouritz WMA 16]</ref> {{stack|[[File:Keurbooms.jpg|thumb|Muqaalka laga arkay af-webiga Keurbooms oo u dhow Plettenberg Bay]]}} ==Deegaanka== Webiga Keurbooms wuxuu calaamad u yahay xadka bari ee aagga ay ku nool yihiin [[Cape galaxias]] ''(Galaxias zebratus)'', oo ah nooc kalluun oo Koonfur Afrikaan ah oo [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] gobolka [[Cape Floristic Region]]. Wuxuu deegaan la wadaagaa kalluunka [[trout]] ee dibadda laga keenay wuxuuna ku nool yahay aagga u dhaxeeya Keurbooms iyo [[Olifants River (Western Cape)|Webiga Olifants]]. Inkasta oo Koonfur Afrika dhexdeeda kalluunkan jilicsan lagu sifeeyay oo kaliya inuu yahay mid [[near threatened|qarka u saaran inuu madmo]], haddana gudaha [[Australia]] noocyada isku hiddaha ah waxaa dabar-goyn ku riday tartanka ay kula jiraan kalluunka kale ee [[salmonid]]s.<ref>[http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/m&g/mg17.htm Albany Museum – Freshwater Ichthyology]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130317164924/http://capenature.org.za/docs/1938/Keurbooms%20PAMP_Final%20participation_14122011.pdf Keurbooms River Nature Reserve Complex Management Plan] *[http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm Cape Galaxias (Galaxias zebratus)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module5/Galaxias_zebratus.htm |date=20130131050754 }} *[http://academic.sun.ac.za/cib/team/students/jeremy/jeremy.htm Invasion biology] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001907/http://www.nisc.co.za/oneAbstract?absId=1420 A preliminary assessment of the impact of alien rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on indigenous fishes of the upper Berg River, Western Cape Province, South Africa] ioklr29o5mclrqvhflt5cl1pkqp7hvy 0 48526 300700 2026-07-03T13:28:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Elands | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Waxaa loogu magac daray dafinka [[Common Eland|Eland]] ''(Taurotragus oryx)'' <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = 11 of 'History of the Boers in South Africa ... with three maps' (11191958004), crop3.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Elands oo loo muujiyay inuu yahay laan ka tirsan Olifants ee khariidad la sameeyay 1887 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Elands <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng Province|Gauteng]], [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] iyo [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Galbeedka [[Bronkhorstspruit]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1480|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants (Limpopo)]] | mouth_location = [[Arabie Dam|Biyo-xireenka Arabie]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|52|52|S|29|21|23|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|971|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Elands''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Elandsrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal deegaankii hore ee [[Transvaal Province|Gobolkii Transvaal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka tirsan [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]], oo qayb ka ah dooxada ururinta biyaha ee [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. ==Marinka== Webiga Elands wuxuu ka unkamaa galbeedka [[Bronkhorstspruit]], [[Gauteng Province|Gobolka Gauteng]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi ka dibna wuxuu u laabmaa dhanka waqooyi-bari isagoo ku dhex shubma [[Rust de Winter Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rust de Winter]], halkaas oo uu ku yaal [[Rust De Winter Nature Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Rust de Winter]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_3.02.html The Olifants River System]</ref> Dhowr kiiloomitir ka dib marka uu hoos u qulqulo wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Rhenosterkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rhenosterkop]] oo ka sii weyn. Ugu dambeyntii wuxuu kula bixiddaa Webiga Olifants qaybta sare ee kaydka biyaha ee [[Arabie Dam|Biyo-xireenka Arabie]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA4Olifants.jpg Olifants WMA 4]</ref> == Biyo-xireennada webiga ku yaal == * [[Rust de Winter Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rust de Winter]] * [[Rhenosterkop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rhenosterkop]] ==Sawirro== <gallery mode = packed heights = 160px> Elandsrivier, brug by Kameelrivier, Uitvlucht, Limpopo, b.jpg|Webiga Elands oo in yar ka sarreeya [[Rust de Winter Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rust de Winter]] Swemkuil in Elandsrivier, Little Eden, a.jpg|God dhagax leh oo biyo ku jiraan oo ku yaal laan ka tirsan Bankenveld, kaas oo isna loo yaqaanno Webiga Elands </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Elands River (Olifants)}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120523075847/http://www.golimpopo.com/park/nature-reserves/rust-de-winter-reserve.html Rust De Winter Nature Reserve, South Africa] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx The Olifants River Basin, South Africa] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/rivslopes/RiverSlopeReportBX.pdf Channel Slopes in the Olifants, Crocodile and Sabie River Catchments] kg7rkbwh10szlqoqj2wibzagdlcmkob 0 48527 300701 2026-07-03T13:32:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Harts | native_name = {{native name|naq|ǂGaoblgarib}} | name_other = Hartsrivier | name_etymology = Waxaa loo tarjumay af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]] iyadoo laga keenay magiciisa af [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] ee ''ǂGaoblgarib'', oo lami macno ah 'webigii wadnaha'; waxaa suurtagal ah in loogu magac daray oday dhaqameed ama koox qabiil ah<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = 10 of 'History of the Boers in South Africa ... with three maps' (11189449154), crop.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Harts oo ku yaal khariidad la sameeyay 1887 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Harts <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[North West Province (South Africa)|Gobolka North West]], [[Northern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Witwatersrand]] | source1_location = U dhow [[Lichtenburg, North West|Lichtenburg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1520|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] | mouth_location = [[Delportshoop]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|28|24|4|S|24|16|38|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1017|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Harts''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Hartsrivier}}) waa laan dhanka waqooyi ka tirsan [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]], kaas oo isna ah laanta ugu weyn ee [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Webiga Gariep, ahna webiga ugu weyn [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]). Isha uu ka unkamo waxay ku taal [[North West Province (South Africa)|Gobolka North West]], laakiin qaybta ugu weyn ee dooxada uu biyaha ka ururiyo waxay ku taal gobolka [[Northern Cape Province]], oo uu galo dhowr kiiloomitir ka dib marka uu ka soo dhundo dhanka hoose ee [[Taung Dam|Biyo-xireenka Taung]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA10LowerVaal.jpg Lower Vaal WMA 10]</ref> Webiga Harts wuxuu ood dabiici ah u yahay deegaanka [[Ghaap Plateau]], oo ku yaal inta u dhaxeysa Webiga Harts iyo [[Kuruman Hills]]. ==Marinka== Wuxuu ka unkamaa u dhow [[Lichtenburg, North West|Lichtenburg]] oo ku taal jiidda fog ee koonfur-galbeed ee [[Witwatersrand]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa qiyaastii 320&nbsp;km (qiyaastii 200 mayl) dhanka koonfur-galbeed, isagoo inta badan dhex mara deegaanno aad u fidsan oo ka tirsan Gobollada North West iyo Northern Cape ka hor inta uusan ku dhex shubmin Webiga Vaal qiyaastii 100&nbsp;km ka sarreeya barta uu webigaas kula kulmo Webiga Orange.<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWHarts/HartsRiver_Overview%20.htm Harts River - Overview]</ref> Webiga [[Little Harts River]] oo ka unkama u dhow [[Coligny, South Africa|Coligny]] wuxuu ku biiraa Webiga [[Great Harts River]], oo ka unkama u dhow Lichtenburg, si ay u sameeyaan webiga weyn. U dhow Taung, Webiga [[Dry Harts River]], oo ah webi xilliyeed ah oo madax-biyoodkiisu yahay aagga [[Vryburg]], ayaa isna kula biira. Webiga waxaa lagu yaqaannaa biyo-shubanka oo si weyn u kala go'a, laakiin waa la maareeyaa si loo wanaajiyo isticmaalka biyaha. Markay joogto [[Taung]], dadka [[Tswana people|Tswana]] ah waxay Webiga Harts ugu yeeri jireen Noka (oo macnaheedu yahay Webi) Kolong.<ref>Van Vreeden, B.F. 1961. Noordkaapland plekname. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand</ref> Marinka hoose, magaalada [[Schweizer-Reneke]] (la aasasay bishii Oktoobar 1888) waxay ku taal hareeraha webiga. [[Wenzel Dam|Biyo-xireenka Wenzel]], oo dhanka waqooyi ee magaalada kaga yaal webiga, ayaa loo horumariyay si uu u noqdo goob loo dalxiis tago oo loo nasto. Qiyaastii sanadkii 1850, biyo-xireen ayaa laga dhisay webiga meel u dhow [[Dikgatlong]], laakiin waxaa qaaday fatahaad dhacday sanadkii 1856. U dhow barta ay ku kulmaan Webiyada Harts iyo Vaal ee [[Delportshoop]], nidaam weyn oo waraab ah oo loo yaqaan [[Vaal-Harts Scheme]] ayaa la aasasay sanadkii 1933 iyadoo qayb ka ahayd dadaalkii dib u dhiska qaranka ka dib [[Great Depression|Aafadii Dhaqaale ee weyneyd]]. Halkaan, biyaha laga soo jiido labada webi ee Vaal iyo Harts waxay furaan biyo si weyn loogu waraabiyo [[smallholding|beero yaryar]] oo badan iyadoo loo marayo nidaam kanaalo ah oo ku yaal aag haddii kale qallalan lahaa oo dalka ka mid ah, iyadoo taageeraysa magaalooyinka lalkooda ah sida [[Jan Kempdorp]] iyo [[Hartswater]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vaalharts.net/ |title=Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme, South Africa |access-date=2012-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720134730/http://www.vaalharts.net/ |archive-date=2012-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Agagaarka qaybta waqooyi ee Qorshaha waraabka waxaa ku yaal deegaannada [[Pampierstad]], [[Motsweding]], [[Mokgareng]], [[Manthestad]] iyo [[Taung]], kuwaas oo dhammaantood ay deggen yihiin dad inta badan ku hadla [[Tswana language|luqadda Tswana]]. Taung waxay caan ku noqotay ka dib markii la helay laf-madaxeedka loo yaqaan [[Taung Child]] oo laga helay madaarka nuuradda oo 14&nbsp;km dhanka galbeed ka xiga magaalada. Madaarka hadda shaqada lagama qabto, wuxuuna hadda yahay [[Taung Heritage Site|Goobta Dhaxalka ee Taung]] iyadoo u furan dadweynaha. Dhanka galbeed ee magaalada, [[Taung Dam|Biyo-xireenka Taung]] ayaa laga dhisay Webiga Harts. Dhanka sare ee biyo-xireenka waxaa lagu arki karaa qaar ka midih xaradhada dhagaxaan lagu xardhay.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/annals/Southern%20African%20Field%20Archaeology.htm |title=Finger paintings in the Harts River Valley, Northern Cape Province, South Africa |access-date=2012-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230234/http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/annals/Southern%20African%20Field%20Archaeology.htm |archive-date=2011-08-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Taariikhda== Maalintii 31-kii Maarso 1902, intii lagu jiray miehihii ugu dambeeyay ee [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], [[Battle of Harts River|Dagaalkii Webiga Harts]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno "Dagaalkii Boschbult", ayaa dhex maray [[Boers|Boer-ta]] iyo [[British forces|Ciidanka Ingiriiska]] meel u dhow barta ay ku kulmaan Webiga Harts iyo [[Brak Spruit]], oo ah mid ka mid ah laamihiisa qallalan. Dagaalkaas wuxuu ahaa guuldarro soo gaartay Ingiriiska wuxuuna sidoo kale ahaa maalintii labaad ee ugu dhimashada badneyd dagaalkaas ee soo marta [[Canadian forces|Ciidanka Kanada]], oo u tácnaa dhanka Ingiriiska.<ref>[http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/boer/battlehartsriver_e.html Canadian War Museum - Battle of Harts River]</ref> ==Macdanta== [[Alluvial diamond mining|Macdan qodista dheemanka ee saaxidda ah]] ayaa weli ka jirta sariirihii hore ee webiga ee ku dhex yaal aagga ururinta biyaha ee Webiga Harts. Macdanta Newlands Mine waxay ku taal qiyaastii 60&nbsp;km dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Kimberley, South Africa|Kimberley]] ee ku taal webiga. Hada waxaa macdanta ka qoda shirkadda [[Dwyka Diamonds]] Limited iyadoo bishii laga soo saaro 3000 oo tan. Shirkadda [[Noble Minerals]], iyadoo kaashanaysa qabiilka deegaanka ee [[Ba-Ga-Maidi]] ayaa dhistay hawlgal lagu faa'iidaysanayo dheemanka saaxidda ah ee ku dhex jira 20 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran oo ah carradii quruuruxa dheemanka lahaa ee nidaamka webiga, meel u dhow Taung.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwykadiamonds.com/Pages/african.html#Newlands |title=Dwyka Diamonds - Newlands Kimberlite Mine |access-date=2007-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406225534/http://dwykadiamonds.com/Pages/african.html#Newlands |archive-date=2007-04-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Aagga la ilaaliyo== Inta badan kalluunka laga helo Webiga Harts waa [[introduced species|noocyo dibadda laga keenay]], marka laga reebo aagga [[Barberspan]], halkaas oo laga heli karo noocyada u dhashay deegaanka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/barberspan/overview.html |title=North West Province Tourism - Barbers Pan Bird Sanctuary |access-date=2005-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051111072940/http://www.tourismnorthwest.co.za/barberspan/overview.html |archive-date=2005-11-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxea loo aqoonsaday kayd dabiici ah sanadkii 1949. U dhow magaalooyinka [[Sannieshof]] iyo [[Delareyville]], webigu wuxuu ku xiran yahay Barberspan (26°35' S 25°35' E){{coord|26|35|S|25|35|E|}}, kaas oo qayb ahaan ku dhex yaal [[Barberspan Nature Reserve|Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee Barberspan]] waana [[Ramsar wetland site|goob dhul qoyan oo Ramsar ah]]. Dooxadaas biyo-fadhiisadka ah (pan) dhererkeedu waa 11&nbsp;km ballarkeeduna waa 3.5&nbsp;km, waxaana loogu magac daray midkood [[Frederick Hugh Barber]] FRGS, oo ugaarsi u tagay hareeraha Webiga Harts sanadkii 1875, ama kalluunka [[Clarias gariepinus|barbel]] (oo af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]] ku ah ''baber''), oo ah nooc ka mid ah kalluunka silidda (catfish) ee laga helo webiyada Koonfur Afrika.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> Sanadkii 1913, [[Jan Christiaan Smuts]], oo lahaa beer ku taal darafka koonfureed ee dooxada biyo-fadhiisadka ah, ayaa bixiyay xooggii shaqada, maareeyihiisii Mr M. S. Basson ayaa kormeeray qodista kanaal biyaha ka leexiya Webiga Harts kuna shuba dooxada biyo-fadhiisadka ah, taas oo qiyaastii 9&nbsp;m ka hoosaysa webiga. Aaggu waa mid aad u fidsan oo hadda Webiga Harts wuxuu riixaa biyo ku filan Barberspan xilliga roobka si ay u haysato inta lagu jiro miehihii jiilaalka ee qallalnaa, halkar markii hore dooxada biyo-fadhiisadku ay qallali jirtay xilliga abaaraha. Tani waxay ahayd mid muhiim u ah deegaanka, maadaama dooxadii biyo-fadhiisadku ay hadda noqotay jidh biyo oo joogto ah oo weyn oo ku yaal aag haddii kale lahaa biyo-fadhiisadyo xilliyeed ah iyo [[vlei|dhul-qoyan]]. Waxay noqotay dhufeys ay u soo xasilaan [[bird|shimbiraha]] (gaar ahaan [[water fowl|shimbiraha biyaha]]) kuwaas oo u isticmaala quudashada, cabbista, hoyashada, badalashada baalasha iyo dhalidda. Illaa 20,000 oo shimbirrood oo ka badan 320 nooc ayaa lagu arki karaa [[Barberspan Bird Sanctuary|Beerta Shimbiraha ee Barberspan]], taas oo ka dhigaysa goob caan ku ah daawashada shimbiraha, oo u muuqata tan ugu wanaagsan Koonfur Afrika. Toddoba nooc oo shimbirro ah oo halis ku jira iyo laba nooc oo naaslay ah oo halis ku jira ayaa laga helaa halkaan. Barberspan waxay sidoo kale taageertaa bulsho qani ah oo ah plankton. (Ramsar, 1994). Barberspan waa also goobta lagu qabto tartamada gawaarida ee dhulka jidka lahayn ah, sida [[Barberspan 500]]. Waxaa goobta ku yaal huteel, deegaanno iskiis u adeeg ah iyo goobo lagu kaambeeyo. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041210044703/http://www.ho.org.za/PhotoAlbum/2004/Barberspan/barberspan.htm North West Parks & Tourism Board Honorary Officer Association Photo Album] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050805075501/http://www.sabirding.co.za/birdspot/070101.asp South African Birding - Birding Spots - Barbers Pan and environs] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027115925/http://www.nwpg.gov.za/soer/FullReport/water.html North West Provincial Government - Water Resources] f6wo3dnilefjf5wbghq7pcgmdnzignf 0 48528 300702 2026-07-03T13:35:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Klein Letaba | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Little Letaba River | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Klein Letaba <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] | mouth_location = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|38|55|S|31|8|42|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Middle Letaba River]], [[Koedoes River]], [[Soeketse River]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Klein Letaba''' waa laan ka tirsan [[Letaba River|Webiga Letaba]], oo ku yaal [[Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Ka dib barta uu kula kulmo Webiga [[Groot Letaba River]] ee xadka galbeed ee [[Kruger National Park]], wuxuu sameeyaa '''Webiga Letaba''' oo dhex mara dhammaan ballaca beerta nasashada. Laamaha Klein Letaba sida Webiga [[Soeketse River]] iyo Webiga [[Koedoes River]] waa godad ballaran, qallalan oo ciid ah inta badan sanadka. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ov9tk7jwiij9ujg93h44xrvdjnufqo7 0 48529 300703 2026-07-03T13:37:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Klip | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Tugela Basin OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Klip ee ku yaal aagga biyo-ururinta ee Tugela (badhtamaha bidix) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalada | subdivision_name5 = [[Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal|Ladysmith]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Tugela River|Webiga Tugela]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-28.6647|29.9618|type:river_region:ZA|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Klip''' waa laan weyn oo ka tirsan [[Tugela River|Webiga Tugela]] oo ku yaal [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigu wuxuu ka unkamaa dhanka galbeed ee KwaZulu-Natal, marka hore wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bari ka dibna wuxuu u weecdaa dhanka koonfureed. Wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Windsor Dam|Biyo-xireenka Windsor]], ka dibna wuxuu galaa [[Qedusizi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Qedusizi]] ee ka weyn ka hor inta uusan mar kale u qulqulin dhanka bari. Webigu wuxuu dhex maraa [[Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal|Ladysmith]] ka hor intaanu ku biirin Webiga Tugela. Muddo kooban badhtamihii qarnigii 19-aad, deegaankaas waxaa lagaga dhawaaqay ''[[Klip River Republic|Jamhuuriyaddii Webiga Klip]]'' oo ay aasaaseen dadkii reer Boer ee deegaanka degay, ka hor intaanay Ingiriisku dhulkaas qabsan. == Tixraac == * South Africa Road Atlas. MapStudio. {{ISBN|978-1-77026-154-9}} onpvrg6ildmy67bosg28sc3ynkleg9d 0 48530 300704 2026-07-03T13:39:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | image = Knysna Heads view.JPG | country = {{South Africa}} | length_km = 40 | image_caption = Muqaalka madafaca Webiga Knysna }} '''Webiga Knysna''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{Langx|af|Knysnarivier}}) waa webi ka qulqula gobolka [[Western Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka unkamaa [[Outeniqua Mountains|Buuraleyda Outeniqua]], ee ka tirsan degmada Eden, ka dibna wuxuu u jiheystaa dhanka [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], taas oo uu kaga darmo [[estuary|madafac]] weyn, halkaas oo ay ku taal magaalada [[Knysna]], oo magaceeda ka qaadatay webiga. Marinkiisa oo dhererkiisu yahay 40&nbsp;km, waxaa doonyaha lagu mari karaa oo keliya qaybtaisa ugu dambaysa. [[River mouth|Afka webiga]] waxaa loo yaqaannaa The Heads. Magaca Knysna wuxuu u soo muuqday hingaadyo kala duwan tan iyo qiyaastii 1770-aadkii.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|language=en|title=Geomorphology: How the Knysna Heads were formed - Knysna Museums|url=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/the-knysna-heads/|website=www.knysnamuseums.co.za|access-date=2020-08-17}}</ref> Waxaa loogu yeeri jiray 'Nysna' mid ka mid ah fariimihii ugu horreeyay ee James Callander, oo ahaa badmaaxe u dhashay dalka Iskootland, kaas oo ay u dirtay xukuumaddii gumeysiga ee Cape sanadkii 1798 si uu u baaro ugana soo warbixiyo kaymaha, gacanka iyo webiyada deegaanka. Wuxuu aqal ka dhistay The Heads. Wuxuu sawiray khariidaddii ugu horreysay ee Webiga Knysna "Chart of the Knysna, An Arm of the Sea, Seven Leagues to the Westward of Plettenberg's Bay" wuxuuna muujiyay ra'yigiisa ah in Knysna ay aad uga sarreyso [[Plettenberg Bay]] marka loo eego meel laga dhoofiyo looxaanta.<ref>{{Cite web|language=en-GB|author=N2RS (Pty) Ltd.|title=History of Knysna|url=http://www.n2rs.com/knysna/|website=www.n2rs.com|access-date=2020-08-17}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Portal|Water|South Africa}} {{coord|-34.0822|23.0604|format=dms|display=title|region:ZA_type:river}} kse4wewlfr39rlgeudbbi91n9m4zcq1 0 48531 300705 2026-07-03T13:41:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Komati | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Komatirivier, Incomati River, Inkomati River | name_etymology = Waxaa laga keenay kelmadda "lo'da" ee af [[Swazi language|Swaziga]], taas oo lami macno ah [[hippo|jeeraha]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rio Komati gorge cmichaelhoganlowres.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = [[Komati Gorge|Dooxada ciriiriga ah]] ee u dhow [[Carolina, Mpumalanga|Carolina]] ee qaybta sare ee Webiga Komati | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-color = #4271ae | mapframe-zoom = 6 | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]|[[Eswatini]]|[[Mozambique|Musambiig]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 480 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|111|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1_location = U dhow [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]], [[Mpumalanga]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Maputo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|48|57.46|S|32|43|38.89|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 50000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Komati''',<ref>{{cite book | last=Nakayama | first=M. | title=International Waters in Southern Africa | publisher=United Nations University Press | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2003 | isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ | access-date=30 December 2021 | page=}}</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Inkomati'''<ref name="sanbi">{{cite web | title=Kneria sp nov south africa| website=Red List of South African Species| publisher=[[South African National Biodiversity Institute]] (SANBI) | url=http://speciesstatus.sanbi.org/assessment/last-assessment/115/ | access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> ama '''Webiga Incomati'''<ref>{{cite book | last=Nakayama | first=M. | title=International Waters in Southern Africa | publisher=United Nations University Press | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2003 | isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ | access-date=30 December 2021 | page=9,13,14}}</ref> (gudaha [[Mozambique|Musambiig]], marka loo eego af Boortaqiiska '''Rio Incomati'''<ref name="eb">{{cite web | title=Komati River | website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] | date=12 December 2014 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komati-River | access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>), waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Eswatini]] iyo Musambiig. Wuxuu ka unkamaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Eswatini, waxaana ku biira Webiga [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]] ee ku yaal [[Lebombo Mountains|Buuraleyda Lebombo]], wuxuu galay cirifka koonfur-galbeed ee Musambiig meel ka hoosaysa magaalada xadka ku taal ee [[Komatipoort]], wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] qiyaastii {{cvt|24|km}} dhanka waqooyi-bari ka xigta [[Maputo]].<ref name="eb" /> Dhererkiisu waa {{convert|480|km|mi|0}}, iyadoo [[drainage basin|dooxada uu biyaha ka ururiyo]] ay baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|50000|km2|sqmi|-2}}. [[Discharge (hydrology)|Biyo-shubankiisa]] celceliska ah ee sanadlaha ah waa 111 [[Cubic metre per second|m³/s]] (3,920 [[Cubic foot per second|cfs]]) marka uu joogo afkiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nakayama|first=Mikiyasu|title=International Waters in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC|year=2003|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=978-92-808-1077-6|page=9 }}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> Magaca Komati wuxuu ka yimid ''inkomati'', oo macnaheedu yahay "lo'da" marka loo eego af [[Swati language|Swatiga]] (siSwati), maadaama dabeecaddiisa [[Perennial stream|daacad-socodka ah]] ee aan gudhshayn lagu barbardhigo lo' had iyo goor caano leh.<ref>{{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year = 1973|isbn = 0-624-00273-X|page = 251}}</ref> == Joogaraafi == [[File:Komati.png|left|thumb|Goobta uu ku yaal Webiga Komati iyo laamihiisa oo ay weheliyaan xuduudaha waddammada ay khuseyso]] Webigu wuxuu ka unkamaa galbeedka [[Carolina, Mpumalanga|Carolina]], isagoo ka soo kiciya joog dhan qiyaastii {{convert|5,906|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} u dhow [[Breyten]] oo ku taal degmada [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]] ee gobolka [[Mpumalanga]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045967/Komati-River "Komati River"] Online Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-bari guud ahaan wuxuuna gaaraa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] marka uu joogo [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Maputo]], ka dib marinka qiyaastii ah {{convert|800|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Komati |volume=15 |page=892 |inline=1}}</ref> [[Komati Gorge|Dooxada ciriiriga ah ee Komati]] waxay ku taal qaybaha sare ee Webiga Komati waana [[habitat|deegaanka]] qaar ka mid ah [[endangered species|noocyada halista ku jiro]] sida shimbirta [[southern bald ibis]].<ref>[http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html C. Michael Hogan and Amy Gregory, ''Ecology of Komati Gorge'', July 22, 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121347/http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html |date=May 28, 2010 }}</ref> Sanadkii 2001, gidaarka dhererkiisu yahay 115 m ee [[Maguga Dam|Biyo-xireenka Maguga]] ayaa lagu dhammaystiray koonfurta [[Piggs Peak]], Eswatini, <small>{{coord|26|4|51.57|S|31|15|25.84|E|type:river}}</small> Dooxadiisa sare ee u dhow Steynsdorp waxaa ku yaal meelo dahabka laga qodo, laakiin dalka waxaa ku badan macdan tayo hoose leh. Webigu wuxuu ka soo degaa buuraleyda [[Drakensberg]] isagoo dhex mara marin {{convert|30|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} koonfur ka xiga Barberton, wuxuuna u weecdaa dhanka waqooyi xadka bari ee Eswatini, isagoo raacaya marin barbar-socda buuraleyda Lebombo. Wax yar galbeedka 32° E iyo 25° 25′ S, u dhow magaalada [[Komatipoort]], waxaa ku biira Webiga [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]]. Laanta Crocodile waxay ka soo unkantaa, isagoo ah Webiga [[Elands River (Mpumalanga)|Elands]], aagga Bergendal (1,961&nbsp;m) u dhow biyaha sare ee Komati, wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari isagoo dhex mara [[highveld]], wuxuuna u weecdaa dhanka waqooyi marka uu gaaro malka Drakensberg. Hoos u dhaca loo rabo dhanka [[Veld|lowveld]] waa dhowr iyo 600 oo mitir gudaha {{convert|30|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}, dhulka ballarkiisu yahay {{convert|100|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} ee u dhaxeeya Drakensberg iyo [[Lebombo Mountains|Lebombo]] waxaa ku yaal hoos u dhac kale oo dhan 900&nbsp;mitir.<ref name="EB1911" />[[file:Belfast, South Africa - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|right|255px|Biyo-shubanka Uitkoms ee ku yaal Bank Spruit, oo ah laan ka tirsan qaybaha sare ee Komati, Mpumalanga]]In yar ka badan hal kiiloomitir ka dib barta ay ku kulmaan Crocodile, durdurka midoobay, oo laga bilaabo bartaas sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Manhissa, wuxuu u gudbaa dhulka fidsan ee xeebta isagoo dhex mara dalool 190 m u sarreeya oo ku yaal Lebombo oo loo yaqaanno [[Komatipoort]], kaas oo leh biyo-shubanno qurxoon. Markay joogto Komatipoort, oo astaan u ah xadka u dhaxeeya Koonfur Afrika iyo Musambiig, webigu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|60|mi|km|-1|order=flip|abbr=on}} afkiisa marka loo eego xariiq toos ah, laakiin marka uu dhex marayo dhulka fidsan wuxuu sameeyaa wareeg ballaran oo dhan {{convert|200|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}, marka hore dhanka waqooyi ka hor int uusan u weecan dhanka koonfureed, isagoo sameynaya balliyo waaweyn oo harooyin u eg iyo biyo-fadhiisadyo, wuxuuna dhanka waqooyi ka qaataa dhowr laamood ah. Xilliga fatahaadda waxaa jira xiriir dhanka waqooyi ah oo dhex mara dhiatada oo ku xira dooxada Limpopo. Komati wuxuu galaa badda {{convert|15|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} waqooyiga [[Maputo]]. Waa mid doonyaha lagu mari karo laga bilaabo afkiisa, halkaas oo biyuhu ay qoto dheer yihiin illaa 5m, ilaa salka Lebombo.<ref name="EB1911" /> == Taariikhda == {{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}} Boortaqiisku waxay ugu magac dareen qaybta hoose ee webiga Rio des Reijs, midkoodna "webigii bariiska" ama "webigii boqorrada".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revistamilitar.pt/artigo/344 |title=O Enigma de uma colónia virtual - África Oriental Portuguesa (vulgo Moçambique) |author=João José de Sousa Cruz |date=November 2008 |publisher=Revista Militar |language=pt |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> Sidaa darteed, joronaalka [[Jan van Riebeeck]] wuxuu xusayaa Rio de Reijs, markii uu markab u diray xeebta bari si uu u raadiyo sahay bariis ah.<ref>{{cite book|last = Thom|first = H.B.|title = Journal of Jan van Riebeeck|publisher = A.A. Balkema, Cape Town|year = 1952|page = 243 }}</ref> Joronaalka voortrekker [[Louis Tregardt]] waxaa loogu yeeraa Manhissa,<ref>{{cite book|last = Preller|first = G.S.