Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3081 301192 300020 2026-07-09T23:23:53Z Videoiib7 46243 301192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|39|N|22|E|type:country_region:GR|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Giriigga | native_name = {{native name|el|Ελληνική Δημοκρατία}} | common_name = Giriigga | image_flag = Flag of Greece.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Greece.svg | symbol_type = Astaanta qaranka | national_motto = ''Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος''<br />Xorriyad ama Geeri | national_anthem = ''[[Hymn to Liberty]]'' | image_map = EU-Greece.svg | map_caption = Meesha Giriiggu kaga yaal Yurub | capital = [[Athens|Atina]] | largest_city = [[Athens|Atina]] | official_languages = [[Af-Giriig]] | demonym = Giriig | government_type = [[Jamhuuriyad baarlamaani ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Giriigga|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Konstantinos Tasoulas]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaaraha Giriigga|Ra'iisul wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Giriigga]] | established_event1 = Bilowgii dagaalkii madax-bannaanida | established_date1 = 1821 | established_event2 = Aqoonsigii dawladnimada Giriigga | established_date2 = 1830 | established_event3 = Jamhuuriyadda 3aad | established_date3 = 24 Luuliyo 1974 | established_event4 = Dastuurka hadda | established_date4 = 11 Juun 1975 | area_km2 = 131,694 | population_estimate = 10,372,335 | population_estimate_year = 2025 | currency = [[Yuuro]] | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +3 | drives_on = midig | calling_code = +30 | cctld = [[.gr]] }} '''Giriigga''' (Af Giriig :''Illáda''), si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giriigga''' (Af Giriig|Ελληνική Δημοκρατία}}, ''Illinikí Dimokratía''), waa waddan ku yaalla koonfur-bari [[Yurub]], gaar ahaan koonfurta [[Balkans]]. Caasimaddiisu waa [[Athens|Atina]], luqaddiisa rasmiga ahna waa [[Af-Giriig]]. Giriiggu wuxuu xubin ka yahay [[Midowga Yurub]], [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[NATO]], [[OECD]], [[WTO]] iyo aagga lacagta [[yuuro]].<ref name="EU">{{cite web |title=Greece – EU country profile |url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries/greece_en |publisher=European Union |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Giriiggu wuxuu xuduud dhul la leeyahay [[Albaaniya]], [[Waqooyiga Masedooniya]], [[Bulgariya]] iyo [[Turkiga]]. Waxaa bari iyo koonfur ka xiga [[Badda Aegean]], galbeedna [[Badda Ionian]], kuwaas oo qayb ka ah [[Badda Mediterranean-ka]]. Dalka waxaa ka tirsan kumannaan jasiiradood, waxaana kuwa ugu waaweyn ka mid ah [[Crete]], [[Euboea]], [[Rhodes]], [[Lesbos]], [[Chios]], [[Corfu]] iyo jasiirado badan oo ku kala yaalla Aegean iyo Ionian. Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay taariikh aad u dheer oo saameyn weyn ku yeelatay dunida. Giriiggii hore wuxuu door muhiim ah ka qaatay horumarinta falsafadda, xisaabta, sayniska, masraxa, taariikh-qorista, siyaasadda, farshaxanka, ciyaaraha Olombikada iyo fikradda dimuqraadiyadda. Dhaxalka Giriigga wuxuu saameyn weyn ku yeeshay Rooma, Yurubta dambe, Kiristaanka Bari, Renaissance-ka iyo ilbaxnimada casriga ah. == Magaca == Magaca Soomaaliga ee waddanku waa '''Giriigga''' ama mararka qaar '''Giriig'''. Dadka dalkaas u dhashay waxaa lagu magacaabaa '''Giriig''', luqaddoodana waxaa la yiraahdaa '''Af-Giriig'''. Magaca Giriiggu isku yiraahdo waa ''Elláda'' ama ''Hellas'', halka magaca rasmiga ah ee dawladda casriga ahi yahay ''Ellinikí Dimokratía'', oo macnihiisu yahay Jamhuuriyadda Helleniga ama Jamhuuriyadda Giriigga. Magaca “Greece” ee Ingiriisiga iyo luqado badan oo Yurub ah wuxuu ka yimid magaca Laatiinka ah ee ''Graecia'', kaas oo Roomaanku u adeegsadeen dhulka Giriigga. == Juqraafi == Giriiggu wuxuu ku yaallaa koonfur-bari Yurub, meesha ay Balkans-ka, Mediterranean-ka, Aegean iyo Bariga Mediterranean-ku iskaga dhowaadaan. Dhulka dalka intiisa badan waa buuraley. Waxaa la sheegaa in buuruhu ka muuqdaan inta badan dhulka Giriigga, taas oo sababtay in gobollada Giriiggu taariikh ahaan yeeshaan magaalooyin, dooxooyin iyo jasiirado kala go'an oo dhaqammo kala duwan yeeshay. Buurta ugu dheer dalka waa [[Mount Olympus|Buurta Olympus]], oo ku taalla waqooyiga Giriigga, una dhow xadka Thessaly iyo Macedonia. Buurtan waxay door weyn ku leedahay khuraafaadka Giriiggii hore, maadaama loo arkayay hoyga ilaahyada Olympian-ka. Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay xeeb aad u dheer marka loo eego baaxaddiisa. Xeebaha, dekedaha iyo jasiiraduhu waxay muddo dheer ka dhigeen Giriigga dal badeed, ganacsi iyo socdaal ku tiirsan. Badda ayaa si weyn u qaabaysay taariikhda Giriigga, laga bilaabo ilbaxnimadii Minoan ee Crete ilaa ganacsiga Aegean, dagaalladii Faaris, gumeysiyadii Giriigga hore iyo dhaqaalaha casriga ah ee maraakiibta iyo dalxiiska. == Jasiiradaha == Jasiiradaha Giriigga waxay ka mid yihiin qaybaha ugu caansan dalka. Waxaa jira kooxo jasiiradeed oo waaweyn, sida: * [[Cyclades]], oo ay ka mid yihiin Santorini, Mykonos, Naxos iyo Paros * [[Dodecanese]], oo ay ka mid yihiin Rhodes iyo Kos * [[Ionian Islands]], oo ay ka mid yihiin Corfu, Zakynthos iyo Kefalonia * [[North Aegean Islands]], oo ay ka mid yihiin Lesbos, Chios iyo Samos * [[Sporades]], oo ay ka mid yihiin Skiathos iyo Skopelos * [[Crete]], oo ah jasiiradda ugu weyn Giriigga Jasiiraduhu waxay leeyihiin taariikh, lahjado, cuntooyin iyo naqshad-dhismeed u gaar ah. Qaar waxay caan ku yihiin xadaaradihii hore, qaar kale kaniisado Byzantine ah, qaar kalena dalxiis, xeeb iyo muuqaal dabiici ah. == Cimilada == Cimilada Giriiggu guud ahaan waa Mediterranean: xagaa kulul oo qalalan iyo jiilaal dhexdhexaad ah oo roob leh. Xeebaha iyo jasiiraduhu waxay leeyihiin cimilo badeed oo diirran. Waqooyiga iyo meelaha buuraha leh waxay qabaan jiilaal ka qabow, barafna wuu ka da'aa meelaha sare. Gobollada qaar, gaar ahaan waqooyiga iyo gudaha dalka, waxay leeyihiin cimilo ka dhow midda Balkans-ka, halka Crete, Dodecanese iyo jasiiradaha koonfureed ay leeyihiin cimilo aad u diirran oo Mediterranean ah. == Deegaanka iyo dabiicadda == Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay deegaan kala duwan oo ka kooban buuro, kaymo, dooxooyin, jasiirado, xeeb, biyo-fadhiisimo, harooyin iyo dhul beereedyo Mediterranean ah. Dalka waxaa ku yaalla seero qaran iyo aagag dabiici ah oo la ilaaliyo. Meelaha caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Mount Olympus, Prespa Lakes, Vikos Gorge, Samaria Gorge ee Crete, iyo Meteora oo isku dara muuqaal dabiici ah iyo dhaxal diimeed. Giriiggu wuxuu hoy u yahay noocyo kala duwan oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah. Badaha ku wareegsan waxaa laga helaa kalluun, delfiinno, qoolley badeed iyo noolayaal kale oo Mediterranean ah. Deegaanka Giriigga waxaa saameeya cadaadiska dalxiiska, dababka kaymaha, isbeddelka cimilada, isticmaalka biyaha iyo horumarinta xeebaha. == Taariikh == === Xilligii hore iyo ilbaxnimadii Aegean === Taariikhda Giriigga waxay gaartaa xilliyo aad u fog. Ka hor Giriiggii classical-ka ahaa waxaa jiray ilbaxnimooyin Aegean ah oo muhiim ah. Midda ugu caansan waa ilbaxnimadii [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] ee ka dhalatay [[Crete]], qiyaastii kunnii labaad ee ka horreeyay dhalashada Ciise. Minoans waxay dhiseen xarumo waaweyn sida Knossos, waxayna lahaayeen farshaxan, ganacsi badeed iyo nidaam maamul oo horumarsan. Kadib waxaa xoogaystay ilbaxnimadii [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]], oo ka jirtay dhulka Giriigga ee mainland-ka. Mycenaeans waxay xiriir la lahaayeen dunida Aegean iyo Bariga Mediterranean-ka, waxaana dhaqankooda lagu xusuustaa magaalooyin sida Mycenae, Tiryns iyo Pylos. Xusuusta xilligooda ayaa qayb ka noqotay gabayadii Homer, gaar ahaan ''Iliad'' iyo ''Odyssey''. === Xilligii Archaic iyo magaalo-dawladaha === Kadib burburkii ilbaxnimadii Mycenaean, Giriiggu wuxuu galay xilli isbeddel ah. Qarnigii 8aad ilaa 6aad ee ka horreeyay dhalashada Ciise waxaa soo baxay magaalo-dawlado Giriig ah, oo loo yaqaan ''poleis''. Magaalo-dawlad kastaa waxay lahayd maamul, ciidan, sharci iyo dhaqan gaar ah. Magaalooyinka ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Athens|Atina]], [[Sparta]], [[Corinth]], [[Thebes]] iyo [[Argos]]. Isla xilligan Giriiggu wuxuu sameeyay gumeysiyo iyo xarumo ganacsi oo ku kala yaalla Mediterranean-ka iyo Badda Madow, sida koonfurta Talyaaniga, Sasiiliya, xeebaha Anatolia, Thrace iyo xeebaha Waqooyiga Afrika. === Giriiggii Classical-ka ahaa === Qarnigii 5aad iyo 4aad ee ka horreeyay dhalashada Ciise waxaa loo arkaa xilligii ugu caansanaa ee Giriiggii hore. Atina waxay noqotay xarun dimuqraadiyad, falsafad, farshaxan, masrax iyo aqoon. Xilligan waxaa noolaa ama shaqeeyay dad caan ah sida Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Herodotus, Thucydides, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes iyo Phidias. Giriiggu wuxuu la dagaallamay Boqortooyadii Faaris dagaalladii loo yaqaanay [[Greco-Persian Wars]]. Guulihii Marathon, Salamis iyo Plataea waxay muhiim u noqdeen aqoonsiga siyaasadeed iyo dhaqan ee magaalo-dawladaha Giriigga. Kadib waxaa dhacay loollan u dhexeeyay Atina iyo Sparta, kaas oo sababay [[Peloponnesian War]]. Dagaalkaas wuxuu dhaawacay awooddii magaalo-dawladaha Giriigga. === Makedoniya iyo xilligii Hellenistic === Qarnigii 4aad ee ka horreeyay dhalashada Ciise, boqortooyadii [[Macedonia]] ee waqooyiga Giriigga ayaa noqotay xoogga ugu weyn gobolka. [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] wuxuu mideeyay ama hoos keenay magaalooyin badan oo Giriig ah. Wiilkiisii [[Alexander the Great|Alexander Weyn]] wuxuu qabsaday Boqortooyadii Faaris, wuxuuna dhisay imbaraadooriyad ballaaran oo ka fidsan Giriigga ilaa Masar, Mesopotamia, Faaris iyo qaybo ka mid ah Hindiya. Kadib geeridii Alexander, boqortooyadiisii way kala qaybsantay. Laakiin dhaqanka Giriigga, Af-Giriigga iyo fikradaha Hellenistic-ka ayaa ku faafay Bariga Mediterranean-ka iyo Bariga Dhexe. Magaalooyin sida Alexandria ee Masar, Antioch iyo Pergamon waxay noqdeen xarumo Giriig-Hellenistic ah oo aqoon iyo ganacsi. === Xilligii Roomaanka iyo Byzantine === Giriiggu wuxuu galay gacanta Roomaanka qarnigii 2aad ee ka horreeyay dhalashada Ciise. Inkastoo Roomaanku militari ahaan qabsadeen dhulka Giriigga, haddana dhaqanka Giriiggu wuxuu si weyn u saameeyay Rooma. Luqadda Giriigga waxay sii ahayd luqad aqooneed, ganacsi iyo dhaqan oo aad muhiim u ah Bariga Mediterranean-ka. Markii Boqortooyadii Roomaanka u kala janjeertay bari iyo galbeed, Giriiggu wuxuu noqday qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Boqortooyadii Roomaanka Bari, oo badanaa loo yaqaan [[Byzantine Empire|Boqortooyadii Byzantine]]. Constantinople, oo maanta ah Istanbul, waxay ahayd xarunta boqortooyadaas. Af-Giriiggu wuxuu noqday luqadda ugu muhiimsan ee maamulka, diinta iyo suugaanta Byzantine-ka. Byzantine-ku wuxuu Giriigga ku reebay dhaxal diimeed iyo farshaxan oo weyn, gaar ahaan kaniisadaha Orthodox-ka, mosaics, monasteries iyo farshaxanka Christian-ka Bari. === Xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta iyo xilligii Venetian === Kadib hoos u dhicii Byzantine-ka, qaybo badan oo Giriigga ah waxaa qabsaday [[Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta]]. Qabsashadu waxay u dhacday si tartiib ah, gobolba gobol, laga bilaabo qarniyadii 14aad iyo 15aad. Qaar ka mid ah jasiiradaha iyo magaalooyinka xeebaha, gaar ahaan Ionian Islands iyo qaybo ka mid ah Aegean, waxay muddo hoos imanayeen Venice ama quwado kale oo Mediterranean ah. Intii uu socday xukunka Cusmaaniyiinta, Kaniisadda Orthodox-ka Giriiggu waxay ahayd hay'ad muhiim ah oo ilaalisay aqoonsiga diimeed iyo dhaqameed ee dad badan oo Giriig ah. Isla xilligaas, ganacsatada, culimada iyo bulshada Giriigga ee dibadda joogtay waxay door ku lahaayeen dib-u-soo nooleynta fikradaha qaranimo. === Dagaalkii madax-bannaanida === Dagaalkii madax-bannaanida Giriigga wuxuu billowday 1821. Kacdoonka Giriigga wuxuu ka dhacay dhulal kala duwan, waxaana ka qayb qaatay jabhado, hoggaamiyeyaal maxalli ah, culimo, ganacsato iyo jaaliyado Giriig ah oo dibadda joogay. Dagaalku wuxuu soo jiitay taageero ka timid dad badan oo Yurub ah oo u arkayay Giriigga ilbaxnimada classical-ka. Kadib dagaal dheer iyo faragelin dibadeed, madaxbannaanida Giriigga waxaa si rasmi ah loo aqoonsaday 1830. Giriigga cusub wuxuu markii hore ahaa boqortooyo yar oo ku kooban qaybo ka mid ah dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Giriigga. Qarnigii 19aad iyo bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, dhulal kale ayaa lagu daray dawladda Giriigga. === Giriigga casriga ah === Qarnigii 20aad Giriiggu wuxuu la kulmay dagaallo, isbeddello siyaasadeed iyo dhibaatooyin waaweyn. Dagaalladii Balkan-ka ee 1912–1913 ayaa kordhiyay dhulka Giriigga, gaar ahaan Macedonia, Epirus iyo jasiirado badan. Dagaalkii Giriigga iyo Turkiga ee 1919–1922 wuxuu ku dhammaaday masiibo iyo is-weydaarsi dadweyne oo ballaaran oo dhex maray Giriigga iyo Turkiga. Intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], Giriigga waxaa weeraray Talyaaniga 1940. Ciidanka Giriiggu wuxuu markii hore jebiyay weerarkii Talyaaniga, laakiin 1941 Jarmalkii Nazi-ga ayaa qabsaday dalka. Xilligii qabsashada waxaa dhacay gaajo, burbur iyo iska caabin xoog leh. Kadib dagaalka waxaa dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo u dhexeeyay xoogag shuuci ah iyo dowladda taageerada reer galbeedka heshay, kaas oo socday 1946–1949. 1967 waxaa xukunka la wareegay talis militari oo loo yaqaanay Junta-da Giriigga. Taliskaas wuxuu socday ilaa 1974. Kadib dhicitaankii junta-da, waxaa la aas aasay Jamhuuriyadda Saddexaad, waxaana 1975 la ansixiyay dastuurka casriga ah ee Giriigga.<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=The Constitution |url=https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/vouli-ton-ellinon/to-politevma/syntagma/ |publisher=Hellenic Parliament |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Giriiggu wuxuu ku biiray [[Midowga Yurub]] 1981, wuxuuna qaatay lacagta [[yuuro]] 2001.<ref name="EU" /> == Dowladda iyo siyaasadda == Giriiggu waa jamhuuriyad baarlamaani ah. Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda waa madaxa qaranka, waxaana doorta Baarlamaanka. Ra'iisul Wasaaruhu waa madaxa xukuumadda, isaga ayaana leh awoodda siyaasadeed ee ugu weyn ee maamulka maalinlaha ah. Dowladda Giriigga waxay ka kooban tahay Ra'iisul Wasaaraha, wasiirrada, wasiir ku-xigeennada iyo xubnaha kale ee Golaha Wasiirrada.<ref name="MFAgov">{{cite web |title=Government and Politics |url=https://www.mfa.gr/switzerland/en/about-greece/government-and-politics/ |publisher=Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Baarlamaanka Giriigga, oo loo yaqaan ''Vouli ton Ellinon'', waa gole hal-aqal ah. Wuxuu sameeyaa sharciyada, wuxuuna kormeeraa xukuumadda. Doorashooyinka baarlamaanka ayaa muhiim u ah samaynta xukuumadda, maadaama hoggaamiyaha xisbiga ama isbahaysiga hela kalsoonida baarlamaanka loo magacaabo Ra'iisul Wasaare. Madaxweynaha hadda waa [[Konstantinos Tasoulas]], oo ay Baarlamaanku doorteen 12 Febraayo 2025, xilkaasna la wareegay 13 Maarso 2025.<ref name="President">{{cite web |title=Πρόεδρος |url=https://www.presidency.gr/proedros/ |publisher=Presidency of the Hellenic Republic |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Ra'iisul Wasaaraha hadda waa [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], oo hoggaamiya xukuumadda Giriigga.<ref name="PM">{{cite web |title=Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic |url=https://www.primeminister.gr/en/home |publisher=Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Dastuurka == Dastuurka Giriigga ee hadda jira wuxuu ka yimid 1975, kadib soo noqoshadii dimuqraadiyadda. Waxaa dib loo eegay dhowr jeer, waxaana Hellenic Parliament-ku daabacay nuqulkii dib loo eegay ee 2019.<ref name="constitution" /> Dastuurku wuxuu qeexayaa Giriigga inuu yahay jamhuuriyad baarlamaani ah, wuxuuna dhigaa in awoodda qaranku ka timaaddo shacabka. Wuxuu ilaalinayaa xuquuqda muwaadiniinta, kala soocidda awoodaha, madaxbannaanida garsoorka, xorriyadda diinta, xorriyadda hadalka iyo nidaamka baarlamaanka. == Qaybaha maamulka == Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay 13 gobol maamul, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan ''peripheries''. Dastuurka iyo nidaamka maamulka dalka waxay ku dhisan yihiin mabda'a kala-daadejinta maamulka. Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Giriiggu waxay sheegtaa in dalka uu ka kooban yahay 13 gobol maamul.<ref name="regions">{{cite web |title=Regional Administration |url=https://www.mfa.gr/brussels/en/about-greece/government-and-politics/regional-administration.html |publisher=Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Gobollada maamulka Giriigga waa: * [[Attica]] * [[Central Greece]] * [[Central Macedonia]] * [[Crete]] * [[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace]] * [[Epirus]] * [[Ionian Islands]] * [[North Aegean]] * [[Peloponnese]] * [[South Aegean]] * [[Thessaly]] * [[Western Greece]] * [[Western Macedonia]] Waxaa sidoo kale jira [[Mount Athos]], oo leh maqaam gaar ah oo ismaamul diimeed ah. Mount Athos waa dhul monastic Orthodox ah oo ku yaalla waqooyiga Giriigga, waxaana uu leeyahay nidaam gaar ah oo taariikhi ah. == Xiriirka dibadda == Giriiggu wuxuu ku yaallaa meel istaraatiiji ah oo u dhaxaysa Balkans, Bariga Mediterranean-ka, Badda Madow iyo Bariga Dhexe. Sidaas darteed, siyaasaddiisa dibadda waxaa saameeya arrimaha Midowga Yurub, NATO, xiriirka Turkiga, Cyprus, Balkans, socdaalka, tamarta iyo ammaanka badda. Giriiggu wuxuu xubin ka yahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Yurub]], [[NATO]], [[OECD]], [[WTO]], [[IMF]], [[Bankiga Adduunka]] iyo ururo kale. Wuxuu ka mid yahay dalalka muhiimka ah ee Mediterranean-ka, wuxuuna xiriir taariikhi ah iyo dhaqan la leeyahay [[Qubrus]], Balkans, Bariga Dhexe iyo jaaliyadaha Giriigga ee dunida. == Ciidanka == Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay ciidan ka kooban ciidanka dhulka, ciidanka badda iyo ciidanka cirka. Sababo juqraafi iyo amni awgood, difaaca badda iyo cirka ayaa muhiimad gaar ah u leh Giriigga. Dalka wuxuu xubin ka yahay NATO tan iyo 1952.<ref name="EU" /> Ciidamada Giriiggu waxay door ku leeyihiin ilaalinta xuduudaha, badda Aegean, hawlgallada NATO iyo hawlgallada caalamiga ah ee nabad-ilaalinta. == Dhaqaale == Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay dhaqaale horumarsan oo ku tiirsan adeegyada, dalxiiska, maraakiibta, ganacsiga, beeraha, tamarta, dhismaha iyo warshado qaarkood. Maadaama uu ka tirsan yahay aagga euro-da, lacagta dalka waa [[yuuro]].<ref name="EU" /> Dhaqaalaha Giriigga wuxuu si weyn u saameeyay xiisaddii deynta ee bilowday dabayaaqadii 2000-meeyadii. Xilligaas waxaa dhacay hoos-u-dhac dhaqaale, shaqo la'aan badan, barnaamijyo deyn-bixin iyo tallaabooyin dhaqaale oo adag. Sanadihii dambe, dhaqaalaha Giriigga wuxuu muujiyay soo kabasho, inkastoo arrimo sida deynta qaranka, mushaharka, qiimaha guryaha, tirada dadka oo yaraata iyo ka qaybgalka shaqada ay weli yihiin caqabado muhiim ah. == Maraakiibta iyo ganacsiga badda == Maraakiibtu waa qayb aad muhiim ugu ah dhaqaalaha iyo aqoonsiga Giriigga. Ganacsatada badda ee Giriiggu waxay muddo dheer door weyn ku lahaayeen gaadiidka caalamiga ah ee badda. Union of Greek Shipowners waxay sheegtay in maraakiibta Giriigga la xiriirta ay gaarayaan 5,691 markab, isla markaana ay ku dhow yihiin 20% awoodda adduunka ee deadweight tonnage, taas oo Giriigga ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu waaweyn ee leh maraakiib ganacsi.<ref name="UGS">{{cite web |title=Greek shipping and the economy |url=https://ugs.gr/en/ |publisher=Union of Greek Shipowners |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Dekedaha waaweyn sida [[Piraeus]], [[Thessaloniki]] iyo Patras waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin ganacsiga, rakaabka, dalxiiska iyo isku xirka jasiiradaha. == Dalxiis == Dalxiisku waa mid ka mid ah tiirarka ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Giriigga. Dadka booqda dalka waxay u yimaadaan taariikhda qadiimiga ah, jasiiradaha, xeebaha, cuntada, kaniisadaha, monasteries, buuraha, magaalooyinka iyo dhaqanka Mediterranean-ka. Meelaha ugu caansan dalxiiska waxaa ka mid ah: * [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis-ka Atina]] * [[Delphi]] * [[Olympia]] * [[Meteora]] * [[Santorini]] * [[Mykonos]] * [[Crete]] * [[Rhodes]] * [[Corfu]] * [[Thessaloniki]] * [[Epidaurus]] * [[Mycenae]] * [[Mount Athos]] Bank of Greece waxay sheegtay in 2025 travel receipts-ku gaareen €23.626 bilyan, halka inbound traveller flows-ku kordheen 5.6% sanadkaas.<ref name="BoGtourism">{{cite web |title=Developments in the balance of travel services: December 2025 |url=https://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/news-and-media/press-office/news-list/news?announcement=8b98e553-4142-4291-9d5e-640d14f3bbcb |publisher=Bank of Greece |date=24 February 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> == Beeraha iyo cuntada == Beeraha Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay taariikh dheer oo ku xiran cimilada Mediterranean-ka. Waxyaabaha muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah saytuunka, saliidda saytuunka, canabka, khamriga, qamadiga, liinta, qudaarta, lawska, malabka, farmaajada iyo kalluunka. Dalka wuxuu caan ku yahay saliidda saytuunka iyo cuntooyinka ku salaysan khudradda, digirta, kalluunka, hilibka, caanaha iyo dhir udgoon. Cuntada Giriigga waxaa ka mid ah souvlaki, moussaka, horiatiki ama Greek salad, feta, tzatziki, dolma, gyros, spanakopita, baklava iyo cuntooyin badan oo gobol kasta u gaar ah. Cuntada Giriiggu waxay xiriir la leedahay cuntooyinka Mediterranean-ka iyo Balkans-ka. == Dadka == ELSTAT waxay qiyaastay in dadka deggan Giriigga ay ahaayeen 10,372,335 qof 1 Janaayo 2025. Tiradaas waxaa ka mid ahaa 5,094,094 rag ah iyo 5,278,241 dumar ah.<ref name="ELSTATpop">{{cite web |title=Data on Estimated Population (1.1.2025) – Migration Flows (2024) |url=https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/d8439ad7-d043-2235-f4b4-8466c3c9cd56 |publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority |date=18 December 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Dadka Giriigga badankood waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyin. Aagga Atina waa kan ugu dadka badan uguna dhaqaale weyn dalka. Thessaloniki waa magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn, waana xarun muhiim ah oo ku taal waqooyiga Giriigga. Giriiggu wuxuu la kulmaa caqabado dadweyne oo waaweyn, sida dhalmo hoose, gabowga dadka iyo guuritaan dhalinyaro oo dhacay xilligii xiisadda dhaqaalaha. ELSTAT waxay sheegtay in dadka da'doodu tahay 65 sano iyo ka badan ay ahaayeen 23.7% dadweynaha 1 Janaayo 2025.<ref name="ELSTATpop" /> == Luqadaha == Luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka waa [[Af-Giriig]]. Af-Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay taariikh qoraal oo aad u dheer, laga bilaabo Giriiggii hore ilaa Giriigga casriga ah. Luqaddu waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay cilmiga, falsafadda, diinta, caafimaadka, xisaabta, sayniska iyo eray-bixinta luqado badan oo Yurub ah. Giriigga casriga ah waa luqadda maamulka, waxbarashada, warbaahinta iyo nolosha guud ee dalka. Waxaa sidoo kale dalka laga helaa luqado kale oo ay ku hadlaan bulshooyin kala duwan, sida Albanian, Turkish, Macedonian/Slavic dialects, Romani, Aromanian iyo luqado ay la yimaadeen muhaajiriin cusub. == Diinta == Diinta ugu saameynta badan ee Giriigga waa [[Kaniisadda Orthodox-ka Bari]], gaar ahaan Kaniisadda Orthodox-ka Giriigga. Kaniisaddu waxay door weyn ku lahayd taariikhda, dhaqanka, xafladaha iyo aqoonsiga qaranka ee Giriigga. Dastuurka Giriiggu wuxuu aqoonsan yahay kaalinta taariikhiga ah ee Orthodox-ka, isla markaana wuxuu ilaaliyaa xorriyadda diinta.<ref name="constitution" /> Waxaa sidoo kale dalka ku nool Muslimiin, Kaatoolig, Protestant-yo, Yuhuud, dad aan diin lahayn iyo bulshooyin kale. Muslimiinta Giriigga waxaa taariikh ahaan si gaar ah looga helaa Thrace, halka magaalooyinka waaweyn ay leeyihiin bulshooyin muhaajiriin ah oo kala duwan. == Waxbarasho iyo cilmi == Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay dhaqan waxbarasho oo aad u dheer. Giriiggii hore wuxuu dunida ku reebay falsafad, xisaab, saynis, caafimaad, taariikh-qoris iyo fikrado siyaasadeed. Plato wuxuu aas aasay Academy-ga Atina, Aristotle-na Lyceum-ka, kuwaas oo saameyn weyn ku yeeshay waxbarashada reer galbeedka. Giriigga casriga ah wuxuu leeyahay jaamacado iyo machadyo cilmiyeed, sida National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, National Technical University of Athens iyo jaamacado kale. Waxbarashada sare waxay door ka ciyaartaa cilmi-baarista, injineernimada, caafimaadka, dhaqaalaha, badda, qadiimiga iyo cilmiga bulshada. == Dhaqan == Dhaqanka Giriigga wuxuu isku daraa dhaxal qadiimi ah, Byzantine, Orthodox, Mediterranean iyo Balkanic. Qoyska, diinta, cunto-wadaagga, muusigga, qoob-ka-ciyaarka, martigelinta iyo xafladaha ayaa muhiim u ah nolosha bulshada. Giriiggu wuxuu caan ku yahay suugaanta, falsafadda, farshaxanka, masraxa, heesaha, dhaqanka badda, cuntooyinka Mediterranean-ka iyo xafladaha diimeed. Magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka dalka waxay leeyihiin kaniisado, suuqyo, fagaarayaal, guryo cadcad oo jasiiradeed, dhismooyin neoclassical ah iyo goobaha qadiimiga ah. == Suugaan iyo falsafad == Suugaanta Giriigga waxay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu da'da weyn uguna saameynta badan dunida. Homer, oo loo nisbeeyo ''Iliad'' iyo ''Odyssey'', wuxuu door weyn ku leeyahay xusuusta suugaanta Giriigga. Qorayaasha masraxa sida Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides iyo Aristophanes waxay aasaas u noqdeen tragedy iyo comedy reer galbeed. Falsafadda Giriigga waxaa caan ka dhigay Socrates, Plato iyo Aristotle. Fikradahooda ku saabsan anshaxa, siyaasadda, aqoonta, cilmiga, metaphysics-ka iyo suugaanta waxay si weyn u saameeyeen Yurub, dunida Islaamka, Renaissance-ka iyo fikirka casriga ah. == Farshaxan iyo naqshad-dhismeed == Farshaxanka Giriigga wuxuu caan ku yahay tiirar, macbudyo, taallooyin, dhoobo rinji leh, mosaics iyo naqshad-dhismeedyo qadiimi ah. Parthenon-ka ku yaalla Acropolis-ka Atina waa mid ka mid ah astaamaha ugu caansan farshaxanka iyo naqshadda Giriiggii classical-ka ahaa. Xilligii Byzantine-ka waxaa xoogaystay farshaxanka kaniisadaha, icons, mosaics iyo monasteries. Meelo sida Thessaloniki, Mount Athos, Meteora iyo Mystras waxay muujinayaan dhaxalka Byzantine-ka iyo Orthodox-ka. == Muusig iyo ciyaar dhaqameed == Muusigga Giriigga wuxuu leeyahay noocyo badan, laga bilaabo heesaha dhaqanka ee gobollada ilaa rebetiko, laiko iyo muusig casri ah. Qalabka sida bouzouki, lyra iyo clarinet ayaa ka muuqda muusigga dhaqanka iyo kan magaalooyinka. Qoob-ka-ciyaarka dhaqanka, sida sirtaki, kalamatianos iyo hasapiko, wuxuu qayb ka yahay xafladaha, aroosyada iyo munaasabadaha bulshada. == Hidaha UNESCO == Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay goobo badan oo ku jira liiska [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO]]. Goobahaas waxaa ka mid ah Acropolis-ka Atina, Delphi, Olympia, Mycenae iyo Tiryns, Delos, Epidaurus, Meteora, Mount Athos, Mystras, Rhodes, Corfu, Thessaloniki Byzantine monuments, iyo Minoan Palatial Centres.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Greece – UNESCO World Heritage Convention |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gr |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> Goobahani waxay muujinayaan dhaxalka Giriigga laga bilaabo ilbaxnimadii Bronze Age, Giriiggii classical-ka, xilligii Hellenistic-ka, Roomaanka, Byzantine-ka iyo qarniyadii dhexe. == Ciyaaraha == Giriiggu wuxuu leeyahay xiriir gaar ah oo la leh ciyaaraha, maadaama [[Ciyaaraha Olombikada]] ay ka bilowdeen Olympia ee Giriiggii hore. Ciyaarihii Olombikada casriga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay waxaa lagu qabtay Atina 1896, halka Atina mar kale martigelisay Olombikada 2004. Kubadda cagta waa ciyaarta ugu caansan dalka. Giriiggu wuxuu ku guuleystay UEFA Euro 2004, taas oo loo arko mid ka mid ah guulaha ciyaareed ee ugu waaweyn taariikhda dalka. Kubbadda koleyga sidoo kale aad baa looga jecel yahay, waxaana Giriiggu leeyahay kooxo iyo ciyaartoy caan ah oo heer Yurub iyo caalami ah. Ciyaaraha kale ee dalka laga jecel yahay waxaa ka mid ah volleyball, water polo, tennis, orodka, dabaasha, doon wadista iyo ciyaaraha badda. == Magaalooyin waaweyn == Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ama ugu muhiimsan Giriigga waxaa ka mid ah: * [[Athens|Atina]] – caasimadda, xarunta siyaasadda, dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka * [[Thessaloniki]] – magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn, xarun muhiim ah oo waqooyiga dalka ah * [[Patras]] – deked muhiim ah oo ku taalla galbeedka Giriigga * [[Heraklion]] – magaalada ugu weyn Crete * [[Larissa]] – xarun muhiim ah oo ku taalla Thessaly * [[Volos]] – magaalo deked ah oo ku taal bartamaha Giriigga * [[Ioannina]] – xarun taariikhi ah oo ku taalla Epirus * [[Chania]] – magaalo taariikhi ah oo ku taalla Crete * [[Rhodes]] – magaalo iyo jasiirad caan ah oo ku taal Dodecanese * [[Kalamata]] – magaalo ku taal Peloponnese, caan ku ah saytuunka == Xubin ka ahaansho == Giriiggu wuxuu xubin ka yahay ururo badan oo caalami ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin: * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Midowga Yurub]] * [[NATO]] * [[OECD]] * [[WTO]] * [[IMF]] * [[Bankiga Adduunka]] * [[Golaha Yurub]] * [[Schengen Area]] * [[Eurozone]] == Sidoo kale fiiri == * [[Athens|Atina]] * [[Af-Giriig]] * [[Giriiggii hore]] * [[Byzantine Empire]] * [[Ciyaaraha Olombikada]] * [[Alexander the Great]] * [[Socrates]] * [[Plato]] * [[Aristotle]] * [[Acropolis of Athens]] * [[Crete]] * [[Meteora]] * [[Mount Athos]] * [[Badda Aegean]] * [[Badda Mediterranean-ka]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Giriigga]] [[Category:Yurub]] [[Category:Dalalka Midowga Yurub]] [[Category:Dalalka NATO]] [[Category:Dalalka Balkans]] [[Category:Dalalka Mediterranean-ka]] fuhye0ny2nygwemsec7tuabskshm0nm 0 3724 301332 240346 2026-07-10T11:06:52Z Videoiib7 46243 301332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Baraguay | native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|es|República del Paraguay}} |{{native name|gn|Tetã Paraguái}}}} | common_name = Paraguay | image_flag = Flag of Paraguay.svg | flag_caption = Flag (obverse) | image_coat = Coat of arms of Paraguay.svg | symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Coat of arms of Paraguay|Seal]]{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The reverse side of the National Seal of Paraguay:<br/><center>[[File:Coat of arms of Paraguay (reverse).svg|100px|left]]{{-}}</center> |group="nb"}}<!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | image_map = PRY orthographic.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[South America]] |region_color= grey }} | national_motto = {{native phrase|es|"Paz y justicia"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"Cadaalad Iyo Nabad"}} | national_anthem = <br/>{{native name|es|[[Paraguayan National Anthem|Paraguayos, República o Muerte]]|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|''Baraguayaniinta, Jamhuuriyaddu Ama dhimasho ''}}<br /><center>[[File:Paraguayan National Anthem.oga]]</center> | languages_type = [[Official language]]s<ref name=languages>{{cite journal |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa00000_.html#A140_ |title=Paraguay – Constitution, Article 140 About Languages |publisher=International Constitutional Law Project |accessdate=3 December 2007 }} (see [http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html translator's note])</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |title=8 LIZCANO |publisher=Convergencia.uaemex.mx |accessdate=5 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115054959/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |archivedate=15 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Paraguayan Spanish|Spanish]] |[[Guarani language|Guarani]]}} | demonym = Paraguayan<br>Guaraní (colloquial)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwGSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=paraguayans+refer+to+themselves+as+Guarani&source=bl&ots=pIzaOs2Dxl&sig=DOfsXm7hfsqIPBCn2qrJtOzP7Ho&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjYtdrLmZjYAhVE4iYKHUXmAQEQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=paraguayans+refer+to+themselves+as+Guarani&f=false|title=Prophets of Agroforestry: Guaraní Communities and Commercial Gathering|first=Richard K.|last=Reed|date=1 May 1995|publisher=University of Texas Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 95% [[Mestizo]] or [[Castizo]] | 5% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2016<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Paraguay |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2016 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html |accessdate=1 January 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=4 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104205444/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | capital = [[Asunción]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|16|S|57|40|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Asunción | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] constitutional republic | leader_title1 = [[President of Paraguay|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Horacio Cartes]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Paraguay|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Alicia Pucheta]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Paraguay|Senate President]] | leader_name3 = [[Fernando Lugo]] | legislature = [[Congress of Paraguay|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Paraguay|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay|Chamber of Deputies]] | area_rank = 59th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 406752 | percent_water = 2.3 | population_estimate = 7,053,384<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=25&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=288&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|work=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|title=Paraguay|date=1 April 2018|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 104th | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 16.95 | population_density_sq_mi = 39 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 210th | GDP_PPP = $72.999 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=25&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=288&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|work=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|title=Paraguay|date=1 April 2018|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 100th | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,350<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 112th | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal = $32.291 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 101th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,578<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 111th | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from [[Spain]]}} | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 14 May 1811 | established_event2 = Recognized | established_date2 = 25 November 1842 | established_event3 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date3 = 24 October 1945 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 48 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PY |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=5 December 2017}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.693 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=25 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 110th | currency = [[Paraguayan guaraní|Guaraní]] | currency_code = PYG | country_code = PRY | time_zone = [[UTC–4|PYT]] | utc_offset = –4 | time_zone_DST = [[Daylight saving time in Paraguay|PYST]] | utc_offset_DST = –3 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+595]] | cctld = [[.py]] | footnote_a = Mixed European and [[Amerindian]]. }} '''Baraguay''' ama '''Jamhuuriyada Baraguay''' waa wadan kuyaalo [[Koonfur Ameerika]] oo wax bad ah laheen, waxoo u dhaxeeyaa wadamada [[Baraasiil]],[[Boliifia]] iyo [[Arjantiina]]. Magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Asunción]]. wadankaan waxaa soo gumeestay [[Spania|isbanishka]], waxaana looga hadlaa af-isbaanish iyo af-Guaraní.wadanka waxaa degan dad gaaraayo ilaa 6,349,000 oo qof. Paraguay (párəɡwaɪ / Spanish): [paɾaɣwaj]; Guarani: Paraguái, [paɾaɰwaj]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Paraguay (Isbanishka: República del Paraguay; Guarani: Tetã Paraguái), waa waddan baddan oo ku yaal bartamaha Ameerika by Argentina ee koonfurta iyo koonfur galbeed, Brazil ee bari iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo Bolivia ilaa galbeed. Paraguay waxay ku taal labada bangiyo ee Wabiga Paraguay, kaas oo dhex maraya bartamaha waddanka laga bilaabo waqooyiga ilaa koonfureed. Maaddaama uu ku yaalo bartamaha dhexe ee Koonfurta Ameerika, waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaanaa Corazón de Sudamérica ("Heart of South America"). [8] Paraguay waa mid ka mid ah labada waddan ee aan debedda lahayn (kan kale waa Bolivia) oo ka baxsan Afro-Eurasia, waana kan ugu yar [9] dhul-gariirka ee Ameerika. Guaraniga asaliga ahi wuxuu ku noolaa bariga Paraguay ugu yaraan hal sano jir ka hor inta uusan Spanish soo gaarin qarnigii 16aad. Western Paraguay, Gran Chaco, waxaa degganaa reer guuraaga kuwaas oo dadka Guaycuru ay yihiin kuwa ugu caansan. Qarnigii 17aad, xafiisyada Jesuit waxay soo bandhigeen diinta kiristaanka iyo dhaqanka Isbaanishka. Paraguay wuxuu ahaa gumeysi ku taalla Boqortooyada Isbaanishka, oo leh xarumo magaalo iyo degaanno yar. Ka dib markii madax-bannaanida Spain laga soo bilaabo 1811, Paraguay waxaa xukuma dhowr qof oo kali-taliyayaal ah kuwaas oo guud ahaan fuliyay siyaasado xagjiriin iyo ilaaliye. Ka dib Dagaalkii Paraguay (1864-1870), waddanku wuxuu ka dhacay 60 illaa 70 boqolkiiba dadkiisa iyada oo loo marey dagaal iyo cudur, iyo qiyaastii 140,000 oo kiilomitir oo kiilomitir (54,000 sq m), rubuc ka mid ah dhulkeeda, Argentina iyo Brazil. Qarnigii 20aad, Paraguay wuxuu sii waday inuu sii adkeeyo guushii dowladaha awoodda badan leh, oo ku dhammaaday nidaamkii Alfredo Stroessner, oo hoggaamiyey kaligii taliska millatariga ee ugu da'da yaraa ee laga soo bilaabo 1954 illaa 1989-kii. Waxa uu ku dhexjiray afduub militari oo gudaha ah, doorashooyinka xisbiyada (iyo sharciyeynta xisbiyada xisbiyada) ayaa la abaabulay laguna qabtay markii ugu horeysay sannadkii 1993. Hal sano ka dib, Paraguay wuxuu ku biiray Argentina, Brazil iyo Uruguay si uu u helo Mercosur, oo ah iskaashi goboleed. Sidoo kale waa xubin asal ah oo ka mid ah Qaramada Midoobay, Ururka Dawladaha Mareykanka, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Iska Jirin iyo Kooxda Lima. Ilaa 2016-ka, dadweynaha Paraguay ayaa lagu qiyaasey in ay ku dhowdahay 6.7 milyan, [10] intooda badanina waxay ku badan yihiin gobollada koonfureed ee dalka. Magaalada caasimadda ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Asunción, oo magaaladooda weyn ay ku dhawyihiin saddex meelood meel dadka Paraguay. Marka loo eego dalalka ugu badan Latin-ka, Paraguay luqadda iyo dhaqanka asaliga ah, Guaraní, ayaa weli ah mid aad u firfircoon. Tirakoob kasta, dadka degan waxay badanaa u aqoonsadaan inay yihiin mestizo, kuwaas oo ka tarjumaya sannad-guurada guurka ee kooxaha kala duwan. Guaraní waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay luqad rasmi ah oo ay weheliso Isbaanish, labada luuqadoodba si ballaaran ayaa looga hadlaa dalka. {{Dalalka Ameerikada Koonfureed}} <references group="nb" /> ezvb5laq4c9fsckcgdpp5h5rdxp73yx 0 4297 301103 253522 2026-07-09T12:12:21Z Abditubey 46413 301103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bardaale''' Waa Degmo Ka Tirsan Gobolka Baay. Degmada Berdaalo,byed Waxaa Alle ku maneestey barwaaqo rabaani ah waa degmo laba walaal dagan yihiin waa [[Leysaan]] [[Orsi]] iyo [[Leysaan]] bari waxyaabaha lagu yaqaano iyo wax soo saarkeeda waa badarka iyo digirta geleeyda iyo caanaha sidoo kale waxaa kaloo lagu yaqaanaa diinta waa ahluw diin iyo waxbarashda aqoon yaan faro badn ba ka soo baxay sida Alsayid muqtaar roobow Degmada berdaale waxaa hoos taga deegaano faro badan Tusaale waxaa ka mid ah Tosweyne, Foolfayle, Laajiya, Daaniya, Abraana, taliisa, Buula yuusuf, Tuuteese, kaayow, howlahaguud, Jafey, Qasaqlow, Boorama, iyo Tuulooyin kale, degmada rer Berdaale waxaa ay caan ku yihiin wax soo saarka, deris wanaajinta iyo Dhanka diinta oo ay meelo sarre ka marayaan, wa dad xadaari ah Qabiilka =====[[Leysaan]] waxay ka mid yihiin qabiilada ugu caqli badan dallka somalia wxad"na na dhihi kartaa inay yihiin indhaha qowmiyada ====[[Raxaweyn]] sidoo kale beesha [[[Leysaan]] wxay dagaan [[baydhabo]] [[bardheere]] [[bardaale]] ila iyo [[Mandheera]] sidoo kale waxay dagaan koonfurta dallka [[Ethiopia]] iyo waqooyi bari dallka [[kenya]] Sidoo kale [[Jubaland]] iyo [[KGS]] Bay si xoogan u dagaan Reer bardaale hadaad tahay meshaan sawir soo saar hadaada hayso sawir ka hadlaayo dagamda berdaale. Berdaale Berdaale (Maay: Berdaali, Soomaali: Berdaale) waa degmo ku taalla Gobolka Bay ee Koonfur-galbeed Soomaaliya. Waa xarunta maamulka ee Degmada Berdaale. Degmada Berdaale Degmada Berdaale, oo sidoo kale loo qoro Berdaale ama Bardaale, waa degmo ka tirsan Gobolka Bay ee koonfur-galbeed Soomaaliya, kuna taalla qiyaastii 55 kiiloomitir waqooyi-galbeed kaga beegan magaalada Baydhabo, oo ah xarunta gobolka. Degmadani waxay u adeegtaa xarun maamul, ganacsi iyo adeegyo bulshada loogu fidiyo deegaannada ku hareeraysan. Tirada dadka degmada waxaa lagu qiyaasay ku dhowaad 50,000 qof sannadkii 2019, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan ku dhowaad 6,000 barakacayaal gudaha dalka (IDPs) oo halkaas u soo guuray sababo la xiriira colaadaha iyo xasillooni darrada Soomaaliya. Dhaqaalaha degmada wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay beeraha roobka ku baxa iyo dhaqashada xoolaha, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid aad ugu nugul isbeddellada cimilada sida daadadka degdegga ah iyo abaaraha. Dhibaatooyinkan ayaa si joogto ah u sababay cunno yari iyo barakac. Mid ka mid ah masiibooyinka ugu waaweyn ee degmada soo maray wuxuu dhacay dabayaaqadii sannadkii 2019, markii daadad xooggan ay ku fataheen degmada, iyadoo ku dhowaad saddex meelood laba meel degmada ay biyuhu qariyeen. Daadadkaasi waxay burburiyeen guryo, wasakheeyeen ilaha biyaha, kumannaan qofna way barakaceen. Sidoo kale waxay baabi'iyeen dalagyadii beeraha iyo kaydkii abuurka, taasoo halis gelisay wax-soosaarkii xilliga xiga. Masiibadaasi waxay muujisay caqabadaha waaweyn ee degmada ka jira, sida: Kaabeyaal aan ku filnayn. Adeegyada caafimaadka iyo waxbarashada oo xaddidan. Suuqyada oo hakad galay sababo la xiriira waddooyin aan la mari karin. Kororka cudurrada ka dhasha biyaha wasakhaysan. Ku tiirsanaanta gargaarka bani'aadamnimo. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo barakaca daba dheeraaday ee ka dhashay isbeddellada cimilada iyo colaadaha Soomaaliya, hay'adaha caalamiga ah ayaa sannadkii 2023 diyaariyey qorshe horumarineed oo lagu xoojinayo degmada Berdaale. Qorshahani wuxuu diiradda saaray: Dib-u-dejinta iyo isdhexgalka barakacayaasha. Horumarinta kaabeyaasha dhaqaalaha iyo adeegyada bulshada. Yaraynta saameynta fatahaadaha. Horumarinta qorshe magaalo oo waara. Qorshahani wuxuu Berdaale u arkaa tusaale ka tarjumaya isku dhaca caqabadaha bani'aadamnimo iyo horumarineed ee Soomaaliya, halkaas oo colaadaha, isbeddellada cimilada iyo nuglaanta bulshada ay weli caqabad weyn ku yihiin horumarka degmada. pvupci2qow6l4oswgwjwv0ei0zgv3nc 0 4720 301335 300024 2026-07-10T11:10:35Z Videoiib7 46243 301335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = ''República Argentina'' </br> ''Jamhuuriyadda Arjantiina'' |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Arjantiina |qaarada = [[Ameerikada koonfureed]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Argentina.svg |sawir_qaran = Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg |astaan_calan = [[Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<small><br />"Astaanta Qaranka Arjantiina"</small> |image_map = Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg |caasimada = [[Buweynos Ayres]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Isbaanish]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |magac_hogaamiye1 = Cristina Fernández de Kirchner | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,425<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $0.685 billion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,550<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref>. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Julio Cobos]] |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Isbayn]] |established_event1 = Taakiikh |established_date1 = 9 [[Julaay]], 1816 |area = 2,766,890 km2 |areami² = 1,068,302 |biyo = 1.1 |population_estimate = 44,044,811 |population_estimate_year = [[2017]] |lacagta = [[Peso (Arjantiina)|Peso]] (ARS) |wakhti = ART -3 |furaha_debeda = +54 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} Argantiina , si rasmi ah dalka Argentine [A] ([[Af Isbaanish]]: República Argentina), waa Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee inta badan ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee Koonfurta Ameerika. Wadaagidda qadarka Koonfureed ee Chile ee galbeedka, waddanka ayaa sidoo kale xuduud u leh Bolivia iyo Paraguay dhanka woqooyiga, Brazil oo waqooyi-bari, Uruguay iyo Koonfur Atlantic oo ku yaal bariga, iyo Khadka Dhexe ee Drake ee koonfurta. Argentina waxaa ku yaala wadanka sideedaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, kan labaad ee ugu weyn Latin America, iyo kan ugu weyn ee Isbaanishka ku hadla. Buenos Aires, oo ah caasimada federaalka ah ee dalka (Isbaanishaan: Capital Federal) sida uu go'aamiyey Congresska [12]. Gobolada iyo caasimadu waxay leeyihiin dastuur u gaar ah, laakiin waxay ku jiraan nidaam federaali ah. Argentina waxay sheegataa madax banaanida qayb ka mid ah Antarctica, Falkland Islands (Isbaanish: Islas Malvinas), iyo Koonfurta Georgia iyo Koonfurta Sandwich Islands.[[File:20060128 - Cabildo de Buenos Aires.jpg|194px|right|thumb|Lo [[Cabildo de Buenos Aires|Kabiildo]]]] [[File:Buenos Aires-Catedral Metropolitana (exterior).jpg|right|195px|thumb|La [[Catedrau Metropolitana de Buenos Aires|catedrau]] suber la [[plaça de Mayo]]]] ==Xubin== * [[Mercosur]]* *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] * *` * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * *` * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ` ==Waddnamha Degaan Argentina== * {{Flag|Brazil}}200,000+. <ref>https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabes</ref>. [[File:Casa Rosada in Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|196px|right|L'[[Ostau Arroset]], sèti deu poder executiu argentin]] [[File:Argentina Congreso.JPG|right|197px|thumb|Lo [[Palais deu Congrès de la Nacion Argentina|Congrès]] dab lo Senat e la Crampa deus Deputats]] [[File:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|200px|Salta]] Joogista ugu horreysa ee bini'aadamka ee taariikhda Argentina ee taariikhda casriga ah waxay dib ugu noqotaa muddada Paleolithic. Waddanku wuxuu leeyahay xididdadiisa kuxirta Isbaanishka ee gobolka ee qarnigii 16aad. Argentina waxay noqotay mid ku guulaysatay gobolka Viceroyalty ee Río de la Plata, Spanish-ka dibad-baxa dibada ee lagu aasaasay 1776-kii. Baaqa iyo dagaalka xornimada (1810-1818) waxaa soo raacay dagaal sokeeye oo soconayey ilaa 1861, taas oo ku dhamaatay dib-u-habeynta dalka sida federaalka ah ee gobollada Buenos Aires oo ah caasimadeeda. Waddanku wuxuu intaas ku daray in nabadgelyo iyo xasilooni darro, iyada oo mowjado waawayn oo ka mid ah soogalootiga yurubiyaanka ah ay si xooggan dib-u-habaynayaan aragtida dhaqameed iyo bulsho. Kororka ku soo kordhay barwaaqada ayaa keentay in Argentina ay noqoto dalka 7aad ee ugu faqiirsan adduunka tan iyo qarnigii 20-aad. <gallery style="float:right; margin-left:1em; width:180px" mode="packed" caption="Largest cities in Argentina"> File:Buenos Aires y Río de La Plata desde el aire.jpg|{{flag|Buenos Aires}} File:Plaza San Martín Córdoba 2011-03-06.jpg|{{flagicon|Córdoba}} [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] File:Rosario desde el aire.jpeg|{{flagicon|Santa Fe}} [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]] File:Vista de la Ciudad de Mendoza.jpg|{{flagicon|Mendoza}} [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] File:Tucuman sfrancisco barrio norte.jpg|{{flagicon|Tucumán}} [[San Miguel de Tucumán|Tucumán]] File:Plaza Moreno-La Plata-1.jpg|{{flagicon|Buenos Aires Province}} [[La Plata]] File:MDQ skyline.jpg|{{flagicon|Buenos Aires Province}} [[Mar del Plata]] File:Salta-Capital-P3130030.JPG|{{flagicon|Salta}} [[Salta]] File:Vista aerea de Resistencia.jpg|{{flagicon|Chaco}} [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]] File:Santiago cathedral.jpg|{{flagicon|Santiago del Estero}} [[Santiago del Estero]] </gallery> '''Arjantiina''' ama jamhuuriyadda Arjantiina ([[Isbanish]] República Argentina. Waa wadan ku yaalo qaarada [[Ameerikada koonfureed|Koonfur ameerika]]. * * [[Roma (qaran)]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist|refs=https://www.britannica.com/place/Argentina}} {{commons|Argentina}} {{Dalalka Ameerikada Koonfureed}} 0n6bsm4ul2ejmjynjioim4o28zxk03o 0 4739 301351 298820 2026-07-10T11:28:48Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778) */ 301351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial''' '''Guinea''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Portuguese-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii 20aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] Spain ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Corisco 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Guardia Civil and Marine Infantry ee Isbaanishka Guinea 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Equatorial Guinea ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] e8iaq1ks2oi77f2krr30e9rg35d8fe9 301355 301351 2026-07-10T11:31:51Z Videoiib7 46243 301355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Portuguese-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii 20aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] Spain ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Corisco 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Guardia Civil and Marine Infantry ee Isbaanishka Guinea 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Equatorial Guinea ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] na01eql9nszhgw80q142wmw4ppihsy6 301359 301355 2026-07-10T11:34:45Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778) */ 301359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii 20aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] Spain ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Corisco 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Guardia Civil and Marine Infantry ee Isbaanishka Guinea 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Equatorial Guinea ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] dy4o0dla2xtqkkepd83g5kqicccfnfd 301370 301359 2026-07-10T11:43:50Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Horraantii qarnigii 20aad (1900-1945) */ 301370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii 20aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Corisco 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Guardia Civil and Marine Infantry ee Isbaanishka Guinea 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Equatorial Guinea ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] rpzlpe17wsjc9ae2y6wx2grp7fr03i4 301371 301370 2026-07-10T11:44:16Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Horraantii qarnigii 20aad (1900-1945) */ 301371 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Corisco 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Guardia Civil and Marine Infantry ee Isbaanishka Guinea 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Equatorial Guinea ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] lpd5his1igujz73ln3gxrn3hkyxs5c1 301373 301371 2026-07-10T11:45:07Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Horraantii qarnigii 20aad (1900-1945) */ 301373 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Guardia Civil and Marine Infantry ee Isbaanishka Guinea 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Equatorial Guinea ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] 9hfal3h84ubnvdrnxlwkvovbl4pzlwj 301376 301373 2026-07-10T11:46:25Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968) */ 301376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Guardia Civil and Marine Infantry ee Isbaanishka Guinea 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Giinyada Dhulbareed ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Giinyada Dhulbareed Masiias Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] 56bzbaocn8ker3prnsa5jkmi141561l 301377 301376 2026-07-10T11:47:29Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968) */ 301377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Booliska Rayidka Ah iyo Kuwii Kale ee Isbaanishka Giinyada 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Giinyada Dhulbareed ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Giinyada Dhulbareed Masiias Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Equatoguinean inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Equatorial Guinea''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] t5pfw5kwzg0e1tu2bxmvvkqwjc6jr1b 301381 301377 2026-07-10T11:49:11Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Tirakoobka dadweynaha */ 301381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Booliska Rayidka Ah iyo Kuwii Kale ee Isbaanishka Giinyada 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Giinyada Dhulbareed ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Giinyada Dhulbareed Masiias Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Giinyiintu inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Giinyada Dhulbareed''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] ilx32fx872cugu8sm1a36mwizu5tsqu 301382 301381 2026-07-10T11:49:57Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Dowladda iyo siyaasadda */ 301382 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Booliska Rayidka Ah iyo Kuwii Kale ee Isbaanishka Giinyada 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Giinyada Dhulbareed ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Giinyada Dhulbareed Masiias Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Faladimir Butiin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Giinyiintu inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Giinyada Dhulbareed''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] q2hmlwqv6u19agr384sn5cjf6nukx9d 301384 301382 2026-07-10T11:50:53Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979) */ 301384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Booliska Rayidka Ah iyo Kuwii Kale ee Isbaanishka Giinyada 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Giinyada Dhulbareed ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Giinyada Dhulbareed Masiias Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, wuxuu uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Faladimir Butiin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Giinyiintu inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Giinyada Dhulbareed''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] i0qwh651h9o9i49q3p16yn2w9axuw5r 301387 301384 2026-07-10T11:53:04Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta */ 301387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Booliska Rayidka Ah iyo Kuwii Kale ee Isbaanishka Giinyada 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Giinyada Dhulbareed ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Giinyada Dhulbareed Masiias Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, wuxuu uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Faladimir Butiin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Giinyiintu inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Giinyada Dhulbareed''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Isbeyn ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] kxt05zuj39lge1wdu8b2oo7sq0xo0st 0 4827 301242 300945 2026-07-10T06:15:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million³ |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|189px]]<S>[[Maldives]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |18.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<s'?> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |21.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |24."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Romania]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- <S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. 190/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |28._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |29.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- [[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Gamal Abdel Naser u Beogradu, 1962.jpg|thumb|central|The second President of [[Egyptians]] 1954–1971.jpg: "as" President of [[Greater Arab Republics]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 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/>("Lesotho, Dhulka Aabayaasheen")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National_anthem_of_Lesotho,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Goobta Lesotho (cagaar madow) | image_map2 = | capital = Maseru | coordinates = {{coord|29|18|54|S|27|29|13|E|region:LS|display=inline}} | largest_city = Maseru | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |Sesotho | Ingiriis}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |99.7% Basotho |0.3% kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92.1% Masiixiyad |6.6% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika |1.0% Diin la'aan |0.3% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |title=Religion Indexes (Lesotho) |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153535/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Mosotho (kali) |Basotho (wadar)}} | government_type = Midaysan boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo baarlamani ah | leader_title1 = Boqor | leader_name1 = Letsie III | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Sam Matekane | legislature = Baarlamaan | upper_house = Guurtida | lower_house = Golaha Qaranka | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka timid Boqortooyada Midowday | established_event1 = Basutoland | established_date1 = 18 March 1884 | established_event2 = Ku dhawaaqidda madaxbannaanida | established_date2 = 4 October 1966 | area_km2 = 30,355 | area_rank = 137aad | area_sq_mi = 11,720 | percent_water = laga tagi karo | population_estimate = 2,116,427<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bos.gov.ls/New%20Folder/Copy%20of%20Demography/2024_Labour_force_Survey_Report.pdf |title=2024 Labour Force Survey (LFS) Report |publisher=Bureau of Statistics |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 145aad | population_density_km2 = 68.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 162.4 | population_density_rank = 138aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.915 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Lesotho) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026215009/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 168aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,234<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 164aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.373 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 184ad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,110<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 169aad | Gini = 44.9 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.550 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167aad | currency = Loti-ga Lesotho (LSL)<br />Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika (ZAR) | currency_code = | time_zone = Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika | utc_offset = +02:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = +266 | cctld = [[.ls]] | today = }} '''Lesotho''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Lesotho.wav|l|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː}} {{respell|lih|SOO|too}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|title=lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081136/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|st|lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ}}),{{efn|Dalku wuxuu kaloo caan ku yahay magacyada "Boqortooyada Buurta" ({{langx|st|'Muso oa Thaba}}) iyo "Boqortooyada Cirka ku jirta" ({{langx|st|'Muso o Leholimong}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Of The King |url=https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Government Of Lesotho |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312155115/https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Boqortooyada Lesotho'''{{efn|{{langx|st|Naha ea Lesotho}}}}, waa dal ku dhex xidhan dhul oo ku yaal Koonfurta Afrika. Waxaa gebi ahaanba ku hareeraysan Koonfur Afrika, waana dalka ugu weyn seddexda dal ee caalamka ee ah xidhan ee madaxbannaan. Lesotho waxay ku taal Buuraha Maloti, iyadoo leh darafka ugu sarreeya koonfurta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maloti Mountains {{!}} Drakensberg, Lesotho Highlands, Southern Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124193607/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo ka badan 30,000 km2, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaaraya qiyaastii 2.3 milyan. Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Maseru. Lesotho waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1824-kii Boqor Moshoeshoe I. Is-dhaudhaafsi joogto ah oo ka jiray dadka deggan ee u dhashay Dutch-ka ayaa ka dhigay Boqorka inuu heshiis la galo Boqortooyada Midowday si uu u noqdo maxmiyad sannadkii 1868-kii, sannadkii 1884-kiina wuxuu noqday gumeysi taaj ah. Waxay heshay madaxbannaanideeda sannadkii 1966-kii, waxaana ka dib xukumayay Xisbiga Qaranka ee Basotho muddo labaatan sano ah. Dawladdeeda dastuuriga ah ayaa dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1993-kii ka dib toddoba sano oo xukun milatari ah. Boqor Moshoeshoe II waxaa la masaafuriyay sannadkii 1990-kii laakiin wuxuu dib u soo laabtay sannadkii 1992-kii waxaana dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1995-kii. Sannad ka dib, Moshoeshoe II wuxuu dhintay wiilkiisa Letsie III ayaa la wareegay carshiga, kaas oo uu weli hayo.