|title = Dagboek van Louis Trichardt|publisher = Nas. Pers Bpk., Cape Town|year = 1938|page = 334, footnote }}</ref> magacaas oo weli jira, halka dadka Ingiriiska ay u yaqaanneen King George River.<ref>{{cite book|last = Robertson|first = J.W.|title = Traveller's Guide for South Africa|publisher = The Standard Printing Co., East London|page = VIII }}</ref> Sanadkii 1725, thul-gal Nederland ah oo uu horkacayay Francois de Kuiper ayaa sahmeyay deegaanka hoose ee Komati wuxuuna u safray 30&nbsp;km gudaha gobolka hadda loo yaqaan Mpumalanga, ka hor intaanay weerarin qabiilo deegaanka ah oo ay ku qasbanaadeen inay ku laabtaan [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Delagoa]]. Maalintii 23-kii Sebtembar 1900 intii lagu jiray [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], 3,000 oo reer Boer ah ayaa ka soo gudbay xadka magaalada yar ee Komatipoort, waxayna isu dhiibeen maamulka [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]].<ref name=EB1911/> Maalintii 7-dii Noofambar 1900, hareeraha Komati wuxuu noqday goobtii uu ku dhex maray dagaal u dhaxeeyay [[British Empire|Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska]] iyo [[Boers|Boer-ta]]. [[Battle of Leliefontein|Dagaalkii Leliefontein]] wuxuu ahaa dib u gurasho ay sameeyeen Ingiriiska, iyadoo ay dhibayaan Boer-ta, kuwaas oo u hanjabayay inay qabsadaan Madafaca Ingiriiska. Qoryaha Ingiriiska waxaa badbaadiyay [[Royal Canadian Dragoons]] oo weeraray Boer-ta, iyadoo sidaas darteed ay qoryaha dhigeen meel ka fog meel ay gaari karaan. == Jidka Tareenka == {{Further|Pretoria–Maputo railway}} Jidka tareenka ee ka yimaada [[Maputo]] kuna socda [[Pretoria]] wuxuu dhex maraa dhulka fidsan xariiq toos ah, marka uu marayo toddobaatan iyo laba kiiloomitir, wuxuu gaaraa Komati. Wuxuu raacayaa hareeraha koonfureed ee webiga wuxuuna galayaa dhulka sare ee Komati Poort. Laga bilaabo Poort dhanka galbeed jidka tareenku wuxuu dhinac raacaa hareeraha koonfureed ee [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Crocodile]] dhammaan dhererkiisa.<ref name=EB1911/> Jidkaan tareenka waxaa markii hore dhisay [[Netherlands-South African Railway Company]] (NZASM) waxaana si rasmi ah loo furay sanadkii 1895. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110143/http://www.ecs.co.sz/magugadam/maguga_dam.htm The Maguga Dam Project] * [http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/Komati_River_Report_2014_Final.pdf ECOSTATUS OF THE KOMATI RIVER CATCHMENT, INKOMATI RIVER SYSTEM] {{Authority control}} bc3jawcf3626zucf472w9f9gvblkobd 300706 300705 2026-07-03T13:41:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* Juqraafi */ 300706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Komati | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Komatirivier, Incomati River, Inkomati River | name_etymology = Waxaa laga keenay kelmadda "lo'da" ee af [[Swazi language|Swaziga]], taas oo lami macno ah [[hippo|jeeraha]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rio Komati gorge cmichaelhoganlowres.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = [[Komati Gorge|Dooxada ciriiriga ah]] ee u dhow [[Carolina, Mpumalanga|Carolina]] ee qaybta sare ee Webiga Komati | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-color = #4271ae | mapframe-zoom = 6 | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]|[[Eswatini]]|[[Mozambique|Musambiig]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 480 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|111|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1_location = U dhow [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]], [[Mpumalanga]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Maputo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|48|57.46|S|32|43|38.89|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 50000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Komati''',<ref>{{cite book | last=Nakayama | first=M. | title=International Waters in Southern Africa | publisher=United Nations University Press | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2003 | isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ | access-date=30 December 2021 | page=}}</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Inkomati'''<ref name="sanbi">{{cite web | title=Kneria sp nov south africa| website=Red List of South African Species| publisher=[[South African National Biodiversity Institute]] (SANBI) | url=http://speciesstatus.sanbi.org/assessment/last-assessment/115/ | access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> ama '''Webiga Incomati'''<ref>{{cite book | last=Nakayama | first=M. | title=International Waters in Southern Africa | publisher=United Nations University Press | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2003 | isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ | access-date=30 December 2021 | page=9,13,14}}</ref> (gudaha [[Mozambique|Musambiig]], marka loo eego af Boortaqiiska '''Rio Incomati'''<ref name="eb">{{cite web | title=Komati River | website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] | date=12 December 2014 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komati-River | access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>), waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Eswatini]] iyo Musambiig. Wuxuu ka unkamaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Eswatini, waxaana ku biira Webiga [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]] ee ku yaal [[Lebombo Mountains|Buuraleyda Lebombo]], wuxuu galay cirifka koonfur-galbeed ee Musambiig meel ka hoosaysa magaalada xadka ku taal ee [[Komatipoort]], wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] qiyaastii {{cvt|24|km}} dhanka waqooyi-bari ka xigta [[Maputo]].<ref name="eb" /> Dhererkiisu waa {{convert|480|km|mi|0}}, iyadoo [[drainage basin|dooxada uu biyaha ka ururiyo]] ay baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|50000|km2|sqmi|-2}}. [[Discharge (hydrology)|Biyo-shubankiisa]] celceliska ah ee sanadlaha ah waa 111 [[Cubic metre per second|m³/s]] (3,920 [[Cubic foot per second|cfs]]) marka uu joogo afkiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nakayama|first=Mikiyasu|title=International Waters in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC|year=2003|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=978-92-808-1077-6|page=9 }}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> Magaca Komati wuxuu ka yimid ''inkomati'', oo macnaheedu yahay "lo'da" marka loo eego af [[Swati language|Swatiga]] (siSwati), maadaama dabeecaddiisa [[Perennial stream|daacad-socodka ah]] ee aan gudhshayn lagu barbardhigo lo' had iyo goor caano leh.<ref>{{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year = 1973|isbn = 0-624-00273-X|page = 251}}</ref> == Juqraafi == [[File:Komati.png|left|thumb|Goobta uu ku yaal Webiga Komati iyo laamihiisa oo ay weheliyaan xuduudaha waddammada ay khuseyso]] Webigu wuxuu ka unkamaa galbeedka [[Carolina, Mpumalanga|Carolina]], isagoo ka soo kiciya joog dhan qiyaastii {{convert|5,906|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} u dhow [[Breyten]] oo ku taal degmada [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]] ee gobolka [[Mpumalanga]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045967/Komati-River "Komati River"] Online Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-bari guud ahaan wuxuuna gaaraa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] marka uu joogo [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Maputo]], ka dib marinka qiyaastii ah {{convert|800|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Komati |volume=15 |page=892 |inline=1}}</ref> [[Komati Gorge|Dooxada ciriiriga ah ee Komati]] waxay ku taal qaybaha sare ee Webiga Komati waana [[habitat|deegaanka]] qaar ka mid ah [[endangered species|noocyada halista ku jiro]] sida shimbirta [[southern bald ibis]].<ref>[http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html C. Michael Hogan and Amy Gregory, ''Ecology of Komati Gorge'', July 22, 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121347/http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html |date=May 28, 2010 }}</ref> Sanadkii 2001, gidaarka dhererkiisu yahay 115 m ee [[Maguga Dam|Biyo-xireenka Maguga]] ayaa lagu dhammaystiray koonfurta [[Piggs Peak]], Eswatini, <small>{{coord|26|4|51.57|S|31|15|25.84|E|type:river}}</small> Dooxadiisa sare ee u dhow Steynsdorp waxaa ku yaal meelo dahabka laga qodo, laakiin dalka waxaa ku badan macdan tayo hoose leh. Webigu wuxuu ka soo degaa buuraleyda [[Drakensberg]] isagoo dhex mara marin {{convert|30|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} koonfur ka xiga Barberton, wuxuuna u weecdaa dhanka waqooyi xadka bari ee Eswatini, isagoo raacaya marin barbar-socda buuraleyda Lebombo. Wax yar galbeedka 32° E iyo 25° 25′ S, u dhow magaalada [[Komatipoort]], waxaa ku biira Webiga [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]]. Laanta Crocodile waxay ka soo unkantaa, isagoo ah Webiga [[Elands River (Mpumalanga)|Elands]], aagga Bergendal (1,961&nbsp;m) u dhow biyaha sare ee Komati, wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari isagoo dhex mara [[highveld]], wuxuuna u weecdaa dhanka waqooyi marka uu gaaro malka Drakensberg. Hoos u dhaca loo rabo dhanka [[Veld|lowveld]] waa dhowr iyo 600 oo mitir gudaha {{convert|30|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}, dhulka ballarkiisu yahay {{convert|100|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} ee u dhaxeeya Drakensberg iyo [[Lebombo Mountains|Lebombo]] waxaa ku yaal hoos u dhac kale oo dhan 900&nbsp;mitir.<ref name="EB1911" />[[file:Belfast, South Africa - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|right|255px|Biyo-shubanka Uitkoms ee ku yaal Bank Spruit, oo ah laan ka tirsan qaybaha sare ee Komati, Mpumalanga]]In yar ka badan hal kiiloomitir ka dib barta ay ku kulmaan Crocodile, durdurka midoobay, oo laga bilaabo bartaas sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Manhissa, wuxuu u gudbaa dhulka fidsan ee xeebta isagoo dhex mara dalool 190 m u sarreeya oo ku yaal Lebombo oo loo yaqaanno [[Komatipoort]], kaas oo leh biyo-shubanno qurxoon. Markay joogto Komatipoort, oo astaan u ah xadka u dhaxeeya Koonfur Afrika iyo Musambiig, webigu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|60|mi|km|-1|order=flip|abbr=on}} afkiisa marka loo eego xariiq toos ah, laakiin marka uu dhex marayo dhulka fidsan wuxuu sameeyaa wareeg ballaran oo dhan {{convert|200|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}, marka hore dhanka waqooyi ka hor int uusan u weecan dhanka koonfureed, isagoo sameynaya balliyo waaweyn oo harooyin u eg iyo biyo-fadhiisadyo, wuxuuna dhanka waqooyi ka qaataa dhowr laamood ah. Xilliga fatahaadda waxaa jira xiriir dhanka waqooyi ah oo dhex mara dhiatada oo ku xira dooxada Limpopo. Komati wuxuu galaa badda {{convert|15|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} waqooyiga [[Maputo]]. Waa mid doonyaha lagu mari karo laga bilaabo afkiisa, halkaas oo biyuhu ay qoto dheer yihiin illaa 5m, ilaa salka Lebombo.<ref name="EB1911" /> == Taariikhda == {{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}} Boortaqiisku waxay ugu magac dareen qaybta hoose ee webiga Rio des Reijs, midkoodna "webigii bariiska" ama "webigii boqorrada".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revistamilitar.pt/artigo/344 |title=O Enigma de uma colónia virtual - África Oriental Portuguesa (vulgo Moçambique) |author=João José de Sousa Cruz |date=November 2008 |publisher=Revista Militar |language=pt |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> Sidaa darteed, joronaalka [[Jan van Riebeeck]] wuxuu xusayaa Rio de Reijs, markii uu markab u diray xeebta bari si uu u raadiyo sahay bariis ah.<ref>{{cite book|last = Thom|first = H.B.|title = Journal of Jan van Riebeeck|publisher = A.A. Balkema, Cape Town|year = 1952|page = 243 }}</ref> Joronaalka voortrekker [[Louis Tregardt]] waxaa loogu yeeraa Manhissa,<ref>{{cite book|last = Preller|first = G.S.|title = Dagboek van Louis Trichardt|publisher = Nas. Pers Bpk., Cape Town|year = 1938|page = 334, footnote }}</ref> magacaas oo weli jira, halka dadka Ingiriiska ay u yaqaanneen King George River.<ref>{{cite book|last = Robertson|first = J.W.|title = Traveller's Guide for South Africa|publisher = The Standard Printing Co., East London|page = VIII }}</ref> Sanadkii 1725, thul-gal Nederland ah oo uu horkacayay Francois de Kuiper ayaa sahmeyay deegaanka hoose ee Komati wuxuuna u safray 30&nbsp;km gudaha gobolka hadda loo yaqaan Mpumalanga, ka hor intaanay weerarin qabiilo deegaanka ah oo ay ku qasbanaadeen inay ku laabtaan [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Delagoa]]. Maalintii 23-kii Sebtembar 1900 intii lagu jiray [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], 3,000 oo reer Boer ah ayaa ka soo gudbay xadka magaalada yar ee Komatipoort, waxayna isu dhiibeen maamulka [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]].<ref name=EB1911/> Maalintii 7-dii Noofambar 1900, hareeraha Komati wuxuu noqday goobtii uu ku dhex maray dagaal u dhaxeeyay [[British Empire|Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska]] iyo [[Boers|Boer-ta]]. [[Battle of Leliefontein|Dagaalkii Leliefontein]] wuxuu ahaa dib u gurasho ay sameeyeen Ingiriiska, iyadoo ay dhibayaan Boer-ta, kuwaas oo u hanjabayay inay qabsadaan Madafaca Ingiriiska. Qoryaha Ingiriiska waxaa badbaadiyay [[Royal Canadian Dragoons]] oo weeraray Boer-ta, iyadoo sidaas darteed ay qoryaha dhigeen meel ka fog meel ay gaari karaan. == Jidka Tareenka == {{Further|Pretoria–Maputo railway}} Jidka tareenka ee ka yimaada [[Maputo]] kuna socda [[Pretoria]] wuxuu dhex maraa dhulka fidsan xariiq toos ah, marka uu marayo toddobaatan iyo laba kiiloomitir, wuxuu gaaraa Komati. Wuxuu raacayaa hareeraha koonfureed ee webiga wuxuuna galayaa dhulka sare ee Komati Poort. Laga bilaabo Poort dhanka galbeed jidka tareenku wuxuu dhinac raacaa hareeraha koonfureed ee [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Crocodile]] dhammaan dhererkiisa.<ref name=EB1911/> Jidkaan tareenka waxaa markii hore dhisay [[Netherlands-South African Railway Company]] (NZASM) waxaana si rasmi ah loo furay sanadkii 1895. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110143/http://www.ecs.co.sz/magugadam/maguga_dam.htm The Maguga Dam Project] * [http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/Komati_River_Report_2014_Final.pdf ECOSTATUS OF THE KOMATI RIVER CATCHMENT, INKOMATI RIVER SYSTEM] {{Authority control}} eemjp1dgpe7o8ilv4eorxf9o3fhmprj 300835 300706 2026-07-04T09:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Komati | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Komatirivier, Incomati River, Inkomati River | name_etymology = Waxaa laga keenay kelmadda "lo'da" ee af [[Swazi language|Swaziga]], taas oo lami macno ah [[hippo|jeeraha]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rio Komati gorge cmichaelhoganlowres.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = [[Komati Gorge|Dooxada ciriiriga ah]] ee u dhow [[Carolina, Mpumalanga|Carolina]] ee qaybta sare ee Webiga Komati | mapframe = yes | mapframe-stroke-color = #4271ae | mapframe-zoom = 6 | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]|[[Eswatini]]|[[Mozambique|Musambiig]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 480 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|111|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1_location = U dhow [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]], [[Mpumalanga]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Maputo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|48|57.46|S|32|43|38.89|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 50000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Komati''',<ref>{{cite book | last=Nakayama | first=M. | title=International Waters in Southern Africa | publisher=United Nations University Press | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2003 | isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ | access-date=30 December 2021 | page=}}</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Inkomati'''<ref name="sanbi">{{cite web | title=Kneria sp nov south africa| website=Red List of South African Species| publisher=[[South African National Biodiversity Institute]] (SANBI) | url=http://speciesstatus.sanbi.org/assessment/last-assessment/115/ | access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref> ama '''Webiga Incomati'''<ref>{{cite book | last=Nakayama | first=M. | title=International Waters in Southern Africa | publisher=United Nations University Press | series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2003 | isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ | access-date=30 December 2021 | page=9,13,14}}</ref> (gudaha [[Mozambique|Musambiig]], marka loo eego af Boortaqiiska '''Rio Incomati'''<ref name="eb">{{cite web | title=Komati River | website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] | date=12 December 2014 | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komati-River | access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>), waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Eswatini]] iyo Musambiig. Wuxuu ka unkamaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Eswatini, waxaana ku biira Webiga [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]] ee ku yaal [[Lebombo Mountains|Buuraleyda Lebombo]], wuxuu galay cirifka koonfur-galbeed ee Musambiig meel ka hoosaysa magaalada xadka ku taal ee [[Komatipoort]], wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] qiyaastii {{cvt|24|km}} dhanka waqooyi-bari ka xigta [[Maputo]].<ref name="eb" /> Dhererkiisu waa {{convert|480|km|mi|0}}, iyadoo [[drainage basin|dooxada uu biyaha ka ururiyo]] ay baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|50000|km2|sqmi|-2}}. [[Discharge (hydrology)|Biyo-shubankiisa]] celceliska ah ee sanadlaha ah waa 111 [[Cubic metre per second|m³/s]] (3,920 [[Cubic foot per second|cfs]]) marka uu joogo afkiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nakayama|first=Mikiyasu|title=International Waters in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC|year=2003|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=978-92-808-1077-6|page=9|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-date=2017-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC|url-status=dead}}</ref> Magaca Komati wuxuu ka yimid ''inkomati'', oo macnaheedu yahay "lo'da" marka loo eego af [[Swati language|Swatiga]] (siSwati), maadaama dabeecaddiisa [[Perennial stream|daacad-socodka ah]] ee aan gudhshayn lagu barbardhigo lo' had iyo goor caano leh.<ref>{{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year = 1973|isbn = 0-624-00273-X|page = 251}}</ref> == Juqraafi == [[File:Komati.png|left|thumb|Goobta uu ku yaal Webiga Komati iyo laamihiisa oo ay weheliyaan xuduudaha waddammada ay khuseyso]] Webigu wuxuu ka unkamaa galbeedka [[Carolina, Mpumalanga|Carolina]], isagoo ka soo kiciya joog dhan qiyaastii {{convert|5,906|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} u dhow [[Breyten]] oo ku taal degmada [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]] ee gobolka [[Mpumalanga]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045967/Komati-River "Komati River"] Online Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-bari guud ahaan wuxuuna gaaraa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] marka uu joogo [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Maputo]], ka dib marinka qiyaastii ah {{convert|800|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911 |wstitle=Komati |volume=15 |page=892 |inline=1}}</ref> [[Komati Gorge|Dooxada ciriiriga ah ee Komati]] waxay ku taal qaybaha sare ee Webiga Komati waana [[habitat|deegaanka]] qaar ka mid ah [[endangered species|noocyada halista ku jiro]] sida shimbirta [[southern bald ibis]].<ref>[http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html C. Michael Hogan and Amy Gregory, ''Ecology of Komati Gorge'', July 22, 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121347/http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminawws.html |date=May 28, 2010 }}</ref> Sanadkii 2001, gidaarka dhererkiisu yahay 115 m ee [[Maguga Dam|Biyo-xireenka Maguga]] ayaa lagu dhammaystiray koonfurta [[Piggs Peak]], Eswatini, <small>{{coord|26|4|51.57|S|31|15|25.84|E|type:river}}</small> Dooxadiisa sare ee u dhow Steynsdorp waxaa ku yaal meelo dahabka laga qodo, laakiin dalka waxaa ku badan macdan tayo hoose leh. Webigu wuxuu ka soo degaa buuraleyda [[Drakensberg]] isagoo dhex mara marin {{convert|30|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} koonfur ka xiga Barberton, wuxuuna u weecdaa dhanka waqooyi xadka bari ee Eswatini, isagoo raacaya marin barbar-socda buuraleyda Lebombo. Wax yar galbeedka 32° E iyo 25° 25′ S, u dhow magaalada [[Komatipoort]], waxaa ku biira Webiga [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Crocodile]]. Laanta Crocodile waxay ka soo unkantaa, isagoo ah Webiga [[Elands River (Mpumalanga)|Elands]], aagga Bergendal (1,961&nbsp;m) u dhow biyaha sare ee Komati, wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari isagoo dhex mara [[highveld]], wuxuuna u weecdaa dhanka waqooyi marka uu gaaro malka Drakensberg. Hoos u dhaca loo rabo dhanka [[Veld|lowveld]] waa dhowr iyo 600 oo mitir gudaha {{convert|30|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}, dhulka ballarkiisu yahay {{convert|100|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} ee u dhaxeeya Drakensberg iyo [[Lebombo Mountains|Lebombo]] waxaa ku yaal hoos u dhac kale oo dhan 900&nbsp;mitir.<ref name="EB1911" />[[file:Belfast, South Africa - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|right|255px|Biyo-shubanka Uitkoms ee ku yaal Bank Spruit, oo ah laan ka tirsan qaybaha sare ee Komati, Mpumalanga]]In yar ka badan hal kiiloomitir ka dib barta ay ku kulmaan Crocodile, durdurka midoobay, oo laga bilaabo bartaas sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Manhissa, wuxuu u gudbaa dhulka fidsan ee xeebta isagoo dhex mara dalool 190 m u sarreeya oo ku yaal Lebombo oo loo yaqaanno [[Komatipoort]], kaas oo leh biyo-shubanno qurxoon. Markay joogto Komatipoort, oo astaan u ah xadka u dhaxeeya Koonfur Afrika iyo Musambiig, webigu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|60|mi|km|-1|order=flip|abbr=on}} afkiisa marka loo eego xariiq toos ah, laakiin marka uu dhex marayo dhulka fidsan wuxuu sameeyaa wareeg ballaran oo dhan {{convert|200|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}}, marka hore dhanka waqooyi ka hor int uusan u weecan dhanka koonfureed, isagoo sameynaya balliyo waaweyn oo harooyin u eg iyo biyo-fadhiisadyo, wuxuuna dhanka waqooyi ka qaataa dhowr laamood ah. Xilliga fatahaadda waxaa jira xiriir dhanka waqooyi ah oo dhex mara dhiatada oo ku xira dooxada Limpopo. Komati wuxuu galaa badda {{convert|15|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} waqooyiga [[Maputo]]. Waa mid doonyaha lagu mari karo laga bilaabo afkiisa, halkaas oo biyuhu ay qoto dheer yihiin illaa 5m, ilaa salka Lebombo.<ref name="EB1911" /> == Taariikhda == {{more citations needed section|date=August 2022}} Boortaqiisku waxay ugu magac dareen qaybta hoose ee webiga Rio des Reijs, midkoodna "webigii bariiska" ama "webigii boqorrada".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revistamilitar.pt/artigo/344 |title=O Enigma de uma colónia virtual - África Oriental Portuguesa (vulgo Moçambique) |author=João José de Sousa Cruz |date=November 2008 |publisher=Revista Militar |language=pt |access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref> Sidaa darteed, joronaalka [[Jan van Riebeeck]] wuxuu xusayaa Rio de Reijs, markii uu markab u diray xeebta bari si uu u raadiyo sahay bariis ah.<ref>{{cite book|last = Thom|first = H.B.|title = Journal of Jan van Riebeeck|publisher = A.A. Balkema, Cape Town|year = 1952|page = 243 }}</ref> Joronaalka voortrekker [[Louis Tregardt]] waxaa loogu yeeraa Manhissa,<ref>{{cite book|last = Preller|first = G.S.|title = Dagboek van Louis Trichardt|publisher = Nas. Pers Bpk., Cape Town|year = 1938|page = 334, footnote }}</ref> magacaas oo weli jira, halka dadka Ingiriiska ay u yaqaanneen King George River.<ref>{{cite book|last = Robertson|first = J.W.|title = Traveller's Guide for South Africa|publisher = The Standard Printing Co., East London|page = VIII }}</ref> Sanadkii 1725, thul-gal Nederland ah oo uu horkacayay Francois de Kuiper ayaa sahmeyay deegaanka hoose ee Komati wuxuuna u safray 30&nbsp;km gudaha gobolka hadda loo yaqaan Mpumalanga, ka hor intaanay weerarin qabiilo deegaanka ah oo ay ku qasbanaadeen inay ku laabtaan [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Delagoa]]. Maalintii 23-kii Sebtembar 1900 intii lagu jiray [[Second Boer War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], 3,000 oo reer Boer ah ayaa ka soo gudbay xadka magaalada yar ee Komatipoort, waxayna isu dhiibeen maamulka [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]].<ref name=EB1911/> Maalintii 7-dii Noofambar 1900, hareeraha Komati wuxuu noqday goobtii uu ku dhex maray dagaal u dhaxeeyay [[British Empire|Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska]] iyo [[Boers|Boer-ta]]. [[Battle of Leliefontein|Dagaalkii Leliefontein]] wuxuu ahaa dib u gurasho ay sameeyeen Ingiriiska, iyadoo ay dhibayaan Boer-ta, kuwaas oo u hanjabayay inay qabsadaan Madafaca Ingiriiska. Qoryaha Ingiriiska waxaa badbaadiyay [[Royal Canadian Dragoons]] oo weeraray Boer-ta, iyadoo sidaas darteed ay qoryaha dhigeen meel ka fog meel ay gaari karaan. == Jidka Tareenka == {{Further|Pretoria–Maputo railway}} Jidka tareenka ee ka yimaada [[Maputo]] kuna socda [[Pretoria]] wuxuu dhex maraa dhulka fidsan xariiq toos ah, marka uu marayo toddobaatan iyo laba kiiloomitir, wuxuu gaaraa Komati. Wuxuu raacayaa hareeraha koonfureed ee webiga wuxuuna galayaa dhulka sare ee Komati Poort. Laga bilaabo Poort dhanka galbeed jidka tareenku wuxuu dhinac raacaa hareeraha koonfureed ee [[Crocodile River (Mpumalanga)|Webiga Crocodile]] dhammaan dhererkiisa.<ref name=EB1911/> Jidkaan tareenka waxaa markii hore dhisay [[Netherlands-South African Railway Company]] (NZASM) waxaana si rasmi ah loo furay sanadkii 1895. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110143/http://www.ecs.co.sz/magugadam/maguga_dam.htm The Maguga Dam Project] * [http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/Komati_River_Report_2014_Final.pdf ECOSTATUS OF THE KOMATI RIVER CATCHMENT, INKOMATI RIVER SYSTEM] {{Authority control}} 2zj1aryvuqn2a9sinfhocjc2zlpw1j3 0 48532 300707 2026-07-03T13:44:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Illovo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Lovu | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Illovu <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = ka gaaban 100 km | source1 = U dhow [[Richmond, KwaZulu-Natal|Richmond]] | source1_location = [[Drakensberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = 883 | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Winkelspruit, KwaZulu-Natal|Winklespruit]]. | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|06|S|30|51|E|display=inline,title|region:ZA_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga iLovu''', oo sidoo kale loo qoro '''Webiga Illovo''' waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Gobolka KwaZulu-Natal]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka unkamaa aagga sare ee Illovo ee u dhow [[Richmond, KwaZulu-Natal|Richmond]] meel u dhow [[Drakensberg]], wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] u dhow [[Winkelspruit, KwaZulu-Natal|Winklespruit]], ee ku yaal [[South Coast (KwaZulu-Natal)|Xeebta Koonfureed]]. Magaca "Lovu" (ee loo waafajiyay inuu sidoo kale noqdo "Illovo") waa magac Zulu ah oo la sheego inuu la macno yahay ‘soo dhowow’, kaas oo laga keenay magaca nooc ka mid ah geedaha (Cordia caffra), sidoo kalena la macno ah ‘ka caraysan ee duurjoogta ah’.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names | url=https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302181359/https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf | archive-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> {{Authority control}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 3hbbb0t4fd7crtca2ydyw7hr93zu1xu 0 48533 300708 2026-07-03T13:46:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Maputo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = ''Great Usutu'', ''Lusutfu'' ama ''Suthu'' | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Maputo river.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Maputo ee ku yaal [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 7 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Mozambique | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Maputo | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]|[[Eswatini]]|[[Mozambique|Musambiig]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Amsterdam, Mpumalanga]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Maputo Province|Gobolka Maputo]], [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|29970|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Maputo''' (af Boortaqiis: {{Langx|pt|Rio Maputo}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Great Usutu''', '''Webiga Lusutfu''', ama '''Webiga Suthu''', waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Eswatini]], iyo [[Mozambique|Musambiig]]. Magaca ''Suthu'' wuxuu tixraacayaa dadka [[Basotho]] ee ku noolaan jiray u dhow unkanka webiga, balse waxaa soo weeraray oo barakiciyay dadka [[Swazi people|Swaziga]].<ref>{{cite book|last = Von Willig|first = G.R.|title = Langs die Lebombo|publisher = J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria|date = 1925|pages = 175, 217}}</ref> Waxaa kale oo la sheegaa inuu la macno yahay 'bunni madow', taas oo qildaxaysa biyaha dhiatada leh ee webiga.<ref>{{cite book|last = Raper|first = P.E.|title = South African place names|publisher = Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town|date = 2004|pages = 387|isbn = 1-86842-190-2}}</ref> Dhanka kale magaca Maputo wuxuu tixraacayaa Boqor Mabhudu [[Tembe Kingdom|Tembe]], kii xukumay deegaankaas intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii XVIII-aad.<ref>Kloppers, Roelie J. (2003). The History and Representation of the History of the Mabudu-Tembe (MA thesis). University of Stellenbosch. Retrieved 11 November 2025.</ref> == Marinka == Webigu wuxuu ka unkamaa u dhow [[Amsterdam, Mpumalanga]], Koonfur Afrika, wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari isagoo dhex mara Eswatini, halkaas oo uu galo [[Lebombo Mountains|Buuraleyda Lebombo]]. Dooxada ciriiriga ah ee dhererkeedu yahay 13&nbsp;km waxay aasaastaa xadka u dhaxeeya Eswatini iyo Koonfur Afrika. Qiyaastii labaatan kiiloomitir, wuxuu aasaasaa xadka u dhaxeeya Koonfur Afrika (gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]]) iyo Musambiig. Halkaas, ee ku taal [[Ndumo Game Reserve]], wuxuu ku dhex nuugaa laantiisa ugu weyn, oo ah [[Pongola River|Webiga Pongola]]. Ka dib wuxuu ku dhex meandaraa dhulka fidsan ee xeebta Musambiig wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa koonfurta [[Maputo Bay|Gacanka Maputo]], qiyaastii 85 kiiloomitir dhanka hoose.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rauken|first1=T.|last2=Kelman|first2=I.|date=2010-10-19|title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model|journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|volume=3|issue=4|pages=314–322|doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x|issn=1753-318X}}</ref> Gudaha Eswatini, webiga waxaa loogu yeeraa Great Usutu ama Lusutfu wuxuuna dhex maraa magaalooyinka [[Bhunya]], [[Luyengo]], [[Siphofaneni]], iyo [[Big Bend, Swaziland|Big Bend]]. Magaalada Big Bend waxay u dhow dahay barta uu webigu si kedis ah u [[meander|meandaro]]. Great Usutu waa webiga ugu weyn Eswatini, waana goobta ay ku taal barta ugu hoosaysa Eswatini (21 m ka sarreeya heerka badda), waxaana lagu yaqaannaa ciyaaraha doonyaha ee biyaha cadcad. Ma jiraan magaalooyin waaweyn oo awooday inay ka aasaasmeen hareerihiisa sababtoo ah dooxoyin dhaadheer oo ciriiri ah iyo kaymo cufan darteed. Wax se ay tahay, wuxuu hoy u yahay dhowr meelood oo [[golf course|golf-ka lagu ciyaaro]], [[hotel|hoteello]], iyo [[nature reserve|goolal dabiici ah]]. == Laamaha == Laga bilaabo unkanka ilaa afkiisa, marka loo eego nidaamka, laamuhu waa: Webiyada [[Sihanahana River|Sihanahana]], [[Bonnie Brook River|Bonnie Brook]], [[Mpuluzi River|Mpuluzi]], [[Buhlungu River|Buhlungu]], [[Umvenvane River|Umvenvane]], [[Lusushwana River|Lusushwana]], [[Sidvokodvo River|Sidvokodvo]], Mkhondvo, [[Mhlamani River|Mhlamani]], [[Mzimneni River|Mzimneni]], [[Mzimphofu River|Mzimphofu]], [[Mhlathuzane River|Mhlathuzane]], [[Mtsindzekwa River|Mtsindzekwa]], [[Nyetane River|Nyetane]], [[Funuane River|Funuane]], iyo [[Pongola River|Pongola]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA6UsuthuMhlatuze.jpg Usuthu/Mhlatuze WMA 6]</ref> == Biyo-xireenno ku yaal webigaan == * [[Westoe Dam]] * [[Lubovane Dam]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002072531/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/riverbasin/97 Maputo River Basin - SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal] iya6zthjc1yq60w5zsfodhxnsogpya7 0 48534 300709 2026-07-03T13:48:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mdloti | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = uMdloti | name_etymology = Waa kelmad af [[Zulu language|Zulu]] ah oo lami macno ah "[[tobacco|buuri]] duurjoog ah"<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mdloti <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = Waqooyiga [[eMdloti]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|29|39|4|S|31|7|41|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Rivers_of_south_KwaZulu-Natal.png | thumb | right | Webiyada koonfurta KwaZulu-Natal]] '''Webiga Mdloti''' ama '''Webiga uMdloti''' wuxuu ka qulqulaa gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Afka Webiga Mdloti wuxuu ku yaal [[Umdloti|eMdloti]] (oo qayb ka ah Dawladda Hoose ee eThekwini). Magaca '''Mdloti''' waa kelmad af [[Zulu language|Zulu]] ah oo loo yaqaanno nooc ka mid ah buuriga duurjoogta ah ee halkaas ka baxa. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 7hugtgond1h1xhi18ucwkdo6eikqy11 0 48535 300710 2026-07-03T13:50:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Molopo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Molopo <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Botswana]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[North West Province|Gobolka Waqooyi Galbeed]] iyo [[Northern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|970|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Molopo Oog | source1_location = D1337, Ottoshoop, Mahikeng Local Municipality, 2866, [[North West Province]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|25|53|19|S|26|1|37|E}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Augrabies Falls National Park]], [[Northern Cape Province]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|28|31|02|S|20|12|46|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|480|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|367201|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Molopo''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Moloporivier}}) waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]]. Wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhowr iyo 960 kiiloomitir ah iyo dooxada biyo-ururinta oo baaxaddeedu tahay 367,201&nbsp;km² iyadoo waddamada [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] ay midkiiba qiyaastii saddex meelood meel ka mid ah dooxadaas qayb ahaan u wadaagaan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |title=Review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for Rural Communities including Assessment of National Databases at the Sub-basin Level for Possible Future Integration |access-date=2012-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173828/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marinka == [[File:Molopo Basin OSM.png|left|thumb|Dooxada Molopo]] Unkankiisu wuxuu ku yaal Molopo Oog (oo af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]] ku ah [[Eye of Marico|Isha Molopo]]), webiguna guud ahaan wuxuu marka hore u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed, ka dibna dhanka koonfur-galbeed marka uu ka soo kaco unkankiisa. Marinkiisa dhexe, Webiga Molopo wuxuu aasaasaa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah xadka u dhaxeeya Botswana iyo Koonfur Afrika. Socodka webigu waa mid goos-goos ah, marka uu qulqulayana, biyihiisu waxay u socdaan si aad u gaabis ah sababtoo ah malka oo ah 0.76 m/km oo keliya. Fatahaaduhu waa kuwo naadir ah sababtoo ah aagga baaxadda leh ee ciidda ah ([[sandveld]]) ee [[Kalahari Desert|Lamadegaanka Kalahari]] ee xiga dhanka Namibia ee dooxadiisa ayaa dhuuqda dhammaan biyaha ka yimaada roobabka xilliyeedka ah. Haddii ay dhacdo roobab aad u culus oo joogto ah, socodka biyaha wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]], kaas oo uu kula kulmo dhanka hoose ee [[Augrabies Falls National Park]] marka ay joogto {{Coord|28|31|02|S|20|12|46|E|}}.<ref>[http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa Key rivers of South Africa]</ref> Waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay taasi ugu dambaysay wax ka badan 100 sano ka hor. == Laanta == Laanta ugu weyn ee Molopo waa Webiga [[Nossob River|Nossob]], barta uu ku biirana waxay qiyaastii 50&nbsp;km koonfur ka xigtaa Twee Rivieren, joog dhan {{convert|890|m|ft|-1|disp=or}} ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]]. Laamaha kale waa:<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm Molopo Tributaries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102155212/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm |date=2013-11-02 }}</ref> *[[Kuruman River|Webiga Kuruman]] *[[Phepane River|Webiga Phepane]] *[[Ramatlabama River|Webiga Ramatlabama]] *[[Madebe River|Webiga Madebe]] *[[Modimola River|Webiga Modimola]] *[[Setlagoli River|Webiga Setlagoli]] == Biyo-xireenno == Qaybta sare ee Molopo waa qayb ka mid ah Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Crocodile (West) iyo Marico, qaybta hoosena waxay ku dhex jirta Amaalka Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee [[Lower Vaal Water Management Area]]. Biyo-xireennada waaweyn ee ku yaal webiga waa [[Setumo Dam|Biyo-xireenka Setumo]] iyo [[Disaneng Dam|Biyo-xireenka Disaneng]], labaduba waxay ku yaallaan u dhow magaalada [[Mafikeng]] ee Koonfur Afrika, taas oo ku taal hareeraha webiga. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category}} * [http://www.panrusa.group.shef.ac.uk/pdfs/WP8.pdf 'Where is the life in farming': Agricultural livelihoods in Molopo and Barolongs compared] jpncata317i5ox09fdmkwfs7gfii0ec 300842 300710 2026-07-04T09:59:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Molopo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Molopo <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Botswana]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[North West Province|Gobolka Waqooyi Galbeed]] iyo [[Northern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|970|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Molopo Oog | source1_location = D1337, Ottoshoop, Mahikeng Local Municipality, 2866, [[North West Province]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|25|53|19|S|26|1|37|E}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Augrabies Falls National Park]], [[Northern Cape Province]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|28|31|02|S|20|12|46|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|480|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|367201|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Molopo''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Moloporivier}}) waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]]. Wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhowr iyo 960 kiiloomitir ah iyo dooxada biyo-ururinta oo baaxaddeedu tahay 367,201&nbsp;km² iyadoo waddamada [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] ay midkiiba qiyaastii saddex meelood meel ka mid ah dooxadaas qayb ahaan u wadaagaan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |title=Review of the Molopo-Nossob Basin for Rural Communities including Assessment of National Databases at the Sub-basin Level for Possible Future Integration |access-date=2012-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173828/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/documents/groundwater-review-molopo-nossob-basin-rural-communities-including-assessment-national-dat |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marinka == [[File:Molopo Basin OSM.png|left|thumb|Dooxada Molopo]] Unkankiisu wuxuu ku yaal Molopo Oog (oo af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]] ku ah [[Eye of Marico|Isha Molopo]]), webiguna guud ahaan wuxuu marka hore u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed, ka dibna dhanka koonfur-galbeed marka uu ka soo kaco unkankiisa. Marinkiisa dhexe, Webiga Molopo wuxuu aasaasaa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah xadka u dhaxeeya Botswana iyo Koonfur Afrika. Socodka webigu waa mid goos-goos ah, marka uu qulqulayana, biyihiisu waxay u socdaan si aad u gaabis ah sababtoo ah malka oo ah 0.76 m/km oo keliya. Fatahaaduhu waa kuwo naadir ah sababtoo ah aagga baaxadda leh ee ciidda ah ([[sandveld]]) ee [[Kalahari Desert|Lamadegaanka Kalahari]] ee xiga dhanka Namibia ee dooxadiisa ayaa dhuuqda dhammaan biyaha ka yimaada roobabka xilliyeedka ah. Haddii ay dhacdo roobab aad u culus oo joogto ah, socodka biyaha wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]], kaas oo uu kula kulmo dhanka hoose ee [[Augrabies Falls National Park]] marka ay joogto {{Coord|28|31|02|S|20|12|46|E|}}.<ref>[http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa Key rivers of South Africa]</ref> Waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay taasi ugu dambaysay wax ka badan 100 sano ka hor. == Laanta == Laanta ugu weyn ee Molopo waa Webiga [[Nossob River|Nossob]], barta uu ku biirana waxay qiyaastii 50&nbsp;km koonfur ka xigtaa Twee Rivieren, joog dhan {{convert|890|m|ft|-1|disp=or}} ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]]. Laamaha kale waa:<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm Molopo Tributaries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102155212/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNCMolopo/defaulttrib.htm |date=2013-11-02 }}</ref> *[[Kuruman River|Webiga Kuruman]] *[[Phepane River|Webiga Phepane]] *[[Ramatlabama River|Webiga Ramatlabama]] *[[Madebe River|Webiga Madebe]] *[[Modimola River|Webiga Modimola]] *[[Setlagoli River|Webiga Setlagoli]] == Biyo-xireenno == Qaybta sare ee Molopo waa qayb ka mid ah Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Crocodile (West) iyo Marico, qaybta hoosena waxay ku dhex jirta Amaalka Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee [[Lower Vaal Water Management Area]]. Biyo-xireennada waaweyn ee ku yaal webiga waa [[Setumo Dam|Biyo-xireenka Setumo]] iyo [[Disaneng Dam|Biyo-xireenka Disaneng]], labaduba waxay ku yaallaan u dhow magaalada [[Mafikeng]] ee Koonfur Afrika, taas oo ku taal hareeraha webiga. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category}} * [http://www.panrusa.group.shef.ac.uk/pdfs/WP8.pdf 'Where is the life in farming': Agricultural livelihoods in Molopo and Barolongs compared] {{Wayback|url=http://www.panrusa.group.shef.ac.uk/pdfs/WP8.pdf |date=20160304063850 }} jqet6lsnw9rsbfyy4c6yzub4bjcbkwm 0 48536 300711 2026-07-03T13:53:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Mooi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Mooirivier, Mpofana | name_etymology = ''Mooirivier'' oo macnaheedu yahay 'webi qurxoon' af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]; ''Mpofana'' ama ''Mpafana'' oo macnaheedu yahay nooc ka mid ah [[Common Eland|eland-ka yar]], 'ka cawlan' ama 'geedka mugaayga duurjoogta ah' af [[Zulu language|Zuluga]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mooi River Falls.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo-shubanka yar-yar ee Webiga Mooi ee deegaanka Rosetta ee KwaZulu-Natal. | map = Tugela Basin OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Mooi ee ku yaal aagga biyo-ururinta ee Tugela (hoos badhtamaha) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyinka | subdivision_name5 = [[Mooi River (town)|Mooi River]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Mkomazi Nature Reserve]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = Webiga Tugela {{coord|28|45|46|S|30|34|7|E|region:ZA-NL_type:landmark|display=title}} | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} __NOTOC__ '''Webiga Mooi''' waa webi ku yaal Gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka unkamaa Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee Mkomazi ee ku yaal [[Drakensberg|Buuraleyda Drakensberg]], wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Tugela River|Webiga Tugela]] u dhow [[Muden, KwaZulu-Natal|Muden]]. Magaalada [[Mooi River (town)|Mooi River]] waxay ku taal hareeraha webiga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bell|first=W A|date=1928|title=Upper Cretaceous plants from Stikine River, Cassiar District, British Columbia|doi=10.4095/105031|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Magaca == Magacu wuxuu ka yimid afka [[Dutch language|Hoolandeeska]] ''Mooirivier'', oo ah ''webi qurxoon'', sidii ay ugu magac dareen [[Voortrekker]]-tu badhtamihii qarnigii 19-aad. Magaca webiga ee af [[Zulu language|Zuluga]], ''Mpofana'', wuxuu macnaheedu yahay '[[Common Eland|eland-ka]] yar'.<ref>{{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year = 1973|isbn = 0-624-00273X|pages = 280–281}}</ref> == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Projects/Mgeni/Phase2/background.asp Department of Water Affairs and Forestry background information to Mooi-Mgeni Transfer Scheme Phase II ] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} fyziqt6gbwx3xt3alro5wrb37my1a6m 0 48537 300712 2026-07-03T13:56:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mooi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Mooirivier | name_etymology = ''Mooirivier'' oo macnaheedu yahay 'webi qurxoon' af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mooi <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[North West (South African province)|North West]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Potchefstroom]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Koonfur-bari ka xigta [[Koster, North West|Koster]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|26|2|S|27|10|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1550|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] | mouth_location = Bariga [[Stilfontein]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|52|28|S|26|57|6|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1305|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mooi''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Mooirivier}}) waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[North West (South African province)|North West]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] wuxuuna ka tirsan yahay [[Upper Vaal Water Management Area]]. == Marinka == Webiga Mooi wuxuu ka unkamaa u dhow [[Koster, North West|Koster]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed. Inta uu socdo wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Klerkskraal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klerkskraal]], [[Boskop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Boskop]] iyo [[Potchefstroom Dam|Biyo-xireenka Potchefstroom]]. Ka dib markuu ka gudbo magaalada [[Potchefstroom]] wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed, wax yar ka dibna wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka galbeed ka hor inta uusan ku dhex shubin [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] u dhow xadka uu la wadaago [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]], qiyaastii 15&nbsp;km bariga [[Stilfontein]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA8UpperVaal.jpg Upper Vaal WMA 8]</ref> Laamihiisa ugu waaweyn waa Wonderfonteinspruit (Mooirivierloop) iyo Loop Spruit. Biyaha Webiga Mooi iyo kaydadkiisa biyaha ayaa lagu wasakheeyay [[heavy metals|macdano culus]]<ref>[http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/4672/2004_Apr-04_9_ABSTRACT.pdf Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in mudfish and sediments from three hard-water dams in the Mooi River catchment]</ref> qaybaha dhexe iyo kuwa hoose sababtoo ah hawlgallada waaweyn ee qodista [[gold|dahabka]] iyo [[uranium|uranium-ka]] ee ka socda dooxada.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/radioact/mooi/summary_2.htm Radioactivity Monitoring Programme - Mooi River catchment]</ref> == Taariikhda == Bishii Nofembar 1838, hoggaamiyihii [[Voortrekker]] ee [[Andries Hendrik Potgieter]] iyo taageerayaashiisa ayaa aasaasay degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee joogto ah ee reer Yurub ee waqooyiga Vaal hareeraha Webiga Mooi, iyagoo aasaasay magaalada [[Potchefstroom]]. Magaalada waxaa loogu magac daray Potgieter waana ay ahayd caasimaddii [[South African Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika]] ee hore ilaa Maajo 1860, markii caasimaddu u guurtay [[Pretoria]].<ref>[http://www.potchefstroom.co.za/about_potch/about_potch_history.html About Potchefstroom - History]</ref> Webiga iyo laantiisa ugu weyn ee Wonderfonteinspruit waxaa magacaabay dadkii degay deegaanka ee ugu horreeyay, magacyadoodana waxay u leeyihiin ilaha biyaha ee karst-ka ee laga helay hareerahooda. Kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah ilaha Klerkskraal (oo weli shaqeeya), Bovenste Oog (oo weli shaqeeya), Oog van Gerhard Minnebron (oo weli shaqeeya), ilaha Boskop (xaaladoodu lama yaqaan), ilaha Turffontein (oo weli shaqeeya), Oog van Wonderfonteinspruit (oo qalalay), Oberholzer Oog (oo qalalay), ilaha Bank (oo qalalay) iyo ilaha Venterspos (oo qalalay). Ilahan biyaha ee qalalay waxay ka dhasheen biyo-saaridda xididada biyaha ee quudin jiray ilahan si loo sameeyo waddo loo maro qodista dahabka ee Far West Rand. == Laamaha == Waxaa jira 3 laamood oo aasaasi ah kuwaas oo dhamaantood ka yimaada dhanka bari, waxayna kala yihiin Wonderfonteinspruit, Loopspruit iyo Rooikraalspruit. Waxaa jira dhowr durdurro ah oo aan gudhayn iyo kanaallada biyo-mareenka ah oo hareeraha webiga ah. Webiyada iyo durdurrada caanka ah ee ku yaal dooxada Webiga Mooi waxaa ka mid ah Wonderfonteinspruit, Loopspruit, Rooikraalspruit, Enselspruit, Taaiboschspruit, Leeuspruit, Tweeloopiespruit, Mooirivierloop iyo Spekspruit. == Bahda Xayawaanka == === Kalluunka === Noocyada kalluunka ee laga helo webiga waxaa ka mid ah Small mouth Yellowfish (''[[Smallmouth yellowfish|Labeobarbus aeneus]]''), Orange River Mudfish (''[[Orange River mudfish|Labeo capensis]]''), Moggel (''[[Moggel|Labeo umbratus]]''), Sharptooth Catfish (''[[Clarias gariepinus]]''), Banded Tilapia (''[[Tilapia sparrmanii]]''), Southern Mouthbrooder (''[[Pseudocrenilabrus philander]]''), Three spot Barb (''[[Threespot barb|Enteromius trimaculatus]])'', Chubbyhead Barb ''([[chubbyhead barb|Enteromius anoplus]])'', Straight-fin Barb ''( [[straightfin barb|Enteromius paludinosus]])'', Western Mosquitofish ''([[Mosquitofish|Gambusia affinis]])'', Common Carp ''([[Common Carp|Cyprinus carpio]])'', Smallmouth Bass (''[[Smallmouth Bass|Micropterus dolomieu]])'', Swordtail ''([[Green swordtail|Xiphophorus hellerii]])'', Largemouth Bass ''([[Largemouth Bass|Micropterus salmoides]])'', Grass Carp ''([[Grass carp|Ctenopharyngodon idella]])'', Rock Catfish ''([[Rock-catfish|Austroglanis sclateri]])'', Canary Kurper ''[[Chetia|Chetia flaviventris]])''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boskop_Dam|title=boskopwiki|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}} Ma jiraan aragtiyo la yaqaan oo ku saabsan Largemouth Yellowfish ''([[Largemouth yellowfish|Labeobarbus kimberleyensis]])'' oo la diiwaan geliyay 40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ee sare iyo dhexe ee Webiga Mooi ama laamihiisa, laakiin waxaa jirta suurtagalnimo xooggan inay ku sugan yihiin webiga meel u dhow afkiisa ee ku yaal webiga Vaal.<ref name=":0" /> Mozambique Tilapia (''[[Mozambique tilapia|Oreochromis mossambicus]]''), Redbreast Tilapia (''[[Redbreast tilapia|Coptodon rendalli]]''), Blue (Israeli) Tilapia (''[[Oreochromis aureus]]'') iyo Nile Tilapia (''[[Nile tilapia|Oreochromis niloticus]]'') waxay ku sugan yihiin [[Wonderfonteinspruit]] ilaa meesha uu ka dhex lumo dhulka, laakiin ma jiraan wax muunado ah oo la yaqaan oo ka yimid Webiga Mooi laftiisa.<ref name=":0" /> === Shimbiraha === Webiga iyo hareerihiisu waxay hoy u yihiin dad aad u tiro badan oo shimbir ah oo ka badan 250 nooc oo la diiwaan geliyay oo ay ka mid yihiin African Fish Eagle, Martial Eagle, Ostrich, Secretarybird, Greater and Lesser Flamingo, Grey Hornbill, Meyers Parrot, Kori Bustard, Giant Eagle Owl si aan u xusno in yar. == Biyo-xireenno ku yaal dooxada == Biyo-xireennada waaweyn ee Webiga Mooi iyo laamihiisa waa [[Donaldson Dam|Biyo-xireenka Donaldson]], [[Klipdrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klipdrift]], [[Klerkskraal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klerkskraal]], [[Boskop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Boskop]] iyo [[Potchefstroom Dam|Biyo-xireenka Potchefstroom]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240716073023/http://www.reservoir.co.za/catchments/kromdraai/mooi%20river%20forum/mooi%20documents/mooi_river_tor_aug2007.pdf Mooi River Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120412034446/http://www.encounter.co.za/boskop-dam-nature-reserve.html Boskop Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa] {{Authority control}} kzf0isaoa2gf2u98uzqc00tr6pbxnnl 300843 300712 2026-07-04T09:59:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mooi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Mooirivier | name_etymology = ''Mooirivier'' oo macnaheedu yahay 'webi qurxoon' af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mooi <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[North West (South African province)|North West]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Potchefstroom]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Koonfur-bari ka xigta [[Koster, North West|Koster]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|26|2|S|27|10|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1550|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] | mouth_location = Bariga [[Stilfontein]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|52|28|S|26|57|6|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1305|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mooi''' (af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaan]]: {{langx|af|Mooirivier}}) waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[North West (South African province)|North West]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] wuxuuna ka tirsan yahay [[Upper Vaal Water Management Area]]. == Marinka == Webiga Mooi wuxuu ka unkamaa u dhow [[Koster, North West|Koster]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed. Inta uu socdo wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa [[Klerkskraal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klerkskraal]], [[Boskop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Boskop]] iyo [[Potchefstroom Dam|Biyo-xireenka Potchefstroom]]. Ka dib markuu ka gudbo magaalada [[Potchefstroom]] wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed, wax yar ka dibna wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka galbeed ka hor inta uusan ku dhex shubin [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]] u dhow xadka uu la wadaago [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]], qiyaastii 15&nbsp;km bariga [[Stilfontein]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA8UpperVaal.jpg Upper Vaal WMA 8]</ref> Laamihiisa ugu waaweyn waa Wonderfonteinspruit (Mooirivierloop) iyo Loop Spruit. Biyaha Webiga Mooi iyo kaydadkiisa biyaha ayaa lagu wasakheeyay [[heavy metals|macdano culus]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in mudfish and sediments from three hard-water dams in the Mooi River catchment |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/4672/2004_Apr-04_9_ABSTRACT.pdf |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233343/http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/4672/2004_Apr-04_9_ABSTRACT.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> qaybaha dhexe iyo kuwa hoose sababtoo ah hawlgallada waaweyn ee qodista [[gold|dahabka]] iyo [[uranium|uranium-ka]] ee ka socda dooxada.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/radioact/mooi/summary_2.htm Radioactivity Monitoring Programme - Mooi River catchment]</ref> == Taariikhda == Bishii Nofembar 1838, hoggaamiyihii [[Voortrekker]] ee [[Andries Hendrik Potgieter]] iyo taageerayaashiisa ayaa aasaasay degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee joogto ah ee reer Yurub ee waqooyiga Vaal hareeraha Webiga Mooi, iyagoo aasaasay magaalada [[Potchefstroom]]. Magaalada waxaa loogu magac daray Potgieter waana ay ahayd caasimaddii [[South African Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika]] ee hore ilaa Maajo 1860, markii caasimaddu u guurtay [[Pretoria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Potchefstroom - History |url=http://www.potchefstroom.co.za/about_potch/about_potch_history.html |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613170444/http://www.potchefstroom.co.za/about_potch/about_potch_history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webiga iyo laantiisa ugu weyn ee Wonderfonteinspruit waxaa magacaabay dadkii degay deegaanka ee ugu horreeyay, magacyadoodana waxay u leeyihiin ilaha biyaha ee karst-ka ee laga helay hareerahooda. Kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah ilaha Klerkskraal (oo weli shaqeeya), Bovenste Oog (oo weli shaqeeya), Oog van Gerhard Minnebron (oo weli shaqeeya), ilaha Boskop (xaaladoodu lama yaqaan), ilaha Turffontein (oo weli shaqeeya), Oog van Wonderfonteinspruit (oo qalalay), Oberholzer Oog (oo qalalay), ilaha Bank (oo qalalay) iyo ilaha Venterspos (oo qalalay). Ilahan biyaha ee qalalay waxay ka dhasheen biyo-saaridda xididada biyaha ee quudin jiray ilahan si loo sameeyo waddo loo maro qodista dahabka ee Far West Rand. == Laamaha == Waxaa jira 3 laamood oo aasaasi ah kuwaas oo dhamaantood ka yimaada dhanka bari, waxayna kala yihiin Wonderfonteinspruit, Loopspruit iyo Rooikraalspruit. Waxaa jira dhowr durdurro ah oo aan gudhayn iyo kanaallada biyo-mareenka ah oo hareeraha webiga ah. Webiyada iyo durdurrada caanka ah ee ku yaal dooxada Webiga Mooi waxaa ka mid ah Wonderfonteinspruit, Loopspruit, Rooikraalspruit, Enselspruit, Taaiboschspruit, Leeuspruit, Tweeloopiespruit, Mooirivierloop iyo Spekspruit. == Bahda Xayawaanka == === Kalluunka === Noocyada kalluunka ee laga helo webiga waxaa ka mid ah Small mouth Yellowfish (''[[Smallmouth yellowfish|Labeobarbus aeneus]]''), Orange River Mudfish (''[[Orange River mudfish|Labeo capensis]]''), Moggel (''[[Moggel|Labeo umbratus]]''), Sharptooth Catfish (''[[Clarias gariepinus]]''), Banded Tilapia (''[[Tilapia sparrmanii]]''), Southern Mouthbrooder (''[[Pseudocrenilabrus philander]]''), Three spot Barb (''[[Threespot barb|Enteromius trimaculatus]])'', Chubbyhead Barb ''([[chubbyhead barb|Enteromius anoplus]])'', Straight-fin Barb ''( [[straightfin barb|Enteromius paludinosus]])'', Western Mosquitofish ''([[Mosquitofish|Gambusia affinis]])'', Common Carp ''([[Common Carp|Cyprinus carpio]])'', Smallmouth Bass (''[[Smallmouth Bass|Micropterus dolomieu]])'', Swordtail ''([[Green swordtail|Xiphophorus hellerii]])'', Largemouth Bass ''([[Largemouth Bass|Micropterus salmoides]])'', Grass Carp ''([[Grass carp|Ctenopharyngodon idella]])'', Rock Catfish ''([[Rock-catfish|Austroglanis sclateri]])'', Canary Kurper ''[[Chetia|Chetia flaviventris]])''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boskop_Dam|title=boskopwiki|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}} Ma jiraan aragtiyo la yaqaan oo ku saabsan Largemouth Yellowfish ''([[Largemouth yellowfish|Labeobarbus kimberleyensis]])'' oo la diiwaan geliyay 40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ee sare iyo dhexe ee Webiga Mooi ama laamihiisa, laakiin waxaa jirta suurtagalnimo xooggan inay ku sugan yihiin webiga meel u dhow afkiisa ee ku yaal webiga Vaal.<ref name=":0" /> Mozambique Tilapia (''[[Mozambique tilapia|Oreochromis mossambicus]]''), Redbreast Tilapia (''[[Redbreast tilapia|Coptodon rendalli]]''), Blue (Israeli) Tilapia (''[[Oreochromis aureus]]'') iyo Nile Tilapia (''[[Nile tilapia|Oreochromis niloticus]]'') waxay ku sugan yihiin [[Wonderfonteinspruit]] ilaa meesha uu ka dhex lumo dhulka, laakiin ma jiraan wax muunado ah oo la yaqaan oo ka yimid Webiga Mooi laftiisa.<ref name=":0" /> === Shimbiraha === Webiga iyo hareerihiisu waxay hoy u yihiin dad aad u tiro badan oo shimbir ah oo ka badan 250 nooc oo la diiwaan geliyay oo ay ka mid yihiin African Fish Eagle, Martial Eagle, Ostrich, Secretarybird, Greater and Lesser Flamingo, Grey Hornbill, Meyers Parrot, Kori Bustard, Giant Eagle Owl si aan u xusno in yar. == Biyo-xireenno ku yaal dooxada == Biyo-xireennada waaweyn ee Webiga Mooi iyo laamihiisa waa [[Donaldson Dam|Biyo-xireenka Donaldson]], [[Klipdrift Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klipdrift]], [[Klerkskraal Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klerkskraal]], [[Boskop Dam|Biyo-xireenka Boskop]] iyo [[Potchefstroom Dam|Biyo-xireenka Potchefstroom]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240716073023/http://www.reservoir.co.za/catchments/kromdraai/mooi%20river%20forum/mooi%20documents/mooi_river_tor_aug2007.pdf Mooi River Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120412034446/http://www.encounter.co.za/boskop-dam-nature-reserve.html Boskop Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa] {{Authority control}} g86dupip1in2wcqmbem1lw1dmmomaws 0 48538 300713 2026-07-03T14:00:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Msunduzi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Dusi, Umsinduzi | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Duzi3.