<ref name=":5" /> Qowmiyadda Sotho (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Basotho), oo dalku ka qaatay magaciisa, waxay ka kooban tahay 99.7% dadka hadda ku nool dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu qowmiyadda keliya ah adduunka. Luqaddooda hooyo, oo ah Sesotho, waa luqad rasmi ah oo ay dhowrto Ingiriis, IsiXhosa, iyo SiPhuthi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesotho Government Gazette Number 73 |date=31 August 2022 |url=https://gazettes.africa/akn/ls/officialGazette/government-gazette/2022-08-31/73/eng@2022-08-31 |access-date=26 July 2025 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813161055/https://gazettes.africa/akn/ls/officialGazette/government-gazette/2022-08-31/73/eng@2022-08-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lesotho waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo ilaa dhexe oo qaba caqabado dhaqaale iyo bulsho oo waaweyn, laakiin sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu heerka sarreeya akhris-qoraalka Afrika (81% marka loo eego 2021). Lesotho waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Barwaaqo-sooranka, Midowga Afrika, iyo Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} q6bkymkxyj7tbuv1t36gxdbfkbacwpp 0 7196 301190 267830 2026-07-09T22:01:22Z Dabayl 12159 301190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiqi ayuub''' Waa degmo katirsan gobolka [[Togdheer]] Waan mid kamida 13ka degmo ee uu ka kooban yahay gobolku degmadan waxa dega [[Reeryoonis]] [[Maxamed yoonis|MaxamedYoonis]] .. Fiqi Ayuub dadka kunool deegankeda waxa lagu qiyaasa 8000 oo qof oo isugu jira [[Beeraley|beeralay]] iyo [[xoolo dhaqato]]. Sidoo kale waa goobta uu ku yaalo qabriga suldaanki u horeeyay ee habarjeclo AHN Suldan cali musee yuusuf Sido kale waxa ku yaala maxadka diinta hoose shexe sare ee ina. Saxar oo ahaa wasiir hore somalilamd kanaso jeday beesha maxamed yoonis ee sandlada habarjeclo {{Magaalooyinka Gobolka Togdheer}} [[degmo]] [[togdheer]] [[Category:Togdheer]] [[Higlo]] qikheouh4d6cv927hirpjlf38ollwo8 0 8940 301193 283926 2026-07-09T23:25:04Z Videoiib7 46243 301193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga |native_name = Türkiga |common_name = Turkiga |national_motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|tr|''[[Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation|Egemenlik, kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir]]''}},<ref name="">Motto of Turkey"</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|title=Motto|date=23 February 2013|publisher=Gov.tr|accessdate=23 February 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=20 Bisha Labaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220150051/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} {{small|"Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation"}} |national_anthem = ''[[İstiklal Marşı]]'', {{small|"Independence March"}} |image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg |image_coat = |symbol_type = |image_map = Turkey (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Ankara]] |latd=39 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=32 |longm=50 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Istanbuul]]<Br/>{{small|{{coord|41|1|N|28|57|E|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = [[Af-Turki]] |demonym = [[Turki]] |ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list | 70–75% [[Turki]] | {{nbsp|6}}18% [[Af-Kurdish]] | {{nbsp|2}}7–12% qaybo kale }} |ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.4em|<ref name="">cia</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |title=Turkey |publisher=The World Factbook |accessdate=9 February 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |government_type = Dawalad dhexe [[Baarlamaan]] [[Dastuurka turkiga|Dastuuri]] [[Jamhuuriyad]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = [[Rajab Dayib Erdogaan]] |leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |leader_name2 = [[Bin cali yildrim]] |leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha baarlamaanka |leader_name3 = [[ismaciil kahraman]] |leader_title4 = Gudoomiyaha maxkamadda sare |leader_name4 = [[Haşim Kılıç]] |legislature = {{nowrap|[[Baarlamaanka Turkiga]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Ka timid]] {{nobold|mid ka mid ah Imbaraatooriyadii cusmaaniyiinta}} |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Heshiiskii Lusaan]]}} |established_date1 = 24 Luulyo 1923 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|Ku dhwaaqista Jamhuuriyad}} |established_date2 = 29 Oktoobar 1923 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |area_km2 = 783562 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf UN statistics, page 7 (PDF format) --> |area_sq_mi = 302535 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 37th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 1.3 |population_estimate = 84,382,387<ref name="">Population of Turkey</ref>. |currency = [[Turkish lira]]^a |currency_code = TRY |time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |drives_on = [[right]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Turkey|90]] |cctld = [[.tr]] |website = www.turkiye.gov.tr |footnote_a = }} '''Turkiga''' ([[Af-Turki]]: '''Türkiye'''; {{lang-ar|تركيا}}) sida dowliga ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyada Turkiga''', waa wadan aad u balaadhan waxa uu ku kala yaala labad qaaradood ee [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Yurub]] wadanka. Turkigu waxa uu xuduud la leeyhay [[Joorjiya]], Iiraan, [[Armania|Armiiniya]], Azrabijan dhinaca bari dhinaca koonfur waxa uu xuduud kala leeyahay dalalka, Ciraaq Suuriya iyo bada dhexe dhinaca galbeed waxaa ka xiga wadan giriiga iyo wadanka [[Bulgaria|Bulgaariya]] iyo bada loo yaqaano eeje, dhina waqooyi waxaa ka xiga bada madaw,waxa uu ahaa turkigu mid ay maa musho dawladii cismaaniyuuntu ilaa [[1922]] markaas oo la sameeyay dawladan turkiga ee aynu manta naqaano, dawladaas oo uu sameeyay ninkii la odhan jiray [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]i. == Magaca Turkiya == Magaca Turkiya waxa uu kasoo jeedaa laba kalmadood oo laysisaaray oo kala ah kalmada Turk oo ah kalmada tilmaamaysa shacab waynaha Turkiga iyo kalmada iye oo ka hadlaysa wexeenaa markaa magacu macna ahaan waxa uu noqonayaa Turkiyadeena. == Taariikh == Wadanka Turkiga intii kahoraysay sanadkii 1922 waxaa maamulaysa [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]. Kadib markii ay bur burtay [[Dawladii Suluuqiyiinta]] waxa samaysamay Dawladi Sismaaniyiinta. [[File:MERSİN-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] == Dawladii Cismaniya iyo Sidii ay ku abuurantay == Wagas oo hee layeela soo dhmays tiira am. == Asalkoodii iyo dawladaasii siday ku abuurantay == [[Kitaabka quduska|Qorniinka Quduuska]] ah waxay inoo sheegaan inay webiyada la yiraahdo [[Furaat|Yufraad]] iyo [[Tigris]] (Xiddeqel) ay ka yimaaddeen Ceeden. Beerta Ceeden waxaa loo maleeyaa inay ku taallay meel maanta ah bariga Turki. Runtii, beerta Ceeden adduunka bay ku taallay. Ilaahay Aadan buu abuuray oo wuxuu dejiyay beerta Ceeden “inuu falo oo dhawro.”<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/iimaan-run-ah/qasdiga-ilaahay-oo-ku-saabsan-adduunka/ Muxuu Yahay Qasdiga Ilaahay oo ku Saabsan Adduunka?]</ref>. Waxa ay kasoojeedeen [[cismaaniyiintu.]]. qabiilada.oogooz.oo ah qabiilo kamid ahayd qawmiyada Turkumaanka waxa ay daganaayeen wadanka [[mangooliya]]kadib markii ay mangooliyiintu dhibaato u gyastayn waxa ay u yaaceen xagaas iyo Turkiga waxa ay degeen meesha lagu magacaabo.betyeeniya.oo ku taalaa deegaanka anaadool.ee wadanka Turkiga.waxa ay ahyad xiligii suldaan [[cismaan ardaqal]]. Ama cusmaankii koobaad.markii u horaysay cismaaniyiintu waxa ay lugohooda dhigeen.dhulka looyaqaano bolkaniska.ee katirsan bariga yurub.cismaaniyiintu waxa ay aad usii fideen kadib markii uu dhacay dagaalkii ka dhacay goobta looyaqaano. [[Nikobolis]] oo dhacay sanadii 1389.intaa kadib waxa dhacay dhawr jeer in ay jabaan.laakiin markiidanbe waxa ay lasoonoqdeen haybadoofdii iyo awoodoodii.waxayna aad u xoogaysteen xiligii, [[muraadkii labaad]].oo ahayd.[[1421-1451]]. Kadib waxa cyimi [[suldaan maxamed alfaatix]]. Oo awooday in uu qabsado [[giriiga]] 1453. Waxaan raba in aan wax kabarto turkiga wada nuuce ayaa lomara in tee ayay iguqadane in aan cagaha dhego dalka turkiga casimada Ankara. ==IMF== '''0.98%''' ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==waddanmah La Deggan Turkiga== * {{Flag|Azerbaijan}} 20,000+. * {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} 2000+ * {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}: 2000+: * {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}: 1000+: == sobixitankii.reer.cusmaan == Kadib markii uu dhintay arduqal.waxa dhacday in wiilkiisa cismaan halkiisii loomagacaabay.cismaan ibnu ardoqalna waxa uu dhashay.1258.waxaanuu ahaa aasaaskii dawladan.waxa uu kasoojeeday qabiilada qay.awoowgii oo la odhanjiray suliman shaah ayaa waxa uu soo haajiray xagaas iyo.turkiga.waxaanuu dagay turkiga.maadaama oo uu ahaa cusmaan nin hogaaminaya qabeelo dhan markii uu yimi wadanka turkiga waxa ay sifiican isufahmeen cidii markaas halkaas katalinaysay.kadib waxa ay saaxiibtinimo wanaagsani dhex martay isaga iyo calaa adiin.oo ahaa odaygii ama hogaankii halkaas. Kadib calaa waxa uu suldaan cismaan siiyay.calan cad.oo ahaa calaamd lagu garto raga madaxda ah. Waxa kale oo uu siiyay.magaca ama naanaysta (bik) laga bilaabo 1289.waxa kale oo uu amray in lacagta lagusoo qoro magaciisaa.waxa kale oo uu u magacaabay hogaamiye qaybkamida ciidamadiisa. == Bilawgii cismaaniyiinta == Suldaankii cismaaniyiinta ugu horeeyay waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada (Sogüt) oo ah meel laga maamulo magaalada wayn ee (bin shahiir)sanadii 1258 kadib markii uu dhintay uldaankii halkaas xukumayay ayaa suldaan cismaan loo dooratay in uu noqdo hogaamiye.taasina waxa ya horseeday in ay bilaabmato dawldii cismaniyiintu.waxa uu suldaan cismaan samaystay dawlad adag iyo ciidan aad u awood badan.waxa uu baabiyiyay oo uu gacanta ku dhigay.dawldii giriiga.kadib dawladiisi waxa ay gaadhay dhul aad u balaadhan.oo ay kamid tahay Soomaaliya.cismaaniyuuntu waxa ay islaamka gaadhsiiyiin.badhtamaha yurub. == Fiditaankii dawlada cismaniyada == Wxa looqaybinkaraa fiditaankii iuyo taariikhdii cismaaniyiinta laba qaybood. qaybta hore waxa ay tahay xilgii horumarka iyo awooda milatari taas oo soo gaadhsiisnayd sanadii 1566 iyo taariikh kale oo ay dawladaasi soo martay xiliyo adag iyo dhibaato siyaasadeed waxaanay soo gaadhsiisanayd sanadii 1683. === Xiligii horumarka iyo awooda (1453–1566) === Kadib markii uu dhintay suldaan [[maxamed al-faatex]] waxa xukunka kumurmay labada wiil ee uu katagay laakiin waxa adkaaaday oo loodoortay boqor boqorka la odhan jiray [[baayasiid]] oo ahaa wiil uu katay maxamed al-faatex. kadib walaalkii waxa uu u cararay dhankaas iyo masar halkaas oo uu kaalmo karaadsaday dawladii katalinjiratay masar xiligaas ee [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]] kadib halkaas wuu katagay oo waxa uu aaday dhanka jsiirada [[Rodes]] halkaas oo uu iskudayay in uu gacansiiyo ciidamdii hogaamiye diimeedka (Knights Hospitaller) iyo dawladaha reer galbeedka == Taariikhda Turkiga iyo Giriiga == Taariikhdu culays miisaan ayey saartaa xiriirka u dhexeeya Giriigga iyo Turkiga. Giriiggu wuxuu qeyb ka ahaa boqortooyadii Cuthmaaniyiinta, taasoo uu Turkigu laf-dhabar u ahaa markii uu ku dhawaaqay madax bannaanidiisa qarnigii 19-aad. [[File:Bayraktar_TB2_Ground.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg|thumb|right|400px|turkiga treenka]] [[File:Food_fromTurkey.jpg|thumb|right|400px|cuntoka turkiga]] [[File:Turkish_Angora_in_Ankara_Zoo_(AO%C3%87).JPG|thumb|right|300px|turkish agora bisaad]] == Dagaalkii Giriigga iyo Turkiga == Ciidamadii Turkigu waxay la dagaallameen ciidamada Giriigga ee markaas haystay si ay halkaasi uga soo baxdo Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga sannadkii 1920-kii. Ilaa tobaneeyadii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxay u muuqatay in labada waddan ciidamadoodu ay isku dhici karaan. Laakiin, hadda dad aad u tiro yar ayaa rumaysan in ay waxaasi dhici karaan, xitaa haddii uu kala shaki ku kala dhex jiro labada shacbi. ==UN Tiro== '''792''' ===Dadaalka saaxiibtinnimo=== Labada Dawladdadood ee labada dal ee Giriigga iyo Turkigu aad bey u shaqeeyeen si uu mid kasta saaxiibtinnimo uga kasbado midka kale, taasoo weliba sii baahday kaalmadii uu mid kasta siiyey midka kale markii ay dhul-gariirradu ka dheceen halkaasi sannadkii 1999. Laakiin, haddana weli waxaa jira waxooga mushkilado ah. Jasiiradda qeybsan ee Qubrus ayaa hadda ah meesha ay ka soo burqato dhibaatada u dhexeysa labada dal, waxaana jira arrin si weyn la isugu khilaafsan yahay oo ah jawiga iyo xuquuqda dhul ee badda Aegean-ka taasoo kala qeybisa labada dal, laakiin haddana diblomaasiyiinta labada dal aad bey ugu rajo weyn yihiin kulankooda soo socda. ===Rabitaanka Turkiga=== Ganacsiga, rabitaanka Turkiga uu ku doonayo in uu ku biiro Midowga Yurub, iyo mustaqbalka Qubrus kaddib markii bishii hore lagu guul-darreystay aftidii lagu mideyn lahaa, ayaa waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ugu waaweyn yihiin waxyaabaha ay ka wada hadli doonaan. ===Khilaafka xaggee buu ka imaan karaa?=== Qeyb rasmi ah oo ka mid ah booqashada ayaa laga yaabaa in la isku khilaafo. Maalinta Sabtida ah ee soo socota, Mr Erdogan, ayaa Thrace ku booqan doona Bariga Giriigga, meeshasina waxaa deggan ilaa boqol kun oo shacab ah oo ku hadla afka Turkiga, kuwaasoo ka soo haray shacabkii la is-weydaarsaday sannadkii 1920-kii. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah kuwaasi waxay ku baaqaan in la aqoonsado sugnaantooda Turkinnimo, taasoo ay iska diiddo Dawladda Giriigga. [[File:Galata Bridge, Istanbul (Constantinople).jpg|thumb|right|197px|19. yüzyıl sonlarında [[Galata Köprüsü]] ve arka planda [[Valide Sultan Camii|Yeni Cami]], İstanbul.]]] == Deegaanka == Turkiya waxa ay ka koobantahay labada qaaradood ee [[Yurub]] iyo [[Aasiya]] laakiin intabadan dhulka wadanka yurkigu waxa uu kuyaalaa qaarada Aasiya. wadanka Turkiya wqaxa uu kufiadhiyaa dhula gaadhaya ilaa 783,562 oo iskuweera == Tirada Dadka == Markii ugu horaysay ee tirakoob lagusameeyaa waxa ay ahayd sanadkii 2009 markaas oo ay dadku noqdeen ilaa 67,803,927 == Diinta == * [[Islaam]]|| 95.99% * [[Bilaadiin]]03.2% * [[Masiixiyad]]00.6% * Qaarkale 0.1 == Ciidamada == Ciidamada wadanka turkiya waxa ay ka koobanyihiin ciidamada cirka Dhulka iyo badda.xiliga nabada waxa lagutilmaamaa in ay hoos yimaadsaan wasaarada aramiha gudaha. Intaa waxaa dheer ciidamada booliska iyo jandarmaariga oo xiliga dagaalkana waxa ay hoostagaan wasaarada difaaca,ciidamada Turkigu waa ciidanka labaad ee kujira [[Gaashaanbuurta NATO]] marka maraykanka lagayimaado.ciidamada turkiga waxaa laguqiyaasaa in kabadan hal milyan iyo badh.qofkasta oo turkiya waxa qasab ku ah in uu soo maro adeega ciidanimo sadex todobaad ilaa 18 bilood. == Luqada Turkiga == laqada Turkiga waa mid kamida luqadaha turkiga ee looyaqaano in ay yihiin amaba kasoo jeedaan bah luqeedaka looyaqaano [[Altis]] intii ka horaysay waxa afka turkiga lagu qorui jiray farta carabiga.waxaana luqadaas u badanaa kalmado kasoo jeeda Faaris iyo carabi.laakiin Jamhuuriyiintii talada lawareegtay ee uu madaxda u ahaa [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], ayaa kadanbeeyay in afka Turkiga lagu qoro farta laatiinka ah ee maanta loo isticmaalo.daadka kuhadla luqada turkiga waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 130 milyan oo qof oo kukal nool in kabadan ilaa 15 wadan. * [[Aquila Synope]] <gallery> File:Hattusa.temple1.jpg|Vestigis dau Grand Temple (temple 1) de la vila bassa de [[Hattusa]]. File:Ruins of Gordion 3.JPG|Vestigis de [[Gordion]] qu'èra la [[capitala]] de [[Frígia]]. File:Pergamon - 01.jpg|Vestigis d'un temple dedicat a Trajan a [[Pergama]]. File:Aya sofya.jpg|Catedrala Santa Sofia bastida per lei Bizantins e transformada en [[mosqueta]] per leis Otomans. File:Akdamar kirche.jpg|Glèisa bizantina dins la region dau [[lac de Van]]. File:YesilCami Iznik 920.jpg|[[Mosqueta Vèrda]] d'estile otoman bastida a Bursa (fin dau sègle XIV). File:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg|Dòma de la [[Mosqueta Selimiye]] d'Edirne (sègle XVI). File:Blue Mosque Courtyard Dusk Wikimedia Commons.jpg|[[Mosqueta Blava]] d'estile otoman a [[Istambul]] (començament dau sègle XVII). File:İstanbul 4946.jpg|[[Mosqueta Nusretiye]] d'estile barròc otoman (començament dau sègle XIX). File:Dolmabahce, Istanbul, Turchia.JPG|[[Palais Dolmabahçe]] que mescla leis estiles barròc, rococò e neoclassic (mitat dau sègle XIX). File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|Intrada dau [[Palais Dolmabahçe]]. </gallery> <gallery> File:Flag of Turkey.svg|Drapèu oficiau de Turquia oficialament adoptat en [[1936]]. File:Ottoman flag.svg|Drapèu [[Empèri Otoman|otoman]] a l'origina dau drapèu turc actuau. File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG|Utilizacion d'un drapèu roge amb estela e luna per de soudats turcs en [[1299]]. File:Emblem of the Republic of Turkey.svg|Blason actuau utilizat per la diplomacia turca. File:Seal of the Turkish Parliament (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi).svg|Blason de la Granda Assemblada nacionala. File:Turkey emblem round.png|Blason utilizat dins certanei documents oficiaus e per leis equipas esportivas. </gallery> ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Germany]] * [[Switzerland]] * [[Spain]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} == Tixraac == {{Dalalka Yurub}} * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20040715/Cappadocia-Where-People-Lived-in-Dwellings-Carved-by-Wind-and-Water/ Cappadocia—Where People Lived in Dwellings Carved by Wind and Water] <references /> 77o9a5z4c0cphysk54j8h37akqxqax9 301194 301193 2026-07-09T23:27:08Z Videoiib7 46243 301194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga |native_name = Türkiga |common_name = Turkiga |national_motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|tr|''[[Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation|Egemenlik, kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir]]''}},<ref name="">Motto of Turkey"</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|title=Motto|date=23 February 2013|publisher=Gov.tr|accessdate=23 February 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=20 Bisha Labaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220150051/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} {{small|"Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation"}} |national_anthem = ''[[İstiklal Marşı]]'', {{small|"Independence March"}} |image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg |image_coat = |symbol_type = |image_map = Turkey (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Ankara]] |latd=39 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=32 |longm=50 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Istanbuul]]<Br/>{{small|{{coord|41|1|N|28|57|E|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = [[Af-Turki]] |demonym = [[Turki]] |ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list | 70–75% [[Turki]] | {{nbsp|6}}18% [[Af-Kurdish]] | {{nbsp|2}}7–12% qaybo kale }} |ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.4em|<ref name="">cia</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |title=Turkey |publisher=The World Factbook |accessdate=9 February 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |government_type = Dawalad dhexe [[Baarlamaan]] [[Dastuurka turkiga|Dastuuri]] [[Jamhuuriyad]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = [[Rajab Dayib Erdogaan]] |leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |leader_name2 = [[Bin cali yildrim]] |leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha baarlamaanka |leader_name3 = [[ismaciil kahraman]] |leader_title4 = Gudoomiyaha maxkamadda sare |leader_name4 = [[Haşim Kılıç]] |legislature = {{nowrap|[[Baarlamaanka Turkiga]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Ka timid]] {{nobold|mid ka mid ah Imbaraatooriyadii cusmaaniyiinta}} |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Heshiiskii Lusaan]]}} |established_date1 = 24 Luulyo 1923 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|Ku dhwaaqista Jamhuuriyad}} |established_date2 = 29 Oktoobar 1923 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |area_km2 = 783562 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf UN statistics, page 7 (PDF format) --> |area_sq_mi = 302535 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 37th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 1.3 |population_estimate = 84,382,387<ref name="">Population of Turkey</ref>. |currency = [[Turkish lira]]^a |currency_code = TRY |time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |drives_on = [[right]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Turkey|90]] |cctld = [[.tr]] |website = www.turkiye.gov.tr |footnote_a = }} '''Turkiga''' ([[Af-Turki]]: '''Türkiye'''; {{lang-ar|تركيا}}) sida Aduunka ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyada Turkiga''', waa Dal aad u balaadhan waxa uu ku kala yaala labad qaaradood ee [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Yurub]]. Turkigu waxa uu xuduud la leeyhay [[Joorjiya]], Iiraan, [[Armania|Armiiniya]], Azrabijan dhinaca bari dhinaca koonfur waxa uu xuduud kala leeyahay dalalka, Ciraaq Suuriya iyo bada dhexe dhinaca galbeed waxaa ka xiga wadan giriiga iyo wadanka [[Bulgaria|Bulgaariya]] iyo bada loo yaqaano eeje, dhina waqooyi waxaa ka xiga bada madaw,waxa uu ahaa turkigu mid ay maa musho dawladii cismaaniyuuntu ilaa [[1922]] markaas oo la sameeyay dawladan turkiga ee aynu manta naqaano, dawladaas oo uu sameeyay ninkii la odhan jiray [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]i. == Magaca Turkiya == Magaca Turkiya waxa uu kasoo jeedaa laba kalmadood oo laysisaaray oo kala ah kalmada Turk oo ah kalmada tilmaamaysa shacab waynaha Turkiga iyo kalmada iye oo ka hadlaysa wexeenaa markaa magacu macna ahaan waxa uu noqonayaa Turkiyadeena. == Taariikh == Wadanka Turkiga intii kahoraysay sanadkii 1922 waxaa maamulaysa [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]. Kadib markii ay bur burtay [[Dawladii Suluuqiyiinta]] waxa samaysamay Dawladi Sismaaniyiinta. [[File:MERSİN-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] == Dawladii Cismaniya iyo Sidii ay ku abuurantay == Wagas oo hee layeela soo dhmays tiira am. == Asalkoodii iyo dawladaasii siday ku abuurantay == [[Kitaabka quduska|Qorniinka Quduuska]] ah waxay inoo sheegaan inay webiyada la yiraahdo [[Furaat|Yufraad]] iyo [[Tigris]] (Xiddeqel) ay ka yimaaddeen Ceeden. Beerta Ceeden waxaa loo maleeyaa inay ku taallay meel maanta ah bariga Turki. Runtii, beerta Ceeden adduunka bay ku taallay. Ilaahay Aadan buu abuuray oo wuxuu dejiyay beerta Ceeden “inuu falo oo dhawro.”<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/iimaan-run-ah/qasdiga-ilaahay-oo-ku-saabsan-adduunka/ Muxuu Yahay Qasdiga Ilaahay oo ku Saabsan Adduunka?]</ref>. Waxa ay kasoojeedeen [[cismaaniyiintu.]]. qabiilada.oogooz.oo ah qabiilo kamid ahayd qawmiyada Turkumaanka waxa ay daganaayeen wadanka [[mangooliya]]kadib markii ay mangooliyiintu dhibaato u gyastayn waxa ay u yaaceen xagaas iyo Turkiga waxa ay degeen meesha lagu magacaabo.betyeeniya.oo ku taalaa deegaanka anaadool.ee wadanka Turkiga.waxa ay ahyad xiligii suldaan [[cismaan ardaqal]]. Ama cusmaankii koobaad.markii u horaysay cismaaniyiintu waxa ay lugohooda dhigeen.dhulka looyaqaano bolkaniska.ee katirsan bariga yurub.cismaaniyiintu waxa ay aad usii fideen kadib markii uu dhacay dagaalkii ka dhacay goobta looyaqaano. [[Nikobolis]] oo dhacay sanadii 1389.intaa kadib waxa dhacay dhawr jeer in ay jabaan.laakiin markiidanbe waxa ay lasoonoqdeen haybadoofdii iyo awoodoodii.waxayna aad u xoogaysteen xiligii, [[muraadkii labaad]].oo ahayd.[[1421-1451]]. Kadib waxa cyimi [[suldaan maxamed alfaatix]]. Oo awooday in uu qabsado [[giriiga]] 1453. Waxaan raba in aan wax kabarto turkiga wada nuuce ayaa lomara in tee ayay iguqadane in aan cagaha dhego dalka turkiga casimada Ankara. ==IMF== '''0.98%''' ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==waddanmah La Deggan Turkiga== * {{Flag|Azerbaijan}} 20,000+. * {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} 2000+ * {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}: 2000+: * {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}: 1000+: == sobixitankii.reer.cusmaan == Kadib markii uu dhintay arduqal.waxa dhacday in wiilkiisa cismaan halkiisii loomagacaabay.cismaan ibnu ardoqalna waxa uu dhashay.1258.waxaanuu ahaa aasaaskii dawladan.waxa uu kasoojeeday qabiilada qay.awoowgii oo la odhanjiray suliman shaah ayaa waxa uu soo haajiray xagaas iyo.turkiga.waxaanuu dagay turkiga.maadaama oo uu ahaa cusmaan nin hogaaminaya qabeelo dhan markii uu yimi wadanka turkiga waxa ay sifiican isufahmeen cidii markaas halkaas katalinaysay.kadib waxa ay saaxiibtinimo wanaagsani dhex martay isaga iyo calaa adiin.oo ahaa odaygii ama hogaankii halkaas. Kadib calaa waxa uu suldaan cismaan siiyay.calan cad.oo ahaa calaamd lagu garto raga madaxda ah. Waxa kale oo uu siiyay.magaca ama naanaysta (bik) laga bilaabo 1289.waxa kale oo uu amray in lacagta lagusoo qoro magaciisaa.waxa kale oo uu u magacaabay hogaamiye qaybkamida ciidamadiisa. == Bilawgii cismaaniyiinta == Suldaankii cismaaniyiinta ugu horeeyay waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada (Sogüt) oo ah meel laga maamulo magaalada wayn ee (bin shahiir)sanadii 1258 kadib markii uu dhintay uldaankii halkaas xukumayay ayaa suldaan cismaan loo dooratay in uu noqdo hogaamiye.taasina waxa ya horseeday in ay bilaabmato dawldii cismaniyiintu.waxa uu suldaan cismaan samaystay dawlad adag iyo ciidan aad u awood badan.waxa uu baabiyiyay oo uu gacanta ku dhigay.dawldii giriiga.kadib dawladiisi waxa ay gaadhay dhul aad u balaadhan.oo ay kamid tahay Soomaaliya.cismaaniyuuntu waxa ay islaamka gaadhsiiyiin.badhtamaha yurub. == Fiditaankii dawlada cismaniyada == Wxa looqaybinkaraa fiditaankii iuyo taariikhdii cismaaniyiinta laba qaybood. qaybta hore waxa ay tahay xilgii horumarka iyo awooda milatari taas oo soo gaadhsiisnayd sanadii 1566 iyo taariikh kale oo ay dawladaasi soo martay xiliyo adag iyo dhibaato siyaasadeed waxaanay soo gaadhsiisanayd sanadii 1683. === Xiligii horumarka iyo awooda (1453–1566) === Kadib markii uu dhintay suldaan [[maxamed al-faatex]] waxa xukunka kumurmay labada wiil ee uu katagay laakiin waxa adkaaaday oo loodoortay boqor boqorka la odhan jiray [[baayasiid]] oo ahaa wiil uu katay maxamed al-faatex. kadib walaalkii waxa uu u cararay dhankaas iyo masar halkaas oo uu kaalmo karaadsaday dawladii katalinjiratay masar xiligaas ee [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]] kadib halkaas wuu katagay oo waxa uu aaday dhanka jsiirada [[Rodes]] halkaas oo uu iskudayay in uu gacansiiyo ciidamdii hogaamiye diimeedka (Knights Hospitaller) iyo dawladaha reer galbeedka == Taariikhda Turkiga iyo Giriiga == Taariikhdu culays miisaan ayey saartaa xiriirka u dhexeeya Giriigga iyo Turkiga. Giriiggu wuxuu qeyb ka ahaa boqortooyadii Cuthmaaniyiinta, taasoo uu Turkigu laf-dhabar u ahaa markii uu ku dhawaaqay madax bannaanidiisa qarnigii 19-aad. [[File:Bayraktar_TB2_Ground.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg|thumb|right|400px|turkiga treenka]] [[File:Food_fromTurkey.jpg|thumb|right|400px|cuntoka turkiga]] [[File:Turkish_Angora_in_Ankara_Zoo_(AO%C3%87).JPG|thumb|right|300px|turkish agora bisaad]] == Dagaalkii Giriigga iyo Turkiga == Ciidamadii Turkigu waxay la dagaallameen ciidamada Giriigga ee markaas haystay si ay halkaasi uga soo baxdo Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga sannadkii 1920-kii. Ilaa tobaneeyadii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxay u muuqatay in labada waddan ciidamadoodu ay isku dhici karaan. Laakiin, hadda dad aad u tiro yar ayaa rumaysan in ay waxaasi dhici karaan, xitaa haddii uu kala shaki ku kala dhex jiro labada shacbi. ==UN Tiro== '''792''' ===Dadaalka saaxiibtinnimo=== Labada Dawladdadood ee labada dal ee Giriigga iyo Turkigu aad bey u shaqeeyeen si uu mid kasta saaxiibtinnimo uga kasbado midka kale, taasoo weliba sii baahday kaalmadii uu mid kasta siiyey midka kale markii ay dhul-gariirradu ka dheceen halkaasi sannadkii 1999. Laakiin, haddana weli waxaa jira waxooga mushkilado ah. Jasiiradda qeybsan ee Qubrus ayaa hadda ah meesha ay ka soo burqato dhibaatada u dhexeysa labada dal, waxaana jira arrin si weyn la isugu khilaafsan yahay oo ah jawiga iyo xuquuqda dhul ee badda Aegean-ka taasoo kala qeybisa labada dal, laakiin haddana diblomaasiyiinta labada dal aad bey ugu rajo weyn yihiin kulankooda soo socda. ===Rabitaanka Turkiga=== Ganacsiga, rabitaanka Turkiga uu ku doonayo in uu ku biiro Midowga Yurub, iyo mustaqbalka Qubrus kaddib markii bishii hore lagu guul-darreystay aftidii lagu mideyn lahaa, ayaa waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ugu waaweyn yihiin waxyaabaha ay ka wada hadli doonaan. ===Khilaafka xaggee buu ka imaan karaa?=== Qeyb rasmi ah oo ka mid ah booqashada ayaa laga yaabaa in la isku khilaafo. Maalinta Sabtida ah ee soo socota, Mr Erdogan, ayaa Thrace ku booqan doona Bariga Giriigga, meeshasina waxaa deggan ilaa boqol kun oo shacab ah oo ku hadla afka Turkiga, kuwaasoo ka soo haray shacabkii la is-weydaarsaday sannadkii 1920-kii. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah kuwaasi waxay ku baaqaan in la aqoonsado sugnaantooda Turkinnimo, taasoo ay iska diiddo Dawladda Giriigga. [[File:Galata Bridge, Istanbul (Constantinople).jpg|thumb|right|197px|19. yüzyıl sonlarında [[Galata Köprüsü]] ve arka planda [[Valide Sultan Camii|Yeni Cami]], İstanbul.]]] == Deegaanka == Turkiya waxa ay ka koobantahay labada qaaradood ee [[Yurub]] iyo [[Aasiya]] laakiin intabadan dhulka wadanka yurkigu waxa uu kuyaalaa qaarada Aasiya. wadanka Turkiya wqaxa uu kufiadhiyaa dhula gaadhaya ilaa 783,562 oo iskuweera == Tirada Dadka == Markii ugu horaysay ee tirakoob lagusameeyaa waxa ay ahayd sanadkii 2009 markaas oo ay dadku noqdeen ilaa 67,803,927 == Diinta == * [[Islaam]]|| 95.99% * [[Bilaadiin]]03.2% * [[Masiixiyad]]00.6% * Qaarkale 0.1 == Ciidamada == Ciidamada wadanka turkiya waxa ay ka koobanyihiin ciidamada cirka Dhulka iyo badda.xiliga nabada waxa lagutilmaamaa in ay hoos yimaadsaan wasaarada aramiha gudaha. Intaa waxaa dheer ciidamada booliska iyo jandarmaariga oo xiliga dagaalkana waxa ay hoostagaan wasaarada difaaca,ciidamada Turkigu waa ciidanka labaad ee kujira [[Gaashaanbuurta NATO]] marka maraykanka lagayimaado.ciidamada turkiga waxaa laguqiyaasaa in kabadan hal milyan iyo badh.qofkasta oo turkiya waxa qasab ku ah in uu soo maro adeega ciidanimo sadex todobaad ilaa 18 bilood. == Luqada Turkiga == laqada Turkiga waa mid kamida luqadaha turkiga ee looyaqaano in ay yihiin amaba kasoo jeedaan bah luqeedaka looyaqaano [[Altis]] intii ka horaysay waxa afka turkiga lagu qorui jiray farta carabiga.waxaana luqadaas u badanaa kalmado kasoo jeeda Faaris iyo carabi.laakiin Jamhuuriyiintii talada lawareegtay ee uu madaxda u ahaa [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], ayaa kadanbeeyay in afka Turkiga lagu qoro farta laatiinka ah ee maanta loo isticmaalo.daadka kuhadla luqada turkiga waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 130 milyan oo qof oo kukal nool in kabadan ilaa 15 wadan. * [[Aquila Synope]] <gallery> File:Hattusa.temple1.jpg|Vestigis dau Grand Temple (temple 1) de la vila bassa de [[Hattusa]]. File:Ruins of Gordion 3.JPG|Vestigis de [[Gordion]] qu'èra la [[capitala]] de [[Frígia]]. File:Pergamon - 01.jpg|Vestigis d'un temple dedicat a Trajan a [[Pergama]]. File:Aya sofya.jpg|Catedrala Santa Sofia bastida per lei Bizantins e transformada en [[mosqueta]] per leis Otomans. File:Akdamar kirche.jpg|Glèisa bizantina dins la region dau [[lac de Van]]. File:YesilCami Iznik 920.jpg|[[Mosqueta Vèrda]] d'estile otoman bastida a Bursa (fin dau sègle XIV). File:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg|Dòma de la [[Mosqueta Selimiye]] d'Edirne (sègle XVI). File:Blue Mosque Courtyard Dusk Wikimedia Commons.jpg|[[Mosqueta Blava]] d'estile otoman a [[Istambul]] (començament dau sègle XVII). File:İstanbul 4946.jpg|[[Mosqueta Nusretiye]] d'estile barròc otoman (començament dau sègle XIX). File:Dolmabahce, Istanbul, Turchia.JPG|[[Palais Dolmabahçe]] que mescla leis estiles barròc, rococò e neoclassic (mitat dau sègle XIX). File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|Intrada dau [[Palais Dolmabahçe]]. </gallery> <gallery> File:Flag of Turkey.svg|Drapèu oficiau de Turquia oficialament adoptat en [[1936]]. File:Ottoman flag.svg|Drapèu [[Empèri Otoman|otoman]] a l'origina dau drapèu turc actuau. File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG|Utilizacion d'un drapèu roge amb estela e luna per de soudats turcs en [[1299]]. File:Emblem of the Republic of Turkey.svg|Blason actuau utilizat per la diplomacia turca. File:Seal of the Turkish Parliament (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi).svg|Blason de la Granda Assemblada nacionala. File:Turkey emblem round.png|Blason utilizat dins certanei documents oficiaus e per leis equipas esportivas. </gallery> ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Germany]] * [[Switzerland]] * [[Spain]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} == Tixraac == {{Dalalka Yurub}} * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20040715/Cappadocia-Where-People-Lived-in-Dwellings-Carved-by-Wind-and-Water/ Cappadocia—Where People Lived in Dwellings Carved by Wind and Water] <references /> t8ri88h9jejxjvekxzeuxct944ukvkj 10 16101 301138 301083 2026-07-09T14:28:10Z ~2026-34988-39 46219 301138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name=Abyoone |title=[[Abyoone]] |state=collapsed |listclass=hlist |style=clear:none; width:70%;min-width:40em |list1={{Navbox|child |title=[[0 (tiro)|0]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|zero|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *&nbsp;[[0 (tiro)|0]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[1 (tiro)|1]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[2 (tiro)|2]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[3 (tiro)|3]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[4 (tiro)|4]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[5 (tiro)|5]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[6 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(tiro)|361]] *[[362 (tiro)|362]] *[[363 (tiro)|363]] *[[364 (tiro)|364]] *[[365 (tiro)|365]] *[[366 (tiro)|366]] *'''[[367 (tiro)|367]]''' *[[368 (tiro)|368]] *[[369 (tiro)|369]] |list8= *[[370 (tiro)|370]] *[[371 (tiro)|371]] *[[372 (tiro)|372]] *'''[[373 (tiro)|373]]''' *[[374 (tiro)|374]] *[[375 (tiro)|375]] *[[376 (tiro)|376]] *[[377 (tiro)|377]] *[[378 (tiro)|378]] *'''[[379 (tiro)|379]]''' |list9= |list10= }} |list5={{Navbox|child |title=[[400 (tiro)|400]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|4|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list6={{Navbox|child |title=[[500 (tiro)|500]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|5|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list7={{Navbox|child |title=[[600 (tiro)|600]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|6|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list8={{Navbox|child |title=[[700 (tiro)|700]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|7|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list9={{Navbox|child |title=[[800 (tiro)|800]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|8|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list10={{Navbox|child |title=[[900 (tiro)|900]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|9|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |below=Tirooyinka qoraalkooda la waaweyneeyay waa [[Tiro mutuxan|tirooyin mutuxan]]}} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} [[Category:Tusmo xisaab]] </noinclude> liw2tnsoo22vb69lmd1sfe0dkpdo1x3 0 17680 301239 215596 2026-07-10T05:43:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hayat Ahmed Mohammed''' (dhashay [[1982]]) waa nooc oo quruxduna boqoradda [[Itoobiya]]. Hayat haatan diiradda iyada waqti u qaadida cinjirka iyo qaybaha kale ee dalka u keeni wacyi HIV / AIDS. == Linkiga Caddaynta == * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1508481/ Hayat Ahmed] ee [[Internet Movie Database]] * [http://www.ethioscoop.com/keywords/hayat-ahmed-mohammed Hayat Ahmed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ethioscoop.com/keywords/hayat-ahmed-mohammed |date=20140908052440 }} ee EthioScoop.com * [http://www.brspecial.com/hiv-aids-activist-and-former-miss-ethiopia-hayat-ahmed.shtml Hayat Ahmed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.brspecial.com/hiv-aids-activist-and-former-miss-ethiopia-hayat-ahmed.shtml |date=20160704011645 }} ee BRSpecial.com {{Gumud}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Hayat}} [[Category:Lagu daydo ka Itoobiya]] 5z6rl3uov2kf6oqp4f2ky5bxwzik1o2 0 18752 301344 300938 2026-07-10T11:23:32Z Videoiib7 46243 301344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald John Trumb''' (wuxuu dhashay [[Juun]] [[14]], 1946) waa siyaasi [[Mareykan]] ah, shaqsi warbaahin ah, iyo ganacsade ah madaxweynaha 47-aad ee Mareykanka . Xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Jamhuuriga , wuxuu soo noqday madaxweynihii [[45]]-aad ee [[2017]] ilaa 2021. {{Infobox officeholder | image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS the new official portrait. See the talk page. --> | alt = Sawirka rasmiga ah ee Madaxweynaha 2025, Donald Trump, oo ah nin caddaan ah oo da’ ah, timo huruud khafiif ah leh, xirta surwaal iyo jaakad buluug ah oo leh surwaal laabta ah, taagan hortiisa calanka Maraykanka. | caption = Sawirka rasmiga ah, 2025. | order = 45aad & 47aad <!-- DO NOT ADD A LINK. Please discuss any proposal on the talk page first. Most recent discussion at [[Talk:Donald Trump/Archive 65#Link-ifying "45th" in the Infobox?]] Waxay lahayd isfaham daciif ah oo lagu sii hayo xaaladda hadda jirta (ma jiro xiriir/ilaha lagu tixraaco).--> | office = Madaxweynaha Maraykanka | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = January 20, 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | successor = | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = January 20, 2017 | term_end1 = January 20, 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden | birth_name = Donald John Trump | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} | birth_place = [[Queens]], [[New York City]], U.S. | death_place = | party = [[Xisbiga Jamhuuriga (Mareykanka)|Jamhuuriyaan]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–Hadda) | otherparty = {{ubl | [[Xisbiga Dib-u-habaynta ee Mareykanka|Dib-u-habayn]] (1999–2001) | [[Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga (Mareykanka)|Dimuqraadiga]] (2001–2009) | [[Siyaasi madax banaan|Madax banaan]] (2011–2012)}} | spouse = {{ubl | {{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]|1977|1990|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]|1993|1999|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]|2005}} }} | children = {{hlist | [[Donald Trump Jr. |Donald Jr.]] | [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] | [[Eric Trump|Eric]] | [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]] | Barron }} | parents = {{ubl | [[Fred Trump]] | [[Mary Anne MacLeod]]}} | relatives = [[Qoyska Trump]] | education = [[Jaamacadda Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Shahaadada Sayniska|BS]]) | occupation = {{hlist | Siyaasi | Ganacsade | Shaqsiga warbaahinta }} | residence = [[Aqalka Cad]] | awards = | signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg | signature_alt = Saxeexa Donald J. Trump oo qaab farshaxan leh, lagu qoray khad. | website = {{ubl | {{URL|donaldjtrump.com|Campaign website}} | {{URL|trumplibrary.gov|Presidential library}} | {{URL|whitehouse.gov|White House website}} | {{URL|trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov|White House archives}} }} | module = {{Listen voice | filename = Donald Trump speaks on declaration of Covid-19 as a Global Pandemic by the World Health Organization.ogg | description = Trump oo ka hadlay bayaanka [[Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka|Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka]] [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 oo ah cudur faafa caalami ah]] | recorded = Maarso 11, 2020 }} }} Waxa uu ka dhashay qoys qani ah oo ku nool magaalada New York, Trump waxa uu ka qalin jabiyay jaamacadda Pennsylvania [[1968]]-dii isaga oo shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ka qaatay cilmiga dhaqaalaha. Waxa uu noqday madaxweynaha ganacsiga hantida ma-guurtada ah ee qoyskiisa 1971-kii, waxa uu u bixiyay ururka Trump , waxa uuna bilaabay in uu helo oo dhiso dhismayaal dhaadheer, hoteello, casinos, iyo koorsooyin golf. Waxa uu bilaabay ganacsiyo dhinac ah, qaar badan oo shati siinaya magaca Trump, waxana uu xareeyay lix shil oo ganacsi 1990-meeyadii iyo 2000-meeyadii. Laga soo bilaabo 2004 ilaa 2015, wuxuu martigeliyay bandhigga telefishanka dhabta ah ee Tababbarka , isagoo xoojiyay caannimadiisa bilyaneer. Isaga oo isu soo bandhigaya siyaasad dibadda ka ah, Trump ayaa ku guuleystay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2016-kii oo uu kula tartamay musharaxa xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Hillary klinton . Intii lagu jiray madaxweynanimadiisii ​​ugu horreysay, Trump wuxuu soo rogay xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah toddobo waddan oo Muslimiin u badan, wuxuu ballaariyay darbiga xuduudka Mexico iyo Mareykanka , wuxuuna dhaqan geliyey siyaasadda kala fogeynta qoyska ee xadka. Waxa uu dib u rogay xeerarkii deegaanka iyo ganacsiga, waxa uu saxeexay cashuur dhimista iyo sharciga shaqada , waxaanu magacaabay saddex garsoore oo Maxkamadda Sare ah. Siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda, Trump wuxuu ka saaray Mareykanka heshiisyada cimilada, ganacsiga iyo barnaamijka Nukliyeerka Iran, wuxuuna bilaabay dagaal ganacsi oo uu la galo Shiinaha . Isaga oo ka jawaabaya masiibada COVID-19 laga soo bilaabo 2020, wuxuu hoos u dhigay darnaantiisa, wuxuu khilaafay saraakiisha caafimaadka, wuxuuna saxiixay Sharciga CARES . Ka dib markii uu lumiyay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2020 ee Joe Biden , Trump wuxuu isku dayay inuu baabi'iyo natiijada , isagoo ku dhamaaday weerarkii Janaayo 6 ee Capitol 2021. Waxaa lagu riday 2019 ku takrifal awood iyo carqaladeyn Congress-ka, iyo 2021 kicin kicin; guurtidu way ku wayday labada jeerba. 2023, Trump waxaa lagu helay inuu mas'uul ka yahay kiisaska madaniga ah ee xadgudubka galmada ( Faylasha Epstein )iyo sumcad-dilista iyo khiyaanada ganacsiga . Waxaa lagu helay dambi ah inuu ka been abuuray diiwaannada ganacsiga 2024, taasoo ka dhigtay inuu noqdo madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Mareykan ah oo lagu helo dambi. Ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 2024 ee Kamala Harris , waxaa lagu xukumay siidayn ciqaab la'aan ah , iyo laba eedeymo dambiile ah oo ka dhan ah haynta dukumentiyada sirta ah iyo carqaladaynta doorashada 2020 ayaa la eryay iyada oo aan eex lahayn. Kiis rafaad ah oo la xidhiidha doorashada 2020 ee Joorjiya waa la sugayaa. Trump wuxuu bilaabay madaxweynanimadiisii ​​labaad isagoo bilaabay shaqo ka cayrin ballaaran oo lagu sameeyay shaqaalaha federaalka . Wuxuu ku soo rogay canshuuraha ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan wadamada heerka ugu sarreeya tan iyo diiqada weyn wuxuuna saxiixay sharciga hal-abuurka quruxda badan . Tallaabooyinka maamulkiisa - oo ay ku jiraan cabsi gelinta mucaaradka siyaasadeed iyo bulshada rayidka ah , masaafurinta soogalootiga, beegsiga dadka jinsiga ah, iyo isticmaalka ballaaran ee amarada fulinta - waxay soo saareen in ka badan 300 oo dacwadood oo ka soo horjeeda sharcinimadooda . Kiisaska caanka ah waxay hoosta ka xariiqeen tafsiirkiisa ballaadhan ee aragtida fulinta ee midaysan waxayna keentay khilaaf weyn oo lala galo maxkamadaha federaalka. Garsoorayaasha ayaa wax badan oo ka mid ah maamulkiisa ku tilmaamay kuwo sharci darro ah, waxaana dhowr jeer lagu tilmaamay kuwo aan sharciga waafaqsanayn. Laga soo bilaabo 2015, qaabka hoggaamineed ee Trump iyo ajandihiisa siyaasadeed - oo inta badan loo yaqaan Trumpism - ayaa wax ka beddelay aqoonsiga xisbiga Jamhuuriga. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah faallooyinkiisa iyo ficilladiisa ayaa lagu sifeeyay cunsuri ama caqli-xumo, wuxuuna sameeyay hadallo been abuur ah ama marin-habaabin ah wuxuuna kor u qaaday aragtiyaha shirqoolka heer aan horay looga baran siyaasadda Mareykanka. Tallaabooyinka Trump, gaar ahaan markiisa labaad, ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay ahaayeen kuwo kali-talis ah oo gacan ka geystay dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah . Xilligiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ka dib, aqoonyahanno iyo taariikhyahannadu waxay ku qiimeeyeen inuu yahay mid ka mid ah madaxweynayaashii ugu xumaa taariikhda Mareykanka Eedayno badana Waxa Loogu Soo jeediyay Dagaalkii Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan Iyo Difaaciisi Israa'iil iyo Carabta Bariga dhexe . ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== [[File:Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg|thumb|Akadeemiyada Militariga ee New York , 1964]] Donald John Trump waxa uu ku dhashay June 14, 1946, waxa uu ku dhashay cisbitaalka Jamaica ee ku yaala degmada New York ee degmada Queens , waana ilmihii afraad ee Fred Trump iyo Mary Anne MacLeod Trump . Waa Jarmal iyo Iskotish. Wuxuu ku koray walaalihiis ka weyn, Maryanne , Fred Jr. , iyo Elizabeth, iyo walaalkiis ka yar, Robert , oo ku yaal guri 23-qol ah oo ku yaal xaafadda Jamaica Estates ee Queens. Fred Trump wuxuu caruurtiisa siin jiray midkiiba $20,000 sanadkii, una dhiganta $265,000 sanadkii 2024. Trump wuxuu ahaa milyaneer doolarka sicir-bararka lagu hagaajiyay markuu siddeed jir ahaa. Trump wuxuu dhiganayay dugsiga gaarka loo leeyahay ee Kew-Forest ilaa fasalka toddobaad. Wuxuu ahaa ilmo dhib badan, wuxuuna muujiyay xiisaha hore ee ganacsiga aabihiis. Aabihii waxa uu ka diwaan galiyay New York Military Academy , dugsi boodhin ah oo gaar loo leeyahay, si uu u dhamaysto dugsiga sare. Akadeemiyadda ayaa ku riixday ardayda ciyaaraha isboortiga. waxayna bareen muhiimada guusha. Dugsigii sare, darajooyinkiisu way fiicnaadeen ilaa celceliska B. Trump wuxuu tixgeliyey xirfad ganacsi oo muujinaya, laakiin halkii, si uu ugu dhawaado guriga, wuxuu iska diiwaan geliyay Jaamacadda Fordham 1964. Waxa uu ka qaybqaatay barnaamijka Tababarka Saraakiisha Kaydka ah intii lagu jiray sannadkiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, isagoo dhiganayay fasallo ku labisan dharka ciidamada Arbacada kasta, laakiin wuxuu tuuray sannadkiisii ​​labaad. Wuxuu tuuray kubbadda cagta seddex ama afar usbuuc ka dib wuxuuna ahaa kubbadda cagta dhexdhexaad ah iyo ciyaartoy tennis ah. Asxaabtiisa Fordham waxay ku bareen golf. Sannadkiisii ​​yaraa, wuxuu u wareegay Dugsiga Wharton ee Jaamacadda Pennsylvania , inta badan wuxuu u safri jiray xafiiska aabbihiis maalmaha fasaxa ah, wuxuuna ka qalin jabiyay Maajo 1968 oo uu ka qaatay shahaadada Sayniska ee dhaqaalaha. Kulliyadda ma ahayn ardaygii ugu sarreeyay ee uu mararka qaarkood sheegan jiray. Waqtigii uu aaday Wharton-halkaas oo uusan ka muuqan liiska kuwa hela abaalmarinta - wuxuu isha ku hayay xirfad ku taal hantida maguurtada ah. Waxa laga reebay qabyo-qoraalka intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Vietnam sababtoo ah sheegashada lafaha cidhibtiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee shan sano oo uu ku jiray dugsiga milatariga, wax dan ah uma lahayn inuu dagaal galo. Koritaanka, wuxuu tixgeliyey aabbihiis iyo wadaadka qoyska, Norman Vincent Peale , inuu noqdo lataliyeyaashiisa. Aabihiis wuxuu ku celceliyay inuu yahay "boqor" iyo inuu yahay "dilaaye". Peale wuxuu ku wacdiyey isku kalsoonida sida dhiirigelinta barwaaqada. ==Xirfad ganacsi== ===Hanti ma guurto ah=== Laga bilaabo 1968, Trump waxa uu ka shaqaaleysiiyay Maareynta Trump, shirkadda aabbihiis ee hantida maguurtada ah, taas oo maamusha dhismayaasha dabaqyada dhexe ee Fred uu ka dhisay Queens , Staten Island , iyo Brooklyn . Hawlihiisa ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen ururinta kirada iyo hagaajinta ilaa shan sano. Isagoo soo jiidasho leh iyo qaninimadiisa, Trump wuxuu ka codsaday aabihiis inuu ku ballaariyo Manhattan halkaas oo qiimihiisu sarreeyo, laakiin aabihiis ayaa ku qanacsanaa xaafadaha dibadda. 1971, wuxuu u guuray Manhattan halkaas oo uu qorsheeyay inuu u guuro ganacsiga wuxuuna u socdaalay xafiiska aabihiis. Sannadkaas, aabihiis wuxuu naftiisa ka dhigay guddoomiye iyo madaxweyne Trump, isaga oo kormeeraya 48 shirkadood oo gaar ah iyo 15 iskaashiga qoyska. Trump waxa uu bilaabay in uu ururka Trump u isticmaalo dalad ahaan magacyada shirkadaha ganacsi ee aabihiis. Roy Cohn , saamaynta hore ee Trump ee ugu muhiimsan aabihiis ka dib, wuxuu ahaa hagaajintiisa , qareenka, iyo lataliye. sannadihii 13 ee 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii. Cohn wuxuu baray Trump inuu u maleeyo in noloshu tahay macaamil ganacsi. 1973, Cohn wuxuu ka caawiyay Trump inuu ka soo horjeesto dawladda Mareykanka $ 100 milyan (oo u dhiganta $ 708 milyan 2024. eedeymaha ah in guryaha Trump ay takooreen codsadeyaasha madow iyo kireystayaasha. Eedihii Trump waa la laalay, waxaana kiiskii dawladda lagu dhameeyey Trumps oo saxeexay amar oggolaansho oo oggolaaday in meesha laga saaro. Afar sano ka dib, Trumps ayaa mar kale wajahay maxkamadaha markii lagu helay inay diidaan wareegtada. Caawinta mashaariicda Trump, Cohn wuxuu ahaa consigliere kaas oo isku xirka Mafia ay gacanta ku hayaan ururrada dhismaha. Sannadkii 1979-kii, Cohn wuxuu Trump u soo bandhigay la-taliyaha siyaasadda Roger Stone , kaasoo qoray adeegyada Stone si uu ula macaamilo dowladda federaalka. Trump waxa uu ka guuray istuudiyaha isaga oo u guuray guri guri leh oo aragti ah waxa uuna helay shatiga dilaalnimada guryaha bartamihii 1970-meeyadii. Kahor da'da soddon sano, wuxuu muujiyay rabitaankiisa dacwadda, iyada oo aan loo eegin natiijada iyo kharashka; xitaa markii laga badiyay, wuxuu kiiska ku tilmaamay guul. In ka badan soddon sano laga soo bilaabo 2018, Trump wuxuu ku lug lahaa in ka badan 4,000 oo dacwado ah, deymo, iyo faylalyo kale, oo inta badan loo xareeyay lacag la'aan isaga oo ka soo horjeeda shaqaalaha, qandaraaslayaasha, dilaaliinta guryaha, iyo qareenadiisa. Intii u dhaxaysay 1991 iyo 2009 , Trump wuxuu xareeyay cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta lix ka mid ah ganacsigiisa: Plaza Hotel ee Manhattan, casinos ee Atlantic City, New Jersey , iyo Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company. Sannadkii 1992, Trump, walaalihiis Maryanne, Elizabeth, iyo Robert, iyo ina-adeerkiis John W. Walter waxay samaysteen All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp, mid walbana wuxuu leeyahay 20 boqolkiiba. Shirkaddu ma lahayn xafiisyo waxaana lagu eedeeyay inay ahayd shirkad qolof ah oo bixisa bixinta adeegyada iyo saadka guryaha kiraynta Trump, ka dibna biilasha adeegyadaas iyo sahayda Maamulka Trump u dhigma 20-50 boqolkiiba iyo ka badan. Milkiilayaasha ayaa wadaagay dakhliga ka soo xarooday calaamaduhu. Kharashka la kordhiyey waxa loo isticmaalay in lagu helo ogolaanshaha gobolka ee kordhinta kirada unugyadiisa kirada-degan. Bishii Janaayo 1994, walaalaha waxay samaysteen Apartment Management Associates waxayna la wareegeen khidmadaha maaraynta ee ay hore u qaadi jirtay Maamulka Trump. Sidoo kale sicir-bararka kirada, qorshayaasha ayaa u adeegay in lagu wareejiyo hantida Fred Trump caruurtiisa iyo adeerka oo hoos loo dhigo culeyska canshuurta. ===Manhattan iyo Chicago horumarka=== [[File:Donald_Trump_with_model_of_Television_City.jpg|thumb|1985-kii oo wata moodal ka mid ah mashruuciisii ​​horumarinta Manhattan ee la soo riday ]] Trump ayaa soo jiitay indhaha dadweynaha 1978-dii markii uu bilaabay qoyskisa ganacsigii ugu horreeyay ee Manhattan: dib u cusboonaysiinta hudheelka Commodore ee burburay , oo ku dheggan Grand Central Terminal. Maalgelinta waxa fududeeyey $400 milyan oo cashuur dhimis ah oo hantida magaalada ah oo uu u habeeyey isaga oo uu aabbihiis u habeeyey kaas oo sidoo kale, si wada jir ah ula Hyatt , u dammaanad qaaday $70 milyan amaah dhismaha bangiga ah. Hudheelka ayaa dib loo furay 1980-kii isagoo ah Grand Hyatt Hotel , isla sanadkaas, wuxuu helay xuquuq uu ku horumarinayo Trump Tower , oo ah dhismo isku dhafan oo ku yaal Midtown Manhattan. Dhismuhu wuxuu ku yaalaa xarunta dhexe ee Trump Corporation iyo Trump's PAC wuxuuna ahaa hoygiisa aasaasiga ah ilaa 2019. 1988, Trump wuxuu ku iibsaday Plaza Hotel isagoo dayn ka helay shirkado ay leeyihiin 16 bangi. Hudheelka ayaa loo gudbiyay ilaalinta musalsalka 1992, waxaana la ansixiyay qorshe dib-u-habayn bil ka dib, iyadoo bangiyada ay la wareegayaan hantida. Sannadkii 1995, Trump waxa uu iska diiday in ka badan $3 bilyan oo deymo bangi ah, amaah-bixiyayaashuna waxay la wareegeen Hotel Plaza oo ay la socdaan badi hantidiisa kale "dib u habeyn ballaaran oo bahdilaad ah" taasoo u ogolaatay inuu ka fogaado khasaare shakhsi ah. Qareenka hogaanka bangiga ayaa sheegay go'aanka bangiyada in "dhammaan waxay isku raaceen in uu ka nolol fiicnaan lahaa dhimashada". Sannadkii 1996-kii, Trump waxa uu la wareegay oo dib u habayn ku sameeyay dhisme 71 dabaq ah oo inta badan bannaanaa oo ku yaalla 40 Wall Street , oo markii dambe loo beddelay Dhismaha Trump. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, wuxuu ku guuleystay xaqa uu u leeyahay inuu horumariyo dhul 70-acre (28 ha) ah oo ku yaal xaafadda Lincoln Square ee u dhow webiga Hudson. Isagoo ku dhibtoonaya deynta ganacsiyada kale ee 1994, wuxuu ka iibiyay inta badan danihiisa mashruuca maalgashadayaasha Aasiya, kuwaas oo maalgeliyay dhamaystirka mashruuca, Riverside South . Mashruucii ugu dambeeyay ee Trump ee dhismaha wuxuu ahaa 92-dabaq ee isku dhafan ee isticmaalka Trump International Hotel iyo Tower ee Chicago, kaas oo la furay 2008. 2024, The New York Times iyo ProPublica ayaa sheegay in Adeegga Dakhliga Gudaha uu baarayay haddii uu laba jeer qoray khasaaraha soo gaaray iyada oo loo marayo kharashka dhismaha iyo iibinta iibinta guryaha yar ee dib u celinta 8. ===casinos Atlantic magaalada=== [[File:Trump_Taj_Mahal,_2007.jpg|thumb|Galitaanka Trump Taj Mahal ee Atlantic magaalada]] 1984, Trump wuxuu Harrah ka furay Trump Plaza , hudheel iyo casino, iyada oo maalgelin iyo caawimo maamul ay ka heshay Shirkadda Holiday . Waxay ahayd mid aan faa'iido lahayn, wuxuuna bixiyay Holiday $ 70 milyan bishii Maajo 1986 si uu keligiis u maamulo.  Sannadkii 1985-kii, waxa uu iibsaday hudheelka Atlantic City Hilton oo aan la furin oo uu u beddelay qalcadda Trump . Labada casinos waxay xareeyeen cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta 1992.  Trump wuxuu iibsaday goobta saddexaad ee Atlantic City 1988, Trump Taj Mahal . Waxaa lagu maalgeliyay $675 milyan oo doollar oo junk bonds ah waxaana lagu dhammeeyey $1.1 bilyan, oo la furay Abriil 1990. Waxa uu xareeyay cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta ee 1991. Sida ku cad qodobbada heshiiska dib-u-qaabaynta, waxa uu ka tanaasulay kala badh saamigiisii ​​hore oo shakhsi ahaan dammaanad qaaday waxqabadka mustaqbalka. Si uu u dhimo $900 milyan ee daynta gaarka ah, waxa uu iibiyay diyaaradda Trump Shuttle ; megayacht, Princess Trump , kaas oo laga kireeyay casinoskiisa oo lagu hayo; iyo ganacsiyo kale.  Sannadkii 1995, Trump waxa uu aasaasay Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), kaas oo qaatay lahaanshaha Trump Plaza.  THCR waxa ay iibsatay Taj Mahal iyo Qasriga Trump 1996 waxana uu kacay 2004 iyo 2009, isaga oo ka tagay lahaanshaha boqolkiiba 10. Waxa uu ahaa guddoomiyaha ilaa 2009. ===Naadiyada Golf-ka=== Sanadkii 1985, Trump wuxuu la wareegay dhismaha Mar-a-Lago ee Palm Beach, Florida. Sannadkii 1995-kii, wuxuu u beddelay hantidii koox gaar ah oo leh lacag bilaw ah iyo kharashyo sannadle ah. Wuxuu sii waday inuu u isticmaalo baalka guriga sidii guri gaar ah. Waxa uu ku dhawaaqay naadigiisa hoygiisa aasaasiga ah ee 2019. Waxa uu bilaabay dhisidda iyo iibsiga koorsooyinka golf- ka 1999-kii, isaga oo haysta 17 koorso golf ah 2016. ===Shati siinta magaca Trump=== Ururka Trump wuxuu inta badan shati u siiyay magaca Trump ee badeecadaha iyo adeegyada macaamiisha, oo ay ku jiraan cuntooyinka, dharka, koorasyada waxbarashada, iyo alaabta guriga. In ka badan 50 heshiisyada shatiga ama maamulka ayaa ku lug lahaa magaca Trump, isaga oo u soo saaray ugu yaraan $59 milyan shirkadihiisa. Sannadkii 2018, kaliya laba shirkadood oo alaabta macaamiisha ah ayaa sii waday inay sii wataan shatiga magaciisa. Intii lagu jiray 2000-meeyadii, Trump wuxuu magaciisa shati u siiyay horumarinta guryaha la dego ee adduunka oo dhan, 40 kuwaas oo aan waligood la dhisin. ===Dhaqdhaqaaqyada dhinaca=== [[File:Donald_Trump_and_Doug_Flutie_at_a_press_conference_in_the_Trump_Tower.jpg|thumb|1985 New Jersey Generals shir jaraa'id ee Trump Tower]] Sannadkii 1970-kii, Trump waxa uu galiyay $70,000 oo hantida aabbihiis ah si uu u helo biilasha isaga oo ka mid ah soo saaraha majaajilada Broadway-waxana uu lumiyay lacagtii. Ka dib markii uu u sameeyay dalabyo kubbadda hoose ee New York Mets iyo kooxihii Cleveland Indians baseball, 1983 ilaa $6 milyan, wuxuu iibsaday New Jersey Generals , koox ka tirsan Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Mareykanka . Horyaalka ayaa isku laabmay ka dib xilli ciyaareedkii 1985, oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku daygiisa inuu u guuro jadwalka dayrta (marka ay la tartami lahayd Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Qaranka ee dhagaystayaasha) iyo isku daygiisii ​​ahaa inuu ku qasbo ku biirista NFL isagoo keenaya suudh liddi ku ah. Trump iyo Hotelkiisa Plaza waxa ay marti galiyeen dhowr ciyaarood oo feerka ah hoolka shirarka ee Atlantic City Convention Hall . 1989 iyo 1990, wuxuu magaciisa ku siiyay tartanka tartanka baaskiilka ee Tour de Trump , isku dayga uu ku abuurayo Maraykan u dhigma jinsiyadaha Yurub sida Tour de France ama Giro d'Italia . Laga soo bilaabo 1986 ilaa 1988, wuxuu iibsaday qaybo badan oo saamiyo ah shirkado kala duwan oo dawladeed isagoo soo jeediyay inuu damacsan yahay inuu la wareego shirkadda kadibna uu iibiyo saamigiisa faa'iido, taasoo keentay in dadka indha indheeya ay u maleynayaan inuu ku hawlan yahay ganacsiga cagaaran .waqtiga New York waxay ogaatay in uu markii hore malaayiin doolar ku sameeyay macaamil ganacsi oo noocaas ah, laakiin "luminaya inta badan, haddii aysan ahayn dhammaan, faa'iidooyinkaas ka dib markii maalgashadayaasha ay joojiyeen in ay si dhab ah u qaataan hadalkiisa". [[File:Donald_Trump_star_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.JPG|thumb|Xiddiga Trump ee Socodka caanka ah ee Hollywood]] 1988, Trump waxa uu iibsaday Shuttle-ka Diyaaradaha ee Bari , isaga oo ku maal-geliyay iibsiga $380 milyan (oo u dhiganta $1.01 bilyan ee 2024 oo amaah ah oo ka socota bangiyada 22. Waxa uu u beddelay shirkadda duulimaadka ee Trump Shuttle waxana uu ku shaqaynayey ilaa 1992. Waxa uu diiday deymihiisii ​​1991-kii, lahaanshahana waxa uu u gudbay bangiyada. 1996-kii, wuxuu soo iibsaday Miss Universe pageants, oo ay ku jiraan Miss USA iyo Miss Teen USA . Sababtoo ah khilaafyada CBS ee ku saabsan jadwalka, wuxuu u qaaday labada bog ee NBC ee 2002. 2007, wuxuu helay xiddig ku socda Hollywood Walk of Fame shaqadiisa soo saaraha Miss Universe. NBC iyo Univision waxay hoos u dhigeen boggaga bishii Juun 2015 iyaga oo ka falcelinaya faallooyinkiisa ku saabsan soogalootiga Mexico. Sannadkii 2005, Trump waxa uu aasaasay Jaamacadda Trump , oo ah shirkad iibisa siminaarada guryaha ilaa $35,000. Ka dib markii maamulka Gobolka New York ay ku wargaliyeen shirkadda in isticmaalkeeda "jaamacad" ay jabisay sharciga gobolka (maadaama aysan ahayn machad akadeemiyadeed), magaceeda waxaa loo beddelay Trump Entrepreneur Initiative 2010. Sannadkii 2013, Gobolka New York wuxuu gudbiyay $ 40 milyan dacwad madani ah oo ka dhan ah Jaamacadda Trump, isagoo ku eedeeyay in shirkadu ay samaysay hadallo been abuur ah oo ay khiyaanaysay macaamiisha. Intaa waxaa dheer, laba tallaabo oo heer caalami ah ayaa laga gudbiyay maxkamad federaali ah oo ka dhan ah Trump iyo shirkadihiisa. Dukumiintiyo gudaha ah ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in shaqaalaha lagu amray inay adeegsadaan qaab si adag loo iibiyo, waxaana shaqaalihii hore ay caddeeyeen in jaamacadda Trump ay khiyaameysay ama been u sheegtay ardaydeeda. Wax yar ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2016, wuxuu ogolaaday inuu bixiyo wadarta $ 25 milyan si loo xalliyo saddexda kiis. ===Aasaaska=== Donald J. Trump Foundation wuxuu ahaa aasaaska gaarka ah ee la aasaasay 1988. Laga soo bilaabo 1987 ilaa 2006, Trump wuxuu siiyay aasaaskiisa $ 5.4 milyan, taas oo ku baxday dhammaadkii 2006 . Vince McMahon . Aasaaska ayaa la siiyay samafalka caafimaadka- iyo isboortiga la xiriira, kooxaha muxaafidka ah, iyo samafal oo qabtay munaasabadaha guryaha Trump. Sannadkii 2016, The Washington Post ayaa sheegtay in hay'ad samafal ahi ay geysatay dhowr xadgudubyo xagga sharciga iyo anshaxa ah, oo ay ku jiraan is-wax-ka-qabasho iyo canshuur lunsi . Sidoo kale 2016, xeer ilaaliyaha guud ee New York ayaa sheegay in aasaaska uu ku xad-gudbay sharciga gobolka iyadoo la codsanayo deeqaha iyada oo aan la soo gudbin xisaab-celinta dibadda ee sannadlaha ah ee loo baahan yahay oo uu ku amray inay joojiso hawlaheeda lacag-ururinta ee New York isla markiiba. Kooxda Trump ayaa ku dhawaaqay December 2016 in aasaaska la burburin doono. Bishii Juun 2018, xafiiska xeer ilaaliyaha guud ee New York wuxuu gudbiyay dacwad madani ah oo ka dhan ah aasaaska, Trump, iyo caruurtiisa qaangaarka, iyagoo raadinaya $2.8 milyan oo magdhow ah iyo ganaaxyo dheeraad ah. Bishii Diseembar 2018, aasaaska shaqada wuu joojiyay oo wuxuu u qaybiyay hantidiisa hay'ado kale oo samafal ah. ]Bishii Noofambar 2019, garsooraha gobolka New York ayaa ku amray Trump inuu bixiyo $2 milyan oo doolar koox samafal ah oo si khaldan u isticmaalay lacagaha mu'asasada, qayb ahaan si loo maalgeliyo ololihiisa madaxtinimo. ===Arrimaha sharciga iyo kacsiga=== Marka loo eego dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay faylalka maxkamadda gobolka iyo federaalka oo ay samaysay USA Today sanadkii 2018, Trump iyo ganacsigiisu waxay ku lug lahaayeen in ka badan 4,000 oo tallaabo sharci oo heer gobol iyo federaal ah. Inkastoo uusan u xarayn kicinta shakhsi ahaaneed , ganacsigiisa hudheelka iyo casinos ee Atlantic City iyo New York wuxuu xareeyay cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta lix jeer intii u dhaxaysay 1991 iyo 2009. Waxay sii wadeen inay shaqeeyaan halka bangiyada ay dib u habeyn ku sameeyeen deynta waxayna yareeyeen saamiyadiisa guryaha. Intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii, in ka badan 70 bangi ayaa Trump amaahiyay $4 bilyan. Ka dib markii uu kacday shirkaddiisa horraantii 1990-meeyadii, bangiyada ugu waaweyn, marka laga reebo Deutsche Bank , waxay diideen inay amaahiyaan isaga. Ka dib weerarkii Janaayo 6 ee Capitol , bangigu wuxuu go'aansaday inuusan ganacsi la samayn isaga ama shirkadiisa xiriirka la leh mustaqbalka. ===Maalka=== [[File:State Visit of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia State Dinner Receiving Line with Ivana Trump and Donald Trump in East Room - DPLA - 1a44d05819eab8ba3dcf7a6883ad92ba.jpg|thumb|Trump (midigta midig) iyo xaaskiisa Ivana oo 1985-kii casho sharaf dawladeed u sameeyey [[Boqor]] Fahad ee [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] oo ay la yeesheen Madaxweyne Ronald Reagan iyo Marwada 1aad ee Nansii Reagan]] Trump waxa uu sheegay in uu shaqadiisa ku bilaabay “amaah yar oo hal milyan oo dollar ah” oo uu aabihii ka helay oo ay ahayd in uu dib ugu bixiyo ribo. Waxa uu ka amaahday ugu yaraan $60 milyan aabbihii, inta badan ma bixin deymihii, oo waxa uu ka helay $413 milyan oo kale (2018 u dhiganta, oo loo habeeyey sicir bararka) shirkadda aabihiis.  