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo-xireenka uumay qaybta Camps Drift ee Webiga Msunduzi, ee magaalada Pietermaritzburg. Qaybtan la xirey waxaa loo isticmaalaa ku-dhaqanka doonyaha iyo ruxista, waana barta laga bilaabo tartanka Dusi Canoe Marathon. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Pietermaritzburg]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Mngeni River|Webiga Mngeni]] {{coord|29|37|14|S|30|40|36|E|name=Mngeni Msundusi confluence|display=title}} | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Msunduzi''' waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxaa kale oo loogu yeeraa magaciisa la [[anglicisation|ingiriiseeyey]], ee ''Webiga Dusi''. Magaca asalka ah, ''Msunduzi'', waa af [[Zulu language|isiZulu]]. Msunduzi waa [[tributary|laan]] ka mid ah [[Mngeni River|Webiga Mngeni]]. == Magaalada Pietermaritzburg == Webiga Msunduzi wuxuu dhex maraa bartamaha magaalada [[Pietermaritzburg]], oo ah caasimadda gobolka. Qayb ka mid ah webiga dhexdiisa magaalada ayaa lagu xirey [[weir|biyo-xireenno]], waxaana loo isticmaalaa ku-dhaqanka [[canoe|doonyaha]] iyo [[Sport rowing|ruxista]]. Qaybtan, oo loo yaqaan Camp's Drift, ayaa sidoo kale loo soo jeediyay horumarin suurtagal ah oo ah goob ciyaaraha iyo xafiisyada ah, oo ay ku jirto koorsada slalom ee doonyaha oo ah heerka olombikada.<ref>Zondi, M. (2004), [http://www.dailynews.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=499&fArticleId=2332890 Pietermaritzburg to get R1 billion waterfront], ''Daily News'' (South Africa), retrieved 24 June 2006</ref> Degmada [[Msunduzi Municipality]], oo ay Pietermaritzburg ka tirsan tahay, ayaa magaceeda ka qaadatay webiga. == Tartanka Dusi Canoe Marathon == Tartanka [[Dusi Canoe Marathon]] waa tartan sannadle ah oo [[canoe|doonyaha]] ah laga bilaabo [[Pietermaritzburg]] ilaa [[Durban]], kaas oo ka bilaabma Msunduzi, kuna dhammaada [[Mngeni River|Webiga Mngeni]]. Tartanku wuxuu soo jiitaa ilaa 2000 oo xamaali ah, wuxuuna helaa warbaahinta qaran ee [[Mass media|warbaahinta]] Koonfur Afrika. Tartanku wuxuu bilaabmay 1951-dii.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1975-04_20_4 |last=de Villiers|first=Hugo|date=April 1975|title=Duzi Marathon |journal=Panorama |volume=20|issue=4 |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |others=Internet Archive |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|1}} == Dhibaatooyinka tayada biyaha == Gobolka Pietermaritzburg, webigu mararka qaarkood wuxuu ka kooban yahay tirakoobka bakteeriyada ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' oo gaaraya ilaa 50 000 halkii 100 ml. Tani waxay keentaa dhacdooyin aad u sarreeya (64% ka mid ah dadka la wareystay ee hal sahmin) oo ah dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo ku yimaada dadka doonyaha raaca ee isticmaala webiga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[diarrhea|shuban]] (oo si caadi ah loogu yaqaan "Dusi guts"), iyo waliba infekshannada indhaha iyo dhegaha, iyo [[Sepsis|nabarrada septic-ga]]. Tayada liidata ee biyaha ayaa loo malaynayaa inay sababtay [[combined sewer|kanaallada wasakhda]] ee u dhow webiga oo fataha markii roobabku ay culus yihiin, iyo qashin-qubka sharci-darrada ah.<ref>DUCT staff (2006), [http://www.dusi.org.za/viewarticle.php?p_id=347 DUCT NEWS (April 2006)], retrieved 24 June 2006</ref> Khatarahan caafimaad waxay khatar gelinayaan tartanka doonyaha ee sannadlaha ah.<ref>Robinson, K. (2001), [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=ct20011228203810450D214958 'Dusi Guts' threatens annual canoe race], ''IOL'', retrieved 24 June 2006</ref> Sida dhabta ah, tayada biyaha ee webiga Msunduzi waa mid aan la rabin waxayna u keeni kartaa khatar caafimaad oo halis ah dadka ku dhiirrada biyaha. Hay'ad aan dawli ahayn (NGO), oo loo yaqaan Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust (DUCT), ayaa loo aasaasay inay isku dubbarido mashaariicda loogu talagalay in lagu hagaajiyo tayada biyaha, iyo ilaalinta gobollada ku dhow webiga. (DUCT waxay masuul ka ahaayeen tirooyinka kor ku xusan). Ka dib markii DUCT ay lobi-gareeyeen, Degmada Msunduzi ayaa bilowday barnaamij qiimihiisu yahay 10 milyan oo rand (lacagta SA) si loo dayactiro loona hagaajiyo nidaamka bulaacada 2016. DUCT ayaa sidoo kale tijaabinaya shabaqyada qashinka si ay u noqdaan hab lagu qabto loona saaro qashinka la tuuray si sharci-darro ah. == Tixraac == <references/> == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://www.dusi.co.za Website-ka rasmiga ah ee Dusi Canoe Marathon] *[https://www.duct.org.za/ Website-ka DUCT, the Duzi-Umgeni Conservation Trust, hay'ad aan dawli ahayn oo loo aasaasay inay ilaaliso webiga iyo deegaannadiisa] *[https://www.myriver.co.za Website ka kooban khariidado faahfaahsan, fiidiyowyo iyo sawirro ama webiga si loo caawiyo kuwa doonyaha raaca] pridgfbooc4qxc18zmrj5t53wlhzf0t 0 48539 300714 2026-07-03T14:02:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mtamvuna | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Umtamvuna | name_etymology = ''Mtamvuna'' oo macnaheedu yahay "midka goosta qaniinyada" af [[Xhosa language|Xhosaha]].<ref>[http://africanlanguages.com/south_africa/place_names_sagns.html Meanings of place names in South Africa]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Umtamvuna River Gorge.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Aragti ku saabsan Dooxada Webiga Mtamvuna oo laga eegayo Xarunta Clearwater Trail, u dhow [[Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal|Port Edward]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mtamvuna <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] / [[Eastern Cape Province|Gobolka Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|162|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = U dhow [[Weza Forest Reserve]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], Koonfur Afrika | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1820|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = 5km koonfur ka xigta [[Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal|Port Edward]], Koonfur Afrika | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|31|4|49|S|30|11|42|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|1553|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mtamvuna''' waa webi aasaasa xadka u dhaxeeya gobollada [[KwaZulu-Natal]] iyo [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigu wuxuu leeyahay af ballaaran wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfureed ee [[Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal|Port Edward]]. Webiga Mtamvuna wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 162&nbsp;km iyadoo aagga biyo-ururintiisu ay tahay 1,553&nbsp;km². Magacu wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "midka goosta qaniinyada" sababtoo ah waxyeellada uu webigu u geysto dalagyada inta lagu jiro fatahaadaha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_d6x7 |title=Illustrated guide to Southern Africa |date=1980 |editor=Vic Mayhew |place=Cape Town |publisher=Reader's Digest Association South Africa in association with T.V. Bulpin |isbn=978-0-620-04650-3}}</ref>{{rp|329}} == Taariikhda == Taariikh ahaan Webiga Mtamvuna waa xadka waqooyi ee gobolka [[Pondoland]].<ref>[http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06082007-090102/unrestricted/01chapter1.pdf Contributions to the ecology of Maputaland, Southern Africa]</ref> Sannadkii 1552, markab [[Portuguese Empire|Boortaqiis ah]] ayaa ku degay afka Webiga Mtamvuna, koox dad deegaanka ah ayaa u soo dhowaaday badmaaxiinta iyagoo doonaya inay la ganacsadaan.<ref>[http://www.jonmayled.org.uk/SouthAfrica.pdf History of South Africa]</ref> == Deegaanka == [[Umtamvuna Nature Reserve]] waa [[protected area|aag la ilaaliyo]] oo ku yaal u dhow Dooxada qoto dheer ee Webiga Mtamvuna.<ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/kzn_umtamvuna.htm Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, KwaZulu Natal]</ref> Hadda webigani waa qayb ka mid ah [[Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111104183651/http://ortamboroute.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74&Itemid=72 Webiga Mtamvuna iyo Xeebta Ku Xigta] {{Authority control}} dnly80b4771493tnuv6z1408yxt1qsm 300845 300714 2026-07-04T10:00:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mtamvuna | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Umtamvuna | name_etymology = ''Mtamvuna'' oo macnaheedu yahay "midka goosta qaniinyada" af [[Xhosa language|Xhosaha]].<ref>[http://africanlanguages.com/south_africa/place_names_sagns.html Meanings of place names in South Africa]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Umtamvuna River Gorge.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Aragti ku saabsan Dooxada Webiga Mtamvuna oo laga eegayo Xarunta Clearwater Trail, u dhow [[Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal|Port Edward]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mtamvuna <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] / [[Eastern Cape Province|Gobolka Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|162|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = U dhow [[Weza Forest Reserve]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], Koonfur Afrika | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1820|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = 5km koonfur ka xigta [[Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal|Port Edward]], Koonfur Afrika | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|31|4|49|S|30|11|42|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|1553|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mtamvuna''' waa webi aasaasa xadka u dhaxeeya gobollada [[KwaZulu-Natal]] iyo [[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigu wuxuu leeyahay af ballaaran wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfureed ee [[Port Edward, KwaZulu-Natal|Port Edward]]. Webiga Mtamvuna wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 162&nbsp;km iyadoo aagga biyo-ururintiisu ay tahay 1,553&nbsp;km². Magacu wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "midka goosta qaniinyada" sababtoo ah waxyeellada uu webigu u geysto dalagyada inta lagu jiro fatahaadaha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_d6x7 |title=Illustrated guide to Southern Africa |date=1980 |editor=Vic Mayhew |place=Cape Town |publisher=Reader's Digest Association South Africa in association with T.V. Bulpin |isbn=978-0-620-04650-3}}</ref>{{rp|329}} == Taariikhda == Taariikh ahaan Webiga Mtamvuna waa xadka waqooyi ee gobolka [[Pondoland]].<ref>[http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06082007-090102/unrestricted/01chapter1.pdf Contributions to the ecology of Maputaland, Southern Africa]</ref> Sannadkii 1552, markab [[Portuguese Empire|Boortaqiis ah]] ayaa ku degay afka Webiga Mtamvuna, koox dad deegaanka ah ayaa u soo dhowaaday badmaaxiinta iyagoo doonaya inay la ganacsadaan.<ref>[http://www.jonmayled.org.uk/SouthAfrica.pdf History of South Africa]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Deegaanka == [[Umtamvuna Nature Reserve]] waa [[protected area|aag la ilaaliyo]] oo ku yaal u dhow Dooxada qoto dheer ee Webiga Mtamvuna.<ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/kzn_umtamvuna.htm Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, KwaZulu Natal]</ref> Hadda webigani waa qayb ka mid ah [[Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111104183651/http://ortamboroute.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74&Itemid=72 Webiga Mtamvuna iyo Xeebta Ku Xigta] {{Authority control}} i0wns9a3fl2yoap0o1wmkkyu7oyw9zd 0 48540 300715 2026-07-03T14:04:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Nahoon | native_name ={{native name|xh|Nxaruni}} | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Nahoon River.jpg | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Nahoon <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = [[Country|Dalka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobol]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = [[List of municipalities of South Africa|Degmo]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality|Buffalo City]] | subdivision_type4 = Meelaha ugu muhiimsan | subdivision_name4 = [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|32|59|S|27|57|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Nahoon''' (af [[Xhosa language|Xhosaha]]: {{langx|xh|Nxaruni}}) wuxuu ku yaal magaalada [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] ee xeebta bari ee Koonfur Afrika. == Juqraafi == Wuxuu dhanka bari ka xigaa dekedda [[Buffalo River (Eastern Cape)|Webiga Buffalo]], wuxuuna dhanka galbeed ka xigaa [[Gonubie River|Webiga Gonubie]]. Xaafadda Nahoon waxay ku taal dhankiisa galbeed, Beacon Bay-na waxay ku taal dhanka bari. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[estuary|af-webi]] iyo kaynta mangrove-ka ee ugu koonfurta fog Afrika wuxuuna ku dhex shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Afkiisu wuxuu ku yaal u dhow Nahoon Reef oo ah goob caan ku ah [[surfing|dhoofka hirarka]] sidoo kalena loo yaqaan weerarada ay gaystaan [[great white shark|libaax-badeedka weyn ee cad]]. == Maareynta biyaha == [[Nahoon Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nahoon]] wuxuu qayb ka mid ah biyaha u qaybiyaa magaalada East London. Hadda webigani waa qayb ka mid ah [[Mzimvubu to Keiskama Water Management Area]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime?]</ref> == Deegaanka == Waxaa jira dad tiro yar oo ka mid ah [[endangered|halista ugu jira]] [[Eastern Province rocky]] (''Sandelia bainsii'') oo ku nool webiga Nahoon.<ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/19889/all ''Sandelia bainsii'']</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} lhrnchx6rm1lgkrcjsk8hi01w8mgph8 0 48541 300716 2026-07-03T14:06:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Notwane | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Gaborone Dam 1.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Aragti ku saabsan Biyo-xireenka Gaborone ee Webiga Notwane | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Notwane <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Botswana]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Kalahari]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = Pala Camp | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Botswana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|44|56|S|26|57|37|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|847|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|18053|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Notwane''' (ama '''Webiga Ngotwane''') waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari ee [[Botswana]]. Qaybo ka mid ah marin-biyoodkiisa ayaa sameeya xadka caalamiga ah ee [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Afkiisu wuxuu ku yaal madaxa [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Wuxuu leeyahay aag biyo-ururin oo ah {{convert|18053|km2}}. == Marinka == [[File:Blue Train in Notwane Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Tareen maraya buundo ka dulaysa Webiga Notwane]] Webiga Notwane wuxuu ka unkamaa qiyaastii {{convert|11|km}} koonfurta [[Ramotswa]], wuxuuna u socdaa xadka dhanka waqooyi-bari si uu u galo Limpopo isla dhigta (longitude) uu ku yaal [[Mahalapye]].{{sfn|Yadava|2003|p=125}} Webiga Notwane wuxuu isha ku hayaa [[sandveld]], dhanka bari ee [[Kalahari Desert|Saxaaraha Kalahari]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa qiyaastii waqooyi-bari isagoo mara aagga ugu dadka badan Botswana, isagoo ka mara bari [[Lobatse]], inta u dhaxaysa magaalada [[Gaborone]] iyo tuulada [[Tlokweng]] ka dibna wuxuu dhex maraa tuulada [[Mochudi]]. Ugu dambayntii wuxuu ku dhex shubmaa bangiga bidix ee Webiga Limpopo ee xadka Koonfur Afrika, kaliya 6&nbsp;km ka hor meesha uu Limpopo kula kulmo [[Matlabas River|Webiga Matlabas]].<ref>[https://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> Dooxada Notwane waxaa biyaha ka qaada Notwane laftiisa iyo laamihiisa Taung, Segoditshane, [[Metsimotlhabe]], Metsemaswaane iyo Nywane.{{sfn|Yadava|2003|p=125}} Laamihiisa ugu waaweyn waa webiyada [[Taung River|Taung]], [[Peleng River|Peleng]], Metsimotlhabe iyo [[Nywane River|Nywane]]. Dhammaan webiyada dooxada Notwane waa kuwo ku-meel-gaar ah (ephemeral) oo leh biyo-socod gaaban oo xilliyeed ah oo ku xiran roobabka. Sariiraha webiyada Notwane iyo Taung way qallalan yihiin xilliga qallalan, sannadaha abaaruhuna waxay noqon karaan kuwo gebi ahaanba qallalan sannadka oo dhan. Dhammaan webiyadan waxay keeni karaan [[flash floods|daadad degdeg ah]].<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/Global/MLG/South%20East.doc The South East District, Botswana]</ref> == Taariikhda == Bangiyada Webiga Notwane waxaa la degganaa tan iyo xilligii dhexe ee dhagaxa. Degitaankii casriga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa [[Moshaweng]], oo uu aasaasay [[Chief Gaborone]] oo ka tirsan [[Tlokwa]] dabayaaqadii 1880-meeyadii, oo u dhow goobta caasimadda casriga ah.{{sfn|Firestone|Karlin|2010|p=79}} [[Gaborone|Magaalada Gaborone]], oo ahayd ballaarinta degitaankii hore, ayaa laga horumariyay Webiga Notwane 1960-meeyadii qayb ahaan sababtoo ah u dhowaanshaha tareenka, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah helitaanka biyaha uu webigu bixiyo.{{sfn|Mwakikagile|2009|p=59}} == Biyo-xireenno == [[File:Gaborone 25.92305E 24.68895S.jpg|thumb|240px|Sawirka [[NASA]] ee Webiga Notwane oo leh Biyo-xireenka Gaborone]] [[Gaborone Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gaborone]], oo biyo siiya magaalada Gaborone, wuxuu leeyahay awood dhan {{convert|144000000|m3}}. Kor u kaca, [[Ngotwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Ngotwane]] ee [[Lehurutshe]], Koonfur Afrika wuxuu leeyahay awood dhan {{convert|18000000|m3}}. Aagga biyo-ururinta ee biyo-xireenka Gaborone waxaa jira biyo-xireenno kale oo badan, inta badan aad u yaryar, iyadoo kaliya [[Nnywane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nnywane]] oo u dhow Lobatse loo isticmaalo sahayda biyaha gudaha. Ka dib daraasad 1992 lagu sameeyay saamayntooda ku saabsan khayraadka biyaha ee hoose, waxaa la saaray xayiraad ku saabsan dhismaha biyo-xireennada yaryar ee aagga biyo-ururinta.{{sfn|Molaodi|2006}} == Bahda Xayawaanka iyo Dhirta == In kasta oo qulqulka Notwane uu yahay mid ku-meel-gaar ah; nooluhu waa kan ugu sarreeya ee isla markiiba kor u kaca [[Gaborone Dam|Biyo-xireenka Gaborone]], waqooyiga isgoyska webiga Taung. Sariirta webiga ee aaggan guud ahaan waxay haysataa barkado yaryar oo biyo ah, xitaa xilliyada dheer ee qallalan. [[African sharptooth catfish|Kalluunka sharptooth catfish ee Afrika]], oo maxalli ahaan loo yaqaan barbel, waa nooca kalluunka ugu badan ee biyahan. Webigu wuxuu kaloo taageeraa dad tiro yar oo ka mid ah [[bream]], [[tilapia]] iyo [[carp]] la soo geliyay. Shimbiruhu way tarmaan marka qofku u dhowaado Biyo-xireenka Gaborone, tan waxaa ka mid ah dhowr nooc oo [[heron]] iyo [[kingfisher]] ah. [[African fish eagle]] ayaa si joogto ah loo arkaa, oo ay weheliyaan [[reed cormorant]] iyo [[african darter]]. [[Verreaux's eagle-owl]] ayaa ka dhaca aagga, [[yellow-billed kite]]-na waa dad soo booqda xagaaga. [[Southern yellow-billed hornbill]], [[southern red-billed hornbill]] iyo [[natal spurfowl]] ayaa inta badan laga arkaa kaynta ku xeeran. [[Vervet monkey]] ayaa caadi ka ah marinka webiga ee u dhow Biyo-xireenka Gaborone. [[Chacma baboon]] ayaa sidoo kale la kulmi karaa, noocyada antilope sida [[kudu]] iyo [[impala]] waa joogaan, laakiin waa naadir. [[Lesser bushbaby]] ayaa buul ku dhista aaggan, [[black-backed jackal]]-na mararka qaarkood waa laga maqlaa fiidkii. Dad tiro yar oo ka mid ah [[nile crocodile|yaxaaska Nile-ka]] ayaa ku nool qaybaha hoose ee webiga oo u dhow Biyo-xireenka Gaborone. Labada [[nile monitor]] iyo [[rock monitor]] ayaa ka dhaca aagga, kii horena waa loo arkaa si joogto ah. Dhirta [[riparian|hareeraha webiga]] iyo kaynta ku xeeran waxay sidoo kale siiyaan hoy ku habboon [[African rock python]] iyo [[mozambique spitting cobra]]. Marinka webiga waxaa ku badan [[melia azedarach|syringa berrytree]], [[ficus verruculose|water fig]] iyo [[bauhinia petersiana|white bauhinia]]. Syringa berrytree waa nooc duullaan ah oo laga keenay [[India]]. Dhirta [[riparian]]-ka ayaa ugu dambayntii u banaynaysa kaynta [[acacia]]. [[Ziziphus mucronata|Buffalo thorn]], [[Acacia sieberiana|paperback thorn]] iyo [[Acacia nigrescens|knobthorn]] ayaa caadi u ah kayntan. [[Sclerocarya birrea|Marula]] iyo [[Peltophorum africanum|weeping wattle]] ayaa sidoo kale ka dhaca aagga. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} '''Sources''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last1=Firestone|first1=Matthew|last2=Karlin|first2=Adam|title=Botswana & Namibia |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741049220|url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741049220/page/79 79] |access-date=2012-09-19 |date=2010-02-05|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-922-0}} *{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200603061173.html |last=Molaodi |first=Phillimon |date=6 March 2006 |work=Mmegi |title=Minister Reveals Gaborone Dam Catchment Area |access-date=2012-09-19}} *{{cite book |last=Mwakikagile|first=Godfrey|title=Botswana Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g25SCDCuYbQC&pg=PA59|access-date=2012-09-19 |date=2009-10-31|publisher=Godfrey Mwakikagile|id=GGKEY:YU62DC73GS9}} *{{cite book |last=Yadava|first=Ram Narayan|title=Watershed Hydrology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DdflwDU0oC&pg=PA125|access-date=2012-09-19 |year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-547-7}} {{refend}} *{{cite book |last=Brook |first=Michael C.|title=Crocodile Pools Botswana: History and Biodiversity |year=2011|publisher=Michael C. Brook|isbn=978-99912-934-3-1}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071106233119/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/Limpopo/pdf/Limpopo1.pdf Limpopo River Basin] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141017050155/http://greatergaboronecity-region.info/graphics.html Greater Gaborone] *[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/41235999?uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=55982851573 A Preliminary Chronology of Modern Gaborone] *[http://www.bizguide.co.bw/index/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=34&layout=blog&Itemid=37 About Botswana] s0c7hrzcynn3r2r3y4oe62nom01b7y5 0 48542 300717 2026-07-03T14:08:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ngwavuma | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = ''Inguavuma'', ''Ingwavuma'' ama ''Nggwavuma'' | name_etymology = Waxaa laga keenay magaca af [[Zulu language|Zuluga]] ee ''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]'', geed qolofkiisu yahay daawada qandhada; waxaa suurtagal ah inay sidoo kale tahay 'ka ciyaya' oo tixraacaya dhawaaqa uu webigu sameeyo marka uu dhex marayo dooxada.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> | image = Border Cave01.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Aragti laga soo eegay [[Border Cave]] oo ku taal Webiga Ingwavuma | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Ngwavuma | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Eswatini]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = Koonfur-galbeed ee [[Eswatini]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Phongolo River|Webiga Phongolo]] | mouth_location = [[Kwazulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|57|42|S|32|17|39|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|34|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Ngwavuma'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA883194893774E0440003BA962ED3|Ngwavuma (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> waa webi ku yaal [[Eswatini]] iyo Gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]] ee Koonfurta Afrika. Waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Inguavuma''', '''Ingwavuma''', '''Ingwovuma''', iyo '''Nggwavuma''', waana mid ka mid ah shan webi oo waaweyn oo ku yaal Eswatini.<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> Wuxuu ka unkamaa koonfur-galbeed ee Eswatini wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Pongola River|Webiga Pongola]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA6UsuthuMhlatuze.jpg Usuthu/Mhlatuze WMA 6]</ref> Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee Eswatini ee ku yaal hareeraha Ngwavuma waa [[Nhlangano]] iyo [[Nsoko]].<ref name="Water-report3" /> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.satelliteviews.net/cgi-bin/w.cgi?c=wz&UF=-1331752&UN=-1922946&DG=STM Webiga Ngwavuma, Swaziland - Aragti Dayax-gacmeed] oo diiradda saaraya afka webiga ee KwaZulu-Natal oo laga soo qaatay satelliteviews.net o9zhh0e21kznarfdpsmf12x4ojqdr3n 300847 300717 2026-07-04T10:05:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ngwavuma | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = ''Inguavuma'', ''Ingwavuma'' ama ''Nggwavuma'' | name_etymology = Waxaa laga keenay magaca af [[Zulu language|Zuluga]] ee ''[[Elaeodendron transvaalense]]'', geed qolofkiisu yahay daawada qandhada; waxaa suurtagal ah inay sidoo kale tahay 'ka ciyaya' oo tixraacaya dhawaaqa uu webigu sameeyo marka uu dhex marayo dooxada.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> | image = Border Cave01.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Aragti laga soo eegay [[Border Cave]] oo ku taal Webiga Ingwavuma | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Ngwavuma | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Eswatini]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = Koonfur-galbeed ee [[Eswatini]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Phongolo River|Webiga Phongolo]] | mouth_location = [[Kwazulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|26|57|42|S|32|17|39|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|34|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Ngwavuma'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA883194893774E0440003BA962ED3|Ngwavuma (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> waa webi ku yaal [[Eswatini]] iyo Gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]] ee Koonfurta Afrika. Waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Inguavuma''', '''Ingwavuma''', '''Ingwovuma''', iyo '''Nggwavuma''', waana mid ka mid ah shan webi oo waaweyn oo ku yaal Eswatini.<ref name="Water-report3">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ünver |editor-first=Olcay |year=2009 |chapter=Swaziland |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Facing the Challenges |location=London |publisher=Earthscan for World Water Assessment Programme, UNESCO |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMLu48EuMA0C&pg=RA1-PA9 9] |isbn=978-1-84407-840-0}}</ref> Wuxuu ka unkamaa koonfur-galbeed ee Eswatini wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Pongola River|Webiga Pongola]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA6UsuthuMhlatuze.jpg Usuthu/Mhlatuze WMA 6]</ref> Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee Eswatini ee ku yaal hareeraha Ngwavuma waa [[Nhlangano]] iyo [[Nsoko]].<ref name="Water-report3" /> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.satelliteviews.net/cgi-bin/w.cgi?c=wz&UF=-1331752&UN=-1922946&DG=STM Webiga Ngwavuma, Swaziland - Aragti Dayax-gacmeed]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} oo diiradda saaraya afka webiga ee KwaZulu-Natal oo laga soo qaatay satelliteviews.net h83k4syon832wodcwx98ygu7tg8d9fh 0 48543 300718 2026-07-03T14:10:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Nyl | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Nylrivier | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay "Nile" af [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]; webigu magaciisa wuxuu ku leeyahay jahawareer. <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Nylrivier, stroomop van bruggie, a.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo ka soo dhacaya biyo-xireen qaybtiisa sare | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Nyl <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Massif]] | source1_location = U dhow [[Bela-Bela]] (Warmbad) | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1200|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Mogalakwena River|Webiga Mogalakwena]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|16|25|S|28|58|37|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1060|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|2425|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> }} '''Webiga Nyl''' ({{langx|af|Nylrivier}}) waa marin-biyoed ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ku qulqulaa madaxa [[Mogalakwena River|Webiga Mogalakwena]], isagoo ah laantiisa ugu koonfureysan ama qaybtiisa ugu sarraysa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx# |title=Mogalakwena Sub-basin |access-date=2012-04-03}}</ref> Wuxuu ku yaal u dhow [[Mookgophong]] (Naboomspruit) qaybta waqooyi ee [[Springbok Flats]], oo ah qaab-dhismeed gaar ah oo juqraafiyeed.<ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/rsa1923wagnergeologyofspringbokflats.pdf The Geology of the North-Eastern part of the Springbok Flats and Surrounding Country]</ref> Magaca Webiga Nyl wuxuu ka soo jeedaa ereyga "Nile". 1860-meeyadii, koox ka mid ah [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Voortrekker]]s oo diin jecel, kuwaas oo loo yaqaanay ''Jerusalemgangers'', ayaa arkay bannaanka weyn ee fatahaadda leh ee webiga ballaaran oo si caajis ah ugu qulqulaya waqooyiga waxayna ku dhaceen aragti ah inay soo gaareen ''Nylrivier''-ka awoodda badan, ama [[Nile|Webiga Nile]]. Waxay degeen meesha waxayna aasaaseen magaalo sannadkii 1866, iyagoo u bixiyay ''[[Nylstroom]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# |title=Nylsvlei Nature Reserve |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> == Marinka == Webiga Nyl waxaa inta badan quudiya laamo yaryar oo ka qulqula [[Waterberg Massif]] kuwaas oo si qiyaas ahaan waqooyi-bari ugu qulqula bannaanka ballaaran oo gacmeed leh oo leh gradient aad u daciif ah. Durdurka ugu weyn waxaa loo yaqaan Groot Nyl wuxuuna ilo u leeyahay bari ka xigta [[Bela-Bela]] (Warmbad). Laamihiisa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Olifantspruit]] iyo [[Tobiasspruit]]. Laamaha kale waa Klein Nyl, Middelfonteinspruit, Hessie-se-Water, De Wet Zyn Loop, Bad se Loop, Andriesspruit, Kotjie se Loop iyo Dorpspruit.