Isaga oo iska dhigaya sarkaal ka tirsan Ururka Trump oo lagu magacaabo " John Barron ", Trump wuxuu wacay saxafiga Jonathan Greenberg [[1984]], isagoo isku dayaya inuu darajo sare ka helo liiska Forbes 400 ee hodanka Mareykanka. Trump wuxuu iskiis u sheegay qiimihiisa saafiga ah: laga jaray $900 milyan 1990  ilaa $10 bilyan 2015. Sannadkii 2015, Forbes wuxuu ku qiyaasay hantidiisa $4.5 bilyan, iyadoo lagu salaynayo waraysiyo lala yeeshay in ka badan 80 ilo. Sannadkii 2025, majaladda ayaa ku qiyaastay hantidiisa $5.1 bilyan waxayna ku qiimeysay qofka 700-aad ee ugu qanisan adduunka. ==Xirfadda warbaahinta== Trump waxa uu daabacay 19 buug oo magaciisa ku qoran, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay qoreen ama ay qoreen kuwa wax qora . Buugiisi ugu horeeyay, The Art of the Deal (1987), waxa uu ahaa New York Times iibiyaha ugu fiican , waxaana lagu tiriyaa New Yorker in uu Trump ka dhigay mid caan ku ah "astaanta maalqabeenada guulaystay". Buugga waxaa qoray Tony Schwartz , kaas oo loo aqoonsan yahay qoraaga. Trump wuxuu lahaa muuqaalo filimaan badan iyo bandhigyo telefishan laga soo bilaabo 1985 ilaa 2001 . Wuxuu si goos-goos ah ugu soo muuqday shirkadda legdinta ee WWE laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii oo ay ku jiraan WrestleMania 23 ee 2007. Laga bilaabo 1990-meeyadii, Trump wuxuu u muuqday 24 jeer isagoo marti ku ah bandhigga Howard Stern Show ee qaranka . Waxa uu lahaa barnaamij sheeko gaaban oo raadiyaha ah, Trumped! , laga bilaabo 2004 ilaa 2008. Laga soo bilaabo 2011 ilaa 2015, wuxuu ahaa faallooyinka martida ee Fox & Friends . Sannadkii 2021, Trump, oo xubin ka ahaa tan iyo 1989, wuu iska casilay SAG-AFTRA si uu uga fogaado dhageysiga edbinta ee ku saabsan weerarkii Janaayo 6. Laba maalmood ka dib, ururka shaqaalaha ayaa si joogto ah u diiday isaga. ===Tababbarka iyo Xirfadlaha caanka ah=== Soo saaraha Mark Burnett ayaa Trump ka dhigay xiddig telefishan ah markii uu abuuray The Apprentice , kaas oo Trump uu martigeliyay 2004 ilaa 2015 (oo ay ku jiraan kala duwanaanshaha The Celebrity Apprentice ). Bandhigyada, waxa uu ahaa madaxa fulinta sare oo meesha ka saaray tartamayaasha odhaahda " waad cayrisay". The New York Times ayaa ugu yeedhay sawirkiisa "mid aad u faanaysi badan, oo aad u khayaali ah" naftiisa. Bandhigyadu waxay dib u dhigeen sawirka Trump malaayiin daawadayaal ah oo dalka oo dhan ah. Heshiisyada shatiga ee la xidhiidha, waxay kasbadeen in ka badan $400 milyan. ==Himilooyinka siyaasadeed ee hore== Trump wuxuu ka diiwaan gashan yahay Jamhuuriya ahaan Queens 1969 iyo Manhattan 1987; xubin ka mid ah Xisbiga Madaxbanaanida , gobolka New York ee xisbiga Reform Party , 1999; Dimuqraadiyiintii 2001 ; Jamhuuriyaddii 2009; aan xiriir la lahayn 2011; iyo Jamhuuriya 2012 [[File:Donald_Trump_speaking_at_CPAC_2011_by_Mark_Taylor.jpg|thumb|Isagoo ka hadlaya CPAC , [[Febraayo]] 2011]] 1987, Trump wuxuu xayeysiisyo bog buuxa ah ku dhejiyay wargeysyada waaweyn oo muujinaya aragtidiisa ku aaddan siyaasadda dibadda iyo sida loo tirtiro hoos u dhaca miisaaniyadda federaalka. Sannadkii 1988-kii, waxa uu la xidhiidhay Lee Atwater , isaga oo waydiisanaya in la tixgeliyo in uu yahay musharraxa xisbiga Jamhuuriga ee George HW Bush . Bush wuxuu codsigaas u helay "mid qariib ah oo aan la rumaysan karin". Trump waxa uu ahaa musharrax 2000 ee xisbiga Reform Party ee horudhaca madaxtinnimada saddex bilood ka hor inta uusan ka tanaasulin Febraayo 2000 . Waxa uu ka hadlay shirkii waxqabadka siyaasadda ee muxaafidka bishii Febraayo, wuxuuna khudbado ka jeediyay gobollada horudhaca ah ee horudhaca ah. Bishii Maajo 2011, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuusan tartami doonin ==2016 doorashada madaxweynaha== Trump ayaa ku dhawaaqay inuu u sharaxan yahay doorashada 2016 June 2015. Waxa uu u ololeeyay sidii maalqabeen, ganacsade guul leh iyo shisheeye aan khibrad siyaasadeed lahayn, wuxuuna ku andacoodey in warbaahintu u xaglinayso isaga. Hadaladiisa ol'olaha badanaa waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan caddayn oo soo jeedin ah, iyo lambarka rikoodhku waa been. Waxa uu noqday murashaxa ugu horreeya ee Jamhuuriga bishii March 2016 waxaana lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay musharaxa Jamhuuriga ee la malaynayo bishii May [[File:Donald_Trump_by_Gage_Skidmore_5.jpg|thumb|Ololaha Arizona, Maarso 2016]] Trump wuxuu ku tilmaamay NATO mid "dhacday" iyo aragtiyo la isku halleyn karo oo lagu tilmaamay Washington Post inay yihiin kuwo aan dhexdhexaad ahayn iyo ilaalin . Ololihiisa ololaha wuxuu xooga saaray dib u gorgortanka xiriirka US-China iyo heshiisyada ganacsiga xorta ah sida NAFTA iyo si adag u dhaqan gelinta sharciyada socdaalka. Jagooyinka kale ee ololaha waxaa ka mid ah raadinta madaxbannaanida tamarta iyada oo ka soo horjeeda xeerarka isbeddelka cimilada, casriyeynta adeegyada loogu talagalay halyeeyada , baabi'inta iyo beddelka sharciga daryeelka la awoodi karo , baabi'inta heerarka waxbarashada aasaasiga ah , maalgelinta kaabayaasha , fududaynta koodhka canshuurta iyada oo la dhimayo canshuuraha, iyo ku soo rogida canshuuraha soo dejinta ee shirkadaha ka shaqeeya xeebaha. Waxa uu ku taliyey in la kordhiyo kharashaadka milatariga iyo in si xad dhaaf ah loo baadho ama laga mamnuuco soogalootiga dalalka Muslimka u badan. Waxa uu ballan qaaday in uu darbi ka dhisayo xudduudda Mexico iyo Maraykanka, waxa uuna wacad ku maray in Mexico ay bixin doonto kharashka. Wuxuu ballan qaaday inuu masaafurin doono malaayiin muhaajiriin sharci darro ah oo ku nool Mareykanka , wuxuuna dhaleeceeyay dhalashada dhalashada inuu dhiirigelinayo " carruurta barroosinka ah ". Sida laga soo xigtay falanqaynta Sayniska Siyaasadda ee Quarterly , Trump wuxuu sameeyay "ras-raac cad oo cunsurinimo iyo jinsiyeed ah si uu uga guuleysto codbixiyayaasha cadaanka ah" intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​​​madaxtinimada ee 2016. Gaar ahaan, khudbadiisii ​​ololaha ololaha ayaa soo jiidatay dhaleeceyn ku aaddan sheegashada muhaajiriinta reer Mexico "waxay keeneen daroogo, waxay keeneen dambi, waa kufsi"; oo ka jawaabaya, NBC waxay ka eriday Xirfadlaha caanka ah . Warbixinada Trump ee FEC ee looga baahan yahay ayaa ku taxay hantida ka sareysa $1.4 bilyan iyo deymaha taagan ee ugu yaraan $315 milyan. Ma uusan sii deyn canshuur celintiisa , taasoo lid ku ah dhaqanka musharax kasta oo weyn tan iyo 1976 iyo ballanqaadkiisii ​​2014 iyo 2015 inuu sidaas sameyn doono haddii uu u tartamo jagada. ( 166 ) Wuxuu sheegay in canshuur celintiisa la baarayo , qareennadiisuna ay kula taliyeen inuusan sii deyn. Kadib dagaal dheer oo maxkamadeed oo lagu joojinayo sii deynta canshuur celintiisa iyo diiwaanada kale ee qareenka degmada Manhattan si loogu sameeyo dambi baaris, oo ay ku jiraan laba racfaan oo uu Trump u gudbiyay Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka , Febraayo 2021 maxkamadda sare waxay ogolaatay in diiwaannada loo sii daayo dacwad oogaha si ay u eegaan xeerbeegti weyn. Bishii Oktoobar 2016, qaybo ka mid ah dacwadaha gobolka Trump ee 1995 ayaa loo siidaayay wariye ka socda New York Times . Waxay muujinayaan inuu ku dhawaaqay inuu khasaaray $ 916 milyan sanadkaas, taas oo u ogolaan karta inuu ka fogaado canshuuraha ilaa 18 sano. Trump ayaa ku guuleystay 306 cod oo la ballanqaaday halka 232 ay heshay musharaxa xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Hillary Clinton . Ka dib markii doorashadi labada dhinac ay ka baxeen , tirinta rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 304 ilaa 227 . Waxa uu ahaa madaxweynaha kaliya ee aan ka mid ahayn ciidamada, mana qaban wax xafiis dawladeed ka hor inta uusan noqon madaxweynaha. Doorashadiisu waxay calaamad u ahayd soo noqoshada dawlad Jamhuuriya oo aan qaybsanayn . Guusha Trump waxay dhalisay mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Maraykanka ==Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay (2017-2021)== [[File:Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg|thumb|Dhaarinta xafiiska , oo uu maamulayo madaxa cadaalada John G. Roberts Jr. , Janaayo 20, 2017]] [[File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg|thumb|Sawirka rasmiga ah, 2017]] ===Ficilada hore=== Trump ayaa la caleemasaaray Janaayo 20, 2017. Maalin ka dib markii la caleemasaaray, qiyaastii 2.6 milyan oo qof oo adduunka ah, oo ay ku jiraan 500,000 oo ku nool Washington, DC, ayaa mudaaharaad ka dhan ah isaga oo ka qeyb qaatay socodkii haweenka . Intii lagu guda jiray usbuucii ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska, Trump wuxuu saxiixay lix amar fulineed , oo ay ku jiraan oggolaanshaha habraacyada baabi'inta sharciga ilaalinta bukaanka iyo daryeelka la awoodi karo ("Obamacare"), ka noqoshada wada-xaajoodka iskaashiga Trans-Pacific, horumarinta mashaariicda Keystone XL iyo Dakota Access Pipeline , iyo qorsheynta darbiga xadka Maraykanka ee Mexico. ===Isku dhacyada xiisaha=== Ka hor inta aan la caleema-saarin, Trump wuxuu ganacsigiisa u raray kalsooni la burin karo , halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa kalsooni indho la'aan ama habayn u dhigma "si uu naftiisa uga gooyo danihiisa ganacsi". Wuxuu sii waday inuu ka faa'iidaysto ganacsigiisa wuxuuna ogaa sida siyaasadda maamulkiisu u saamaysay. Inkasta oo uu sheegay in uu ka fogaan doono "heshiisyada cusub ee ajnabiga ah", Ururka Trump wuxuu dabagalay ballaarinta hawlgalka ee Scotland, Dubai, iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dominican. ​​Lobbyists, saraakiisha dawladda shisheeye, deeq-bixiyeyaasha Trump iyo xulafadooda ayaa boqolaal milyan oo doolar u soo ururiyay goobihiisa dalxiiska iyo hoteellada. Trump ayaa lagu dacweeyay inuu ku xad-gudbay Qodobbada Emoluments Gudaha iyo Dibadda ee Dastuurka Mareykanka , markii ugu horreysay ee qodobbada si cad loo dacweeyay. Hal kiis ayaa lagu diiday maxkamadda hoose. Labo ayaa Maxkamadda Sare ay shaqada ka cayrisay ka dib markii uu xilka qabtay. Intii lagu guda jiray ololaha, Trump waxa uu ballan qaaday in uu ugu deeqayo mushaharkiisa madaxtinnimo iyo faa'iidada uu ka helo dammaanadda shisheeye ee dawladda Maraykanka. Waxa uu ugu deeqay mushaharkiisa hay'adaha federaalka waxana uu dacaayadeeyay deeq kasta ilaa Juulay 2020. Wakaaladaha federaaliga ah ee ay sahamisay The Washington Post bishii Luulyo 2021 waxa ay sheegeen in aanay wax hadiyad ah helin wixii ka dambeeyay bishaas. Muwaadiniinta Mas'uuliyadda iyo Anshaxa ee Washington ayaa sheegay 2024 inuu ku deeqay $448,000 oo lagu qiyaasay $13.6 milyan oo lacag ah oo uu ka helay dawlado shisheeye muddadiisii ​​ugu horreysay. ===Siyaasadda gudaha=== Trump wuxuu xafiiska la wareegay meesha ugu sarreysa ballaarinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer taariikhda Mareykanka, kaasoo bilaabmay 2009 oo socday ilaa Febraayo 2020, markii hoos u dhaca COVID-19 uu bilaabmay. Bishii Disembar 2017, wuxuu saxiixay Sharciga dhimista Canshuuraha iyo Shaqada ee 2017 . Waxay hoos u dhigtay qiimaha cashuuraha ee ganacsiyada iyo shakhsiyaadka waxayna meesha ka saartay ciqaabtii la xidhiidhay sharciga daryeelka la awoodi karo . Maamulka Trump ayaa ku andacoonaya in ficilku aanu hoos u dhigi doonin dakhliga dawladda, laakiin dakhliga 2018 ayaa 7.6 boqolkiiba ka hooseeya saadaasha. Marka loo eego Trump, hoos u dhaca miisaaniyada federaalku wuxuu kordhay ku dhawaad ​​50 boqolkiiba, ilaa ku dhawaad ​​$ 1 trillion 2019. Dhammaadkii muddadiisa, deynta qaranka Mareykanka waxay kordheen 39 boqolkiiba, taasoo gaartay $ 27.75 trillion, iyo saamiga US-deficit-to-GDP ayaa ku dhuftey mid sare oo ka mid ah Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Trump waxa kale oo uu ku guuldarraystay in uu ka dhabeeyo ballan-qaadkiisii ​​ololaha ee ahaa $1 trillion oo qorshe kharash-bixineed oo kaabayaasha ah. Trump waa madaxweynaha kaliya ee casriga ah ee Maraykanka ee xilka ka taga isaga oo ka shaqaale yar marka loo eego markii uu xilka qabtay, saddex milyan oo qof. Wuxuu diiday fikradda sayniska ee isbeddelka cimilada . Wuxuu hoos u dhigay miisaaniyada cilmi baarista tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo 40 boqolkiiba wuxuuna bedelay siyaasadihii xilligii Obama ee lagu hagayay isbedelka cimilada. Wuxuu ka baxay heshiiskii Paris , taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka dalka kaliya ee aan ansixin. Wuxuu ujeedkiisu ahaa in kor loo qaado wax soo saarka iyo dhoofinta shidaalka fosil . Gaaska dabiiciga ah ayaa balaariyay Trump, laakiin dhuxusha ayaa sii waday hoos u dhaca. Waxa uu dib u soo celiyay in ka badan 100 xeerarka deegaanka ee federaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa xakameyey qiiqa gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo , wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, iyo isticmaalka walxaha sunta ah. Wuxuu wiiqay ilaalinta xoolaha iyo heerarka deegaanka ee mashaariicda kaabayaasha federaalka, wuxuuna balaariyay meelaha la oggol yahay ee qodista iyo soo saarista kheyraadka, sida oggolaanshaha qodista Qaxootiga Arctic . Trump wuxuu burburiyay xeerarkii federaalka ee caafimaadka, shaqada, deegaanka, iyo meelo kale, oo ay ku jiraan sharci baabi'iyay xeerkii xilligii Obama ee xaddidayay iibinta hubka dadka maskaxda ka xanuunsan. Inta lagu jiro lixdii toddobaad ee ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska, wuxuu dib u dhigay, hakiyay, ama beddelay sagaashan xeer federaal ah, inta badan "kadib codsiyo ka yimid warshadaha nidaamsan". Machadka Daacadnimada Siyaasadda wuxuu ogaaday in 78 boqolkiiba soo jeedintiisa ay xannibeen maxkamadaha ama aysan ka adkaan dacwadda. Intii lagu guda jiray ololihiisa, Trump wuxuu wacad ku maray inuu baabi'in doono oo uu bedeli doono Sharciga Daryeelka La awoodi karo . Xafiiska, waxa uu hoos u dhigay fulinta sharciga iyada oo loo marayo amarada fulinta. Wuxuu muujiyay rabitaan ah inuu "u oggolaado Obamacare inuu guuldareysto"; maamulkiisu waxa uu kala badh ka dhimay xilliga is-diiwaangelinta waxana uu si weyn u dhimay dhaqaalihii loogu talo galay dhiirrigelinta diiwaangelinta. Bishii Juun 2018, maamulka Trump wuxuu ku biiray 18 dawladood oo Jamhuurigu hoggaamiyo oo ku doodaya ka hor Maxkamadda Sare in baabi'inta ganaaxyada maaliyadeed ee la xidhiidha waajibaadka shakhsi ahaaneed ay ka dhigtay sharciga mid dastuuri ah. Codsigoodu wuxuu baabi'in lahaa caymiska caafimaadka ilaa 23 milyan oo Maraykan ah, laakiin kuma guulaysan. Intii lagu jiray ololihii 2016, Trump wuxuu ballan qaaday inuu ilaalin doono maalgelinta Medicare iyo barnaamijyada kale ee badbaadada bulshada. Janaayo 2020, wuxuu muujiyay rabitaanka inuu tixgeliyo dhimista iyaga. Isagoo ka jawaabaya cudurka faafa ee opioid , Trump wuxuu saxiixay sharci sanadka 2018 si loo kordhiyo maalgelinta daawaynta daroogada, laakiin waxaa si weyn loogu dhaleeceeyay inuu ku guuldareystay inuu sameeyo istiraatiijiyad la taaban karo. Wuxuu ka mamnuucay hay'adaha bixiya ilmo iska soo rididda ama u gudbinta ilmo soo rididda inay helaan lacagaha federaalka. Waxa uu sheegay in uu taageeray "guurka dhaqameed", laakiin wuxuu tixgeliyey sharcinimada waddanka oo dhan ee guurka isku jinsiga ah "la degay". Maamulkiisu waxa uu dib u rogay qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah ilaalinta goobta shaqada ee maamulka Obama ee ka dhanka ah takoorka dadka LGBTQ .Isku daygiisii ​​isku daygiisii ​​ee ilaalinta takoorka ee bukaannada transgender- ka bishii Agoosto 2020 waxaa joojiyay garsoore federaal ah ka dib markii ay xukuntay Maxkamadda Sare ay kordhisay ilaalinta xuquuqda madaniga ah ee shaqaalaha aqoonsiga jinsiga iyo jihada galmada. Trump waxa uu sheegay in uu ka soo horjeedo xakamaynta hubka , in kasta oo ay aragtidiisu is beddeshay muddo ka dib. Maamulkiisu waxa uu qaatay mawqif ka dhan ah marijuana , isaga oo burinaya siyaasadihii xilligii Obama ee ilaalin jiray dawladaha sharciyeeyay marijuana. Waa u doode muddo dheer ah ee ciqaabta dilka ah, iyo maamulkiisu wuxuu kormeeray dawladda federaalka ah ee fulinta 13 maxbuus, in ka badan 56 sano ee hore marka la isku daro, oo soo afjaraya 17 sano oo joojin ah. Sannadkii 2016, wuxuu sheegay inuu taageersan yahay isticmaalka hababka jirdilka su'aalaha "jahannamo aad uga xun kan biyaha-qaadista . ===Xiriirka jinsiyadeed=== Faallooyinka Trump ee 2017 Mideynta Dibad-baxa Xaqa ah , oo cambaareeyay "bandhiggan foosha xun ee nacaybka, nacaybka iyo rabshadaha dhinacyo badan" oo sheegaya in ay jiraan "dad aad u fiican oo labada dhinac ah", ayaa lagu dhaleeceeyay inay muujinayaan u dhigma akhlaaqda u dhexeeya dibad-baxayaasha sare-sare ee cadaanka ah iyo mudaaharaadayaasha. Bishii Janaayo 2018 dood ku saabsan sharciga socdaalka, waxaa la sheegay inuu u tixraacay El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, iyo wadamada Afrika sida "wadamada shithole". Hadaladiisa waxaa lagu cambaareeyay cunsurinimo. [[File:President_Trump_Visits_St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_(49964153176).jpg|Iyadoo koox saraakiil iyo la-taliyeyaal ah ay ka soo lugeeyeen Aqalka Cad kuna sii jeeday Kaniisadda St.]] Bishii Luulyo 2019, Trump ayaa bartiisa twitterka ku soo qoray in afar haween ah oo ka tirsan Kongareeska Dimuqraadiga—dhammaan dadka laga tirada badan yahay, oo seddex ka mid ah ay u dhasheen Mareykanka - ay tahay inay " ku laabtaan " dalalkii ay "ka yimaadeen".Laba maalmood ka dib Golaha Wakiiladu waxay u codeeyeen 240-187, inta badan iyagoo raacaya xisbiyada, si ay u cambaareeyaan "faallooyinka cunsuriyadda". Daabacaada wadani ee cadaanka ah iyo warbaahinta bulshada ayaa amaanay hadaladiisa, kuwaas oo sii socday maalmaha soo socda. Waxa uu sii waday hadallo la mid ah intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​2020. Bishii Juun 2020, intii lagu jiray mudaaharaadyadii George Floyd , saraakiisha fulinta sharciga federaalku waxay isticmaaleen sunta dadka ka ilmeysiisa iyo tabaha kale ee dadka si ay uga saaraan dad badan oo nabdoon oo mudaaharaadayaal sharci ah fagaaraha Lafayette , bannaanka Aqalka Cad . Trump ayaa markaa la soo baxay Kitaabka Quduuska ah si uu sawir uga qaado Kaniisadda Episcopal St. Hogaamiyeyaal ciidan oo badan oo shaqada ka fadhiistay iyo saraakiisha difaaca ayaa cambaareeyay soo jeedintiisa ah in uu isticmaalo millatariga Maraykanka mudaharaadayaasha ka soo horjeeda bilayska. ===Cafisyada iyo isdhaafsiga=== Muddadii ugu horreysay ee uu Trump xilka hayay, waxa uu oggolaaday 237 codsi oo naxariis ah, taas oo ka yar dhammaan madaxweynayaashii tan iyo 1900-kii marka laga reebo George HW Bush iyo George W. Bush . Keliya 25 iyaga ka mid ah ayaa waxaa shaandheeyay Xafiiska Waaxda Caddaaladda ee Xafiiska Qareenka Cafiska ; kuwa kale waxaa la siiyay dadka xiriirka shakhsi ahaaneed ama siyaasadeed ee isaga, qoyskiisa, iyo xulafadiisa, ama ay ku taliyaan dadka caanka ah. Maalintii ugu dambaysay ee uu xafiiska joogay, waxa uu ogolaaday 73 cafis waxana uu ka khafiifiyay 70 xukun. Dhawr xulafada Trump ah uma qalmin cafis marka loo eego xeerarka Waaxda Caddaaladda, iyo xaalado kale waaxdu waxay ka soo horjeedsatay naxariista. Cafiskii saddex xubnood oo ka tirsan ciidanka milatariga oo lagu helay ama lagu soo oogay dambiyo rabshado wata ayaa waxaa ka soo horjeestay hogaamiyayaasha ciidamada. ===Socdaalka=== [[File:Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg|thumb|Baarista tusaalaha darbiga xadka ee Otay Mesa, California]] Madaxweyne ahaan, Trump wuxuu ku tilmaamay socdaalka sharci darrada ah inuu yahay "duulaanka" Maraykanka oo uu si weyn u kordhiyay fulinta socdaalka. Wuxuu hirgeliyay siyaasado adag oo ka dhan ah magangalyo-doonka wuxuuna u daabulay ku dhawaad ​​6,000 oo askari xadka US-Mexico si ay u joojiyaan isgoysyada sharci darrada ah. Waxa uu hoos u dhigay tirada qaxootiga loo ogolaaday in ay diiwaan gashadaan, laga bilaabo xadka sanadlaha ah ee 110,000 ka hor inta uusan xafiiska la wareegin 15,000 ee 2021 . Mid ka mid ah ballamihiisii ​​ololaha dhexe waxa ay ahayd in uu derbi ka dhisayo xudduudda US-Mexico ; intii lagu jiray xilligiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, Maraykanku wuxuu dhisay 73 mayl (117 km) oo derbi ah meelaha aan lahayn caqabadaha iyo 365 mayl (587 km) si uu u beddelo caqabadaha hore. 2018, diidmada Trump ee ah in uu saxeexo kharash kasta oo kharash ah ilaa ay u qoondaysay maalgelinta darbiga xuduudka waxay keentay xidhidhkii ugu dheeraa abid ee dawladda dhexe , muddo 35 maalmood ah laga bilaabo Disembar 2018 ilaa Janaayo 2019. Si looga fogaado xidhitaan kale, Koongarasku waxa uu soo saaray biil dhaqaale oo dhan $1.4 bilyan oo loogu talagalay dayrarka xuduudaha bishii Febraayo. Trump ayaa markii dambe ku dhawaaqay xaalad degdeg ah oo heer qaran ah oo ku taal xudduudda koonfureed si uu u leexiyo $ 6.1 bilyan oo maalgelin ah derbiga xudduudaha inkastoo congress-ka is khilaafeen. Bishii Janaayo 2017, Trump wuxuu saxiixay amar fulin oo u diidaya inay soo galaan muwaadiniinta lix waddan oo Muslimiin u badan afar bilood iyo inay ka yimaadaan Suuriya si aan xad lahayn. Amarka ayaa sababay mudaaharaadyo badan iyo caqabado sharci taasoo keentay amarro dalka oo dhan ah . Amarka dib loo eegay oo bixiya qaar ka reeban ayaa sidoo kale xannibay maxkamadaha, laakiin Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay bishii Juun in mamnuucida la fulin karo kuwa ka maqan " xidhiidh daacad ah oo lala yeesho qof ama hay'ad" gudaha Maraykanka saraakiil, laakiin waxay ka saareen Ciraaq iyo Suudaan. Maxkamadda Sare waxay ogolaatay in noocaas uu dhaqan galo Diseembar 2017, oo ugu dambeyntii taageertay xayiraadda 2019. Laga soo bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2018, maamulka Trump wuxuu lahaa siyaasad kala qaybsanaan qoys oo kala saaray in ka badan 4,400 carruurta soogalootiga sharci darrada ah ee waalidkood, 2 ee Maraykanka . Siyaasad aan hore loo arag. ayaa dalka ka dhalisay cadho dadweyne. Inkasta oo Trump uu markii hore eedaynayay Dimuqraadiyiinta oo uu ku adkaystay inuusan joojin karin siyaasadda amarka fulinta, wuxuu aqbalay cadaadiska dadweynaha bishii Juun 2018 wuxuuna amray in qoysaska soogalootiga sharci-darrada ah la wada xiro haddii aysan "ay jirin walaac" khatarta ilmaha. Garsooraha ayaa markii dambe amar ku bixiyay in qoysaska la isu keeno oo kala fogaansho dheeraad ah la joojiyo marka laga reebo xaalado xaddidan, inkastoo in ka badan 1,000 carruur dheeraad ah laga soocay qoysaskooda amarka ka dib. ===Siyaasada Arimaha Dibada=== [[File:-G7Biarritz_(48616362963).jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyayaasha G7 ayaa shir madaxeedka 45-aad ee Fransiiska, 2019]] Trump wuxuu isku tilmaamay inuu yahay "qaraniyad" iyo siyaasadiisa arrimaha dibadda " Ameerika 1aad ". Waxa uu taageeray dawladihii populist , neo-nationalist , iyo dawlado kali-talis ah. Saadalin la'aan, hubanti la'aan, iyo iswaafaqla'aan ayaa lagu gartaa xiriirka dibadda intii uu xilka hayay. Xidhiidhka u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo xulafadiisa reer Yurub waxa uu ahaa mid xun intii uu Trump joogay. Wuxuu dhaleeceeyay xulafada NATO wuxuuna si gaar ah u soo jeediyay in Maraykanku ka baxo NATO . Trump wuxuu taageeray siyaasado badan oo ka mid ah siyaasadaha ra'iisul wasaaraha Israel Benjamin Netanyahu . Sannadkii 2020, Trump waxa uu martigeliyay saxeexa heshiiskii Abraham ee u dhexeeyay Israa’iil iyo Imaaraadka Carabta iyo Baxrayn si ay caadi uga dhigaan xidhiidhkooda dibadda. [[File:President_Trump_%26_the_First_Lady%27s_Trip_to_Europe_(42547210635).jpg|thumb|Isagoo gacan qaadaya madaxweynaha [[Ruushka]] Vladimir Putin intii lagu jiray shirkii 2018 ee Helsinki , [[Finland]]]] Trump ayaa dagaal ganacsi la bilaabay Shiinaha 2018 ka dib markii uu ku soo rogay canshuuro iyo caqabado kale oo ganacsi oo uu sheegay in ay ku qasbi doonto Shiinaha in ay soo afjarto ku dhaqanka ganacsiga cadaalad darada ah ee mudada dheer soo jiray iyo ku xadgudubka hantida garaadka . Trump waxa uu wiiqay cunaqabatayntii ugu adkeyd ee uu Maraykanku soo rogay ka dib markii 2014 uu Ruushku la wareegay Kiirymiia . Trump wuu ammaanay oo, sida ay sheegeen qaar ka mid ah dadka dhaleeceeyay, dhif ayuu u dhaleeceeyay madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin , inkasta oo uu ka soo horjeestay tallaabooyinka qaar ee dawladda Ruushka. Waxa uu Maraykanka ka saaray heshiiska dhex-dhexaadka ah ee ciidamada Nukliyeerka , isaga oo u cuskanaya in Ruushku aanu u hoggaansamin, oo uu taageeray suurtagalnimada in Ruushku ku soo laabto G7 . Iyada oo hubka Nukliyeerka ee Waqooyiga Kuuriya loo arkayay khatar halis ah, Trump wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Maraykan ah ee la kulma hoggaamiyaha Kuuriyada Waqooyi, oo la kulmay Kim Jong Un saddex jeer : Singapore bishii Juun 2018, Hanoi bishii Febraayo 2019, iyo Aagga Dillatari ee Kuuriya ee Juun 2019 ===Shaqaale=== Dhammaadkii sannadkii ugu horreeyay ee Trump xafiiska, 34 boqolkiiba shaqaalahiisa asalka ah waa ay iska casileen, shaqada laga eryay, ama waa la bedelay. Ilaa Luulyo 2018, 61 boqolkiiba kaaliyeyaashiisa sare ayaa ka tagay iyo shaqaalaha 141 ayaa ka tagay sannadkii hore. Labada tiroba waxay dhigayaan rikoodh madaxweynayaashii dhawaa. Kaaliyeyaasha gaarka ah ee u dhow Trump ayaa shaqada ka tagay ama lagu qasbay. Waxa uu si cad u bahdilay dhowr ka mid ah saraakiishiisii ​​ugu sarraysay. Trump wuxuu lahaa afar madax oo ka tirsan Aqalka Cad , isaga oo fogeynaya ama riixaya dhowr. Bishii Maajo 2017, wuxuu shaqada ka eryay agaasimihii FBI James Comey , isagoo sheegay maalmo ka dib inuu ka walaacsan yahay doorka Comey ee baaritaannada Trump iyo Ruushka. Saddex ka mid ah 15-kii xubnood ee asalka ahaa ee Trump ayaa baxay ama lagu qasbay inay is casilaan sannadkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay. Trump wuu ka gaabiyay inuu magacaabo saraakiisha heerka labaad ee waaxda fulinta, isagoo sheegay in jagooyin badan oo aan loo baahnayn. Bishii Oktoobar 2017, waxaa jiray boqollaal jagooyin hoosaadyo ah oo aan la magacaabin. Ilaa Janaayo 8, 2019, ee 706 jagooyin muhiim ah, 433 ayaa la buuxiyay mana uusan u magacaabin 264. ===Garsoorka=== Trump ayaa magacaabay 226 garsoore oo heer federaal ah , oo ay ku jiraan 54 ka mid ah maxkamadaha rafcaanka iyo saddex ka mid ah maxkamadda sare : Neil Gorsuch , Brett Kavanaugh , iyo Amy Coney Barrett . Magacaabistiisa Maxkamadda Sare waxay siyaasad ahaan u wareejisay Maxkamadda dhinaca midig. Ololihii 2016, wuxuu ballan qaaday in Roe v. Wade la rogi doono "si toos ah" haddii isaga la doorto oo la siiyo fursad uu ku magacaabo laba ama saddex garsoorayaasha ka hortagga ilmo soo rididda. Ka dib waxa uu qaatay sumcad markii Roe uu afgembiyay Dobbs v. Jackson Ururka Caafimaadka Haweenka 2022; Dhammaan saddexdii xubnood ee uu soo magacaabay Maxkamadda Sare waxay ku codeeyeen aqlabiyadda. Trump wuxuu quudhsaday maxkamadaha iyo garsoorayaasha uu ku khilaafay, inta badan qaab shakhsiyeed, wuxuuna su'aal galiyay awoodda dastuuriga ah ee garsoorka. Weerradiisa uu ku qaaday maxkamadaha ayaa waxaa ka dhashay canaan ka timid goobjoogayaasha, oo ay ku jiraan garsoorayaal heer federaal ah oo fadhiyey, kuwaas oo ka walaacsanaa saamaynta hadalladiisu ku yeelan karaan madaxbannaanida garsoorka iyo kalsoonida shacabku ku qabaan garsoorka. ===Cudurka caalamiga ah covid-19=== [[File:White_House_Press_Briefing_(49666120807).jpg|thumb|Qabashada war-saxaafadeed COVID-19 ah oo lala yeelanayo xubnaha Aqalka Cad ee Hawl-galka Coronavirus Maarso 15, 2020]] Trump ayaa markii hore iska dhaga tiray digniinaha caafimaadka bulshada iyo baaqyada ah in tallaabo laga qaado saraakiisha caafimaadka ee maamulkiisa. Trump wuxuu aasaasay Ciidanka Aqalka Cad ee Coronavirus bishii Janaayo 29. Bishii Maarso 27, wuxuu saxiixay sharciga CARES Act - $ 2.2 trillion biilka kicinta dhaqaalaha laba geesoodka ah - kicinta ugu weyn taariikhda Mareykanka. Ka dib toddobaadyo weeraro ah si ay uga fogaato jawaabtiisa gaabis ah, Trump wuxuu joojiyay maalgelinta Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka bishii Abriil. Bishii Abriil 2020, kooxaha ku xiran Jamhuuriga ayaa abaabulay mudaaharaadyo ka dhan ah qufulka oo looga soo horjeedo tallaabooyinka ay dowladaha gobolladu qaadayeen si ay ula dagaallamaan masiibada; Trump ayaa ku dhiirigeliyay mudaaharaadyada Twitter-ka , in kasta oo dawladaha la beegsaday aysan la kulmin tilmaamaha maamulkiisa ee dib u furitaanka. Wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u cadaadiyay hay'adaha caafimaadka federaalka inay qaadaan tallaabooyin uu doorbiday, sida oggolaanshaha daaweynta aan la xaqiijin. Bishii Oktoobar, Trump waxa la dhigay cusbitaalka Xarunta Caafimaadka Qaranka ee Walter Reed muddo saddex maalmood ah iyada oo uu jiro kiis daran oo ah COVID-19 ===Baaritaanada=== Ka dib markii uu la wareegay xafiiska, Trump wuxuu ahaa mawduuca kordhinta Waaxda Caddaaladda iyo kormeerka Kongareeska, iyada oo la baarayo ololihiisa doorashada, kala-guurka, iyo caleema saarka, tallaabooyinkii la qaaday intii uu madaxweynaha ahaa, ganacsigiisa gaarka ah , canshuuraha shakhsi ahaaneed, iyo aasaaska samafalka . Waxaa jiray toban baaritaan dembi oo federaal ah, siddeed gobol iyo baaritaanno maxalli ah, iyo laba iyo toban baaritaan oo kongareeska ah. Bishii Luulyo 2016, FBI waxay bilawday duufaanta Crossfire , baaritaan ku saabsan xiriirka suurtagalka ah ee ka dhexeeya Ruushka iyo ololaha Trump ee 2016. Kadib markii Trump uu shaqada ka eryay Comey bishii Maajo 2017, FBI-da ayaa furtay baaritaan labaad oo ku saabsan xiriirkii shakhsi ahaaneed iyo ganacsi ee Trump uu la yeeshay Ruushka . Bishii Janaayo 2017, saddex hay'adood oo sirdoon oo Mareykan ah ayaa si wadajir ah u sheegay "kalsooni sare" in Ruushku uu farageliyay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2016 si uu ugu xagliyo Trump. Shaki badan xidhiidho ka dhexeeya saaxiibada Trump iyo saraakiisha Ruushka ayaa la ogaaday. Trump ayaa u sheegay saraakiisha Ruushka inuusan ka walaacsanayn faragelinta Ruushka ee doorashada. Duufaanta isdhaafsiga ah ayaa markii dambe loo wareejiyay baaritaanka qareenka gaarka ah ee Robert Mueller ; Baaritaanka ku saabsan xiriirka Trump iyo Ruushka waxaa soo afjaray ku xigeenka xeer ilaaliyaha guud Rod Rosenstein ka dib markii uu u sheegay FBI in Mueller uu sii wadi doono arrinta. Codsiga Rosenstein, baaritaanka Mueller wuxuu baaray arrimaha dambiyada "ee la xiriira faragelinta doorashada 2016 ee Ruushka". Mueller ayaa soo gudbiyay warbixintiisii ​​u dambaysay bishii March 2019. Warbixintu waxay ogaatay in Ruushku uu farageliyay 2016 si uu ugu xagliyo Trump iyo in Trump iyo ololihiisii ​​ay soo dhaweeyeen oo ay dhiiri galiyeen dadaalka, laakiin caddaynta "ma aysan xaqiijin" in Ruushka ama xubnaha ololaha Trump ay abaabuleen. Trump waxa uu ku andacooday in warbixintaasi ay ka saartay isaga in kasta oo Mueller uu qoray in aanay taasi dhicin. Warbixintu waxay sidoo kale faahfaahisay carqaladaynta suurtagalka ah ee caddaaladda ee Trump, laakiin "ma aysan soo saarin gabagabada kama dambaysta ah" oo ka tagtay go'aanka lagu soo oogay sharciyada Congress-ka. Bishii Abriil 2019, Guddiga Kormeerka ee Aqalka ayaa soo saaray amar maxkamadeed oo ay ku raadinayaan faahfaahin maaliyadeed bangiyada Trump, Deutsche Bank iyo Capital One , iyo shirkaddiisa xisaabaadka, Mazars USA . Wuxuu dacweeyay bangiyada, Mazars, iyo guddoomiyaha guddiga Elijah Cummings si looga hortago in la shaaciyo. Bishii Maajo, laba garsoore ayaa xukuntay in Mazars iyo bangiyada labadaba ay tahay inay u hoggaansamaan amar-qaadista; . Qareennada Trump ayaa racfaan ka qaatay. Bishii Sebtembar 2022, Trump iyo guddiga ayaa ku heshiiyey heshiis ku saabsan Mazars, shirkadduna waxay bilowday inay wareejiso dukumentiyada. ===Eedaynta=== [[File:President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_(49498772251).jpg|thumb|Soo bandhigida cinwaanka "Trump waa la sii daayay" 2020]] Trump waxaa laba jeer xilka ka xayuubiyey aqalka kongress-ka, in kastoo aqalka senate-ka ay labada jeerba dambi ku soo oogeen. Xil ka qaadistii ugu horeysay ayaa ka dhalatay cabasho sir ah oo [[Bilaha]] [[Luuliyo]] 2019 Trump ku cadaadiyay madaxweynaha [[Yukrayn]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] inuu baadho Joe iyo Hunter [[Biden]], isagoo isku dayaya inuu faa'iido ka helo doorashada madaxtinimada ee 2020 . Bishii [[Disembar]] 2019, aqalku wuxuu u codeeyay in Trump lagu soo oogo ku takri fal awoodeed iyo carqaladeyn Kongress-ka , iyo Senatka ayaa dambi ku waayay [[Febraayo]] 2020. Xil ka qaadista labaad ayaa timid ka dib weerarkii 6-dii Janaayo ee Capitol, kaas oo aqalku uu Trump ku soo oogay in uu kiciyay kacdoon 13-kii Janaayo 2021. Trump ayaa xafiiska ka tagay 20-kii Janaayo, waxaana lagu sii daayay Febraayo 13. Todobo senate oo Jamhuuriya ayaa u codeeyay xukun. ===2020 doorashada madaxweynaha=== Trump wuxuu xareeyay inuu u tartamo dib-u-doorashada saacado yar uun ka dib markii uu noqday madaxweynaha 2017. Waxa uu qabtay isu soo baxkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee dib-u-doorashada wax ka yar bil ka dib markii uu xafiiska qabtay wuxuuna si rasmi ah u noqday musharraxa xisbiga Jamhuuriga Agoosto 2020. Ololaha Trump wuxuu diiradda saaray dambiyada, isagoo ku andacoonaya in magaalooyinka ay hoos ugu dhici doonaan sharci-darro haddii Dimuqraadigu ku guuleysto doorashada. Wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u beeniyey boosaska Biden wuxuuna ka codsaday cunsuriyadda. Laga bilaabo horraantii 2020, Trump wuxuu abuuray shaki ku saabsan doorashada, isagoo ku andacoonaya caddayn la'aan in la musuqmaasuqi doono iyo in isticmaalka baahsan ee waraaqaha waraaqaha ay soo saari doonto khiyaamo doorasho oo ballaaran. Wuxuu xannibay maalgelinta Adeegga Boostada Mareykanka , isagoo sheegay inuu doonayo inuu ka hortago koror kasta oo ku yimaada codbixinta boostada. Wuxuu ku celceliyay inuu diiday inuu sheego inuu aqbali doono natiijada haddii laga guulaysto oo uu ballan qaado in si nabad ah xukunka loogu kala wareejiyo . ===Luminta Biden iyo diidmada natiijada=== Biden wuxuu ku guuleystay doorashadii November 2020, isagoo helay 81.3 milyan cod (51.3 boqolkiiba) Trump's 74.2 milyan (46.8 boqolkiiba ) iyo 306 codadka doorashada ee Trump 's 232 . subaxa ka dib doorashada. Maalmo ka dib, markii Biden la saadaaliyay in uu guulaysanayo, Trump waxa uu si aan sal iyo raad toona lahayn u eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa doorashada. Iyadoo qayb ka ah dadaalka lagu doonayo in lagu baabi'iyo natiijada , Trump iyo xulafadiisa ayaa gudbiyay dacwado badan oo ka dhan ah natiijooyinka , kuwaas oo ay diideen ugu yaraan 86 garsoore oo ka tirsan maxkamadaha gobolka iyo federaalka labadaba iyagoo aan lahayn wax xaqiiqo ah ama sharci ah. Eedeymaha Trump waxaa sidoo kale beeniyay saraakiisha doorashada ee gobolka, Maxkamadda Sare ayaa diiday in ay dhageysato kiis lagu codsanayo in la baabi'iyo natiijada afar gobol oo uu ku guuleystay Biden. Trump wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u raadsaday caawimo si uu u rogo natiijooyinka, isaga oo shakhsi ahaan cadaadis saaraya Jamhuuriga maxalliga ah iyo kuwa haya xafiisyada gobolka, Sharci-dejiyaha Jamhuuriga, Waaxda Caddaaladda, iyo Madaxweyne Ku-Xigeenka Pence, oo ku boorriyay ficillada sida beddelka cod-bixiyeyaasha madaxweynaha , ama in saraakiisha Georgia ay ku dhawaaqeen natiijada "dhammaan" Toddobaadyadii doorashada ka dib, Trump wuu ka baxay hawlihii guud. Waxa uu markii hore ka horjoogsaday saraakiisha dawladda in ay la shaqeeyaan Biden ee ku-meel-gaadhka madaxweynenimada . Saddex toddobaad ka dib, maamulaha Maamulka Adeegyada Guud wuxuu ku dhawaaqay Biden "guuleeyaha muuqda" ee doorashada, isaga oo u oggolaanaya bixinta agabka kala-guurka kooxdiisa. Inkastoo Trump uu sheegay in uu ku taliyay in GSA ay bilowdo hab-maamuuska kala-guurka, weli si rasmi ah uma uusan aqbalin. Trump kama uusan qeybgalin xafladdii Biden ee Janaayo 20. ===Janaayo 6-dii weerarkii Capitol=== Bishii Disembar 2020, waxaa soo baxay warbixino sheegaya in hoggaamiyeyaasha millatariga Mareykanka ay heegan sare ku jireen, saraakiisha darajo sarena ay ka wada hadleen waxa la sameeyo haddii Trump uu ku dhawaaqo sharciga dagaalka . Agaasimaha CIA Gina Haspel iyo General General Mark Milley , oo ah gudoomiyaha Taliyaasha Wadajirka ah ee Shaqaalaha , ayaa ka walaacsanaa in Trump uu isku dayo inqilaab ama tallaabo militari oo ka dhan ah Shiinaha ama Iran. Milley wuxuu ku adkaystay in lagala tashado amar kasta oo militari oo ka yimaada Trump, oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka hubka nukliyeerka. [[File:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_(50820534063)_(retouched).jpg|thumb|Dadweyne taageersan Trump intii uu weerarka socday]] Duhurnimadii Janaayo 6, 2021, iyadoo Congress-ka uu caddaynayay natiijada doorashada madaxtinimada ee Capitol US , Trump wuxuu ku qabtay isu soo bax ka dhacay Ellipse oo u dhow . Isagoo ka hadlayay gadaasha muraayad dhalo ah, wuxuu ku baaqay in doorashada la rogo wuxuuna ku booriyay taageerayaashiisa inay "la dagaalamaan sida cadaabta" oo "ay dib u soo ceshadaan waddankeena" iyagoo u socda Capitol. Taageerayaashiisa ayaa markaa sameeyay koox koox ah oo jebisay dhismaha , carqaladeeyay shahaadada waxayna sababtay daad-gureynta Congress-kaaIintii lagu guda jiray weerarka, Trump wuxuu ku dhajiyay baraha bulshada laakiin ma uusan weydiisan rabshado inay kala firdhiyaan. Qoraal uu soo dhigay bartiisa Twitter -ka 6-dii maqribnimo ayuu u sheegay in ay “Guryaha ku tagaan jacayl & nabad”, waxa uu ugu yeeray “wadani-weyn”, waxa uuna ku celiyay in uu ku guuleystay doorashada. Koongarasku mar dambe ayaa dib loo furay oo xaqiijiyay guushii Biden saacadihii hore ee Janaayo 7. In ka badan 140 booliis ah ayaa ku dhaawacmay, shan qofna way dhinteen intii uu socday ama ka dib weerarka. Dhacdadan ayaa lagu tilmaamay isku day afgambi oo uu sameeyay Trump. ==Inta u dhaxaysa madaxweynayaasha (2021-2025)== Markii uu ka tagay Aqalka Cad, Trump waxa uu bilaabay in uu ku noolaado Mar-a-Lago, isaga oo xafiis ka samaystay halkaas sida uu dhigayo sharciga madaxweynayaashii hore . Sheegashadiisa beenta ah ee sii socota ee ku saabsan doorashada 2020 waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeraa " beenta weyn " ee uu dhaleeceeyay, inkastoo May 2021, isaga iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa ay bilaabeen isticmaalka ereyga si ay u tixraacaan doorashada lafteeda. Xisbiga Jamhuurigu wuxuu u adeegsaday sheegashadiisa beenta ah ee ku saabsan doorashada si uu ugu caddeeyo soo rogida xannibaadaha codbixinta cusub ee ay ku jirto. Wuxuu sii waday inuu ku cadaadiyo sharci-dejiyeyaasha gobolka inay joojiyaan doorashada. Si ka duwan madaxweynayaashii hore ee kale, Trump wuxuu sii waday inuu xukumo xisbigiisa; profile 2022 ee New York Times ayaa ku tilmaamay inuu yahay madaxa xisbiga casriga ah . Waxa uu sii waday lacag ururinta, isaga oo kor u qaaday xabad dagaal oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan laba jeer xisbiga Jamhuuriga, oo uu ka faa'iidaystay lacag ururinta musharaxiin badan oo Jamhuuri ah oo lagu qabtay Mar-a-Lago. Inta badan waxa uu diiradda saaray maamulka xisbiga iyo in uu xilal muhiim ah ka dhigo saraakiil isaga daacad u ah. Doorashadii xilliga dhexe ee 2022 , wuxuu taageeray in ka badan 200 oo musharraxiin ah oo u tartamaya xafiisyo kala duwan. Bishii Febraayo 2021, wuxuu diiwaangeliyay shirkad cusub, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), si ay u siiso "adeegyada isku xirka bulshada" macaamiisha Mareykanka. Bishii Maarso 2024, TMTG waxay ku biirtay shirkad soo iibsata ujeedo gaar ah oo Digital World Acquisition waxayna noqotay shirkad dadweyne . Bishii Febraayo 2022, TMTG waxay bilowday Truth Social , oo ah madal warbaahinta bulshada ah. ===Arrimaha sharciga=== Sannadkii 2019-kii, wariye E. Jean Carroll ayaa ku eedeeyay Trump inuu kufsaday 1990-meeyadii, wuxuuna ku dacweeyay sumcad-dil uu u geystay diidmadiisa. Carroll ayaa mar kale dacweeyay 2022 batari iyo sumcad dil dheeraad ah. Waxaa lagu helay inuu mas'uul ka yahay xadgudub galmo iyo sumcad dil waxaana lagu xukumay inuu bixiyo $ 5 milyan hal kiis iyo $ 83.3 milyan kan kale. Maxkamadaha rafcaanka federaalku waxay taageereen natiijooyinkii iyo abaal-marintii Diseembar 2024 iyo Sebtembar 2025, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sannadkii 2022, New York waxay soo gudbisay dacwad madani ah oo ka dhan ah Trump iyada oo ku eedaysay inuu sare u qaaday qiimaha Ururka Trump si uu faa'iido uga helo bixiyeyaasha iyo bangiyada. Waxaa lagu helay inuu mas'uul ka yahay waxaana lagu xukumay inuu bixiyo ku dhawaad ​​$355 milyan oo lagu daray dulsaar. Bishii Agoosto 2025, maxkamadda rafcaanku waxay taageertay mas'uuliyadda Trump iyo ganaaxyada aan lacagta ahayn laakiin waxay meesha ka saartay ciqaabta lacageed oo xad dhaaf ah [[File:Classified_intelligence_material_found_during_search_of_Mar-a-Lago.jpg|thumb|Walax sirdoon oo sir ah ayaa la helay intii lagu jiray raadinta Mar-a-Lago]] Iyada oo la xidhiidha dadaalka Trump ee uu ku doonayo in uu ku joojiyo doorashada 2020 iyo ku lug lahaanshaha weerarkii January 6, December 2022 guddiga Aqalka Maraykanka ee weerarka ayaa soo jeediyay eedeymaha dambiyada ka dhanka ah isaga oo hor istaagay dacwad rasmi ah , shirqool lagu khiyaameeyay Maraykanka , iyo kicinta ama caawinta kacdoonka. Bishii Agoosto 2023, xeerbeegti weyn oo ku taal Fulton County, Georgia , ayaa ku soo oogtay 13 eedeymo, oo ay ku jiraan racketeering , dadaalkiisa uu ku doonayo inuu ku dumiyo doorashada 2020 ee gobolka. Bishii Janaayo 2022, Maamulka Kaydka iyo Diiwaanka Qaranka ayaa soo saaray 15 sanduuq oo dukumeenti ah oo Trump u qaaday Mar-a-Lago ka dib markii uu ka tagay Aqalka Cad, kuwaas oo qaarkood la sifeeyay. Baaritaankii Waaxda Caddaaladda ee xigay, mas'uuliyiintu waxay ka soo saareen dukumeentiyo sir ah oo badan oo qareenadiisa ah. Agoosto 8, 2022, wakiilada FBI waxay Mar-a-Lago ka baadheen dukumeenti si sharci darro ah loo haysto, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa jebinta sharciga basaasnimada , ururinta 11 dukumeenti qarsoodi ah, qaar sir sare leh. Xeer -beegti heer federaal ah oo uu sameeyay La-taliyaha Gaarka ah Jack Smith ayaa Trump ku soo oogay bishii Juun 2023 31 dacwadood oo ah "si ula kac ah u haynta macluumaadka difaaca qaranka" sida hoos timaada Xeerka Basaasnimada , iyo eedeymo kale. Trump wuu diiday dambiga. Bishii Luulyo 2024, garsoore Aileen Cannon ayaa meesha ka saaray kiiska , xukunka Smith magacaabistiisa xeer ilaaliye gaar ah wuxuu ahaa sharci darro. Bishii Maajo 2024, Trump waxaa lagu xukumay 34 dacwadood oo dembi ah oo ka been sheegay diiwaannada ganacsiga . Kiisku wuxuu ka yimid caddayn ah inuu ballansaday lacag-bixinnada lacagta-ka-soo-baxa ee Michael Cohen ee jilaa filimada qaangaarka ah ee Stormy Daniels sida kharashaadka ganacsiga si uu u daboolo eedeymihiisii ​​2006-2007 ee Daniels intii lagu jiray doorashadii 2016. Janaayo 10, 2025, xaakimku wuxuu siiyay Trump xukun ciqaab la'aan ah oo loo yaqaan siideyn shuruud la'aan ah, isagoo sheegay in shuruudaha ciqaabta ay faragelinayaan xasaanadda madaxweynaha. Ka dib markii dib loo doortay, kiiskii carqaladaynta doorashada 2020 iyo kiiskii dukumeentiyada qarsoodiga ahaa waa la eryay iyada oo aan la eedayn siyaasada Waaxda Cadaaladda ee ka dhanka ah dacwad qaadista madaxweynayaasha. ==2024 doorashada madaxweynaha== Bishii Noofambar 2022, Trump wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu u tartamayo doorashada madaxtinimada ee 2024 wuxuuna abuuray akoon lacag ururin ah. Bishii Maarso 2023, ololuhu wuxuu bilaabay inuu u weeciyo boqolkiiba toban deeqaha hoggaankiisa PAC . Ololihiisu waxa uu bixiyay $100 milyan oo ku wajahan biilasha sharciga ah March 2024. Intii lagu guda jiray ololaha, Trump wuxuu sameeyay hadallo rabshado wata oo isa soo taraya. Waxa uu sheegay in uu hubayn doono FBI-da iyo Waaxda Caddaaladda ee ka soo horjeeda siyaasaddiisa oo uu u adeegsado militariga si uu u beegsado siyaasiyiinta Dimuqraadiga ah iyo kuwa aan taageersanayn musharaxnimadiisa. Wuxuu adeegsaday hadallo ka daran oo bini'aadantinimada ka dhan ah intii uu madaxweynaha ahaa. Hadalkiisa, isaga oo ugu yeeraya mucaaradkiisa siyaasadeed "cadow", cayayaan, iyo faashiistaha, ayaa taariikhyahannada iyo aqoonyahannada qaarkood ku tilmaameen kalitalisnimo, faashiste oo ka duwan wax kasta oo musharax siyaasadeed uu waligiis ku sheegay taariikhda Mareykanka. Da'da iyo welwelka caafimaadka ayaa sidoo kale kacday intii lagu jiray ololaha, iyada oo dhowr khabiiro caafimaad ah ay muujinayaan kororka xamaasada, hadalka jilicsan iyo dabeecadda . Trump wuxuu xusay "doorasho la musuq-maasuqay" iyo "faragelin doorashada" ka hor iyo in ka badan intii lagu jiray ololihii 2016 iyo 2020 wuxuuna diiday inuu ballan qaado inuu aqbalo natiijada doorashada 2024. Falanqeeyayaasha New York Times ayaa ku tilmaamay tan sida xoojinta "madaxyada aan ku guuleysto; dabo aad khiyaamayso" xeeladaha hadal; Wargeysku waxa uu sheegay in sheegashada doorashada lagu shubtay ay noqotay laf dhabarta ololaha. July 13, 2024, Trump ayaa dhegta lagu toogtay isku day dil oo ka dhacay isu soo bax olole oo ka dhacay magaalada Butler Township, Pennsylvania . Laba maalmood ka dib, Shirweynihii Qaranka ee Jamhuuriga ee 2024 ayaa u magacaabay musharaxa madaxweynenimo. Bishii Sebtembar, waa la bartilmaameedsaday laakiin waxba ma gaarin isku day dil oo Florida ka dhacay . Trump wuxuu ku guuleystay doorashadii Noofambar 2024 isagoo helay 312 codadka doorashada madaxweyne ku xigeenka Kamala Harris's 226. Waxa uu sidoo kale ku guuleystay codadka caanka ah 49.8% Harris' 48.3%. Guushiisa 2024 waxay qayb ka ahayd dib-u-dhac caalami ah oo ka dhan ah xisbiyada xilka haya, oo qayb weyn ka ah sicir bararka 2021-2023 . Dhowr xarumood ayaa ku tilmaamay dib u doorashadiisa soo laabasho aan caadi ahayn. ==Madaxweynaha 2aad (2025- hadda)== [[File:Donald_Trump_takes_the_oath_of_office_(2025)_(alternate).jpg|thumb|Dhaarinta xafiiska , waxaa maamula madaxa cadaalada John Roberts , [[Janaayo]] 20, 2025]] Trump wuxuu bilaabay markiisa labaad markii uu xilka qabtay Janaayo 20, 2025. Wuxuu noqday shaqsiga ugu da'da weyn ee qabta xilka madaxtinimo , madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dambi culus lagu soo oogay, iyo qofkii labaad ee laba xilli oo aan isku xigta madaxweyne ka noqdo. Isku daygiisii ​​uu ku doonayay inuu ku balaadhiyo awoodda madaxweynaha iyo iska horimaadyada maxkamadaha ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay sifada qeexaysa xilligiisa labaad. ===Ficilada hore, 2025- hadda=== Markii uu xafiiska la wareegay, Trump waxa uu saxeexay amarro fulineed oo taxane ah . Qaar badan oo kuwan ka mid ah waxay tijaabiyeen awooddiisa sharci, waxayna soo saareen tallaabo sharci oo degdeg ah. Wuxuu soo saaray amaro fulineed ka badan maalintiisii ​​ugu horreysay ee madaxweyne kasta. Afar maalmood oo ka mid ah xilli ciyaareedkiisa labaad, falanqaynta uu sameeyay Time waxay ogaatay in ku dhawaad ​​​​saddex-meelood laba meelood ee ficilladiisa fulinta "muraayada ama qayb ahaan muraayadda" soo jeedinta Mashruuca 2025 . Toddobaadyadiisii ​​ugu horreeyay, dhowr ka mid ah ficilladiisa ayaa iska indhatiray ama ku xad-gudbay sharciyada federaalka, qawaaniinta, iyo Dastuurka sida ay qabaan culimada sharciga ee Mareykanka. Bishii ugu horreysay ee maamulkiisa, Trump wuxuu soo saaray sagaashan amar fulineed, qoraallo, iyo awaamiir. Waxa uu u adeegsaday dawladda si uu u beegsado dadka ka soo horjeeda siyaasadda iyo ficilladiisa ka dhanka ah bulshada rayidka ah ayay khubarada sharciga iyo boqollaal saynisyahano siyaasadeed ku tilmaameen mid keli-talis ah oo gacan ka geysta dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah . Awaamiirtiisa iyo ficilladiisa waxaa ka soo horjeestay in ka badan 300 oo dacwadood oo dalka oo dhan ah, iyada oo intooda badan ay weli u socdaan maxkamadaha July 2. ===Iskahorimaadyada xiisaha, 2025 - hadda=== Madaxtinimadii labaad ee Trump waxaa lagu tilmaamay in uu leeyahay ilaalin yar oo ka dhan ah iskahorimaadyada danaha marka loo eego kii ugu horreeyay, iyo jabinta tobannaan sano oo xeerarka anshaxa. Waxa uu sii waday shirkad si guud looga ganacsado oo ku taal Trump Media & Technology Group , wuxuuna u kala beddelay adeegyo maaliyadeed. Waxa uu daba galay heshiisyo cusub oo hanti ma guurto ah oo dibadda ah oo ay ku lug leeyihiin hay'ado dawladeed oo xidhiidh la leh, waxana uu lahaa dhawr shirkadood oo calaamadayn iyo shati bixin ah oo uu ku iibinayo badeecooyinka sumadda Trump. Waxa uu ka faa'iideystey xafladaha lagu qabto hoteeladiisa iyo koorsooyinkiisa golf-ka, hantidiisana ma gelin kalsooni indho-la'aan ah, sidii madaxweynayaashii hore ay yeeli jireen. Bishii Agoosto 2025, shaacinta qasabka ah ee Trump ee maalgashiga ayaa muujisay in, tan iyo markii uu xafiiska la wareegay, uu sameeyay 690 iibsasho curaarta degmada iyo saamiyada shirkadaha oo wadartoodu ay dhan tahay ugu yaraan $104 milyan. Waxaa ku jiray saamiyada shirkadaha ay saameeyeen isbeddelada uu ku sameeyay siyaasadaha federaalka. Trump waxa uu meesha ka saaray hab-raacii anshaxa ee maamulkii hore iyo fulinta sharciyada mamnuucaya laaluushka iyada oo aan la samayn hab-raacyo anshaxeed oo rasmi ah oo loogu talagalay dadka loo magacaabayo siyaasadda, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah ay la soo galeen maamulkiisa "liiska aan caadiga ahayn ee weyn ee isku dhacyada xiisaha leh". Waxa uu meesha ka saaray eedeymihii musuqmaasuqa ee ka dhanka ahaa siyaasiyiintii xiriirka la lahaa isaga wuxuuna joojiyay dhaqangelinta sharciga mamnuucaya in shirkadaha ka shaqeeya Mareykanka ay laaluushaan dowlado shisheeye. Trump wuxuu bilaabay, dallacsiiyay, oo shakhsi ahaan uga faa'iidaystay laba calaamadood oo cryptocurrency ah ("qadaadiicda meme"), $ Trump iyo $ Melania. Waxa kale oo uu si toos ah uga faa'iidaystay qoyskiisa shirkadda cryptocurrency World Liberty Financial , taas oo ku hawlan isku-dhafka aan horay loo arag ee ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay iyo siyaasadda dawladda. Bishii Luulyo 2025, maamulka Trump wuxuu Qatar ka aqbalay $400 milyan diyaarad qaali ah si uu ugu adeego Air Force One ilaa dhamaadka xilli ciyaareedkiisa labaad ka dibna loo wareejiyo maktabadiisa madaxtooyada. Dib u habeynta sida Air Force One ayaa lagu qiyaasay inay ku kacayso ilaa $1 bilyan. ===Joojinta guud ee shaqaalaha federaalka=== Trump wuxuu ka hirgaliyay shaqo joojinta guud ahaan dowladda federaalka wuxuuna amray in shaqada teleefoonka shaqaalaha federaalka lagu joojiyo 30 maalmood gudahood. Wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in dib u eegis lagu sameeyo jagooyin badan oo shaqaale rayid ah oo xirfadeed iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in dib loogu kala saaro boosaska la rabo iyada oo aan lahayn ilaalin shaqo. Waxa uu bilaabay joojinta shaqada guud ee shaqaalaha federaalka, oo ay ku tilmaameen khabiirada sharciga inay yihiin kuwo aan horay loo arag ama ku xad-gudbay sharciga federaalka, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu beddelo shaqaale si aad ah ula socda ajendihiisa. Dabayaaqadii Febraayo, maamulku waxa uu shaqada ka eryay in ka badan 30,000 oo qof. Si loo fududeeyo joojinta dheeraadka ah, waxay qaadatay tarjumaad sharci oo cusub oo si weyn u ballaarinaysa qaybaha iyo wakaaladaha loo arko inay haystaan ​​​​ammaanka qaranka shaqadooda aasaasiga ah, oo ku dhawaaqaya ururada shaqaalaha federaalka ee kala duwan "cadow". Amarka fulinta dabayaaqadii March ee ku salaysan tarjumaaddan ayaa ka saaray daraasiin waaxyo iyo wakaaladaha barnaamijyada xiriirka maamulka shaqada ee federaalka , taasoo ku kaliftay inay dacweeyaan si ay u buriyaan heshiisyadooda gorgortanka wadareed , kaas oo ka saari kara ilaalinta ururka hal milyan oo shaqaale federaal ah. Wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in la joojiyo kala duwanaanshaha, sinnaanta, iyo ka mid noqoshada (DEI) mashaariicda dawladda federaalka wuxuuna ku meeleeyay shaqaalaha xafiisyada DEI fasax. Waxa uu buriyay Amarka Fulinta ee Lyndon B. Johnson ee 1965 ee 11246 , kaas oo amrayay in qandaraaslayaasha federaalku ay qaadaan tallaabo cad oo lagu joojinayo takoorka jinsiyadeed. Waxtarka Trump iyo Elon Musk 's Department of Government waxay si weyn u burburiyeen dhowr hay'adood oo federaal ah oo ay ku jiraan USAID iyo Waaxda Waxbarashada , iyagoo keli ah shaqada ka eryay dhowr kun oo shaqaale ah, waxayna hoos u dhigtay hawlaha maamulka ilaa ugu yaraan sharci. Ficilada qaar, sida isku dayga lagu burburinayo Xafiiska Ilaalinta Maaliyadeed ee Macmiilka , waxaa hakiyay maxkamadaha federaalka. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ficilladiisu waxay isku dayeen inay keenaan hay'ado madax-bannaan oo taariikhi ah oo hoos yimaada laanta fulinta oo si toos ah u hoos timaada qaabab yar. ===Cafisyada iyo isdhaafsiga, 2025- hadda=== Sida madaxweynanimadiisii ​​ugu horeysay, Trump wuxuu si joogta ah u hareer maray Xafiiska Xeer Ilaaliyaha Cafiska . Waxa uu ku rakibay siyaasad daacad ah Ed Martin kaas oo ku tilmaamay sababta cafis loo bixiyo "Ma jiro MAGA ka tagay". Cafiskii Trump iyo deeqaha naxariista waxay door bideen xulafada siyaasadeed iyo kuwa daacadda u ah, oo si aan loo kala sooc lahayn loo cafiyay "kuwa xoogga badan, caanka ah, si fiican ugu xiran iyo maalqabeenada" ee lagu eedeeyay dambiyada cadaanka ah. Trump waxa uu cafis u fidiyay dhammaan 6-dii January rabshadihii lagu xukumay ama lagu soo oogay maalintiisii ​​ugu horreysay ee xafiiska, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa si xun u weeraray booliiska, isaga oo cafiyay in ka badan 1,500 oo uu cafiyay xukunnada 14. ===Siyaasadda gudaha, 2025- hadda=== Trump wuxuu ka dhaxlay dhaqaale adkeysi leh maamulka Biden, kobaca dhaqaalaha, shaqo la'aanta yar, iyo sicir bararka hoos u dhaca. Waxa uu ku amray wakaaladaha in ay joojiyaan dhaqan gelinta xeerarka aan la jeclayn iyaga oo isku dayaya in si weyn loo xakameeyo taasoo khubarada sharcigu ay ku tilmaameen sharci-darro iyo lid ku ah tobanaan sano ee sharciga federaalka. Waxa uu raadiyay in dawladdu ay maamusho ganacsiyo gaar ah oo uu ka tago dhaqanka suuqa xorta ah ee muxaafidka ah , halkii uu doorbidi lahaa hanti-wadaaga dawladda isaga oo si toos ah u qaadanaya saamiga dawladda ee sinnaanta shirkadaha waaweyn ee Maraykanka. Trump wuxuu joojiyay oo joojiyay deeqihii federaalka wuxuuna sameeyay dhimis ballaaran oo cilmi baaris ah, kuwaas oo dhowr ka mid ah ay heleen garsoorayaasha iyo Xafiiska Xisaabtanka ee Dowladda inay yihiin sharci darro iyo dastuuri. Waxa uu kor u qaaday diidmada isbeddelka cimilada iyo macluumaadka khaldan, oo u magacaabay saliidda, gaasta, iyo kiimikooyinka u ololeeya EPA si ay u beddelaan xeerarka cimilada iyo xakamaynta wasakhowga. Trump wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ku dhawaaqida xaaladaha degdegga ah ee qaranka si uu u caddeeyo boqollaal ficil oo uu ka gudbo ansixinta kongareeska ama dib u eegista sharciga. Tusaale ahaan, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xaalad degdeg ah oo tamarta qaranka ah, taasoo u oggolaanaysa joojinta xeerarka deegaanka, dabcinta sharciyada soo saarista shidaalka iyo xaddididda mashaariicda tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo. Waxa uu bilaabay dib-u-eegis ku saabsan "sharciga iyo sii socoshada ku-dhaqanka" ee raadinta khatarta EPA , taas oo ah saldhigga ugu badan ee xeerarka federaalka ee gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, oo mar kale ka baxay US Heshiiskii Paris ee isbedelka cimilada. Burburinta hay'adaha dawladda ee fulinaya sharciyada ka dhanka ah musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed iyo khiyaanada cad, Trump wuxuu hoos u dhigay Waaxda Caddaaladda ee Waaxda Cadaaladda Dadweynaha 30 ilaa shan qareen, wuxuu shaqada ka eryay 17 kormeerayaal madax -bannaan oo ka tirsan hay'adaha dawladda iyo 12 xubnood oo ka tirsan hay'adaha kormeerka madax-bannaan ee 7 iyo kormeerayaasha Xafiiska FBI-da ee Washington oo baaray eedeymaha musuqmaasuqa iyo musuqmaasuqa ee ka dhanka ah saraakiisha dowladda iyo xubnaha Congress-ka. Wuxuu cafiyay ama laalay eedeymaha ka dhanka ah saraakiisha lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuq. Trump wuxuu u aaneeyay dhibaatooyinka bulshada kala duwanaanshaha, sinnaanta, iyo ka mid noqoshada (DEI) hindisayaasha iyo baraarugga . Isbarbardhigga kala duwanaanshaha iyo karti-darrada, wuxuu beddelay siyaasadihii kala-duwanaanshaha ee dawladda federaalka. Waxa uu damcay in uu dib ugu sameeyo bulshada rayidka ah dookhiisa amarka fulinta. On DEI iyo nacaybka nacaybka, wuxuu u hanjabay hay'adaha dhaqanka iyo lixdan jaamacadood, wuxuuna ku qasbay shirkadaha sharciga inay u hoggaansamaan ajandihiisa siyaasadeed. Trump ayaa balaariyay adeegsiga gudaha ee ciidamada wuxuuna amray in la geeyo magaalooyin dhowr ah oo xisbiga Dimuquraadiga uu hogaamiyo , wuxuuna ku hanjabay inuu sii balaarin doono howlgalladiisa. ===Siyaasadaha ka-hortagga LGBTQ+=== Intii lagu jiray madaxweynanimadii labaad, Trump wuxuu bilaabay olole dagaal oo ka dhan ah LGBTQ + iyo gaar ahaan siyaasadaha ka-hortagga jinsiga ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba, oo maamulkiisu u soo bandhigay sidii wax looga qaban lahaa " fikirka jinsiga ". Siyaasadahan waxay doonayeen inay baabi'iyaan aqoonsiga federaalka ee dadka transgender-ka ah, ka xayuubinta dadka transgender ilaalinta sharciga iyo in laga tirtiro aqoonsiga trans ee nolosha guud. Iyadoo loo marayo amarro fulineed oo isdaba-joog ah iyo ficilo kale, maamulkiisu wuxuu si adag u qeexay jinsiga si adag bayoolooji dhalashada, laga mamnuucay dadka ka soo jeeda milatariga, xaddidan ama la daboolay daryeelka caafimaadka jinsiga, oo ka soo horjeeda luqadda loo dhan yahay , cilmi-baaris iyo agab waxbarasho oo faafreeb ah, iyo bartilmaameedyada dugsiyada, jaamacadaha, iyo xarumaha fikradda. Tallaabooyin dheeri ah ayaa ka mamnuucay ciyaartooyda transgender-ka ciyaaraha, helitaanka baasaboor xaddidan, waxayna sii hurisay dadaallada caalamiga ah ee lagu wiiqayo xuquuqda trans. Waxaa weheliya hadallo muujinaya dadka ka beddelka jinsiga inay yihiin khatar bulsho, siyaasadahani waxay kiciyeen caqabado sharciyeed oo baahsan, cambaarayn ka timid kooxaha xuquuqul insaanka, iyo kor u kaca socdaalka iyo sheegashooyinka magangelyo ee ay qabaan dadka isku jinsiga ah ee Maraykanka ah ===Hal Xeer Bill Qurux Badan=== Bishii Luulyo 2025, Trump wuxuu saxiixay sharciga hal-abuurka quruxda badan . Sharcigu waxa uu ka dhigay dhimista cashuurta cashuur dhimista iyo sharciga shaqada 2017 mid joogto ah waxana uu ku daray cashuur dhimis dheeraad ah oo dhan ku dhawaad ​​$4.5 trillion, inta badan ka faa’iidaysanaysa dakhliga ugu sarreeya oo dadka ku kaca dakhliga ugu hooseeya $1,600 sanadkii; kordhinta dhaqaalaha difaaca qaranka, masaafurinta, darbiga xuduudka, iyo gaashaanka gantaalaha; lagana saaray cashuurtii laga qaadi lahaa mashaariicda tamarta nadiifka ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo ilaha tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo sida dabaysha iyo tamarta cadceedda iyo kuwa iibsada baabuurta korontada. Sharcigu wuxuu jaray maalgelinta Medicaid iyo SNAP wuxuuna ku daray shuruudo shaqo oo dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay u-qalmitaanka iyo $35 lacag-bixineed ee adeegyada Medicaid qaarkood; dhimista iyo shuruudaha dheeraadka ah ayaa dhaqan galaya ka dib doorashada guud ee 2026. Sharciga waxaa saadaaliyay Xafiiska Miisaaniyadda Kongareeska inuu ku kordhiyo dhimista miisaaniyada $3.4 trillion marka la gaaro 2034, sababa 11.8 milyan oo qof inay lumiyaan caymiska Medicaid, iyo meesha laga saaro dheefaha SNAP ee seddex milyan oo qof. ===Socdaalka, 2025- hadda=== Maalmihiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska, Trump waxa uu ku amray ilaalada xuduudaha in ay si kooban u tarxiilaan soogalootiga sharci darrada ah ee ka soo gudbaya xadka, isaga oo curyaamiyay barnaamijka CBP One ee loo isticmaalay in lagu jadwaleeyo xuduudaha. Waxa uu dib u bilaabay hadhaagii siyaasadda Mexico , waxa uu kooxaha daroogada u magacaabay kooxo argagixiso ah, waxana uu amray in dib loo bilaabo dhismaha darbiga xuduudka. Hawlgallada masaafurinta ayaa marka hore diiradda saaray "liiska bartilmaameedka" ee dambiilayaasha la sameeyay ka hor xilliga labaad ee Trump. Kadibna maamulkiisu wuxuu meesha ka saaray magangelyo codsadayaasha ku guul daraystay inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha, waxay laashay xaaladda sii-daynta sharafeed ee muhaajiriinta ku soo galay US iyadoo la raacayo CBP One iyo CHNV sii-daynta sharafeed bini'aadantinimo, waxay isku dayeen inay ka saaraan dhalashada dhalashada , waxayna hakiyeen Barnaamijka Ogolaanshaha Qaxootiga . Bishii Maarso, wuxuu u adeegsaday Xeerka Cadawga Shisheeyaha ee 1798 si uu u xidho muhaajiriinta sharci darrada ah maxkamad la'aan -mid ka mid ah "khalad maamul" iyo inta badan iyada oo aan lahayn diiwaannada dambiyada -Xarunta Xakamaynta Argagaxisada ee El Salvador. Wuxuu bartilmaameedsaday dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha , muhaajiriinta sharciga ah, dalxiisayaasha, iyo ardayda fiisaha leh kuwaas oo muujiyay dhaleeceynta siyaasaddiisa ama u doodista Falastiiniyiinta. Dhowr muwaadiniin Maraykan ah ayaa la xidhay oo la tarxiilay . ===Siyaasadda Dibadda, 2025- hadda=== Muddadii labaad ee Trump siyaasaddiisa arrimaha dibadda waxaa siyaabo kala duwan loogu sifeeyay Imperialist , balaarin , go'doomiye , iyo autarkist , iyadoo adeegsanaysa fikradda " America First " oo ah asaaskeeda. Maamulkiisu wuxuu door biday awood adag si uu u gaaro yoolalka siyaasadda dibadda, wuxuuna burburiyay ama ka laabtay taageerada ururada gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah ee u heellan horumarinta awoodda jilicsan ee Maraykanka . Dhaqdhaqaaqyada ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay hoos u dhigayaan saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah iyo abuurista bannaan ay buuxiyeen Ruushka iyo Shiinaha . Xidhiidhka Trump ee xulafada waxa uu ahaa macaamil ganacsi oo u dhexeeyay danayn la'aan ilaa cadaawad, oo ay ku jiraan hanjabaad ku darida. Bishii Febraayo 2025, Trump iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka Vance waxay ku dhaleeceeyeen madaxweynaha Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy kulan muran badan dhaliyay oo telefishinka laga sii daayay. Warbaahinta ayaa ku tilmaantay iska hor imaad aan hore loo arag oo dhex maray madaxweyne Maraykan ah iyo madax ajnabi ah . Trump iyo maamulkiisa imaan doona ayaa gacan ka geystay dhexdhexaadinta xabbad joojinta dagaalka Gaza oo ay weheliyaan maamulka Biden, oo la dhaqan galiyay maalin ka hor caleema saarkiisa. Bishii Maarso, Israa'iil waxay jebisay xabbad-joojintii . Siyaasadaha dhaqaalaha ee Trump ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin kuwo ilaalinaya , iyadoo Trump uu ku soo rogay canshuuraha dalalka intooda badan, oo ay ku jiraan canshuuraha waaweyn ee la-hawlgalayaasha ganacsiga ee Shiinaha, Canada, iyo Mexico. Wuxuu bilaabay dagaal ganacsi oo caalami ah , isagoo ku soo rogay canshuuro heerkii ugu sarreeyay tan iyo 1930kii Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act ee bilawga diiqada weyn . Dhaqaale-yahannadu waxay ku doodeen in maamulku uu si khaldan u fahmay xiriirka ka dhexeeya dhimista ganacsiga iyo canshuuraha, iyaga oo isticmaalaya fikrado khaldan. Narendra Modi ayaa ka falceliyay 50 boqolkiiba tacriifta Trump ee soo dejinta Hindiya isaga oo sii xoojinaya xiriirka Shiinaha. Wuxuu hakiyay tabarucaadkii dhaqaale ee Maraykanku siin jiray Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka . ===Garsoorka, 2025 – hadda=== Garsoorayaasha federaalku waxay u arkeen qaar badan oo ka mid ah falalka maamulka inay yihiin sharci-darro. Ka dib dib-u-dhac xagga sharciga ah, Trump wuxuu kordhiyey dhaleeceynta garsoorka wuxuuna ku baaqay in la soo oogo garsoorayaasha federaalka ee isaga ka soo horjeeday. Wuxu u hanjabay, saxeexay tallaabooyinka fulinta, waxaanu amray in baadhitaan lagu sameeyo dadka ka soo horjeeda siyaasadda, dhaleecaynta, iyo ururrada la safan Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga. Bartamihii Luulyo, falanqaynta Washington Post waxay ogaatay inuu ka soo horjeestay garsoorayaasha iyo maxkamadaha qiyaastii saddex meelood meel dhammaan kiisaska isaga ka dhanka ah, falalka ay ku tilmaameen khubarada sharciga inay yihiin kuwo aan horay loo arag maamul kasta oo madaxweyne ah. ( 654 ) Diidmada amarada maxkamada iyo sheegashadiisa xaq u lahaanshaha maxkamadaha waxay cabsi galisay khubarada sharciga qalalaasaha dastuuriga ah . Falanqaynta badan oo ay sameeyeen aqoonyahanno akadeemiyadeed iyo The New York Times waxay ogaadeen in labada garsoore ee Jamhuuriga iyo Dimuqraadigu ay heleen cillado badan oo dastuuri ah iyo qaanuuneed oo leh siyaasadaha maamulka Trump. Maamulkiisu wuxuu caddeeyey xuquuq dastuuri ah oo ah inuu iska indhatiro sharciga federaalka isagoo sabab uga dhigaya dhowr tallaabo sida diidmadiisa inuu dhaqan geliyo mamnuucista federaalka ee TikTok , iyada oo khubarada sharciga ay ku tilmaameen inay tahay "awood dastuuri ah oo lagu tallaalayo dhinacyada gaarka ah inay ku kacaan falal kale oo sharci darro ah iyada oo aan la ciqaabin". Waxa kale oo uu ku hawlanaa beegsiga aan hore loo arag ee shirkadaha sharciga iyo qareennada oo hore u matalay jagooyin lid ku ah naftiisa. ==Dhaqan siyaasadeed iyo hadal-hayn== Laga soo bilaabo ololihiisii ​​2016, siyaasadda Trump iyo hadal-hayntiisa ayaa horseeday abuuritaanka dhaqdhaqaaq siyaasadeed oo loo yaqaan Trumpism. Mawqifkiisa siyaasadeed waa populist ,oo si gaar ah loogu tilmaamay populist garabka midig . Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inuu aqbalay xag-jirnimada midigta-fog , wuxuuna ka caawiyay inuu keeno fikradaha iyo ururrada midigta fog ee guud ahaan. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ficilladiisa iyo hadalladiisa ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin kuwo kali-talis ah oo gacan ka geysta dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah . Trump waxa uu ku riixay balaadhinta awoodda madaxweynanimada iyada oo la raacayo tafsiir maxalli ah oo ku saabsan aragtida fulinta midaysan . Saldhiggiisa siyaasadeed waxa la barbar dhigay cibaadaysi shakhsiyeed . Hadalka Trump iyo ficilkiisa ayaa lagu eedeeyay in uu abuuray oo uu uga sii daray cadhada iyo kalsooni darada iyada oo la adeegsanayo sheeko "annaga" iyo "iyaga" . Wuxuu si cad oo joogto ah u dhaleeceeyaa jinsiyadda, diinta, iyo qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyo culimadu waxay si joogto ah u ogaadaan in nacaybka jinsiyadeed ee ku saabsan madowga, soogalootiga, iyo Muslimiinta ay yihiin saadaalinta ugu fiican ee taageerada Trump. Hadaladiisa waxa lagu tilmaamay in uu isticmaalay cabsi-cabsi iyo maangaabnimo taas oo sii xoogaysatay ololihiisii ​​madaxtinimada ee 2024 . Wuxuu sheegay inuu rumaysan yahay in awoodda dhabta ahi ay ka timaad cabsi. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Alt-right ayaa isku duubay oo taageeray musharaxnimadiisa, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay qayb ka mid ah diidmada dhaqamada kala duwan iyo socdaalka . Waxa uu leeyahay rafcaan xooggan oo loogu talagalay codbixiyayaasha Masiixiyiinta ah ee wacdiya iyo waddaniyiinta Masiixiyiinta ah , iyo dibad-baxyadiisa waxay qaataan calaamadaha, odhaahda, iyo ajandaha waddaniyadda Masiixiyiinta. Trump waxa uu sidoo kale u adeegsaday shuuci ka soo horjeeda hadaladiisa, isaga oo si joogta ah ugu yeeraya kuwa ka soo horjeeda " Communists " iyo " Marxists ===Aragtida jinsiyadeed iyo jinsiga=== Qaar badan oo ka mid ah faallooyinka iyo ficillada Trump ayaa lagu sifeeyay cunsurinimo. Ra'yi ururin qaran oo 2018 ah, qiyaastii kala badh ka mid ah jawaab bixiyaasha ayaa sheegay inuu yahay cunsuri; in badan oo ka mid ah waxay aaminsanaayeen in uu ku dhiirraday cunsuriyiinta. Dhowr daraasadood iyo sahanno ayaa lagu ogaaday in dabeecadaha cunsuriyadu ay kiciyeen siyaasadiisa siyaasadeed oo ay aad uga muhiimsan yihiin arrimaha dhaqaalaha ee lagu go'aaminayo daacadnimada codbixiyayaasha Trump. Dabeecadaha cunsuriyiinta iyo Islaam nacaybka ayaa ah tilmaamo xooggan oo muujinaya taageerada Trump. Waxaa lagu eedeeyay cunsurinimo isagoo ku adkeystay koox ka kooban shan dhalinyaro madow iyo Latino ah inay kufsadeen haweeney caddaan ah kiiska 1989 Central Park jogger , xitaa ka dib markii laga saaray 2002. Sannadkii 2011-kii, Trump waxa uu noqday hoggaamiyihii hormoodka u ahaa fikradda shirqoolka cunsuriga ah ee "dhalasho" ee ah in Barack Obama, madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee madow ee Mareykanka, uusan ku dhalan Mareykanka. Waxa uu ku andacooday in uu ku cadaadiyay dawladda in ay daabacdo warqadda dhalashada Obama, taas oo uu u arkay in ay tahay khiyaano. Waxa uu qiray in Obama uu ku dhashay Maraykanka bishii Sebtembar 2016, inkasta oo la sheegay in uu si gaar ah u muujiyay aragtida dhalashada ee 2017. Intii lagu jiray ololihii doorashada 2024, wuxuu sameeyay weeraro been abuur ah oo ka dhan ah aqoonsiga jinsiyadeed ee ka soo horjeeda, Kamala Harris, kaas oo lagu tilmaamay inay xasuusinayaan fikradda shirqoolka dhalashada. Ololihiisii ​​2024 waxa uu si weyn u adeegsaday luqadda bini'aadantinimada ka-hortagga ah iyo fikradaha jinsiyadeed . Sannadkii 2025, wuxuu kor u qaaday sheegashooyinka beenta ah ee xasuuqa cadaanka ah ee Koonfur Afrika wuxuuna abuuray barnaamijka qaxootiga ee Koonfur Afrika . Trump ayaa caado u ah inuu dumarka xaqiro marka uu la hadlayo warbaahinta iyo baraha bulshada. Wuxuu sameeyay faallooyin xunxun, wuxuu naqdiyay muuqaalka dumarka, wuxuuna u tixraacay iyaga oo isticmaalaya ereyo sharaf leh. Laga bilaabo 2020, 26 dumar ah ayaa si fagaare ah ugu eedeeyay anshax-xumo galmo , oo ay ku jiraan kufsi, dhunkasho ogolaansho la'aan, xoqid, fiirinta goonnada haweenka hoostooda, iyo ku lugaynta tartamayaasha qaan-gaarka ee qaawan. Eedeymahaas wuu diiday. Bishii Oktoobar 2016, 2005 " murafoon kulul " ayaa soo baxay isaga oo ku faanaya dhunkashada iyo dhunkashada haweenka iyaga oo aan raalli ka ahayn, isaga oo leh, "Markaad xiddig tahay, waxay kuu oggolaadaan inaad sameyso. Wax kasta waad sameyn kartaa ... Ku qabo feerka . " Waxa uu faallooyinka ku tilmaamay "hadal-qol-badel". Dhacdadan oo si baahsan u soo bandhigtay warbaahinta ayaa keentay raaligelintiisii ​​ugu horreysay ee dadweynaha, oo la duubay intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​​​madaxweynaha 2016. ===Isku xirka rabshadaha iyo dembiyada nacaybka=== Trump ayaa loo aqoonsaday in uu fure u yahay kordhinta rabshadaha siyaasadeed ee Mareykanka, isaga oo ka dhan ah iyo mid ka dhan ah. Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu ku qanacsan yahay xagjirnimada, aragtiyaha shirqoolka sida Q-Anon , iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada xagjirka ah ee midigta fog ilaa xad ka weyn madaxweyne kasta oo Maraykan ah oo casri ah, iyo ku lug lahaanshaha argagixisannimada stochastic . Cilmi-baaristu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in hadalka Trump uu la xiriiro kororka dhacdooyinka dembiyada nacaybka, iyo in uu leeyahay saameyn xoog leh oo ku saabsan muujinta dabeecadaha nacaybka ah sababtoo ah sida caadiga ah ee ereyada jinsiyadeed ee cad. Intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​2016, wuxuu ku booriyay ama ammaanay weerarrada jireed ee ka dhanka ah dibad-baxayaasha ama wariyeyaasha. Eedeysaneyaal badan oo lagu baaray ama lagu soo oogay falal rabshado wata iyo dambiyada nacaybka ayaa soo xigtay hadalladiisa isagoo ku doodaya inaysan ahayn dambiile ama ay tahay inay helaan dabacsanaan. Dib u eegis dalka oo dhan ay samaysay ABC News bishii Maajo 2020 ayaa lagu aqoonsaday ugu yaraan 54 kiis oo danbi ah, laga bilaabo Agoosto 2015 ilaa Abriil 2020, kaas oo loogu yeedhay xidhiidh toos ah oo rabshado ama hanjabaado rabshado ah oo inta badan ay geystaan ​​ragga cadaanka ah iyo ugu horrayn ka dhanka ah dadka laga tirada badan yahay. Diidmada Trump ee ah in uu cambaareeyo kooxda cadaanka ah ee Proud Boys intii lagu jiray dooddii madaxweynenimada ee 2020 iyo faallooyinkiisii, "Wiilasha sharafta leh, istaaga oo garab istaaga", ayaa la sheegay in ay keentay in la kordhiyo shaqaaleysiinta kooxda Trump. Cilmi-baarayaasha la-dagaalanka argagixisanimada ayaa ku tilmaamay taariikhdiisa caadiga ah iyo dib-u-eegistiisa ee Janaayo 6 weerarkii Capitol, iyo bixinta naxariista dhammaan Janaayo 6 rabshad-wadayaasha , sida dhiirigelinta rabshadaha siyaasadeed ee mustaqbalka. ===Aragtiyo shirqool=== Tan iyo ka hor madaxweynanimadiisii ​​ugu horreysay, Trump wuxuu kor u qaaday fikrado badan oo shirqool ah, oo ay ku jiraan Obama "dhalashada", diidmada isbedelka cimilada , iyo faragelinta Ukraine ee lagu eedeeyay doorashadii Mareykanka . Kadib doorashadii madaxweynaha ee 2020, wuxuu kor u qaaday fikradaha shirqoolka ee guuldaradiisa kuwaas oo lagu sifeeyay " beenta weyn ===Hadalo been ah ama marin habaabin ah=== [[File:2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png|thumb|Xaqiiq-baarayaasha ka socda Washington Ku dhaji , Toronto Star , iyo CNN waxay soo ururiyeen xog ku saabsan "dacwooyin been ah ama marin-habaabin ah" (asalka orange) iyo "sheegashada beenta ah" (violet foreground).]] Trump wuxuu si joogta ah u sheegaa hadalo been abuur ah oo uu ku jiro hadalo fagaare ah, ilaa xad aan horay loo arag siyaasada Mareykanka . Beentiisu waa qayb gaar ah oo ka mid ah aqoonsigiisa siyaasadeed waxaana lagu tilmaamay inay tahay dab-damis . Hadaladiisa beenta ah iyo marin habaabinta ah waxaa lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin-hubi , oo ay ku jiraan The Washington Post , kaas oo 30,573 been abuur ah ama been abuur ah oo uu sameeyay intii lagu jiray madaxwaynihii ugu horreeyay, oo sii kordhaya waqti ka dib. Qaar ka mid ah been-abuurka Trump waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan faa'iido lahayn, halka kuwa kalena ay lahaayeen saameyn aad u fog, sida dhiirrigelintiisa aan la hubin ee dawooyinka ka hortagga duumada sida daaweynta KOVID-19, taasoo keentay yaraanta Maraykanka ee daawooyinkan iyo iibsashada argagaxa ee Afrika iyo Koonfurta Aasiya. Macluumaad kale oo khaldan, sida si khaldan loogu sheegay kororka dambiyada England iyo Wales "fidinta argagixisada xagjirka ah", waxay u adeegtay ujeedooyinkiisa siyaasadeed ee gudaha. Weeraradiisa waraaqaha waraaqaha boostada iyo dhaqamada kale ee doorashada ayaa wiiqay kalsoonida dadweynaha ee hufnaanta doorashada madaxweynaha 2020, halka xog-warrankiisa ku saabsan masiibada uu dib u dhigay oo uu wiiqay jawaabta qaranka ee ku wajahan. Caadiyan kama cudur daarato beentiisa. Ilaa 2018, warbaahintu marar dhif ah ayay beentiisa ugu yeertay been, oo ay ku jirto markii uu ku celceliyay hadallo been abuur ah. ===Baraha bulshada=== Joogitaanka baraha bulshada ee Trump ayaa soo jiitay indhaha caalamka kadib markii uu ku biiray Twitter-ka sanadkii 2009. Waxa uu si isdaba joog ah u soo dhigayay ololihiisii ​​2016-kii iyo intii uu madaxweyne ahaa ilaa Twitter-ka uu mamnuucay ka dib weerarkii 6-dii Janaayo. Wuxuu inta badan isticmaali jiray Twitter si uu si toos ah ula xiriiro dadweynaha oo uu u leexiyo saxaafadda; ee 2017, xoghayntiisa saxaafadda ayaa sheegay in tweets- kiisa uu ka kooban yahay bayaannada rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha. Intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​2024 iyo madaxweynanimada labaad wuxuu si joogta ah u dhajiyay waxyaabo AI-soo saaray naftiisa sida astaanta dhaqanka pop-ka ama muhaajiriinta ku jeesjeesa. Ka dib sanado badan oo dhaleecayn ah oo loogu ogolaaday Trump in uu ku dhejiyo macluumaad khaldan iyo been abuur, Twitter ayaa bilaabay in uu ku dhejiyo qaar ka mid ah tweetskiisa hubinta xaqiiqda May 2020. Isagoo ka jawaabaya, wuxuu sheegay in shabakadaha warbaahinta bulshada "gebi ahaanba aamusin" muxaafidka oo uu "si adag u xakameyn doono, ama xidhi doono". Kadib weerarkii Janaayo 6, waxaa laga mamnuucay Facebook , Instagram , Twitter, iyo aalado kale. Luminta joogitaankiisa warbaahinta bulshada ayaa hoos u dhigtay awoodda uu u leeyahay inuu qaabeeyo dhacdooyinka oo la xidhiidha hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid mugga macluumaadka khaldan ee Twitter. Bishii Feebaraayo 2022, waxa uu bilaabay bar-kulanka bulshada ee Truth Social halkaas oo uu ku soo jiitay qayb ka mid ah Twitterkiisa. Elon Musk , ka dib markii uu helay Twitter , wuxuu dib u soo celiyay akoonkiisa Twitter bishii Noofambar 2022. Mamnuucidda labada sano ee Meta Platforms ayaa dhacay Janaayo 2023, taas oo u ogolaatay inuu ku laabto Facebook iyo Instagram. ===Xiriirka saxaafadda=== [[File:President_Trump%27s_First_100_Days-_45_(33573172373).jpg|thumb|Isagoo saxaafadda la hadlaya, Maarso 2017]] Trump waxa uu raadiyay dareenka warbaahinta intii uu ku jiray xirfadiisa, isaga oo ilaalinaya xidhiidhka "jacaylka iyo nacaybka" ee uu la leeyahay saxaafadda. Ololihii 2016, wuxuu ka faa'iideystey qaddarka rikoorka ah ee warbaahinta xorta ah, oo lagu qiyaasay $ 2 bilyan. Musharrax ahaan iyo madaxweyne ahaan, wuxuu si joogta ah ugu eedeeyay saxaafadda eexda, isaga oo ku tilmaamay "warbaahinta wararka been abuurka ah" iyo " cadowga dadka ". Madaxtinimadii ugu horreysay ee Trump ayaa hoos u dhigtay war-bixinnada rasmiga ah ee saxaafadda ee boqolkii 2017 ilaa kala badh taas 2018 iyo laba 2019; waxa ay sidoo kale kala noqdeen sharcigii saxaafadeed ee laba wariye oo ka tirsan Aqalka Cad, kuwaas oo ay maxkamaduhu dib u soo celiyeen. Trump's 2020 ol'olihii madaxtinimo wuxuu dacweeyay New York Times , Washington Post , iyo CNN ka dib markii uu aflagaadeeyay qaybo ra'yi ah oo ku saabsan mawqifkiisa faragelinta doorashada Ruushka. Dhammaan dacwadihii waa la diiday. Sannadkii 2024, Trump wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u muujiyay taageerada uu ku mamnuucayo diidmada siyaasadeed iyo dhaleeceynta, wuxuuna sheegay in weriyeyaasha waa in lagu dacweeyaa si aanay u sheegin ilo qarsoodi ah iyo shirkadaha warbaahintu waa inay suurtogal tahay inay lumiyaan shatiyadooda baahinta wararka aan fiicnayn ee isaga. Markii dib loo doortay, Trump wuxuu bilaabay dacwooyin wuxuuna abuuray liis madow oo ka dhan ah warbaahinta qaar, wuxuuna la wareegay nidaamka ay wadaan ururka saxafiyiinta Aqalka Cad si uu u doorto xarumaha ay galaangal u leeyihiin. Halkii loo hoggaansami lahaa amarka maxkamadda ee lagu soo celin lahaa gelitaanka Associated Press , Aqalka Cad wuxuu sameeyay siyaasad xaddidan oo la heli karo dhammaan adeegyada siligga. Guddiga Isgaarsiinta Federaalka ayaa bilaabay baaritaanno lagu sameeyo xarumaha warbaahinta ee lagu eedeeyay eex isaga ka dhan ah. Natiijadii hanjabaadda Trump, madaxda warbaahinta waxay ku amreen saxafiyiinta iyo shaqaalahooda inay is-faafreebaan oo ay yareeyaan dhaleeceynta Trump, iyo CBS waxay isku raaceen inay abuuraan Ombudsman si ay ula socdaan kanaalada wararka si ay xididdada ugu siibaan "eex" CBS News. Bishii Luulyo 2025, wuxuu dacweeyay wargeyska Wall Street Journal daabacaadda sheeko la xiriirta saaxiibtinimadiisii ​​hore ee dembiilaha galmada ee Jeffrey Epstein , taasoo calaamad u ah markii ugu horreysay ee madaxweyne fadhiya uu dacweeyo urur warbaahineed eedeymo sumcad dil ah. ==Nolosha gaarka ah== ===Qoyska=== 1977, Trump wuxuu guursaday Ivana Zelníčková . Waxay lahaayeen saddex carruur ah: Donald Jr. (b. 1977), Ivanka (b. 1981), iyo Eric (b. 1984). Lammaanaha ayaa is furay 1990-kii, ka dib markii uu xiriir la yeeshay moodelka iyo atariishada Marla Maples . Isaga iyo Maples waxay guursadeen 1993 waxayna is fureen 1999. Waxay leeyihiin hal gabadh, Tiffany (b. 1993), oo Maples ku kortay California. Sannadkii 2005, wuxuu guursaday moodelka Slovenia Melania Knauss . Waxay leeyihiin hal wiil, Barron (b. 2006). ===Xiriirka Jeffrey Epstein=== Trump waxa uu saaxiibtimo 15 sano ah la lahaa Jeffrey Epstein ; Dadkii markaas yaqaannay waxay sheegeen inay si joogta ah u garaaci jireen oo ay u tartami jireen dumarka. Dareenka warbaahinta iyo cadaadiska dadweynaha ayaa kordhay 2025, markii maamulkiisu uusan sii dayn faylasha la xidhiidha Epstein , inkastoo Trump uu ballanqaaday inuu sidaas samaynayo intii lagu jiray ololaha 2024. ===Caafimaadka=== Trump waxa uu sheegay in aanu waligii cabbin khamri, sigaar cabin, ama aanu isticmaalin daroogo. Wuxuu seexdaa qiyaastii afar ama shan saacadood habeenkii. Waxa uu golfing ugu yeedhay "qaabka jimicsiga aasaasiga ah", laakiin inta badan ma socdo koorsada. Wuxuu u arkaa jimicsigu inuu yahay tamar tamar sababtoo ah wuxuu aaminsan yahay in jirku yahay "sida batteriga oo kale, oo leh qadar xaddidan oo tamar ah", kaas oo lagu dhammeeyo jimicsiga. Sannadkii 2015, ololahiisu wuxuu sii daayay warqad ka timid dhakhtarkiisii ​​gaarka ahaa ee Harold Bornstein , isagoo sheegay inuu " noqon doono shakhsiga ugu caafimaadka badan ee abid loo doorto madaxweynaha". Sannadkii 2018, Bornstein wuxuu sheegay in Trump uu amar ku bixiyay nuxurka warqadda iyo in saddex ka mid ah wakiillada Trump ay qabsadeen diiwaankiisa caafimaad bishii Febraayo 2017 ee xafiiska Bornstein. ===Diinta=== Trump wuxuu sheegay 2016 inuu ahaa Presbyterian iyo Protestant . Sannadkii 2020, wuxuu sheegay inuu yahay Masiixi aan diin-nabi ahayn . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan ayaa su'aal ka keenay qoto dheeraanta xiriirka diimeed. Baadhitaan la sameeyay intii lagu guda jiray madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee Trump (2017-2021) ayaa muujisay in boqolkiiba 63 dadka Maraykanku aanay rumaysnayn in uu diin yahay, inkasta oo uu aaminsan yahay in uu Masiixi yahay, boqolkiiba 44 oo keliya dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa aaminsan in Trump uu yahay Masiixi. Qaar ka mid ah faallooyinka Trump ee Kitaabka Qudduuska ah ama dhaqanka Masiixiga ayaa horseeday in dadka indha indheeya ay soo jeediyaan in aqoonta uu u leeyahay Masiixiyadda ay tahay mid maqaar-saar ah ama khalad ah, qaar yar oo taariikh-nololeed ah ayaa ku tilmaamay Trump mid qoto dheer ama xitaa diineed. Waqtigiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, Trump wuxuu u magacaabay wadaadkiisa gaarka ah iyo lataliyaha ruuxiga ah, milyaneer teleefaanjiste Paula White-Cain , Xafiiska Xiriirka Dadweynaha ee Aqalka Cad . Xilligiisii ​​​​labaad, wuxuu u magacaabay lataliyeheeda sare Xafiiska cusub ee rumaysadka ee Aqalka Cad . ==Qiimaynta== ===Sawirka dadweynaha=== Muddadii ugu horreysay ee Trump, laga bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2020, qiimeynta oggolaanshaha caalamiga ah ee hoggaanka Mareykanka ayaa hoos uga dhacday 22 boqolkiiba ra'yi ururin Gallup ee 134 waddan ilaa 16 boqolkiiba - oo ka hooseeya Shiinaha Xi Jinping iyo Vladimir Putin ee Ruushka - ee Pew Research ra'yi ee 13 waddan. Sannadka 2017, qiyaasta hoggaanka Mareykanka ayaa hoos u dhacday inta badan xulafada. Gudaha, xilligiisii ​​ugu horreeyay, Trump wuxuu lahaa taageerada ugu weyn ee xisbiyada: 88 boqolkiiba Jamhuuriga iyo 7 boqolkiiba Dimuqraadiyiinta. Codbixintii Gallup ee 2021, wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha kaliya ee aan waligii gaadhin 50 boqolkiiba oggolaanshaha, wuxuuna ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aan la magacaabin ee loogu riyaaqay sannadkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska. Muddadii labaad ee rubuciisii ​​​​hore sida uu qabo Gallup, oggolaanshaha Trump wuxuu ahaa 45 boqolkiiba - xoogaa ka wanaagsan xilligiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, oo aad uga hooseeya celceliska boqolkiiba 60 ee madaxweynayaasha kale. Taageeradu waxa ay ahaan jirtay mid aan kala fogayn; Waxa uu helay oggolaanshaha boqolkiiba 90 ee Jamhuuriga, 37 boqolkiiba madax-bannaanida, iyo boqolkiiba 4 ee Dimuqraadiyiinta. Xilligiisii ​​​​labaad wuxuu sidoo kale arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid ra'yiga dadweynaha caalamiga ah ee Maraykanka ===Qiimaynta cilmiga=== Ka dib markii ugu horeysay ee Trump, taariikhyahanadu waxay ku qiimeeyeen Trump inuu yahay madaxweynihii afraad ee ugu xumaa sahanka C-SPAN ee 2021 ee taariikhyahannada madaxtooyada. Waxa uu ku qiimeeyay kuwa ugu hooseeya qaybaha sifooyinka hogaaminta ee awooda akhlaaqda iyo xirfadaha maamulka. Machadka Cilmi-baarista ee Siena College 's 2022 sahanka ayaa ku qiimeeyay inuu yahay kan saddexaad. Waxa uu ku jiray kaalmaha ugu hooseeya dhammaan qaybaha marka laga reebo nasiibka, rabitaanka khatarta, iyo hoggaanka xisbiga, waxaanu ka galay kaalinta ugu dambeeya dhowr qaybood. 2018 iyo 2024, xubno ka tirsan Ururka Sayniska Siyaasadda Mareykanka ayaa ku qiimeeyay inuu yahay madaxweynaha ugu xun. ==Xusuusin== a:Bilowgii markii Trump uu saddex sano jirsaday, aabbihii waxa uu siin jiray mid kasta oo carruurtiisa ka mid ah $6,000 sannadkii, lacagta ugu badan ee la oggol yahay iyada oo aan la gelin cashuur hadiyadeed. Si looga fogaado cashuuraha, Fred waxa uu ka dhigay mulkiilayaal laba ka mid ah dhismooyinkiisa guri, isaga oo bixinaya midkiiba $13,928 kirada sannad kasta b:Later , 2015, wuxuu ugu hanjabay dugsigiisa sare, kulliyadaha, iyo Guddiga Kulliyadda tallaabo sharci ah haddii ay sii daayaan diiwaankiisa waxbarasho. C:UPenn's 1968 barnaamijka bilawga ah wuxuu ku taxayaa Trump inuu helay shahaadada koowaad ee Sayniska ee Dhaqaalaha oo aan ahayn qaataha Sharafta Tacliinta d:Kadib Trump waxa uu ku dayan doonaa Peale's Awooda Fikirka Toosan ee Farshaxanka Heshiiska e:Doorashada madaxweynahaee Maraykanka waxaa go'aamiya kulliyadda doorashada Gobol kastaa wuxuu magacaabayaa tiro codbixiyeyaal ah oo la mid ah matalaadda Congress-ka iyo (gobollada intooda badan) dhammaan cod-bixiyayaashu waxay u codeeyaan cidda ku guulaysata codbixinta caanka ah ee gobolkooda. f:Madaxweyne Jamhuuri ah oo ay weheliyaan Jamhuuriga gacanta ku haysa labada gole ee Congress-ka g:CBS kama helin wax diiwaan ah oo dambi ah 75% dadka Venezuela ee la xiray. h: 2025, Pew Research waxay ogaatay dad ku nool dalal badan (12 ka mid ah 20 iyo 4 xiriir) waxay u arkeen Shiinaha inuu yahay dhaqaalaha ugu horreeya adduunka. ==Tixraac== [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/us/politics/trump-school-grades.html "Michael Cohen ayaa sheegay in Trump uu u sheegay in uu ugu hanjabay iskuulada in aysan sii deynin darajooyinka"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html "Muxuu Donald Trump Ka Bartay Ninka Gacanta Midig Ee Joseph McCarthy] [https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf Waa imisa lacagta dhabta ah? Tusaha Qiimaha Taariikhiga ah ee loo Isticmaalo Kharashka Qiimaha Lacagta ee Dhaqaalaha Maraykanka: Addenda et Corrigenda] [https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf Waa imisa lacagta dhabta ah? Tusaha Qiimaha Taariikhiga ah ee loo Isticmaalo sida Burburiyaha Qiimaha Lacagta ee Dhaqaalaha Maraykanka] [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/06/donald-trump-roy-cohn-relationship "Sidee Donald Trump iyo Roy Cohn's arxan la'aanta Symbiosis u beddeshay Ameerika"] [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ "Haa, shirkadaha Donald Trump waxay ku dhawaaqeen inay kiciyeen...in ka badan afar jeer"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html "Trump waxa uu ku hawlanaa qorshayaal cashuureed oo laga shakisan yahay isaga oo ka guranaya maalkii Aabihiis"] [https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel "Taariikhda dabaylaha ah ee mashruucii ugu horeeyey ee hantida maguurtada ah ee Manhattan ee Donald Trump"] {{Wayback|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |date=20211009191253 }} [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father "Sheekada beenta ah ee Trump wuxuu ku dhisay boqortooyadiisa 'amaah yar' oo uu ka helay aabihiis"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html "Trump, New Yorker inta nool, wuxuu naftiisa ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay degane Florida"] [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html "Trump's Plaza Hotel Planruptcy Plan waa la ansixiyay"] [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html "Trump waxa uu ka iibinayaa Hotel Plaza maalgashadayaasha Sucuudiga iyo Aasiya"] [https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes "Hanti-dhawrka IRS ee Trump wuxuu ku kacayaa kharash ka badan 100 milyan oo doolar" Madaxweynihii hore] [https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ "Xaqiiqda ku saabsan kor u kaca iyo dhicitaanka Donald Trump ee Boqortooyada Atlantic City"] [https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/ "Markii Afraad ee Soojiidashada: Sida Donald Trump Uga Sameeyey Fasaxa Isaga] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/whatever-happened-to-trump-ties-theyre-over-so-is-most-of-trumps-merchandising-empire/2018/04/13/2c32378a-369c-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html "Wax kasta oo ku dhacay qoorta Trump? Way dhammaatay. Sidoo kale waa inta badan boqortooyadii ganacsiga ee Trump"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/07/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html "Toban sano oo Casaanka ah: Tirooyinka Canshuurta ee Trump ayaa muujinaya in ka badan $ 1 bilyan oo khasaare ganacsi ah"] [https://cnn.com/2016/08/22/politics/donald-trump-activist-investor/ "Xilligii Gordon Gekko: Donald Trump ee faa'iidada iyo wakhtiga muranka badan ee maal-galiye firfircoon"] [https://www.fastcompany.com/4023036/why-the-heck-does-donald-trump-have-a-walk-of-fame-star-anyway-its-not-the-reason-you-think "Waa maxay sababta uu Donald Trump u leeyahay xiddiga caanka ah ee caanka ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee? Ma aha sababta aad u maleyneyso "] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-donald-trump-retooled-his-charity-to-spend-other-peoples-money/2016/09/10/da8cce64-75df-11e6-8149-b8d05321db62_story.html "Sida Donald Trump uu dib ugu habeeyey hay'addiisa samafalka si uu u isticmaalo lacagta dadka kale"] [https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/18/media/vince-mcmahon-donald-trump-payments/index.html "Baaritaanno lagu sameeyay lacag-bixinnada xannibaadda ee Vince McMahon ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay soo saareen deeqaha samafalka ee Trump"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html "Trump Foundation waxay amartay inay joojiso lacag ururinta xafiiska xeer ilaaliyaha guud ee NY"] [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest "Donald Trump si uu u kala diro aasaaskiisa samafalka ka dib markii ay sii kordhayaan cabashooyinka"] [https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-foundation-ordered-pay-2m-collection-nonprofits-part/story?id=66827235 "Madaxweyne Donald Trump waxa uu amray in uu bixiyo $2M si loo ururiyo hay'adaha aan macaash doonka ahayn taas oo qayb ka ah dacwadda madaniga ah"] [https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deutsche-bank-mueller-2017-12 "Taariikhda dheer ee Trump ee Deutsche Bank waxay hadda noqon kartaa xarunta baaritaanka Robert Mueller"] [https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/christophermassie/theres-hours-of-audio-of-donald-trumps-nationally-syndicated "Waxaa jira saacado maqal ah oo ah Bandhigga Raadiyaha Qaranka ee Donald Trump's Syndicated 2000-meeyadii"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/09/how-the-conservative-media-is-taking-over-the-republican-party/ "Sida warbaahinta muxaafidka ahi ula wareegayso xisbiga Jamhuuriga"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/02/04/trump-resigns-screen-actors-guild/ "Iyadoo uu wajahayo cayrinta, Trump wuxuu iska casilayaa xubinnimada jilayaasha shaashadda: 'Waxba iima aadan sameynin'] [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ "Bush wuxuu yidhi Trump wuxuu ahaa Dimuqraadi in ka badan Jamhuuriga" tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay'] [https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/donald-trump-was-once-a-registered-democrat-and-party-donor-why-did-he-jump-ship/wj85mj5yq "Donald Trump mar wuxuu ahaa deeq bixiye dimuqraadi ah iyo xisbi, haddaba muxuu markabka u booday?"] [https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/ "Donald Trump wuxuu u tartamay madaxweyne sannadkii 2000 dhowr xisbi oo dib u habayn ah] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/16/donald-trump-us-presidential-race "Donald Trump wuxuu ku guuldarreystay inuu ka baxo tartanka doorashada madaxtinimada Mareykanka ee 2012"] [https://www.npr.org/2016/08/10/489476187/trump-s-second-amendment-comment-fit-a-pattern-of-ambiguous-speech "Khudbada muranka badan dhalisay ee Donald Trump inta badan way socotaa"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/ "Su'aalaha Trump wuxuu u baahan yahay NATO, wuxuu qeexayaa siyaasadda dibadda ee aan dhexdhexaad ahayn"] [https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/ "Donald Trump wuxuu jebiyey taariikhda dhow isagoo aan soo celin canshuur celinta"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html "Donald Trump Waxa Uu Qiray In Aanu Bixin Cashuuraha Dakhliga Dowladda Dhexe Muddo Sanado Ah"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html "Tiro taariikhi ah oo codbixiyeyaal ah ayaa xumaaday, waxaana intooda badan loo malaynayaa inay u codeeyaan Clinton"] [https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/20/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones/ "Guusha Trump tusaale kale oo ku saabsan sida Kuliyada Doorashada ay u guuleysato ayaa ka weyn codadka dadweynaha"] [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience "Donald Trump wuxuu noqon doonaa madaxweynaha kaliya ee Maraykanka ee aan lahayn khibrad siyaasadeed iyo mid milatari"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/us/politics/trump-emoluments-lawsuit.html "Dacwad ku saabsan xadgudubyada Emoluments Trump waxay kasbatay soo jiidashada maxkamadda"] [https://cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/emoluments-supreme-court-donald-trump-case/ "Maxkamadda sare waxay meesha ka saartay kiisas ka dhan ah Trump"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-donation-salary-white-house/2021/07/29/07723234-efd9-11eb-bf80-e3877d9c5f06_story.html "Trump ma raacay ballan qaadkiisii ​​ahaa in uu ku deeqayo 6-dii bilood ee ugu dambeysay mushaarkiisa madaxtinimo? Waa wax qarsoon"] [https://www.citizensforethics.org/reports-investigations/crew-reports/trump-likely-benefited-from-13-6-million-in-payments-from-foreign-governments-during-his-presidency "Trump waxay u badan tahay inuu ka faa'iidey $13.6 milyan oo ay bixiyeen dowlado shisheeye intii uu madaxweynaha ahaa"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/ "Trump wuxuu lahaan doonaa rikoodhkii ugu xumaa ee shaqooyinka taariikhda casriga ah ee Maraykanka. Kaliya maaha masiibada"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-told-russian-officials-in-2017-he-wasnt-concerned-about-moscows-interference-in-us-election/2019/09/27/b20a8bc8-e159-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html "Trump ayaa u sheegay saraakiisha Ruushka 2017-kii inuusan ka walaacsanayn faragelinta Moscow ee doorashada Mareykanka"] [https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/ "Xidhiidh badan oo badan, badan, badan, xiriir badan ayuu Donald Trump la leeyahay Ruushka"] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/ |date=20170228022233 }} [https://www.9news.com.au/world/crossfire-hurricane-trump-russia-investigation-started-with-alexander-downer-interview/16121e23-bdfc-4f32-9822-e4a7f841e3e4 "Duufaanta isdhaafsiga ah: Baadhitaanka Trump ee Ruushka ayaa ka bilaabmay waraysiga Alexander Downer"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-justice-department.html "Xafiiska Cadaaladda. Weligaa si buuxda uma baarin xiriirka Trump ee Ruushka, saraakiishii hore ayaa yiri "] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/30/trump-briefly-acknowledges-that-russia-aided-his-election-falsely-says-he-didnt-help-effort/ "Trump wuxuu si kooban u qirayaa in Ruushku gacan ka geystay doorashadiisa - wuxuuna si been abuur ah u sheegay inuusan gacan ka geysan dadaalka"] [https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx "Oggolaanshaha shaqada ee Trump ee u dambeeyay 34%; Celceliska waa Rikoor-hoosee 41%"] [https://fortune.com/2017/12/28/gallup-most-admired-man-and-woman-obama-clinton/ "Trump waa madaxweynaha kaliya ee la doortay ee Maraykanka oo aan loo magacaabin ninka loogu jecel yahay Maraykanka sannadkiisii ​​ugu horeeyay"] [https://news.gallup.com/poll/655955/trump-inaugural-approval-rating-historically-low-again.aspx "Qiimaynta Ansixinta Daahfurka ee Trump waa mid taariikhiyan mar kale hooseysa"] [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/11/opinion-of-us-has-worsened-in-countries-around-world-in-last-year-survey-shows "Fikirka Mareykanka ayaa ka sii daray dalalka adduunka sannadkii hore, sahan ayaa muujinaya"] [https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/ "Sahaminta Taariikhyahanada Madaxweynaha 2021"b] [https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/30/trump-cspan-president-ranking-497184 "Trump wuxuu ku soo baxay kaalinta 41-aad ee qiimeynta madaxtinimo ee C-SPAN"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/ "Taariikhyahanadu waxay kaliya doorteen madaxweynayaasha. Trump ma ahayn kii ugu dambeeyay"] [https://scri.siena.edu/2022/06/22/american-presidents-greatest-and-worst/ "Madaxweynayaasha Mareykanka: kan ugu weyn uguna xun"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html "Fikirka: Sidee buu Trump uga soo horjeedaa kuwa ugu fiican - iyo kan ugu xun - madaxweynayaasha?"] [https://www.npr.org/2024/02/19/1232447088/historians-presidents-survey-trump-last-biden-14th "Sahanka maalinta madaxweynayaasha taariikhyahanada, Biden vs. Trump maaha wicitaan dhow"]{{Reflist}} [[Category:Maraykanka]] fj1rm0pxkbz8go6029ngugvae8azlq9 301347 301344 2026-07-10T11:25:46Z Videoiib7 46243 301347 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Donald John Trumb''' (wuxuu dhashay [[Juun]] [[14]], 1946) waa [[siyaasi]] iyo [[Nin]] Ganacsato oo [[Mareykan]] ah, shaqsi warbaahin ah, iyo ganacsade ah madaxweynaha 47-aad ee Mareykanka . Xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Jamhuuriga , wuxuu soo noqday madaxweynihii [[45]]-aad ee [[2017]] ilaa 2021. {{Infobox officeholder | image = Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS the new official portrait. See the talk page. --> | alt = Sawirka rasmiga ah ee Madaxweynaha 2025, Donald Trump, oo ah nin caddaan ah oo da’ ah, timo huruud khafiif ah leh, xirta surwaal iyo jaakad buluug ah oo leh surwaal laabta ah, taagan hortiisa calanka Maraykanka. | caption = Sawirka rasmiga ah, 2025. | order = 45aad & 47aad <!-- DO NOT ADD A LINK. Please discuss any proposal on the talk page first. Most recent discussion at [[Talk:Donald Trump/Archive 65#Link-ifying "45th" in the Infobox?]] Waxay lahayd isfaham daciif ah oo lagu sii hayo xaaladda hadda jirta (ma jiro xiriir/ilaha lagu tixraaco).--> | office = Madaxweynaha Maraykanka | vicepresident = [[JD Vance]] | term_start = January 20, 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Joe Biden]] | successor = | vicepresident1 = [[Mike Pence]] | term_start1 = January 20, 2017 | term_end1 = January 20, 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Barack Obama]] | successor1 = Joe Biden | birth_name = Donald John Trump | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} | birth_place = [[Queens]], [[New York City]], U.S. | death_place = | party = [[Xisbiga Jamhuuriga (Mareykanka)|Jamhuuriyaan]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–Hadda) | otherparty = {{ubl | [[Xisbiga Dib-u-habaynta ee Mareykanka|Dib-u-habayn]] (1999–2001) | [[Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga (Mareykanka)|Dimuqraadiga]] (2001–2009) | [[Siyaasi madax banaan|Madax banaan]] (2011–2012)}} | spouse = {{ubl | {{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]|1977|1990|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]|1993|1999|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]|2005}} }} | children = {{hlist | [[Donald Trump Jr. |Donald Jr.]] | [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] | [[Eric Trump|Eric]] | [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]] | Barron }} | parents = {{ubl | [[Fred Trump]] | [[Mary Anne MacLeod]]}} | relatives = [[Qoyska Trump]] | education = [[Jaamacadda Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Shahaadada Sayniska|BS]]) | occupation = {{hlist | Siyaasi | Ganacsade | Shaqsiga warbaahinta }} | residence = [[Aqalka Cad]] | awards = | signature = Donald Trump (Presidential signature).svg | signature_alt = Saxeexa Donald J. Trump oo qaab farshaxan leh, lagu qoray khad. | website = {{ubl | {{URL|donaldjtrump.com|Campaign website}} | {{URL|trumplibrary.gov|Presidential library}} | {{URL|whitehouse.gov|White House website}} | {{URL|trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov|White House archives}} }} | module = {{Listen voice | filename = Donald Trump speaks on declaration of Covid-19 as a Global Pandemic by the World Health Organization.ogg | description = Trump oo ka hadlay bayaanka [[Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka|Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka]] [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 oo ah cudur faafa caalami ah]] | recorded = Maarso 11, 2020 }} }} Waxa uu ka dhashay qoys qani ah oo ku nool magaalada New York, Trump waxa uu ka qalin jabiyay jaamacadda Pennsylvania [[1968]]-dii isaga oo shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ka qaatay cilmiga dhaqaalaha. Waxa uu noqday madaxweynaha ganacsiga hantida ma-guurtada ah ee qoyskiisa 1971-kii, waxa uu u bixiyay ururka Trump , waxa uuna bilaabay in uu helo oo dhiso dhismayaal dhaadheer, hoteello, casinos, iyo koorsooyin golf. Waxa uu bilaabay ganacsiyo dhinac ah, qaar badan oo shati siinaya magaca Trump, waxana uu xareeyay lix shil oo ganacsi 1990-meeyadii iyo 2000-meeyadii. Laga soo bilaabo 2004 ilaa 2015, wuxuu martigeliyay bandhigga telefishanka dhabta ah ee Tababbarka , isagoo xoojiyay caannimadiisa bilyaneer. Isaga oo isu soo bandhigaya siyaasad dibadda ka ah, Trump ayaa ku guuleystay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2016-kii oo uu kula tartamay musharaxa xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Hillary klinton . Intii lagu jiray madaxweynanimadiisii ​​ugu horreysay, Trump wuxuu soo rogay xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah toddobo waddan oo Muslimiin u badan, wuxuu ballaariyay darbiga xuduudka Mexico iyo Mareykanka , wuxuuna dhaqan geliyey siyaasadda kala fogeynta qoyska ee xadka. Waxa uu dib u rogay xeerarkii deegaanka iyo ganacsiga, waxa uu saxeexay cashuur dhimista iyo sharciga shaqada , waxaanu magacaabay saddex garsoore oo Maxkamadda Sare ah. Siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda, Trump wuxuu ka saaray Mareykanka heshiisyada cimilada, ganacsiga iyo barnaamijka Nukliyeerka Iran, wuxuuna bilaabay dagaal ganacsi oo uu la galo Shiinaha . Isaga oo ka jawaabaya masiibada COVID-19 laga soo bilaabo 2020, wuxuu hoos u dhigay darnaantiisa, wuxuu khilaafay saraakiisha caafimaadka, wuxuuna saxiixay Sharciga CARES . Ka dib markii uu lumiyay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2020 ee Joe Biden , Trump wuxuu isku dayay inuu baabi'iyo natiijada , isagoo ku dhamaaday weerarkii Janaayo 6 ee Capitol 2021. Waxaa lagu riday 2019 ku takrifal awood iyo carqaladeyn Congress-ka, iyo 2021 kicin kicin; guurtidu way ku wayday labada jeerba. 2023, Trump waxaa lagu helay inuu mas'uul ka yahay kiisaska madaniga ah ee xadgudubka galmada ( Faylasha Epstein )iyo sumcad-dilista iyo khiyaanada ganacsiga . Waxaa lagu helay dambi ah inuu ka been abuuray diiwaannada ganacsiga 2024, taasoo ka dhigtay inuu noqdo madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Mareykan ah oo lagu helo dambi. Ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 2024 ee Kamala Harris , waxaa lagu xukumay siidayn ciqaab la'aan ah , iyo laba eedeymo dambiile ah oo ka dhan ah haynta dukumentiyada sirta ah iyo carqaladaynta doorashada 2020 ayaa la eryay iyada oo aan eex lahayn. Kiis rafaad ah oo la xidhiidha doorashada 2020 ee Joorjiya waa la sugayaa. Trump wuxuu bilaabay madaxweynanimadiisii ​​labaad isagoo bilaabay shaqo ka cayrin ballaaran oo lagu sameeyay shaqaalaha federaalka . Wuxuu ku soo rogay canshuuraha ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan wadamada heerka ugu sarreeya tan iyo diiqada weyn wuxuuna saxiixay sharciga hal-abuurka quruxda badan . Tallaabooyinka maamulkiisa - oo ay ku jiraan cabsi gelinta mucaaradka siyaasadeed iyo bulshada rayidka ah , masaafurinta soogalootiga, beegsiga dadka jinsiga ah, iyo isticmaalka ballaaran ee amarada fulinta - waxay soo saareen in ka badan 300 oo dacwadood oo ka soo horjeeda sharcinimadooda . Kiisaska caanka ah waxay hoosta ka xariiqeen tafsiirkiisa ballaadhan ee aragtida fulinta ee midaysan waxayna keentay khilaaf weyn oo lala galo maxkamadaha federaalka. Garsoorayaasha ayaa wax badan oo ka mid ah maamulkiisa ku tilmaamay kuwo sharci darro ah, waxaana dhowr jeer lagu tilmaamay kuwo aan sharciga waafaqsanayn. Laga soo bilaabo 2015, qaabka hoggaamineed ee Trump iyo ajandihiisa siyaasadeed - oo inta badan loo yaqaan Trumpism - ayaa wax ka beddelay aqoonsiga xisbiga Jamhuuriga. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah faallooyinkiisa iyo ficilladiisa ayaa lagu sifeeyay cunsuri ama caqli-xumo, wuxuuna sameeyay hadallo been abuur ah ama marin-habaabin ah wuxuuna kor u qaaday aragtiyaha shirqoolka heer aan horay looga baran siyaasadda Mareykanka. Tallaabooyinka Trump, gaar ahaan markiisa labaad, ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay ahaayeen kuwo kali-talis ah oo gacan ka geystay dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah . Xilligiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ka dib, aqoonyahanno iyo taariikhyahannadu waxay ku qiimeeyeen inuu yahay mid ka mid ah madaxweynayaashii ugu xumaa taariikhda Mareykanka Eedayno badana Waxa Loogu Soo jeediyay Dagaalkii Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan Iyo Difaaciisi Israa'iil iyo Carabta Bariga dhexe . ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== [[File:Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg|thumb|Akadeemiyada Militariga ee New York , 1964]] Donald John Trump waxa uu ku dhashay June 14, 1946, waxa uu ku dhashay cisbitaalka Jamaica ee ku yaala degmada New York ee degmada Queens , waana ilmihii afraad ee Fred Trump iyo Mary Anne MacLeod Trump . Waa Jarmal iyo Iskotish. Wuxuu ku koray walaalihiis ka weyn, Maryanne , Fred Jr. , iyo Elizabeth, iyo walaalkiis ka yar, Robert , oo ku yaal guri 23-qol ah oo ku yaal xaafadda Jamaica Estates ee Queens. Fred Trump wuxuu caruurtiisa siin jiray midkiiba $20,000 sanadkii, una dhiganta $265,000 sanadkii 2024. Trump wuxuu ahaa milyaneer doolarka sicir-bararka lagu hagaajiyay markuu siddeed jir ahaa. Trump wuxuu dhiganayay dugsiga gaarka loo leeyahay ee Kew-Forest ilaa fasalka toddobaad. Wuxuu ahaa ilmo dhib badan, wuxuuna muujiyay xiisaha hore ee ganacsiga aabihiis. Aabihii waxa uu ka diwaan galiyay New York Military Academy , dugsi boodhin ah oo gaar loo leeyahay, si uu u dhamaysto dugsiga sare. Akadeemiyadda ayaa ku riixday ardayda ciyaaraha isboortiga. waxayna bareen muhiimada guusha. Dugsigii sare, darajooyinkiisu way fiicnaadeen ilaa celceliska B. Trump wuxuu tixgeliyey xirfad ganacsi oo muujinaya, laakiin halkii, si uu ugu dhawaado guriga, wuxuu iska diiwaan geliyay Jaamacadda Fordham 1964. Waxa uu ka qaybqaatay barnaamijka Tababarka Saraakiisha Kaydka ah intii lagu jiray sannadkiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, isagoo dhiganayay fasallo ku labisan dharka ciidamada Arbacada kasta, laakiin wuxuu tuuray sannadkiisii ​​labaad. Wuxuu tuuray kubbadda cagta seddex ama afar usbuuc ka dib wuxuuna ahaa kubbadda cagta dhexdhexaad ah iyo ciyaartoy tennis ah. Asxaabtiisa Fordham waxay ku bareen golf. Sannadkiisii ​​yaraa, wuxuu u wareegay Dugsiga Wharton ee Jaamacadda Pennsylvania , inta badan wuxuu u safri jiray xafiiska aabbihiis maalmaha fasaxa ah, wuxuuna ka qalin jabiyay Maajo 1968 oo uu ka qaatay shahaadada Sayniska ee dhaqaalaha. Kulliyadda ma ahayn ardaygii ugu sarreeyay ee uu mararka qaarkood sheegan jiray. Waqtigii uu aaday Wharton-halkaas oo uusan ka muuqan liiska kuwa hela abaalmarinta - wuxuu isha ku hayay xirfad ku taal hantida maguurtada ah. Waxa laga reebay qabyo-qoraalka intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Vietnam sababtoo ah sheegashada lafaha cidhibtiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee shan sano oo uu ku jiray dugsiga milatariga, wax dan ah uma lahayn inuu dagaal galo. Koritaanka, wuxuu tixgeliyey aabbihiis iyo wadaadka qoyska, Norman Vincent Peale , inuu noqdo lataliyeyaashiisa. Aabihiis wuxuu ku celceliyay inuu yahay "boqor" iyo inuu yahay "dilaaye". Peale wuxuu ku wacdiyey isku kalsoonida sida dhiirigelinta barwaaqada. ==Xirfad ganacsi== ===Hanti ma guurto ah=== Laga bilaabo 1968, Trump waxa uu ka shaqaaleysiiyay Maareynta Trump, shirkadda aabbihiis ee hantida maguurtada ah, taas oo maamusha dhismayaasha dabaqyada dhexe ee Fred uu ka dhisay Queens , Staten Island , iyo Brooklyn . Hawlihiisa ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen ururinta kirada iyo hagaajinta ilaa shan sano. Isagoo soo jiidasho leh iyo qaninimadiisa, Trump wuxuu ka codsaday aabihiis inuu ku ballaariyo Manhattan halkaas oo qiimihiisu sarreeyo, laakiin aabihiis ayaa ku qanacsanaa xaafadaha dibadda. 1971, wuxuu u guuray Manhattan halkaas oo uu qorsheeyay inuu u guuro ganacsiga wuxuuna u socdaalay xafiiska aabihiis. Sannadkaas, aabihiis wuxuu naftiisa ka dhigay guddoomiye iyo madaxweyne Trump, isaga oo kormeeraya 48 shirkadood oo gaar ah iyo 15 iskaashiga qoyska. Trump waxa uu bilaabay in uu ururka Trump u isticmaalo dalad ahaan magacyada shirkadaha ganacsi ee aabihiis. Roy Cohn , saamaynta hore ee Trump ee ugu muhiimsan aabihiis ka dib, wuxuu ahaa hagaajintiisa , qareenka, iyo lataliye. sannadihii 13 ee 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii. Cohn wuxuu baray Trump inuu u maleeyo in noloshu tahay macaamil ganacsi. 1973, Cohn wuxuu ka caawiyay Trump inuu ka soo horjeesto dawladda Mareykanka $ 100 milyan (oo u dhiganta $ 708 milyan 2024. eedeymaha ah in guryaha Trump ay takooreen codsadeyaasha madow iyo kireystayaasha. Eedihii Trump waa la laalay, waxaana kiiskii dawladda lagu dhameeyey Trumps oo saxeexay amar oggolaansho oo oggolaaday in meesha laga saaro. Afar sano ka dib, Trumps ayaa mar kale wajahay maxkamadaha markii lagu helay inay diidaan wareegtada. Caawinta mashaariicda Trump, Cohn wuxuu ahaa consigliere kaas oo isku xirka Mafia ay gacanta ku hayaan ururrada dhismaha. Sannadkii 1979-kii, Cohn wuxuu Trump u soo bandhigay la-taliyaha siyaasadda Roger Stone , kaasoo qoray adeegyada Stone si uu ula macaamilo dowladda federaalka. Trump waxa uu ka guuray istuudiyaha isaga oo u guuray guri guri leh oo aragti ah waxa uuna helay shatiga dilaalnimada guryaha bartamihii 1970-meeyadii. Kahor da'da soddon sano, wuxuu muujiyay rabitaankiisa dacwadda, iyada oo aan loo eegin natiijada iyo kharashka; xitaa markii laga badiyay, wuxuu kiiska ku tilmaamay guul. In ka badan soddon sano laga soo bilaabo 2018, Trump wuxuu ku lug lahaa in ka badan 4,000 oo dacwado ah, deymo, iyo faylalyo kale, oo inta badan loo xareeyay lacag la'aan isaga oo ka soo horjeeda shaqaalaha, qandaraaslayaasha, dilaaliinta guryaha, iyo qareenadiisa. Intii u dhaxaysay 1991 iyo 2009 , Trump wuxuu xareeyay cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta lix ka mid ah ganacsigiisa: Plaza Hotel ee Manhattan, casinos ee Atlantic City, New Jersey , iyo Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts company. Sannadkii 1992, Trump, walaalihiis Maryanne, Elizabeth, iyo Robert, iyo ina-adeerkiis John W. Walter waxay samaysteen All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp, mid walbana wuxuu leeyahay 20 boqolkiiba. Shirkaddu ma lahayn xafiisyo waxaana lagu eedeeyay inay ahayd shirkad qolof ah oo bixisa bixinta adeegyada iyo saadka guryaha kiraynta Trump, ka dibna biilasha adeegyadaas iyo sahayda Maamulka Trump u dhigma 20-50 boqolkiiba iyo ka badan. Milkiilayaasha ayaa wadaagay dakhliga ka soo xarooday calaamaduhu. Kharashka la kordhiyey waxa loo isticmaalay in lagu helo ogolaanshaha gobolka ee kordhinta kirada unugyadiisa kirada-degan. Bishii Janaayo 1994, walaalaha waxay samaysteen Apartment Management Associates waxayna la wareegeen khidmadaha maaraynta ee ay hore u qaadi jirtay Maamulka Trump. Sidoo kale sicir-bararka kirada, qorshayaasha ayaa u adeegay in lagu wareejiyo hantida Fred Trump caruurtiisa iyo adeerka oo hoos loo dhigo culeyska canshuurta. ===Manhattan iyo Chicago horumarka=== [[File:Donald_Trump_with_model_of_Television_City.jpg|thumb|1985-kii oo wata moodal ka mid ah mashruuciisii ​​horumarinta Manhattan ee la soo riday ]] Trump ayaa soo jiitay indhaha dadweynaha 1978-dii markii uu bilaabay qoyskisa ganacsigii ugu horreeyay ee Manhattan: dib u cusboonaysiinta hudheelka Commodore ee burburay , oo ku dheggan Grand Central Terminal. Maalgelinta waxa fududeeyey $400 milyan oo cashuur dhimis ah oo hantida magaalada ah oo uu u habeeyey isaga oo uu aabbihiis u habeeyey kaas oo sidoo kale, si wada jir ah ula Hyatt , u dammaanad qaaday $70 milyan amaah dhismaha bangiga ah. Hudheelka ayaa dib loo furay 1980-kii isagoo ah Grand Hyatt Hotel , isla sanadkaas, wuxuu helay xuquuq uu ku horumarinayo Trump Tower , oo ah dhismo isku dhafan oo ku yaal Midtown Manhattan. Dhismuhu wuxuu ku yaalaa xarunta dhexe ee Trump Corporation iyo Trump's PAC wuxuuna ahaa hoygiisa aasaasiga ah ilaa 2019. 1988, Trump wuxuu ku iibsaday Plaza Hotel isagoo dayn ka helay shirkado ay leeyihiin 16 bangi. Hudheelka ayaa loo gudbiyay ilaalinta musalsalka 1992, waxaana la ansixiyay qorshe dib-u-habayn bil ka dib, iyadoo bangiyada ay la wareegayaan hantida. Sannadkii 1995, Trump waxa uu iska diiday in ka badan $3 bilyan oo deymo bangi ah, amaah-bixiyayaashuna waxay la wareegeen Hotel Plaza oo ay la socdaan badi hantidiisa kale "dib u habeyn ballaaran oo bahdilaad ah" taasoo u ogolaatay inuu ka fogaado khasaare shakhsi ah. Qareenka hogaanka bangiga ayaa sheegay go'aanka bangiyada in "dhammaan waxay isku raaceen in uu ka nolol fiicnaan lahaa dhimashada". Sannadkii 1996-kii, Trump waxa uu la wareegay oo dib u habayn ku sameeyay dhisme 71 dabaq ah oo inta badan bannaanaa oo ku yaalla 40 Wall Street , oo markii dambe loo beddelay Dhismaha Trump. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, wuxuu ku guuleystay xaqa uu u leeyahay inuu horumariyo dhul 70-acre (28 ha) ah oo ku yaal xaafadda Lincoln Square ee u dhow webiga Hudson. Isagoo ku dhibtoonaya deynta ganacsiyada kale ee 1994, wuxuu ka iibiyay inta badan danihiisa mashruuca maalgashadayaasha Aasiya, kuwaas oo maalgeliyay dhamaystirka mashruuca, Riverside South . Mashruucii ugu dambeeyay ee Trump ee dhismaha wuxuu ahaa 92-dabaq ee isku dhafan ee isticmaalka Trump International Hotel iyo Tower ee Chicago, kaas oo la furay 2008. 2024, The New York Times iyo ProPublica ayaa sheegay in Adeegga Dakhliga Gudaha uu baarayay haddii uu laba jeer qoray khasaaraha soo gaaray iyada oo loo marayo kharashka dhismaha iyo iibinta iibinta guryaha yar ee dib u celinta 8. ===casinos Atlantic magaalada=== [[File:Trump_Taj_Mahal,_2007.jpg|thumb|Galitaanka Trump Taj Mahal ee Atlantic magaalada]] 1984, Trump wuxuu Harrah ka furay Trump Plaza , hudheel iyo casino, iyada oo maalgelin iyo caawimo maamul ay ka heshay Shirkadda Holiday . Waxay ahayd mid aan faa'iido lahayn, wuxuuna bixiyay Holiday $ 70 milyan bishii Maajo 1986 si uu keligiis u maamulo.  Sannadkii 1985-kii, waxa uu iibsaday hudheelka Atlantic City Hilton oo aan la furin oo uu u beddelay qalcadda Trump . Labada casinos waxay xareeyeen cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta 1992.  Trump wuxuu iibsaday goobta saddexaad ee Atlantic City 1988, Trump Taj Mahal . Waxaa lagu maalgeliyay $675 milyan oo doollar oo junk bonds ah waxaana lagu dhammeeyey $1.1 bilyan, oo la furay Abriil 1990. Waxa uu xareeyay cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta ee 1991. Sida ku cad qodobbada heshiiska dib-u-qaabaynta, waxa uu ka tanaasulay kala badh saamigiisii ​​hore oo shakhsi ahaan dammaanad qaaday waxqabadka mustaqbalka. Si uu u dhimo $900 milyan ee daynta gaarka ah, waxa uu iibiyay diyaaradda Trump Shuttle ; megayacht, Princess Trump , kaas oo laga kireeyay casinoskiisa oo lagu hayo; iyo ganacsiyo kale.  Sannadkii 1995, Trump waxa uu aasaasay Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), kaas oo qaatay lahaanshaha Trump Plaza.  THCR waxa ay iibsatay Taj Mahal iyo Qasriga Trump 1996 waxana uu kacay 2004 iyo 2009, isaga oo ka tagay lahaanshaha boqolkiiba 10. Waxa uu ahaa guddoomiyaha ilaa 2009. ===Naadiyada Golf-ka=== Sanadkii 1985, Trump wuxuu la wareegay dhismaha Mar-a-Lago ee Palm Beach, Florida. Sannadkii 1995-kii, wuxuu u beddelay hantidii koox gaar ah oo leh lacag bilaw ah iyo kharashyo sannadle ah. Wuxuu sii waday inuu u isticmaalo baalka guriga sidii guri gaar ah. Waxa uu ku dhawaaqay naadigiisa hoygiisa aasaasiga ah ee 2019. Waxa uu bilaabay dhisidda iyo iibsiga koorsooyinka golf- ka 1999-kii, isaga oo haysta 17 koorso golf ah 2016. ===Shati siinta magaca Trump=== Ururka Trump wuxuu inta badan shati u siiyay magaca Trump ee badeecadaha iyo adeegyada macaamiisha, oo ay ku jiraan cuntooyinka, dharka, koorasyada waxbarashada, iyo alaabta guriga. In ka badan 50 heshiisyada shatiga ama maamulka ayaa ku lug lahaa magaca Trump, isaga oo u soo saaray ugu yaraan $59 milyan shirkadihiisa. Sannadkii 2018, kaliya laba shirkadood oo alaabta macaamiisha ah ayaa sii waday inay sii wataan shatiga magaciisa. Intii lagu jiray 2000-meeyadii, Trump wuxuu magaciisa shati u siiyay horumarinta guryaha la dego ee adduunka oo dhan, 40 kuwaas oo aan waligood la dhisin. ===Dhaqdhaqaaqyada dhinaca=== [[File:Donald_Trump_and_Doug_Flutie_at_a_press_conference_in_the_Trump_Tower.jpg|thumb|1985 New Jersey Generals shir jaraa'id ee Trump Tower]] Sannadkii 1970-kii, Trump waxa uu galiyay $70,000 oo hantida aabbihiis ah si uu u helo biilasha isaga oo ka mid ah soo saaraha majaajilada Broadway-waxana uu lumiyay lacagtii. Ka dib markii uu u sameeyay dalabyo kubbadda hoose ee New York Mets iyo kooxihii Cleveland Indians baseball, 1983 ilaa $6 milyan, wuxuu iibsaday New Jersey Generals , koox ka tirsan Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Mareykanka . Horyaalka ayaa isku laabmay ka dib xilli ciyaareedkii 1985, oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku daygiisa inuu u guuro jadwalka dayrta (marka ay la tartami lahayd Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Qaranka ee dhagaystayaasha) iyo isku daygiisii ​​ahaa inuu ku qasbo ku biirista NFL isagoo keenaya suudh liddi ku ah. Trump iyo Hotelkiisa Plaza waxa ay marti galiyeen dhowr ciyaarood oo feerka ah hoolka shirarka ee Atlantic City Convention Hall . 1989 iyo 1990, wuxuu magaciisa ku siiyay tartanka tartanka baaskiilka ee Tour de Trump , isku dayga uu ku abuurayo Maraykan u dhigma jinsiyadaha Yurub sida Tour de France ama Giro d'Italia . Laga soo bilaabo 1986 ilaa 1988, wuxuu iibsaday qaybo badan oo saamiyo ah shirkado kala duwan oo dawladeed isagoo soo jeediyay inuu damacsan yahay inuu la wareego shirkadda kadibna uu iibiyo saamigiisa faa'iido, taasoo keentay in dadka indha indheeya ay u maleynayaan inuu ku hawlan yahay ganacsiga cagaaran .waqtiga New York waxay ogaatay in uu markii hore malaayiin doolar ku sameeyay macaamil ganacsi oo noocaas ah, laakiin "luminaya inta badan, haddii aysan ahayn dhammaan, faa'iidooyinkaas ka dib markii maalgashadayaasha ay joojiyeen in ay si dhab ah u qaataan hadalkiisa". [[File:Donald_Trump_star_Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame.JPG|thumb|Xiddiga Trump ee Socodka caanka ah ee Hollywood]] 1988, Trump waxa uu iibsaday Shuttle-ka Diyaaradaha ee Bari , isaga oo ku maal-geliyay iibsiga $380 milyan (oo u dhiganta $1.01 bilyan ee 2024 oo amaah ah oo ka socota bangiyada 22. Waxa uu u beddelay shirkadda duulimaadka ee Trump Shuttle waxana uu ku shaqaynayey ilaa 1992. Waxa uu diiday deymihiisii ​​1991-kii, lahaanshahana waxa uu u gudbay bangiyada. 1996-kii, wuxuu soo iibsaday Miss Universe pageants, oo ay ku jiraan Miss USA iyo Miss Teen USA . Sababtoo ah khilaafyada CBS ee ku saabsan jadwalka, wuxuu u qaaday labada bog ee NBC ee 2002. 2007, wuxuu helay xiddig ku socda Hollywood Walk of Fame shaqadiisa soo saaraha Miss Universe. NBC iyo Univision waxay hoos u dhigeen boggaga bishii Juun 2015 iyaga oo ka falcelinaya faallooyinkiisa ku saabsan soogalootiga Mexico. Sannadkii 2005, Trump waxa uu aasaasay Jaamacadda Trump , oo ah shirkad iibisa siminaarada guryaha ilaa $35,000. Ka dib markii maamulka Gobolka New York ay ku wargaliyeen shirkadda in isticmaalkeeda "jaamacad" ay jabisay sharciga gobolka (maadaama aysan ahayn machad akadeemiyadeed), magaceeda waxaa loo beddelay Trump Entrepreneur Initiative 2010. Sannadkii 2013, Gobolka New York wuxuu gudbiyay $ 40 milyan dacwad madani ah oo ka dhan ah Jaamacadda Trump, isagoo ku eedeeyay in shirkadu ay samaysay hadallo been abuur ah oo ay khiyaanaysay macaamiisha. Intaa waxaa dheer, laba tallaabo oo heer caalami ah ayaa laga gudbiyay maxkamad federaali ah oo ka dhan ah Trump iyo shirkadihiisa. Dukumiintiyo gudaha ah ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in shaqaalaha lagu amray inay adeegsadaan qaab si adag loo iibiyo, waxaana shaqaalihii hore ay caddeeyeen in jaamacadda Trump ay khiyaameysay ama been u sheegtay ardaydeeda. Wax yar ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2016, wuxuu ogolaaday inuu bixiyo wadarta $ 25 milyan si loo xalliyo saddexda kiis. ===Aasaaska=== Donald J. Trump Foundation wuxuu ahaa aasaaska gaarka ah ee la aasaasay 1988. Laga soo bilaabo 1987 ilaa 2006, Trump wuxuu siiyay aasaaskiisa $ 5.4 milyan, taas oo ku baxday dhammaadkii 2006 . Vince McMahon . Aasaaska ayaa la siiyay samafalka caafimaadka- iyo isboortiga la xiriira, kooxaha muxaafidka ah, iyo samafal oo qabtay munaasabadaha guryaha Trump. Sannadkii 2016, The Washington Post ayaa sheegtay in hay'ad samafal ahi ay geysatay dhowr xadgudubyo xagga sharciga iyo anshaxa ah, oo ay ku jiraan is-wax-ka-qabasho iyo canshuur lunsi . Sidoo kale 2016, xeer ilaaliyaha guud ee New York ayaa sheegay in aasaaska uu ku xad-gudbay sharciga gobolka iyadoo la codsanayo deeqaha iyada oo aan la soo gudbin xisaab-celinta dibadda ee sannadlaha ah ee loo baahan yahay oo uu ku amray inay joojiso hawlaheeda lacag-ururinta ee New York isla markiiba. Kooxda Trump ayaa ku dhawaaqay December 2016 in aasaaska la burburin doono. Bishii Juun 2018, xafiiska xeer ilaaliyaha guud ee New York wuxuu gudbiyay dacwad madani ah oo ka dhan ah aasaaska, Trump, iyo caruurtiisa qaangaarka, iyagoo raadinaya $2.8 milyan oo magdhow ah iyo ganaaxyo dheeraad ah. Bishii Diseembar 2018, aasaaska shaqada wuu joojiyay oo wuxuu u qaybiyay hantidiisa hay'ado kale oo samafal ah. ]Bishii Noofambar 2019, garsooraha gobolka New York ayaa ku amray Trump inuu bixiyo $2 milyan oo doolar koox samafal ah oo si khaldan u isticmaalay lacagaha mu'asasada, qayb ahaan si loo maalgeliyo ololihiisa madaxtinimo. ===Arrimaha sharciga iyo kacsiga=== Marka loo eego dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay faylalka maxkamadda gobolka iyo federaalka oo ay samaysay USA Today sanadkii 2018, Trump iyo ganacsigiisu waxay ku lug lahaayeen in ka badan 4,000 oo tallaabo sharci oo heer gobol iyo federaal ah. Inkastoo uusan u xarayn kicinta shakhsi ahaaneed , ganacsigiisa hudheelka iyo casinos ee Atlantic City iyo New York wuxuu xareeyay cutubka 11 ee ilaalinta kicinta lix jeer intii u dhaxaysay 1991 iyo 2009. Waxay sii wadeen inay shaqeeyaan halka bangiyada ay dib u habeyn ku sameeyeen deynta waxayna yareeyeen saamiyadiisa guryaha. Intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii, in ka badan 70 bangi ayaa Trump amaahiyay $4 bilyan. Ka dib markii uu kacday shirkaddiisa horraantii 1990-meeyadii, bangiyada ugu waaweyn, marka laga reebo Deutsche Bank , waxay diideen inay amaahiyaan isaga. Ka dib weerarkii Janaayo 6 ee Capitol , bangigu wuxuu go'aansaday inuusan ganacsi la samayn isaga ama shirkadiisa xiriirka la leh mustaqbalka. ===Maalka=== [[File:State Visit of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia State Dinner Receiving Line with Ivana Trump and Donald Trump in East Room - DPLA - 1a44d05819eab8ba3dcf7a6883ad92ba.jpg|thumb|Trump (midigta midig) iyo xaaskiisa Ivana oo 1985-kii casho sharaf dawladeed u sameeyey [[Boqor]] Fahad ee [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] oo ay la yeesheen Madaxweyne Ronald Reagan iyo Marwada 1aad ee Nansii Reagan]] Trump waxa uu sheegay in uu shaqadiisa ku bilaabay “amaah yar oo hal milyan oo dollar ah” oo uu aabihii ka helay oo ay ahayd in uu dib ugu bixiyo ribo. Waxa uu ka amaahday ugu yaraan $60 milyan aabbihii, inta badan ma bixin deymihii, oo waxa uu ka helay $413 milyan oo kale (2018 u dhiganta, oo loo habeeyey sicir bararka) shirkadda aabihiis.  