<ref>[http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5387/2007_Jan_07_1996a_ABSTRACT.pdf Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain]</ref> Bannaanka Nyl wuxuu noqdaa mid si xilliyeed u fataha waxaana ka buuxa [[Phragmites australis|caws]] iyo [[aquatic plant|dhirta biyaha]] kale. Waxaa loo yaqaannaa [[Nylsvlei]], oo ka timid ereyga ''[[vlei]]'' oo inta badan lagu dabaqo [[intermittent lake|harooyinka goosgooska ah]], maadaama koorsada ugu weyn ee dhexdeeda ay si aad u tartiib ah ugu qulqulayso waqooyi-bari. Mar dambe waxay u leexataa waqooyiga iyadoo gradient-ka webiga uu u janjeero xagal aad u fiiqan. Ugu dambayntii Nyl wuxuu noqdaa Webiga Mogalakwena wax yar ka hor inta uusan [[Dorps River|Webiga Dorps]] ku biirin bangiga midig ee durdurka.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> === Biyo-xireennada dooxada === [[File:Oorstroomde land langs Nylrivier-boloop, a.jpg|thumb|left|Aag biyo hoos u dhigay oo ku yaal webiga agtiisa kaas oo soo jiita shimbiraha biyaha]] [[Donkerpoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Donkerpoort]] waa biyo-xireen ku yaal Klein Nyl oo u dhow [[Modimolle]], oo hore loo odhan jiray Nylstroom. Kaydka biyaha waa goob caan ah oo kalluumeysiga lagu tago.<ref>[http://www.places.co.za/html/nylstroom.html SA Places - Modimolle]</ref> == Deegaanka == Bannaanka fatahaadda ee Nyl, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Nyl pan ({{langx|af|Nylsvlei}}), waa [[wetland|dhul-biyood]] xilliyeed, sababtoo ah dooxada Mogalakwena waxaa saameeyay wareegga roobka shan-sannadle ah kaas oo webigu uu ku qallalan yahay shan sannadood, waxaana ku xiga shan sannadood oo kale oo ay jirto qulqulka biyaha oo ku filan.<ref>[http://www.hsrc.ac.za/research/output/outputDocuments/3502_Roefs_Mogalakwena_Assessmentofinformation.pdf Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information]</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah [[ecosystem|nidaamyada deegaanka]] ee ugu waaweyn Koonfur Afrika oo siinaya meel ay ku nastaan [[aquatic bird|shimbiraha biyaha]].<ref>[http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5388/2007_Jan_07_1996b_ABSTRACT.pdf Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain]</ref> Bannaankan fatahaadda ah ayaa hadda ah goobta [[Nylsvley Nature Reserve]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm# |title=Nylsvlei Nature Reserve |access-date=2012-03-30}}</ref> oo ah [[Ramsar wetland|dhul-biyood Ramsar]] oo leh muhiimad caalami ah. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7082 ZA007 Nyl river flood-plain] kubvrrkjjshszcmjxmbmrzsourss46p 300849 300718 2026-07-04T10:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Nyl | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Nylrivier | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay "Nile" af [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]; webigu magaciisa wuxuu ku leeyahay jahawareer. <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Nylrivier, stroomop van bruggie, a.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo ka soo dhacaya biyo-xireen qaybtiisa sare | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Nyl <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Massif]] | source1_location = U dhow [[Bela-Bela]] (Warmbad) | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1200|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Mogalakwena River|Webiga Mogalakwena]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|16|25|S|28|58|37|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1060|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|2425|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> }} '''Webiga Nyl''' ({{langx|af|Nylrivier}}) waa marin-biyoed ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ku qulqulaa madaxa [[Mogalakwena River|Webiga Mogalakwena]], isagoo ah laantiisa ugu koonfureysan ama qaybtiisa ugu sarraysa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx |title=Mogalakwena Sub-basin |access-date=2012-04-03 |archive-date=2012-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420012244/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Mogalakwena.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wuxuu ku yaal u dhow [[Mookgophong]] (Naboomspruit) qaybta waqooyi ee [[Springbok Flats]], oo ah qaab-dhismeed gaar ah oo juqraafiyeed.<ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/rsa1923wagnergeologyofspringbokflats.pdf The Geology of the North-Eastern part of the Springbok Flats and Surrounding Country]</ref> Magaca Webiga Nyl wuxuu ka soo jeedaa ereyga "Nile". 1860-meeyadii, koox ka mid ah [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Voortrekker]]s oo diin jecel, kuwaas oo loo yaqaanay ''Jerusalemgangers'', ayaa arkay bannaanka weyn ee fatahaadda leh ee webiga ballaaran oo si caajis ah ugu qulqulaya waqooyiga waxayna ku dhaceen aragti ah inay soo gaareen ''Nylrivier''-ka awoodda badan, ama [[Nile|Webiga Nile]]. Waxay degeen meesha waxayna aasaaseen magaalo sannadkii 1866, iyagoo u bixiyay ''[[Nylstroom]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |title=Nylsvlei Nature Reserve |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2013-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Marinka == Webiga Nyl waxaa inta badan quudiya laamo yaryar oo ka qulqula [[Waterberg Massif]] kuwaas oo si qiyaas ahaan waqooyi-bari ugu qulqula bannaanka ballaaran oo gacmeed leh oo leh gradient aad u daciif ah. Durdurka ugu weyn waxaa loo yaqaan Groot Nyl wuxuuna ilo u leeyahay bari ka xigta [[Bela-Bela]] (Warmbad). Laamihiisa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Olifantspruit]] iyo [[Tobiasspruit]]. Laamaha kale waa Klein Nyl, Middelfonteinspruit, Hessie-se-Water, De Wet Zyn Loop, Bad se Loop, Andriesspruit, Kotjie se Loop iyo Dorpspruit.<ref>[http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5387/2007_Jan_07_1996a_ABSTRACT.pdf Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain]</ref> Bannaanka Nyl wuxuu noqdaa mid si xilliyeed u fataha waxaana ka buuxa [[Phragmites australis|caws]] iyo [[aquatic plant|dhirta biyaha]] kale. Waxaa loo yaqaannaa [[Nylsvlei]], oo ka timid ereyga ''[[vlei]]'' oo inta badan lagu dabaqo [[intermittent lake|harooyinka goosgooska ah]], maadaama koorsada ugu weyn ee dhexdeeda ay si aad u tartiib ah ugu qulqulayso waqooyi-bari. Mar dambe waxay u leexataa waqooyiga iyadoo gradient-ka webiga uu u janjeero xagal aad u fiiqan. Ugu dambayntii Nyl wuxuu noqdaa Webiga Mogalakwena wax yar ka hor inta uusan [[Dorps River|Webiga Dorps]] ku biirin bangiga midig ee durdurka.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> === Biyo-xireennada dooxada === [[File:Oorstroomde land langs Nylrivier-boloop, a.jpg|thumb|left|Aag biyo hoos u dhigay oo ku yaal webiga agtiisa kaas oo soo jiita shimbiraha biyaha]] [[Donkerpoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Donkerpoort]] waa biyo-xireen ku yaal Klein Nyl oo u dhow [[Modimolle]], oo hore loo odhan jiray Nylstroom. Kaydka biyaha waa goob caan ah oo kalluumeysiga lagu tago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA Places - Modimolle |url=http://www.places.co.za/html/nylstroom.html |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2009-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118063454/http://www.places.co.za/html/nylstroom.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Deegaanka == Bannaanka fatahaadda ee Nyl, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Nyl pan ({{langx|af|Nylsvlei}}), waa [[wetland|dhul-biyood]] xilliyeed, sababtoo ah dooxada Mogalakwena waxaa saameeyay wareegga roobka shan-sannadle ah kaas oo webigu uu ku qallalan yahay shan sannadood, waxaana ku xiga shan sannadood oo kale oo ay jirto qulqulka biyaha oo ku filan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mogalakwena municipality: assessment of information |url=http://www.hsrc.ac.za/research/output/outputDocuments/3502_Roefs_Mogalakwena_Assessmentofinformation.pdf |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2001-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010101010100/http://www.hsrc.ac.za/research/output/outputDocuments/3502_Roefs_Mogalakwena_Assessmentofinformation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah [[ecosystem|nidaamyada deegaanka]] ee ugu waaweyn Koonfur Afrika oo siinaya meel ay ku nastaan [[aquatic bird|shimbiraha biyaha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrological and hydraulic modelling of the Nyl River floodplain |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5388/2007_Jan_07_1996b_ABSTRACT.pdf |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000429/http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/5388/2007_Jan_07_1996b_ABSTRACT.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bannaankan fatahaadda ah ayaa hadda ah goobta [[Nylsvley Nature Reserve]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |title=Nylsvlei Nature Reserve |access-date=2012-03-30 |archive-date=2013-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> oo ah [[Ramsar wetland|dhul-biyood Ramsar]] oo leh muhiimad caalami ah. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7082 ZA007 Nyl river flood-plain] c55t8coquzsub2ftoci0h83lnppzp38 0 48544 300719 2026-07-03T14:12:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Nzhelele | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = ''Nzhelele'' oo macnaheedu yahay gorayo ama gorgor oo wakhtiyadii hore raaci jiray ugaarsatada maroodiga kuna quudan jiray hilibka geedaha ka sudhan ee qallalmaya.<ref>[http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf Transvaal Indigenous Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Philip Herd Nature Reserve.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Aragti ku saabsan Webiga Nzhelele oo ku yaal [[Philip Herd Nature Reserve]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Nzhelele <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Dzanani]] | subdivision_type4 = Degmo | subdivision_name4 = [[Vhembe]] | subdivision_type5 = Degmada | subdivision_name5 = [[Makhado]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Thathe Vondo | source1_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1673|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Zimbabwe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|21|08|S|30|22|19|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|404|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|3436|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Mutamba River|Mutamba]] | tributaries_right = [[Mufungudi River|Mufungudi]], [[Tshishiru River|Tshishiru]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Nzhelele''' waa marin-biyoed weyn oo ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Aagga biyo-ururinta webigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 3,436 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> == Marinka == Webigan wuxuu ururiyaa inta badan biya-mareenka jiirarka waqooyi ee qaab-dhismeedka dhagaxa ballaaran ee [[Soutpansberg]]. Isagoo ka baxaya aagga buuraleyda ah, wuxuu ku [[meander|leexleexdaa]] jihada waqooyi-bari ee guud ahaan [[Lowveld]], bannaanka ballaaran oo ka kooban [[biodiversity|noolo kala duwan]], oo ay ku jiraan naasley badan oo waaweyn sida [[giraffe|geri]], [[white rhino|wiyil cad]] iyo [[blue wildebeest|wildebeest buluug ah]].<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg]</ref> Wuxuu ku biiraa bangiga midig ee [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] 33&nbsp;km bari ka xigta [[Musina]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Nzhelele.aspx |title=Nzhelele Sub-basin |access-date=2012-03-24}}</ref> [[Mutamba River|Webiga Mutamba]], oo ah laantiisa ugu weyn, wuxuu ka unkamaa beerta Buelgum Poort ee Soutpansberg, oo galbeed ka xigta meelaha uu ka soo unkamo Nzhelele.<ref>[http://www.soutpansberg.com/geology/index.htm Soutpansberg - Geology and Geography]</ref> Laamaha kale waa [[Tshiruru River|Webiga Tshiruru]], [[Mugungudi River|Webiga Mugungudi]], [[Mutshedzi River|Webiga Mutshedzi]] iyo [[Wyllie River|Webiga Wyllie]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-007-9094-3 | doi=10.1007/s10668-007-9094-3 | title=Groundwater in the Limpopo Basin: Occurrence, use and impact | date=2008 | last1=Busari | first1=Ola | journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability | volume=10 | issue=6 | pages=943–957 | s2cid=154503353 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada dooxada == *[[Nzhelele Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nzhelele]] *[[Mutshedzi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mutshedzi]], oo ku yaal Webiga Mutshedzi == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commonscat inline}} *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA1] {{Authority control}} s0s6i00c749jjpd6snthgu6fi4h89ho 300850 300719 2026-07-04T10:06:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Nzhelele | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = ''Nzhelele'' oo macnaheedu yahay gorayo ama gorgor oo wakhtiyadii hore raaci jiray ugaarsatada maroodiga kuna quudan jiray hilibka geedaha ka sudhan ee qallalmaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transvaal Indigenous Place Names |url=http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Philip Herd Nature Reserve.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Aragti ku saabsan Webiga Nzhelele oo ku yaal [[Philip Herd Nature Reserve]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Nzhelele <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Dzanani]] | subdivision_type4 = Degmo | subdivision_name4 = [[Vhembe]] | subdivision_type5 = Degmada | subdivision_name5 = [[Makhado]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Thathe Vondo | source1_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1673|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Zimbabwe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|21|08|S|30|22|19|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|404|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|3436|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Mutamba River|Mutamba]] | tributaries_right = [[Mufungudi River|Mufungudi]], [[Tshishiru River|Tshishiru]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Nzhelele''' waa marin-biyoed weyn oo ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Aagga biyo-ururinta webigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 3,436 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> == Marinka == Webigan wuxuu ururiyaa inta badan biya-mareenka jiirarka waqooyi ee qaab-dhismeedka dhagaxa ballaaran ee [[Soutpansberg]]. Isagoo ka baxaya aagga buuraleyda ah, wuxuu ku [[meander|leexleexdaa]] jihada waqooyi-bari ee guud ahaan [[Lowveld]], bannaanka ballaaran oo ka kooban [[biodiversity|noolo kala duwan]], oo ay ku jiraan naasley badan oo waaweyn sida [[giraffe|geri]], [[white rhino|wiyil cad]] iyo [[blue wildebeest|wildebeest buluug ah]].<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg]</ref> Wuxuu ku biiraa bangiga midig ee [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] 33&nbsp;km bari ka xigta [[Musina]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Nzhelele.aspx |title=Nzhelele Sub-basin |access-date=2012-03-24 |archive-date=2012-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420013629/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Nzhelele.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mutamba River|Webiga Mutamba]], oo ah laantiisa ugu weyn, wuxuu ka unkamaa beerta Buelgum Poort ee Soutpansberg, oo galbeed ka xigta meelaha uu ka soo unkamo Nzhelele.<ref>[http://www.soutpansberg.com/geology/index.htm Soutpansberg - Geology and Geography]</ref> Laamaha kale waa [[Tshiruru River|Webiga Tshiruru]], [[Mugungudi River|Webiga Mugungudi]], [[Mutshedzi River|Webiga Mutshedzi]] iyo [[Wyllie River|Webiga Wyllie]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-007-9094-3 | doi=10.1007/s10668-007-9094-3 | title=Groundwater in the Limpopo Basin: Occurrence, use and impact | date=2008 | last1=Busari | first1=Ola | journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability | volume=10 | issue=6 | pages=943–957 | s2cid=154503353 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada dooxada == *[[Nzhelele Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nzhelele]] *[[Mutshedzi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mutshedzi]], oo ku yaal Webiga Mutshedzi == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commonscat inline}} *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA1] {{Authority control}} ho2ermg0jy395c6fgylgt6ggkc34fve 0 48545 300720 2026-07-03T14:14:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Nwanedi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Macne la yaqaan <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Nwanedi <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1160|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Zimbabwe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|20|0|S|30|36|53|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|344|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Luphephe River|Webiga Luphephe]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Nwanedi''' waa marin-biyoed ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] oo u qulqula bari ka xigta [[Nzhelele River|Webiga Nzhelele]], wuxuuna ku biiraa bangiga midig ee Limpopo 58&nbsp;km bari ka xigta [[Musina]] ee xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/defaultmain.htm |title=South African rivers - Nwanedi River |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> == Marinka == Webiga Nwanedi wuxuu ururiyaa qayb ka mid ah biya-mareenka jiirarka waqooyi ee qaab-dhismeedka dhagaxa ballaaran ee [[Soutpansberg]]. Nwanedi-da sare waa durdur joogto ah oo leh biyo-xireenno mataano ah halkaas oo ay kula kulmaan laantiisa, [[Luphephe River|Webiga Luphephe]], oo ku yaal aag kayn ah oo buuraleyda ah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/defaultdam.htm |title=Nwanedi River: Dams |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> Marka laga tago aagga buuraleyda ah ee Soutpansberg, wuxuu ku [[meander|leexleexdaa]] jihada waqooyi-bari ee guud ahaan [[Lowveld]]. Qaybtan hoose waxay ku xiran tahay isbeddellada xilliyeed, iyadoo inta badan qallalan xilliyada abaaraha, iyadoo ay jiraan dhowr barkadood oo aan isku xirnayn oo ku yaal sariirta webiga.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg]</ref> Waxaa jiray dhibaatooyin ku saabsan wasakheynta biyaha dushiisa ee webiga wakhtiyadii dhawaa.<ref>[http://www.landbou.com/nuus/nuus-artikel/oppervlaktewater-besoedel Oppervlaktewater besoedel]</ref> Webiga Luphephe, oo ah laantiisa ugu weyn, wuxuu ka unkamaa sidoo kale Soutpansberg, bari ka xigta meelaha uu ka soo unkamo Nwanedi.<ref>[http://www.soutpansberg.com/geology/index.htm Soutpansberg - Geology and Geography]</ref> [[Nwanedi Provincial Park|Beerta Gobolka ee Nwanedi]] waxay ku taal qiyaastii 35&nbsp;km waqooyi ka xigta [[Thohoyandou]], aag kayn ah oo ku taal dhinaca hore ee buuraha [[Soutpansberg]]. Aagga la ilaaliyo waxaa ka mid ah isgoyska Nwanedi iyo laantiisa ugu weyn, Webiga Luphephe, halkaas oo ay ku yaallaan biyo-xireennada. Aagga beertu waa 11,170 ha waxaana ka buuxa ugaadh. Webiga Nwanedi waa in aan lagu khaldin [[Nwanedzi River|Nwanedzi]], ama Webiga Nwanedsi<ref>[http://www.thekruger.com/krugerrivers.htm Rivers of the Kruger National Park... Perennial and Seasonal]</ref> oo ah laan ka mid ah [[Letaba River|Webiga Letaba]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-007-9094-3 | doi=10.1007/s10668-007-9094-3 | title=Groundwater in the Limpopo Basin: Occurrence, use and impact | date=2008 | last1=Busari | first1=Ola | journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability | volume=10 | issue=6 | pages=943–957 | s2cid=154503353 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada dooxada == *[[Cross Dam]]<ref>[http://plak.co.za/moreinfo.php?id=62150 Cross Dam, South Africa]</ref> *[[Nwanedi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nwanedi]] *[[Luphephe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Luphephe]], oo ku yaal [[Luphephe River|Webiga Luphephe]], oo ah laan ka mid ah Nwanedi == Tixraac == <references /> == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA1] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207193936/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/january/tilapia.htm Kalluun kale oo ku sii socda inuu dabar go'o?] *[http://digitaljournal.com/article/262981 Spectres of hunger, cholera start haunting S. Africa] 9txevc3jhtc11ks2jzkufjl9x17rmo7 300848 300720 2026-07-04T10:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Nwanedi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Macne la yaqaan <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Nwanedi <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1160|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Zimbabwe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|20|0|S|30|36|53|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|344|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Luphephe River|Webiga Luphephe]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Nwanedi''' waa marin-biyoed ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] oo u qulqula bari ka xigta [[Nzhelele River|Webiga Nzhelele]], wuxuuna ku biiraa bangiga midig ee Limpopo 58&nbsp;km bari ka xigta [[Musina]] ee xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/defaultmain.htm |title=South African rivers - Nwanedi River |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> == Marinka == Webiga Nwanedi wuxuu ururiyaa qayb ka mid ah biya-mareenka jiirarka waqooyi ee qaab-dhismeedka dhagaxa ballaaran ee [[Soutpansberg]]. Nwanedi-da sare waa durdur joogto ah oo leh biyo-xireenno mataano ah halkaas oo ay kula kulmaan laantiisa, [[Luphephe River|Webiga Luphephe]], oo ku yaal aag kayn ah oo buuraleyda ah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimNwanedi/defaultdam.htm |title=Nwanedi River: Dams |access-date=2012-03-31}}</ref> Marka laga tago aagga buuraleyda ah ee Soutpansberg, wuxuu ku [[meander|leexleexdaa]] jihada waqooyi-bari ee guud ahaan [[Lowveld]]. Qaybtan hoose waxay ku xiran tahay isbeddellada xilliyeed, iyadoo inta badan qallalan xilliyada abaaraha, iyadoo ay jiraan dhowr barkadood oo aan isku xirnayn oo ku yaal sariirta webiga.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg]</ref> Waxaa jiray dhibaatooyin ku saabsan wasakheynta biyaha dushiisa ee webiga wakhtiyadii dhawaa.<ref>[http://www.landbou.com/nuus/nuus-artikel/oppervlaktewater-besoedel Oppervlaktewater besoedel]</ref> Webiga Luphephe, oo ah laantiisa ugu weyn, wuxuu ka unkamaa sidoo kale Soutpansberg, bari ka xigta meelaha uu ka soo unkamo Nwanedi.<ref>[http://www.soutpansberg.com/geology/index.htm Soutpansberg - Geology and Geography]</ref> [[Nwanedi Provincial Park|Beerta Gobolka ee Nwanedi]] waxay ku taal qiyaastii 35&nbsp;km waqooyi ka xigta [[Thohoyandou]], aag kayn ah oo ku taal dhinaca hore ee buuraha [[Soutpansberg]]. Aagga la ilaaliyo waxaa ka mid ah isgoyska Nwanedi iyo laantiisa ugu weyn, Webiga Luphephe, halkaas oo ay ku yaallaan biyo-xireennada. Aagga beertu waa 11,170 ha waxaana ka buuxa ugaadh. Webiga Nwanedi waa in aan lagu khaldin [[Nwanedzi River|Nwanedzi]], ama Webiga Nwanedsi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers of the Kruger National Park... Perennial and Seasonal |url=http://www.thekruger.com/krugerrivers.htm |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2012-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213124208/http://www.thekruger.com/krugerrivers.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> oo ah laan ka mid ah [[Letaba River|Webiga Letaba]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10668-007-9094-3 | doi=10.1007/s10668-007-9094-3 | title=Groundwater in the Limpopo Basin: Occurrence, use and impact | date=2008 | last1=Busari | first1=Ola | journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability | volume=10 | issue=6 | pages=943–957 | s2cid=154503353 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada dooxada == *[[Cross Dam]]<ref>[http://plak.co.za/moreinfo.php?id=62150 Cross Dam, South Africa]</ref> *[[Nwanedi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nwanedi]] *[[Luphephe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Luphephe]], oo ku yaal [[Luphephe River|Webiga Luphephe]], oo ah laan ka mid ah Nwanedi == Tixraac == <references /> == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7077 Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) - Soutpansberg] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA1] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207193936/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/january/tilapia.htm Kalluun kale oo ku sii socda inuu dabar go'o?] *[http://digitaljournal.com/article/262981 Spectres of hunger, cholera start haunting S. Africa] 710c8fzvusf1um8q2u68a9ql83qsds0 0 48546 300721 2026-07-03T14:17:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Hout | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Hout <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg]] | source1_location = u dhow [[Ga-Mashashane]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Sand River (Polokwane)|Webiga Sand]] | mouth_location = u dhow Waterpoort Gorge, [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|4|2|S|29|34|45|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|844|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Mogwatsane River|Mogwatsane]] | tributaries_right = [[Brakspruit River|Brakspruit]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Hout''' ({{langx|af|Houtrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah dhanka bidix ee [[Sand River (Polokwane)|Webiga Sand]]. == Marinka == Webiga Hout wuxuu ka bilaabmaa dhanka bari ee [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa jiho waqooyi-waqooyi-bari (NNE). Koorsadiisa waxaa lagu xidhay [[Mathala Dam]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Houtrivier Dam'', kaas oo ah biyo-xireenka kaliya ee muhiimka ah ee ku yaal dhammaan dooxada Webiga Sand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimSand/defaultmain.htm |title=Sand River |access-date=2012-03-24}}</ref> Wuxuu sii wadaa qulqulka waqooyi-waqooyi-bari ilaa uu ka gaaro dhanka koonfureed ee [[Soutpansberg]] markaas oo uu u leexdo dhanka bari-waqooyi-bari (ENE) cagaha buuraha hortooda ka hor inta uusan la kulmin bangiga bidix ee Webiga Sand oo aan ka fogeyn Waterpoort gorge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Sand.aspx |title=Sand Sub-basin |access-date=2012-03-24}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray fatahaadihii sannadkii 2000, webigan wuxuu qaaday qayb ka mid ah jidka daamurka ah ee dhanka galbeed ee Buundada Webiga Hout, taasoo keentay in beeralayda aaggaas ay go'doon ku jiraan bilooyin.<ref>[http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=9d73909e-6ae3-4ac2-a867-87c9d6a722dc Hout River Bridge]</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/13218437/stats Mathala Dam 5 Jul 2008' Stats] sse5ordnwjl9i600o6t1xpey4ngz9rb 300832 300721 2026-07-04T09:46:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Hout | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Hout <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|170|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg]] | source1_location = u dhow [[Ga-Mashashane]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Sand River (Polokwane)|Webiga Sand]] | mouth_location = u dhow Waterpoort Gorge, [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|4|2|S|29|34|45|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|844|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Mogwatsane River|Mogwatsane]] | tributaries_right = [[Brakspruit River|Brakspruit]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Hout''' ({{langx|af|Houtrivier}}) waa webi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka mid ah dhanka bidix ee [[Sand River (Polokwane)|Webiga Sand]]. == Marinka == Webiga Hout wuxuu ka bilaabmaa dhanka bari ee [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa jiho waqooyi-waqooyi-bari (NNE). Koorsadiisa waxaa lagu xidhay [[Mathala Dam]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Houtrivier Dam'', kaas oo ah biyo-xireenka kaliya ee muhiimka ah ee ku yaal dhammaan dooxada Webiga Sand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverLimSand/defaultmain.htm |title=Sand River |access-date=2012-03-24}}</ref> Wuxuu sii wadaa qulqulka waqooyi-waqooyi-bari ilaa uu ka gaaro dhanka koonfureed ee [[Soutpansberg]] markaas oo uu u leexdo dhanka bari-waqooyi-bari (ENE) cagaha buuraha hortooda ka hor inta uusan la kulmin bangiga bidix ee Webiga Sand oo aan ka fogeyn Waterpoort gorge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Sand.aspx |title=Sand Sub-basin |access-date=2012-03-24 |archive-date=2012-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420102211/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Sand.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Intii lagu jiray fatahaadihii sannadkii 2000, webigan wuxuu qaaday qayb ka mid ah jidka daamurka ah ee dhanka galbeed ee Buundada Webiga Hout, taasoo keentay in beeralayda aaggaas ay go'doon ku jiraan bilooyin.<ref>[http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=9d73909e-6ae3-4ac2-a867-87c9d6a722dc Hout River Bridge]</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://www.panoramio.com/photo/13218437/stats Mathala Dam 5 Jul 2008' Stats] bjykhzq04d7c0lchcki8wzqaqs5i7rk 0 48547 300722 2026-07-03T14:20:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Klaserie | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Klaserie <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo | subdivision_name3 = Degmada Mopani | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Bariga [[Blyde River Canyon|Blyde River Canyon]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|24.5572|S|30.9109|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]], [[Limpopo]] | mouth_location = [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24.0821|S|31.2489|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Klaserie''' waa webi ku yaal [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-bari waana laan ka mid ah [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]], isagoo kaga biira 90° dhanka galbeed ee [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]].<ref name=stan01/> Isagoo ka unkama jiirarka bari ee buuraha [[Drakensberg]] oo u dhow Mariepskop, wuxuu u qulqulaa bariga isagoo dhex mara [[Klaserie Private Nature Reserve|Beerta Dabiiciga ah ee Gaarka loo leeyahay ee Klaserie]] ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] gudaha [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]. Webigu wuxuu qayb ka yahay biya-ururinta weyn ee [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] waana qayb deegaan ahaan muhiim u ah muuqaalka Greater Kruger.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Marr |first1=S.M. |last2=Swemmer |first2=A.M. |title=Hydrological characteristics of extreme floods in the Klaserie River, a headwater stream in southern Africa |journal=Journal of Limnology |volume=82 |issue=2 |year=2023 |doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2023.2177}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu taageeraa deegaanno kala duwan oo xeebta webiga ah wuxuuna u adeegaa il biyo muhiim u ah duurjoogta, hawlaha dalxiiska, iyo bulshooyinka ku hareeraysan. Qaybo ka mid ah webiga ayaa dhex mara aagagga ilaalinta ee gaarka loo maamulo kuwaas oo si wadajir ah u samaynaya qayb ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka ee aan xirnayn ee Greater Kruger.