Isaga oo iska dhigaya sarkaal ka tirsan Ururka Trump oo lagu magacaabo " John Barron ", Trump wuxuu wacay saxafiga Jonathan Greenberg [[1984]], isagoo isku dayaya inuu darajo sare ka helo liiska Forbes 400 ee hodanka Mareykanka. Trump wuxuu iskiis u sheegay qiimihiisa saafiga ah: laga jaray $900 milyan 1990  ilaa $10 bilyan 2015. Sannadkii 2015, Forbes wuxuu ku qiyaasay hantidiisa $4.5 bilyan, iyadoo lagu salaynayo waraysiyo lala yeeshay in ka badan 80 ilo. Sannadkii 2025, majaladda ayaa ku qiyaastay hantidiisa $5.1 bilyan waxayna ku qiimeysay qofka 700-aad ee ugu qanisan adduunka. ==Xirfadda warbaahinta== Trump waxa uu daabacay 19 buug oo magaciisa ku qoran, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay qoreen ama ay qoreen kuwa wax qora . Buugiisi ugu horeeyay, The Art of the Deal (1987), waxa uu ahaa New York Times iibiyaha ugu fiican , waxaana lagu tiriyaa New Yorker in uu Trump ka dhigay mid caan ku ah "astaanta maalqabeenada guulaystay". Buugga waxaa qoray Tony Schwartz , kaas oo loo aqoonsan yahay qoraaga. Trump wuxuu lahaa muuqaalo filimaan badan iyo bandhigyo telefishan laga soo bilaabo 1985 ilaa 2001 . Wuxuu si goos-goos ah ugu soo muuqday shirkadda legdinta ee WWE laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii oo ay ku jiraan WrestleMania 23 ee 2007. Laga bilaabo 1990-meeyadii, Trump wuxuu u muuqday 24 jeer isagoo marti ku ah bandhigga Howard Stern Show ee qaranka . Waxa uu lahaa barnaamij sheeko gaaban oo raadiyaha ah, Trumped! , laga bilaabo 2004 ilaa 2008. Laga soo bilaabo 2011 ilaa 2015, wuxuu ahaa faallooyinka martida ee Fox & Friends . Sannadkii 2021, Trump, oo xubin ka ahaa tan iyo 1989, wuu iska casilay SAG-AFTRA si uu uga fogaado dhageysiga edbinta ee ku saabsan weerarkii Janaayo 6. Laba maalmood ka dib, ururka shaqaalaha ayaa si joogto ah u diiday isaga. ===Tababbarka iyo Xirfadlaha caanka ah=== Soo saaraha Mark Burnett ayaa Trump ka dhigay xiddig telefishan ah markii uu abuuray The Apprentice , kaas oo Trump uu martigeliyay 2004 ilaa 2015 (oo ay ku jiraan kala duwanaanshaha The Celebrity Apprentice ). Bandhigyada, waxa uu ahaa madaxa fulinta sare oo meesha ka saaray tartamayaasha odhaahda " waad cayrisay". The New York Times ayaa ugu yeedhay sawirkiisa "mid aad u faanaysi badan, oo aad u khayaali ah" naftiisa. Bandhigyadu waxay dib u dhigeen sawirka Trump malaayiin daawadayaal ah oo dalka oo dhan ah. Heshiisyada shatiga ee la xidhiidha, waxay kasbadeen in ka badan $400 milyan. ==Himilooyinka siyaasadeed ee hore== Trump wuxuu ka diiwaan gashan yahay Jamhuuriya ahaan Queens 1969 iyo Manhattan 1987; xubin ka mid ah Xisbiga Madaxbanaanida , gobolka New York ee xisbiga Reform Party , 1999; Dimuqraadiyiintii 2001 ; Jamhuuriyaddii 2009; aan xiriir la lahayn 2011; iyo Jamhuuriya 2012 [[File:Donald_Trump_speaking_at_CPAC_2011_by_Mark_Taylor.jpg|thumb|Isagoo ka hadlaya CPAC , [[Febraayo]] 2011]] 1987, Trump wuxuu xayeysiisyo bog buuxa ah ku dhejiyay wargeysyada waaweyn oo muujinaya aragtidiisa ku aaddan siyaasadda dibadda iyo sida loo tirtiro hoos u dhaca miisaaniyadda federaalka. Sannadkii 1988-kii, waxa uu la xidhiidhay Lee Atwater , isaga oo waydiisanaya in la tixgeliyo in uu yahay musharraxa xisbiga Jamhuuriga ee George HW Bush . Bush wuxuu codsigaas u helay "mid qariib ah oo aan la rumaysan karin". Trump waxa uu ahaa musharrax 2000 ee xisbiga Reform Party ee horudhaca madaxtinnimada saddex bilood ka hor inta uusan ka tanaasulin Febraayo 2000 . Waxa uu ka hadlay shirkii waxqabadka siyaasadda ee muxaafidka bishii Febraayo, wuxuuna khudbado ka jeediyay gobollada horudhaca ah ee horudhaca ah. Bishii Maajo 2011, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuusan tartami doonin ==2016 doorashada madaxweynaha== Trump ayaa ku dhawaaqay inuu u sharaxan yahay doorashada 2016 June 2015. Waxa uu u ololeeyay sidii maalqabeen, ganacsade guul leh iyo shisheeye aan khibrad siyaasadeed lahayn, wuxuuna ku andacoodey in warbaahintu u xaglinayso isaga. Hadaladiisa ol'olaha badanaa waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan caddayn oo soo jeedin ah, iyo lambarka rikoodhku waa been. Waxa uu noqday murashaxa ugu horreeya ee Jamhuuriga bishii March 2016 waxaana lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay musharaxa Jamhuuriga ee la malaynayo bishii May [[File:Donald_Trump_by_Gage_Skidmore_5.jpg|thumb|Ololaha Arizona, Maarso 2016]] Trump wuxuu ku tilmaamay NATO mid "dhacday" iyo aragtiyo la isku halleyn karo oo lagu tilmaamay Washington Post inay yihiin kuwo aan dhexdhexaad ahayn iyo ilaalin . Ololihiisa ololaha wuxuu xooga saaray dib u gorgortanka xiriirka US-China iyo heshiisyada ganacsiga xorta ah sida NAFTA iyo si adag u dhaqan gelinta sharciyada socdaalka. Jagooyinka kale ee ololaha waxaa ka mid ah raadinta madaxbannaanida tamarta iyada oo ka soo horjeeda xeerarka isbeddelka cimilada, casriyeynta adeegyada loogu talagalay halyeeyada , baabi'inta iyo beddelka sharciga daryeelka la awoodi karo , baabi'inta heerarka waxbarashada aasaasiga ah , maalgelinta kaabayaasha , fududaynta koodhka canshuurta iyada oo la dhimayo canshuuraha, iyo ku soo rogida canshuuraha soo dejinta ee shirkadaha ka shaqeeya xeebaha. Waxa uu ku taliyey in la kordhiyo kharashaadka milatariga iyo in si xad dhaaf ah loo baadho ama laga mamnuuco soogalootiga dalalka Muslimka u badan. Waxa uu ballan qaaday in uu darbi ka dhisayo xudduudda Mexico iyo Maraykanka, waxa uuna wacad ku maray in Mexico ay bixin doonto kharashka. Wuxuu ballan qaaday inuu masaafurin doono malaayiin muhaajiriin sharci darro ah oo ku nool Mareykanka , wuxuuna dhaleeceeyay dhalashada dhalashada inuu dhiirigelinayo " carruurta barroosinka ah ". Sida laga soo xigtay falanqaynta Sayniska Siyaasadda ee Quarterly , Trump wuxuu sameeyay "ras-raac cad oo cunsurinimo iyo jinsiyeed ah si uu uga guuleysto codbixiyayaasha cadaanka ah" intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​​​madaxtinimada ee 2016. Gaar ahaan, khudbadiisii ​​ololaha ololaha ayaa soo jiidatay dhaleeceyn ku aaddan sheegashada muhaajiriinta reer Mexico "waxay keeneen daroogo, waxay keeneen dambi, waa kufsi"; oo ka jawaabaya, NBC waxay ka eriday Xirfadlaha caanka ah . Warbixinada Trump ee FEC ee looga baahan yahay ayaa ku taxay hantida ka sareysa $1.4 bilyan iyo deymaha taagan ee ugu yaraan $315 milyan. Ma uusan sii deyn canshuur celintiisa , taasoo lid ku ah dhaqanka musharax kasta oo weyn tan iyo 1976 iyo ballanqaadkiisii ​​2014 iyo 2015 inuu sidaas sameyn doono haddii uu u tartamo jagada. ( 166 ) Wuxuu sheegay in canshuur celintiisa la baarayo , qareennadiisuna ay kula taliyeen inuusan sii deyn. Kadib dagaal dheer oo maxkamadeed oo lagu joojinayo sii deynta canshuur celintiisa iyo diiwaanada kale ee qareenka degmada Manhattan si loogu sameeyo dambi baaris, oo ay ku jiraan laba racfaan oo uu Trump u gudbiyay Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka , Febraayo 2021 maxkamadda sare waxay ogolaatay in diiwaannada loo sii daayo dacwad oogaha si ay u eegaan xeerbeegti weyn. Bishii Oktoobar 2016, qaybo ka mid ah dacwadaha gobolka Trump ee 1995 ayaa loo siidaayay wariye ka socda New York Times . Waxay muujinayaan inuu ku dhawaaqay inuu khasaaray $ 916 milyan sanadkaas, taas oo u ogolaan karta inuu ka fogaado canshuuraha ilaa 18 sano. Trump ayaa ku guuleystay 306 cod oo la ballanqaaday halka 232 ay heshay musharaxa xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Hillary Clinton . Ka dib markii doorashadi labada dhinac ay ka baxeen , tirinta rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 304 ilaa 227 . Waxa uu ahaa madaxweynaha kaliya ee aan ka mid ahayn ciidamada, mana qaban wax xafiis dawladeed ka hor inta uusan noqon madaxweynaha. Doorashadiisu waxay calaamad u ahayd soo noqoshada dawlad Jamhuuriya oo aan qaybsanayn . Guusha Trump waxay dhalisay mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Maraykanka ==Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay (2017-2021)== [[File:Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg|thumb|Dhaarinta xafiiska , oo uu maamulayo madaxa cadaalada John G. Roberts Jr. , Janaayo 20, 2017]] [[File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg|thumb|Sawirka rasmiga ah, 2017]] ===Ficilada hore=== Trump ayaa la caleemasaaray Janaayo 20, 2017. Maalin ka dib markii la caleemasaaray, qiyaastii 2.6 milyan oo qof oo adduunka ah, oo ay ku jiraan 500,000 oo ku nool Washington, DC, ayaa mudaaharaad ka dhan ah isaga oo ka qeyb qaatay socodkii haweenka . Intii lagu guda jiray usbuucii ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska, Trump wuxuu saxiixay lix amar fulineed , oo ay ku jiraan oggolaanshaha habraacyada baabi'inta sharciga ilaalinta bukaanka iyo daryeelka la awoodi karo ("Obamacare"), ka noqoshada wada-xaajoodka iskaashiga Trans-Pacific, horumarinta mashaariicda Keystone XL iyo Dakota Access Pipeline , iyo qorsheynta darbiga xadka Maraykanka ee Mexico. ===Isku dhacyada xiisaha=== Ka hor inta aan la caleema-saarin, Trump wuxuu ganacsigiisa u raray kalsooni la burin karo , halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa kalsooni indho la'aan ama habayn u dhigma "si uu naftiisa uga gooyo danihiisa ganacsi". Wuxuu sii waday inuu ka faa'iidaysto ganacsigiisa wuxuuna ogaa sida siyaasadda maamulkiisu u saamaysay. Inkasta oo uu sheegay in uu ka fogaan doono "heshiisyada cusub ee ajnabiga ah", Ururka Trump wuxuu dabagalay ballaarinta hawlgalka ee Scotland, Dubai, iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dominican. ​​Lobbyists, saraakiisha dawladda shisheeye, deeq-bixiyeyaasha Trump iyo xulafadooda ayaa boqolaal milyan oo doolar u soo ururiyay goobihiisa dalxiiska iyo hoteellada. Trump ayaa lagu dacweeyay inuu ku xad-gudbay Qodobbada Emoluments Gudaha iyo Dibadda ee Dastuurka Mareykanka , markii ugu horreysay ee qodobbada si cad loo dacweeyay. Hal kiis ayaa lagu diiday maxkamadda hoose. Labo ayaa Maxkamadda Sare ay shaqada ka cayrisay ka dib markii uu xilka qabtay. Intii lagu guda jiray ololaha, Trump waxa uu ballan qaaday in uu ugu deeqayo mushaharkiisa madaxtinnimo iyo faa'iidada uu ka helo dammaanadda shisheeye ee dawladda Maraykanka. Waxa uu ugu deeqay mushaharkiisa hay'adaha federaalka waxana uu dacaayadeeyay deeq kasta ilaa Juulay 2020. Wakaaladaha federaaliga ah ee ay sahamisay The Washington Post bishii Luulyo 2021 waxa ay sheegeen in aanay wax hadiyad ah helin wixii ka dambeeyay bishaas. Muwaadiniinta Mas'uuliyadda iyo Anshaxa ee Washington ayaa sheegay 2024 inuu ku deeqay $448,000 oo lagu qiyaasay $13.6 milyan oo lacag ah oo uu ka helay dawlado shisheeye muddadiisii ​​ugu horreysay. ===Siyaasadda gudaha=== Trump wuxuu xafiiska la wareegay meesha ugu sarreysa ballaarinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer taariikhda Mareykanka, kaasoo bilaabmay 2009 oo socday ilaa Febraayo 2020, markii hoos u dhaca COVID-19 uu bilaabmay. Bishii Disembar 2017, wuxuu saxiixay Sharciga dhimista Canshuuraha iyo Shaqada ee 2017 . Waxay hoos u dhigtay qiimaha cashuuraha ee ganacsiyada iyo shakhsiyaadka waxayna meesha ka saartay ciqaabtii la xidhiidhay sharciga daryeelka la awoodi karo . Maamulka Trump ayaa ku andacoonaya in ficilku aanu hoos u dhigi doonin dakhliga dawladda, laakiin dakhliga 2018 ayaa 7.6 boqolkiiba ka hooseeya saadaasha. Marka loo eego Trump, hoos u dhaca miisaaniyada federaalku wuxuu kordhay ku dhawaad ​​50 boqolkiiba, ilaa ku dhawaad ​​$ 1 trillion 2019. Dhammaadkii muddadiisa, deynta qaranka Mareykanka waxay kordheen 39 boqolkiiba, taasoo gaartay $ 27.75 trillion, iyo saamiga US-deficit-to-GDP ayaa ku dhuftey mid sare oo ka mid ah Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Trump waxa kale oo uu ku guuldarraystay in uu ka dhabeeyo ballan-qaadkiisii ​​ololaha ee ahaa $1 trillion oo qorshe kharash-bixineed oo kaabayaasha ah. Trump waa madaxweynaha kaliya ee casriga ah ee Maraykanka ee xilka ka taga isaga oo ka shaqaale yar marka loo eego markii uu xilka qabtay, saddex milyan oo qof. Wuxuu diiday fikradda sayniska ee isbeddelka cimilada . Wuxuu hoos u dhigay miisaaniyada cilmi baarista tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo 40 boqolkiiba wuxuuna bedelay siyaasadihii xilligii Obama ee lagu hagayay isbedelka cimilada. Wuxuu ka baxay heshiiskii Paris , taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka dalka kaliya ee aan ansixin. Wuxuu ujeedkiisu ahaa in kor loo qaado wax soo saarka iyo dhoofinta shidaalka fosil . Gaaska dabiiciga ah ayaa balaariyay Trump, laakiin dhuxusha ayaa sii waday hoos u dhaca. Waxa uu dib u soo celiyay in ka badan 100 xeerarka deegaanka ee federaalka, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa xakameyey qiiqa gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo , wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, iyo isticmaalka walxaha sunta ah. Wuxuu wiiqay ilaalinta xoolaha iyo heerarka deegaanka ee mashaariicda kaabayaasha federaalka, wuxuuna balaariyay meelaha la oggol yahay ee qodista iyo soo saarista kheyraadka, sida oggolaanshaha qodista Qaxootiga Arctic . Trump wuxuu burburiyay xeerarkii federaalka ee caafimaadka, shaqada, deegaanka, iyo meelo kale, oo ay ku jiraan sharci baabi'iyay xeerkii xilligii Obama ee xaddidayay iibinta hubka dadka maskaxda ka xanuunsan. Inta lagu jiro lixdii toddobaad ee ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska, wuxuu dib u dhigay, hakiyay, ama beddelay sagaashan xeer federaal ah, inta badan "kadib codsiyo ka yimid warshadaha nidaamsan". Machadka Daacadnimada Siyaasadda wuxuu ogaaday in 78 boqolkiiba soo jeedintiisa ay xannibeen maxkamadaha ama aysan ka adkaan dacwadda. Intii lagu guda jiray ololihiisa, Trump wuxuu wacad ku maray inuu baabi'in doono oo uu bedeli doono Sharciga Daryeelka La awoodi karo . Xafiiska, waxa uu hoos u dhigay fulinta sharciga iyada oo loo marayo amarada fulinta. Wuxuu muujiyay rabitaan ah inuu "u oggolaado Obamacare inuu guuldareysto"; maamulkiisu waxa uu kala badh ka dhimay xilliga is-diiwaangelinta waxana uu si weyn u dhimay dhaqaalihii loogu talo galay dhiirrigelinta diiwaangelinta. Bishii Juun 2018, maamulka Trump wuxuu ku biiray 18 dawladood oo Jamhuurigu hoggaamiyo oo ku doodaya ka hor Maxkamadda Sare in baabi'inta ganaaxyada maaliyadeed ee la xidhiidha waajibaadka shakhsi ahaaneed ay ka dhigtay sharciga mid dastuuri ah. Codsigoodu wuxuu baabi'in lahaa caymiska caafimaadka ilaa 23 milyan oo Maraykan ah, laakiin kuma guulaysan. Intii lagu jiray ololihii 2016, Trump wuxuu ballan qaaday inuu ilaalin doono maalgelinta Medicare iyo barnaamijyada kale ee badbaadada bulshada. Janaayo 2020, wuxuu muujiyay rabitaanka inuu tixgeliyo dhimista iyaga. Isagoo ka jawaabaya cudurka faafa ee opioid , Trump wuxuu saxiixay sharci sanadka 2018 si loo kordhiyo maalgelinta daawaynta daroogada, laakiin waxaa si weyn loogu dhaleeceeyay inuu ku guuldareystay inuu sameeyo istiraatiijiyad la taaban karo. Wuxuu ka mamnuucay hay'adaha bixiya ilmo iska soo rididda ama u gudbinta ilmo soo rididda inay helaan lacagaha federaalka. Waxa uu sheegay in uu taageeray "guurka dhaqameed", laakiin wuxuu tixgeliyey sharcinimada waddanka oo dhan ee guurka isku jinsiga ah "la degay". Maamulkiisu waxa uu dib u rogay qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah ilaalinta goobta shaqada ee maamulka Obama ee ka dhanka ah takoorka dadka LGBTQ .Isku daygiisii ​​isku daygiisii ​​ee ilaalinta takoorka ee bukaannada transgender- ka bishii Agoosto 2020 waxaa joojiyay garsoore federaal ah ka dib markii ay xukuntay Maxkamadda Sare ay kordhisay ilaalinta xuquuqda madaniga ah ee shaqaalaha aqoonsiga jinsiga iyo jihada galmada. Trump waxa uu sheegay in uu ka soo horjeedo xakamaynta hubka , in kasta oo ay aragtidiisu is beddeshay muddo ka dib. Maamulkiisu waxa uu qaatay mawqif ka dhan ah marijuana , isaga oo burinaya siyaasadihii xilligii Obama ee ilaalin jiray dawladaha sharciyeeyay marijuana. Waa u doode muddo dheer ah ee ciqaabta dilka ah, iyo maamulkiisu wuxuu kormeeray dawladda federaalka ah ee fulinta 13 maxbuus, in ka badan 56 sano ee hore marka la isku daro, oo soo afjaraya 17 sano oo joojin ah. Sannadkii 2016, wuxuu sheegay inuu taageersan yahay isticmaalka hababka jirdilka su'aalaha "jahannamo aad uga xun kan biyaha-qaadista . ===Xiriirka jinsiyadeed=== Faallooyinka Trump ee 2017 Mideynta Dibad-baxa Xaqa ah , oo cambaareeyay "bandhiggan foosha xun ee nacaybka, nacaybka iyo rabshadaha dhinacyo badan" oo sheegaya in ay jiraan "dad aad u fiican oo labada dhinac ah", ayaa lagu dhaleeceeyay inay muujinayaan u dhigma akhlaaqda u dhexeeya dibad-baxayaasha sare-sare ee cadaanka ah iyo mudaaharaadayaasha. Bishii Janaayo 2018 dood ku saabsan sharciga socdaalka, waxaa la sheegay inuu u tixraacay El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, iyo wadamada Afrika sida "wadamada shithole". Hadaladiisa waxaa lagu cambaareeyay cunsurinimo. [[File:President_Trump_Visits_St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church_(49964153176).jpg|Iyadoo koox saraakiil iyo la-taliyeyaal ah ay ka soo lugeeyeen Aqalka Cad kuna sii jeeday Kaniisadda St.]] Bishii Luulyo 2019, Trump ayaa bartiisa twitterka ku soo qoray in afar haween ah oo ka tirsan Kongareeska Dimuqraadiga—dhammaan dadka laga tirada badan yahay, oo seddex ka mid ah ay u dhasheen Mareykanka - ay tahay inay " ku laabtaan " dalalkii ay "ka yimaadeen".Laba maalmood ka dib Golaha Wakiiladu waxay u codeeyeen 240-187, inta badan iyagoo raacaya xisbiyada, si ay u cambaareeyaan "faallooyinka cunsuriyadda". Daabacaada wadani ee cadaanka ah iyo warbaahinta bulshada ayaa amaanay hadaladiisa, kuwaas oo sii socday maalmaha soo socda. Waxa uu sii waday hadallo la mid ah intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​2020. Bishii Juun 2020, intii lagu jiray mudaaharaadyadii George Floyd , saraakiisha fulinta sharciga federaalku waxay isticmaaleen sunta dadka ka ilmeysiisa iyo tabaha kale ee dadka si ay uga saaraan dad badan oo nabdoon oo mudaaharaadayaal sharci ah fagaaraha Lafayette , bannaanka Aqalka Cad . Trump ayaa markaa la soo baxay Kitaabka Quduuska ah si uu sawir uga qaado Kaniisadda Episcopal St. Hogaamiyeyaal ciidan oo badan oo shaqada ka fadhiistay iyo saraakiisha difaaca ayaa cambaareeyay soo jeedintiisa ah in uu isticmaalo millatariga Maraykanka mudaharaadayaasha ka soo horjeeda bilayska. ===Cafisyada iyo isdhaafsiga=== Muddadii ugu horreysay ee uu Trump xilka hayay, waxa uu oggolaaday 237 codsi oo naxariis ah, taas oo ka yar dhammaan madaxweynayaashii tan iyo 1900-kii marka laga reebo George HW Bush iyo George W. Bush . Keliya 25 iyaga ka mid ah ayaa waxaa shaandheeyay Xafiiska Waaxda Caddaaladda ee Xafiiska Qareenka Cafiska ; kuwa kale waxaa la siiyay dadka xiriirka shakhsi ahaaneed ama siyaasadeed ee isaga, qoyskiisa, iyo xulafadiisa, ama ay ku taliyaan dadka caanka ah. Maalintii ugu dambaysay ee uu xafiiska joogay, waxa uu ogolaaday 73 cafis waxana uu ka khafiifiyay 70 xukun. Dhawr xulafada Trump ah uma qalmin cafis marka loo eego xeerarka Waaxda Caddaaladda, iyo xaalado kale waaxdu waxay ka soo horjeedsatay naxariista. Cafiskii saddex xubnood oo ka tirsan ciidanka milatariga oo lagu helay ama lagu soo oogay dambiyo rabshado wata ayaa waxaa ka soo horjeestay hogaamiyayaasha ciidamada. ===Socdaalka=== [[File:Donald_Trump_visits_San_Diego_border_wall_prototypes.jpg|thumb|Baarista tusaalaha darbiga xadka ee Otay Mesa, California]] Madaxweyne ahaan, Trump wuxuu ku tilmaamay socdaalka sharci darrada ah inuu yahay "duulaanka" Maraykanka oo uu si weyn u kordhiyay fulinta socdaalka. Wuxuu hirgeliyay siyaasado adag oo ka dhan ah magangalyo-doonka wuxuuna u daabulay ku dhawaad ​​6,000 oo askari xadka US-Mexico si ay u joojiyaan isgoysyada sharci darrada ah. Waxa uu hoos u dhigay tirada qaxootiga loo ogolaaday in ay diiwaan gashadaan, laga bilaabo xadka sanadlaha ah ee 110,000 ka hor inta uusan xafiiska la wareegin 15,000 ee 2021 . Mid ka mid ah ballamihiisii ​​ololaha dhexe waxa ay ahayd in uu derbi ka dhisayo xudduudda US-Mexico ; intii lagu jiray xilligiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, Maraykanku wuxuu dhisay 73 mayl (117 km) oo derbi ah meelaha aan lahayn caqabadaha iyo 365 mayl (587 km) si uu u beddelo caqabadaha hore. 2018, diidmada Trump ee ah in uu saxeexo kharash kasta oo kharash ah ilaa ay u qoondaysay maalgelinta darbiga xuduudka waxay keentay xidhidhkii ugu dheeraa abid ee dawladda dhexe , muddo 35 maalmood ah laga bilaabo Disembar 2018 ilaa Janaayo 2019. Si looga fogaado xidhitaan kale, Koongarasku waxa uu soo saaray biil dhaqaale oo dhan $1.4 bilyan oo loogu talagalay dayrarka xuduudaha bishii Febraayo. Trump ayaa markii dambe ku dhawaaqay xaalad degdeg ah oo heer qaran ah oo ku taal xudduudda koonfureed si uu u leexiyo $ 6.1 bilyan oo maalgelin ah derbiga xudduudaha inkastoo congress-ka is khilaafeen. Bishii Janaayo 2017, Trump wuxuu saxiixay amar fulin oo u diidaya inay soo galaan muwaadiniinta lix waddan oo Muslimiin u badan afar bilood iyo inay ka yimaadaan Suuriya si aan xad lahayn. Amarka ayaa sababay mudaaharaadyo badan iyo caqabado sharci taasoo keentay amarro dalka oo dhan ah . Amarka dib loo eegay oo bixiya qaar ka reeban ayaa sidoo kale xannibay maxkamadaha, laakiin Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay bishii Juun in mamnuucida la fulin karo kuwa ka maqan " xidhiidh daacad ah oo lala yeesho qof ama hay'ad" gudaha Maraykanka saraakiil, laakiin waxay ka saareen Ciraaq iyo Suudaan. Maxkamadda Sare waxay ogolaatay in noocaas uu dhaqan galo Diseembar 2017, oo ugu dambeyntii taageertay xayiraadda 2019. Laga soo bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2018, maamulka Trump wuxuu lahaa siyaasad kala qaybsanaan qoys oo kala saaray in ka badan 4,400 carruurta soogalootiga sharci darrada ah ee waalidkood, 2 ee Maraykanka . Siyaasad aan hore loo arag. ayaa dalka ka dhalisay cadho dadweyne. Inkasta oo Trump uu markii hore eedaynayay Dimuqraadiyiinta oo uu ku adkaystay inuusan joojin karin siyaasadda amarka fulinta, wuxuu aqbalay cadaadiska dadweynaha bishii Juun 2018 wuxuuna amray in qoysaska soogalootiga sharci-darrada ah la wada xiro haddii aysan "ay jirin walaac" khatarta ilmaha. Garsooraha ayaa markii dambe amar ku bixiyay in qoysaska la isu keeno oo kala fogaansho dheeraad ah la joojiyo marka laga reebo xaalado xaddidan, inkastoo in ka badan 1,000 carruur dheeraad ah laga soocay qoysaskooda amarka ka dib. ===Siyaasada Arimaha Dibada=== [[File:-G7Biarritz_(48616362963).jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyayaasha G7 ayaa shir madaxeedka 45-aad ee Fransiiska, 2019]] Trump wuxuu isku tilmaamay inuu yahay "qaraniyad" iyo siyaasadiisa arrimaha dibadda " Ameerika 1aad ". Waxa uu taageeray dawladihii populist , neo-nationalist , iyo dawlado kali-talis ah. Saadalin la'aan, hubanti la'aan, iyo iswaafaqla'aan ayaa lagu gartaa xiriirka dibadda intii uu xilka hayay. Xidhiidhka u dhexeeya Maraykanka iyo xulafadiisa reer Yurub waxa uu ahaa mid xun intii uu Trump joogay. Wuxuu dhaleeceeyay xulafada NATO wuxuuna si gaar ah u soo jeediyay in Maraykanku ka baxo NATO . Trump wuxuu taageeray siyaasado badan oo ka mid ah siyaasadaha ra'iisul wasaaraha Israel Benjamin Netanyahu . Sannadkii 2020, Trump waxa uu martigeliyay saxeexa heshiiskii Abraham ee u dhexeeyay Israa’iil iyo Imaaraadka Carabta iyo Baxrayn si ay caadi uga dhigaan xidhiidhkooda dibadda. [[File:President_Trump_%26_the_First_Lady%27s_Trip_to_Europe_(42547210635).jpg|thumb|Isagoo gacan qaadaya madaxweynaha [[Ruushka]] Vladimir Putin intii lagu jiray shirkii 2018 ee Helsinki , [[Finland]]]] Trump ayaa dagaal ganacsi la bilaabay Shiinaha 2018 ka dib markii uu ku soo rogay canshuuro iyo caqabado kale oo ganacsi oo uu sheegay in ay ku qasbi doonto Shiinaha in ay soo afjarto ku dhaqanka ganacsiga cadaalad darada ah ee mudada dheer soo jiray iyo ku xadgudubka hantida garaadka . Trump waxa uu wiiqay cunaqabatayntii ugu adkeyd ee uu Maraykanku soo rogay ka dib markii 2014 uu Ruushku la wareegay Kiirymiia . Trump wuu ammaanay oo, sida ay sheegeen qaar ka mid ah dadka dhaleeceeyay, dhif ayuu u dhaleeceeyay madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin , inkasta oo uu ka soo horjeestay tallaabooyinka qaar ee dawladda Ruushka. Waxa uu Maraykanka ka saaray heshiiska dhex-dhexaadka ah ee ciidamada Nukliyeerka , isaga oo u cuskanaya in Ruushku aanu u hoggaansamin, oo uu taageeray suurtagalnimada in Ruushku ku soo laabto G7 . Iyada oo hubka Nukliyeerka ee Waqooyiga Kuuriya loo arkayay khatar halis ah, Trump wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Maraykan ah ee la kulma hoggaamiyaha Kuuriyada Waqooyi, oo la kulmay Kim Jong Un saddex jeer : Singapore bishii Juun 2018, Hanoi bishii Febraayo 2019, iyo Aagga Dillatari ee Kuuriya ee Juun 2019 ===Shaqaale=== Dhammaadkii sannadkii ugu horreeyay ee Trump xafiiska, 34 boqolkiiba shaqaalahiisa asalka ah waa ay iska casileen, shaqada laga eryay, ama waa la bedelay. Ilaa Luulyo 2018, 61 boqolkiiba kaaliyeyaashiisa sare ayaa ka tagay iyo shaqaalaha 141 ayaa ka tagay sannadkii hore. Labada tiroba waxay dhigayaan rikoodh madaxweynayaashii dhawaa. Kaaliyeyaasha gaarka ah ee u dhow Trump ayaa shaqada ka tagay ama lagu qasbay. Waxa uu si cad u bahdilay dhowr ka mid ah saraakiishiisii ​​ugu sarraysay. Trump wuxuu lahaa afar madax oo ka tirsan Aqalka Cad , isaga oo fogeynaya ama riixaya dhowr. Bishii Maajo 2017, wuxuu shaqada ka eryay agaasimihii FBI James Comey , isagoo sheegay maalmo ka dib inuu ka walaacsan yahay doorka Comey ee baaritaannada Trump iyo Ruushka. Saddex ka mid ah 15-kii xubnood ee asalka ahaa ee Trump ayaa baxay ama lagu qasbay inay is casilaan sannadkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay. Trump wuu ka gaabiyay inuu magacaabo saraakiisha heerka labaad ee waaxda fulinta, isagoo sheegay in jagooyin badan oo aan loo baahnayn. Bishii Oktoobar 2017, waxaa jiray boqollaal jagooyin hoosaadyo ah oo aan la magacaabin. Ilaa Janaayo 8, 2019, ee 706 jagooyin muhiim ah, 433 ayaa la buuxiyay mana uusan u magacaabin 264. ===Garsoorka=== Trump ayaa magacaabay 226 garsoore oo heer federaal ah , oo ay ku jiraan 54 ka mid ah maxkamadaha rafcaanka iyo saddex ka mid ah maxkamadda sare : Neil Gorsuch , Brett Kavanaugh , iyo Amy Coney Barrett . Magacaabistiisa Maxkamadda Sare waxay siyaasad ahaan u wareejisay Maxkamadda dhinaca midig. Ololihii 2016, wuxuu ballan qaaday in Roe v. Wade la rogi doono "si toos ah" haddii isaga la doorto oo la siiyo fursad uu ku magacaabo laba ama saddex garsoorayaasha ka hortagga ilmo soo rididda. Ka dib waxa uu qaatay sumcad markii Roe uu afgembiyay Dobbs v. Jackson Ururka Caafimaadka Haweenka 2022; Dhammaan saddexdii xubnood ee uu soo magacaabay Maxkamadda Sare waxay ku codeeyeen aqlabiyadda. Trump wuxuu quudhsaday maxkamadaha iyo garsoorayaasha uu ku khilaafay, inta badan qaab shakhsiyeed, wuxuuna su'aal galiyay awoodda dastuuriga ah ee garsoorka. Weerradiisa uu ku qaaday maxkamadaha ayaa waxaa ka dhashay canaan ka timid goobjoogayaasha, oo ay ku jiraan garsoorayaal heer federaal ah oo fadhiyey, kuwaas oo ka walaacsanaa saamaynta hadalladiisu ku yeelan karaan madaxbannaanida garsoorka iyo kalsoonida shacabku ku qabaan garsoorka. ===Cudurka caalamiga ah covid-19=== [[File:White_House_Press_Briefing_(49666120807).jpg|thumb|Qabashada war-saxaafadeed COVID-19 ah oo lala yeelanayo xubnaha Aqalka Cad ee Hawl-galka Coronavirus Maarso 15, 2020]] Trump ayaa markii hore iska dhaga tiray digniinaha caafimaadka bulshada iyo baaqyada ah in tallaabo laga qaado saraakiisha caafimaadka ee maamulkiisa. Trump wuxuu aasaasay Ciidanka Aqalka Cad ee Coronavirus bishii Janaayo 29. Bishii Maarso 27, wuxuu saxiixay sharciga CARES Act - $ 2.2 trillion biilka kicinta dhaqaalaha laba geesoodka ah - kicinta ugu weyn taariikhda Mareykanka. Ka dib toddobaadyo weeraro ah si ay uga fogaato jawaabtiisa gaabis ah, Trump wuxuu joojiyay maalgelinta Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka bishii Abriil. Bishii Abriil 2020, kooxaha ku xiran Jamhuuriga ayaa abaabulay mudaaharaadyo ka dhan ah qufulka oo looga soo horjeedo tallaabooyinka ay dowladaha gobolladu qaadayeen si ay ula dagaallamaan masiibada; Trump ayaa ku dhiirigeliyay mudaaharaadyada Twitter-ka , in kasta oo dawladaha la beegsaday aysan la kulmin tilmaamaha maamulkiisa ee dib u furitaanka. Wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u cadaadiyay hay'adaha caafimaadka federaalka inay qaadaan tallaabooyin uu doorbiday, sida oggolaanshaha daaweynta aan la xaqiijin. Bishii Oktoobar, Trump waxa la dhigay cusbitaalka Xarunta Caafimaadka Qaranka ee Walter Reed muddo saddex maalmood ah iyada oo uu jiro kiis daran oo ah COVID-19 ===Baaritaanada=== Ka dib markii uu la wareegay xafiiska, Trump wuxuu ahaa mawduuca kordhinta Waaxda Caddaaladda iyo kormeerka Kongareeska, iyada oo la baarayo ololihiisa doorashada, kala-guurka, iyo caleema saarka, tallaabooyinkii la qaaday intii uu madaxweynaha ahaa, ganacsigiisa gaarka ah , canshuuraha shakhsi ahaaneed, iyo aasaaska samafalka . Waxaa jiray toban baaritaan dembi oo federaal ah, siddeed gobol iyo baaritaanno maxalli ah, iyo laba iyo toban baaritaan oo kongareeska ah. Bishii Luulyo 2016, FBI waxay bilawday duufaanta Crossfire , baaritaan ku saabsan xiriirka suurtagalka ah ee ka dhexeeya Ruushka iyo ololaha Trump ee 2016. Kadib markii Trump uu shaqada ka eryay Comey bishii Maajo 2017, FBI-da ayaa furtay baaritaan labaad oo ku saabsan xiriirkii shakhsi ahaaneed iyo ganacsi ee Trump uu la yeeshay Ruushka . Bishii Janaayo 2017, saddex hay'adood oo sirdoon oo Mareykan ah ayaa si wadajir ah u sheegay "kalsooni sare" in Ruushku uu farageliyay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2016 si uu ugu xagliyo Trump. Shaki badan xidhiidho ka dhexeeya saaxiibada Trump iyo saraakiisha Ruushka ayaa la ogaaday. Trump ayaa u sheegay saraakiisha Ruushka inuusan ka walaacsanayn faragelinta Ruushka ee doorashada. Duufaanta isdhaafsiga ah ayaa markii dambe loo wareejiyay baaritaanka qareenka gaarka ah ee Robert Mueller ; Baaritaanka ku saabsan xiriirka Trump iyo Ruushka waxaa soo afjaray ku xigeenka xeer ilaaliyaha guud Rod Rosenstein ka dib markii uu u sheegay FBI in Mueller uu sii wadi doono arrinta. Codsiga Rosenstein, baaritaanka Mueller wuxuu baaray arrimaha dambiyada "ee la xiriira faragelinta doorashada 2016 ee Ruushka". Mueller ayaa soo gudbiyay warbixintiisii ​​u dambaysay bishii March 2019. Warbixintu waxay ogaatay in Ruushku uu farageliyay 2016 si uu ugu xagliyo Trump iyo in Trump iyo ololihiisii ​​ay soo dhaweeyeen oo ay dhiiri galiyeen dadaalka, laakiin caddaynta "ma aysan xaqiijin" in Ruushka ama xubnaha ololaha Trump ay abaabuleen. Trump waxa uu ku andacooday in warbixintaasi ay ka saartay isaga in kasta oo Mueller uu qoray in aanay taasi dhicin. Warbixintu waxay sidoo kale faahfaahisay carqaladaynta suurtagalka ah ee caddaaladda ee Trump, laakiin "ma aysan soo saarin gabagabada kama dambaysta ah" oo ka tagtay go'aanka lagu soo oogay sharciyada Congress-ka. Bishii Abriil 2019, Guddiga Kormeerka ee Aqalka ayaa soo saaray amar maxkamadeed oo ay ku raadinayaan faahfaahin maaliyadeed bangiyada Trump, Deutsche Bank iyo Capital One , iyo shirkaddiisa xisaabaadka, Mazars USA . Wuxuu dacweeyay bangiyada, Mazars, iyo guddoomiyaha guddiga Elijah Cummings si looga hortago in la shaaciyo. Bishii Maajo, laba garsoore ayaa xukuntay in Mazars iyo bangiyada labadaba ay tahay inay u hoggaansamaan amar-qaadista; . Qareennada Trump ayaa racfaan ka qaatay. Bishii Sebtembar 2022, Trump iyo guddiga ayaa ku heshiiyey heshiis ku saabsan Mazars, shirkadduna waxay bilowday inay wareejiso dukumentiyada. ===Eedaynta=== [[File:President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_(49498772251).jpg|thumb|Soo bandhigida cinwaanka "Trump waa la sii daayay" 2020]] Trump waxaa laba jeer xilka ka xayuubiyey aqalka kongress-ka, in kastoo aqalka senate-ka ay labada jeerba dambi ku soo oogeen. Xil ka qaadistii ugu horeysay ayaa ka dhalatay cabasho sir ah oo [[Bilaha]] [[Luuliyo]] 2019 Trump ku cadaadiyay madaxweynaha [[Yukrayn]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] inuu baadho Joe iyo Hunter [[Biden]], isagoo isku dayaya inuu faa'iido ka helo doorashada madaxtinimada ee 2020 . Bishii [[Disembar]] 2019, aqalku wuxuu u codeeyay in Trump lagu soo oogo ku takri fal awoodeed iyo carqaladeyn Kongress-ka , iyo Senatka ayaa dambi ku waayay [[Febraayo]] 2020. Xil ka qaadista labaad ayaa timid ka dib weerarkii 6-dii Janaayo ee Capitol, kaas oo aqalku uu Trump ku soo oogay in uu kiciyay kacdoon 13-kii Janaayo 2021. Trump ayaa xafiiska ka tagay 20-kii Janaayo, waxaana lagu sii daayay Febraayo 13. Todobo senate oo Jamhuuriya ayaa u codeeyay xukun. ===2020 doorashada madaxweynaha=== Trump wuxuu xareeyay inuu u tartamo dib-u-doorashada saacado yar uun ka dib markii uu noqday madaxweynaha 2017. Waxa uu qabtay isu soo baxkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee dib-u-doorashada wax ka yar bil ka dib markii uu xafiiska qabtay wuxuuna si rasmi ah u noqday musharraxa xisbiga Jamhuuriga Agoosto 2020. Ololaha Trump wuxuu diiradda saaray dambiyada, isagoo ku andacoonaya in magaalooyinka ay hoos ugu dhici doonaan sharci-darro haddii Dimuqraadigu ku guuleysto doorashada. Wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u beeniyey boosaska Biden wuxuuna ka codsaday cunsuriyadda. Laga bilaabo horraantii 2020, Trump wuxuu abuuray shaki ku saabsan doorashada, isagoo ku andacoonaya caddayn la'aan in la musuqmaasuqi doono iyo in isticmaalka baahsan ee waraaqaha waraaqaha ay soo saari doonto khiyaamo doorasho oo ballaaran. Wuxuu xannibay maalgelinta Adeegga Boostada Mareykanka , isagoo sheegay inuu doonayo inuu ka hortago koror kasta oo ku yimaada codbixinta boostada. Wuxuu ku celceliyay inuu diiday inuu sheego inuu aqbali doono natiijada haddii laga guulaysto oo uu ballan qaado in si nabad ah xukunka loogu kala wareejiyo . ===Luminta Biden iyo diidmada natiijada=== Biden wuxuu ku guuleystay doorashadii November 2020, isagoo helay 81.3 milyan cod (51.3 boqolkiiba) Trump's 74.2 milyan (46.8 boqolkiiba ) iyo 306 codadka doorashada ee Trump 's 232 . subaxa ka dib doorashada. Maalmo ka dib, markii Biden la saadaaliyay in uu guulaysanayo, Trump waxa uu si aan sal iyo raad toona lahayn u eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa doorashada. Iyadoo qayb ka ah dadaalka lagu doonayo in lagu baabi'iyo natiijada , Trump iyo xulafadiisa ayaa gudbiyay dacwado badan oo ka dhan ah natiijooyinka , kuwaas oo ay diideen ugu yaraan 86 garsoore oo ka tirsan maxkamadaha gobolka iyo federaalka labadaba iyagoo aan lahayn wax xaqiiqo ah ama sharci ah. Eedeymaha Trump waxaa sidoo kale beeniyay saraakiisha doorashada ee gobolka, Maxkamadda Sare ayaa diiday in ay dhageysato kiis lagu codsanayo in la baabi'iyo natiijada afar gobol oo uu ku guuleystay Biden. Trump wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u raadsaday caawimo si uu u rogo natiijooyinka, isaga oo shakhsi ahaan cadaadis saaraya Jamhuuriga maxalliga ah iyo kuwa haya xafiisyada gobolka, Sharci-dejiyaha Jamhuuriga, Waaxda Caddaaladda, iyo Madaxweyne Ku-Xigeenka Pence, oo ku boorriyay ficillada sida beddelka cod-bixiyeyaasha madaxweynaha , ama in saraakiisha Georgia ay ku dhawaaqeen natiijada "dhammaan" Toddobaadyadii doorashada ka dib, Trump wuu ka baxay hawlihii guud. Waxa uu markii hore ka horjoogsaday saraakiisha dawladda in ay la shaqeeyaan Biden ee ku-meel-gaadhka madaxweynenimada . Saddex toddobaad ka dib, maamulaha Maamulka Adeegyada Guud wuxuu ku dhawaaqay Biden "guuleeyaha muuqda" ee doorashada, isaga oo u oggolaanaya bixinta agabka kala-guurka kooxdiisa. Inkastoo Trump uu sheegay in uu ku taliyay in GSA ay bilowdo hab-maamuuska kala-guurka, weli si rasmi ah uma uusan aqbalin. Trump kama uusan qeybgalin xafladdii Biden ee Janaayo 20. ===Janaayo 6-dii weerarkii Capitol=== Bishii Disembar 2020, waxaa soo baxay warbixino sheegaya in hoggaamiyeyaasha millatariga Mareykanka ay heegan sare ku jireen, saraakiisha darajo sarena ay ka wada hadleen waxa la sameeyo haddii Trump uu ku dhawaaqo sharciga dagaalka . Agaasimaha CIA Gina Haspel iyo General General Mark Milley , oo ah gudoomiyaha Taliyaasha Wadajirka ah ee Shaqaalaha , ayaa ka walaacsanaa in Trump uu isku dayo inqilaab ama tallaabo militari oo ka dhan ah Shiinaha ama Iran. Milley wuxuu ku adkaystay in lagala tashado amar kasta oo militari oo ka yimaada Trump, oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka hubka nukliyeerka. [[File:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_(50820534063)_(retouched).jpg|thumb|Dadweyne taageersan Trump intii uu weerarka socday]] Duhurnimadii Janaayo 6, 2021, iyadoo Congress-ka uu caddaynayay natiijada doorashada madaxtinimada ee Capitol US , Trump wuxuu ku qabtay isu soo bax ka dhacay Ellipse oo u dhow . Isagoo ka hadlayay gadaasha muraayad dhalo ah, wuxuu ku baaqay in doorashada la rogo wuxuuna ku booriyay taageerayaashiisa inay "la dagaalamaan sida cadaabta" oo "ay dib u soo ceshadaan waddankeena" iyagoo u socda Capitol. Taageerayaashiisa ayaa markaa sameeyay koox koox ah oo jebisay dhismaha , carqaladeeyay shahaadada waxayna sababtay daad-gureynta Congress-kaaIintii lagu guda jiray weerarka, Trump wuxuu ku dhajiyay baraha bulshada laakiin ma uusan weydiisan rabshado inay kala firdhiyaan. Qoraal uu soo dhigay bartiisa Twitter -ka 6-dii maqribnimo ayuu u sheegay in ay “Guryaha ku tagaan jacayl & nabad”, waxa uu ugu yeeray “wadani-weyn”, waxa uuna ku celiyay in uu ku guuleystay doorashada. Koongarasku mar dambe ayaa dib loo furay oo xaqiijiyay guushii Biden saacadihii hore ee Janaayo 7. In ka badan 140 booliis ah ayaa ku dhaawacmay, shan qofna way dhinteen intii uu socday ama ka dib weerarka. Dhacdadan ayaa lagu tilmaamay isku day afgambi oo uu sameeyay Trump. ==Inta u dhaxaysa madaxweynayaasha (2021-2025)== Markii uu ka tagay Aqalka Cad, Trump waxa uu bilaabay in uu ku noolaado Mar-a-Lago, isaga oo xafiis ka samaystay halkaas sida uu dhigayo sharciga madaxweynayaashii hore . Sheegashadiisa beenta ah ee sii socota ee ku saabsan doorashada 2020 waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeraa " beenta weyn " ee uu dhaleeceeyay, inkastoo May 2021, isaga iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa ay bilaabeen isticmaalka ereyga si ay u tixraacaan doorashada lafteeda. Xisbiga Jamhuurigu wuxuu u adeegsaday sheegashadiisa beenta ah ee ku saabsan doorashada si uu ugu caddeeyo soo rogida xannibaadaha codbixinta cusub ee ay ku jirto. Wuxuu sii waday inuu ku cadaadiyo sharci-dejiyeyaasha gobolka inay joojiyaan doorashada. Si ka duwan madaxweynayaashii hore ee kale, Trump wuxuu sii waday inuu xukumo xisbigiisa; profile 2022 ee New York Times ayaa ku tilmaamay inuu yahay madaxa xisbiga casriga ah . Waxa uu sii waday lacag ururinta, isaga oo kor u qaaday xabad dagaal oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan laba jeer xisbiga Jamhuuriga, oo uu ka faa'iidaystay lacag ururinta musharaxiin badan oo Jamhuuri ah oo lagu qabtay Mar-a-Lago. Inta badan waxa uu diiradda saaray maamulka xisbiga iyo in uu xilal muhiim ah ka dhigo saraakiil isaga daacad u ah. Doorashadii xilliga dhexe ee 2022 , wuxuu taageeray in ka badan 200 oo musharraxiin ah oo u tartamaya xafiisyo kala duwan. Bishii Febraayo 2021, wuxuu diiwaangeliyay shirkad cusub, Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), si ay u siiso "adeegyada isku xirka bulshada" macaamiisha Mareykanka. Bishii Maarso 2024, TMTG waxay ku biirtay shirkad soo iibsata ujeedo gaar ah oo Digital World Acquisition waxayna noqotay shirkad dadweyne . Bishii Febraayo 2022, TMTG waxay bilowday Truth Social , oo ah madal warbaahinta bulshada ah. ===Arrimaha sharciga=== Sannadkii 2019-kii, wariye E. Jean Carroll ayaa ku eedeeyay Trump inuu kufsaday 1990-meeyadii, wuxuuna ku dacweeyay sumcad-dil uu u geystay diidmadiisa. Carroll ayaa mar kale dacweeyay 2022 batari iyo sumcad dil dheeraad ah. Waxaa lagu helay inuu mas'uul ka yahay xadgudub galmo iyo sumcad dil waxaana lagu xukumay inuu bixiyo $ 5 milyan hal kiis iyo $ 83.3 milyan kan kale. Maxkamadaha rafcaanka federaalku waxay taageereen natiijooyinkii iyo abaal-marintii Diseembar 2024 iyo Sebtembar 2025, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sannadkii 2022, New York waxay soo gudbisay dacwad madani ah oo ka dhan ah Trump iyada oo ku eedaysay inuu sare u qaaday qiimaha Ururka Trump si uu faa'iido uga helo bixiyeyaasha iyo bangiyada. Waxaa lagu helay inuu mas'uul ka yahay waxaana lagu xukumay inuu bixiyo ku dhawaad ​​$355 milyan oo lagu daray dulsaar. Bishii Agoosto 2025, maxkamadda rafcaanku waxay taageertay mas'uuliyadda Trump iyo ganaaxyada aan lacagta ahayn laakiin waxay meesha ka saartay ciqaabta lacageed oo xad dhaaf ah [[File:Classified_intelligence_material_found_during_search_of_Mar-a-Lago.jpg|thumb|Walax sirdoon oo sir ah ayaa la helay intii lagu jiray raadinta Mar-a-Lago]] Iyada oo la xidhiidha dadaalka Trump ee uu ku doonayo in uu ku joojiyo doorashada 2020 iyo ku lug lahaanshaha weerarkii January 6, December 2022 guddiga Aqalka Maraykanka ee weerarka ayaa soo jeediyay eedeymaha dambiyada ka dhanka ah isaga oo hor istaagay dacwad rasmi ah , shirqool lagu khiyaameeyay Maraykanka , iyo kicinta ama caawinta kacdoonka. Bishii Agoosto 2023, xeerbeegti weyn oo ku taal Fulton County, Georgia , ayaa ku soo oogtay 13 eedeymo, oo ay ku jiraan racketeering , dadaalkiisa uu ku doonayo inuu ku dumiyo doorashada 2020 ee gobolka. Bishii Janaayo 2022, Maamulka Kaydka iyo Diiwaanka Qaranka ayaa soo saaray 15 sanduuq oo dukumeenti ah oo Trump u qaaday Mar-a-Lago ka dib markii uu ka tagay Aqalka Cad, kuwaas oo qaarkood la sifeeyay. Baaritaankii Waaxda Caddaaladda ee xigay, mas'uuliyiintu waxay ka soo saareen dukumeentiyo sir ah oo badan oo qareenadiisa ah. Agoosto 8, 2022, wakiilada FBI waxay Mar-a-Lago ka baadheen dukumeenti si sharci darro ah loo haysto, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa jebinta sharciga basaasnimada , ururinta 11 dukumeenti qarsoodi ah, qaar sir sare leh. Xeer -beegti heer federaal ah oo uu sameeyay La-taliyaha Gaarka ah Jack Smith ayaa Trump ku soo oogay bishii Juun 2023 31 dacwadood oo ah "si ula kac ah u haynta macluumaadka difaaca qaranka" sida hoos timaada Xeerka Basaasnimada , iyo eedeymo kale. Trump wuu diiday dambiga. Bishii Luulyo 2024, garsoore Aileen Cannon ayaa meesha ka saaray kiiska , xukunka Smith magacaabistiisa xeer ilaaliye gaar ah wuxuu ahaa sharci darro. Bishii Maajo 2024, Trump waxaa lagu xukumay 34 dacwadood oo dembi ah oo ka been sheegay diiwaannada ganacsiga . Kiisku wuxuu ka yimid caddayn ah inuu ballansaday lacag-bixinnada lacagta-ka-soo-baxa ee Michael Cohen ee jilaa filimada qaangaarka ah ee Stormy Daniels sida kharashaadka ganacsiga si uu u daboolo eedeymihiisii ​​2006-2007 ee Daniels intii lagu jiray doorashadii 2016. Janaayo 10, 2025, xaakimku wuxuu siiyay Trump xukun ciqaab la'aan ah oo loo yaqaan siideyn shuruud la'aan ah, isagoo sheegay in shuruudaha ciqaabta ay faragelinayaan xasaanadda madaxweynaha. Ka dib markii dib loo doortay, kiiskii carqaladaynta doorashada 2020 iyo kiiskii dukumeentiyada qarsoodiga ahaa waa la eryay iyada oo aan la eedayn siyaasada Waaxda Cadaaladda ee ka dhanka ah dacwad qaadista madaxweynayaasha. ==2024 doorashada madaxweynaha== Bishii Noofambar 2022, Trump wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu u tartamayo doorashada madaxtinimada ee 2024 wuxuuna abuuray akoon lacag ururin ah. Bishii Maarso 2023, ololuhu wuxuu bilaabay inuu u weeciyo boqolkiiba toban deeqaha hoggaankiisa PAC . Ololihiisu waxa uu bixiyay $100 milyan oo ku wajahan biilasha sharciga ah March 2024. Intii lagu guda jiray ololaha, Trump wuxuu sameeyay hadallo rabshado wata oo isa soo taraya. Waxa uu sheegay in uu hubayn doono FBI-da iyo Waaxda Caddaaladda ee ka soo horjeeda siyaasaddiisa oo uu u adeegsado militariga si uu u beegsado siyaasiyiinta Dimuqraadiga ah iyo kuwa aan taageersanayn musharaxnimadiisa. Wuxuu adeegsaday hadallo ka daran oo bini'aadantinimada ka dhan ah intii uu madaxweynaha ahaa. Hadalkiisa, isaga oo ugu yeeraya mucaaradkiisa siyaasadeed "cadow", cayayaan, iyo faashiistaha, ayaa taariikhyahannada iyo aqoonyahannada qaarkood ku tilmaameen kalitalisnimo, faashiste oo ka duwan wax kasta oo musharax siyaasadeed uu waligiis ku sheegay taariikhda Mareykanka. Da'da iyo welwelka caafimaadka ayaa sidoo kale kacday intii lagu jiray ololaha, iyada oo dhowr khabiiro caafimaad ah ay muujinayaan kororka xamaasada, hadalka jilicsan iyo dabeecadda . Trump wuxuu xusay "doorasho la musuq-maasuqay" iyo "faragelin doorashada" ka hor iyo in ka badan intii lagu jiray ololihii 2016 iyo 2020 wuxuuna diiday inuu ballan qaado inuu aqbalo natiijada doorashada 2024. Falanqeeyayaasha New York Times ayaa ku tilmaamay tan sida xoojinta "madaxyada aan ku guuleysto; dabo aad khiyaamayso" xeeladaha hadal; Wargeysku waxa uu sheegay in sheegashada doorashada lagu shubtay ay noqotay laf dhabarta ololaha. July 13, 2024, Trump ayaa dhegta lagu toogtay isku day dil oo ka dhacay isu soo bax olole oo ka dhacay magaalada Butler Township, Pennsylvania . Laba maalmood ka dib, Shirweynihii Qaranka ee Jamhuuriga ee 2024 ayaa u magacaabay musharaxa madaxweynenimo. Bishii Sebtembar, waa la bartilmaameedsaday laakiin waxba ma gaarin isku day dil oo Florida ka dhacay . Trump wuxuu ku guuleystay doorashadii Noofambar 2024 isagoo helay 312 codadka doorashada madaxweyne ku xigeenka Kamala Harris's 226. Waxa uu sidoo kale ku guuleystay codadka caanka ah 49.8% Harris' 48.3%. Guushiisa 2024 waxay qayb ka ahayd dib-u-dhac caalami ah oo ka dhan ah xisbiyada xilka haya, oo qayb weyn ka ah sicir bararka 2021-2023 . Dhowr xarumood ayaa ku tilmaamay dib u doorashadiisa soo laabasho aan caadi ahayn. ==Madaxweynaha 2aad (2025- hadda)== [[File:Donald_Trump_takes_the_oath_of_office_(2025)_(alternate).jpg|thumb|Dhaarinta xafiiska , waxaa maamula madaxa cadaalada John Roberts , [[Janaayo]] 20, 2025]] Trump wuxuu bilaabay markiisa labaad markii uu xilka qabtay Janaayo 20, 2025. Wuxuu noqday shaqsiga ugu da'da weyn ee qabta xilka madaxtinimo , madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dambi culus lagu soo oogay, iyo qofkii labaad ee laba xilli oo aan isku xigta madaxweyne ka noqdo. Isku daygiisii ​​uu ku doonayay inuu ku balaadhiyo awoodda madaxweynaha iyo iska horimaadyada maxkamadaha ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay sifada qeexaysa xilligiisa labaad. ===Ficilada hore, 2025- hadda=== Markii uu xafiiska la wareegay, Trump waxa uu saxeexay amarro fulineed oo taxane ah . Qaar badan oo kuwan ka mid ah waxay tijaabiyeen awooddiisa sharci, waxayna soo saareen tallaabo sharci oo degdeg ah. Wuxuu soo saaray amaro fulineed ka badan maalintiisii ​​ugu horreysay ee madaxweyne kasta. Afar maalmood oo ka mid ah xilli ciyaareedkiisa labaad, falanqaynta uu sameeyay Time waxay ogaatay in ku dhawaad ​​​​saddex-meelood laba meelood ee ficilladiisa fulinta "muraayada ama qayb ahaan muraayadda" soo jeedinta Mashruuca 2025 . Toddobaadyadiisii ​​ugu horreeyay, dhowr ka mid ah ficilladiisa ayaa iska indhatiray ama ku xad-gudbay sharciyada federaalka, qawaaniinta, iyo Dastuurka sida ay qabaan culimada sharciga ee Mareykanka. Bishii ugu horreysay ee maamulkiisa, Trump wuxuu soo saaray sagaashan amar fulineed, qoraallo, iyo awaamiir. Waxa uu u adeegsaday dawladda si uu u beegsado dadka ka soo horjeeda siyaasadda iyo ficilladiisa ka dhanka ah bulshada rayidka ah ayay khubarada sharciga iyo boqollaal saynisyahano siyaasadeed ku tilmaameen mid keli-talis ah oo gacan ka geysta dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah . Awaamiirtiisa iyo ficilladiisa waxaa ka soo horjeestay in ka badan 300 oo dacwadood oo dalka oo dhan ah, iyada oo intooda badan ay weli u socdaan maxkamadaha July 2. ===Iskahorimaadyada xiisaha, 2025 - hadda=== Madaxtinimadii labaad ee Trump waxaa lagu tilmaamay in uu leeyahay ilaalin yar oo ka dhan ah iskahorimaadyada danaha marka loo eego kii ugu horreeyay, iyo jabinta tobannaan sano oo xeerarka anshaxa. Waxa uu sii waday shirkad si guud looga ganacsado oo ku taal Trump Media & Technology Group , wuxuuna u kala beddelay adeegyo maaliyadeed. Waxa uu daba galay heshiisyo cusub oo hanti ma guurto ah oo dibadda ah oo ay ku lug leeyihiin hay'ado dawladeed oo xidhiidh la leh, waxana uu lahaa dhawr shirkadood oo calaamadayn iyo shati bixin ah oo uu ku iibinayo badeecooyinka sumadda Trump. Waxa uu ka faa'iideystey xafladaha lagu qabto hoteeladiisa iyo koorsooyinkiisa golf-ka, hantidiisana ma gelin kalsooni indho-la'aan ah, sidii madaxweynayaashii hore ay yeeli jireen. Bishii Agoosto 2025, shaacinta qasabka ah ee Trump ee maalgashiga ayaa muujisay in, tan iyo markii uu xafiiska la wareegay, uu sameeyay 690 iibsasho curaarta degmada iyo saamiyada shirkadaha oo wadartoodu ay dhan tahay ugu yaraan $104 milyan. Waxaa ku jiray saamiyada shirkadaha ay saameeyeen isbeddelada uu ku sameeyay siyaasadaha federaalka. Trump waxa uu meesha ka saaray hab-raacii anshaxa ee maamulkii hore iyo fulinta sharciyada mamnuucaya laaluushka iyada oo aan la samayn hab-raacyo anshaxeed oo rasmi ah oo loogu talagalay dadka loo magacaabayo siyaasadda, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah ay la soo galeen maamulkiisa "liiska aan caadiga ahayn ee weyn ee isku dhacyada xiisaha leh". Waxa uu meesha ka saaray eedeymihii musuqmaasuqa ee ka dhanka ahaa siyaasiyiintii xiriirka la lahaa isaga wuxuuna joojiyay dhaqangelinta sharciga mamnuucaya in shirkadaha ka shaqeeya Mareykanka ay laaluushaan dowlado shisheeye. Trump wuxuu bilaabay, dallacsiiyay, oo shakhsi ahaan uga faa'iidaystay laba calaamadood oo cryptocurrency ah ("qadaadiicda meme"), $ Trump iyo $ Melania. Waxa kale oo uu si toos ah uga faa'iidaystay qoyskiisa shirkadda cryptocurrency World Liberty Financial , taas oo ku hawlan isku-dhafka aan horay loo arag ee ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay iyo siyaasadda dawladda. Bishii Luulyo 2025, maamulka Trump wuxuu Qatar ka aqbalay $400 milyan diyaarad qaali ah si uu ugu adeego Air Force One ilaa dhamaadka xilli ciyaareedkiisa labaad ka dibna loo wareejiyo maktabadiisa madaxtooyada. Dib u habeynta sida Air Force One ayaa lagu qiyaasay inay ku kacayso ilaa $1 bilyan. ===Joojinta guud ee shaqaalaha federaalka=== Trump wuxuu ka hirgaliyay shaqo joojinta guud ahaan dowladda federaalka wuxuuna amray in shaqada teleefoonka shaqaalaha federaalka lagu joojiyo 30 maalmood gudahood. Wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in dib u eegis lagu sameeyo jagooyin badan oo shaqaale rayid ah oo xirfadeed iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in dib loogu kala saaro boosaska la rabo iyada oo aan lahayn ilaalin shaqo. Waxa uu bilaabay joojinta shaqada guud ee shaqaalaha federaalka, oo ay ku tilmaameen khabiirada sharciga inay yihiin kuwo aan horay loo arag ama ku xad-gudbay sharciga federaalka, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu beddelo shaqaale si aad ah ula socda ajendihiisa. Dabayaaqadii Febraayo, maamulku waxa uu shaqada ka eryay in ka badan 30,000 oo qof. Si loo fududeeyo joojinta dheeraadka ah, waxay qaadatay tarjumaad sharci oo cusub oo si weyn u ballaarinaysa qaybaha iyo wakaaladaha loo arko inay haystaan ​​​​ammaanka qaranka shaqadooda aasaasiga ah, oo ku dhawaaqaya ururada shaqaalaha federaalka ee kala duwan "cadow". Amarka fulinta dabayaaqadii March ee ku salaysan tarjumaaddan ayaa ka saaray daraasiin waaxyo iyo wakaaladaha barnaamijyada xiriirka maamulka shaqada ee federaalka , taasoo ku kaliftay inay dacweeyaan si ay u buriyaan heshiisyadooda gorgortanka wadareed , kaas oo ka saari kara ilaalinta ururka hal milyan oo shaqaale federaal ah. Wuxuu amar ku bixiyay in la joojiyo kala duwanaanshaha, sinnaanta, iyo ka mid noqoshada (DEI) mashaariicda dawladda federaalka wuxuuna ku meeleeyay shaqaalaha xafiisyada DEI fasax. Waxa uu buriyay Amarka Fulinta ee Lyndon B. Johnson ee 1965 ee 11246 , kaas oo amrayay in qandaraaslayaasha federaalku ay qaadaan tallaabo cad oo lagu joojinayo takoorka jinsiyadeed. Waxtarka Trump iyo Elon Musk 's Department of Government waxay si weyn u burburiyeen dhowr hay'adood oo federaal ah oo ay ku jiraan USAID iyo Waaxda Waxbarashada , iyagoo keli ah shaqada ka eryay dhowr kun oo shaqaale ah, waxayna hoos u dhigtay hawlaha maamulka ilaa ugu yaraan sharci. Ficilada qaar, sida isku dayga lagu burburinayo Xafiiska Ilaalinta Maaliyadeed ee Macmiilka , waxaa hakiyay maxkamadaha federaalka. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ficilladiisu waxay isku dayeen inay keenaan hay'ado madax-bannaan oo taariikhi ah oo hoos yimaada laanta fulinta oo si toos ah u hoos timaada qaabab yar. ===Cafisyada iyo isdhaafsiga, 2025- hadda=== Sida madaxweynanimadiisii ​​ugu horeysay, Trump wuxuu si joogta ah u hareer maray Xafiiska Xeer Ilaaliyaha Cafiska . Waxa uu ku rakibay siyaasad daacad ah Ed Martin kaas oo ku tilmaamay sababta cafis loo bixiyo "Ma jiro MAGA ka tagay". Cafiskii Trump iyo deeqaha naxariista waxay door bideen xulafada siyaasadeed iyo kuwa daacadda u ah, oo si aan loo kala sooc lahayn loo cafiyay "kuwa xoogga badan, caanka ah, si fiican ugu xiran iyo maalqabeenada" ee lagu eedeeyay dambiyada cadaanka ah. Trump waxa uu cafis u fidiyay dhammaan 6-dii January rabshadihii lagu xukumay ama lagu soo oogay maalintiisii ​​ugu horreysay ee xafiiska, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa si xun u weeraray booliiska, isaga oo cafiyay in ka badan 1,500 oo uu cafiyay xukunnada 14. ===Siyaasadda gudaha, 2025- hadda=== Trump wuxuu ka dhaxlay dhaqaale adkeysi leh maamulka Biden, kobaca dhaqaalaha, shaqo la'aanta yar, iyo sicir bararka hoos u dhaca. Waxa uu ku amray wakaaladaha in ay joojiyaan dhaqan gelinta xeerarka aan la jeclayn iyaga oo isku dayaya in si weyn loo xakameeyo taasoo khubarada sharcigu ay ku tilmaameen sharci-darro iyo lid ku ah tobanaan sano ee sharciga federaalka. Waxa uu raadiyay in dawladdu ay maamusho ganacsiyo gaar ah oo uu ka tago dhaqanka suuqa xorta ah ee muxaafidka ah , halkii uu doorbidi lahaa hanti-wadaaga dawladda isaga oo si toos ah u qaadanaya saamiga dawladda ee sinnaanta shirkadaha waaweyn ee Maraykanka. Trump wuxuu joojiyay oo joojiyay deeqihii federaalka wuxuuna sameeyay dhimis ballaaran oo cilmi baaris ah, kuwaas oo dhowr ka mid ah ay heleen garsoorayaasha iyo Xafiiska Xisaabtanka ee Dowladda inay yihiin sharci darro iyo dastuuri. Waxa uu kor u qaaday diidmada isbeddelka cimilada iyo macluumaadka khaldan, oo u magacaabay saliidda, gaasta, iyo kiimikooyinka u ololeeya EPA si ay u beddelaan xeerarka cimilada iyo xakamaynta wasakhowga. Trump wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ku dhawaaqida xaaladaha degdegga ah ee qaranka si uu u caddeeyo boqollaal ficil oo uu ka gudbo ansixinta kongareeska ama dib u eegista sharciga. Tusaale ahaan, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xaalad degdeg ah oo tamarta qaranka ah, taasoo u oggolaanaysa joojinta xeerarka deegaanka, dabcinta sharciyada soo saarista shidaalka iyo xaddididda mashaariicda tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo. Waxa uu bilaabay dib-u-eegis ku saabsan "sharciga iyo sii socoshada ku-dhaqanka" ee raadinta khatarta EPA , taas oo ah saldhigga ugu badan ee xeerarka federaalka ee gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, oo mar kale ka baxay US Heshiiskii Paris ee isbedelka cimilada. Burburinta hay'adaha dawladda ee fulinaya sharciyada ka dhanka ah musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed iyo khiyaanada cad, Trump wuxuu hoos u dhigay Waaxda Caddaaladda ee Waaxda Cadaaladda Dadweynaha 30 ilaa shan qareen, wuxuu shaqada ka eryay 17 kormeerayaal madax -bannaan oo ka tirsan hay'adaha dawladda iyo 12 xubnood oo ka tirsan hay'adaha kormeerka madax-bannaan ee 7 iyo kormeerayaasha Xafiiska FBI-da ee Washington oo baaray eedeymaha musuqmaasuqa iyo musuqmaasuqa ee ka dhanka ah saraakiisha dowladda iyo xubnaha Congress-ka. Wuxuu cafiyay ama laalay eedeymaha ka dhanka ah saraakiisha lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuq. Trump wuxuu u aaneeyay dhibaatooyinka bulshada kala duwanaanshaha, sinnaanta, iyo ka mid noqoshada (DEI) hindisayaasha iyo baraarugga . Isbarbardhigga kala duwanaanshaha iyo karti-darrada, wuxuu beddelay siyaasadihii kala-duwanaanshaha ee dawladda federaalka. Waxa uu damcay in uu dib ugu sameeyo bulshada rayidka ah dookhiisa amarka fulinta. On DEI iyo nacaybka nacaybka, wuxuu u hanjabay hay'adaha dhaqanka iyo lixdan jaamacadood, wuxuuna ku qasbay shirkadaha sharciga inay u hoggaansamaan ajandihiisa siyaasadeed. Trump ayaa balaariyay adeegsiga gudaha ee ciidamada wuxuuna amray in la geeyo magaalooyin dhowr ah oo xisbiga Dimuquraadiga uu hogaamiyo , wuxuuna ku hanjabay inuu sii balaarin doono howlgalladiisa. ===Siyaasadaha ka-hortagga LGBTQ+=== Intii lagu jiray madaxweynanimadii labaad, Trump wuxuu bilaabay olole dagaal oo ka dhan ah LGBTQ + iyo gaar ahaan siyaasadaha ka-hortagga jinsiga ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba, oo maamulkiisu u soo bandhigay sidii wax looga qaban lahaa " fikirka jinsiga ". Siyaasadahan waxay doonayeen inay baabi'iyaan aqoonsiga federaalka ee dadka transgender-ka ah, ka xayuubinta dadka transgender ilaalinta sharciga iyo in laga tirtiro aqoonsiga trans ee nolosha guud. Iyadoo loo marayo amarro fulineed oo isdaba-joog ah iyo ficilo kale, maamulkiisu wuxuu si adag u qeexay jinsiga si adag bayoolooji dhalashada, laga mamnuucay dadka ka soo jeeda milatariga, xaddidan ama la daboolay daryeelka caafimaadka jinsiga, oo ka soo horjeeda luqadda loo dhan yahay , cilmi-baaris iyo agab waxbarasho oo faafreeb ah, iyo bartilmaameedyada dugsiyada, jaamacadaha, iyo xarumaha fikradda. Tallaabooyin dheeri ah ayaa ka mamnuucay ciyaartooyda transgender-ka ciyaaraha, helitaanka baasaboor xaddidan, waxayna sii hurisay dadaallada caalamiga ah ee lagu wiiqayo xuquuqda trans. Waxaa weheliya hadallo muujinaya dadka ka beddelka jinsiga inay yihiin khatar bulsho, siyaasadahani waxay kiciyeen caqabado sharciyeed oo baahsan, cambaarayn ka timid kooxaha xuquuqul insaanka, iyo kor u kaca socdaalka iyo sheegashooyinka magangelyo ee ay qabaan dadka isku jinsiga ah ee Maraykanka ah ===Hal Xeer Bill Qurux Badan=== Bishii Luulyo 2025, Trump wuxuu saxiixay sharciga hal-abuurka quruxda badan . Sharcigu waxa uu ka dhigay dhimista cashuurta cashuur dhimista iyo sharciga shaqada 2017 mid joogto ah waxana uu ku daray cashuur dhimis dheeraad ah oo dhan ku dhawaad ​​$4.5 trillion, inta badan ka faa’iidaysanaysa dakhliga ugu sarreeya oo dadka ku kaca dakhliga ugu hooseeya $1,600 sanadkii; kordhinta dhaqaalaha difaaca qaranka, masaafurinta, darbiga xuduudka, iyo gaashaanka gantaalaha; lagana saaray cashuurtii laga qaadi lahaa mashaariicda tamarta nadiifka ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo ilaha tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo sida dabaysha iyo tamarta cadceedda iyo kuwa iibsada baabuurta korontada. Sharcigu wuxuu jaray maalgelinta Medicaid iyo SNAP wuxuuna ku daray shuruudo shaqo oo dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay u-qalmitaanka iyo $35 lacag-bixineed ee adeegyada Medicaid qaarkood; dhimista iyo shuruudaha dheeraadka ah ayaa dhaqan galaya ka dib doorashada guud ee 2026. Sharciga waxaa saadaaliyay Xafiiska Miisaaniyadda Kongareeska inuu ku kordhiyo dhimista miisaaniyada $3.4 trillion marka la gaaro 2034, sababa 11.8 milyan oo qof inay lumiyaan caymiska Medicaid, iyo meesha laga saaro dheefaha SNAP ee seddex milyan oo qof. ===Socdaalka, 2025- hadda=== Maalmihiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska, Trump waxa uu ku amray ilaalada xuduudaha in ay si kooban u tarxiilaan soogalootiga sharci darrada ah ee ka soo gudbaya xadka, isaga oo curyaamiyay barnaamijka CBP One ee loo isticmaalay in lagu jadwaleeyo xuduudaha. Waxa uu dib u bilaabay hadhaagii siyaasadda Mexico , waxa uu kooxaha daroogada u magacaabay kooxo argagixiso ah, waxana uu amray in dib loo bilaabo dhismaha darbiga xuduudka. Hawlgallada masaafurinta ayaa marka hore diiradda saaray "liiska bartilmaameedka" ee dambiilayaasha la sameeyay ka hor xilliga labaad ee Trump. Kadibna maamulkiisu wuxuu meesha ka saaray magangelyo codsadayaasha ku guul daraystay inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha, waxay laashay xaaladda sii-daynta sharafeed ee muhaajiriinta ku soo galay US iyadoo la raacayo CBP One iyo CHNV sii-daynta sharafeed bini'aadantinimo, waxay isku dayeen inay ka saaraan dhalashada dhalashada , waxayna hakiyeen Barnaamijka Ogolaanshaha Qaxootiga . Bishii Maarso, wuxuu u adeegsaday Xeerka Cadawga Shisheeyaha ee 1798 si uu u xidho muhaajiriinta sharci darrada ah maxkamad la'aan -mid ka mid ah "khalad maamul" iyo inta badan iyada oo aan lahayn diiwaannada dambiyada -Xarunta Xakamaynta Argagaxisada ee El Salvador. Wuxuu bartilmaameedsaday dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha , muhaajiriinta sharciga ah, dalxiisayaasha, iyo ardayda fiisaha leh kuwaas oo muujiyay dhaleeceynta siyaasaddiisa ama u doodista Falastiiniyiinta. Dhowr muwaadiniin Maraykan ah ayaa la xidhay oo la tarxiilay . ===Siyaasadda Dibadda, 2025- hadda=== Muddadii labaad ee Trump siyaasaddiisa arrimaha dibadda waxaa siyaabo kala duwan loogu sifeeyay Imperialist , balaarin , go'doomiye , iyo autarkist , iyadoo adeegsanaysa fikradda " America First " oo ah asaaskeeda. Maamulkiisu wuxuu door biday awood adag si uu u gaaro yoolalka siyaasadda dibadda, wuxuuna burburiyay ama ka laabtay taageerada ururada gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah ee u heellan horumarinta awoodda jilicsan ee Maraykanka . Dhaqdhaqaaqyada ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay hoos u dhigayaan saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah iyo abuurista bannaan ay buuxiyeen Ruushka iyo Shiinaha . Xidhiidhka Trump ee xulafada waxa uu ahaa macaamil ganacsi oo u dhexeeyay danayn la'aan ilaa cadaawad, oo ay ku jiraan hanjabaad ku darida. Bishii Febraayo 2025, Trump iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka Vance waxay ku dhaleeceeyeen madaxweynaha Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy kulan muran badan dhaliyay oo telefishinka laga sii daayay. Warbaahinta ayaa ku tilmaantay iska hor imaad aan hore loo arag oo dhex maray madaxweyne Maraykan ah iyo madax ajnabi ah . Trump iyo maamulkiisa imaan doona ayaa gacan ka geystay dhexdhexaadinta xabbad joojinta dagaalka Gaza oo ay weheliyaan maamulka Biden, oo la dhaqan galiyay maalin ka hor caleema saarkiisa. Bishii Maarso, Israa'iil waxay jebisay xabbad-joojintii . Siyaasadaha dhaqaalaha ee Trump ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin kuwo ilaalinaya , iyadoo Trump uu ku soo rogay canshuuraha dalalka intooda badan, oo ay ku jiraan canshuuraha waaweyn ee la-hawlgalayaasha ganacsiga ee Shiinaha, Canada, iyo Mexico. Wuxuu bilaabay dagaal ganacsi oo caalami ah , isagoo ku soo rogay canshuuro heerkii ugu sarreeyay tan iyo 1930kii Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act ee bilawga diiqada weyn . Dhaqaale-yahannadu waxay ku doodeen in maamulku uu si khaldan u fahmay xiriirka ka dhexeeya dhimista ganacsiga iyo canshuuraha, iyaga oo isticmaalaya fikrado khaldan. Narendra Modi ayaa ka falceliyay 50 boqolkiiba tacriifta Trump ee soo dejinta Hindiya isaga oo sii xoojinaya xiriirka Shiinaha. Wuxuu hakiyay tabarucaadkii dhaqaale ee Maraykanku siin jiray Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka . ===Garsoorka, 2025 – hadda=== Garsoorayaasha federaalku waxay u arkeen qaar badan oo ka mid ah falalka maamulka inay yihiin sharci-darro. Ka dib dib-u-dhac xagga sharciga ah, Trump wuxuu kordhiyey dhaleeceynta garsoorka wuxuuna ku baaqay in la soo oogo garsoorayaasha federaalka ee isaga ka soo horjeeday. Wuxu u hanjabay, saxeexay tallaabooyinka fulinta, waxaanu amray in baadhitaan lagu sameeyo dadka ka soo horjeeda siyaasadda, dhaleecaynta, iyo ururrada la safan Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga. Bartamihii Luulyo, falanqaynta Washington Post waxay ogaatay inuu ka soo horjeestay garsoorayaasha iyo maxkamadaha qiyaastii saddex meelood meel dhammaan kiisaska isaga ka dhanka ah, falalka ay ku tilmaameen khubarada sharciga inay yihiin kuwo aan horay loo arag maamul kasta oo madaxweyne ah. ( 654 ) Diidmada amarada maxkamada iyo sheegashadiisa xaq u lahaanshaha maxkamadaha waxay cabsi galisay khubarada sharciga qalalaasaha dastuuriga ah . Falanqaynta badan oo ay sameeyeen aqoonyahanno akadeemiyadeed iyo The New York Times waxay ogaadeen in labada garsoore ee Jamhuuriga iyo Dimuqraadigu ay heleen cillado badan oo dastuuri ah iyo qaanuuneed oo leh siyaasadaha maamulka Trump. Maamulkiisu wuxuu caddeeyey xuquuq dastuuri ah oo ah inuu iska indhatiro sharciga federaalka isagoo sabab uga dhigaya dhowr tallaabo sida diidmadiisa inuu dhaqan geliyo mamnuucista federaalka ee TikTok , iyada oo khubarada sharciga ay ku tilmaameen inay tahay "awood dastuuri ah oo lagu tallaalayo dhinacyada gaarka ah inay ku kacaan falal kale oo sharci darro ah iyada oo aan la ciqaabin". Waxa kale oo uu ku hawlanaa beegsiga aan hore loo arag ee shirkadaha sharciga iyo qareennada oo hore u matalay jagooyin lid ku ah naftiisa. ==Dhaqan siyaasadeed iyo hadal-hayn== Laga soo bilaabo ololihiisii ​​2016, siyaasadda Trump iyo hadal-hayntiisa ayaa horseeday abuuritaanka dhaqdhaqaaq siyaasadeed oo loo yaqaan Trumpism. Mawqifkiisa siyaasadeed waa populist ,oo si gaar ah loogu tilmaamay populist garabka midig . Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inuu aqbalay xag-jirnimada midigta-fog , wuxuuna ka caawiyay inuu keeno fikradaha iyo ururrada midigta fog ee guud ahaan. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ficilladiisa iyo hadalladiisa ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin kuwo kali-talis ah oo gacan ka geysta dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah . Trump waxa uu ku riixay balaadhinta awoodda madaxweynanimada iyada oo la raacayo tafsiir maxalli ah oo ku saabsan aragtida fulinta midaysan . Saldhiggiisa siyaasadeed waxa la barbar dhigay cibaadaysi shakhsiyeed . Hadalka Trump iyo ficilkiisa ayaa lagu eedeeyay in uu abuuray oo uu uga sii daray cadhada iyo kalsooni darada iyada oo la adeegsanayo sheeko "annaga" iyo "iyaga" . Wuxuu si cad oo joogto ah u dhaleeceeyaa jinsiyadda, diinta, iyo qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyo culimadu waxay si joogto ah u ogaadaan in nacaybka jinsiyadeed ee ku saabsan madowga, soogalootiga, iyo Muslimiinta ay yihiin saadaalinta ugu fiican ee taageerada Trump. Hadaladiisa waxa lagu tilmaamay in uu isticmaalay cabsi-cabsi iyo maangaabnimo taas oo sii xoogaysatay ololihiisii ​​madaxtinimada ee 2024 . Wuxuu sheegay inuu rumaysan yahay in awoodda dhabta ahi ay ka timaad cabsi. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Alt-right ayaa isku duubay oo taageeray musharaxnimadiisa, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay qayb ka mid ah diidmada dhaqamada kala duwan iyo socdaalka . Waxa uu leeyahay rafcaan xooggan oo loogu talagalay codbixiyayaasha Masiixiyiinta ah ee wacdiya iyo waddaniyiinta Masiixiyiinta ah , iyo dibad-baxyadiisa waxay qaataan calaamadaha, odhaahda, iyo ajandaha waddaniyadda Masiixiyiinta. Trump waxa uu sidoo kale u adeegsaday shuuci ka soo horjeeda hadaladiisa, isaga oo si joogta ah ugu yeeraya kuwa ka soo horjeeda " Communists " iyo " Marxists ===Aragtida jinsiyadeed iyo jinsiga=== Qaar badan oo ka mid ah faallooyinka iyo ficillada Trump ayaa lagu sifeeyay cunsurinimo. Ra'yi ururin qaran oo 2018 ah, qiyaastii kala badh ka mid ah jawaab bixiyaasha ayaa sheegay inuu yahay cunsuri; in badan oo ka mid ah waxay aaminsanaayeen in uu ku dhiirraday cunsuriyiinta. Dhowr daraasadood iyo sahanno ayaa lagu ogaaday in dabeecadaha cunsuriyadu ay kiciyeen siyaasadiisa siyaasadeed oo ay aad uga muhiimsan yihiin arrimaha dhaqaalaha ee lagu go'aaminayo daacadnimada codbixiyayaasha Trump. Dabeecadaha cunsuriyiinta iyo Islaam nacaybka ayaa ah tilmaamo xooggan oo muujinaya taageerada Trump. Waxaa lagu eedeeyay cunsurinimo isagoo ku adkeystay koox ka kooban shan dhalinyaro madow iyo Latino ah inay kufsadeen haweeney caddaan ah kiiska 1989 Central Park jogger , xitaa ka dib markii laga saaray 2002. Sannadkii 2011-kii, Trump waxa uu noqday hoggaamiyihii hormoodka u ahaa fikradda shirqoolka cunsuriga ah ee "dhalasho" ee ah in Barack Obama, madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee madow ee Mareykanka, uusan ku dhalan Mareykanka. Waxa uu ku andacooday in uu ku cadaadiyay dawladda in ay daabacdo warqadda dhalashada Obama, taas oo uu u arkay in ay tahay khiyaano. Waxa uu qiray in Obama uu ku dhashay Maraykanka bishii Sebtembar 2016, inkasta oo la sheegay in uu si gaar ah u muujiyay aragtida dhalashada ee 2017. Intii lagu jiray ololihii doorashada 2024, wuxuu sameeyay weeraro been abuur ah oo ka dhan ah aqoonsiga jinsiyadeed ee ka soo horjeeda, Kamala Harris, kaas oo lagu tilmaamay inay xasuusinayaan fikradda shirqoolka dhalashada. Ololihiisii ​​2024 waxa uu si weyn u adeegsaday luqadda bini'aadantinimada ka-hortagga ah iyo fikradaha jinsiyadeed . Sannadkii 2025, wuxuu kor u qaaday sheegashooyinka beenta ah ee xasuuqa cadaanka ah ee Koonfur Afrika wuxuuna abuuray barnaamijka qaxootiga ee Koonfur Afrika . Trump ayaa caado u ah inuu dumarka xaqiro marka uu la hadlayo warbaahinta iyo baraha bulshada. Wuxuu sameeyay faallooyin xunxun, wuxuu naqdiyay muuqaalka dumarka, wuxuuna u tixraacay iyaga oo isticmaalaya ereyo sharaf leh. Laga bilaabo 2020, 26 dumar ah ayaa si fagaare ah ugu eedeeyay anshax-xumo galmo , oo ay ku jiraan kufsi, dhunkasho ogolaansho la'aan, xoqid, fiirinta goonnada haweenka hoostooda, iyo ku lugaynta tartamayaasha qaan-gaarka ee qaawan. Eedeymahaas wuu diiday. Bishii Oktoobar 2016, 2005 " murafoon kulul " ayaa soo baxay isaga oo ku faanaya dhunkashada iyo dhunkashada haweenka iyaga oo aan raalli ka ahayn, isaga oo leh, "Markaad xiddig tahay, waxay kuu oggolaadaan inaad sameyso. Wax kasta waad sameyn kartaa ... Ku qabo feerka . " Waxa uu faallooyinka ku tilmaamay "hadal-qol-badel". Dhacdadan oo si baahsan u soo bandhigtay warbaahinta ayaa keentay raaligelintiisii ​​ugu horreysay ee dadweynaha, oo la duubay intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​​​madaxweynaha 2016. ===Isku xirka rabshadaha iyo dembiyada nacaybka=== Trump ayaa loo aqoonsaday in uu fure u yahay kordhinta rabshadaha siyaasadeed ee Mareykanka, isaga oo ka dhan ah iyo mid ka dhan ah. Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu ku qanacsan yahay xagjirnimada, aragtiyaha shirqoolka sida Q-Anon , iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada xagjirka ah ee midigta fog ilaa xad ka weyn madaxweyne kasta oo Maraykan ah oo casri ah, iyo ku lug lahaanshaha argagixisannimada stochastic . Cilmi-baaristu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in hadalka Trump uu la xiriiro kororka dhacdooyinka dembiyada nacaybka, iyo in uu leeyahay saameyn xoog leh oo ku saabsan muujinta dabeecadaha nacaybka ah sababtoo ah sida caadiga ah ee ereyada jinsiyadeed ee cad. Intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​2016, wuxuu ku booriyay ama ammaanay weerarrada jireed ee ka dhanka ah dibad-baxayaasha ama wariyeyaasha. Eedeysaneyaal badan oo lagu baaray ama lagu soo oogay falal rabshado wata iyo dambiyada nacaybka ayaa soo xigtay hadalladiisa isagoo ku doodaya inaysan ahayn dambiile ama ay tahay inay helaan dabacsanaan. Dib u eegis dalka oo dhan ay samaysay ABC News bishii Maajo 2020 ayaa lagu aqoonsaday ugu yaraan 54 kiis oo danbi ah, laga bilaabo Agoosto 2015 ilaa Abriil 2020, kaas oo loogu yeedhay xidhiidh toos ah oo rabshado ama hanjabaado rabshado ah oo inta badan ay geystaan ​​ragga cadaanka ah iyo ugu horrayn ka dhanka ah dadka laga tirada badan yahay. Diidmada Trump ee ah in uu cambaareeyo kooxda cadaanka ah ee Proud Boys intii lagu jiray dooddii madaxweynenimada ee 2020 iyo faallooyinkiisii, "Wiilasha sharafta leh, istaaga oo garab istaaga", ayaa la sheegay in ay keentay in la kordhiyo shaqaaleysiinta kooxda Trump. Cilmi-baarayaasha la-dagaalanka argagixisanimada ayaa ku tilmaamay taariikhdiisa caadiga ah iyo dib-u-eegistiisa ee Janaayo 6 weerarkii Capitol, iyo bixinta naxariista dhammaan Janaayo 6 rabshad-wadayaasha , sida dhiirigelinta rabshadaha siyaasadeed ee mustaqbalka. ===Aragtiyo shirqool=== Tan iyo ka hor madaxweynanimadiisii ​​ugu horreysay, Trump wuxuu kor u qaaday fikrado badan oo shirqool ah, oo ay ku jiraan Obama "dhalashada", diidmada isbedelka cimilada , iyo faragelinta Ukraine ee lagu eedeeyay doorashadii Mareykanka . Kadib doorashadii madaxweynaha ee 2020, wuxuu kor u qaaday fikradaha shirqoolka ee guuldaradiisa kuwaas oo lagu sifeeyay " beenta weyn ===Hadalo been ah ama marin habaabin ah=== [[File:2017-_Donald_Trump_veracity_-_composite_graph.png|thumb|Xaqiiq-baarayaasha ka socda Washington Ku dhaji , Toronto Star , iyo CNN waxay soo ururiyeen xog ku saabsan "dacwooyin been ah ama marin-habaabin ah" (asalka orange) iyo "sheegashada beenta ah" (violet foreground).]] Trump wuxuu si joogta ah u sheegaa hadalo been abuur ah oo uu ku jiro hadalo fagaare ah, ilaa xad aan horay loo arag siyaasada Mareykanka . Beentiisu waa qayb gaar ah oo ka mid ah aqoonsigiisa siyaasadeed waxaana lagu tilmaamay inay tahay dab-damis . Hadaladiisa beenta ah iyo marin habaabinta ah waxaa lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin-hubi , oo ay ku jiraan The Washington Post , kaas oo 30,573 been abuur ah ama been abuur ah oo uu sameeyay intii lagu jiray madaxwaynihii ugu horreeyay, oo sii kordhaya waqti ka dib. Qaar ka mid ah been-abuurka Trump waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan faa'iido lahayn, halka kuwa kalena ay lahaayeen saameyn aad u fog, sida dhiirrigelintiisa aan la hubin ee dawooyinka ka hortagga duumada sida daaweynta KOVID-19, taasoo keentay yaraanta Maraykanka ee daawooyinkan iyo iibsashada argagaxa ee Afrika iyo Koonfurta Aasiya. Macluumaad kale oo khaldan, sida si khaldan loogu sheegay kororka dambiyada England iyo Wales "fidinta argagixisada xagjirka ah", waxay u adeegtay ujeedooyinkiisa siyaasadeed ee gudaha. Weeraradiisa waraaqaha waraaqaha boostada iyo dhaqamada kale ee doorashada ayaa wiiqay kalsoonida dadweynaha ee hufnaanta doorashada madaxweynaha 2020, halka xog-warrankiisa ku saabsan masiibada uu dib u dhigay oo uu wiiqay jawaabta qaranka ee ku wajahan. Caadiyan kama cudur daarato beentiisa. Ilaa 2018, warbaahintu marar dhif ah ayay beentiisa ugu yeertay been, oo ay ku jirto markii uu ku celceliyay hadallo been abuur ah. ===Baraha bulshada=== Joogitaanka baraha bulshada ee Trump ayaa soo jiitay indhaha caalamka kadib markii uu ku biiray Twitter-ka sanadkii 2009. Waxa uu si isdaba joog ah u soo dhigayay ololihiisii ​​2016-kii iyo intii uu madaxweyne ahaa ilaa Twitter-ka uu mamnuucay ka dib weerarkii 6-dii Janaayo. Wuxuu inta badan isticmaali jiray Twitter si uu si toos ah ula xiriiro dadweynaha oo uu u leexiyo saxaafadda; ee 2017, xoghayntiisa saxaafadda ayaa sheegay in tweets- kiisa uu ka kooban yahay bayaannada rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha. Intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​2024 iyo madaxweynanimada labaad wuxuu si joogta ah u dhajiyay waxyaabo AI-soo saaray naftiisa sida astaanta dhaqanka pop-ka ama muhaajiriinta ku jeesjeesa. Ka dib sanado badan oo dhaleecayn ah oo loogu ogolaaday Trump in uu ku dhejiyo macluumaad khaldan iyo been abuur, Twitter ayaa bilaabay in uu ku dhejiyo qaar ka mid ah tweetskiisa hubinta xaqiiqda May 2020. Isagoo ka jawaabaya, wuxuu sheegay in shabakadaha warbaahinta bulshada "gebi ahaanba aamusin" muxaafidka oo uu "si adag u xakameyn doono, ama xidhi doono". Kadib weerarkii Janaayo 6, waxaa laga mamnuucay Facebook , Instagram , Twitter, iyo aalado kale. Luminta joogitaankiisa warbaahinta bulshada ayaa hoos u dhigtay awoodda uu u leeyahay inuu qaabeeyo dhacdooyinka oo la xidhiidha hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid mugga macluumaadka khaldan ee Twitter. Bishii Feebaraayo 2022, waxa uu bilaabay bar-kulanka bulshada ee Truth Social halkaas oo uu ku soo jiitay qayb ka mid ah Twitterkiisa. Elon Musk , ka dib markii uu helay Twitter , wuxuu dib u soo celiyay akoonkiisa Twitter bishii Noofambar 2022. Mamnuucidda labada sano ee Meta Platforms ayaa dhacay Janaayo 2023, taas oo u ogolaatay inuu ku laabto Facebook iyo Instagram. ===Xiriirka saxaafadda=== [[File:President_Trump%27s_First_100_Days-_45_(33573172373).jpg|thumb|Isagoo saxaafadda la hadlaya, Maarso 2017]] Trump waxa uu raadiyay dareenka warbaahinta intii uu ku jiray xirfadiisa, isaga oo ilaalinaya xidhiidhka "jacaylka iyo nacaybka" ee uu la leeyahay saxaafadda. Ololihii 2016, wuxuu ka faa'iideystey qaddarka rikoorka ah ee warbaahinta xorta ah, oo lagu qiyaasay $ 2 bilyan. Musharrax ahaan iyo madaxweyne ahaan, wuxuu si joogta ah ugu eedeeyay saxaafadda eexda, isaga oo ku tilmaamay "warbaahinta wararka been abuurka ah" iyo " cadowga dadka ". Madaxtinimadii ugu horreysay ee Trump ayaa hoos u dhigtay war-bixinnada rasmiga ah ee saxaafadda ee boqolkii 2017 ilaa kala badh taas 2018 iyo laba 2019; waxa ay sidoo kale kala noqdeen sharcigii saxaafadeed ee laba wariye oo ka tirsan Aqalka Cad, kuwaas oo ay maxkamaduhu dib u soo celiyeen. Trump's 2020 ol'olihii madaxtinimo wuxuu dacweeyay New York Times , Washington Post , iyo CNN ka dib markii uu aflagaadeeyay qaybo ra'yi ah oo ku saabsan mawqifkiisa faragelinta doorashada Ruushka. Dhammaan dacwadihii waa la diiday. Sannadkii 2024, Trump wuxuu si isdaba joog ah u muujiyay taageerada uu ku mamnuucayo diidmada siyaasadeed iyo dhaleeceynta, wuxuuna sheegay in weriyeyaasha waa in lagu dacweeyaa si aanay u sheegin ilo qarsoodi ah iyo shirkadaha warbaahintu waa inay suurtogal tahay inay lumiyaan shatiyadooda baahinta wararka aan fiicnayn ee isaga. Markii dib loo doortay, Trump wuxuu bilaabay dacwooyin wuxuuna abuuray liis madow oo ka dhan ah warbaahinta qaar, wuxuuna la wareegay nidaamka ay wadaan ururka saxafiyiinta Aqalka Cad si uu u doorto xarumaha ay galaangal u leeyihiin. Halkii loo hoggaansami lahaa amarka maxkamadda ee lagu soo celin lahaa gelitaanka Associated Press , Aqalka Cad wuxuu sameeyay siyaasad xaddidan oo la heli karo dhammaan adeegyada siligga. Guddiga Isgaarsiinta Federaalka ayaa bilaabay baaritaanno lagu sameeyo xarumaha warbaahinta ee lagu eedeeyay eex isaga ka dhan ah. Natiijadii hanjabaadda Trump, madaxda warbaahinta waxay ku amreen saxafiyiinta iyo shaqaalahooda inay is-faafreebaan oo ay yareeyaan dhaleeceynta Trump, iyo CBS waxay isku raaceen inay abuuraan Ombudsman si ay ula socdaan kanaalada wararka si ay xididdada ugu siibaan "eex" CBS News. Bishii Luulyo 2025, wuxuu dacweeyay wargeyska Wall Street Journal daabacaadda sheeko la xiriirta saaxiibtinimadiisii ​​hore ee dembiilaha galmada ee Jeffrey Epstein , taasoo calaamad u ah markii ugu horreysay ee madaxweyne fadhiya uu dacweeyo urur warbaahineed eedeymo sumcad dil ah. ==Nolosha gaarka ah== ===Qoyska=== 1977, Trump wuxuu guursaday Ivana Zelníčková . Waxay lahaayeen saddex carruur ah: Donald Jr. (b. 1977), Ivanka (b. 1981), iyo Eric (b. 1984). Lammaanaha ayaa is furay 1990-kii, ka dib markii uu xiriir la yeeshay moodelka iyo atariishada Marla Maples . Isaga iyo Maples waxay guursadeen 1993 waxayna is fureen 1999. Waxay leeyihiin hal gabadh, Tiffany (b. 1993), oo Maples ku kortay California. Sannadkii 2005, wuxuu guursaday moodelka Slovenia Melania Knauss . Waxay leeyihiin hal wiil, Barron (b. 2006). ===Xiriirka Jeffrey Epstein=== Trump waxa uu saaxiibtimo 15 sano ah la lahaa Jeffrey Epstein ; Dadkii markaas yaqaannay waxay sheegeen inay si joogta ah u garaaci jireen oo ay u tartami jireen dumarka. Dareenka warbaahinta iyo cadaadiska dadweynaha ayaa kordhay 2025, markii maamulkiisu uusan sii dayn faylasha la xidhiidha Epstein , inkastoo Trump uu ballanqaaday inuu sidaas samaynayo intii lagu jiray ololaha 2024. ===Caafimaadka=== Trump waxa uu sheegay in aanu waligii cabbin khamri, sigaar cabin, ama aanu isticmaalin daroogo. Wuxuu seexdaa qiyaastii afar ama shan saacadood habeenkii. Waxa uu golfing ugu yeedhay "qaabka jimicsiga aasaasiga ah", laakiin inta badan ma socdo koorsada. Wuxuu u arkaa jimicsigu inuu yahay tamar tamar sababtoo ah wuxuu aaminsan yahay in jirku yahay "sida batteriga oo kale, oo leh qadar xaddidan oo tamar ah", kaas oo lagu dhammeeyo jimicsiga. Sannadkii 2015, ololahiisu wuxuu sii daayay warqad ka timid dhakhtarkiisii ​​gaarka ahaa ee Harold Bornstein , isagoo sheegay inuu " noqon doono shakhsiga ugu caafimaadka badan ee abid loo doorto madaxweynaha". Sannadkii 2018, Bornstein wuxuu sheegay in Trump uu amar ku bixiyay nuxurka warqadda iyo in saddex ka mid ah wakiillada Trump ay qabsadeen diiwaankiisa caafimaad bishii Febraayo 2017 ee xafiiska Bornstein. ===Diinta=== Trump wuxuu sheegay 2016 inuu ahaa Presbyterian iyo Protestant . Sannadkii 2020, wuxuu sheegay inuu yahay Masiixi aan diin-nabi ahayn . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan ayaa su'aal ka keenay qoto dheeraanta xiriirka diimeed. Baadhitaan la sameeyay intii lagu guda jiray madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee Trump (2017-2021) ayaa muujisay in boqolkiiba 63 dadka Maraykanku aanay rumaysnayn in uu diin yahay, inkasta oo uu aaminsan yahay in uu Masiixi yahay, boqolkiiba 44 oo keliya dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa aaminsan in Trump uu yahay Masiixi. Qaar ka mid ah faallooyinka Trump ee Kitaabka Qudduuska ah ama dhaqanka Masiixiga ayaa horseeday in dadka indha indheeya ay soo jeediyaan in aqoonta uu u leeyahay Masiixiyadda ay tahay mid maqaar-saar ah ama khalad ah, qaar yar oo taariikh-nololeed ah ayaa ku tilmaamay Trump mid qoto dheer ama xitaa diineed. Waqtigiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, Trump wuxuu u magacaabay wadaadkiisa gaarka ah iyo lataliyaha ruuxiga ah, milyaneer teleefaanjiste Paula White-Cain , Xafiiska Xiriirka Dadweynaha ee Aqalka Cad . Xilligiisii ​​​​labaad, wuxuu u magacaabay lataliyeheeda sare Xafiiska cusub ee rumaysadka ee Aqalka Cad . ==Qiimaynta== ===Sawirka dadweynaha=== Muddadii ugu horreysay ee Trump, laga bilaabo 2017 ilaa 2020, qiimeynta oggolaanshaha caalamiga ah ee hoggaanka Mareykanka ayaa hoos uga dhacday 22 boqolkiiba ra'yi ururin Gallup ee 134 waddan ilaa 16 boqolkiiba - oo ka hooseeya Shiinaha Xi Jinping iyo Vladimir Putin ee Ruushka - ee Pew Research ra'yi ee 13 waddan. Sannadka 2017, qiyaasta hoggaanka Mareykanka ayaa hoos u dhacday inta badan xulafada. Gudaha, xilligiisii ​​ugu horreeyay, Trump wuxuu lahaa taageerada ugu weyn ee xisbiyada: 88 boqolkiiba Jamhuuriga iyo 7 boqolkiiba Dimuqraadiyiinta. Codbixintii Gallup ee 2021, wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha kaliya ee aan waligii gaadhin 50 boqolkiiba oggolaanshaha, wuxuuna ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aan la magacaabin ee loogu riyaaqay sannadkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xafiiska. Muddadii labaad ee rubuciisii ​​​​hore sida uu qabo Gallup, oggolaanshaha Trump wuxuu ahaa 45 boqolkiiba - xoogaa ka wanaagsan xilligiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, oo aad uga hooseeya celceliska boqolkiiba 60 ee madaxweynayaasha kale. Taageeradu waxa ay ahaan jirtay mid aan kala fogayn; Waxa uu helay oggolaanshaha boqolkiiba 90 ee Jamhuuriga, 37 boqolkiiba madax-bannaanida, iyo boqolkiiba 4 ee Dimuqraadiyiinta. Xilligiisii ​​​​labaad wuxuu sidoo kale arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid ra'yiga dadweynaha caalamiga ah ee Maraykanka ===Qiimaynta cilmiga=== Ka dib markii ugu horeysay ee Trump, taariikhyahanadu waxay ku qiimeeyeen Trump inuu yahay madaxweynihii afraad ee ugu xumaa sahanka C-SPAN ee 2021 ee taariikhyahannada madaxtooyada. Waxa uu ku qiimeeyay kuwa ugu hooseeya qaybaha sifooyinka hogaaminta ee awooda akhlaaqda iyo xirfadaha maamulka. Machadka Cilmi-baarista ee Siena College 's 2022 sahanka ayaa ku qiimeeyay inuu yahay kan saddexaad. Waxa uu ku jiray kaalmaha ugu hooseeya dhammaan qaybaha marka laga reebo nasiibka, rabitaanka khatarta, iyo hoggaanka xisbiga, waxaanu ka galay kaalinta ugu dambeeya dhowr qaybood. 2018 iyo 2024, xubno ka tirsan Ururka Sayniska Siyaasadda Mareykanka ayaa ku qiimeeyay inuu yahay madaxweynaha ugu xun. ==Xusuusin== a:Bilowgii markii Trump uu saddex sano jirsaday, aabbihii waxa uu siin jiray mid kasta oo carruurtiisa ka mid ah $6,000 sannadkii, lacagta ugu badan ee la oggol yahay iyada oo aan la gelin cashuur hadiyadeed. Si looga fogaado cashuuraha, Fred waxa uu ka dhigay mulkiilayaal laba ka mid ah dhismooyinkiisa guri, isaga oo bixinaya midkiiba $13,928 kirada sannad kasta b:Later , 2015, wuxuu ugu hanjabay dugsigiisa sare, kulliyadaha, iyo Guddiga Kulliyadda tallaabo sharci ah haddii ay sii daayaan diiwaankiisa waxbarasho. C:UPenn's 1968 barnaamijka bilawga ah wuxuu ku taxayaa Trump inuu helay shahaadada koowaad ee Sayniska ee Dhaqaalaha oo aan ahayn qaataha Sharafta Tacliinta d:Kadib Trump waxa uu ku dayan doonaa Peale's Awooda Fikirka Toosan ee Farshaxanka Heshiiska e:Doorashada madaxweynahaee Maraykanka waxaa go'aamiya kulliyadda doorashada Gobol kastaa wuxuu magacaabayaa tiro codbixiyeyaal ah oo la mid ah matalaadda Congress-ka iyo (gobollada intooda badan) dhammaan cod-bixiyayaashu waxay u codeeyaan cidda ku guulaysata codbixinta caanka ah ee gobolkooda. f:Madaxweyne Jamhuuri ah oo ay weheliyaan Jamhuuriga gacanta ku haysa labada gole ee Congress-ka g:CBS kama helin wax diiwaan ah oo dambi ah 75% dadka Venezuela ee la xiray. h: 2025, Pew Research waxay ogaatay dad ku nool dalal badan (12 ka mid ah 20 iyo 4 xiriir) waxay u arkeen Shiinaha inuu yahay dhaqaalaha ugu horreeya adduunka. ==Tixraac== [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/us/politics/trump-school-grades.html "Michael Cohen ayaa sheegay in Trump uu u sheegay in uu ugu hanjabay iskuulada in aysan sii deynin darajooyinka"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html "Muxuu Donald Trump Ka Bartay Ninka Gacanta Midig Ee Joseph McCarthy] [https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf Waa imisa lacagta dhabta ah? Tusaha Qiimaha Taariikhiga ah ee loo Isticmaalo Kharashka Qiimaha Lacagta ee Dhaqaalaha Maraykanka: Addenda et Corrigenda] [https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf Waa imisa lacagta dhabta ah? Tusaha Qiimaha Taariikhiga ah ee loo Isticmaalo sida Burburiyaha Qiimaha Lacagta ee Dhaqaalaha Maraykanka] [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/06/donald-trump-roy-cohn-relationship "Sidee Donald Trump iyo Roy Cohn's arxan la'aanta Symbiosis u beddeshay Ameerika"] [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ "Haa, shirkadaha Donald Trump waxay ku dhawaaqeen inay kiciyeen...in ka badan afar jeer"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html "Trump waxa uu ku hawlanaa qorshayaal cashuureed oo laga shakisan yahay isaga oo ka guranaya maalkii Aabihiis"] [https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel "Taariikhda dabaylaha ah ee mashruucii ugu horeeyey ee hantida maguurtada ah ee Manhattan ee Donald Trump"] {{Wayback|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |date=20211009191253 }} [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father "Sheekada beenta ah ee Trump wuxuu ku dhisay boqortooyadiisa 'amaah yar' oo uu ka helay aabihiis"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html "Trump, New Yorker inta nool, wuxuu naftiisa ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay degane Florida"] [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html "Trump's Plaza Hotel Planruptcy Plan waa la ansixiyay"] [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html "Trump waxa uu ka iibinayaa Hotel Plaza maalgashadayaasha Sucuudiga iyo Aasiya"] [https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes "Hanti-dhawrka IRS ee Trump wuxuu ku kacayaa kharash ka badan 100 milyan oo doolar" Madaxweynihii hore] [https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ "Xaqiiqda ku saabsan kor u kaca iyo dhicitaanka Donald Trump ee Boqortooyada Atlantic City"] [https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/ "Markii Afraad ee Soojiidashada: Sida Donald Trump Uga Sameeyey Fasaxa Isaga] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/whatever-happened-to-trump-ties-theyre-over-so-is-most-of-trumps-merchandising-empire/2018/04/13/2c32378a-369c-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html "Wax kasta oo ku dhacay qoorta Trump? Way dhammaatay. Sidoo kale waa inta badan boqortooyadii ganacsiga ee Trump"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/07/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html "Toban sano oo Casaanka ah: Tirooyinka Canshuurta ee Trump ayaa muujinaya in ka badan $ 1 bilyan oo khasaare ganacsi ah"] [https://cnn.com/2016/08/22/politics/donald-trump-activist-investor/ "Xilligii Gordon Gekko: Donald Trump ee faa'iidada iyo wakhtiga muranka badan ee maal-galiye firfircoon"] [https://www.fastcompany.com/4023036/why-the-heck-does-donald-trump-have-a-walk-of-fame-star-anyway-its-not-the-reason-you-think "Waa maxay sababta uu Donald Trump u leeyahay xiddiga caanka ah ee caanka ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee? Ma aha sababta aad u maleyneyso "] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-donald-trump-retooled-his-charity-to-spend-other-peoples-money/2016/09/10/da8cce64-75df-11e6-8149-b8d05321db62_story.html "Sida Donald Trump uu dib ugu habeeyey hay'addiisa samafalka si uu u isticmaalo lacagta dadka kale"] [https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/18/media/vince-mcmahon-donald-trump-payments/index.html "Baaritaanno lagu sameeyay lacag-bixinnada xannibaadda ee Vince McMahon ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay soo saareen deeqaha samafalka ee Trump"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html "Trump Foundation waxay amartay inay joojiso lacag ururinta xafiiska xeer ilaaliyaha guud ee NY"] [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest "Donald Trump si uu u kala diro aasaaskiisa samafalka ka dib markii ay sii kordhayaan cabashooyinka"] [https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-foundation-ordered-pay-2m-collection-nonprofits-part/story?id=66827235 "Madaxweyne Donald Trump waxa uu amray in uu bixiyo $2M si loo ururiyo hay'adaha aan macaash doonka ahayn taas oo qayb ka ah dacwadda madaniga ah"] [https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deutsche-bank-mueller-2017-12 "Taariikhda dheer ee Trump ee Deutsche Bank waxay hadda noqon kartaa xarunta baaritaanka Robert Mueller"] [https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/christophermassie/theres-hours-of-audio-of-donald-trumps-nationally-syndicated "Waxaa jira saacado maqal ah oo ah Bandhigga Raadiyaha Qaranka ee Donald Trump's Syndicated 2000-meeyadii"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/09/how-the-conservative-media-is-taking-over-the-republican-party/ "Sida warbaahinta muxaafidka ahi ula wareegayso xisbiga Jamhuuriga"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/02/04/trump-resigns-screen-actors-guild/ "Iyadoo uu wajahayo cayrinta, Trump wuxuu iska casilayaa xubinnimada jilayaasha shaashadda: 'Waxba iima aadan sameynin'] [https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/ "Bush wuxuu yidhi Trump wuxuu ahaa Dimuqraadi in ka badan Jamhuuriga" tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay'] [https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/donald-trump-was-once-a-registered-democrat-and-party-donor-why-did-he-jump-ship/wj85mj5yq "Donald Trump mar wuxuu ahaa deeq bixiye dimuqraadi ah iyo xisbi, haddaba muxuu markabka u booday?"] [https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/ "Donald Trump wuxuu u tartamay madaxweyne sannadkii 2000 dhowr xisbi oo dib u habayn ah] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/16/donald-trump-us-presidential-race "Donald Trump wuxuu ku guuldarreystay inuu ka baxo tartanka doorashada madaxtinimada Mareykanka ee 2012"] [https://www.npr.org/2016/08/10/489476187/trump-s-second-amendment-comment-fit-a-pattern-of-ambiguous-speech "Khudbada muranka badan dhalisay ee Donald Trump inta badan way socotaa"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/ "Su'aalaha Trump wuxuu u baahan yahay NATO, wuxuu qeexayaa siyaasadda dibadda ee aan dhexdhexaad ahayn"] [https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/ "Donald Trump wuxuu jebiyey taariikhda dhow isagoo aan soo celin canshuur celinta"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html "Donald Trump Waxa Uu Qiray In Aanu Bixin Cashuuraha Dakhliga Dowladda Dhexe Muddo Sanado Ah"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html "Tiro taariikhi ah oo codbixiyeyaal ah ayaa xumaaday, waxaana intooda badan loo malaynayaa inay u codeeyaan Clinton"] [https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/20/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones/ "Guusha Trump tusaale kale oo ku saabsan sida Kuliyada Doorashada ay u guuleysato ayaa ka weyn codadka dadweynaha"] [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience "Donald Trump wuxuu noqon doonaa madaxweynaha kaliya ee Maraykanka ee aan lahayn khibrad siyaasadeed iyo mid milatari"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/us/politics/trump-emoluments-lawsuit.html "Dacwad ku saabsan xadgudubyada Emoluments Trump waxay kasbatay soo jiidashada maxkamadda"] [https://cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/emoluments-supreme-court-donald-trump-case/ "Maxkamadda sare waxay meesha ka saartay kiisas ka dhan ah Trump"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-donation-salary-white-house/2021/07/29/07723234-efd9-11eb-bf80-e3877d9c5f06_story.html "Trump ma raacay ballan qaadkiisii ​​ahaa in uu ku deeqayo 6-dii bilood ee ugu dambeysay mushaarkiisa madaxtinimo? Waa wax qarsoon"] [https://www.citizensforethics.org/reports-investigations/crew-reports/trump-likely-benefited-from-13-6-million-in-payments-from-foreign-governments-during-his-presidency "Trump waxay u badan tahay inuu ka faa'iidey $13.6 milyan oo ay bixiyeen dowlado shisheeye intii uu madaxweynaha ahaa"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/ "Trump wuxuu lahaan doonaa rikoodhkii ugu xumaa ee shaqooyinka taariikhda casriga ah ee Maraykanka. Kaliya maaha masiibada"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-told-russian-officials-in-2017-he-wasnt-concerned-about-moscows-interference-in-us-election/2019/09/27/b20a8bc8-e159-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html "Trump ayaa u sheegay saraakiisha Ruushka 2017-kii inuusan ka walaacsanayn faragelinta Moscow ee doorashada Mareykanka"] [https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/ "Xidhiidh badan oo badan, badan, badan, xiriir badan ayuu Donald Trump la leeyahay Ruushka"] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/ |date=20170228022233 }} [https://www.9news.com.au/world/crossfire-hurricane-trump-russia-investigation-started-with-alexander-downer-interview/16121e23-bdfc-4f32-9822-e4a7f841e3e4 "Duufaanta isdhaafsiga ah: Baadhitaanka Trump ee Ruushka ayaa ka bilaabmay waraysiga Alexander Downer"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-justice-department.html "Xafiiska Cadaaladda. Weligaa si buuxda uma baarin xiriirka Trump ee Ruushka, saraakiishii hore ayaa yiri "] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/30/trump-briefly-acknowledges-that-russia-aided-his-election-falsely-says-he-didnt-help-effort/ "Trump wuxuu si kooban u qirayaa in Ruushku gacan ka geystay doorashadiisa - wuxuuna si been abuur ah u sheegay inuusan gacan ka geysan dadaalka"] [https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx "Oggolaanshaha shaqada ee Trump ee u dambeeyay 34%; Celceliska waa Rikoor-hoosee 41%"] [https://fortune.com/2017/12/28/gallup-most-admired-man-and-woman-obama-clinton/ "Trump waa madaxweynaha kaliya ee la doortay ee Maraykanka oo aan loo magacaabin ninka loogu jecel yahay Maraykanka sannadkiisii ​​ugu horeeyay"] [https://news.gallup.com/poll/655955/trump-inaugural-approval-rating-historically-low-again.aspx "Qiimaynta Ansixinta Daahfurka ee Trump waa mid taariikhiyan mar kale hooseysa"] [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/11/opinion-of-us-has-worsened-in-countries-around-world-in-last-year-survey-shows "Fikirka Mareykanka ayaa ka sii daray dalalka adduunka sannadkii hore, sahan ayaa muujinaya"] [https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/ "Sahaminta Taariikhyahanada Madaxweynaha 2021"b] [https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/30/trump-cspan-president-ranking-497184 "Trump wuxuu ku soo baxay kaalinta 41-aad ee qiimeynta madaxtinimo ee C-SPAN"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/ "Taariikhyahanadu waxay kaliya doorteen madaxweynayaasha. Trump ma ahayn kii ugu dambeeyay"] [https://scri.siena.edu/2022/06/22/american-presidents-greatest-and-worst/ "Madaxweynayaasha Mareykanka: kan ugu weyn uguna xun"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/02/19/opinion/how-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html "Fikirka: Sidee buu Trump uga soo horjeedaa kuwa ugu fiican - iyo kan ugu xun - madaxweynayaasha?"] [https://www.npr.org/2024/02/19/1232447088/historians-presidents-survey-trump-last-biden-14th "Sahanka maalinta madaxweynayaasha taariikhyahanada, Biden vs. Trump maaha wicitaan dhow"]{{Reflist}} [[Category:Maraykanka]] 9bibn888r5chkwlgnpqpgmuq88sb3f9 0 19116 301276 214883 2026-07-10T09:00:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Child babybooks.jpg|thumb|Ururka Praesa]] '''PRAESA''' (''loo soo gaabiyay:'' '''Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa'''; macnaha: '''''Mashruuca Barista Waxbarashada ee Koonfur Afrika''''') waa urur ka dhisan waddanka [[Koonfur Afrika]] oo carruurta iyo dhallinyarada ku dhiiri geliya akhriska. PRAESA waxaa la aas aasay 1992. Ururka waxaa gundhig u ah saddex ujeedo: * In carruurta koofurafrika ee leh luqadaha kala duwan loo soo bandhigo buugaag qiimo wanaagsan leh laguna dhiiri geliya wax akhriska. * In la abuuro wada shaqayn ka dhaxaysa ururada dhiiri geliya akhriska iyo kuwa daabaca ama soo saara buugaagta. * In la sallaxo lana sameeyo dhaq dhaqaaq si loo dhiiri geliyo hawl wax  ku ool ah oo ay weheliyaan akhris iyo sheekooyin ku wajahan bulshada meelaha ay dhibtu ka jirto. Waxaa loo doonayaa in la dhiiri geliyo xiisaha akhriska iyo kalsoonida carruurta ayadoo loo sameynayo  buugaag ku qoran luqadaha kala duwan ee [[afrikaanka]]. Tusaale waxaan u soo qaadanaynaa buuga taxanaha ah ee ''The little hands.'' Waxaa jira mashruuc kale oo la yiraahdo ''Vulindlela Reading Club'' kaasoo iskugeynaya ama israacinaya sheekooyinka, akhriska, heesaha ciyaaraha iyo in loo soo bandhigo riwaayad ahaan  taasoo lagu baraarujinayo ururada kala duwan ee qaabilsan wax akhriska.Waxaa kaloo la adeegsaday qalabka warbaahinta si xataa loo baraarujiyo aabbaha, waalidka xagga hooyo, waalidka xagga aabbe iyo barayaasha ama macallimiinta si ay carruurta ula qaybsadaan una xasuusiyaa akhriska. Sanndkii 2014 ururka PRAESA Ashi Reading Promotion Award ayaa waxaa billad abaal marin  ah guddoonsiiyey IBBY, International Board on Books for young People. Sannadkii 2015 waxaa ururka PRAESA guddoonsiiyey  abaal marinta xasuusta [[Astrid Lindgren]] (ALMA-priset) taas oo ay ku mutaysteen dhiirigelinta akhriska carruurta koofurafrika. == Isha ay ka timid == * http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/praesa * http://alma.se/sv/Pristagare/2015/ {{Wayback|url=http://alma.se/sv/Pristagare/2015/ |date=20160410072800 }} == Mareegta aad ka helayso PRAESA == * [http://www.praesa.org.za/ http://www.praesa.org.za/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.praesa.org.za/ |date=20160422093138 }} {{gumud}} 6mpk9ocybuj80nawb08czohsr5vgvwy 0 23933 301191 296874 2026-07-09T23:03:54Z ~2026-39106-91 46423 /* North America */ fixed info 301191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EPassport logo.svg|300px|right|thumb|生物特徵護照的標誌]] [[File:Automated Passport Check at Rome Fiumicino with instruction screen.jpg|thumb|图为使用法国电子护照在意大利某口岸进行自助通关]] [[Baasaboor]] waa buug-yare laga soo saaray waddamada muwaadiniinta, u oggolaanaya in uu u safro waddamo kale. Xaaladaha qaarkood dalalka ayaa bixiya dukumiintiga safarka ee la mid ah kuwa baasaboorka deganayaasha. Ururada caalamiga ahi waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan dukumeentiyada safarka, badanaa loo yaqaan 'laissez-passer', shaqaalahooda. Maqaalkani wuxuu muujinayaa sawirrada baasaboorada kala duwan ee hadda jira. [[w:es:Pasaporte]] [[w:zh:生物特徵護照]] ===[[Africa]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> |{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|AGO}} [[Angolan passport|Angola]] File:Cover of Beninese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Beninese passport|Benin]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana passport|Botswana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BFA}} [[Burkinabe passport|Burkina Faso]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|BDI}} [[Burundian passport|Burundi]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroonian passport|Cameroon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cape Verdean Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verdean passport|Cape Verde]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic passport|Central African Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chadian passport|Chad]] File:Comorian Passport.png|{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Congolese Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo passport|Congo, Republic of the]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Djiboutian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]] File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian passport|Egypt]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinean passport|Equatorial Guinea]] File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrean passport|Eritrea]] File:Current Ethiopian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopian passport|Ethiopia]] File:Cover of Gabonese passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabonese passport|Gabon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GAM}} [[Gambian passport|Gambia]] File:Ghana Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<br><small>(see also [[Ghana Card|Ghana card]])</small> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinean passport|Guinea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Guiné-Bissau.jpg|{{flagicon|Guinea Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissauan passport|Guinea Bissau]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Ivorian passport|Ivory Coast<br />Côte d'Ivoire]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kenyan_passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br />[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LSO}} [[Lesotho passport|Lesotho]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|LBR}} [[Liberian passport|Liberia]] File:PassportOfLibya 2014-04-08 14-18.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libyan passport|Libya]] File:Malagasy Passport Cover 2013.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Malagasy passport|Madagascar]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawian passport|Malawi]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Malian passport|Mali]] File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritanian passport|Mauritania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MUS}} [[Mauritian passport|Mauritius]] File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Moroccan passport|Morocco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Mozambican Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Mozambican passport|Mozambique]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Namibia Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibian passport|Namibia]] File:Niger Passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Niger}} [[Nigerien passport|Niger]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigerian passport|Nigeria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwandan passport|Rwanda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SADR}} ''[[Sahrawi passport|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]''<ref name="notaccept">{{Cite web|title=Table of travel documents entitling the holder to cross the external borders and which may be endorsed with a visa|work=[[Council of the European Union]]|date=17 June 2010|url=http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|accessdate=20 July 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120013643/http://www.udiregelverk.no/~/media/Images/Rettskilder/Visa%20Code/Visa%20Code%20vedlegg%2010%20a.ashx|archivedate=20 November 2010|df= }}</ref> File:Cover of Santomean Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Sao Tome and Principe}} [[Santomean passport|São Tomé and Príncipe]] File:Senegalese Passport 2025.jpg|{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegalese passport|Senegal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Seychelles cover cropped.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychellois passport|Seychelles]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|SLE}} [[Sierra Leonean passport|Sierra Leone]] {{flagicon|SOM}} [[Somali passport|Somalia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg| File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg| {{flagicon|Somaliland}} ''[[Baasaboorka Somaliland|Somaliland]] <br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:SA Passport Coat of Arms 2010 web.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South African passport|South Africa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudanese passport|South Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Swazi Passport.jpg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Swaziland}} [[Swazi passport|Swaziland]] File:Passport_TZ.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} [[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzanian passport|Tanzania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Togo passport.png|{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togolese passport|Togo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]] File:Cover of Ugandan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East African Community}} {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Ugandan passport|Uganda]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambian passport|Zambia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[File:Flag of SADC.svg|SADC|23px]] {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwean passport|Zimbabwe]] </gallery> ===[[North America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Location North America.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery mode=traditional caption="" class="center"> File:British passport (Anguilla) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|AIA}} [[Anguillan passport|Anguilla]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antigua and Barbuda passport|Antigua and Barbuda]] File:EPassport logo.svg File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamian passport|Bahamas]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:BelizeanPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belizean passport|Belize]] File:British_passport_(Government_of_Bermuda).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|BMU}} [[Bermudian passport|Bermuda]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:British passport (The Virgin Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|VGB}} [[British Virgin Islands passport|British Virgin Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British passport (Cayman Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|CYM}} [[British passport (Cayman Islands)|Cayman Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del Pasaporte Costarricense desde 2022.png|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rican passport|Costa Rica]] File:Current_cover_Cuban_passport.JPG|{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuban passport|Cuba]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica passport|Dominica]] File:Biometric Dominican Republic passport.png|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic passport|Dominican Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Salvadoran passport|El Salvador]] File:Passeport Groenland.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|GRL}} [[Greenlandic passport|Greenland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Caribbean_Community_Grenada_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenadian passport|Grenada]] {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemalan passport|Guatemala]] File:PassportHaiti.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haitian passport|Haiti]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduran passport|Honduras]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaican passport|Jamaica]] File:Pasaporte Mexicano.jpg|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexican passport|Mexico]] File:British passport (Montserrat) new.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|MSR}} [[Montserratian passport|Montserrat]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaraguan passport|Nicaragua]] File:Front cover of the Panamanian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panamanian passport|Panama]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:StKitts&NevisPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis passport|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucian passport|Saint Lucia]] File:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport cover.png|{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] |{{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago passport|Trinidad and Tobago]] File:British passport (Turks and Caicos Islands).jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands passport|Turks and Caicos Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Us-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[South America]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:South America (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Brazilian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian passport|Brazil]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Portada del pasaporte biométrico actual, vigente desde 2013.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chilean passport|Chile]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte desde el 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombian passport|Colombia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:EcuadorianPassport.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuadorian passport|Ecuador]] File:Guyana_Passport.png|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyanese passport|Guyana]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguayan passport|Paraguay]] File:Biometric Passport Peru.jpg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Andean Community}} {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peruvian passport|Peru]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|CARICOM}} {{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Surinamese passport|Suriname]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguayan passport|Uruguay]] [[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] Pasaporte Venezolano Mercosur.jpeg|{{flagicon|UNASUR}} {{flagicon|Mercosur}} {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan passport|Venezuela]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Asia]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|left|upright|frameless]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center" classes="center"> File:Abkhazian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} ''[[Abkhazian passport|Abkhazia]]'' File:Afghan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistani passport|Afghanistan]] File:Armenia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenian passport|Armenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Karabakh passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Artsakh}} ''[[Artsakh passport|Artsakh]]'' File:Azerbaijan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijani passport|Azerbaijan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]] File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladeshi passport|Bangladesh]] {{flagicon|BHU}} [[Bhutanese passport|Bhutan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Brunei biometric passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Bruneian passport|Brunei]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cambodian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|KHM}} [[Cambodian passport|Cambodia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:People's Republic of China Passport 2012.svg|{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of East Timorese Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|East Timor}} [[East Timorese passport|East Timor]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Indian Passport cover 2015.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|India}} [[Indian passport|India]] File:Epaspor-nusantara.png|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Iranian Biometric Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iranian passport|Iran]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Biometric passport of Israel.jpg|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israeli passport|Israel]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese passport|Japan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Jordanian passport|Jordan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kazakhstan Passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstani passport|Kazakhstan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} ''[[Kurdistani passport|Kurdistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KWT}} [[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Kirguiz.jpg|{{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kyrgyzstani passport|Kyrgyzstan]] File:Laos Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Laotian passport|Laos]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanese passport|Lebanon]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macau Biom Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport|Macao SAR]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Malaysia Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysian passport|Malaysia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Maldives ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Maldivian passport|Maldives]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PassportMongolia.png|{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian passport|Mongolia]] File:Cover of Burmese Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burmese passport|Myanmar]] File:New nepalese passport front.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepalese passport|Nepal]] File:Passport Northern Cyprus.jpg|{{flagicon|Northern Cyprus}} ''[[Northern Cypriot passport|Northern Cyprus]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg>|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Omani passport|Oman]] File:Pakistani Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistani passport|Pakistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Regular Philippine Passport.svg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippine passport|Philippines]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]] File:KOR ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|Republic of Korea}} [[Republic of Korea passport|South Korea]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|South Ossetia}} ''[[South Ossetian passport|South Ossetia]]'' File:Sri Lankan Passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:SAARC Logo.svg|link=South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|20px]] -->{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lankan passport|Sri Lanka]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian passport|Syria]] File:REPUBLIC OF CHINA (TAIWAN) PASSPORT 2020.png|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} ''[[Taiwan passport|Taiwan (Republic of China)]]''<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:P TJK NEW.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajik passport|Tajikistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Thailand ePassport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thai passport|Thailand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkmen Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]File:Turkmen e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmen passport|Turkmenistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Turkish e-passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}} {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Uzbekistan passport.svg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistani passport|Uzbekistan]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Vietnamese passport.jpg|<!-- Commented out: [[File:Flag_of_ASEAN.svg|ASEAN|23px]] -->{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnamese passport|Vietnam]] File:Yemen Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemeni passport|Yemen]] </gallery> ===[[Europe]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery widths="120" heights="120" class="center"> File:Albanian biometric passport (crop).jpg|{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albanian passport|Albania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaport andorrà.jpg|{{flagicon|AND}} [[Andorran passport|Andorra]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass at.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Пашпарт. Рэспубліка Беларусь. 2001.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarusian passport|Belarus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Belgian Passport 2008 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgian passport|Belgium]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Bosnian Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina passport|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passportbg.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian passport|Bulgaria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatian passport|Croatia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cypriot passport|Cyprus]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Czech passport 2007 cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech passport|Czech Republic]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:DK Passport Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eesti pass.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passeport Îles Féroé.jpg|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Denmark}} {{flagicon|FRO}} [[Faroese passport|Faroe Islands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finnish passport cover PRADO.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:French Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|France}} [[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Georgian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgian passport|Georgia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Reisepass Bundesrepublik Deutschland – Einband Vorderseite 2017.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Germany}} [[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport of Gibraltar.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar passport|Gibraltar]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Guernsey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|GGY}} [[Guernsey passport|Guernsey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Icelandic Passport Front Cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Icelandic passport|Iceland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Eirepas.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Irish passport|Ireland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Isle of man passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|IMN}} [[Manx passport|Isle of Man]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Italian biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian passport|Italy]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Jersey passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|JEY}} [[Jersey passport|Jersey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kosovo}} ''[[Kosovan passport|Kosovo]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]'' File:LR Pase.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvian passport|Latvia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:FürstentumLiechtensteinReisepassCover.jpg|{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein passport|Liechtenstein]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasas2008.gif|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuanian passport|Lithuania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourgian passport|Luxembourg]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Macedonian passport.png|{{flagicon|Macedonia}} [[Macedonian passport|Macedonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Front cover of a current Maltese biometric passport.JPG|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Maltese passport|Malta]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PAEM.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldovan passport|Moldova]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|MON}} [[Monégasque passport|Monaco]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:Passport of Montenegro.png|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegrin passport|Montenegro]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Nederlanden paspoort 2011.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dutch passport|Netherlands]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Norwegian Passport, New Design.jpg|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norwegian passport|Norway]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polska ePaszport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passaporte Português .jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese passport|Portugal]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaport Ro.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian passport|Romania]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Russian ePassport.jpg|{{flagicon|CIS}} {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Helenacover.jpg|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[St. Helena passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino passport|San Marino]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Serbian Passport.svg|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbian passport|Serbia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovak passport biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovak passport|Slovakia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Slovenian Passport3.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenian passport|Slovenia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish passport|Sweden]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Swiss Pass 2006.jpg|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss passport|Switzerland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Transnistria.jpg|{{flagicon|Transnistria}} ''[[Transnistrian passport|Transnistria]]'' File:Ukrainian passport 2015.jpg|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:British biometric passport.jpg|{{flagicon|European Union}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British passport|United Kingdom]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ===[[Oceania]]=== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> [[File:Oceania (orthographic projection).svg|left|frameless|upright]] <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:Australian Passport Cover of P - Series.jpg|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|FJI}} [[Fijian passport|Fiji]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Kiribati passport|Kiribati]] File:RMI passport cover.jpg|{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} [[Marshallese passport|Marshall Islands]] File:Micronesia passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Micronesia}} [[Micronesian passport|Micronesia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|NRU}} [[Nauruan passport|Nauru]] New Zealand Passport Biometric.jpg|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau passport|Palau]] File:Cover of Papua New Guinean Passport.gif|{{flagicon|PNG}} [[Papua New Guinean passport|Papua New Guinea]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Samoan passport|Samoa]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands passport|Solomon Islands]] {{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Tongan passport|Tonga]] File:Cover of Tuvaluan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvaluan passport|Tuvalu]] File:Cover of Vanuatuan Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Vanuatu passport|Vanuatu]] </gallery> ==International organizations and sovereign subjects of international law== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[African Union Passport|African Union<br>Diplomatic Passport]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|{{flagicon|European Union}} [[European Union laissez-passer|European Union<br>laissez-passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|frameless|upright=0.1]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Interpol passport|Interpol]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:UN-laissez-passer.jpg|{{flagicon|United Nations}} [[United Nations laissez-passer|United Nations<br>Laissez-Passer]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Contemporary diplomatic passports== <!--Non-free files of passport covers cannot be used for the individual entries per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP). See article talk page for relevant discussion--> <gallery caption="" widths="120px" heights="120px" class="center"> File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Australian passport|Australia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Austrian passport|Austria]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg<!--A non-free file cannot be used for this entry per Wikipedia's non-free content use policy (WP:NFCCP)-->|[[Canadian passport|Canada]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:PRC_passport_(Diplomatic).png|[[Chinese passport|China]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Croatia - diplomatic passport.jpg|[[Croatian passport|Croatia]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Danish passport|Denmark]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[Estonian passport|Estonia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Finlanddippassport.jpg|[[Finnish passport|Finland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|[[French passport|France]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplopass_deutsch.jpg|[[German passport|Germany]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Ghana Biometric Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Ghanaian passport|Ghana]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Greek Passport (Diplomatic).svg|[[Greek passport|Greece]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Hungarian Diplomatic Passport.jpg|[[Hungarian passport|Hungary]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Paspor.JPG|[[Indonesian passport|Indonesia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport.jpeg|[[Kenyan passport|Kenya]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]]<!-- Biometric even though not indicated on the front cover of the passport--> File:New_Zealand_Diplomatic_Passport_Outside_Front_Cover.png|[[New Zealand passport|New Zealand]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Polishdippassport.jpg|[[Polish passport|Poland]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:QueensMessengerpassport.jpg|[[Queen's Messenger]] passport File:Diplomatic_passport_of_Russia.jpg|[[Russian passport|Russia]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Pasaporte ES.svg|[[Spanish passport|Spain]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Passport turk.jpg|[[Turkish passport|Turkey]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:Diplomatic Passport of Ukraine.jpg|[[Ukrainian passport|Ukraine]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] File:US Diplomatic Passport.JPG|[[United States passport|United States]]<br>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|20px]] </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== e7c0za80sj5git8n75vqjekz46xqjkv 0 32792 301244 298831 2026-07-10T06:34:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name=Jiah Khan |image=Jiah Khan at Dheeraj Deshmukh & Honey Bhagnani's wedding reception.jpg |image_size=180px |caption= |birth_name=Nafisa Rizvi Khan |birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1988|02|20}} |birth_place=[[New York City]], [[New York]], Maraykanka |death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|06|3|1988|02|20}} |death_place=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], Hindiya |death_cause=[[Ismiidaamin]] |occupation=Atariisho |nationality=Boqortooyada Ingiriiska-Maraykanka |years_active=2007–2010|partner={{marriage|Sooraj Pancholi|2012|2013|end=dhimashada}} }} '''Nafisa Rizvi Khan''' (20 Febraayo 1988 - 3 June 2013), oo ku magac dheer '''Jiah Khan''', waxay ahayd atirisho Boqortooyada Ingiriiska-Maraykanka ah oo heesta kana shaqeeysa filimada Hindiga. Waxay kasoo muuqatay seddex filim Hindi ah sanadihii 2007 ilaa 2010.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811261660.htm Jiah Khan all praise for Aamir] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811261660.htm |date=20131106140401 }}. ''The Hindu''.</ref><ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jiah-kahn-new-name-nafisa-khan/1/224642.html "Jiah Khan now Nafisa Khan"]. ''India Today''.</ref> == Nolosha hore == Jiah Khan waxay ku dhalatay magaalada New York ee dalka Mareykanka waxaana dhalay Ali Rizvi Khan oo ah ganacsade Hindi Mareykan ah iyo Rabiya Amiin oo aheyd atariisho aflaanta Hindiga sameysay sanadihii 1980-meeyadii kana soo jeeda Agra, Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="BBC">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-22763342 "Bollywood actress Jiah Khan found dead in Mumbai"]. ''BBC News''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110510111950/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/02/17/2268/index.html " "I'm not related by blood to Tahir Hussain's family. I'm not his daughter. I don't even know how Aamir Khan looks like" – Jiah Khan"]. ''Bollywood Hungama''.</ref> Khan aabihiis ayaa reerka ka tagay iyadoo 2 jir ah. Iyada oo sharraxaysa maqnaanshaha aabbeheed waxay tidhi "Nin gabadhiisa ka tegey markay ahayd laba jir, waa in lagu daldalaa meel fagaare ah".  Waxay leedahay laba gabdhood oo walaalo ah oo ka yar Kavita iyo Karishma.<ref name="hindustantimes1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130606010907/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Failing-career-troubled-love-life-killed-25-year-old-Jiah-Khan/Article1-1071076.aspx "Failing career, troubled love life killed 25-year-old Jiah Khan?"]. ''Hindustan Times''. </ref> Abtiyaasheed aabeyaal waa atirishooyinka reer Pakistan Sangeeta (Parveen Rizvi) iyo Kaveeta (Nasreen Rizvi).<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/558721/bollywood-starlet-jiah-khan-found-dead/ "Bollywood starlet Jiah Khan found dead"]. ''The'' ''Express Tribune''.</ref> Khan waxay ku soo kortay magaalada [[London]] halkaas oo ay ku dhameysatay ka hor inta aysan u guurin Mumbai si ay xirfad ugu sii wadato [[Bollywood]].<ref name="BBC" /> Waxaa lagu dhiiri galiyay inay soo gasho Bollywoodka kadib markay daawatay filimka Urmila Matondkar ee ''Rangeela'' iyadoo lix sano jir ah.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130608092348/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/10-unknown-facts-about-jiah-khan-1370340124-slideshow/10-unknown-facts-about-jiah-khan-photo-245211067.html "10 unknown facts about Jiah Khan – 10 unknown facts about Jiah Khan – Yahoo! Movies India"].</ref><ref>[http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/interviews/jiah-khan-211106.html Bollywood | Jiah Khan | Interview | Nishabd] {{Wayback|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/interviews/jiah-khan-211106.html |date=20181225090442 }} Oneindia 21 November 2006</ref> Khan wuxuu wax ku bartay tiyaatarka Lee Strasberg iyo Machadka Filimada ee Manhattan, wayna ka tagtay markii ay heshay dalab filim.<ref>Krishnaveni, S (7 Maarso 2007). [http://gulfnews.com/sound-the-siren-1.165714 "Sound the siren"]. ''Gulf News''. </ref> == Shaqo == [[File:Jiah_Khan_at_Nokia_APP_party_02.jpg|left|thumb|248x248px|Khan markii la soo saaray [[Nokia|Nokia APP]] sanadkii 2010.]] Sanadkii 2004, isagoo 16 jir ah, Khan waxaa loo saxiixay inuu jilo Filimka Mukesh Bhatt ee ''Tumsa Nahin Dekha'' laakiin wuu ka laabtay markii ay iyada iyo agaasimaha labaduba dareemeen doorka inay aad ugu bislaatay iyada; markiiba waxaa lagu badalay Dia Mirza. Saddex sano ka dib, 2007, markay ahayd da'da 18,<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/from-nishabd-to-housefull-who-was-nafisa-jiah-khan-839055.html]. First Post.</ref> Khan wuxuu markiisii ​​ugu horreysay ka soo muuqday filimka muranka badan dhaliyay ee Ram Gopal Verma ee ''[[Nishabd]]'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iWlDAAAAYAAJ&q=Jiah+Khan India Today, Volume 31, Issues 13–25].</ref> halkaas oo ay ku jileysay ka soo horjeedka [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. In kasta oo ay ka kooban tahay filimka daandaansiga ah, hadana wuxuu si liidata ugu soo bandhigay xafiiska sanduuqa, wuxuuna ku kasbaday dib u eegis isku dhafan dhaleeceeyayaasha.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/05box.htm Nishabd is a total loss]. ''Rediff''.</ref> Si kastaba ha noqotee, Khan wuxuu helay soo dhaweyn badan oo wanaagsan oo ku saabsan waxqabadkeeda, iyada oo dadka dhaleeceeya ay xusayaan kalsoonideeda, dabeecadeeda, iyo rafcaanka galmada.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/02nishabd.htm Nishabd is a powerful film]. ''Rediff''.</ref><ref>Adarsh, Taran. [http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/reviews/2007/nishabdreview020307.html "Nishabd – Review"] {{Wayback|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/reviews/2007/nishabdreview020307.html |date=20131004215651 }}.</ref><ref>Masand, Rajeev. [http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-nishabd/ "Masand's Verdict: Nishabd"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/masands-verdict-nishabd/ |date=20131004212614 }}.</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale loo sharaxay abaal marinta Filmfare doorkeeda taas oo ay ku weysay [[Deepika Padukone]] dhanka ''Om Shanti Om''.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/actress-jiah-khan-commits-suicide/1124791/ "Nishabd actress Jiah Khan commits suicide"]. ''The Indian Express''.</ref> [[File:Jiah_Khan_at_DJ_magazine_launch_06.jpg|thumb|Khan xaflad loogu talagalay majaladda DJ]] Sannadkii ku xigay, waxay ka soo muuqatay Aamir Khan iyo Asin filimku ''Ghajini''. Waxay la jileysay Sunita, oo ah ardayad caafimaadka barata oo baaraysa taariikhda Sanjay Singhania, oo uu ku matalay Aamir Khan. Filimku wuxuu soo aruuriyay qaddarin badan oo ka timid dadka naqdiya, wuxuuna sii waday inuu noqdo filimkii ugu badnaa ee soo xareeya Bollywood-ka sanadkii 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132123/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D "Box Office 2008"]. ''Box Office India''.</ref> Bandhigga Khan wuxuu soo jiitay faallooyin kala duwan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Verma|first=Sukanya|title=Ghajini: A sleek album of dark memories|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/25ghajini-review-two.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref><ref>Verma, Sukanya. [http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/25ghajini-review-two.htm "Ghajini: A sleek album of dark memories"]. ''Rediff''.</ref> Sanadkii 2010, Khan wuxuu ku dhawaaday inuu soo afjaro duubista filimka ''Chance Pe Dance'' oo uu la waday Shahid Kapoor markii Agaasime Ken Ghosh uu ka codsaday inay ka baxdo filimka waxaana lagu badalay Genelia D'Souza. Agaasime-ka ayaa sheegay in ay saaxiibtinimo xad dhaaf ah la yeelatay Kapoor isla markaana aysan si wanaagsan u gudanayn shaqadeeda, Si kastaba ha noqotee, markii la sii daayay filimka, Khan ayaa sheegtay in la weydiistay inay ka tagto maxaa yeelay agaasimaha ayaa isha xun ku hayay, Kapoor oo sii hadlaya ayaa sheegay inuusan gacan ku laheyn bedelka Khan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091106020341/http://www.starboxoffice.com/newsdetails.aspx?xfile=2009%2FSeptember%2FNews_20090909_47 "First Look: Chance Pe Dance"]. ''Star Box Office''.</ref> Sikastaba, Filimkan ayaa ahaa mid Boxoffice-ka fashilmay waxaana Khan uu sheegay inay ku faraxsantahay ka tagista filimka. Isla sanadkaas, Khan waxay sameysay filimkeedii ugu dambeeyay ee door taageero ah ''Housefull.'' Markii la siidaayay, ''Housefull'' waxay heshay dib u eegis taban, in kasta oo waxqabadkeedu si fiican loo helay.  Ganacsi ahaan filimku sifiican ayuu u shaqeeyay wuxuuna noqday filimka Bollywood-ka ee lacagaha ugu badan soo xareeyay sanadka.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Jiah+sulks+over+Yahoo/1/37029.html "Jiah sulks over Yahoo"]. ''India Today''.</ref><ref>Sood, Megha (5 Juun 2013). [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/actor-jiah-khan-25-kills-herself/1125220/ "Actor Jiah Khan, 25, kills herself"]. ''The Indian Express''.</ref> Khan wuxuu saxiixay dhowr filim oo ay ka mid tahay Aap Ka Saaya, kaas oo ay aheyd inuu ku jilo xaaska Ranbir Kapoor.  Nasiib darrose, filimkan lama dhammaystiri karin dhimashadeeda darteed.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160324082151/http://www.scoopwhoop.com/10-Bollywood-Actors-Who-Couldnt-Live-To-See-The-Fate-Of-Their-Movies "Bollywood actor's movies after demise- Scoopwhoop"].</ref> == Dhimasho == Khan ayaa la sheegay inuu dhintay ka dib markii ay is daldashay 3 Juun 2013, meel u dhaxeysay 11:00 pm ilaa 11:30 pm gurigeeda oo ku yaal Juhu, Mumbai.<ref>Lee, Chris (4 Junn 2013). [https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-bollywood-star-jiah-khan-dead-suicide-20130604-story.html "Bollywood star Jiah Khan dead of apparent suicide"]. ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> Her mother and sister were not at home at the time.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jiah-khan-found-dead-in-mumbai-suicide-suspected/story-EjYt1EJnxwNyBZPC7UQpcO.html "Jiah Khan found dead in Mumbai; suicide suspected"]. ''Hindustan Times''.</ref> [[File:Jiah_Khan_at_Preview_of_'Baggit's_New_Collection.jpg|thumb|Khan oo ku sugan London sanadkii 2009.]] Baadhitaan ayaa lagu sameeyay cusbitaalka JJ ee magaalada Byculla.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/jiah-khan-was-planning-to-quit-movies-turn-interior-designer-375453?pfrom=home-movies "Jiah Khan was planning to quit movies, turn interior designer | NDTV Movies.com"]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Movies.ndtv.com''.</ref> Meydkeeda ayaa dib loogu soo celiyey hoygeeda agagaarka 7:00 am subaxnimo Arbacadii, 5 June 2013, kadib meydka.<ref name="indiatimes1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609015256/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/news-interviews/39787497_1_jiah-khan-nafisa-khan-suicide "No messages found in Jiah's beau's phone"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref> Isla maalintaas Namaz-e-janaza (salaadda janaasada) waxay ka dhacday Sonapur Kabar Walla Masjid waxaana lagu aasay qabuuraha Juhu Muslim kadib salaadii [[Salaada Duhur|Duhur]] ee salaadii Islaamka. Jilaayaasha Bollywoodka ee ka soo qeyb galay waxaa ka mid ahaa Aamir Khan, [[Kiran Rao]], Riteish Deshmukh, Siddharth Mallya, Sophie Choudry, Urvashi Dholakia, Prem Chopra, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan iyo Nagma.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609070459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-06/news-interviews/39765197_1_jiah-khan-juhu-last-journey "Jiah Khan laid to rest amidst tears"]. ''Times of India''.</ref><ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/06/201364513223510.html "Bollywood star commits suicide"]. Al Jazeera. </ref> 7-dii Juun 2013, waxaa gurigeeda laga helay warqad qoraal ah oo ka kooban lix bog oo ay gacanta ku qortay walaasheed, taasoo la sheegay inay u dirtay saaxiibkii Khan ee Sooraj Pancholi. Qoraalka ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inuu muujinayo in Khan qorsheynayay inuu soo afjaro nolosheeda. Qoraal ka hadlaya ilmo iska soo ridid ​​dhowaan ayey qoysku sii daayeen.<ref>[http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/jiah-khans-suicide-note-revealed-82440-2.html "Jiah Khan's Suicide Note Revealed | Page 2"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/jiah-khans-suicide-note-revealed-82440-2.html |date=20130810220957 }}. ''The Times of India''.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jiah-Khans-letter-released-to-media-by-her-mother/articleshow/20517254.cms "Jiah Khan's letter released to media by her mother"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/global/2017/oct/01/death-in-bollywood-who-killed-jiah-khan-crime-murder-suicide-investigation "Death in Bollywood: who killed Jiah Khan?"]. ''The Guardian''. ISSN [[issn:0029-7712|0029-7712]]. </ref> 8 Juun 2013, Khan ayaa lagu qabtay Vile Parle Medical Club si loogu duceeyo Khan iyo qoyskeeda. Jilayaasha Bollywoodka ee ka soo qeyb galay waxaa ka mid ahaa Aamir Khan, [[Deepika Padukone]], Randhir Kapoor, Prateik Babbar, Sanjay Kapoor, Shweta Pandit, Kiran Rao, Urvashi Dholakia, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan iyo Nagma.<ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/gallery/jiah-khan-bollywood-star-found-1930442 "Jiah Khan: Bollywood star found dead by mother in Mumbai home"]. ''mirror.''</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jiah-khan-death-funeral-pics-14739.html?page=5 "Jiah Khan's death anniversary: When Bollywood celebs were all moist-eyed (view pics)"]. ''indiatvnews.com''.</ref><ref>[https://www.glamsham.com/bollywood/news/nafisa-jiah-khans-funeral-held/ "Nafisa (Jiah) Khan's funeral held"]. ''Glamsham''.</ref> Pancholi, oo la nooleyd Khan, waxaa loo taxaabay xabsiga booliska inta lagu gudajiray baaritaanka ay ku sameysay inay is disho 10 Juun 2013.<ref>Singh, Vijay V (11 Juun 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130613053304/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-11/india/39898077_1_jiah-khan-rabiya-khan-son-suraj "Aditya Pancholi's son Suraj held for abetting Jiah Khan's suicide"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref> Maxkamadda Sare ee Bombay waxay siisay dammaanad 2 Luuliyo 2013.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/1855914/report-hc-grants-suraj-pancholi-bail-downplays-jiah-khan-letter "HC grants Suraj Pancholi bail, downplays Jiah Khan letter"]. ''DNA''.</ref> 3dii Luuliyo 2014, sanad kadib dhimashadeeda, Xafiiska Dhexe ee Baarista (CBI) waxaa ku amartay Maxkamadda Sare inay sii baarto geerida.<ref>[http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/bombay-high-court-orders-cbi-to-probe-jiah-khan-death-case/ "Bombay High Court orders CBI to probe Jiah Khan Death Case"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/bombay-high-court-orders-cbi-to-probe-jiah-khan-death-case/ |date=20140707150108 }}. ''news.biharprabha.com''.</ref><ref>http://www.abplive.in/crime/2014/07/03/article355475.ece/Bombay-High-Court-orders-CBI-probe-into-Jiah-Khan-suicide-case#.U7VQBvmSzTo</ref> Maxkamadda Sare waxay qabatay dhegeysi arintan ku saabsan, laga bilaabo 7 Juun 2016, kadib baaqii Maxkamadda Sare ee ahaa in la dedejiyo hawsha.<ref>[http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bombay-hc-to-hear-jiah-khan-suicide-case-on-june-7-343527 "Bombay HC to hear Jiah Khan suicide case on June 7"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/bombay-hc-to-hear-jiah-khan-suicide-case-on-june-7-343527 |date=20170813105427 }}. ''ABP Live''.</ref> 1 Ogosto 2016 CBI-da ayaa meesha ka saartay dil kiiska.  Baadhitaannadeeda awgood, sababta dhimashadii Khan waxay ahayd 'is-dilid.<ref name="intoday.in">[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jiah-khan-death-timeline-all-you-need-to-know/1/768933.html "Jiah Khans death has a new twist: Timeline of the events after her death"].</ref> Khan hooyadiis, Rabia, waxay si madaxbanaan u shaqaaleeysay khabiir ku takhasusay cilmi baarista british-ka Jason Payne-James, oo ku soo gabagabeeyey warbixinti 20 september 2016:<blockquote>"Khan laadlaadkiisa waa la dhigay waxaana calaamadaha wajigeeda iyo qoorteeda ka muuqaneysa inaysan aheyn is dil."<ref name="intoday.in" /><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Jiah-Khans-hanging-staged-UK-expert/articleshow/54418518.cms "Jiah Khan's hanging staged: UK expert"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref></blockquote>Bishii Janaayo 2017 xeer ilaalintu waxay codsatay in dacwadaha la xiriira faraxumaynta galmada iyo dilka loo haysto Sooraj Pancholi.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Jiah-Khan-case-Why-sudden-demand-to-charge-Sooraj-with-rape/articleshow/52161274.cms "Jiah Khan case: 'Why sudden demand to charge Sooraj with rape?'"]. ''The Times of India''.</ref> 31-kii Janaayo 2018 maxkamad ku taal Mumbai ayaa Sooraj Pancholi ku soo oogtay inuu gacan ka geystay is-dilka Khan.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/31/jiah-khans-ex-partner-sooraj-pancholi-charged-over-death-of-bollywood-star "Jiah Khan's ex-partner Sooraj Pancholi charged over death of Bollywood star"].</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sooraj-pancholi-charged-in-jiah-khan-suicide-father-aditya-pancholi-happy-to-start-real-fight/story-H4L0CNEmRflWzDmGUeFnfL.html "Sooraj Pancholi charged in Jiah Khan suicide: Father Aditya Pancholi 'happy' to start 'real fight'".]</ref> CBI waxay soo gudbisay liis ay ku qoran yihiin 69 markhaati, oo ay ku jirto Khan hooyadiis Rabia, oo cabanaysa, iyada oo kiisku bilaaban doono bisha Maarso 2018.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/trial-against-sooraj-pancholi-to-start-soon/ "Trial against Sooraj Pancholi to start soon"].</ref> == Filimada == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Sanadka !Filim !Doorka !Notes |- |2007 |''[[Nishabd]]'' |Jiah |Magacaabay— Abaalmarinta Filmfare Sidoo kale heesaha loogu talagalay heesta "Take Lite" |- |2008 |''Ghajini'' |Sunita | |- |2010 |''Housefull'' |Devika K. Samtani | |} == Tixraacyada == [[Category:Atariishayasha filimada Hindiga]] 1hpcpoonmr260ofbocz4grtln10o04x 0 36938 301312 300980 2026-07-10T10:25:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni | native_name = {{Plainlist| * {{Nobold|Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni}} * {{Script|Arabic|سعيد عبدالله دني}} }} | honorific_suffix = | image = Said Abdullahi Deni (22-05-2021) (cropped).jpg | caption = Deni sannadkii 2021 | office1 = Madaxweynaha 7-aad ee [[Puntland]] | predecessor1 = [[Abdiweli Gaas]] | successor1 = | term_start1 = 8 Janaayo 2019 | term_end1 = | office2 = [[Wasaaradda Qorshaynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah (Soomaaliya)|Wasiirka Qorshaynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah]] | predecessor2 = [[Mohamud Hassan Suleiman]] | president2 = [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] | successor2 = | term_start2 = 17 Janaayo 2014 | term_end2 = 22 Febraayo 2017 | birth_date = 2 Luulyo 1967 | birth_place = [[Muqdisho]], [[Soomaaliya]] | death_date = | death_place = | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed]] | website = | party = [[Ururka Siyaasadda ee Kaah|Kaah]] | nickname = ''Deni'' | vice_president1 = {{ubl|[[Ahmed Elmi Osman]]<br>(2019–2024)|[[Ilyas Osman Lugator]]<br>(2024–hadda)}} | occupation = [[Ganacsade]]<br>[[Madaxweyne]]<br>[[Siyaasi]] | prime_minister2 = [[Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed]] }} '''Siciid Cabdullaahi Maxamed Deni''' ({{Langx|so|Siciid Cabdullaahi Maxamed Deni}}, {{Langx|ar|سعيد عبدالله محمد دني}}; wuxuu dhashay 2 Luulyo 1967),<ref>{{Cite news |title=SICIID CABDULLAAHI DENI OO LOO DOORTAY MADAXWAYNAHA PUNTLAND, IYO TAARIIKH NOLOLEEDKIISII |newspaper=somalilandmirror.com |date=8 Janaayo 2019 |url=http://www.somalilandmirror.com/wararka/siciid-cabdullaahi-deni-oo-loo-doortsy-madaxwaynaha-puntland-iyo-taariikh-nololeedkeesii/ |accessdate=22 Agoosto 2021 |archive-date=2019-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121164953/https://www.somalilandmirror.com/wararka/siciid-cabdullaahi-deni-oo-loo-doortsy-madaxwaynaha-puntland-iyo-taariikh-nololeedkeesii/|url-status=dead}}</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Siciid Deni''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Puntland-picks-new-regional-president/1066-4926066-4vug5nz/index.html|title = Somalia's Puntland picks Said Deni as regional president|date = 3 Luulyo 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = https://allafrica.com/stories/201901280434.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190128175404/https://allafrica.com/stories/201901280434.html| archive-date = 28 Janaayo 2019| title = Somalia: Anxiety As Top Political Rivals Set to Meet At Celebration Party of New Puntland President - allAfrica.com}}</ref> waa madaxweynaha hadda talada haya ee 6-aad ee [[Puntland]], oo ah maamul goboleed ka tirsan [[Soomaaliya]]. Waxaa [[Doorashadii madaxweynaha Puntland ee 2019|markii ugu horreysay la doortay]] 8 Janaayo 2019 wuxuuna xilka madaxweynenimo hayay 5 sano. Waxaa [[Doorashadii madaxweynaha Puntland ee 2024|dib loo doortay]] markiisii labaad 8 Janaayo 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Puntland President Abdullahi Deni re-elected |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/puntland-president-abdullahi-deni-re-elected-4485314?view=htmlamp |access-date=5 Febraayo 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia's Puntland Region Elects New President |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-puntland-region-elects-new-president/4733694.html |access-date=5 Febraayo 2024}}</ref> Siciid wuxuu ku dhashay [[Muqdisho]], Soomaaliya. Qoyskiisu waxay ka soo jeedaan (Bah-Dhulbahante) [[Osman Mohamoud (clan)|Cismaan Maxamuud]] oo ka tirsan beesha [[Majeerteen|Harti Majeerteen]]. Markii hore, wuxuu soo noqday wasiirka qorshaynta ee Soomaaliya, ka dib markii uu booskaas u magacaabay 17 Janaayo 2014 [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]], [[Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed]].<ref name="Spscwwtftpos">{{Cite news|title=SOMALIA PM Said "Cabinet will work tirelessly for the people of Somalia"|url=http://www.midnimo.com/2014/01/17/somalia-pm-said-cabinet-will-work-tirelessly-people-somalia/|accessdate=17 Janaayo 2014|newspaper=Midnimo|date=17 Janaayo 2014|archive-date=3 Febraayo 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203025315/http://www.midnimo.com/2014/01/17/somalia-pm-said-cabinet-will-work-tirelessly-people-somalia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wuxuu kaloo ahaa musharrax madaxweyne doorashooyinkii [[Doorashadii madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ee 2017|2017]] iyo [[Doorashadii madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ee 2022|2022]] ee [[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|madaxweynenimada Soomaaliya]]. Tan iyo 2020, wuxuu matalaa urur siyaasadeedka [[Kaah Political Association|Kaah]]. == Wasiirka Qorshaynta == === Iskaashiga labada geesood ee Soomaaliya iyo Japan === Bishii Maarso 2014, Maxamed iyo wafdi ka socday dowladda Soomaaliya oo uu ku jiro Madaxweyne [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]], Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah [[Abdirahman Duale Beyle]] iyo Wasiirka Howlaha Guud iyo Dib-u-dhiska [[Nadifo Mohamed Osman]] ayaa booqasho afar maalmood ah ku tagay [[Tokyo]], halkaas oo ay kula kulmeen Safiir Tatsushi Terada iyo saraakiil kale oo sarsare oo ka tirsan dowladda Japan. Madaxweyne Mohamud iyo wafdigiisu waxay kaloo la tashiyo la yeesheen [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Japan|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] [[Shinzo Abe]] si ay ugala hadlaan xoojinta xiriirka labada dal, iyo sidoo kale tababarka awood-siinta ee xirfadlayaasha horumarinta xoolaha iyo beeraha Soomaaliya.<ref name="Ldtyuts">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Pres Hassan Sheikh – "We Are Here in Japan to Strengthen Bilateral Relations|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201403121237.html|accessdate=12 Maarso 2014|date=12 Maarso 2014}}</ref> Booqashadu waxay ku soo gabagabowday ku dhawaaqid uu Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Japan Abe ku sheegay in maamulkiisu uu soo bandhigi doono xirmo maalgelin oo dhan $40 milyan oo loogu talagalay dib-u-habeynta ciidamada booliska Soomaaliya, adeegyada gargaarka, iyo fursadaha shaqo abuurka. Mohamud wuxuu ku ammaanay dowladda Japan xoojinta taageerada labada geesood, wuxuuna soo jeediyay in dadaallada horumarineed ay diiradda saari doonaan tababarka xirfadeed ee dhalinyarada iyo haweenka, tababarka badda iyo kalluumeysiga, horumarinta kaabayaasha kalluumeysiga iyo beeraha, iyo taageerada isgaarsiinta iyo teknoolojiyadda macluumaadka.<ref name="Jpffhats">{{Cite news|title=Japan Pledges $40m for Humanitarian Assistance to Somalia|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/03/13/japan-pledges-40m-humanitarian-assistance-somalia/|accessdate=14 Maarso 2014|newspaper=Horseed Media|date=13 Maarso 2014}}</ref> === Tirakoobka dadweynaha === Bishii Sebtembar 2014, [[Wasaaradda Qorshaynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah (Soomaaliya)|Wasaaradda Qorshaynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah]] waxay daabacday tirakoobka dadweynaha hordhaca ah ee Soomaaliya. Waa dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee dowladeed ee noociisa ah muddo labaatan sano ka badan. UNFPA ayaa gacan ka siisay Wasaaradda mashruuca, kaas oo la qorsheeyay in la soo gabagabeeyo ka hor aftida la qorsheeyay iyo doorashooyinka deegaanka iyo qaranka ee 2016. Sida uu sheegay Wasiirka Qorshaynta Siciid Deni iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare ku xigeenka [[Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed]], tirakoobku wuxuu fududeyn doonaa hirgelinta Hiigsiga 2016 iyo mashaariicda horumarineed ee guud ee dalka. Wasaaradda Qorshaynta waxay kaloo tilmaantay in xogta tirakoobka hordhaca ah ay soo jeedinayso in ay jiraan ku dhawaad 12,360,000 oo qof oo ku nool qaranka, iyo inay qorsheyneyso inay sameyso tirakoobka Soomaalida dibad-joogga ah.<ref name="Sgtlpcaote">{{Cite news|title=SOMALIA: Gov't to launch population census ahead of 2016 elections|url=http://www.warqabad.com/somalia-govt-to-launch-population-census-ahead-of-2016-elections/|accessdate=21 Sebtembar 2014|agency=RBC Radio|archive-date=2025-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819180001/http://www.warqabad.com/somalia-govt-to-launch-population-census-ahead-of-2016-elections/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Madaxweynaha Puntland == [[File:Ilhan Omar with Said Deni.jpg|thumb|[[Ilhan Omar]] oo la jirta Siciid Deni, Diseembar 2022]] === Doorashadii madaxweynaha Puntland === {{Main|Doorashadii madaxweynaha Puntland ee 2019}} [[Golaha Wakiillada ee Puntland|Baarlamaanka Puntland]] ayaa doortay madaxweyne cusub 8 Janaayo 2019 doorasho madaxweyne oo aad loo loolamay.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Olad Hassan |first=Mohamed |date=8 Janaayo 2019 |title=Somalia's Puntland Region Elects New President |work=[[VOA]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/somalia-puntland-region-elects-new-president/4733694.html |access-date=20 Agoosto 2022}}</ref> Wasiirkii hore ee Federaalka ee [[Wasaaradda Qorshaynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah (Soomaaliya)|Wasaaradda Qorshaynta iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah]] Siciid Cabdullaahi Deni iyo [[Ahmed Elmi Osman|Axmed Cilmi Karaash]] ayaa loo doortay [[Madaxweynaha Puntland|Madaxweyne]] iyo [[Madaxweyne Ku xigeenka Puntland|Madaxweyne Ku xigeen]], siday u kala horreeyaan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-09 |title=Somalia: UN congratulates Puntland region's newly-elected President |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/01/1030082 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Deni wuxuu ku guuleystay 35 ka mid ah 66 cod oo ay dhiibteen xildhibaannadu wareeggii saddexaad, iyo kii ugu dambeeyay, isagoo ka adkaaday 20 musharrax oo kale. Ninka ugu dhaw ee uu la tartamayay, General [[Asad Osman Abdullahi]], oo ahaa madaxii hore ee sirdoonka Puntland, wuxuu helay 31 cod. Madaxweynaha cusub, oo 52 jir ah, ayaa si weyn looga yaqaan doorkiisa xagga waxbarashada ee [[Puntland]] halkaas oo uu ka caawiyay aasaasida dugsiyo iyo jaamacado. Sannadkii 2017 wuxuu u tartamay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya balse kuma guuleysan. Deni wuxuu ku ololleeyay horumarinta kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo la dagaallanka musuqmaasuqa ee gobolka Soomaaliyeed ee xasiloon. "Bog cusub ayaa u furmay gobolkan, bog midnimo iyo xiriir walaaltinimo oo ka dhexeeya Soomaalida," ayuu yiri madaxweynaha cusub. Madaxweynihii xilka ka degayay ee Puntland, [[Abdiweli Gaas|Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali]], ayaa ku guuldareystay wareeggii koowaad ee doorashada isagoo helay siddeed cod oo kaliya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-08 |title=Waa kuma madaxweynaha cusub ee Puntland? |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/46794927 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=BBC News Somali |language=so}}</ref> === Doorashadii labaad ee madaxweynaha === {{Main|Doorashadii madaxweynaha Puntland ee 2024}} 8 Janaayo 2024, Deni ayaa dib loogu doortay madaxweynaha Puntland. Waxaa u codeeyay 45 ka mid ah 66-ka xubnood ee [[Baarlamaanka 6-aad ee Puntland|baarlamaanka 6-aad ee Puntland]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons-inline}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef | before = [[Abdiweli Gaas]] }} {{s-ttl | title = [[Madaxweynaha Puntland]]|years=2019–hadda }} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deni, Siciid Cabdullaahi}} 2hspx26fa39gdtdl7zeqyzr3vg67glp 0 36982 301238 241597 2026-07-10T05:41:02Z ~2026-38902-95 46428 301238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siemens AG''' (ˈziːməns) waa shirkad xarunteedu tahay [[Berlin]] iyo [[Munich]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waa shirkadda ugu weyn ee qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee [[Yurub]]. Siemens waa shirkad tignoolajiyadeed oo leh waxqabadyo xagga warshadaha, tamarta iyo daryeelka [[caafimaadka]]. Waxaa loo habeeyay lix qaybood oo waaweyn: Warshadaha, Tamarta, Daryeelka Caafimaadka, Maalgelinta Sinnaanta, ''Siemens IT Solutions'', iyo Adeegyada iyo Adeegyada Maaliyadeed ee Siemens (SFS). ==Goobta rasmiga ah== *[https://siemens.com Siemens]{{ow}}{{general-stub}} mrpmhtazciy5achzi5hqlwngbrp56xs 0 39797 301386 301101 2026-07-10T11:51:49Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Clan tree */ 301386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_United Kingdom.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha ''Abdalleh Muuse'' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Rer Dhibleh'' ,''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.) ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]] ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. ==Distribution== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road (Wadada Madaarka Egal)'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Wa'eys Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Salah Mohamed *************Osman Salah **************Abokor Osman ***************Hassan Abokor ****************Muuse Hassan ****************Laqshe Hassan ****************Basiralle Hassan ****************Dhimbil Hassan *****************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) ******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) ******************Musa Mohamed *******************Farah Muuse *******************Adawe Muuse *******************Aden Muuse *****************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ******************Abdalle Muse *******************Muse Abdalle ********************Mahamoud Muuse *********************Shirdon Mohamoud *********************Hildiid Mohamoud **********************Ali Hildiid **********************Geedi Hildiid **********************Hersi Hildiid ********************Abdalleh Muuse *********************Jibirl Abdalle **********************Saeed Jibril ***********************Abdi Said ************************Salah Abdi ************************Roble Abdi **********************Hersi Jibril ***********************Ahmed Hersi ***********************Abdalle Hersi **********************Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) ***********************Hersi Kalil ***********************Egal Kalil ***********************Wais Kalil ***********************Ali kalil ************************Said Ali ************************Koshin Ali ************************Arale Ali ************************Osman Ali ************************Guled Ali ************************Amare Ali ************************Boqorreh Ali **********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ***********************Aden Mohamed ************************Benin Aden ************************Nour Aden ************************Ali Aden ************************Adan Aden **********************Abdi Jibril ***********************Ali Abdi ************************Mumin Ali ************************Naleye Ali ************************Hussein Ali *************************Abdalle Hussien *************************Mohamed Hussien *************************Nour Hussein *************************Jama Hussien **************************Hassan Jama **************************Aden Jama **************************Guled Jama ***************************Abdalle Guled ***************************Mohamed Guled ***************************Hassan Guled ***********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ************************Ismail Nour ************************Hersi Nour ************************Gabal Nour ************************Mohamed Nour ***********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ************************Naleye Benin ************************Ahmed Benin ************************Hersi Benin ************************Warfa Benin ************************Samter Benin ************************Abdi Benin ************************Fatah Benin ************************Aden Benin ************************Dirie Benin ************************Farah Benin ************************Dahir Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Guled Benin ************************Shirwa Benin ************************Abane Benin ************************Abdille Benin ************************Yusuf Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Roble Benin ************************Osman Benin ***********************Abdille Abdi ************************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) *************************Ismail Gallab *************************Asker Gallab ***********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ************************Gulled Eiye ************************Sharmake Eiye ***********************Mohamed Abdille ************************Ahmed Mohamed *************************Samter Ahmed *************************Ziyad Ahmed *************************Mayle Ahmed *************************Elmi Ahmed *************************Warfa Ahmed *************************Geedi Ahmed *************************Amanle Ahmed *************************Food Ahmed *************************Roble Ahmed *************************Ainanshe Ahmed *************************Wais Ahmed *************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **************************Ismail Dhible **************************Barre Dhible *************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Osman Abdi **********************Ismail Abdi **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Farah Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politiciancurrent mayor of Hargeisa city * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 3u9egjtfm8bsekpco3696z8ac4dn2zk 0 42255 301217 281677 2026-07-10T02:51:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301217 wikitext text/x-wiki Salahley District ( [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Salaxley ) waa Degmo ku taal Bariga Gobolka [[Maroodi Jeex]] ee [[Somaliland]]. Caasimaddeedu waxay ku taal [[Salaxleey]]. {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Salahley | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Salahley_District.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Goobta Degmada Salaxlay ee Maroodi Jeex, Somaliland | pushpin_map =Somaliland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Maroodi Jeex]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Salaxleey]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2016 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 9235 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates ={{coord|9.026667|44.207472|region:SO|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} Bishii Sebtembar 2022, waxa la ururiyay biyo ay ku jiraan saliida cayriin iyadoo ceel laga qodayo Sallaxley. Waxa halkan ku yar colaadaha qabiilka iyo siyaasadda. Ogow in sidoo kale ay jirto tuulada [[Salaxleey]], oo [[Garoowe]] 12 km koonfur-bari ka xigta. ==Gudoomiye== Badhasaabka Sallaxley (Maayarka Sallaxley) ayaa isna ah badhasaabka Sallaxley. 2010kii waa Cabdirashiid Mo'allin (Cabdirashiid Macallin). Laga bilaabo Janaayo 2012, Ismaaciil Yuusuf Xuseen (Shiine) ahaa guddoomiye. Bishii Disembar 2012, golaha deegaanka Sallaxley waxay guddoomiye u doorteen Maxamuud Ibraahin Xandule, halka guddoomiye ku xigeenna loo doortay Naasir Cabdi IImaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa shirka ka maqnaa qaar ka mid ah xubnaha golaha. Bishii March 2014, Ismaaciil Yuusuf Xuseen (Shiine) ayaa ka hadlay dhacdo ka dhacday xaafadiisa isagoo ah guddoomiyaha gobolka Sallaxley. Bishii Agoosto 2020, Ismaaciil Yuusuf Xuseen (Shiine), oo ah guddoomiyaha gobolka Sallaxley, ayaa shirkadda Telesom uga mahad celiyay deeqda ay ka geysatay gurmadka masiibooyinka. March 2023 golaha deegaanka Sallaxley ayaa u codeeyay in xilka laga qaado maayar Axmed Buraale Iimaan, balse wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Somaliland ayaa sheegay in go’aankaasi uu ahaa mid sharciga baalmarsan. February 2024, duqii ayaa xilka ka qaaday goluhu, waxaana Maxamed Cabdi Haariye loo magacaabay duqa, Maxamuud Baddel Guuleedna waxaa loo magacaabay maayar ku xigeen. ==Taariikhda== Sannadkii 2012-kii waxa la bilaabay dhismihiisa waddada isku xidha Salaxley iyo caasimadda Hargeysa. March 2014, hal qof ayaa ku dhaawacmay dagaal ka dhacay agagaarka tuulada Toon ka dib markii ay isku dhaceen koox taageersan xildhibaan ka tirsan golaha deegaanka Hargiesa iyo mid kale oo ka soo jeeda degmada Sallaxley. Bishii Sebtembar 2015, abaar saddex bilood ah oo ka dhacday galbeedka Somaliland ayaa sababtay dhimashada dadka tuulada Sallaxley. Bishii March 2018, waxa dib u dayactir lagu sameeyey biyo xidheenka iyada oo ay iska kaashadeen xukuumadda Somaliland iyo hay’adaha caalamiga ah sida UNDP si ay biyo ugu helaan xoolo-dhaqatada degmada Sallaxley iyo meelo kale. Bishii Luulyo 2018, waxaa deegaanka Sallaxley ka dhacay khasaare baaxad leh oo ka dhashay cayayaan ay ka mid yihiin caleenta Tamaandhada. Bishii June ee sanadkan 2020-ka, waxa Somaliland si weyn u saameeyay Ayaxu, iyadoo deegaanka Sallaxley ee gobolka Maroodi Jeex uu ahaa meelaha ugu badan ee uu saameeyay. Bishii May 2020, waxa ku dhowaa in la dhamaystiro jidka isku xidha Hargeysa iyo Sallaxley. Bishii June, waxa wada-hadallo la yeeshay dawladda deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya iyo Sallaxley oo ku saabsan waddada isku xidhaysa Hargeysa iyo Ina Guuxaa, oo ah magaalo xuduudeedka Itoobiya, ka dibna aadda Awaare, Itoobiya. Bishii Agoosto 2020, degmada Sallaxley waxaa ka da’ay roobab mahiigaan ah iyo dabaylo xooggan oo sababay burburka gebi ahaan ama qayb 52 dhisme ah, 28 dhisme oo ku meel gaadh ah iyo 11 guri oo dhaqameed guud ahaan degmada. Bishii Juun 2021, waxaa Somaliland ka dhacday doorashadii baarlamaanka, degmada Sallaxleyna waxaa lagu doortay afar xubnood oo ka tirsan xisbiga Kulmiye (oo uu madax ka yahay Axmed Buraale Iimaan), saddex xubnood oo UCID ah (oo uu madax u yahay Maxamed Cabdi Haariye), iyo laba ka socda xisbiga Waddani (oo uu hoggaamiyo Xasan Dheeg Good Xasan Dheeg Good). Intii ay doorashadani socotay waxa la weeraray xafiiska doorashada haweenayda, waxaana la burburiyay qalabkii doorashada, hase yeeshee komishanka doorashooyinka Somaliland iyo wasaaradda arrimaha guduhu waxay si degdeg ah uga hawlgaleen inay xaliyaan arrintan. Bishii March 2022, Xildhibaanada laga soo doortay Degmada Sallaxley ayaa biyo dhaamin u diray 24 magaalo iyo tuulooyin ka tirsan degmada oo ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen. Oktoobar 2022, waxa la sheegay in shidaal laga helay degmada Sallaxley. Muunado la qaaday ayaa lagu falanqeeyay gudaha Ingiriiska. Bishii Oktoobar 2022, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha Somaliland waxay go'aamisay in maamullada Toon , Maadhyaal, Xadhig, Galoole iyo Jagac laga wareejiyo degmada Sallaxley loona wareejiyo magaalada Hargiesa. Bishii Disembar 2022, ActionAid ayaa sheegtay in in ka badan 20 boqolkiiba dadka deggan deegaanka Sallaxley iyo nawaaxigeeda ay barokaceen ka dib shan sano oo xiriir ah oo roob ku filan uu ka da'ay aagga. Bishii May 2023, Wasaaradda Beeraha Somaliland waxay degmada Sallaxley ka hirgelisay kayd-biyood. 1,250 xoolo-dhaqato hore ah ayaa u shaqaynaya beeralay. ==Tixraac== [https://ir.kiu.ac.ug/items/61308ede-6b99-4087-94d4-9c91c976bfdd "Daadejinta maaliyadda iyo horumarinta reer miyiga ee degmada Salaxlay, Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://ir.kiu.ac.ug/items/61308ede-6b99-4087-94d4-9c91c976bfdd |date=20251014031834 }} [http://warfaafintajsl.com/slntv/2019/01/04/miisaaniyada-degmada-salaxlay-oo-ay-ansixiyeen-golaha-deegaanka-degmadasi "Miisaanka Degmada Salaxlay oo ay Ansixiyeen Golaha Deegaanka Degmadaasi"] {{Wayback|url=http://warfaafintajsl.com/slntv/2019/01/04/miisaaniyada-degmada-salaxlay-oo-ay-ansixiyeen-golaha-deegaanka-degmadasi |date=20190527095719 }} [https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Jan/189678/somaliland_s_oil_find_could_reset_the_regional_balance_here_s_how.aspx "Shidaalka Somaliland oo la helay wuxuu dib u habeyn karaa dheelitirka gobolka: waa sidaan"] [https://ke.boell.org/sites/default/files/the_impact_of_climate_change_on_pastoralism_in_salahley_and_bali-gubadle_districts_-_somaliland.pdf "Saamaynta Isbadalka Cimilada Ee Xoolo Dhaqatada Degmooyinka Sallaxley Iyo Bali-gubadle Ee Somaliland"] [https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=156490 "MAAYIRKII DEGMADA SALLAXLEY OO XILKII LAGA QAADAY IYO XUBNAHA CUSUB EE LOO DOORTAY!"] [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/rebuilt-dam-provides-safe-water-pastoral-communities-somaliland-part-ongoing-water biyo nadiif ah siinayaa bulshooyinka xoolo dhaqatada ah ee Somaliland, taas oo qayb ka ah mashaariicda kaabayaasha biyaha ee ka socda gobolka"] [https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Mar/195503/herders_in_somaliland_s_hawd_turn_to_farming_with_good_results.aspx "Xoolo-dhaqatada Somaliland ee Hawdka waxay u soo jeesteen tacabka beeraha iyagoo natiijo wanaagsan ka soo hooyay"] [https://radioergo.org/en/2018/07/somaliland-farmers-distressed-by-insects-destroying-crops-in-salahley/ "Beeralayda Somaliland waxay la dhibtoonayeen cayayaan ku baabi'inaya dalagyadii Sallaxley] 4c6e4u8r37ik8oqiwo8mihgemk7ml3r 0 42947 301229 297500 2026-07-10T04:45:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox model | name = Hana Soukupová | image = HanaSoukupováJun09.jpg | caption = Soukupová Sannadkii June 2009 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|12|18|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Karlovy Vary]], [[Czechoslovakia]] | death_date = | death_place = | | children = 3 | height = {{height|m=1.85}}<ref name="models.com">{{cite web|url=https://models.com/models/hana-soukupova|title=Hana Soukupova|website=models.com|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408053810/https://models.com/models/hana-soukupova|archive-date=8 April 2024}}</ref> | haircolor = Huruud | eyecolor = Buluug | agency = {{Plainlist| * Hal Maamul (New York, Barcelona)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://onemanagement.com/New-York/Women/Image/HANA-SOUKUPOVA/Portfolio | title=HANA SOUKUPOVA &#124; New York &#124; Women &#124; ONE Management | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=2025-10-15 | archive-date=2024-10-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005060956/https://onemanagement.com/New-York/Women/Image/HANA-SOUKUPOVA/Portfolio | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://onemanagement.com/Spain/Women/Image/HANA-SOUKUPOVA/Portfolio |title=HANA SOUKUPOVA &#124; Spain &#124; Women &#124; ONE Management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709182117/https://onemanagement.com/Spain/Women/Image/HANA-SOUKUPOVA/Portfolio|archive-date=2024-07-09}}</ref> * [[Marilyn Agency]] (Paris) * [[Why Not Model Management]] (Milan) * The Squad (London) * View Management (Barcelona) * Donna Models (Tokyo)<ref name="models.com"/>}} }} '''Hana Soukupova''' (waxay dhalatay 18 Diseembar 1985) waa Supermodel Czech. Waxay ka qayb qaadatay bandhigyada Fashion-ka sirta ee Victoria waxayna u qaabaysay buuga sirta ee Victoria. ==Nolosha hore== Soukupova waxa uu ku dhashay 18 December 1985 in Karlovy Vary , Czechoslovakia (hadda Czech Republic ). ==Xirfadda qaabaynta== Soukupová waxay bilowday inay tusaale ahaan uga shaqeyso Prague sanadkii 1998. Waxay saxiixday qandaraaskeedii ugu horreeyay ee qaabaynta iyadoo 15 jir ah iyada oo waji u ah cadarka Carolina Herrera's Chic. Bishii Sebtembar 2004, Soukupová waxaa loo doortay mid ka mid ah sagaal nooc oo keliya oo ku yaal daboolka American Vogue ee uu sawiray Steven Meisel arrin la barbardhigay supermodels maanta supermodels ee 80s iyo 90s heyday. Moodooyinka kale ee ay la wadaagtay daboolka waxay ahaayeen Gisele Bündchen , Natalia Vodianova , Karolína Kurková , Daria Werbowy , Isabeli Fontana , Liya Kebede , Gemma Ward , iyo Karen Elson . Hal sano ka dib, 2005 Vanity Fair waxay ku jirtay arrinta Abriil ee uu toogtay Patrick Demarchelier oo leh Natalia Vodianova, Carmen Kass , Karolina Kurkova, Euguenia Volodina , Marija Vujovic , Natasha Poly , Valentina Zelyaeva, iyo Inguna Butane sida "Quruxda Cusub Tan iyo markii ay shaqadeeda bilaabatay, waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in ka badan 100 joornaal oo ay ku jiraan daabacadaha caalamiga ah ee Vogue , Harper's Bazaar , Elle , iyo Marie Claire . Shaqada Soukupova waxaa lagu arki karaa in ka badan 5,000 oo bog oo sheekooyin moodo ah iyo ololeyaal xayaysiis ah. Soukupová waxay la shaqeysay sawir qaadayaasha caalamiga ah sida Steven Meisel, Annie Leibovitz , Peter Lindbergh , Nick Knight , Inez & Vinoodh , Mario Sorrenti , David Lachapelle , Mert & Marcus, Steven Klein , Mario Testino , iyo Patrick Det Soukupová waxa uu ku socday in ka badan 500 oo bandhig faneed runway ah, oo ay ku jiraan bandhigyada sirta ah ee Victoria iyo furitaanka iyo xidhitaanka bandhigyada moodooyinka moodada oo ay ku jiraan Alexander McQueen , Zac Posen , Gucci , Galliano , Dior , Calvin Klein , Karl Lagerfeld , Dolce & Gabbana . Dhibcaha kale ee runway Soukupová waxaa ka mid ah Chanel , Dior, Marc Jacobs , Louis Vuitton , Versace , Ralph Lauren , Donna Karan , Missoni , Alexander McQueen , Hermes , Balenciaga, Fendi , Michael Kors , Valentino , Pocci , Guguu, Anna , Cavalli. 2017, Donatella Versace waxay ku casuuntay Soukupova si ay u furto Versace Diyaar u ah Xidhashada Dayrta Jiilaalka ee Todobaadka Fashion-ka Milan . Soukupová waxay u qaabaysay Gucci, BVLGARI , Escada , Balenciaga ,Max Mara , Dior , Carolina Herrera , H&M , Victoria's Secret, iyo Versace . Waxay ahayd wejiga Gucci, Gucci Envy, Escada, Dior, Versace, St. John, Carolina Herrera, Bvlgari , iyo GAP . Waxay toogtay ganacsigeedii ugu horreeyay ee telefishan caalami ah oo ku guulaysata abaalmarinta CLIO ee Mattoni , oo ah astaanta biyaha dhalada ee raaxada ee Yurub. Muddo 37 bilood ah oo isku xigta, Soukupová waxa ay haysay booska #3 ee adduunka, marka loo eego darajooyinka rasmiga ah ee moodooyinka dumarka ee model.com. ==Samafalka== Soukupová waa xubin ka mid ah ASPCA , Bulshada Maraykanka ee Kahortagga Xayawaanka. Waxay ku lug lahayd hay'adda samafalka DKMS iyada oo taageere u ah Ururka Caalamiga ah ee la dagaallanka kansarka dhiigga Waxay u heellan tahay ururo iyo machadyo kala duwan oo la xidhiidha taageeridda Awoodda Haweenka, Farshaxanka Casriga ah iyo naqshadaynta naqshadeynta waarta oo ay weheliso Noqo Sadaqo, caawinta carruurta jiran. Waxay door firfircoon ku ilaalisay EcoStyle, oo ah hay'ad caalami ah oo u heellan moodada deegaanka u saaxiibka ah oo soo bandhigta miyir-beelka. ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Soukupová waxay guursatay ganacsade Maraykan ah, Drew Aaron, oo ay kula kulantay goob laga furayo New York. Joornaalka Rinjiyeynta Casriga ah ayaa ku daray 50-ka sare ee ka hooseeya 50 ururinta farshaxanka adduunka. Guryahooda kala duwan iyo ururin farshaxan ayaa lagu soo bandhigay daabacado caalami ah, oo ay ku jiraan Elle Decor iyo Architectural Digest. Lamaanuhu waxay is guursadeen 2006 waxayna kala tageen 2024. ==Tixraac== [https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/my-ny-hana-soukupova "Supermodel Hana Soukupova's Guide to NYC"] [http://www.sassybella.com/2007/04/vogues-worlds-next-top-models-cover/ "Vogue's 'Models Next Top Top' daboolka"] [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/05/did-you-know-its-national-model-week "Ma Ogtahay Inuu Yahay Todobaadka Qaabka Qaranka?"] [https://www.whynotmodels.com/read/hana-soukupova-for-elle-czech-april-2018 "Hana Soukupova ee Elle Czech Abriil 2018. :: WhyNot Blog"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.whynotmodels.com/read/hana-soukupova-for-elle-czech-april-2018 |date=20250815192221 }} [https://fashioneditorials.com/marie-claire-hana-soukupova-anka-kovacic/ "Marie Claire Czech Oktoobar 2017 Hana Soukupova waxaa qoray Anka Kovacic"] [https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/vogue-usa/editorials/march-2004/personal-velocity-41182/isabeli-fontana-by-steven-klein-399714/ "Xawaare Shakhsiyeed ee Vogue USA oo leh Isabeli Fontana, Liya Kebede, Hana Soukupova"] [http://www.mouawad.com/en/thehouse-victoria-secret/2006 " Bandhiga Dharka Qarsoon ee Victoria: Dheemmankii 2006 | MOUAWAD™"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mouawad.com/en/thehouse-victoria-secret/2006 |date=20230603235639 }} [https://www.vogue.com/article/robert-fairer-backstage-photography-exhibition-scad "Bandhig Cusub oo Sawirada Marxaladda dambe ee Robert Fairer ayaa u dabaaldagaya sharafta Bandhigyada Runway-ga Qofku"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20211122165721/https://blackbookmag.com/archive/industry-insiders-drew-aaron-and-hana-soukupova-high-end-addicts/ "Industry Insiders: Drew Aaron iyo Hana Soukupova, Addicts-Dhammaadka Sare"] [https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/mark-cunningham-hana-soukupova-connecticut-home "Mark Cunningham wuxuu dib u soo nooleeyay Hana Soukupova iyo Drew Aaron's Connecticut Home"]{{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/hana_soukupova/ Hana Soukupova] oo ku taal Hagaha Modelka Fashion [https://models.com/models/hana-soukupova Hana Soukupova] ee Models.com [[imdbname:2485649|Hana Soukupova]] iyo [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] qgs2qx0uxfgdj5azidd5px0i3tofucy 0 43374 301240 285976 2026-07-10T05:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Howard Gordon Shelley''' OBE (dhashay 9 Maarso 1950) waa pianist iyo diris muusik Britaan ah. Wuxuu waxbarashadiisa ka qaatay Highgate School iyo Royal College of Music. Wuxuu guursaday pianist-kii kale Hilary Macnamara, iyaga oo sameeyay bandhigyo iyo duubitaanno laba-piano ah ilaa geerideeda sanadkii 2021. ==Sameeye== Ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay abaalmarinta koowaad ee Kuliyadda Muusikada ee Royal dhammaadka sannadkiisii ​​ugu horreysay, Howard Shelley xirfaddiisu waxay ku billaabatay sheeko-hadallo London ah oo guul leh iyo bandhig faneedka BBC-da ee telefishanka oo ay la qaadatay Orchestra Symphony London oo uu hoos tago Michael Tilson Thomas isla xilli isku mid ah. Tan iyo markaas wuxuu si joogto ah u soo bandhigay UK, Europe, Scandinavian, Waqooyiga Ameerika, Ruushka, Australia, iyo Bariga Fog. Waxa kale oo uu sameeyay in ka badan shan iyo todobaatan cajalado ganacsi. 1994-kii, Shuraakada Sharafta leh ee Kulliyada Muusikada ee Royal waxaa siiyay isaga oo ah Amiirka Wales . Bianist ahaan waxa uu sameeyay, baahiyey oo uu ku duubay aduunka oo dhan isaga oo hogaaminaya orchestras iyo kirishbooyada oo ay ku jiraan Vladimir Ashkenazy , Pierre Boulez , Sir Adrian Boult , Colin Davis , Mariss Jansons , Gennady Rozhdestvensky iyo Kurt Sanderling . Intii lagu guda jiray sannad-guuradii afartanaad ee dhimashadii Sergei Rachmaninoff wuxuu noqday pianist-gii ugu horreeyay abid ee sameeya piano-ga muusigga oo dhammaystiran oo muusiga ah Shanta akhriyo ee London, oo ku yaal Hoolka Wigmore ee London , waxaa gabi ahaanba baahiyey BBC-da . Si loo xuso sannad-guuradii kontonaad ee dhimashadii Rachmaninoff Howard Shelley wuxuu bixiyay riwaayado badan oo ay ku jiraan akhrinta Leipzig Gewandhaus maalintii lafteeda (28-kii Maarso 1993) iyo akhrinta Rachmaninoff's villa ee Lucerne oo ku martiqaaday wiilka curiyaha. Waxa uu siiyay wareegyo dhamaystiran oo riwaayado Rachmaninoff ah oo uu la socdo Royal Scottish National Orchestra , Beethoven concertos oo uu la socdo BBC Philharmonic Orchestra iyo Mozart concerto taxane ah oo ay la socdaan ciyaartoyda Mozart ee London , Camerata Salzburg iyo Munich Symphony Orchestra . Bishii Maarso 2015 wuxuu sameeyay riwaayadii 3aad ee Rachmaninoff markii ugu horeysay isagoo hoos imanaya boodhka wiilkiisa, Alexander Shelley , oo ay weheliso Symphony Nuremberg . Howard Shelley waxa kale oo uu ka soo muuqday dukumeenti ah Rachmaninoff oo laga soo bandhigay talefishinka BBC. Shelley waxaa loo magacaabay Sarkaalka Amarka Boqortooyada Ingiriiska (OBE) ee Abaalmarinta Sannadka Cusub ee 2009. ==Duubista== Duubitaankiisa badan ee Chandos, Hyperion, iyo EMI waxaa ka mid ah Rachmaninov's piano music and concertos, taxane Mozart , Hummel , Mendelssohn , Moscheles , Dohnanyi iyo Cramer concertos iyo sidoo kale dhamaan Gershwin 's shuqullada piano & orchestra, British Concertos , iyo taxane ah ee Hosester Hossets . Rubbra , Scott , Tippett iyo Vaughan Williams . Duubista Schumann , Grieg iyo Saint-Saëns Piano Concertos, iyo muusigga dhameystiran ee piano iyo orkestra ee Beethoven , waxaa sii daayay Chandos. ==Diris== Sannadkii 1985-kii Howard Shelley waxa uu sameeyay kulankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xirfadle kaari ahaan. Sida maareeyaha uu la sameeyay Orchestra London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , Orchestra Philharmonia , Orchestra Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Orchestra Orchestra , Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra , Filarmonica de la Ciudad de Mexico Symphony, Symphony, Seattle Orchestra Orchestra Orchestra , Orchestra Orchestra ee Melbourne Orchestra Symphony West Australia , iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Waxa uu soo qabtay jagooyin ku-xigeen iyo maamulaha martida maamulaha ee Ciyaartoyda Mozart ee London xidhiidh dhow oo ka badan labaatan sano. Waxa uu kula soo wareegay dalalka Japan, Korea, Germany, Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, Ireland iyo the Prague Autumn Festival, oo uu la sameeyay cajalado badan. Hadda waa Abaalmarinta Abaalmarinta Hobolada. Shelley waxa uu sidoo kale ahaa maamulaha guud ee kooxda Orchestra ee Uppsala ee Iswiidhan waxa uuna si dhow ula shaqeeyaa Camerata Salzburg, Orchestra di Padova e del Veneto ee Talyaaniga iyo Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra ee Australia oo uu la duubay dhowr cajaladood. Hobolada qolalka kale ee uu la soo shaqeeyay waxaa ka mid ah Hobolada Rugta Ingriiska, Orchestra Chamber ee Scottish-ka, Rugta Iswidishka, Chamber Zurich, Holand Chamber & Stuttgart Chamber Orchestras, Waqooyiga Sinfonia , Ensemble Orchestra de Paris, Leipzig Kammerphilharmonie iyo Orchestra-ku -saleysan Talyaani ee Orchestra della S. ==Filim iyo TV== Wuxuu si joogto ah uga soo muuqday telefiishanka tan iyo markii uu jiray toban jir markii uu siiyay akhrinta Bach iyo Chopin. Waxa uu ahaa kali-talis sannad-guuradii 100-aad ee riwaayadda Promenade, riwaayad laga sii daayay caalamka oo dhan. Dukumentari ku saabsan Ravel oo ay samaysay 1998-kii oo ay samaysay Australian Broadcasting Corporation, oo muujinaya Shelley oo ah kaari, biyaaniste iyo soo-bandhige ayaa ku guulaystay Biladda Dahabka ah ee taariikh nololeedka fanka ugu wanaagsan sanadka ee Abaalmarinta Bandhigyada New York. Shelley waxa ay ka soo muuqatay muusiga dhawr filim oo ay ku jiraan Un coeur en hiver (1992), Anna Karenina (1997) iyo Testimony (1988). Filimka dambe, oo uu hagayo Tony Palmer , Ben Kingsley wuxuu ciyaaray qayb ka mid ah Dmitri Shostakovich , isagoo u eg Howard Shelley piano ==Qoyska== Howard Shelley wuxuu guursaday saaxiibkii pianist Hilary Macnamara 1975 Daariyihii Alexander Shelley waa mid ka mid ah wiilashooda. ==Tixraac== [https://notices.irishtimes.com/death/shelley-hilary/59143033 "SHELLEY, Hilary: Dhimasho: Irish Times] {{Wayback|url=https://notices.irishtimes.com/death/shelley-hilary/59143033 |date=20251212062317 }} [https://www.chandos.net/home "Chandos Records CD-yada muusiga qadiimiga ah iyo MP3 Soodejinta Online"] [https://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/a.asp?a=A397 "Howard Shelley (piano) oo ku saabsan Diiwaanada Hyperion"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== James Palmer (2020). Howard Shelley da'da 70 - xirfad rikoor ah. Fikradda Muusiga 143 (1522): 5–6, 8, 10 68xor71qv0juqcr5bsenpidga4kuyr0 0 43799 301245 299128 2026-07-10T06:36:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Honorable | name = Jibrin Ndagi Baba | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth-date and age|1979|}} | birth_place = [[Niger State]], Nigeria | death_date = | office = Ku-simaha afhayeenka [[Aqalka Baarlamaanka ee Gobolka Niger]] | constituency = [[Lavun|Lavun constituency]] | office1 = | termstart = 23 July 2020 | predecessor = [[Bako Kassim Alfa]] | successor = | education = | occupation = [[legislature]] }} '''Jibrin Ndagi Baba''' (wuxuu dhashay 1979) waa siyaasi iyo xubin Golaha Baarlamaanka Gobolka Niger oo matalaya deegaanka Lavun ee heer sharci dejinta Gobolka Waxa uu ku bedelay Bako Kasim Alfa gudoomiye ku xigeenka aqalka baarlamaanka ee gobolka Niger ka dib markii uu ku dhawaaqay in uu iska casilay xilkii gudoomiye ku xigeenkii baarlamaanka sababo aan la shaacin. Waxaa loo magacaabay inuu noqdo ku-simaha Bako Kasim Alfa Gambo Sulaiman Rabiu oo laga soo doorto Paikoro Constituency waxaana ku xigay Saleh Ibrahim Alhaji oo laga soo doorto deegaanka Kontagora II. ==Julaay 23, 2020 kulanka kalfadhiga guud== Jibrin Baba ayaa 23-kii July 2020 fadhigii guud ee Khamiislaha ahaa ee Khamiista, waxa uu mooshin ka keenay labada hoggaamiye ee aqlabiyadda ah ee la doortay iyo ku xigeenkiisa in xilka laga xayuubiyo sababo la xiriira kalsooni la'aan isagoo xubin ka ah laba xafiis oo maamuleed. ==Xusuusin== [https://dailypost.ng/2020/07/23/breaking-niger-assembly-deputy-speaker-resigns/ "Guddoomiye ku xigeenkii baarlamaanka Niger oo is casilay"] [https://ab-tc.com/niger-state-assembly-deputy-speaker-resigns/ "Guddoomiye ku xigeenkii baarlamaanka gobolka Niger oo is casilay"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://ait.live/niger-state-house-of-assembly-elects-new-deputy-speaker/ "Aqalka Baarlamaanka Dalka Niger Oo Doortay Guddoomiye Ku Xigeenka Cusub"] {{Wayback|url=https://ait.live/niger-state-house-of-assembly-elects-new-deputy-speaker/ |date=20251107124231 }} [https://www.legit.ng/1350275-niger-assembly-deputy-speaker-resigns-elected.html "Aqalka baarlamaanka Niger ayaa doortay guddoomiye ku xigeen cusub kadib markii uu iscasilay Alfa"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.legit.ng/1350275-niger-assembly-deputy-speaker-resigns-elected.html |date=20241130232906 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115073705/https://freshfmnigeria.com/niger-assembly-sacks-2-principal-officers/ "Baarlamaanka Niger oo shaqada ka ceyriyay 2 sarkaal oo madax ah] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520021720/https://fresh1069fm.com/niger-assembly-sacks-2-principal-officers/ Baarlamaanka Niger oo shaqada ka ceyriyay 2 sarkaal oo madax ah] kigaxxxydexsaos6jk65ted0dqy8vqh 828 44067 301188 298951 2026-07-09T20:09:41Z Grufo 46126 [[:mw:Module:Params|Upstream]] updates 301188 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey] = val src[skey] = nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `let`, `here`, -- `in_substack`, `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local ctx = {} ctx.frame = child_frame:getParent() ctx.opipe = child_frame.args ctx.oparams = ctx.frame.args ctx.firstposonly = static_iface ctx.iterfunc = pairs ctx.sorttype = 0 ctx.n_parents = 0 ctx.n_children = 0 ctx.n_available = maxfill return ctx end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 local vname local chr for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] amap[key] = nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local newparams = {} local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local tmp = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if tmp == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false end tmp = sortfunctions[tmp] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false end return tmp or nil, 2, true end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let]|[...][number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after) local tbl, pin = {}, start_from local tnamed while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin]:match'^%s*let%s*$' and src[pin + 1] ~= nil and src[pin + 2] ~= nil do tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])] = src[pin + 2] pin = pin + 3 end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end local tmp = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp ~= nil and math.floor(tmp) == tmp then if tmp < 0 then tmp = -1 end local shf = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp do tbl[idx + shf] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style) local style local shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, nargs = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, nargs, tmp, karg, varg end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 local keyw for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from local trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu = tmp[1], tmp[2] optslots[1] = nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc] optslots[2] = nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc] optslots[3] = nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix local gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix = '' gid = key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local skel = {} local canvas = {} local idx = 1 local s_pos = 1 local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key local val local spos1 local spos2 local pos1 local pos2 local pos3 = 0 local idx = 1 local lenplone = #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx] = val idx = idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local vars = {} local sortfn, tmp, do_sort = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) local argc = set_strings(vars, opts, tmp + 1) if argc < tmp then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache local len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else cache = {} len = 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp = cache[idx] pmap[nss + 1] = pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset ~= -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) local sequence = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc = ipairs ctx.subset = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc = pairs ctx.subset = -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'here' then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'in_substack' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen] = key store[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end nnums = nnums + 1 tmp[key] = val end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = '' end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin local nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift] = tbl[idx] tbl[idx] = nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} local nmax local nmin for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 local tmp for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] local tmp2 local argc local pos local refp if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp2 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tmp local ptn local tbl = ctx.params local newparams = {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch local ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') local nomatch local ptn for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') local yesmatch local ptn for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter -- 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument -- 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only) value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1] local tbl = ctx.params if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) local cache local len if do_sort then local words local wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else cache = {} len = 0 for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter -- 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument -- 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only) map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn] = nil tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let]|[...]|[number of additional arguments]|[argument -- 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe local tmp if opts[1] ~= nil then tmp = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local argc tmp, argc = load_child_opts(opts, 2, 0) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end local groups = make_groups(ctx.params) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0] = gid model.args = group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local cache = {} local mix_k, mix_v = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', ctx.pipe[2] local tmp if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort order]|setting -- directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do stack[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(ctx.oparams) do stack[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params = ctx.children[currsnap] ctx.children[currsnap] = nil ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local parent local tmp = ctx.n_parents if tmp < 1 then parent = ctx.oparams else parent = ctx.parents[tmp] end tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1 ctx.n_children = currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] local child = ctx.params ctx.params = parent ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent = ctx.params local currsnap = ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap] = nil ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2] -- |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = key ret[nss + 3] = kvs ret[nss + 4] = val nss = nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = val nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = '' ret[nss + 3] = '' ret[nss + 4] = val nss = nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = key ret[nss + 3] = kvs ret[nss + 4] = val nss = nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key] = opts[tmp] opts[tmp] = nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = table.concat(cnv) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = key opts[2] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...] -- |[named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = key opts[2] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = key opts[2] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1] -- |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params( ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0] = gid model.args = group ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) bx8a2av95b6jpca3zvf7xnia4bz7hsf 0 44961 301223 290369 2026-07-10T03:53:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = FAVE | image = Fave szn.jpg | caption = Fave sanadkii 2024 | birth_name = Chidozie Godsfavour Ugochinyere | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|3|13}} | birth_place = [[Anambra State]], Nigeria | genre = {{hlist|Afrobeats|dancehall|[[afro pop]]|R&B}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}} | years_active = 2019–hadda | label = Tumblar }} '''Chidozie Godsfavour Ugochinyere''' (dhashay 13 March 2000), oo xirfad ahaan loo yaqaan Fave , waa heesaa-heeseed reer Nigeria ah iyo farshaxan duubis ah. Waxay heshay aqoonsi ka dib markii ay ku sii daysay dhowr fiidiyow oo daqiiqado ah barta Twitterka intii lagu jiray xiritaanka COVID-19 . 2022, waxay ku guulaysatay Rookie of the Year ee The Headies 2022 waxaana loo magacaabay fanaaniinta ugu rajo wanaagsan iyo fanaaniinta ugu wanagsan ee African Reggae, Dancehall ee Abaalmarinta Muusika Afrika oo dhan . Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaa loo magacaabay Farshaxan cusub ee ugu Wanaagsan 2022 Soundcity MVP Awards Festival ==Sooyaalka iyo shaqada== Iyadoo ilmo dhexe ah iyo inanta keliya ee qoyska Chidozie, qoys ka kooban 5 kuwaas oo degganaa bariga iyo koonfur-galbeed ee Nigeria labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, Fave waxay safarkeeda muusikada ka bilowday kaniisadda iyada oo lix jir ah. Wax yar ka hor inta aysan u kicin xiddignimada sanadka 2020, Fave (oo laga soo minguuriyay Favour) waxay ahayd 19-jir heesaa-heesad-heeseed ah oo ku raad-joogta shahaado sharci oo keliya hal MOMMS ah oo u taagan aniga ama Maaskaro dembiyadayda. Hadda waxay barataa sharciga waxayna ku jirtaa sannadkii ugu dambeeyay jaamacadda Obafemi Awolowo ee Ile-Ife, Gobolka Osun, Nigeria. In kasta oo shaqadeeda lagu arkay noocyadeeda kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin qoob ka ciyaarka, Afro pop, Afro beats, Dane, R & B, Fave waxay inta badan isu haysataa inay tahay gabadh "pop" ah. Habkeeda gabay ee qoraalku waxa ay mudnaan siisaa baylahnimada oo ay weheliso qorsheyaal muuqda oo gudbinaya shucuur kala duwan oo inta badan ku dul duldhacsan garaaca-dhicisyada ama horusocodka durbaanka heersare ah. ==Tixraac== [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-wins-rookie-of-the-year-at-the-2022-headies-awards/lsgvkv5 "FAVE waxay ku guulaysataa Rookie of the Year 2022 Headies Awards"] [https://basenaija.com/fave-szn-biography-age-career-songs-state-and-net-worth/ "Fave SZN Taariikh nololeedka, Da'da, Xirfadda, Heesaha, Gobolka iyo Qiimaha saafiga ah"] {{Wayback|url=https://basenaija.com/fave-szn-biography-age-career-songs-state-and-net-worth/ |date=20230311100902 }} [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fave-and-talented-producer-damie-get-plaques-for-baby-riddim/sybnt03 "Dareenka heesaha Fave & soo saare hibada leh Damie waxay helayaan boodhadh loogu talagalay heestooda sare-u-qaadka ah ee 'Baby Riddim'] i6ermtbmvmrm0fw6xpavi3oke9cc8t6 0 46709 301224 295735 2026-07-10T04:01:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pageant titleholder | name = Frederika Alexis Cull | image = File:Frederika Alexis Cull with Joko Widodo (cropped).jpg | alias = Frederika Cull | alma_mater = | education = [[AIS Indonesia|Australian Independent School]]<ref name="education1"/> | caption = Cull oo joogta [[Bogor Palace]] | birth_name = Frederika Alexis Cull | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1999|10|05}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/gaya-hidup/541959/frederika-alexis-terpilih-puteri-indonesia-2019|title=Frederika Alexis Terpilih Puteri Indonesia 2019|website=/www.beritasatu.com|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-date=2022-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310113017/https://www.beritasatu.com/gaya-hidup/541959/frederika-alexis-terpilih-puteri-indonesia-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan/541992/sabet-mahkota-puteri-indonesia-di-usia-19-tahun-begini-profil-frederika-alexis-cull|title=Frederika Alexis|website=/www.beritasatu.com|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-date=2022-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419134719/https://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan/541992/sabet-mahkota-puteri-indonesia-di-usia-19-tahun-begini-profil-frederika-alexis-cull|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koran-jakarta.com/frederika-alexis-cull-siap-wakili-indonesia-di-miss-universe/|title=Frederika Alexis Cull Siap Wakili Indonesia di Miss Universe|website=www.koran-jakarta.com|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cakrawalamedia.co.id/frederica-alexis-cull-jadi-putri-indonesia-2019-di-usia-19/|title=Frederica Alexis Cull Jadi Putri Indonesia 2019 di Usia 19|website=www.cakrawalamedia.co.id|date=9 March 2019 |access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Jakarta]], Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/id-id/hiburan/selebriti/menyimak-5-fakta-dari-putri-indonesia-2019-frederika-alexis-cull/ar-BBUysO2|title=Menyimak 5 Fakta dari Putri Indonesia 2019, Frederika Alexis Cull|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/3912623/lebih-dekat-dengan-puteri-indonesia-2019-frederika-alexis-cull|title=Lebih Dekat dengan Puteri Indonesia 2019, Frederika Alexis Cull|last=Liputan6.com|date=2019-03-09|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/entertainment/infotainment/10/03/2019/5-fakta-terbaru-puteri-indonesia-2019-frederika-alexis-cull/|title=5 Fakta Terbaru Puteri Indonesia 2019, Frederika Alexis Cull|last=JawaPos.com|date=2019-03-10|website=JawaPos.com|language=id|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718211402/https://www.jawapos.com/entertainment/infotainment/10/03/2019/5-fakta-terbaru-puteri-indonesia-2019-frederika-alexis-cull/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/section/2019/03/08/profil-frederika-alexis-cull-pemenang-puteri-indonesia-2019-usianya-masih-19-tahun|title=Profil Frederika Alexis Cull, Pemenang Puteri Indonesia 2019, Usianya Masih 19 Tahun|website=Tribunnews.