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Klaserie |url=https://klaseriereserve.co.za/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=Klaserie Private Nature Reserve |language=en-US}}</ref> == Marinka == Webiga Klaserie wuxuu ka unkamaa meelaha sare ee buuraha Drakensberg oo u dhow Mariepskop wuxuuna u soo degaa bari isagoo dhex mara gobolka Lowveld ee Limpopo. Qaybihiisa sare, webiga waxaa lagu gartaa marin keliya oo cidhiidhi ah oo leh sariiro ka kooban inta badan dhagaxyo, dhagaxyo waaweyn, quruurux iyo ciid. Marka uu ka gudbo saldhigga cabbiraadda ee Fleur-de-Lys, webigu wuxuu sameeyaa marinno badan oo isku xiran oo dhex mara bannaanka fatahaadda. Fatahaado waaweyn ayaa mararka qaarkood dib u qaabeeyey qaab-dhismeedka marinka iyo dhirta xeebta webiga.<ref name=":0" /> Webigu wuxuu ugu dambeyntii galaa aagga ilaalinta ee Greater Kruger wuxuuna ku biiraa Webiga Olifants gudaha Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger.<ref>{{cite web |title=Klaserie |url=https://bushscapes.co.za/destinations/south-africa/greater-kruger/klaserie/ |website=Bushscapes |access-date=18 June 2026}}</ref> == Deegaanka == Webiga Klaserie wuxuu taageeraa noocyo kala duwan oo nidaamyo deegaan ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhirta xeebta webiga, bannaanka fatahaadda iyo dhul-biyoodyo xilliyeed. Isagoo ah durdur biyo-mareen sare leh, wuxuu si weyn gacan uga geystaa noolaha biyaha macaan ee gobolka iyo hababka deegaanka ee ku dhex jira dooxada Webiga Olifants. Webiga iyo deegaannada la xiriira waxay taageeraan dadka naasleyda waaweyn oo ay ku jiraan maroodiga Afrika, maroodiga Afrika, libaaxyada, shabeellada iyo wiyisha.<ref name=":0" /> Muuqaalka Klaserie wuxuu qayb ka yahay shabakad ballaaran oo aagag ilaalin ah oo u oggolaanaysa dhaqdhaqaaqa xorta ah ee duurjoogta u dhexeeya kaydka gaarka loo leeyahay iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger.<ref name=":1" /> Marin-biyoedka webiga ayaa sidoo kale loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay deegaan muhiim u ah ilaalinta libaaxyada cadcad, kuwaas oo si dabiici ah uga dhaca gobolka Greater Timbavati–Klaserie.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrations on the banks of the Klaserie River |url=https://whitelions.org/celebrations-on-the-banks-of-the-klaserie-river/ |access-date=18 June 2026 |website=Global White Lion Protection Trust}}</ref> == Biyo-xireen == * Biyo-xireenka Jan Wassenaar - la dhisay 1961 isagoo ah biyo-xireen dhoobo ah oo leh marin loogu talagalay waraabinta, waxaa la kordhiyay saddex mitir oo dheeri ah sannadkii 1968.<ref name="stan01">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kokot |first=Daniel Francis |year=1972 |article=Klaserie |language=en |article-url=https://archive.org/details/standardencyclop0006unse/page/411/mode/1up |editor-last=Potgieter |editor-first=Dirk J. |encyclopedia=[[Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa]] |volume=6 |publication-place=Cape Town |publisher=[[Nasou]] |isbn=978-0-625-00322-8 |pages=411}}</ref> Wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay 98 mitir iyo dhererkiisu yahay 17.5 mitir.<ref name=stan01/> == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.geonames.org/990721/klaserierivier.html Khariidadda Google ee afka Webiga Klaserie] ee Geonames.org (cc-by) == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} 13l8yeamowam82h05enwrujgazn8nzt 0 48548 300723 2026-07-03T14:22:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Levuvu | native_name ={{native name|ve|Luvuvhu}} | name_other = | name_etymology = Waxay ka timid midkoodna [[Venda language|Venda]] ''Muvuvhu'' ([[hippopotamus|jeer/jeer-jeer]]),<ref name = Jenkins/> ama ''Mvuvhu'' (''[[Combretum kraussii]]''), nooc ka mid ah geedaha ka baxa xeebtiisa.<ref>{{Cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|date = 1973|pages = 265|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Makuleke4.JPG | image_caption = Webiga Levubu oo ku yaal Lanner Gorge, [[Makuleke|Pafuri]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Levubu <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = U dhow [[Pafuri]] | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika iyo [[Mozambique]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|25|32|S|31|18|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|203|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Limpopo River basin|Dooxada Webiga Limpopo]] | basin_size = {{convert|4826|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Webiga Dzindi<br /> Webiga Mutshindudi<br />Webiga Mutale | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Webiga Levuvu''' <ref>[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html Webiga Olifants waxaa hadda loo yaqaannaa Lepelle]</ref> ({{langx|ts|Rivubye}}; {{langx|ve|Luvuvhu}})<ref name = Jenkins>{{Citation | first = Elwyn | last = Jenkins | title = Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names | publisher = David Philip Publishers | year = 2007 | page = 75 }}</ref> wuxuu ku yaal waqooyiga gobolka [[Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Qaar ka mid ah laamihiisa, sida [[Mutshindudi River|Webiga Mutshindudi]] iyo [[Mutale River|Webiga Mutale]] ayaa ka unkama buuraha [[Soutpansberg]]. Levubu wuxuu qulqulaa qiyaastii 200&nbsp;km isagoo dhex mara muuqaallo kala duwan ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] aagga kaynta [[Fever Tree]], u dhow [[Pafuri]] ee [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]].<ref>[http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Limpopo_L_L_tf4TA.pdf Latava and Luvuvhu River River Systems 2001], State of Rivers Report, WRC report no: TT 165/01, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, ISBN No: 1 86845 825 3</ref> [[Zambezi shark|Shark-ga Zambezi]] (''Carcharhinus leucas'') ayaa lagu qabtay isgoyska Webiyada Limpopo iyo Luvuvhu bishii Luulyo 1950. Shark-ga Zambezi wuxuu u dulqaataa biyaha macaan wuxuuna u safri karaa meel fog oo webiyada ah sida Limpopo.<ref>Pienaar, U. de V., ''The Freshwater Fishes of the [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]'', Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)</ref> Tirada [[Nile crocodile|yaxaasyada]] webiga ayaa ku fidsan ilaa qaybihiisa sare ee [[Thohoyandou]].<ref name="pij1">{{cite news |last1=Pijoos |first1=Iavan |title=Kalluumaysatada Limpopo 'yaxaas cunay' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-04-02-limpopo-fisherman-eaten-by-crocodile/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=South Africa |agency=TimesLive |publisher=timeslive.co.za |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada == * [[Albasini Dam|Biyo-xireenka Albasini]] * [[Mambedi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mambedi]] * [[Tshakhuma Dam|Biyo-xireenka Tshakhuma]] * [[Damani Dam|Biyo-xireenka Damani]] * [[Nandoni Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nandoni]], oo hore loo odhan jiray Biyo-xireenka Mutoti, qaybta dhexe ee Webiga Levubu bari ka xigta isgoyska laanta [[Dzindi River|Webiga Dzindi]] iyo bari ka xigta magaalada [[Thohoyandou]]<ref>[http://plak.co.za/moreinfo.php?id=18609 Nandoni Dam - Description]</ref> * [[Vondo Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vondo]] oo ku yaal [[Mutshindudi River|Webiga Mutshindudi]], oo ah laan * [[Phiphidi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Phiphidi]] oo ku yaal Mutshindudi == Tixraac == {{reflist}} maswknjhvozv2p4hy3f6zodk7p9lh0o 300837 300723 2026-07-04T09:54:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Levuvu | native_name ={{native name|ve|Luvuvhu}} | name_other = | name_etymology = Waxay ka timid midkoodna [[Venda language|Venda]] ''Muvuvhu'' ([[hippopotamus|jeer/jeer-jeer]]),<ref name = Jenkins/> ama ''Mvuvhu'' (''[[Combretum kraussii]]''), nooc ka mid ah geedaha ka baxa xeebtiisa.<ref>{{Cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|date = 1973|pages = 265|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Makuleke4.JPG | image_caption = Webiga Levubu oo ku yaal Lanner Gorge, [[Makuleke|Pafuri]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Levubu <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Soutpansberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = U dhow [[Pafuri]] | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika iyo [[Mozambique]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|25|32|S|31|18|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|203|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Limpopo River basin|Dooxada Webiga Limpopo]] | basin_size = {{convert|4826|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Webiga Dzindi<br /> Webiga Mutshindudi<br />Webiga Mutale | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Webiga Levuvu''' <ref>[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html Webiga Olifants waxaa hadda loo yaqaannaa Lepelle]</ref> ({{langx|ts|Rivubye}}; {{langx|ve|Luvuvhu}})<ref name = Jenkins>{{Citation | first = Elwyn | last = Jenkins | title = Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names | publisher = David Philip Publishers | year = 2007 | page = 75 }}</ref> wuxuu ku yaal waqooyiga gobolka [[Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Qaar ka mid ah laamihiisa, sida [[Mutshindudi River|Webiga Mutshindudi]] iyo [[Mutale River|Webiga Mutale]] ayaa ka unkama buuraha [[Soutpansberg]]. Levubu wuxuu qulqulaa qiyaastii 200&nbsp;km isagoo dhex mara muuqaallo kala duwan ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] aagga kaynta [[Fever Tree]], u dhow [[Pafuri]] ee [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]].<ref>[http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Limpopo_L_L_tf4TA.pdf Latava and Luvuvhu River River Systems 2001] {{Wayback|url=http://soer.deat.gov.za/dm_documents/Limpopo_L_L_tf4TA.pdf |date=20150402181836 }}, State of Rivers Report, WRC report no: TT 165/01, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, ISBN No: 1 86845 825 3</ref> [[Zambezi shark|Shark-ga Zambezi]] (''Carcharhinus leucas'') ayaa lagu qabtay isgoyska Webiyada Limpopo iyo Luvuvhu bishii Luulyo 1950. Shark-ga Zambezi wuxuu u dulqaataa biyaha macaan wuxuuna u safri karaa meel fog oo webiyada ah sida Limpopo.<ref>Pienaar, U. de V., ''The Freshwater Fishes of the [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]'', Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)</ref> Tirada [[Nile crocodile|yaxaasyada]] webiga ayaa ku fidsan ilaa qaybihiisa sare ee [[Thohoyandou]].<ref name="pij1">{{cite news |last1=Pijoos |first1=Iavan |title=Kalluumaysatada Limpopo 'yaxaas cunay' |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-04-02-limpopo-fisherman-eaten-by-crocodile/ |access-date=17 March 2022 |work=South Africa |agency=TimesLive |publisher=timeslive.co.za |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada == * [[Albasini Dam|Biyo-xireenka Albasini]] * [[Mambedi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mambedi]] * [[Tshakhuma Dam|Biyo-xireenka Tshakhuma]] * [[Damani Dam|Biyo-xireenka Damani]] * [[Nandoni Dam|Biyo-xireenka Nandoni]], oo hore loo odhan jiray Biyo-xireenka Mutoti, qaybta dhexe ee Webiga Levubu bari ka xigta isgoyska laanta [[Dzindi River|Webiga Dzindi]] iyo bari ka xigta magaalada [[Thohoyandou]]<ref>[http://plak.co.za/moreinfo.php?id=18609 Nandoni Dam - Description]</ref> * [[Vondo Dam|Biyo-xireenka Vondo]] oo ku yaal [[Mutshindudi River|Webiga Mutshindudi]], oo ah laan * [[Phiphidi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Phiphidi]] oo ku yaal Mutshindudi == Tixraac == {{reflist}} k5et4htslwdu0c403tnld28mimi3d6k 0 48549 300724 2026-07-03T14:24:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Lephalala | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Webiga Palala | name_etymology = Magaca waxaa laga soo qaatay ''Lephalale'' ([[Northern Sotho language|Sotho]]), oo macnaheedu yahay "midda fatahaadda keenta".<ref>{{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|date = 1973|pages = 301, 302|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Palala-River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Webiga Palala / Lephalala ee Lapalala Wilderness, Waterberg, oo muujinaysa lakabyada jiifka ah ee [[sandstone|dhagax-ciideedka]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Lephalala <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Massif]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika iyo [[Botswana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|5|2|S|27|53|40|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|788|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|4868|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Webiyada iyo durdurrada waaweyn ee ku dhex yaal Dooxada Webiga Limpopo]</ref> }} '''Webiga Palala''' ama '''Lephalala''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Impala|''Rhooebok-river'']] oo uu u bixiyay [[Thomas Baines]],<ref>{{cite book|last = Kennedy |first = R.F.|title = Journal of Residence in Africa by Thomas Baines|publisher = Van Riebeeck Society, Cape Town|orig-date = 1961 |year=1964|pages = 162}}</ref> waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Dooxada webigan waa hoosaad ka mid ah [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Waa marin-biyoed muhiim ah oo ku yaal aagga [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg]] ee [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]]. Webigu wuxuu ka biyomaalaa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah aagga [[Lapalala Wilderness]] iyo dhul kale oo muhiim ah oo u adeega deegaan ahaan duurjoogta ku nool aag leh dib-u-soo-celin joogto ah oo [[bushveld]] ah. Bulshada [[dry deciduous forest|kaynta qallalan ee xilliga xagaaga]] ee qaybta sare ee dooxada Webiga Palala waxay hoy u tahay naasley badan oo waaweyn oo Afrikaan ah oo ay ku jiraan [[Blue Wildebeest|Wildebeest buluug ah]], [[Giraffe|Geri]], [[White Rhino|Wiyil cad]] iyo [[bovid|lool-loolyo]] badan. Webiga Palala ayaa la muujiyay inuu leeyahay [[water quality|tayo biyo]] aad u sarreeya oo leh biyo qulqulaya oo aad u nadiif ah, gaar ahaan qaybaha ugu sarreeya; si waafaqsan caafimaadka noolaha ayaa lagu qiimeeyay mid caafimaad qaba iyadoo la adeegsanayo kalluunka North African catfish oo ah calaamad noole. [[rock painting|Sawirro dhagax-ku-qoran]] [[prehistory|hor-taariikh]] xiiso leh ayaa ka jira dhagaxyada waaweyn ee webiga ku dhex yaal aagga Lapalala Wilderness. == Noolaha webiga == Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo [[fauna|duurjoog ah]] oo ku nool Webiga Palala oo ay ku jiraan [[kalluun]], [[Nile crocodile|yaxaas-ka-Nile]], [[African Rock Python|maska Python-ka Afrika]] iyo [[hippopotamus|jeer]]. Daraasad la sameeyay sannadkii 2004 oo ku saabsan caafimaadka webiga, muunado ka mid ah North African catfish, ''[[Clarias]] gariepinus'', ayaa lagu qabtay qaybaha Lapalala Wilderness.<ref>Maxwell Barson, ''Endoparasites of the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), from the Rietvlei Dam, Sesmyl Spruit system, South Africa.'', Masters thesis, [[University of Johannesburg]] (2004)</ref> Dad caafimaad qaba oo kalluunka lab iyo dheddig ah ayaa laga helay qaybaha sare ee webiga ee ku yaal Lapalala Wilderness, kuwaas oo muujinaya cufnaanta jirka oo caadi ah oo celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 1.1 kiilogram; waxa intaas ka sii badan, dadka kalluunkan ee ka yimid qaybaha sare ee Webiga Palala ayaa la ogaaday inay ka madax bannaan yihiin [[parasite|dulinka]] iyo sidoo kale inay ka madax bannaan yihiin dhaawaca [[liver|beerka]].<ref>[http://etd.uj.ac.za/theses/available/etd-07052005-113515/restricted/Chapter5.pdf Falanqaynta Webiga Palala ee Jaamacadda Johannesburg ee ''C. Gariepinus'']</ref> Caafimaadka qaybaha sare ayaa ahaa mid ay qaybta sare ee Lapala u isticmaashay daraasado xiga koox ahaan si loo barbar dhigo webiyada kale ee Koonfur Afrika kuwaas oo aad u wasakhaysan ka soo saarista [[sewage|wasakhda]] aan la daaweyn iyo qashinka beeraha ee ku dhex jira dooxadooda. == Juqraafi iyo Haydaroolaji == Lakabyada dhagaxa ah ee uu Webiga Palala dhex maray ayaa ka kooban isku xigxigga weyn, ilaa 3,000 mitir oo dhumucdiisu tahay meelaha qaar, oo ah fadhiyo dhoobo leh oo ka soo jeeda dhul sare oo qadiimi ah oo dhowr boqol oo kiiloomitir u jira waqooyi-bari, waxaana la dhigay dooxad dherer ah oo cillad-xiran intii lagu jiray muddo u dhaxaysa 1,900 iyo 1,600 milyan oo sannadood ka hor. Ilaalinta lakabyadan ciidda ee aan cillad lahayn, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan caddayn ku saabsan soo bixitaankii ugu horreeyay ee oksijiin bilaash ah oo ku jirta jawiga hore ee Dunida, waxay ugu wacan tahay in lagu dhigay haraaga xasilloon, primordial Kaapvaal craton, taas oo u oggolaatay inay ahaadaan kuwo aan isbeddelin oo ay ku yar tahay ama aysan jirin isbeddel goboleed oo [[metamorphism|metamorphic]] ah inkasta oo da'doodu aad u weyn tahay. Kor u kaca ku xiga ee fadhiyadan, oo si wadajir ah loogu magacaabay Kooxda Waterberg, ayaa keentay in ay maanta sameeyaan saxaraha, oo kor u kacay koonfurta ilaa kun mitir oo ka sarreeya bannaanka ku hareeraysan. Haddii ay jireen dhagaxyo ka yar oo lagu dhigay dusha sare ee lakabyada Waterberg ee gobolkan, ma jirto caddayn ku saabsan xaqiiqda. Dhulka hoostiisa ee dhoobada qaro weyn waxay jiifaan 2,100 milyan oo sannadood jir ah dhagaxyo sedimentary iyo igneous kuwaas oo meelo kale laga heli karo inay martigeliyaan kaydka dhaqaale ee platinum, nickel, birta iyo tin; laakiin ma jiro kayd macdan oo qiimo dhaqaale leh oo la helay, ama ay u badan tahay in laga helo, dhagaxyada Waterberg ee si fiican loo safray, ee la sifeeyay. Saxaraha Waterberg wuxuu guud ahaan ku raaxaystaa roobab ka badan celceliska dalka oo dhan, isagoo u dhexeeya in ka badan 1000mm koonfurta ilaa in ka yar 400mm waqooyiga. Dabeecadda aan biyaha marin ee lakabyada dhagax-ciideedka ee ugu badan, iyo la'aanta astaanta u ah ee xididdada biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee muhiimka ah, waxay ka dhigan tahay in roobabka inta badan laga helo saxaraha ay si dhakhso ah u qulqulaan halkii ay ka qayb qaadan lahaayeen ilaha biyaha dhulka hoostiisa. Sidaas darteed waa in Waterberg uu yahay isha afar webi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah, kuwaas oo Palala uu yahay kii ugu weynaa, dhammaantoodna ugu dambeyntii u qulqula waqooyiga ilaa Limpopo. Webiyada kale ee waaweyn waa Mogalakwena, Mokolo iyo Matlabas. Dabeecadda aashitada ee dhagax-ciideedka waxay keentaa biyo-dhul aashito leh oo ka saara waxyaabaha nafaqada leh ee ciidda, taas oo ka dhigaysa iyaga inta badan kuwa hooseeya ee bacrinta ah iyo kuwa liita ee awoodda wax lagu qaado. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay si ka duwan u muuqato, waa dabeecaddan nafaqo-xumada, dystrophic ee ciidda taas oo qayb weyn ka ah noolaha aadka u sarreeya ee astaanta u ah saxaraha Waterberg. == Sawirro dhagax-ku-qoran oo hor-taariikh ah == [[Lapalala Wilderness|Lapalala]] waxay leedahay saddex iyo toban goobood oo farshaxanka dhagaxa ah oo la yaqaan, qaarkood waxay u dhow yihiin Webiga Lephalala, kuwa kalena waxay u dhow yihiin Webiga Blocklands. Qaar ka mid ah goobaha la rinjiyeeyay waxay ku jiraan hoy yar oo dhagax ah, kuwa kalena waxay ku yaalliin dhagaxyo waaweyn oo leh dusha sare oo siman. Labo kooxood oo kala duwan ayaa dadka Waterberg ku noolaa 1000-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay labada kooxoodna waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen farshaxanka ku yaal kaydka Lapalala. [[File:Lapalala farmer art.jpg|alt="Lapalala farmer art" at Lapalala Wilderness in South Africa.|"Lapalala farmer art" ee Lapalala Wilderness ee Koonfur Afrika.|left|thumb]] Bushmen, oo ku noolaa qaab nololeed ugaarsi-ururin mobil ah, waxay soo saareen farshaxan 'fiican', oo si fiican loo sawiray, iyagoo isticmaalaya burushyo ka samaysan timaha xoolaha, iyo rinji cas iyo huruud ah oo ka samaysan dhagaxyo budo ah oo qani ku ah birta (ochre) oo lagu qasay dareerayaal sida biyo, dhiig ama dufan. Rinjiga cad oo laga soo qaatay dambas ama dhoobo, iyo dhexdhexaadkan ayaa si xun u ilaaliya marka la barbar dhigo rinjiga cas ee dhex gala dhagaxa. Farshaxanka Bushman wuxuu muujinayaa noocyo kala duwan oo antelope ah, gaar ahaan, hartebeest iyo kudu. Xoolaha mararka qaarkood waa dhab ahaan la sawiray iyo munaasabado kale makhluuqa la matalay waa isku-dhafka male-awaalka ah ee sifooyinka hartebeest ama kudu oo leh sifooyinka aadanaha. Tani waa sababta oo ah farshaxanka Bushman waa muujinta diimeed iyo farshaxanku wuxuu isku dayayay inuu gudbiyo aaminaad ku saabsan adduunka ruuxiga ah, iyo khibradaha inta lagu jiro xaaladaha beddelay ee miyir-qabka ee ay sameeyeen 'bogsiiyayaal' bulshada dhexdeeda ah. Tirooyinka aadanaha ee dhererka leh ee farshaxanka ayaa, tusaale ahaan, loogu talagalay inay sharxaan dareenka fidsan ee bogsiiyuhu uu la kulmi karo inta uu ku jiro trance. [[File:"Lapalala hartebeest" at Lapalala Wilderness in South Africa. Photo credit- Lyne Wadley.jpg|alt="Lapalala hartebeest" ee Lapalala Wilderness ee Koonfur Afrika|thumb|"Lapalala hartebeest" ee Lapalala Wilderness ee Koonfur Afrika]] Kooxda labaad ee dadka ku nool Lapalala waxay ka koobnaayeen beeralayda Bantu-ku-hadla, Iron Age kuwaas oo degay dooxooyinka halkaas oo dolerite ay siisay ciid bacrin ah oo loogu talagalay dalagyadooda sorghum iyo millet, iyo halkaas oo ay ku filnaayeen daaq iyo biyo lo'da, idaha iyo riyaha. Dadkan waxay dhisteen tuulooyin ku meel gaar ah oo laga bilaabo qiyaastii qarnigii 17-aad, kraals dhagax ah waxay noqdeen astaamo muuqda oo ku yaal Lapalala. Beeralayda Iron Age waxay lahaayeen dhaqamo bilow ah oo faahfaahsan oo loogu talagalay wiilasha qaan-gaarnimada iyo kooxo wiilal ah ayaa lagu go'doomiyay meelo fogfog, sida hoyga dhagaxa, ilaa bil. Muddadan waxay noqon lahaayeen kuwo lagu gudo-guday oo la baray aaminaad dhaqameed. Kuwaas dhexdooda, waxay baran lahaayeen xayawaannada matalaya guutooyin gaar ah. Wiilashu waxay markaa ku rinjiyeen xayawaannadan wajiyada dhagaxa. Waxay isticmaaleen farahooda oo lagu dhex geliyay dhoobo cad, sidaas darteed sawirradoodu waa kaliya qiyaasta xayawaannada iyo inta badan noocyada lama aqoonsan karo. Farshaxankan 'beeralayda' ayaa si xun u ilaaliya. Dadku waxay ku noolaayeen Lapalala xilligii Dhexe ee Dhagaxa sababtoo ah qalabka dhagaxa ee ka horreeyay 30,000 oo sano ka hor ayaa laga heli karaa hoyga dhowr ah. Intaas ka dib waxay u muuqataa in ay jirtay farqi dheer oo ku saabsan shaqada iyo hadda ma jirto caddayn in dadku ay ku soo noqdeen Lapalala ka hor qiyaastii 1000 sano ka hor. == Waterberg Massif == Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah koorsada Webiga Palala waxay dhex martaa [[Waterberg Biosphere]], oo ah [[massif]] oo qiyaastii 15,000 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. Waterberg waa gobolkii ugu horreeyay ee waqooyiga Koonfur Afrika ee loo magacaabo [[Biosphere Reserve|Kaydka Biosphere]] ee ay samaysay [[UNESCO]]. Qaab-dhismeedka dhagaxa ballaaran waxaa qaabeeyey boqollaal milyan oo sannadood oo [[erosion|nabaad-guur]] webiga ah si loo soo saaro [[landform|qaab-dhismeedka]] bluff iyo [[butte]].<ref name="Hogan">C.Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, ''The Waterberg Biosphere'', Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006.</ref> Nidaamka deegaanka waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa [[dry deciduous forest|kayn qallalan]] ama [[Bushveld]]. Waterberg gudaheeda waxaa ku yaal helitaan [[archaeological|qadiimi ah]] oo taariikhaysan ilaa [[Stone Age|Xilligii Dhagaxa]], oo u dhowna waxaa ku yaal helitaan hore oo [[evolutionary|horumarineed]] oo la xidhiidha asalka [[human|aadanaha]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Isha == *Van der Ryst, M.M. (1998). ''The Waterberg Plateau in the Northern Province, Republic of South Africa, in the Later Stone Age''. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 43. BAR International Series 715. Oxford: BAR Publishing. *Wadley, L. *Wadley, R. (2020). ''Waterberg Echoes'', Protea Boekhuis; First Edition (April 7, 2020), {{ISBN|978-1485309352}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Lephalala River}} *[http://etd.uj.ac.za/theses/available/etd-07052005-113515/restricted/Chapter3.pdf Daraasado ku saabsan tayada biyaha Webiga Palala iyo noolaha: xulashada goobta] dfy64ubzc9s89oqneq3hu4vxqix6wdw 300851 300724 2026-07-04T10:06:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Lephalala | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Webiga Palala | name_etymology = Magaca waxaa laga soo qaatay ''Lephalale'' ([[Northern Sotho language|Sotho]]), oo macnaheedu yahay "midda fatahaadda keenta".<ref>{{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title = Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher = Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|date = 1973|pages = 301, 302|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Palala-River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Webiga Palala / Lephalala ee Lapalala Wilderness, Waterberg, oo muujinaysa lakabyada jiifka ah ee [[sandstone|dhagax-ciideedka]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Lephalala <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Massif]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], xadka Koonfur Afrika iyo [[Botswana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|5|2|S|27|53|40|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|788|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|4868|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Webiyada iyo durdurrada waaweyn ee ku dhex yaal Dooxada Webiga Limpopo]</ref> }} '''Webiga Palala''' ama '''Lephalala''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Impala|''Rhooebok-river'']] oo uu u bixiyay [[Thomas Baines]],<ref>{{cite book|last = Kennedy |first = R.F.|title = Journal of Residence in Africa by Thomas Baines|publisher = Van Riebeeck Society, Cape Town|orig-date = 1961 |year=1964|pages = 162}}</ref> waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Dooxada webigan waa hoosaad ka mid ah [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Waa marin-biyoed muhiim ah oo ku yaal aagga [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg]] ee [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]]. Webigu wuxuu ka biyomaalaa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah aagga [[Lapalala Wilderness]] iyo dhul kale oo muhiim ah oo u adeega deegaan ahaan duurjoogta ku nool aag leh dib-u-soo-celin joogto ah oo [[bushveld]] ah. Bulshada [[dry deciduous forest|kaynta qallalan ee xilliga xagaaga]] ee qaybta sare ee dooxada Webiga Palala waxay hoy u tahay naasley badan oo waaweyn oo Afrikaan ah oo ay ku jiraan [[Blue Wildebeest|Wildebeest buluug ah]], [[Giraffe|Geri]], [[White Rhino|Wiyil cad]] iyo [[bovid|lool-loolyo]] badan. Webiga Palala ayaa la muujiyay inuu leeyahay [[water quality|tayo biyo]] aad u sarreeya oo leh biyo qulqulaya oo aad u nadiif ah, gaar ahaan qaybaha ugu sarreeya; si waafaqsan caafimaadka noolaha ayaa lagu qiimeeyay mid caafimaad qaba iyadoo la adeegsanayo kalluunka North African catfish oo ah calaamad noole. [[rock painting|Sawirro dhagax-ku-qoran]] [[prehistory|hor-taariikh]] xiiso leh ayaa ka jira dhagaxyada waaweyn ee webiga ku dhex yaal aagga Lapalala Wilderness. == Noolaha webiga == Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo [[fauna|duurjoog ah]] oo ku nool Webiga Palala oo ay ku jiraan [[kalluun]], [[Nile crocodile|yaxaas-ka-Nile]], [[African Rock Python|maska Python-ka Afrika]] iyo [[hippopotamus|jeer]]. Daraasad la sameeyay sannadkii 2004 oo ku saabsan caafimaadka webiga, muunado ka mid ah North African catfish, ''[[Clarias]] gariepinus'', ayaa lagu qabtay qaybaha Lapalala Wilderness.<ref>Maxwell Barson, ''Endoparasites of the sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), from the Rietvlei Dam, Sesmyl Spruit system, South Africa.'', Masters thesis, [[University of Johannesburg]] (2004)</ref> Dad caafimaad qaba oo kalluunka lab iyo dheddig ah ayaa laga helay qaybaha sare ee webiga ee ku yaal Lapalala Wilderness, kuwaas oo muujinaya cufnaanta jirka oo caadi ah oo celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 1.1 kiilogram; waxa intaas ka sii badan, dadka kalluunkan ee ka yimid qaybaha sare ee Webiga Palala ayaa la ogaaday inay ka madax bannaan yihiin [[parasite|dulinka]] iyo sidoo kale inay ka madax bannaan yihiin dhaawaca [[liver|beerka]].<ref>[http://etd.uj.ac.za/theses/available/etd-07052005-113515/restricted/Chapter5.pdf Falanqaynta Webiga Palala ee Jaamacadda Johannesburg ee ''C. Gariepinus'']{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Caafimaadka qaybaha sare ayaa ahaa mid ay qaybta sare ee Lapala u isticmaashay daraasado xiga koox ahaan si loo barbar dhigo webiyada kale ee Koonfur Afrika kuwaas oo aad u wasakhaysan ka soo saarista [[sewage|wasakhda]] aan la daaweyn iyo qashinka beeraha ee ku dhex jira dooxadooda. == Juqraafi iyo Haydaroolaji == Lakabyada dhagaxa ah ee uu Webiga Palala dhex maray ayaa ka kooban isku xigxigga weyn, ilaa 3,000 mitir oo dhumucdiisu tahay meelaha qaar, oo ah fadhiyo dhoobo leh oo ka soo jeeda dhul sare oo qadiimi ah oo dhowr boqol oo kiiloomitir u jira waqooyi-bari, waxaana la dhigay dooxad dherer ah oo cillad-xiran intii lagu jiray muddo u dhaxaysa 1,900 iyo 1,600 milyan oo sannadood ka hor. Ilaalinta lakabyadan ciidda ee aan cillad lahayn, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan caddayn ku saabsan soo bixitaankii ugu horreeyay ee oksijiin bilaash ah oo ku jirta jawiga hore ee Dunida, waxay ugu wacan tahay in lagu dhigay haraaga xasilloon, primordial Kaapvaal craton, taas oo u oggolaatay inay ahaadaan kuwo aan isbeddelin oo ay ku yar tahay ama aysan jirin isbeddel goboleed oo [[metamorphism|metamorphic]] ah inkasta oo da'doodu aad u weyn tahay. Kor u kaca ku xiga ee fadhiyadan, oo si wadajir ah loogu magacaabay Kooxda Waterberg, ayaa keentay in ay maanta sameeyaan saxaraha, oo kor u kacay koonfurta ilaa kun mitir oo ka sarreeya bannaanka ku hareeraysan. Haddii ay jireen dhagaxyo ka yar oo lagu dhigay dusha sare ee lakabyada Waterberg ee gobolkan, ma jirto caddayn ku saabsan xaqiiqda. Dhulka hoostiisa ee dhoobada qaro weyn waxay jiifaan 2,100 milyan oo sannadood jir ah dhagaxyo sedimentary iyo igneous kuwaas oo meelo kale laga heli karo inay martigeliyaan kaydka dhaqaale ee platinum, nickel, birta iyo tin; laakiin ma jiro kayd macdan oo qiimo dhaqaale leh oo la helay, ama ay u badan tahay in laga helo, dhagaxyada Waterberg ee si fiican loo safray, ee la sifeeyay. Saxaraha Waterberg wuxuu guud ahaan ku raaxaystaa roobab ka badan celceliska dalka oo dhan, isagoo u dhexeeya in ka badan 1000mm koonfurta ilaa in ka yar 400mm waqooyiga. Dabeecadda aan biyaha marin ee lakabyada dhagax-ciideedka ee ugu badan, iyo la'aanta astaanta u ah ee xididdada biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee muhiimka ah, waxay ka dhigan tahay in roobabka inta badan laga helo saxaraha ay si dhakhso ah u qulqulaan halkii ay ka qayb qaadan lahaayeen ilaha biyaha dhulka hoostiisa. Sidaas darteed waa in Waterberg uu yahay isha afar webi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah, kuwaas oo Palala uu yahay kii ugu weynaa, dhammaantoodna ugu dambeyntii u qulqula waqooyiga ilaa Limpopo. Webiyada kale ee waaweyn waa Mogalakwena, Mokolo iyo Matlabas. Dabeecadda aashitada ee dhagax-ciideedka waxay keentaa biyo-dhul aashito leh oo ka saara waxyaabaha nafaqada leh ee ciidda, taas oo ka dhigaysa iyaga inta badan kuwa hooseeya ee bacrinta ah iyo kuwa liita ee awoodda wax lagu qaado. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay si ka duwan u muuqato, waa dabeecaddan nafaqo-xumada, dystrophic ee ciidda taas oo qayb weyn ka ah noolaha aadka u sarreeya ee astaanta u ah saxaraha Waterberg. == Sawirro dhagax-ku-qoran oo hor-taariikh ah == [[Lapalala Wilderness|Lapalala]] waxay leedahay saddex iyo toban goobood oo farshaxanka dhagaxa ah oo la yaqaan, qaarkood waxay u dhow yihiin Webiga Lephalala, kuwa kalena waxay u dhow yihiin Webiga Blocklands. Qaar ka mid ah goobaha la rinjiyeeyay waxay ku jiraan hoy yar oo dhagax ah, kuwa kalena waxay ku yaalliin dhagaxyo waaweyn oo leh dusha sare oo siman. Labo kooxood oo kala duwan ayaa dadka Waterberg ku noolaa 1000-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay labada kooxoodna waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen farshaxanka ku yaal kaydka Lapalala. [[File:Lapalala farmer art.jpg|alt="Lapalala farmer art" at Lapalala Wilderness in South Africa.|"Lapalala farmer art" ee Lapalala Wilderness ee Koonfur Afrika.|left|thumb]] Bushmen, oo ku noolaa qaab nololeed ugaarsi-ururin mobil ah, waxay soo saareen farshaxan 'fiican', oo si fiican loo sawiray, iyagoo isticmaalaya burushyo ka samaysan timaha xoolaha, iyo rinji cas iyo huruud ah oo ka samaysan dhagaxyo budo ah oo qani ku ah birta (ochre) oo lagu qasay dareerayaal sida biyo, dhiig ama dufan. Rinjiga cad oo laga soo qaatay dambas ama dhoobo, iyo dhexdhexaadkan ayaa si xun u ilaaliya marka la barbar dhigo rinjiga cas ee dhex gala dhagaxa. Farshaxanka Bushman wuxuu muujinayaa noocyo kala duwan oo antelope ah, gaar ahaan, hartebeest iyo kudu. Xoolaha mararka qaarkood waa dhab ahaan la sawiray iyo munaasabado kale makhluuqa la matalay waa isku-dhafka male-awaalka ah ee sifooyinka hartebeest ama kudu oo leh sifooyinka aadanaha. Tani waa sababta oo ah farshaxanka Bushman waa muujinta diimeed iyo farshaxanku wuxuu isku dayayay inuu gudbiyo aaminaad ku saabsan adduunka ruuxiga ah, iyo khibradaha inta lagu jiro xaaladaha beddelay ee miyir-qabka ee ay sameeyeen 'bogsiiyayaal' bulshada dhexdeeda ah. Tirooyinka aadanaha ee dhererka leh ee farshaxanka ayaa, tusaale ahaan, loogu talagalay inay sharxaan dareenka fidsan ee bogsiiyuhu uu la kulmi karo inta uu ku jiro trance. [[File:"Lapalala hartebeest" at Lapalala Wilderness in South Africa. Photo credit- Lyne Wadley.jpg|alt="Lapalala hartebeest" ee Lapalala Wilderness ee Koonfur Afrika|thumb|"Lapalala hartebeest" ee Lapalala Wilderness ee Koonfur Afrika]] Kooxda labaad ee dadka ku nool Lapalala waxay ka koobnaayeen beeralayda Bantu-ku-hadla, Iron Age kuwaas oo degay dooxooyinka halkaas oo dolerite ay siisay ciid bacrin ah oo loogu talagalay dalagyadooda sorghum iyo millet, iyo halkaas oo ay ku filnaayeen daaq iyo biyo lo'da, idaha iyo riyaha. Dadkan waxay dhisteen tuulooyin ku meel gaar ah oo laga bilaabo qiyaastii qarnigii 17-aad, kraals dhagax ah waxay noqdeen astaamo muuqda oo ku yaal Lapalala. Beeralayda Iron Age waxay lahaayeen dhaqamo bilow ah oo faahfaahsan oo loogu talagalay wiilasha qaan-gaarnimada iyo kooxo wiilal ah ayaa lagu go'doomiyay meelo fogfog, sida hoyga dhagaxa, ilaa bil. Muddadan waxay noqon lahaayeen kuwo lagu gudo-guday oo la baray aaminaad dhaqameed. Kuwaas dhexdooda, waxay baran lahaayeen xayawaannada matalaya guutooyin gaar ah. Wiilashu waxay markaa ku rinjiyeen xayawaannadan wajiyada dhagaxa. Waxay isticmaaleen farahooda oo lagu dhex geliyay dhoobo cad, sidaas darteed sawirradoodu waa kaliya qiyaasta xayawaannada iyo inta badan noocyada lama aqoonsan karo. Farshaxankan 'beeralayda' ayaa si xun u ilaaliya. Dadku waxay ku noolaayeen Lapalala xilligii Dhexe ee Dhagaxa sababtoo ah qalabka dhagaxa ee ka horreeyay 30,000 oo sano ka hor ayaa laga heli karaa hoyga dhowr ah. Intaas ka dib waxay u muuqataa in ay jirtay farqi dheer oo ku saabsan shaqada iyo hadda ma jirto caddayn in dadku ay ku soo noqdeen Lapalala ka hor qiyaastii 1000 sano ka hor. == Waterberg Massif == Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah koorsada Webiga Palala waxay dhex martaa [[Waterberg Biosphere]], oo ah [[massif]] oo qiyaastii 15,000 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. Waterberg waa gobolkii ugu horreeyay ee waqooyiga Koonfur Afrika ee loo magacaabo [[Biosphere Reserve|Kaydka Biosphere]] ee ay samaysay [[UNESCO]]. Qaab-dhismeedka dhagaxa ballaaran waxaa qaabeeyey boqollaal milyan oo sannadood oo [[erosion|nabaad-guur]] webiga ah si loo soo saaro [[landform|qaab-dhismeedka]] bluff iyo [[butte]].<ref name="Hogan">C.Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, ''The Waterberg Biosphere'', Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006.</ref> Nidaamka deegaanka waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa [[dry deciduous forest|kayn qallalan]] ama [[Bushveld]]. Waterberg gudaheeda waxaa ku yaal helitaan [[archaeological|qadiimi ah]] oo taariikhaysan ilaa [[Stone Age|Xilligii Dhagaxa]], oo u dhowna waxaa ku yaal helitaan hore oo [[evolutionary|horumarineed]] oo la xidhiidha asalka [[human|aadanaha]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Isha == *Van der Ryst, M.M. (1998). ''The Waterberg Plateau in the Northern Province, Republic of South Africa, in the Later Stone Age''. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 43. BAR International Series 715. Oxford: BAR Publishing. *Wadley, L. *Wadley, R. (2020). ''Waterberg Echoes'', Protea Boekhuis; First Edition (April 7, 2020), {{ISBN|978-1485309352}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Lephalala River}} *[http://etd.uj.ac.za/theses/available/etd-07052005-113515/restricted/Chapter3.pdf Daraasado ku saabsan tayada biyaha Webiga Palala iyo noolaha: xulashada goobta]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} iv7o0jfu59zioe3qsxw6m90328wqlya 0 48550 300727 2026-07-03T14:27:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Limpopo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Vhembe | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Limpopo.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Limpopo oo ku yaal [[Mozambique]] | map = Limpopo River basin map.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Koorsada iyo biya-mareenka Webiga Limpopo | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1,750|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Xai-Xai]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|313.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Limpopo">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=48&catid=197&Itemid=179|title=Limpopo|access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] iyo [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] | source_confluence_location = Xadka Botswana/Koonfur Afrika | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|-24.1913|26.8708|format=dms|type:river|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|872|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Gaza Province]], Mozambique | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|12|22|S|33|30|40|E|format=dms|type:river_region:MZ|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Limpopo | basin_size = {{convert|415,000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Notwane River|Notwane]], [[Bonwapitse River|Bonwapitse]], Mahalapswe, [[Lotsane River|Lotsane]], [[Motloutse River|Motloutse]], [[Shashe River|Shashe]], [[Umzingwani River|Umzingwani]], [[Bubi River|Bubi]], [[Mwenezi River|Mwenezi]], [[Changane River|Changane]] | tributaries_right = [[Marico River|Marico]], [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Crocodile]], [[Matlabas River|Matlabas]], [[Mokolo River|Mikolo]], [[Palala River|Palala]], [[Mogalakwena River|Mogalakwena]], Kolope, [[Sand River (Limpopo)|Sand]], [[Nwanedi River|Nwanedi]], [[Luvuvhu River|Luvuvhu]], [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Olifants]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Limpopo''' ({{IPAc-en|l|I|m|'|p|ou|p|ou}}) wuxuu ka unkamaa [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]<ref name="EBLimpopo">{{citation |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Limpopo River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Limpopo-River |access-date=2018-04-29 }}</ref> wuxuuna u qulqulaa guud ahaan bari dhinaca [[Mozambique]] ilaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{cvt|1,750|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wuxuuna leeyahay [[drainage basin|biya-ururin]] cabbirkeedu yahay {{cvt|415,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Celceliska [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqulka]] la cabbiray muddo sannad ah waa {{cvt|170|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|313|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} afka webiga.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nakayama |first= Mikiyasu |title= International Waters in Southern Africa |year=2003 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref><ref name="Limpopo"/> Limpopo waa webigii labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika ee u qulqula Badweynta Hindiya, ka dib [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhu |first1=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |website=Researchgate.net |access-date=2021-09-20}}</ref> Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee arkay webiga wuxuu ahaa [[Vasco da Gama]], kaas oo ku soo xirtay afkiisa 1498 wuxuuna u bixiyay {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} ({{lit|Webiga [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]]}}). Qaybta hoose waxaa sahamiyay [[St Vincent Whitshed Erskine]] sannadihii 1868–69, Kabtan J F Elton wuxuu u safray qaybta dhexe 1870. Webiga waxaa loogu yeeraa [[Vhembe]] bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee [[Venda (Bantustan)|Venda]] ee aagga halkaas oo magacaas hadda ay qaateen [[South African government|Dowladda Koonfur Afrika]] sida [[District Municipality|Degmadooda Degmada]] ee waqooyiga. Aagga biya-mareenka ee Limpopo wuxuu hoos u dhacay waqti [[deep time|juquraafi]] ah. Ilaa waqtiyadii [[Piacenzian|Pliocene-kii dambe]] ama [[Pleistocene]], qaybta sare ee Webiga Zambezi waxay u qulquli jirtay Webiga Limpopo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goudie |first1=A.S.|author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4|pages=437–456 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> Isbeddelka [[drainage divide|qaybinta biya-mareenka]] waa natiijada [[epeirogenic movement|dhaqdhaqaaqa epeirogenic]] kaas oo kor u qaaday dusha sare waqooyiga Webiga Limpopo ee hadda, isagoo u weecinaya biyaha Webiga Zambezi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376 }}</ref> == Marinka == {{Location map |Mozambique |label=Webiga Limpopo |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=25|lat_min=10 |lon_deg=33|lon_min=35 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta afka Webiga Limpopo }} Webigu wuxuu ku qulqulaa qaanso weyn, marka hore wuxuu zigzag ku socdaa waqooyi ka dibna waqooyi-bari, ka dibna u leexda bari iyo ugu dambeyntii koonfur-bari. Waxay u adeegtaa xad qiyaastii {{convert|640|km|mi|0}}, iyadoo kala soocaysa Koonfur Afrika xagga koonfur-bari Botswana xagga waqooyi-galbeed iyo Zimbabwe xagga waqooyi. Isgoyska [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] iyo [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]], magaca wuxuu noqdaa Webiga Limpopo. Waxaa jira dhowr [[rapids|durdur-xoog leh]] marka webigu ka dhaco [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]] gudaha [[escarpment|dallacada]]. [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] waa [[tributary|laan]] weyn oo Limpopo ah, kaas oo ka unkama geeska [[Kalahari Desert|Saxaraha Kalahari]] ee Botswana wuxuuna u qulqulaa jihada waqooyi-bari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> Laanta ugu weyn ee Limpopo, [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] (Webiga Maroodiga), wuxuu gacan ka geystaa qiyaastii 1,233 milyan m³ oo biyo ah sannadkii.<ref name=Boroto>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Laamaha kale ee waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]], [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]], Webiga Crocodile, [[Mwenezi River|Webiga Mwenezi]] iyo [[Levubu River|Webiga Luvuvhu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Geeska waqooyi-bari ee Koonfur Afrika webigu wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]. Magaalada dekedda ah ee [[Xai-Xai]], Mozambique, waxay ku taal webiga u dhow [[River mouth|afka]]. Hoos ka Olifants, webigu waa [[Navigability|la mari karo]] ilaa badda, inkasta oo [[Shoal|xeebta ciidda]] ay ka hortagto marin u helka maraakiibta waaweyn marka laga reebo hirarka sare. == Laamaha == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Dhanka bidix ! Dhanka midig |- | *[[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] *[[Bonwapitse River|Webiga Bonwapitse]] *Webiga Mahalapswe *[[Lotsane River|Webiga Lotsane]] *[[Motloutse River|Webiga Motloutse]] *[[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]] *[[Umzingwani River|Webiga Umzingwani]] *[[Bubi River|Webiga Bubi]] *[[Mwenezi River|Webiga Mwenezi]] *[[Changane River|Webiga Changane]] | *[[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] *[[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] *[[Matlabas River|Webiga Matlabas]] *[[Mokolo River|Webiga Mokolo]] *[[Palala River|Webiga Palala]] *[[Mogalakwena River|Webiga Mogalakwena]] *Webiga Kolope *[[Sand River (Limpopo)|Webiga Sand]] *[[Nwanedi River|Webiga Nwanedi]] *[[Luvuvhu River|Webiga Luvuvhu]] *[[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] |} == Astaamaha dooxada == [[File:GreasyLimpopo.jpg|thumb|right|Calaamad ku taal goobta laga daawado Webiga Limpopo ee Beerta Qaranka ee Mapungubwe, Koonfur Afrika, oo ka kooban oraah ka timid Rudyard Kipling]] Biyaha Limpopo waxay u qulqulaan si gaabis ah, iyadoo ay ku jiraan xaddi badan oo dhoobo ah. Astaanta [[Rudyard Kipling|Rudyard Kipling]] ee webiga sida "Webiga Limpopo ee weyn ee cawlan-cagaaran, dufanka leh, dhammaantoodna lagu dejiyay [[Vachellia xanthophloea|geedaha qandhada]]", halkaas oo "[[Southern African rock python|Bi-Coloured Python Rock-Snake]]" ay deggan tahay<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_elephantschild1.htm |title=The Elephant's Child, Rudyard Kipling |access-date=6 September 2018 }}</ref> ee ''[[Just So Stories]]'' waa mid ku habboon. Roobabku waa xilliyeed iyo kuwo aan la isku halayn karin: sannadaha abaaraha, qaybaha sare ee webiga waxay qulqulaan 40 maalmood ama ka yar. Qaybta sare ee biya-mareenka, ee Saxaraha Kalahari, waa mid cidlo ah laakiin xaaladuhu waxay noqdaan kuwo aan cidlo ahayn marka la sii socdo webiga. Qaybaha xiga waxay ka biya-mareenaan [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg Massif]], oo ah [[biome|nidaam deegaan]] oo kayn ah oo kala bar-qallalan iyo dad aan badnayn.<ref name="Hogan">C. Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, ''The Waterberg Biosphere'', Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006.</ref> Bannaanka bacriminta ah ayaa taageera dad aad u cufan, iyo qiyaastii 14 milyan oo qof ayaa ku nool dooxada Limpopo. [[Flood|Fatahaadda]] inta lagu jiro [[Wet season|xilliga roobka]] waa dhibaato mararka qaarkood ka dhacda qaybaha hoose. Bishii Febraayo 2000 roobabkii culusaa intii lagu jiray marinka [[cyclone|duufaanta]] waxay keentay [[2000 Mozambique flood|fatahaaddii masiibada ahayd ee Mozambique]] ee 2000. Ururinta ugu sarreysa ee [[hippopotamus|jeer]] ee Webiga Limpopo waxaa laga helaa inta u dhexeysa Webiyada Mokolo iyo Mogalakwena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf |title=State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River |access-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Waxaa jira wax badan oo hawlo macdan qodis ah oo ku yaal dooxada Webiga Limpopo iyadoo ay jiraan qiyaastii 1,900 oo macdan qoditaan oo shaqeeya, iyada oo aan lagu tirin qiyaastii 1,700 oo macdan qoditaan oo laga tagay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.org/en/management/water+demand/mining+and+industry/in+the+basin.aspx?print=1 |title=Mines in the Limpopo River basin |website=limpoporak.org |access-date=5 April 2018 }}</ref> == Taariikh == [[Vasco da Gama]], safarkiisi ugu horreeyay, waxa laga yaabaa inuu ka mid ahaa dadkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee arkay webiga, markii uu ku soo xirtay afkiisa 1498. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray dad deggan gobolka tan iyo waqti aan xusuus lahayn—goobaha ku yaal Dooxada Makapans ee u dhow [[Mokopane]] waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Australopithecus]] fossils laga soo bilaabo 3.5 milyan oo sano ka hor. [[St Vincent Whitshed Erskine]], oo markii dambe ahaa sahmiye guud ee Koonfur Afrika, wuxuu u safray afka webiga sannadihii 1868–69.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Erskine|first=Vincent W.|date=1869|title=Journey of Exploration to the Mouth of the River Limpopo|jstor=1798552|journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=39|pages=233–276|doi=10.2307/1798552}}</ref> A [[Bull shark|Shark-ga Zambezi]] ayaa lagu qabtay boqollaal kiiloomitir oo kor u maraya isgoyska Webiyada Limpopo iyo Luvuvhu bishii Luulyo 1950. Shark-ga Zambezi wuxuu u dulqaataa biyaha macaan wuxuuna u safri karaa meel fog oo Limpopo ah.<ref>Pienaar, U. de V., ''The Freshwater Fishes of the [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]'', Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)</ref> Sannadkii 2013, qiyaastii 15,000 [[Nile crocodile|yaxaasyada Nile]] ayaa si shil ah loogu sii daayay webiga laga bilaabo albaabada fatahaadda ee Beerta Yaxaaska ee Rakwena ee u dhow.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=25 January 2013 |title=South Africa police join hunt for 10,000 escaped crocodiles |website=reuters.com |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-crocodiles-idUSBRE90N0OT20130125 |access-date=5 April 2018 }}</ref> == Sawirro == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crook's corner.jpg|Webiga sida uu uga muuqdo Crook's Corner ee [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Si toos ah webiga dhinaca kale waa [[Mozambique]]. Webiga dhinaca kale waa [[Zimbabwe]]. File:Limpopo - Over the river we go 5.jpg|Ka gudbitaanka Limpopo ee Mozambique </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-implications-water-resources-limpopo-river-basin Saamaynta isbeddelka cimilada ee ilaha biyaha ee Dooxada Webiga Limpopo], daraasad ay samaysay [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/green-and-blue-water-accounting-limpopo-and-nile-basins Xisaabinta biyaha cagaaran iyo buluugga ah ee Dooxada Limpopo iyo Nile], daraasad ay samaysay [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/froc.asp FROC - Joogtaynta tixraaca ee dhacdooyinka noocyada kalluunka ee Koonfur Afrika] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/bolstering-sustainable-groundwater-development-in-the-limpopo-basin |title=Kobcinta horumarinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee joogtada ah ee Dooxada Limpopo |work=IW:Learn |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}} lqclbf1k9kt4f0qoqdlvjh2y1yn2byc 300838 300727 2026-07-04T09:54:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Limpopo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Vhembe | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Limpopo.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Limpopo oo ku yaal [[Mozambique]] | map = Limpopo River basin map.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Koorsada iyo biya-mareenka Webiga Limpopo | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1,750|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Xai-Xai]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|313.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Limpopo">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=48&catid=197&Itemid=179|title=Limpopo|access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] iyo [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] | source_confluence_location = Xadka Botswana/Koonfur Afrika | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|-24.1913|26.8708|format=dms|type:river|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|872|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Gaza Province]], Mozambique | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|12|22|S|33|30|40|E|format=dms|type:river_region:MZ|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Limpopo | basin_size = {{convert|415,000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Notwane River|Notwane]], [[Bonwapitse River|Bonwapitse]], Mahalapswe, [[Lotsane River|Lotsane]], [[Motloutse River|Motloutse]], [[Shashe River|Shashe]], [[Umzingwani River|Umzingwani]], [[Bubi River|Bubi]], [[Mwenezi River|Mwenezi]], [[Changane River|Changane]] | tributaries_right = [[Marico River|Marico]], [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Crocodile]], [[Matlabas River|Matlabas]], [[Mokolo River|Mikolo]], [[Palala River|Palala]], [[Mogalakwena River|Mogalakwena]], Kolope, [[Sand River (Limpopo)|Sand]], [[Nwanedi River|Nwanedi]], [[Luvuvhu River|Luvuvhu]], [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Olifants]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Limpopo''' ({{IPAc-en|l|I|m|'|p|ou|p|ou}}) wuxuu ka unkamaa [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]<ref name="EBLimpopo">{{citation |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Limpopo River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Limpopo-River |access-date=2018-04-29 }}</ref> wuxuuna u qulqulaa guud ahaan bari dhinaca [[Mozambique]] ilaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{cvt|1,750|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wuxuuna leeyahay [[drainage basin|biya-ururin]] cabbirkeedu yahay {{cvt|415,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Celceliska [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqulka]] la cabbiray muddo sannad ah waa {{cvt|170|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|313|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} afka webiga.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nakayama |first= Mikiyasu |title= International Waters in Southern Africa |year=2003 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}</ref><ref name="Limpopo"/> Limpopo waa webigii labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika ee u qulqula Badweynta Hindiya, ka dib [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhu |first1=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |website=Researchgate.net |access-date=2021-09-20}}</ref> Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee arkay webiga wuxuu ahaa [[Vasco da Gama]], kaas oo ku soo xirtay afkiisa 1498 wuxuuna u bixiyay {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} ({{lit|Webiga [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]]}}). Qaybta hoose waxaa sahamiyay [[St Vincent Whitshed Erskine]] sannadihii 1868–69, Kabtan J F Elton wuxuu u safray qaybta dhexe 1870. Webiga waxaa loogu yeeraa [[Vhembe]] bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee [[Venda (Bantustan)|Venda]] ee aagga halkaas oo magacaas hadda ay qaateen [[South African government|Dowladda Koonfur Afrika]] sida [[District Municipality|Degmadooda Degmada]] ee waqooyiga. Aagga biya-mareenka ee Limpopo wuxuu hoos u dhacay waqti [[deep time|juquraafi]] ah. Ilaa waqtiyadii [[Piacenzian|Pliocene-kii dambe]] ama [[Pleistocene]], qaybta sare ee Webiga Zambezi waxay u qulquli jirtay Webiga Limpopo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goudie |first1=A.S.|author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4|pages=437–456 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> Isbeddelka [[drainage divide|qaybinta biya-mareenka]] waa natiijada [[epeirogenic movement|dhaqdhaqaaqa epeirogenic]] kaas oo kor u qaaday dusha sare waqooyiga Webiga Limpopo ee hadda, isagoo u weecinaya biyaha Webiga Zambezi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376 }}</ref> == Marinka == {{Location map |Mozambique |label=Webiga Limpopo |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=25|lat_min=10 |lon_deg=33|lon_min=35 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta afka Webiga Limpopo }} Webigu wuxuu ku qulqulaa qaanso weyn, marka hore wuxuu zigzag ku socdaa waqooyi ka dibna waqooyi-bari, ka dibna u leexda bari iyo ugu dambeyntii koonfur-bari. Waxay u adeegtaa xad qiyaastii {{convert|640|km|mi|0}}, iyadoo kala soocaysa Koonfur Afrika xagga koonfur-bari Botswana xagga waqooyi-galbeed iyo Zimbabwe xagga waqooyi. Isgoyska [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] iyo [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]], magaca wuxuu noqdaa Webiga Limpopo. Waxaa jira dhowr [[rapids|durdur-xoog leh]] marka webigu ka dhaco [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]] gudaha [[escarpment|dallacada]]. [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] waa [[tributary|laan]] weyn oo Limpopo ah, kaas oo ka unkama geeska [[Kalahari Desert|Saxaraha Kalahari]] ee Botswana wuxuuna u qulqulaa jihada waqooyi-bari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> Laanta ugu weyn ee Limpopo, [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] (Webiga Maroodiga), wuxuu gacan ka geystaa qiyaastii 1,233 milyan m³ oo biyo ah sannadkii.<ref name=Boroto>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Laamaha kale ee waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]], [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]], Webiga Crocodile, [[Mwenezi River|Webiga Mwenezi]] iyo [[Levubu River|Webiga Luvuvhu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Geeska waqooyi-bari ee Koonfur Afrika webigu wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]. Magaalada dekedda ah ee [[Xai-Xai]], Mozambique, waxay ku taal webiga u dhow [[River mouth|afka]]. Hoos ka Olifants, webigu waa [[Navigability|la mari karo]] ilaa badda, inkasta oo [[Shoal|xeebta ciidda]] ay ka hortagto marin u helka maraakiibta waaweyn marka laga reebo hirarka sare. == Laamaha == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Dhanka bidix ! Dhanka midig |- | *[[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] *[[Bonwapitse River|Webiga Bonwapitse]] *Webiga Mahalapswe *[[Lotsane River|Webiga Lotsane]] *[[Motloutse River|Webiga Motloutse]] *[[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]] *[[Umzingwani River|Webiga Umzingwani]] *[[Bubi River|Webiga Bubi]] *[[Mwenezi River|Webiga Mwenezi]] *[[Changane River|Webiga Changane]] | *[[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] *[[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] *[[Matlabas River|Webiga Matlabas]] *[[Mokolo River|Webiga Mokolo]] *[[Palala River|Webiga Palala]] *[[Mogalakwena River|Webiga Mogalakwena]] *Webiga Kolope *[[Sand River (Limpopo)|Webiga Sand]] *[[Nwanedi River|Webiga Nwanedi]] *[[Luvuvhu River|Webiga Luvuvhu]] *[[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] |} == Astaamaha dooxada == [[File:GreasyLimpopo.jpg|thumb|right|Calaamad ku taal goobta laga daawado Webiga Limpopo ee Beerta Qaranka ee Mapungubwe, Koonfur Afrika, oo ka kooban oraah ka timid Rudyard Kipling]] Biyaha Limpopo waxay u qulqulaan si gaabis ah, iyadoo ay ku jiraan xaddi badan oo dhoobo ah. Astaanta [[Rudyard Kipling|Rudyard Kipling]] ee webiga sida "Webiga Limpopo ee weyn ee cawlan-cagaaran, dufanka leh, dhammaantoodna lagu dejiyay [[Vachellia xanthophloea|geedaha qandhada]]", halkaas oo "[[Southern African rock python|Bi-Coloured Python Rock-Snake]]" ay deggan tahay<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_elephantschild1.htm |title=The Elephant's Child, Rudyard Kipling |access-date=6 September 2018 }}</ref> ee ''[[Just So Stories]]'' waa mid ku habboon. Roobabku waa xilliyeed iyo kuwo aan la isku halayn karin: sannadaha abaaraha, qaybaha sare ee webiga waxay qulqulaan 40 maalmood ama ka yar. Qaybta sare ee biya-mareenka, ee Saxaraha Kalahari, waa mid cidlo ah laakiin xaaladuhu waxay noqdaan kuwo aan cidlo ahayn marka la sii socdo webiga. Qaybaha xiga waxay ka biya-mareenaan [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg Massif]], oo ah [[biome|nidaam deegaan]] oo kayn ah oo kala bar-qallalan iyo dad aan badnayn.<ref name="Hogan">C. Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, ''The Waterberg Biosphere'', Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006.</ref> Bannaanka bacriminta ah ayaa taageera dad aad u cufan, iyo qiyaastii 14 milyan oo qof ayaa ku nool dooxada Limpopo. [[Flood|Fatahaadda]] inta lagu jiro [[Wet season|xilliga roobka]] waa dhibaato mararka qaarkood ka dhacda qaybaha hoose. Bishii Febraayo 2000 roobabkii culusaa intii lagu jiray marinka [[cyclone|duufaanta]] waxay keentay [[2000 Mozambique flood|fatahaaddii masiibada ahayd ee Mozambique]] ee 2000. Ururinta ugu sarreysa ee [[hippopotamus|jeer]] ee Webiga Limpopo waxaa laga helaa inta u dhexeysa Webiyada Mokolo iyo Mogalakwena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf |title=State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River |access-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Waxaa jira wax badan oo hawlo macdan qodis ah oo ku yaal dooxada Webiga Limpopo iyadoo ay jiraan qiyaastii 1,900 oo macdan qoditaan oo shaqeeya, iyada oo aan lagu tirin qiyaastii 1,700 oo macdan qoditaan oo laga tagay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.org/en/management/water+demand/mining+and+industry/in+the+basin.aspx?print=1 |title=Mines in the Limpopo River basin |website=limpoporak.org |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064223/http://www.limpoporak.org/en/management/water+demand/mining+and+industry/in+the+basin.aspx?print=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Taariikh == [[Vasco da Gama]], safarkiisi ugu horreeyay, waxa laga yaabaa inuu ka mid ahaa dadkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee arkay webiga, markii uu ku soo xirtay afkiisa 1498. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray dad deggan gobolka tan iyo waqti aan xusuus lahayn—goobaha ku yaal Dooxada Makapans ee u dhow [[Mokopane]] waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Australopithecus]] fossils laga soo bilaabo 3.5 milyan oo sano ka hor. [[St Vincent Whitshed Erskine]], oo markii dambe ahaa sahmiye guud ee Koonfur Afrika, wuxuu u safray afka webiga sannadihii 1868–69.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Erskine|first=Vincent W.|date=1869|title=Journey of Exploration to the Mouth of the River Limpopo|jstor=1798552|journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=39|pages=233–276|doi=10.2307/1798552}}</ref> A [[Bull shark|Shark-ga Zambezi]] ayaa lagu qabtay boqollaal kiiloomitir oo kor u maraya isgoyska Webiyada Limpopo iyo Luvuvhu bishii Luulyo 1950. Shark-ga Zambezi wuxuu u dulqaataa biyaha macaan wuxuuna u safri karaa meel fog oo Limpopo ah.<ref>Pienaar, U. de V., ''The Freshwater Fishes of the [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]'', Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)</ref> Sannadkii 2013, qiyaastii 15,000 [[Nile crocodile|yaxaasyada Nile]] ayaa si shil ah loogu sii daayay webiga laga bilaabo albaabada fatahaadda ee Beerta Yaxaaska ee Rakwena ee u dhow.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=25 January 2013 |title=South Africa police join hunt for 10,000 escaped crocodiles |website=reuters.com |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-crocodiles-idUSBRE90N0OT20130125 |access-date=5 April 2018 }}</ref> == Sawirro == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crook's corner.jpg|Webiga sida uu uga muuqdo Crook's Corner ee [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Si toos ah webiga dhinaca kale waa [[Mozambique]]. Webiga dhinaca kale waa [[Zimbabwe]]. File:Limpopo - Over the river we go 5.jpg|Ka gudbitaanka Limpopo ee Mozambique </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-implications-water-resources-limpopo-river-basin Saamaynta isbeddelka cimilada ee ilaha biyaha ee Dooxada Webiga Limpopo], daraasad ay samaysay [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/green-and-blue-water-accounting-limpopo-and-nile-basins Xisaabinta biyaha cagaaran iyo buluugga ah ee Dooxada Limpopo iyo Nile], daraasad ay samaysay [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/froc.asp FROC - Joogtaynta tixraaca ee dhacdooyinka noocyada kalluunka ee Koonfur Afrika] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/bolstering-sustainable-groundwater-development-in-the-limpopo-basin |title=Kobcinta horumarinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee joogtada ah ee Dooxada Limpopo |work=IW:Learn |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}} 3qwgrxumzxj18lexzcifg69mq5pfxhu 0 48551 300730 2026-07-03T14:30:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mhlathuze | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta afka Webiga Mhlathuze <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Babanango]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1519|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Maputo River|Webiga Maputo]] | mouth_location = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|28|48|S|32|3|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|4209|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} __NOTOC__ '''Webiga Mhlathuze''' ({{langx|af|Mhlathuzerivier}}) waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ku yaal [[KwaZulu-Natal]], aagga uu biyaha ka ururiyo wuxuu leeyahay dusha sare oo ah 4,209&nbsp;km². Wuxuu ka unkamaa galbeedka buuraha [[Babanango]] joog ah 1,519 m wuxuuna u qulqulaa in ka badan 100&nbsp;km bari ilaa badda isagoo samaynaya [[estuary|af-webi]].<ref>[http://nest.su.se/mnode/africa/S_Africa/Mhlathuze/mhlathuze__river_estuary_budgets.htm Af-webiga Mhlathuze, KwaZulu-Natal, Koonfur Afrika]</ref> Dekedda biyaha qoto dheer ee [[Richards Bay]] waxay ku taal afka Webiga Mhlathuze iyo dhammaan horumarinta warshadaha waxay diiradda saaraan gudaha dhismaha Empangeni / Richards Bay. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://uzspace.uzulu.ac.za/handle/10530/54 Qiimaynta mikrobiyoloji ee Webiga Mhlathuze ee KwaZulu-Natal] *[http://www.mhlathuze.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5:mhlathuze-weir&catid=11:operations&Itemid=6 Mhlathuze Weir] {{Authority control}} dbugas5mm574k0kqhqx6cv0cq7stbve 0 48552 300733 2026-07-03T14:32:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga uMkhomazi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Umkomazi, Mkhomazi, Umkomaas | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay 'meesha nibiriyada dheddig' ee [[Luqadda Zulu|luqadda Zulu]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Qaamuuska Magacyada Goobaha Koonfur Afrika]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = Umkomaas valley.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Webiga uMkhomazi | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta afka Webiga uMkhomazi <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobolka | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Agagaarka [[Thabana Ntlenyana]] | source1_location = [[Drakensberg]], [[Lesotho]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Umkomaas|eMkhomazi]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|30|12|1|S|30|48|4|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Umkomaas Town by Air.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Afka Webiga uMkhomazi]] '''Webiga uMkhomazi''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Goobaha Dalxiiska ee Koonfur Afrika|first=Malcolm |last=Meintjes|publisher=Struik|year= 2005|isbn=1868729761}}</ref> ==Koorsada== Wuxuu ka unkamaa qaar ka mid ah jiirarka ugu sarreeya ee dhanka bari u jeeda ee buuraha [[Drakensberg]], agagaarka [[Thabana Ntlenyana]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari dhinaca [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], kaas oo uu kaga darsamo [[estuary|af-webi]] la mari karo oo ku yaal [[Umkomaas]] (eMkhomazi), qiyaastii 50&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ee [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |title=Gobolka Mkomazi |access-date=7 April 2012 }}</ref> Laamihiisa waaweyn waa [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] iyo [[Xobho River|Xobho]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> Magaalooyinka ku yaal [[drainage basin|aagga biyaha]] ee uMkhomazi waxaa ka mid ah [[Bulwer, South Africa|Bulwer]], [[Impendle]], [[Ixopo]], [[Craigieburn, KwaZulu-Natal|Craigieburn]] iyo [[Boston, KwaZulu-Natal|Boston]]. Waqtigan xaadirka ah biyo-xireenka kaliya ee ku yaal aaggiisa waa [[Ixopo Dam|Biyo-xireenka Ixopo]], laakiin biyo-xireenno kale ayaa la qorsheeyay.<ref>[http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf Gobolka Mkomazi]</ref> uMkhomazi wuxuu qayb ka yahay [[Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area|Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Mvoti ilaa Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Ma jirtaa door loo hayo nidaamyada maamulka dhaqanka ee nidaamka cusub ee maamulka biyaha ee Koonfur Afrika?]</ref> ==Deegaanka== [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Kaynta Gobolka Mkhomazi]] iyo [[Mkhomazi Wilderness Area|Aagga Duurjoogta Mkhomazi]] waa [[protected area|aagag la ilaaliyo]] oo ku yaal qaybta sare ee Webiga Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Aagga Duurjoogta Mkhomazi]</ref> Kalluunka [[scaly yellowfish]] ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' waa kalluun laga helo nidaamka Webiga uMkhomazi iyo sidoo kale [[Umgeni River|Umgeni]], [[Umzimkulu River|Umzimkulu]], [[Tugela River|Tukhela]] iyo [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. Waa nooc caadi ah oo [[Endemism|u dhashay]] Gobolka KwaZulu-Natal wuxuuna ku nool yahay deegaanno kala duwan oo u dhexeeya buuraha Drakensberg iyo dhulalka hoose ee xeebta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Warbixinta Farsamo ee Xaaladda Kalluunka Yellowfishes ee Koonfur Afrika 2007 |access-date=2012-04-07 }}</ref> ==Hawlaha webiga== Tartanka sannadlaha ah ee labada maalmood ah ee doonyaha (kayak) ayaa lagu qabtaa webiga. "The Umko" waa tartankii labaad ee ugu da'da weyn webiga waana kan kaliya ee aan ku bilaaban ama ku dhammaan magaalo. Markii ugu horreysay ee la qabto 1966 tartanka wuxuu ahaa saddex maalmood. Masaafada guud waxay u dhaxaysay 145&nbsp;km ilaa dhererka hadda ee 68&nbsp;km. Waxaa loo yaqaanaa tartanka biyaha ugu qallafsan ee lagu dhex maro doonyaha xawaaraha sare ee ka dhigaya in la gorgortamo qeybaha 1 - 4 ee durdurrada ay adag tahay, waxay sidoo kale lahayd qaybaha maalinlaha ah ee ugu dheer markii masaafadu ahayd 130&nbsp;km laba maalmood gudahood. Tartanka waxaa lagu qabtaa dooxo fog oo qallafsan taas oo ka dhigaysa helitaanka mid adag iyo socodka dibadda caqabad haddii qof uu jebiyo doon aan la hagaajin karin. Sheekooyinka dadka doonyaha wata ee habeen ku qaata dooxada ka hor intaanay awoodin inay dibadda u lugeeyaan maalintii xigtay ayaa si joogto ah u galay saxaafadda qaranka iyo raadiyaha qaranka. Tartankan biyaha duurjoogta ah ee heer sare ah waxaa soo qabanqaabiya Kingfisher Canoe Club ee Durban wuxuuna soo jiitaa qiyaastii 180 ilaa 300 oo qof sannadkiiba. 2016 wuxuu ahaa sannadkii 50-aad ee dhacdadan waxaana si cajiib ah u ka qaybqaatay markii 50-aad oo xiriir ah guulaystaha tartankii ugu horreeyay, Charles Mason. Mason wuxuu dhammaystiray 49 maaratoon, wuxuuna ku guuldarraystay oo kaliya dhacdadii 1970-kii markii uu jabay 19&nbsp;km gudaha 145&nbsp;km ee tartanka. Tartanku wuxuu lahaa laba goobood oo lagu bilaabo: Josephine's Bridge oo ku taal waddada Richmond-Ixopo, iyo buundada Hella Hella oo ku taal waddada Richmond-Donnybrook. Webiga u dhexeeya Hella Hella iyo Number Eight oo 20&nbsp;km dhanka hoose ah wuxuu leeyahay jiirarka ugu sarreeya (hoos u dhac dhan 7,6m halkii kiiloomitir) wuxuuna ka kooban yahay taxane taxane ah oo ugu adag ee durdurrada. Qaybtan ayaa lagu daray inta badan, laakiin aan dhammaan, tartamada. Tartanku wuxuu lahaa meelo badan oo lagu dhammaystiro sannadihii la soo dhaafay iyadoo ku xiran inta badan cimilada, saadka iyo helitaanka dhulka. Tartanka ayaa socday 50 xagaa oo xiriir ah. Xagaagii 1971/1972 tartanka waxaa loo raray Maarso 1972 taas oo keentay in aanu jirin tartan sanadkii 1971, laakiin ma jiro xagaa la seegay. Horyaalka hadda ee Umko Hank McGregor waa sidoo kale horyaalka adduunka ee Canoe Marathon, isagoo ku guulaystay horyaalnimada adduunka ee 2016 ee Brandenburg, Germany. ==Taariikh== [[file:Umkomaas, crop.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Hirarka u dhow afka Webiga uMkhomazi ee [[Umkomaas|eMkhomazi]], oo loo arko inay tahay xeeb dabaasha oo ammaan ah]] Safaradii ugu horreeyay ee la diiwaangeliyay ee webiga waxay ahayd 1951 markii Ian Player iyo Fred Schmidt ay u dhoofeen buundada Josephine ilaa badda tuulada Umkomaas halkaas oo webigu kaga darsamo Badweynta Hindiya. Player wakhtigaas wuxuu caan ku ahaa inuu ku guulaystay markii ugu horreysay ee Dusi Canoe marathon horaantii sannadkaas wuxuuna markii dambe caan ku noqday ilaalinta duurjoogta, gaar ahaan badbaadinta wiyisha cad ee dabar-goynta. Waxay ku qaadatay toddobo maalmood inay dhammaystiraan masaafada 113&nbsp;km waxaana taageeray dadka deegaanka ee dooxada markii ay ka dhammaadeen saadka. Safarro kale oo kala duwan ayaa la sameeyay kuwaas oo ku dhammaaday safarro 1965 iyo 1966 oo si gaar ah loogu talagalay suurtagalnimada in la qabto tartan, taas oo u baahnayd in la baaro webiga iyo waddooyinka ku teedsan bangiyada laba xero oo habeenkii ah oo la heli karo. Charles Mason wuxuu door muhiim ah ka qaatay hawshaas, isagoo ku guulaystay baaritaanka webiga iyo waddooyinka gelitaanka iyo inuu ku qanciyo dadka awoodda leh inay ansixiyaan tartanka cusub ee jadwalka canoeing ee Koonfur Afrika. Wuxuu ku guulaystay tartankii ugu horreeyay Tank Rogers, isagoo si dhow u garaacay Paul Chalupsky iyo Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|chapter=Muddada Gumeysiga iyo Kacaanka—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|title=Muuqaal Taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Chalupsky wuxuu sii waday inuu ku guulaysto tartanka todobo jeer ilaa 1977. Guulaystayaal kale oo badan waxaa ka mid ah Tony Scott (lix jeer ilaa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sagaal jeer ilaa 2000); Deon Bruss (lix jeer ilaa 2008); Hank McGregor (todobo jeer ilaa 2016). Joogitaanka habeenkii ee xero ku meel gaar ah oo ku taal dooxada fog waxay ahayd qayb qasab ah oo ka mid ah tartanka sannado badan laakiin sannadihii dambe tani way isbeddeshay iyada oo joogsiga habeenkii uu hadda si fudud loo heli karo buundada Hella Hella (hadda bilowga maalinta labaad ee qaab-dhismeedka amar-celinta tan iyo 2009 taas oo si weyn u fududaysay saadka adag ee tartanka iyo rajo ahaan loo hubiyo badbaadadiisa). == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ===Buugaag=== *Men, Rivers and Canoes - Ian Player - Simondium Publishers, 1964 (daabacaad dib loo eegay - Echoing Green Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-9802501-2-1}}) *Book - Umko 50 years - Si gaar ah u daabacay Kingfisher Canoe Club, 2016 *eBook - Joomag - http://www.joomag.com/magazine/50-years-of-umko-1966-2016-1966-2016/0008571001461844472 Si joogto ah loogu soo bandhigay wargeysyada waaweyn ee Natal, The Mercury iyo The Daily News (www.iol.co.za), Durban iyo The Witness (http://thewitness.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/viewer.aspx), Pietermaritzburg http://www.kingfishercc.co.za/ http://www.canoesa.org.za == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/kzn_mkhomazi.htm Kaynta Gobolka Mkhomazi, KwaZulu Natal] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/downloads/WS/P_I/Adhoc/IDP/Ref%20Framework/ec/O.R.Tambo%20DC15/Water%20Resource%20Perspective/OR_ThamboFullDoc.pdf Qaab-dhismeedka Tixraaca Qorshaynta Adeegyada Biyaha - Aragtida Khayraadka Biyaha] {{Authority control}} nev1ttpoti98959zwceltkhfygrzdoh 300859 300733 2026-07-04T10:17:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga uMkhomazi | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Umkomazi, Mkhomazi, Umkomaas | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay 'meesha nibiriyada dheddig' ee [[Luqadda Zulu|luqadda Zulu]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Qaamuuska Magacyada Goobaha Koonfur Afrika]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = Umkomaas valley.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Webiga uMkhomazi | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta afka Webiga uMkhomazi <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobolka | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Agagaarka [[Thabana Ntlenyana]] | source1_location = [[Drakensberg]], [[Lesotho]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Umkomaas|eMkhomazi]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|30|12|1|S|30|48|4|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Umkomaas Town by Air.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Afka Webiga uMkhomazi]] '''Webiga uMkhomazi''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Goobaha Dalxiiska ee Koonfur Afrika|first=Malcolm |last=Meintjes|publisher=Struik|year= 2005|isbn=1868729761}}</ref> ==Koorsada== Wuxuu ka unkamaa qaar ka mid ah jiirarka ugu sarreeya ee dhanka bari u jeeda ee buuraha [[Drakensberg]], agagaarka [[Thabana Ntlenyana]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari dhinaca [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], kaas oo uu kaga darsamo [[estuary|af-webi]] la mari karo oo ku yaal [[Umkomaas]] (eMkhomazi), qiyaastii 50&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ee [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |title=Gobolka Mkomazi |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=2 Bisha Afraad 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laamihiisa waaweyn waa [[Loteni River|Loteni]], [[Nzinga River|Nzinga]], [[Mkomazane River|Mkomazane]], [[Elands River (Umkomazi)|Elands]] iyo [[Xobho River|Xobho]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> Magaalooyinka ku yaal [[drainage basin|aagga biyaha]] ee uMkhomazi waxaa ka mid ah [[Bulwer, South Africa|Bulwer]], [[Impendle]], [[Ixopo]], [[Craigieburn, KwaZulu-Natal|Craigieburn]] iyo [[Boston, KwaZulu-Natal|Boston]]. Waqtigan xaadirka ah biyo-xireenka kaliya ee ku yaal aaggiisa waa [[Ixopo Dam|Biyo-xireenka Ixopo]], laakiin biyo-xireenno kale ayaa la qorsheeyay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobolka Mkomazi |url=http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160833/http://www.umgeni.co.za/projects/infra-structuremasterplans/docs/Vol1/UW_IMP_2011_Vol1_Section4_Part7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> uMkhomazi wuxuu qayb ka yahay [[Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area|Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Mvoti ilaa Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Ma jirtaa door loo hayo nidaamyada maamulka dhaqanka ee nidaamka cusub ee maamulka biyaha ee Koonfur Afrika?]</ref> ==Deegaanka== [[Mkhomazi State Forest|Kaynta Gobolka Mkhomazi]] iyo [[Mkhomazi Wilderness Area|Aagga Duurjoogta Mkhomazi]] waa [[protected area|aagag la ilaaliyo]] oo ku yaal qaybta sare ee Webiga Umkomazi.<ref>[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/kwazulu-natal/activities/other/mkhomazi-wilderness-area Aagga Duurjoogta Mkhomazi]</ref> Kalluunka [[scaly yellowfish]] ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' waa kalluun laga helo nidaamka Webiga uMkhomazi iyo sidoo kale [[Umgeni River|Umgeni]], [[Umzimkulu River|Umzimkulu]], [[Tugela River|Tukhela]] iyo [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. Waa nooc caadi ah oo [[Endemism|u dhashay]] Gobolka KwaZulu-Natal wuxuuna ku nool yahay deegaanno kala duwan oo u dhexeeya buuraha Drakensberg iyo dhulalka hoose ee xeebta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Warbixinta Farsamo ee Xaaladda Kalluunka Yellowfishes ee Koonfur Afrika 2007 |access-date=2012-04-07 |archive-date=2017-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Hawlaha webiga== Tartanka sannadlaha ah ee labada maalmood ah ee doonyaha (kayak) ayaa lagu qabtaa webiga. "The Umko" waa tartankii labaad ee ugu da'da weyn webiga waana kan kaliya ee aan ku bilaaban ama ku dhammaan magaalo. Markii ugu horreysay ee la qabto 1966 tartanka wuxuu ahaa saddex maalmood. Masaafada guud waxay u dhaxaysay 145&nbsp;km ilaa dhererka hadda ee 68&nbsp;km. Waxaa loo yaqaanaa tartanka biyaha ugu qallafsan ee lagu dhex maro doonyaha xawaaraha sare ee ka dhigaya in la gorgortamo qeybaha 1 - 4 ee durdurrada ay adag tahay, waxay sidoo kale lahayd qaybaha maalinlaha ah ee ugu dheer markii masaafadu ahayd 130&nbsp;km laba maalmood gudahood. Tartanka waxaa lagu qabtaa dooxo fog oo qallafsan taas oo ka dhigaysa helitaanka mid adag iyo socodka dibadda caqabad haddii qof uu jebiyo doon aan la hagaajin karin. Sheekooyinka dadka doonyaha wata ee habeen ku qaata dooxada ka hor intaanay awoodin inay dibadda u lugeeyaan maalintii xigtay ayaa si joogto ah u galay saxaafadda qaranka iyo raadiyaha qaranka. Tartankan biyaha duurjoogta ah ee heer sare ah waxaa soo qabanqaabiya Kingfisher Canoe Club ee Durban wuxuuna soo jiitaa qiyaastii 180 ilaa 300 oo qof sannadkiiba. 2016 wuxuu ahaa sannadkii 50-aad ee dhacdadan waxaana si cajiib ah u ka qaybqaatay markii 50-aad oo xiriir ah guulaystaha tartankii ugu horreeyay, Charles Mason. Mason wuxuu dhammaystiray 49 maaratoon, wuxuuna ku guuldarraystay oo kaliya dhacdadii 1970-kii markii uu jabay 19&nbsp;km gudaha 145&nbsp;km ee tartanka. Tartanku wuxuu lahaa laba goobood oo lagu bilaabo: Josephine's Bridge oo ku taal waddada Richmond-Ixopo, iyo buundada Hella Hella oo ku taal waddada Richmond-Donnybrook. Webiga u dhexeeya Hella Hella iyo Number Eight oo 20&nbsp;km dhanka hoose ah wuxuu leeyahay jiirarka ugu sarreeya (hoos u dhac dhan 7,6m halkii kiiloomitir) wuxuuna ka kooban yahay taxane taxane ah oo ugu adag ee durdurrada. Qaybtan ayaa lagu daray inta badan, laakiin aan dhammaan, tartamada. Tartanku wuxuu lahaa meelo badan oo lagu dhammaystiro sannadihii la soo dhaafay iyadoo ku xiran inta badan cimilada, saadka iyo helitaanka dhulka. Tartanka ayaa socday 50 xagaa oo xiriir ah. Xagaagii 1971/1972 tartanka waxaa loo raray Maarso 1972 taas oo keentay in aanu jirin tartan sanadkii 1971, laakiin ma jiro xagaa la seegay. Horyaalka hadda ee Umko Hank McGregor waa sidoo kale horyaalka adduunka ee Canoe Marathon, isagoo ku guulaystay horyaalnimada adduunka ee 2016 ee Brandenburg, Germany. ==Taariikh== [[file:Umkomaas, crop.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Hirarka u dhow afka Webiga uMkhomazi ee [[Umkomaas|eMkhomazi]], oo loo arko inay tahay xeeb dabaasha oo ammaan ah]] Safaradii ugu horreeyay ee la diiwaangeliyay ee webiga waxay ahayd 1951 markii Ian Player iyo Fred Schmidt ay u dhoofeen buundada Josephine ilaa badda tuulada Umkomaas halkaas oo webigu kaga darsamo Badweynta Hindiya. Player wakhtigaas wuxuu caan ku ahaa inuu ku guulaystay markii ugu horreysay ee Dusi Canoe marathon horaantii sannadkaas wuxuuna markii dambe caan ku noqday ilaalinta duurjoogta, gaar ahaan badbaadinta wiyisha cad ee dabar-goynta. Waxay ku qaadatay toddobo maalmood inay dhammaystiraan masaafada 113&nbsp;km waxaana taageeray dadka deegaanka ee dooxada markii ay ka dhammaadeen saadka. Safarro kale oo kala duwan ayaa la sameeyay kuwaas oo ku dhammaaday safarro 1965 iyo 1966 oo si gaar ah loogu talagalay suurtagalnimada in la qabto tartan, taas oo u baahnayd in la baaro webiga iyo waddooyinka ku teedsan bangiyada laba xero oo habeenkii ah oo la heli karo. Charles Mason wuxuu door muhiim ah ka qaatay hawshaas, isagoo ku guulaystay baaritaanka webiga iyo waddooyinka gelitaanka iyo inuu ku qanciyo dadka awoodda leh inay ansixiyaan tartanka cusub ee jadwalka canoeing ee Koonfur Afrika. Wuxuu ku guulaystay tartankii ugu horreeyay Tank Rogers, isagoo si dhow u garaacay Paul Chalupsky iyo Jimmy Potgieter.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mooney|first=James|chapter=Muddada Gumeysiga iyo Kacaanka—1654–1784|date=2017-07-05|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790038-3|title=Muuqaal Taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan Cherokee|pages=19–50|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203790038-3|isbn=978-0-203-79003-8|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Chalupsky wuxuu sii waday inuu ku guulaysto tartanka todobo jeer ilaa 1977. Guulaystayaal kale oo badan waxaa ka mid ah Tony Scott (lix jeer ilaa 1984); Robbie Herreveld (sagaal jeer ilaa 2000); Deon Bruss (lix jeer ilaa 2008); Hank McGregor (todobo jeer ilaa 2016). Joogitaanka habeenkii ee xero ku meel gaar ah oo ku taal dooxada fog waxay ahayd qayb qasab ah oo ka mid ah tartanka sannado badan laakiin sannadihii dambe tani way isbeddeshay iyada oo joogsiga habeenkii uu hadda si fudud loo heli karo buundada Hella Hella (hadda bilowga maalinta labaad ee qaab-dhismeedka amar-celinta tan iyo 2009 taas oo si weyn u fududaysay saadka adag ee tartanka iyo rajo ahaan loo hubiyo badbaadadiisa). == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ===Buugaag=== *Men, Rivers and Canoes - Ian Player - Simondium Publishers, 1964 (daabacaad dib loo eegay - Echoing Green Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-9802501-2-1}}) *Book - Umko 50 years - Si gaar ah u daabacay Kingfisher Canoe Club, 2016 *eBook - Joomag - http://www.joomag.com/magazine/50-years-of-umko-1966-2016-1966-2016/0008571001461844472 Si joogto ah loogu soo bandhigay wargeysyada waaweyn ee Natal, The Mercury iyo The Daily News (www.iol.co.za), Durban iyo The Witness (http://thewitness.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/viewer.aspx), Pietermaritzburg http://www.kingfishercc.co.za/ http://www.canoesa.org.za == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/kzn_mkhomazi.htm Kaynta Gobolka Mkhomazi, KwaZulu Natal] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/downloads/WS/P_I/Adhoc/IDP/Ref%20Framework/ec/O.R.Tambo%20DC15/Water%20Resource%20Perspective/OR_ThamboFullDoc.pdf Qaab-dhismeedka Tixraaca Qorshaynta Adeegyada Biyaha - Aragtida Khayraadka Biyaha] {{Authority control}} n6xzpwafnwa6vjrx0mv5c4tug0pozwe 0 48553 300734 2026-07-03T14:36:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mzimkhulu | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Umzimkhulu, uMzimkhulu, Mzimkhulu | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay 'meel weyn', 'guri weyn', yacni biyaha, oo ku qoran [[Luqadda Xhosa|luqadda Xhosa]] iyo [[Luqadda Zulu|luqadda Zulu]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Qaamuuska Magacyada Goobaha Koonfur Afrika]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Umzimkulu - NatureRiverScene.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Goobta webiga Umzimkulu | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta afka Webiga Umzimkulu <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobolka | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = _ | source1_location = [[Drakensberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = [[Ngwangwane River|Ngwangwane]] / [[Underberg River|Underberg]] | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|30|03|24|S|29|47|26|E|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|943|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Port Shepstone]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|30|44|12|S|30|27|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mzimkhulu''' waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Goobaha Dalxiiska ee Koonfur Afrika|first=Malcolm |last=Meintjes|publisher=Struik|year= 2005|isbn=1-86872-976-1}}</ref> Waqtigii hore, Mzimkhulu wuxuu qayb ka ahaa xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Eastern Cape]] iyo [[KwaZulu-Natal]]. Waqtigan xaadirka ah webigani waa qayb ka mid ah [[Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area|Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Mvoti ilaa Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Ma jirtaa door loo hayo nidaamyada maamulka dhaqanka ee nidaamka cusub ee maamulka biyaha ee Koonfur Afrika?]</ref> Dhamaadkii Febraayo ee sannad kasta, webiga waxaa ka dhaca mid ka mid ah tartammada doonyaha ee ugu caansan Koonfur Afrika, Drak Challenge.<ref>[http://www.drak.co.za Drak Challenge]</ref> ==Koorsada== {{stack|[[File:Mzimkulu River near Underberg.jpg|thumb|Webiga Mzimkulu oo u dhow Underberg]]}} Wuxuu ka unkamaa buuraha [[Drakensberg]] oo dhanka waqooyi ka xiga Rhino Peak, iyadoo isha ay ku taal xadka [[Lesotho]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari dhinaca Badweynta Hindiya, kaas oo uu kaga darsamo [[estuary|af-webi]] ku yaal [[Port Shepstone]]. Laantiisa ugu weyn waa [[Bisi River|Webiga Bisi]] kaas oo ku biira bangigiisa midig qiyaastii badhka koorsadiisa.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> Magaalooyinka ku yaal [[Umzimkhulu|Umzimkhulu]] waxaa ka mid ah [[Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal|Underberg]] iyo [[Umzimkhulu]]. ==Deegaanka== Kalluunka [[scaly yellowfish]] ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' waa kalluun laga helo nidaamka Webiga Umzimkulu iyo sidoo kale [[Umgeni River|Umgeni]], [[Umkomazi River|Umkomazi]], [[Tugela River|Thukela]] iyo [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. Waa nooc caadi ah oo [[Endemism|u dhashay]] Gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]] wuxuuna ku nool yahay deegaanno kala duwan oo u dhexeeya buuraha [[Drakensberg]] iyo dhulalka hoose ee xeebta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Warbixinta Farsamo ee Xaaladda Kalluunka Yellowfishes ee Koonfur Afrika 2007 |access-date=2012-03-29 }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/downloads/WS/P_I/Adhoc/IDP/Ref%20Framework/ec/O.R.Tambo%20DC15/Water%20Resource%20Perspective/OR_ThamboFullDoc.pdf Qaab-dhismeedka Tixraaca Qorshaynta Adeegyada Biyaha – Aragtida Khayraadka Biyaha] 2eg4r8rjxymabjjgk1fzk6wnqpegixk 300860 300734 2026-07-04T10:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mzimkhulu | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Umzimkhulu, uMzimkhulu, Mzimkhulu | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay 'meel weyn', 'guri weyn', yacni biyaha, oo ku qoran [[Luqadda Xhosa|luqadda Xhosa]] iyo [[Luqadda Zulu|luqadda Zulu]]<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Qaamuuska Magacyada Goobaha Koonfur Afrika]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Umzimkulu - NatureRiverScene.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Goobta webiga Umzimkulu | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta afka Webiga Umzimkulu <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobolka | subdivision_name3 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = _ | source1_location = [[Drakensberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = [[Ngwangwane River|Ngwangwane]] / [[Underberg River|Underberg]] | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|30|03|24|S|29|47|26|E|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|943|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Port Shepstone]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|30|44|12|S|30|27|25|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mzimkhulu''' waa webi ku yaal [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Goobaha Dalxiiska ee Koonfur Afrika|first=Malcolm |last=Meintjes|publisher=Struik|year= 2005|isbn=1-86872-976-1}}</ref> Waqtigii hore, Mzimkhulu wuxuu qayb ka ahaa xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Eastern Cape]] iyo [[KwaZulu-Natal]]. Waqtigan xaadirka ah webigani waa qayb ka mid ah [[Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area|Aagga Maamulka Biyaha ee Mvoti ilaa Umzimkulu]].<ref>[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1816-79502009000500018&script=sci_arttext Ma jirtaa door loo hayo nidaamyada maamulka dhaqanka ee nidaamka cusub ee maamulka biyaha ee Koonfur Afrika?]</ref> Dhamaadkii Febraayo ee sannad kasta, webiga waxaa ka dhaca mid ka mid ah tartammada doonyaha ee ugu caansan Koonfur Afrika, Drak Challenge.<ref>[http://www.drak.co.za Drak Challenge]</ref> ==Koorsada== {{stack|[[File:Mzimkulu River near Underberg.jpg|thumb|Webiga Mzimkulu oo u dhow Underberg]]}} Wuxuu ka unkamaa buuraha [[Drakensberg]] oo dhanka waqooyi ka xiga Rhino Peak, iyadoo isha ay ku taal xadka [[Lesotho]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari dhinaca Badweynta Hindiya, kaas oo uu kaga darsamo [[estuary|af-webi]] ku yaal [[Port Shepstone]]. Laantiisa ugu weyn waa [[Bisi River|Webiga Bisi]] kaas oo ku biira bangigiisa midig qiyaastii badhka koorsadiisa.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA11MvotuUmzimkulu.jpg Mvoti to Umzimkulu WMA 11]</ref> Magaalooyinka ku yaal [[Umzimkhulu|Umzimkhulu]] waxaa ka mid ah [[Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal|Underberg]] iyo [[Umzimkhulu]]. ==Deegaanka== Kalluunka [[scaly yellowfish]] ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' waa kalluun laga helo nidaamka Webiga Umzimkulu iyo sidoo kale [[Umgeni River|Umgeni]], [[Umkomazi River|Umkomazi]], [[Tugela River|Thukela]] iyo [[Umfolozi River|Umfolozi]]. Waa nooc caadi ah oo [[Endemism|u dhashay]] Gobolka [[KwaZulu-Natal]] wuxuuna ku nool yahay deegaanno kala duwan oo u dhexeeya buuraha [[Drakensberg]] iyo dhulalka hoose ee xeebta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Warbixinta Farsamo ee Xaaladda Kalluunka Yellowfishes ee Koonfur Afrika 2007 |access-date=2012-03-29 |archive-date=2017-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/downloads/WS/P_I/Adhoc/IDP/Ref%20Framework/ec/O.R.Tambo%20DC15/Water%20Resource%20Perspective/OR_ThamboFullDoc.pdf Qaab-dhismeedka Tixraaca Qorshaynta Adeegyada Biyaha – Aragtida Khayraadka Biyaha] 5wemxykrdl2gnqkjij7w6hnwqk1deeb