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref> | height = {{height|m=1.71}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangka.tribunnews.com/2019/03/09/usianya-baru-19-tahun-inilah-latar-belakang-frederika-alexis-cull-puteri-indonesia-2019|title=Usianya Baru 19 Tahun, Inilah Latar Belakang Frederika Alexis Cull, Puteri Indonesia 2019|website=Bangka Pos|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makassar.tribunnews.com/2019/03/09/7-fakta-frederika-alexis-cull-putri-indonesia-2019silsilah-keluarga-jangan-kaget-tahu-kesukaannya|title=7 Fakta Frederika Alexis Cull Putri Indonesia 2019,Silsilah Keluarga & Jangan Kaget Tahu Kesukaannya|website=Tribun Timur|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nova.grid.id/read/051660769/berasal-dari-australia-frederika-alexis-cull-dinobatkan-jadi-puteri-indonesia-2019|title=Berasal dari Australia, Frederika Alexis Cull Dinobatkan Jadi Puteri Indonesia 2019 - Semua Halaman - Nova.Grid.ID|website=nova.grid.id|language=id|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> | hair_color = Madow | eye_color = Bunni madow | title = {{Unbulleted list|[[Puteri Indonesia 2019]]|[[Miss Universe Indonesia|Miss Universe Indonesia 2019]]}} | competitions = {{Unbulleted list|[[Puteri Indonesia 2019]]|(Guuleyste)|[[Miss Universe 2019]]|(Top 10)}} }} ​'''Frederika Alexis Cull''' (dhalatay 5 Oktoobar 1999) waa atariisho Indonesia-Australian ah, moodel, u dhaqdhaqaaqe, iyo hanatay tartanka quruxda oo ku guuleysatay horyaalka [[Puteri Indonesia 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puteri Indonesia 2019|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/vision/puteri-indonesia-2019|website=Jakarta Globe|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> Waxay Indonesia u meteshay tartanka [[Miss Universe 2019]], halkaas oo ay gashay Top 10-ka. Waxay noqotay qofkii toddobaad ee Indonesian ah ee gaara heerka kama dambaysta ah ee taariikhda [[Miss Universe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Indonesia's Frederika Cull makes it to 2019 Miss Universe top 10|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/12/09/indonesias-frederika-cull-makes-it-to-2019-miss-universe-top-10.html|website=The Jakarta Post|date=9 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref name="education2"/> ​ ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Cull waxay ku dhalatay [[Jakarta]], Indonesia, laakiin intii u dhaxaysay da'da 1 ilaa 7 sano waxay ku noolayd magaalada aabaheed, [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/3912623/lebih-dekat-dengan-puteri-indonesia-2019-frederika-alexis-cull|title=Lebih Dekat dengan Puteri Indonesia 2019, Frederika Alexis Cull|publisher= [[Liputan 6]]|date=2019-03-09|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jawapos.com/entertainment/infotainment/10/03/2019/5-fakta-terbaru-puteri-indonesia-2019-frederika-alexis-cull/|title=5 Fakta Terbaru Puteri Indonesia 2019, Frederika Alexis Cull|last=JawaPos.com|date=2019-03-10|publisher=[[Jawa Pos]]|language=id|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718211402/https://www.jawapos.com/entertainment/infotainment/10/03/2019/5-fakta-terbaru-puteri-indonesia-2019-frederika-alexis-cull/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cull waxaa dhalay aabbe Australian ah oo ku dhashay British-English, Roy Alexis Cull iyo hooyo Indonesian ah oo eeddo u ah, Yuliar Markonah Peers.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= http://www.herworld.co.id/article/2019/3/10891-Mengenal-Frederika-Alexis-Cull-Puteri-Indonesia-2019|title=Mengenal Frederika Alexis Cull, Puteri Indonesia 2019|publisher=herworld.co.id|date=9 March 2019}}</ref> Frederika waxay u guurtay [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] markay jirtay toddoba sano si ay u sii wadato waxbarashadeeda iyo xirfadeeda moodelka, sidoo kale waxay bilawday xirfadeeda jilaanimo markay jirtay 14 sano.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://forum.detik.com/frederika-alexis-cull-puteri-indonesia-2019-t1977652p363.html|website=detik.com|title=FREDERIKA ALEXIS CULL, PUTERI INDONESIA 2019 "Baru tau fred punya tatto ya walaupun tatto cmn segede upil gitu si tp ah sudah lah."|language=id|access-date=2026-01-12|archive-date=2022-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417233620/https://forum.detik.com/frederika-alexis-cull-puteri-indonesia-2019-t1977652p363.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makassar.tribunnews.com/2019/03/09/7-fakta-frederika-alexis-cull-putri-indonesia-2019silsilah-keluarga-jangan-kaget-tahu-kesukaannya|title=7 Fakta Frederika Alexis Cull Putri Indonesia 2019,Silsilah Keluarga & Jangan Kaget Tahu Kesukaannya|website=Tribun Timur|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nova.grid.id/read/051660769/berasal-dari-australia-frederika-alexis-cull-dinobatkan-jadi-puteri-indonesia-2019|title=Berasal dari Australia, Frederika Alexis Cull Dinobatkan Jadi Puteri Indonesia 2019 - Semua Halaman - Nova.Grid.ID|website=nova.grid.id|language=id|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> ​Frederika waxay waxbarashadeeda [[college]]-ka ku dhamaysatay [[AIS Indonesia|Australian Independent School Indonesia (AIS Indonesia)]] oo ku taal [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref name="education1">{{Cite web|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1281668/frederika-cull-masuk-top-10-miss-universe-sejarah-baru-indonesia|title=Frederika Cull Masuk Top 10 Miss Universe, Sejarah Baru Indonesia|website=[[Tempo (Indonesian magazine)]]|date=9 December 2019 |access-date=December 9, 2019}}</ref> waxayna qaadatay shahaadada [[bachelor degree]] [[Hons.]] ee maadooyinka [[Economics|Dhaqaalaha iyo Maamulka]] ee [[Saïd Business School|The Oxford Centre for Management Studies (OCMS) - Saïd Business School]] oo ka tirsan [[University of Oxford]] ee [[Oxford, Oxfordshire]], England,<ref name="education2">{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/photos/2177/hot-stuff-meet-the-nights-charmermiss-indonesia-2019-frederika-cull|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209055524/https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/photos/2177/hot-stuff-meet-the-nights-charmermiss-indonesia-2019-frederika-cull|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2019|title=Hot Stuff: Meet The Night's Charmer—Miss Indonesia 2019 Frederika Cull!|website=[[ABS-CBN Corporation]]|access-date=December 9, 2019}}</ref><ref name="education3">{{Cite web|url=https://manado.tribunnews.com/2019/03/09/ini-sosok-frederika-cull-putri-indonesia-2019-yang-masih-berumur-19-tahun-dan-kuliah-di-oxford|title=Ini Sosok Frederika Cull, Putri Indonesia 2019 yang Masih Berumur 19 Tahun dan Kuliah di Oxford|website=[[Tribun Network]]|access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref><ref name="education4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/entertainment/2021/11/17/170247/dikabarkan-menghilang-9-fakta-frederika-cull-puteri-indonesia-2019|title=Dikabarkan Menghilang, 9 Facts Frederika Cull Puteri Indonesia 2019|website=[[Suara (newspaper)|Suara]]|author=Tinwarotul Fatonah|access-date=November 17, 2021}}</ref> iyo barnaamijka Entrepreneurship Summer Course ee isla jaamacaddaas.<ref name="education2"/><ref name="education3"/> ==Tartamada Quruxda== === Puteri Indonesia 2019 === Cull waxay bilawday tartanka quruxda markii ay u tartantay tartanka 22-aad ee [[Puteri Indonesia]] iyadoo metelaysay [[Jakarta|Jakarta SCR]], waxayna ku dambaysay in loo caleemo saaro [[Puteri Indonesia 2019]] fiidkii finalka ee lagu qabtay [[Jakarta Convention Center]], 8 Maarso 2019, waxaana u caleemo saartay [[Puteri Indonesia 2018]] iyo Top 20 [[Miss Universe 2018]], [[Sonia Fergina Citra]] oo ka socotay [[Bangka Belitung]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Frederika Alexis Cull crowned Miss Puteri Indonesia 2019|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/miss-universe/frederika-alexis-cull/Frederika-Alexis-Culls-pictures/articleshow/68448340.cms|date=20 March 2019|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ​ === Miss Universe 2019 === Cull waxay [[Indonesia]] u meteshay [[Miss Universe|cadadkii 68-aad]] ee tartanka [[Miss Universe 2019]] markay taariikhdu ahayd 8 Diseembar 2019 ee [[Tyler Perry Studios]] ee [[Atlanta, Georgia]], halkaas oo ay gashay top 10. Waa wakiilkii ugu horreeyay ee Indonesian ah ee abid gala top 10.<ref name=":0" /> Cull waxay noqotay kii toddobaad ee [[Indonesians|Indonesian]] ah iyo wakiilkii ugu horreeyay ee [[Jakarta|Jakarta SCR]] ee loo doorto semifinalist taariikhda [[Miss Universe]].<ref>[http://wolipop.detik.com/entertainment-news/d-4815030/tembus-top-10-puteri-indonesia-frederika-cull-ukir-sejarah-di-miss-universe Tembus Top 10, Puteri Indonesia Frederika Cull Ukir Sejarah di Miss Universe]</ref> ==Filimada== Cull waxay jishay dhowr filim oo telefishan ah. ​ ===Filimada Telefishanka=== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Genre !! Role !! Film Production |- | 2013 || ''Buku Harian Dara''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGaLxwelUVo&t=1692s|title=WATCH:Frederika Alexis Cull as Feby on part of 'BUKU HARIAN DARA' Movie|publisher=BUKU HARIAN DARA|date=22 March 2019}}</ref> || [[drama]] || sidii Rika || [[Trans Media]] |- | 2021 || [[:id:Layangan Putus|''Layangan Putus'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/tokoh/2021/04/14/frederika-cull-tahap-belajar|title=Frederika Cull, Tahap Belajar|publisher=[[Kompas]]|date=April 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/hype/entertainment/stella/reza-rahadian-dan-putri-marino-main-bareng-di-serial-layangan-putus|title=Reza Rahadian dan Putri Marino Main Bareng di Serial Layangan Putus|publisher=[[Times of Indonesia]]|date=April 12, 2021}}</ref> || [[drama]] || sidii Miranda || [[:id:MD Entertainment|MD Entertainment]] iyo [[We TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idnthttps://lifestyle.sindonews.com/read/395024/158/kisah-viral-layangan-putus-diadaptasi-jadi-serial-1618236249|title=Kisah Viral Layangan Putus Diadaptasi Jadi Serial|publisher=[[Koran Sindo]]|date=April 12, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2022 || [[:id:Flora (seri web)|''Flora: Turn On'']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://about.vidio.com/entertainment/original-series-flora-segera-hadir-di-tahun-2022/|title=Segera Hadir di Tahun 2022, ''Original Series Flora'' Dibintangi Erika Carlina|first=Anita|last=Namira Salsabila|website=Vidio Blog|date=2 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Sinopsis">{{cite web|title=Ini Sinopsis dan Daftar Pemain ''Web Series Flora Turn On'' yang tayang 2022 di Vidio.com|url=https://correcto.id/beranda/read/54415/ini-sinopsis-dan-daftar-pemain-web-series-flora-turn-on-yang-tayang-2022-di-vidio-com|date=2 January 2022|access-date=2 January 2022|language=id|website=Correcto.id}}</ref>|| [[comedy]] || sidii Gloria || [[:id:Screenplay Films|Screenplay Films]] iyo [[Vidio]] |- | 2023 || [[:id:Scandal Makers (film 2023)|''Scandal Makers'']]<ref>{{cite web|title=Scandal Makers (2023)|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-m8ic9f/scandal-makers/|date=25 January 2023|access-date=25 January 2023|website=[[Radio Times]]}}</ref> || [[comedy]]-[[drama]] || sidii Mikha || [[:id:MD Entertainment|MD Entertainment]] |- |} ==Sawiro== <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> File:Frederika Cull at Kuyung Kupek Muba 2021.jpg|Cull waxay booqatay [[Musi Banyuasin Regency]] ee gobolka [[South Sumatra]], si ay uga qayb gasho munaasabadda 2021 ''"Kuyung Kupek Muba"'' 28 Oktoobar 2021. File:Frederika Alexis Cull with Joko Widodo.jpg|Cull waxay la kulantay Madaxweyne [[Joko Widodo]] gudaha [[Bogor Palace]] sanadkii 2019 File:Frederika Alexis Cull in Bogor Palace.jpg|Cull waxaa waraystay saxaafadda intii ay booqashada ugu tagtay madaxweynaha toddobaad ee Indonesia [[Joko Widodo]] ee [[Bogor Palace]] File:Puteri Indonesia 2019 finalists with Joko Widodo on steps of Bogor Palace.jpg|Cull iyo ka qaybgalayaashii iyo guuleystayaashii [[Puteri Indonesia 2019]], [[Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu]], [[Jesica Fitriana|Jesica Fitriana Martasari Alfharisi]] iyo [[Miss Universe 2018]], [[Catriona Gray]]. Kulankii Madaxweyne [[Joko Widodo]] ee [[Bogor Palace|Bogor Presidential Palace]] sanadkii 2019 </gallery> ​ == Sidoo kale eeg == {{Portal|Indonesia}} ​[[:en:Puteri Indonesia 2019|Puteri Indonesia 2019]] [[:en:Miss Universe 2019|Miss Universe 2019]] [[:en:Jolene Marie Rotinsulu|Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu]] [[:en:Jesica Fitriana|Jesica Fitriana Martasari]] ​ ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​ ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons}} ​{{IMDb name|nm5779229}} ​{{Instagram|frederikacull}} ​{{S-start}} {{S-ach}} {{S-bef|before=[[Puteri Indonesia 2018|Aura Febryannisa]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[:id:Puteri Indonesia DKI Jakarta|Puteri Jakarta SCR 1]] |years=[[Puteri Indonesia 2019|2019]]}} {{S-aft|after=[[Puteri Indonesia 2020|Stephanie Cecillia Munthe]]}} {{S-bef|before=[[File:Flag of Bangka-Belitung.svg|border|22x20px|Sumatra]] [[Bangka Belitung]] –<br /> [[Sonia Fergina Citra]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Puteri Indonesia]] |years=[[Puteri Indonesia 2019|2019]]}} {{S-aft|after=[[File:Flag of East Java.svg|border|22x20px|East Java]] [[East Java]] –<br /> [[Ayu Maulida|Raden Roro Ayu Maulida Putri]]}} {{S-end}} ​{{List of Puteri Indonesia winners}} {{Miss Universe Indonesia titleholders}} {{Miss Universe Indonesia placements}} {{Miss Universe 2019 delegates}} {{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Cull, Frederika Alexis}} 8ihs5tzldp6u1e6x3jmh3m4ouvzbj4w 0 47082 301241 297124 2026-07-10T05:52:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Hugo Gatti | image = Hugo gatti boca.jpg | upright = 0.9 | caption = Gatti isagoo u ciyaaraya [[Boca Juniors]] sanadkii 1977 | full_name = Hugo Orlando Gatti | birth_date = {{Birth date|1944|8|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Carlos Tejedor Partido|Carlos Tejedor]], [[Buenos Aires Province]], Argentina | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|4|20|1944|8|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina | height = 1.85 m | position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goolhaye]] | currentclub = | youthyears1 = 1960–1961 | youthclubs1 = [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]] | years1 = 1962–1964 | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]] | caps1 = 38 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 1964–1968 | clubs2 = [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]] | caps2 = 77 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 1969–1974 | clubs3 = [[Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata|Gimnasia La Plata]] | caps3 = 224 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 1974–1975 | clubs4 = [[Unión de Santa Fe|Unión Santa Fe]] | caps4 = 45 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 1976–1988 | clubs5 = [[Boca Juniors]] | caps5 = 381 | goals5 = 1 | totalcaps = 765 | totalgoals = 1 | nationalyears1 = 1967–1977 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps1 = 18 | nationalgoals1 = 0 }} ​'''Hugo Orlando Gatti''' (19 Ogosto 1944 – 20 Abriil 2025) wuxuu ahaa [[goalkeeper (association football)|goolhaye kubbadda cagta]] Argentine ah kaasoo ka ciyaaray [[Argentine Primera División]] muddo 26 xilli ciyaareed ah<ref name="educar">{{in lang|es}}[http://www.redargentina.com/DeportesArgentinos/Gatti.asp Hugo Orlando Gatti bio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908172813/http://www.redargentina.com/DeportesArgentinos/Gatti.asp |date=8 September 2006 }} – Redargentina.com – educar.org</ref> wuxuuna dhigay rikoor ah 765 kulan oo horyaalka ah iyo 52 kulan oo caalami ah, taasoo wadarta guud ka dhigaysa 817 kulan oo uu ciyaaray. Gatti waa ciyaaryahanka ugu saftay kulamada ugu badan horyaalka Argentina abid.<ref name=APPP>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1741454-el-abuelo-y-tapicero-que-se-convertira-en-el-jugador-con-mas-partidos-en-el-futbol-argentino El abuelo y tapicero que se convertirá en el jugador con más partidos en el fútbol argentino] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1741454-el-abuelo-y-tapicero-que-se-convertira-en-el-jugador-con-mas-partidos-en-el-futbol-argentino |date=20171010213532 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010213532/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1741454-el-abuelo-y-tapicero-que-se-convertira-en-el-jugador-con-mas-partidos-en-el-futbol-argentino |date=10 October 2017 }}, ''La Nación'', 5 November 2014</ref><ref name=APP>[http://www.teaydeportea.edu.ar/archivos/a-30-anos-del-record-inalcanzable-de-hugo-gatti/ A 30 AÑOS DEL RÉCORD INALCANZABLE DE HUGO GATTI] {{Wayback|url=http://www.teaydeportea.edu.ar/archivos/a-30-anos-del-record-inalcanzable-de-hugo-gatti/ |date=20171010212807 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010212807/http://www.teaydeportea.edu.ar/archivos/a-30-anos-del-record-inalcanzable-de-hugo-gatti/ |date=10 October 2017 }}, Deportea</ref> ​Muddadii uu ku jiray xirfadiisa, Gatti wuxuu ku guuleystay saddex koob oo Primera División ah, laba koob oo [[Copa Libertadores]] ah, iyo hal [[Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004)|Intercontinental Cup]], dhammaantoodna wuxuu la qaatay [[Boca Juniors]], wuxuuna si xirfad leh u ciyaaray ilaa da'da 44. ​ Gatti, oo loo yaqaanay ''El Loco (Waallanaha)'' waxaa lagu aqoonsaday soo jiidashadiisa, qaab ciyaareedkiisa cusub ee booskiisa iyo caadooyinkiisa gaarka ah. Wuxuu u horumaray goolhaye ku tiirsan ka warqabka booska halkii uu ka tiirsanaan lahaa falcelinta (reflexes). Wuxuu inta badan ka bixi jiray [[penalty area|aagga ganaaxa]] si uu ugu shaqeeyo sidii ciyaaryahan dheeri ah, wuxuuna ku biiri jiray asxaabtiisa difaaca – marar badanna weerarka. Si ka duwan goolhayeyaasha badankood ee xilligiisii, wuxuu si ballaaran u isticmaali jiray lugaheeda, madaxiisa, iyo xabadkiisa si uu kubbadda u xakameeyo ama u laago. Wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah hormuudka ''achique'', farsamada goolhayenimada ee ah in loo ordo si loo loolamo ciyaaryahan ka tirsan kooxda ka soo horjeeda ee soo socda.<ref name="FIFArev">[https://www.fifa.com/en/news/index/0,1464,10333,00.html?articleid=10333 "Revolution between the Latin American Goalposts"]{{dead link|date=October 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} – fifa.com – [[FIFA]], 10 January 2000.</ref> Sidoo kale wuxuu caan ku ahaa wajahidda [[Penalty kick (association football)|laadka rigoorada]], isagoo [[Save (sport)#Soccer|badbaadiyay]] 26 ka mid ah intii uu ku jiray xirfadiisa, taasoo ah tirada ugu badan abid ee ''[[Argentine First Division|Primera División]]'' isagoo la siman goolhayaha xilligaas ee [[Ubaldo Fillol]]. ​Gatti waxaa loo doortay [[Player of the Year of Argentina|Ciyaaryahanka Sanadka ee Argentina]] 1982-kii, waxaana loo aqoonsaday goolhayaha saddexaad ee ugu wanaagsan Argentine ee qarnigii 20-aad codeyn ay qaaday [[IFFHS]].<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html IFFHS' Century Elections] – rsssf.org – by Karel Stokkermans, [[RSSSF]].</ref><ref>[http://www.iffhs.de/?b40f8ca85bd0e027e8f05f04f02788342b90c443ccb40385fdcdc3bfcdc0aec70aeedb8a3f0e03790c443e0f40390400 The World's best Goalkeeper of the Century] – iffhs.de – [[IFFHS]]. Retrieved November 2006.</ref> ​ ==Nolosha hore== Wuxuu ku dhashay [[Carlos Tejedor, Buenos Aires|Carlos Tejedor]], [[Province of Buenos Aires]], Gatti wuxuu ahaa kan ugu yar walaalihiis.<ref name="educar" /> Intii uu yaraa wuxuu aad u yaqiinnay u ciyaarista sidii [[forward (association football)|weeraryahan]], taas oo sida uu isagu sheegay ahayd habka ugu wanaagsan ee lagu ogaan karo sida weeraryahanadu u fikiraan una dhaqmaan.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060622152238/http://mediapunta.es/articulo.php?id=277 Hugo Orlando Gatti: "El achique de Dios"] – mediapunta.es – Sociedad Media Punta Ediciones, S.L., Madrid</ref> ​==Xirfadda naadiga== ​ ===Xirfadda hore=== Sanadkii 1960-kii, isagoo jira 16 sano, Gatti wuxuu tagay ciyaar ay lahayd [[C.A. River Plate]] wuxuuna arkay [[Amadeo Carrizo]] oo ciyaaraya, kaasoo noqon lahaa mid ka mid ah [[role model|dayashadiisa]] goolhaye ahaan.<ref name="educar" /> Ka dib wuxuu bilaabay inuu u ciyaaro [[Club Atlético Atlanta|Atlanta]] heerka lixaad ee Argentina. Markiisii ugu horreysay ee ''Primera División'' waxay ahayd 1962-kii isagoo ka hor yimid [[Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata|Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata]]. ​[[File:Hugo Gatti 2.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Gatti sanadkii 1966.]] Gatti wuxuu u ciyaaray 38 kulan Atlanta, intaas ka dibna waxaa iibsatay River Plate. Wuxuu u ciyaaray 77 kulan River intii u dhaxeysay 1964 iyo 1968, isagoo la bedbedelayay goolhayaha koowaad ee [[Amadeo Carrizo]], ilaa looga wareejiyay Gimnasia y Esgrima, halkaas oo uu u saftay 244 kulan oo horyaalka ah intii u dhaxeysay 1969 iyo 1974. Sanadkii 1975, wuxuu ku biiray [[Unión de Santa Fe]], taasoo soo bandhigtay xilli ciyaareed cajiib ah oo uu la joogo tababare [[Juan Carlos Lorenzo]]. ​===Boca Juniors=== In kasta oo Gatti uu horeba caan u ahaa ka hor inta uusan imaan [[Boca Juniors]], waxay ahayd naadigaas halka uu ku noqday halyeey, waana Boca Juniors naadiga taariikh ahaan loogu xiriiriyo inta badan. Gatti wuxuu u ciyaaray wadar ahaan 381 kulan oo horyaalka ah iyo 47 kulan oo ''[[Copa Libertadores]]'' ah<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/players/players-in-copalib.html Statistics of players in the Copa Libertadores] – [[RSSSF]]</ref> ee kooxda ''[[Boca Juniors|Xeneizes]]'' laga bilaabo 1976 ilaa uu ka fariistay 1988. Waa goolhayaha ugu saftay kulamada ugu badan taariikhda Boca Juniors iyo ciyaaryahanka labaad ee guud ahaan ka dambeeya [[Roberto Mouzo]], kaasoo ciyaaray 396 kulan oo horyaalka ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Profile of Hugo Gatti – one of the all-time greats" |url=http://www.periodismodeportivo.com/es_isped_deportivo_nota.php?p_codigo=121&p_area=10&p_turno=1 |access-date=2026-01-24 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928210407/http://www.periodismodeportivo.com/es_isped_deportivo_nota.php?p_codigo=121&p_area=10&p_turno=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​Safashadiisii ugu horreysay ee Boca waxay dhacday 15 Febraayo 1976. Sanadkii 1976, wuxuu ku guuleystay [[Double (association football)|laba-koob]] oo ah horyaalka [[Metropolitano championship|Metropolitano]] iyo ''Copa Libertadores''. Finalka Copa Libertadores, wuxuu badbaadiyay rigoore muhiim ah oo uu laaday ciyaaryahanka kooxda [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] Vanderlei.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.papodebola.com.br/goleiros/20041027.htm "Gatti, El loco"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.papodebola.com.br/goleiros/20041027.htm |date=20070928111759 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928111759/http://www.papodebola.com.br/goleiros/20041027.htm |date=28 September 2007 }} – papodebola.com.br</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/01/13/d-01201.htm "Futbol Argentino: Los grandes del arco"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/01/13/d-01201.htm |date=20090317063047 }} – clarin.com – Grupo Clarín</ref> Sanadkii ku xigay, Boca waxay mar kale ku guuleysatay [[Copa Libertadores]], ka dibna waxay ka adkaadeen [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]] finalka [[Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004)|Intercontinental Cup]]. Wuxuu ku guuleystay ''Metropolitano''-kiisii saddexaad sanadkii 1981. ​1980-meeyadii waxay u ahaayeen waqti adag Boca, Gatti-na wuxuu lahaa xilliyo uu maqnaa sanadahaas. Ciyaartiisii ugu dambeysay waxay ahayd 11 Sebtember 1988, maalin ay qalad uu isagu sameeyay uu isaga iyo Boca ku waayeen natiijada. Waxaa laga dhigay keyd intaas ka dib, mana uusan mar kale ciyaarin kulan rasmi ah. ​24-kii Janaayo 1984, ciyaar saaxiibtinimo oo u dhaxeysay Boca Juniors iyo Gimnasia y Esgrima ayaa loo ciyaaray sidii loogu maamuusi lahaa isaga.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bocajuniors-res.html Club Atlético Boca Juniors – All Results 1977–2001] – [[RSSSF]]</ref> ​ ==Xirfadda caalamiga ah== [[Argentina national football team|Xulka qaranka Argentina]], Gatti wuxuu u saftay 18 [[cap (sport)|kulan]].<ref name="educar"/> intii u dhaxeysay 1967 iyo 1977. Safashadiisii ugu horreysay ee caalami ah waxay ahayd 13 Ogosto 1967 iyagoo ka hor yimid [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]].<ref>[https://ceaa.blogspot.com/2006/09/hugo-gatti.html HUGO GATTI : Cuando el arte ataque]</ref> Wuxuu qeyb ka ahaa [[1966 FIFA World Cup|koobka adduunka 1966]] [[1966 FIFA World Cup squads#Argentina|liiska xulka]], laakiin ma uusan ciyaarin maadaama goolhayaha koowaad uu ahaa [[Antonio Roma]]. Argentina uma aysan soo bixin [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970-kii]], [[1974 FIFA World Cup|tartankii 1974-tiina]], looma xulan kooxda. Wuxuu ahaa mid ku soo bilaabanayay kulamo badan oo saaxiibtinimo ka hor [[1978 FIFA World Cup|koobka adduunka 1978]] isagoo ka hoos ciyaarayay tababare [[Cesar Menotti]], laakiin Gatti ayaa laga saaray kooxda koobka iyadoo laga door biday [[Ubaldo Fillol]], [[Héctor Baley]] iyo [[Ricardo La Volpe]].<ref>[http://www.goalkeepersaredifferent.com/keeper/goalkeeping_greats.htm "Goalkeeping greats"] – goalkeepersaredifferent.com</ref> ​Ciyaartiisii ugu dambeysay ee caalami ah waxay ahayd 5 Juun 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agrupacionnuevoboca.com.ar/Club/Historia/Efemerid/Efe06.asp |title=Notable dates in Boca Juniors history |access-date=13 October 2006 |archive-date=18 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618142603/http://www.agrupacionnuevoboca.com.ar/Club/Historia/Efemerid/Efe06.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​ ==Xirfadda hawlgabnimo ka dib== Gatti wuxuu sii watay ku lug lahaanshaha kubbadda cagta tan iyo markii uu ka fariistay ciyaaraha, isagoo qora maqaallo iyo fikrado mararka qaarkood muran dhaliyay. Laga bilaabo 2010, wuxuu ku noolaa Spain wuxuuna la shaqeeyay dhowr goobood oo warbaahineed, gaar ahaan "Punto Pelota" oo hadda ah "El Chiringuito de Jugones". Intaa waxaa dheer, laga bilaabo 2012, wuxuu la shaqeeyay dhowr bandhigyo kubbadda cagta ah oo ka dhaca Argentina. ​Wiilkiisa [[Lucas Gatti]], oo dhashay 1978, wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa ciyaaryahan xirfadle ah wuxuuna u ciyaaray khadka dhexe kooxaha [[Argentinos Juniors]], [[Dundee F.C.]] iyo [[CD Badajoz]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=25 July 2022 |title=Lucas Gatti named Bromley U23's manager |url=https://www.bromleyfc.co.uk/news/lucas-gatti-named-bromley-u23s-manager/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Bromley Football Club |language=en}}</ref> ​ ===Loolanka=== Xirfaddiisa [[Boca Juniors]], wuxuu ahaa dhigga [[Ubaldo Fillol]], goolhaye kale oo weyn oo Argentine ah kaasoo u ciyaarayay kooxda ay aadka u xafiiltamaan ee [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]]. Fillol had iyo jeer wuxuu ahaa sawirka xirfad-yaqaannimada iyo dhabnimada; dhanka kale, "Waallane" Gatti, wuxuu u muuqday mid ka duwan oo aan caadi ahayn. ​==Xanuunka iyo dhimashada== Gatti wuxuu dhintay 20 Abriil 2025, isagoo jira 80 sano, gudaha [[Hospital Pirovano]] ee Buenos Aires ka dib markii uu in ka badan laba bilood ku qaatay daryeelka degdegga ah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hugo "El Loco" Gatti dies at 80, legendary goalkeeper for Argentina and Boca Juniors|url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/articles-video/hugo-el-loco-gatti-dies-at-80-legendary-goalkeeper-for-argentina-and-boca-juniors-2025-04-21|website=[[beIN Sports]]|date=21 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Muere Hugo Gatti|url=https://as.com/futbol/internacional/fallece-hugo-gatti-n/?outputType=amp|website=[[Diario AS]]|date=20 April 2025|access-date=21 April 2025|language=as}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dhibaatooyinkiisa caafimaad waxay ku bilaawdeen jab sinta ah oo uu sababay shil guriga dhexdiisa ah. In kasta oo qalliinkii hore uu guulaystay, balse soo kabashadiisa waxaa adkeeyay caabuq uu cusbitaalka ka qaaday, kaas oo horseeday [[bilateral pneumonia|oof wareen labada dhinac ah]], wadne xanuun, kelyo xanuun, iyo ugu dambeyntii [[sepsis|sumowga dhiigga]]. Waxaa la geliyay [[coma]] la kiciyay, ka dibna waxaa laga saaray qalabka neefsashada ka dib markii xaaladiisu ay noqotay mid aan dib loo soo celin karin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://derechadiario.com.ar/us/argentina/loco-gatti-died-at-80-years-old-from-pneumonia-and-heart-and-kidney-failure |title=The Crazy Gatti died at 80 years old from pneumonia, heart, and kidney failure |publisher=La Derecha Diario |date=20 April 2025 }}</ref> ==Sharafta== '''Boca Juniors''' ​[[Argentine Primera División]]: [[1976 Argentine Primera División#Metropolitano Championship|1976 Metropolitano]], [[1976 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1976 Nacional]], [[1981 Argentine Primera División#Metropolitano championship|1981 Metropolitano]] ​[[Copa Libertadores]]: [[1977 Copa Libertadores|1977]], [[1978 Copa Libertadores|1978]] ​[[Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[1977 Intercontinental Cup|1977]] ​'''Shaqsiyad''' *[[Argentine Footballer of the Year]]: 1982 *[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics|IFFHS]] Argentina All Times Dream Team (Team C): 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/1239|title=IFFHS ALL TIME ARGENTINA MEN'S DREAM TEAM|date=26 August 2021|access-date=24 Bisha Koobaad 2026|archive-date=9 Bisha Koobaad 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109073015/https://iffhs.com/posts/1239|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​'''Rikoorka''' ​Argentine Primera División inta jeer ee ugu badan ee la saftay: 765<ref name=APPP /><ref name=APP /> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​ ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category}} ​{{IMDb name| 2455638}} ​[https://web.archive.org/web/20061208234601/http://www.informexeneize.com.ar/biografia_hugo_orlando_gatti.htm Taariikh nololeedka Hugo Orlando Gatti] – informexeneize.com {{in lang|es}} ​[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622152238/http://mediapunta.es/articulo.php?id=277 "Hugo Orlando Gatti: El achique de Dios"] – mediapunta.es {{in lang|es}} ​{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014232110/http://www.bocampeonweb.com.ar/Historia/idolos/gatti.htm |date=14 October 2006 |title=Hugo Gatti – palmares, photo gallery, video, wallpapers}} {{in lang|es}} ​{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025202/http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=294 |date=20 October 2007 |title=Futbol Factory profile}} {{in lang|es}} ​{{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Gatti, Hugo}} 3fqfgx4o05k0qudnpnxbosu39ycfk0j 0 47163 301204 294737 2026-07-10T00:37:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Ahmed Faras | image = Ahmed Faras México 70.png | caption = Faras tartankii [[Koobka Adduunka 1970]] | full_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1946|12|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Mohammedia]], Morocco | death_date= {{death date and age|2025|7|16|1946|12|7|df=y}} | death_place = [[Mohammedia]], Morocco | height = 1.72 m | position = [[Weerar (kubbadda cagta)|Weerar]] | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = | years1 = 1965–1982 | clubs1 = [[SCC Mohammédia|Chabab Mohammédia]] | caps1 = | goals1 = 127 | nationalyears1 = 1966–1979 | nationalteam1 = [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Morocco|Morocco]] | nationalcaps1 = 94 | nationalgoals1 = [[Liiska goolasha caalamiga ah ee uu dhaliyay Ahmed Faras|36]] | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|MAR}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Koobka Qaramada Afrika]]}} {{medal|W|[[Koobka Qaramada Afrika 1976|1976 Itoobiya]]|}} }} ​'''Ahmed Faras''' ({{langx|ar|أَحْمَد فَرَس}}; 7 Diseembar 1946 – 16 Luulyo 2025) wuxuu ahaa [[kubbadda cagta|ciyaaryahan]] xirfadle Moroccan ah oo u ciyaari jiray booska [[weerar (kubbadda cagta)|weerarka]] isagoo matalayay naadiga [[Chabab Mohammédia]] iyo [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Morocco|xulka qaranka Morocco]] heer caalami. ​Faras waxaa loo magacaabay [[Ciyaaryahanka Afrika ee Sanadka]] 1975-kii. Sanadkii 2006, Faras waxaa doortay [[Xiriirka Kubbadda Cagta Afrika|CAF]] isagoo noqday mid ka mid ah 200-ka ciyaaryahan ee ugu wanaagsanaa kubbadda cagta Afrika 50-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 October 2006 |title=Meilleur joueur des 50 dernières années 14 Marocains en lice |url=http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&idr=114&id=70173 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055322/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&idr=114&id=70173 |archivedate=16 July 2011 |accessdate=28 August 2009 |publisher=Le Matin |language=French}}</ref> ​Isagoo leh 36 gool oo caalami ah, waa gooldhaliyaha ugu sarreeya taariikhda [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Morocco|xulka qaranka Morocco]].<ref> {{cite web |title= La légende marocaine Ahmed Faras est décédée |url= https://www.footmercato.net/a7740761562881443950-la-legende-marocaine-ahmed-faras-est-decedee |website=Foot Mercato |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref> ==Shaqada Naadiga== Faras wuxuu u ciyaaray [[Chabab Mohammédia]] intii u dhaxeysay 1965 iyo 1982, isagoo ku guuleystay [[Koobka Carshiga Morocco]] sanadihii [[Koobka Carshiga Morocco 1971–72|1972]] iyo [[Koobka Carshiga Morocco 1974–75|1975]],<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-07-23 |date=2025-07-17 |title=ربورتاج: رحيل أسطورة الكرة المغربية أحمد فرس تخلف حزنا عميقا في قلوب أبناء وأصدقاء «مول الكورة» |url=https://ar.le360.ma/societe/S5ERQMKWBNCVNCDXWVXZRD4OII/}}</ref> iyo [[GNF 1|Horyaalka Morocco]] sanadkii [[Botola 1979–80|1980]], wuxuuna ku dhameystay gooldhaliyaha ugu sarreeya horyaalka sanadihii 1969 iyo 1973 isagoo dhaliyay 16 gool.<ref name="france24">{{cite web|access-date=2025-07-23 |date=2025-07-17 |title=وفاة أحمد فرس أول مغربي يحرز الكرة الذهبية الأفريقية وأفضل هداف في تاريخ "أسود الأطلس" |url=https://www.france24.com/ar/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9/20250717-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3}}</ref> Wuxuu fadhiistay ciyaaraha sanadkii 1982, ka dib markii uu 17 sano ku qaatay naadiga. ==Shaqada Caalamiga ah== Faras wuxuu xubin ka ahaa [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Morocco|xulka qaranka Morocco]] intii u dhaxeysay 1965 ilaa 1979, isagoo ahaa [[Kabtanka (kubbadda cagta)|kabtanka]] muddo sideed sano oo xiriir ah laga bilaabo 1971. Heer caalami, Faras wuxuu ka qayb galay [[Koobka Adduunka 1970]] ee Mexico,<ref>{{FIFA player|49253|Ahmed Faras}}</ref> iyo [[Ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga 1972]] ee [[Munich]],<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sports Reference |title=Ahmed Faras Biography and Statistics |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fa/ahmed-faras-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418065449/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fa/ahmed-faras-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |accessdate=23 April 2009}}</ref> ka hor inta uusan u horseedin xulkiisa guusha [[Koobka Qaramada Afrika]] ee [[Koobka Qaramada Afrika 1976|1976]]. Faras wuxuu wadar ahaan dhaliyay 42 gool 94 kulan oo uu u saftay xulkiisa qaranka.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-faras-intlg.html Ahmed Faras - Goolasha kulammada caalamiga ah]</ref> ​ === Ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga 1972 === Xulka qaranka Morocco waxaa la geliyay Group A, iyadoo ay ku jireen [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Jarmalkii Galbeed|Jarmalkii Galbeed]], [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Malaysia|Malaysia]], iyo [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Maraykanka|Maraykanka]]. Faras wuxuu door weyn ka ciyaaray Ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga 1972. Wuxuu ahaa gooldhaliyaha ugu sarreeya xulka Morocco isagoo dhaliyay saddex gool oo dhammaantood ahaa [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Malaysia|Malaysia]], taas oo ka dhigtay hat-trick-giisii ugu horreeyay uguna dambeeyay ee xulka qaranka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Games of the XX. Olympiad – Football Tournament |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tableso/ol1972f.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympic Football Tournament Munich 1972 |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/mensolympic/munich1972/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/mensolympic/munich1972/match-center |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=www.fifa.com |language=en}}</ref> ===Koobka Qaramada Afrika 1976=== Tartankii [[Koobka Qaramada Afrika 1976]], Morocco waxaa la geliyay Group B. Morocco waxay bareejo la gashay kulankeedii ugu horreeyay [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Sudan|Sudan]], waxayna badisay kulankeedii labaad oo ay la lahayd [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Zaire|Zaire]]. Morocco waxay ciyaartay kulankii ugu dambeeyay [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Nigeria|Nigeria]], si loo go'aamiyo guuleystaha kooxda, Morocco ayaana 3–1 ku badisay. Wareegii ugu dambeeyay Morocco waxay 2–1 ku garaacday [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Masar|Masar]] iyadoo gool uu dhaliyay Faras daqiiqaddii 23-aad. Waxay mar kale la ciyaareen Nigeria oo ay 2–1 ku badiyeen, goolkoodii ugu horreeyayna waxaa dhaliyay Faras daqiiqaddii 82-aad. Morocco waxay kulankeedii ugu dambeeyay la ciyaartay [[Xulka kubbadda cagta Guinea|Guinea]] waxayna u baahneyd bareejo si ay koobka u guuleysato. Ciyaartii waxay ku dhammaatay bareejo, Morocco ayaana koobka ku guuleysatay. Faras waxaa loo magacaabay ciyaaryahanka ugu wanaagsan tartanka, wuxuuna ahaa gooldhaliyaha labaad ee ugu sarreeya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Football |first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du |title=Atlas Lions roared loudest in 1976 |url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/the-atlas-lions-glory-of-1976 |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=CAFOnline.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Dhimashada== 16-kii Luulyo 2025, Faras wuxuu dhintay ka dib xanuun dheer isagoo jira da'da 78 sano.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://barlamantoday.com/2025/07/16/moroccan-football-legend-ahmed-faras-dies-at-78/ |title=Moroccan Football Legend Ahmed Faras Dies at 78 |publisher=Barlaman Today |date=16 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MASAITI |first=Amira EL |date=2025-07-16 |title=Moroccan football legend Ahmed Faras dies at 78 |url=https://en.hespress.com/115912-moroccan-football-legend-ahmed-faras-dies-at-78.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=HESPRESS English - Morocco News |language=en-US}}</ref> ​ == Tirakoobka shaqada == {{main|Liiska goolasha caalamiga ah ee uu dhaliyay Ahmed Faras}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Kulammada iyo goolasha xulka qaranka iyo sanadka |- !Xulka qaranka!!Sanadka!!Kulammada!!Goolasha |- |rowspan="15"|[[Xulka kubbadda cagta Morocco|Morocco]] |- |1966||2||0 |- |1967||6||1 |- |1968||4||2 |- |1969||7||1 |- |1970||3||2 |- |1971||9||4 |- |1972||16||9 |- |1973||8||5 |- |1974||11||3 |- |1975||7||4 |- |1976||11||5 |- |1977||1||0 |- |1978||3||0 |- |1979||6||6 |- !colspan="2"|Wartaal!!94!!42 |} ​ == Sharafta == '''Chabab Mohammédia''' *[[Botola Pro]]: 1980 *[[Koobka Carshiga Morocco]]: 1972, 1975 *[[Super Cup-ka Morocco]]: 1975 *[[Maghreb Cup Winners Cup]]: 1973 *Kaalinta labaad ee [[Maghreb Cup Winners Cup]]: 1975 ​'''Morocco''' *[[Koobka Qaramada Afrika 1976|Koobka Qaramada Afrika: 1976]] *[[Koobka Kuneitra 1974|Koobka Kuneitra: 1974]] *[[Kubbadda cagta ee Ciyaaraha Pan Arab 1976|Ciyaaraha Pan Arab: 1976]] ​'''Shakhsi ahaan''' *[[Ciyaaryahanka Afrika ee Sanadka]]: 1975 *Gooldhaliyaha ugu sarreeya [[Botola Pro]]: 1969 (16 gool), 1973 (16 gool) *Ciyaaryahanka Tartanka: [[Koobka Qaramada Afrika]]: 1976 *Kooxda Tartanka ee [[Koobka Qaramada Afrika]]: 1976 *Gooldhaliyaha ugu sarreeya [[Koobka Kuneitra]]: [[Koobka Kuneitra 1974|1974]] ​[[Xiriirka Caalamiga ah ee Taariikhda iyo Tirakoobka Kubbadda Cagta|IFFHS]] Kooxda Riyada ee Ragga Morocco ee abid<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1722 |publisher=IFFHS |date=1 March 2022 |access-date=3 March 2022 |title=IFFHS |archive-date=5 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210756/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1722 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​'''Rikoorada''' *[[Xulka kubbadda cagta Morocco|Gooldhaliyaha ugu sarreeya taariikhda Morocco]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco – Record International Players |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/maro-recintlp.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> (36 gool) *[[SCC Mohammédia|Gooldhaliyaha ugu sarreeya taariikhda Chabab Mohammédia]] ​ ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​==Xiriirinta dibadda== ​ {{NFT}} ​{{Soccerway}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Faras, Ahmed}} ipb1fqa3tf7bk4hii2hs698h6rlj3er 0 47547 301389 300947 2026-07-10T11:53:37Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Abtirsiin */ 301389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|Turkey}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Saeed Jibril *******Abdi Said ********Salah Abdi ********Roble Abdi ******Hersi Jibril *******Ahmed Hersi *******Abdalle Hersi ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama ***********Abdalle Guled ***********Mohamed Guled ***********Hassan Guled *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ***Hassan Jama ***Aden Jama ***Guled Jama **Mohamed Guled **Hassan Guled ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== h75uomyq7gkbju8x728z9229pmojonu 0 47750 301266 299153 2026-07-10T08:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |official_name = Nkhata Bay |other_name = Nkhata |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Magaalo |motto = <!-- images and maps --> |image_skyline = Nkatha Bay from above.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Magaalada oo ku taal bannaanka u dhexeeya buuraha iyo harada Malawi |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Malawi<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_mapsize=240 |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay Malawi kaga taal <!-- Location --> |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Malawi|Gobolka]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Waqooyi]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Malawi|Degmada]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Nkhata Bay District|Degmada Nkhata Bay]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics --> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area --> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population --> |population_as_of = Tirakoobkii 2018<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 14,274 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Qowmiyadaha |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = Diimaha |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information --> |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|11|36|00|S|34|18|00|E|region:MW|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes= <!--for references: use<ref></ref> tags--> |elevation_m =471 |elevation_ft =1548 |blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Cimilada]] |blank1_info_sec2 = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others --> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Nkhata Bay''' (ama si fudud '''Nkhata''') waa xarunta [[Nkhata Bay District|Degmada Nkhata Bay]] ee dalka Malawi. Waxay ku taal xeebta [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]] (oo horay loogu yaqaannay Harada Nyasa), 40 km bari ka xigta [[Mzuzu]], waana mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu waaweyn ee Harada Malawi.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-43952/Malawi|title=Malawi: Transportation|accessdate=20 June 2008|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Dadka ku nool Nkhata Bay waxay tiradoodu ahayd 14,274 sida lagu sheegay tirakoobkii 2018. ==Demografi== {| class="wikitable" ! Sannad ! Dadka<ref name="World Gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |title=World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |accessdate=20 June 2008 |work=World Gazetteer |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1987 | 6,494 |- | 1998 | 9,433 |- | 2008 | 11,269 |- | 2018 | 14,274 |} ===Luqadda=== [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] waa luqadda ugu badan ee lagu hadlo, waxaa ku xiga luqado kale oo ka jira magaalada Nkhata. Guryaha dhexdiisa, waxaa looga hadlaa [[Tonga people of Malawi|Tonga]] iyo Tumbuka.<ref name="Language">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVrsAmvjhNQC|page=134|title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa|accessdate=21 June 2008|isbn=1-85359-725-2|year=2004|author=Baldauf, Richard B.|author2=Kaplan, Robert }}</ref> Taariikh ahaan, reer Tonga ee Degmada Nkhata-Bay, waxay qayb ka yihiin kooxda [[Tumbuka language cluster|Tumbuka]]. Glotolog waxay ku kala saartaa Tonga iyo Tumbuka hal koox. ==Dhaqaalaha== Nkhata Bay waxay ku tiirsan tahay kalluunka.<ref name="Fish">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18887|date=13 June 2008|accessdate=21 June 2008|title=Malawi: Fish production reaps more in 2007|last=Banda|first=Sam Jnr.|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928063117/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/18887|archivedate=28 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Beerashada, gaar ahaan [[cassava|gassava]], waa shaqada ugu weyn ee aagga.<ref name="Cassava">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27532874_ITM|title=Low dietary cyanogen exposure from frequent consumption of potentially toxic cassava in Malawi.(Statistical Data Included)|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=1 January 2000|work=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition|author=Chiwona-Karltun, L.|author2=Tylleskar, T. |author3=Mkumbira, J. |author4=Gebre-Medhin, M. |author5= Rosling, H. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080113204538/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27532874_ITM <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 13 January 2008}}</ref> Caagga, macadamia, sonkorta iyo bariiska ayaa sidoo kale ka jira agagaarka magaalada Nkhata Bay.<ref name="Rubber">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-18250631_ITM|title=Malawi newspaper hails newly launched regional development initiative.|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=16 December 2004|work=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2008, qorshaha waraabka Lweya ee Nkhata Bay ayaa la "dayactiray".<ref name="Insurance">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9706|title=Insurance Issues -Insurers go North|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=28 May 2008|last=Chinyang'anya|first=Lester|work=The Daily Times}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dakhliga ka soo xarooda dalxiiska waa isha ugu weyn ee dakhliga bulshada Nkhata Bay. ===Dhibaatada dalagga=== Bishii Abriil 2002, in ka badan {{convert|1000|ha|acre}} oo "galley, bariis, laws iyo gassava" ah ayaa lagu qaaday Nkhata Bay ka dib roobab culus, taasoo keentay in ay sii xumaato cunto yarida.<ref name="April 2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51960151.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105508/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51960151.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2012|title=Heavy rains destroy crops in northern Malawi|date=10 April 2002|accessdate=21 June 2008|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2006, Nkhata Bay waxay heshay in ka badan 300 oo bac oo galley ah oo ka timid Feed the Nation Fund, sababtoo ah aagga ayaa la ildarnaa cunto yari.<ref name="Feed the Nation">{{citation |id={{Factiva|LQAF000020060310e23a000h2}}|title= Feed the Nation feeds Nkhata Bay|date=10 March 2006}}</ref> Roobab culus ayaa da'ay bishii Abriil 2006, taasoo keentay waxyeello kale oo soo gaartay Nkhata Bay.<ref name="Further rain">{{citation|id={{Factiva|LQAF000020060418e24i000jj}}|title= Disaster hits Karonga, Nkhata Bay|date=18 April 2006}}</ref> Wasiirkii hore ee beeraha Malawi, Uladi Mussa Monday, ayaa sheegay bishii Maajo 2008 in sababo la xiriira roobab culus iyo fatahaado, dalagyada Nkhata Bay ay la baxeen biyaha; wuxuu sheegay in tani ay keeni doonto "cunto yari daran".<ref name="Monday">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9681|title=MP predicts hunger this year|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=27 May 2008|last=Chipalasa|first=Mike|work=The Daily Times}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cimilada== {{Weather box |location = Nkhata Bay, Malawi (1961–1990) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 28.8 |Feb high C = 28.9 |Mar high C = 28.8 |Apr high C = 28.6 |May high C = 27.3 |Jun high C = 25.8 |Jul high C = 25.5 |Aug high C = 26.6 |Sep high C = 28.7 |Oct high C = 30.2 |Nov high C = 30.4 |Dec high C = 29.2 |year high C = 28.2 |Jan mean C = 24.7 |Feb mean C = 24.7 |Mar mean C = 24.4 |Apr mean C = 23.9 |May mean C = 22.1 |Jun mean C = 20.3 |Jul mean C = 19.9 |Aug mean C = 20.8 |Sep mean C = 22.8 |Oct mean C = 24.7 |Nov mean C = 25.6 |Dec mean C = 24.9 |year mean C = 23.2 |Jan low C = 21.1 |Feb low C = 21.1 |Mar low C = 20.8 |Apr low C = 20.0 |May low C = 17.9 |Jun low C = 15.7 |Jul low C = 15.2 |Aug low C = 15.6 |Sep low C = 17.4 |Oct low C = 19.8 |Nov low C = 21.2 |Dec low C = 21.3 |year low C = 18.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 224.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 200.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 358.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 283.0 |May precipitation mm = 134.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 37.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 32.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 5.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 3.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 14.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 118.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 247.0 |year precipitation mm = 1657.0 |Jan humidity = 84 |Feb humidity = 84 |Mar humidity = 85 |Apr humidity = 84 |May humidity = 81 |Jun humidity = 78 |Jul humidity = 75 |Aug humidity = 72 |Sep humidity = 69 |Oct humidity = 68 |Nov humidity = 75 |Dec humidity = 81 |year humidity = 78 |unit precipitation days = 0.3 mm |Jan precipitation days = 19 |Feb precipitation days = 17 |Mar precipitation days = 20 |Apr precipitation days = 18 |May precipitation days = 10 |Jun precipitation days = 5 |Jul precipitation days = 4 |Aug precipitation days = 2 |Sep precipitation days = 1 |Oct precipitation days = 2 |Nov precipitation days = 8 |Dec precipitation days = 17 |year precipitation days = 123 |Jan sun = 170.5 |Feb sun = 159.6 |Mar sun = 195.3 |Apr sun = 192.0 |May sun = 238.7 |Jun sun = 237.0 |Jul sun = 254.2 |Aug sun = 288.3 |Sep sun = 300.0 |Oct sun = 313.1 |Nov sun = 264.0 |Dec sun = 201.5 |year sun = 2814.2 |Jand sun = 5.5 |Febd sun = 5.7 |Mard sun = 6.3 |Aprd sun = 6.4 |Mayd sun = 7.7 |Jund sun = 7.9 |Juld sun = 8.2 |Augd sun = 9.3 |Sepd sun = 10.0 |Octd sun = 10.1 |Novd sun = 8.8 |Decd sun = 6.5 |yeard sun = |source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67493.TXT | server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | title = Nkhata Bay Climate Normals 1961–1990 | accessdate = 8 March 2015}}</ref> |date=June 2014 }} ==Gaadiidka== [[File:the ilala.jpg|left|thumb|240px|MV Ilala oo ka baxaysa Nkhata Bay]] Nkhata Bay waa deked ay booqato markabka uumiga ee [[MV Ilala]], kaas oo u safra [[Harada Malawi]] kana yimaada Monkey Bay ee koonfurta Malawi, ilaa Chilumba ee waqooyiga, iyada oo sii marta [[Likoma Island|Jasiiradda Likoma]] iyo [[Chizumulu]]. Bishii Luulyo 2006, qorshayaal ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in la "dayactiro" dekedda Nkhata Bay, iyo in dib loo aasaaso adeegga maraakiibta u dhexeeya Nkhata Bay iyo [[Mbamba Bay]] ee Tanzania.<ref name="New ferry">{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=89561|title=Crowding in|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=21 July 2006|work=Engineering News|last=Chimwala|first=Marcel}}</ref> Jidkan ayaa hadda waxaa adeegga u haya [[dhow]] (doonyo matoor leh). Waxaa jira basas yar yar oo si joogta ah u safra oo ka taga Nkhata Bay ilaa [[Mzuzu]], [[Nkhotakota]] iyo [[Salima (township)|Salima]].<ref name="Buses">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo1sg8FnF2gC|title=Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2007|page=191|accessdate=21 June 2008|isbn=978-1-74059-745-6|last=Murphy|first=Alan|author2=Armstrong, Kate |author3=Firestone, Matthew D. |author4= Fitzpatrick, Mary }}</ref> Basas deg-deg ah ayaa u safra [[Blantyre, Malawi|Blantyre]], [[Mzuzu]] iyo [[Karonga]] kuwaas oo ka baxa xannibaadda booliska, 3 km u jirta magaalada. Bishii Juun 2008, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay in [[African Development Bank|Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika]] (ADB) uu maalgelin doono dib u dhiska wadada ka timaada Nkhata Bay ilaa Mzuzu,<ref name="ADB">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9846|title=Blantyre-Zomba road to be reconstructed|date=6 June 2008|accessdate=21 June 2008|last=Khunga|first=Suzgo|work=The Daily Times}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> laakiin 20 Juun 2008, waxaa la sheegay in ADB ay qayb ahaan maalgelin doonto dib u dhiska.<ref name="Partial fund">{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=135295|title=Malawi in talks over funding for Blantyre–Zomba road reconstruction|date=20 June 2008|last=Chimwala|first=Marcel|work=Engineering News}}</ref> ==Ciyaaraha== Kooxda kubadda cagta ee Nkhata Bay waa Nkhata Bay Police; kooxda waxaa loo beddelay [[Eagle Strikers]] haddana waxay ku ciyaaraan [[Mzuzu]]. Kooxdu waxay ku ciyaartaa [[TNM Super League]].<ref name="Eagle">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9663|title=Bullets maintain top spot|work=The Daily Times|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=26 May 2008|last=Banda|first=Sam Jnr.|author2=Chipalasa, Mike}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Waxaa jira koox kubadda cagta ee haweenka ah oo ku taal Nkhata Bay, waxaana loogu yeeraa Nkhata Bay United Sisters of Malawi. Kooxda waxaa la aasaasay 2003.<ref name="Noticias">{{cite web|url=http://www.noticias.info/Archivo/2007/200701/20070112/20070112_253991.shtm|title=Football for Hope: África, la tierra de los sueños|publisher=Noticias|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=12 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525071339/http://www.noticias.info/Archivo/2007/200701/20070112/20070112_253991.shtm|archive-date=25 May 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Netball]] ayaa sidoo kale laga ciyaaraa Nkhata Bay. Bishii Juun 2008, horyaalada Nkhata Bay waxay ahaayeen Kawalazi, waxayna heleen abaalmarin dhan 30,000 oo Malawian Kwacha.<ref name="Netball">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9907|title=Nico Life splashes prizes to top district netball winners|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=11 June 2008|work=The Daily Times|last=Tayanjah-Phiri|first=Francis}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Xagaa kasta waxaa jira tartan doonyo oo socda maalmo badan oo ka bilaabma [[Cape Maclear]] koonfurta, kuna dhammaada Nkhata Bay.<ref name="Abendblatt">{{cite web|url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/06/30/764048.html?s=2|title=Das "warme Herz Afrikas" liegt im Süden|language=German|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=30 June 2007|work=[[Hamburger Abendblatt]]}}</ref> ==Siyaasadda== Xildhibaanka Baarlamaanka Malawi u matala Nkhata Bay Waqooyi sannadkii 2008 wuxuu ahaa Ephraim Mganda Chiume.<ref name="Pisho">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9806|title=PSC adamant on Katopola|date=5 June 2008|accessdate=21 June 2008|work=The Daily Times|last=Khunga|first=Suzgo}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Xildhibaanka Nkhata Bay Dhexe sannadkii 2006 wuxuu ahaa Symon Vuwa Kaunda.<ref name="Kaunda">{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=11205C34921DD4F0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|publisher=MIJ FM, Blantyre|title=Malawian leader drops vice-president from cabinet|date=2 June 2006|accessdate=21 June 2008}}</ref> Xildhibaanka Nkhata Bay Koonfur Galbeed sannadkii 2008 wuxuu ahaa Silvester Kasambara, oo xubin ka ahaa mucaaradka.<ref name="Opposition">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=10004|title=Opposition MP praises K229 budget|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=19 June 2008|work=The Daily Times|last=Kashoti|first=Dickson}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kasambara wuxuu sababay buuq baarlamaanka bishii Juun 2008 markii uu ballanqaaday 10,000 oo [[Malawian kwacha]] kooxda [[Malawi national football team|kubadda cagta qaranka Malawi]], ka dib markii ay 1–0 kaga badiyeen Masar, horyaalada Afrika, ee isreebreebka FIFA World Cup 2010.<ref name="Kasambara">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=9977|title=Flames unite warring MPs|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=18 June 2008|work=The Daily Times|last=Kashoti|first=Dickson}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Xildhibaanka Nkhata Bay Waqooyi sannadkii 2024 wuxuu ahaa [[Chrissie Kanyasho]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PWC Home – PWC Malawi |url=https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231001239/https://pwcmalawi.org/pwc-home/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Adeegyada== ===Dalabka=== Waxaa jira baarar, maqaayado, laba dukaan oo raashin ah, xarun bas, dukaamo dharka lagu tolo, saldhig tagaasi iyo suuq ku yaal Nkhata Bay. Waxaa jira afar bangi, NBS, FNB, Malawi Savings and Opportunity Bank, laga bilaabo horraantii 2013 [[automated teller machine|mashiinka lacagta (ATM)]] ayaa u oggolaan doona lacag bixinta iyadoo la isticmaalayo inta badan kaararka deynta ama kaararka bangiga ee dibadda ee labada bangi ee ku yaal dusha buurta, NBS iyo FNB. Waxaa jira helitaanka internetka dhowr maqaayado internetka ah, Xarunta Isgaarsiinta Nkhata Bay, Jessie's iyo kuwo kale. Iyo helitaan bilaash ah oo internetka ah oo ku yaal Butterfly lodge ee South Bay. Waxaa jira taleefanno dadweyne.<ref name="Six Wheels">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6XFx6VNHWkC|title=Africa on Six Wheels: A Semester on Safari|page=114|accessdate=21 June 2008|year=2007|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-8054-0|last=Levitov|first=Betty}}</ref> Xafiisyada Degmadu waxay ku yaalaan magaalada waxaana jira xafiis boosto. Waxaad ka bixin kartaa biilkaaga ESCOM magaalada, iyo biilka Guddiga Biyaha ee dusha sare ee buurta. ===Sharci iyo kala dambayn=== Nkhata Bay waxay leedahay saldhig boolis.<ref name="Xinhua">{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-116387073.html|title=Malawi minister survives electoral campaign accident|date=9 May 2004|accessdate=21 June 2008|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Dhac loo geystay dalxiisayaasha ayaa ka dhacay Nkhata Bay, laakiin waa kuwo naadir ah.<ref name="LP Robbery">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo1sg8FnF2gC|title=Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2007|page=228|accessdate=21 June 2008|isbn=978-1-74059-745-6|last=Murphy|first=Alan|author2=Armstrong, Kate |author3=Firestone, Matthew D. |author4= Fitzpatrick, Mary }}</ref> ===Caafimaadka=== Waxaa jira isbitaal ku yaal Nkhata Bay, waxaana bishii Oktoobar 2006 ay heshay deeq ka timid [[National Bank of Malawi|Bangiga Qaranka ee Malawi]].<ref name="Factiva hospital">{{citation|id={{Factiva|LQAF000020061013e2ad0008e}}|title= NBM donates K4.5m equipment to hospitals|date=13 October 2006}}</ref> ''[[AllAfrica]]'' waxay soo weriyeen in qaybo ka mid ah aagga Nkhata Bay aysan helin daaweyn habboon oo AIDS-ka ah.<ref name="AllAfrica AIDS">{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200611150531.html|title=Malawi: Aids Treatment Fails to Reach Remote Lakeshore Community|date=15 November 2006|accessdate=21 June 2008|work=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> ==Dalxiiska== {{Wikivoyage}} Nkhata Bay waxaa lagu tilmaamay [[Lonely Planet]] inay tahay "Caribbeanesque" iyo "lush tropical indent".<ref name="Lush">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo1sg8FnF2gC|title=Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2007|page=188|accessdate=21 June 2008|isbn=978-1-74059-745-6|last=Murphy|first=Alan|author2=Armstrong, Kate |author3=Firestone, Matthew D. |author4= Fitzpatrick, Mary }}</ref> Waxaa jira dhowr guryo-marti iyo aqalo loogu talagalay dalxiisayaasha ee Nkhata Bay.<ref name="Lodge">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo1sg8FnF2gC|title=Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2007|page=189|accessdate=21 June 2008|isbn=978-1-74059-745-6|last=Murphy|first=Alan|author2=Armstrong, Kate |author3=Firestone, Matthew D. |author4= Fitzpatrick, Mary }}</ref> Bishii Febraayo 2005, dawladda Malawi waxay ku dhawaaqday qorshayaal lagu dhisayo ecolodges si kor loogu qaado [[ecotourism|dalxiiska deegaanka]] ee aagga Nkhata Bay.<ref name="Ecolodge">{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article.php?a_id=62664|title=Tenders invited for Lake Malawi ecotourism project|accessdate=21 June 2008|date=18 February 2005|work=Engineering News|last=Chimwala|first=Marcel}}</ref> Dugsiga quusitaanka ee Nkhata Bay wuxuu bixiyaa "koorsada quusitaanka ugu raqiisan adduunka" sida uu qabo ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name="Diving">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/721218/Malawi-Flying-under-water.html|title=Malawi: Flying under water|date=5 February 2001|accessdate=21 June 2008|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Isaacson|first=Rupert |url-status=dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411070813/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/africaandindianocean/malawi/721218/Malawi-Flying-under-water.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 11 April 2008}}</ref> Dalxiiska Nkhata Bay wuxuu leeyahay taariikh dheer. Waxay qayb ka ahayd dariiqa dadka lugaynaya ee u dhexeeya bariga Afrika iyo caarada koonfureed laakiin tirada dadka lugaynaya ayaa hoos u dhacay si weyn sanadihii la soo dhaafay. Arrimaha siyaasadeed ee Zimbabwe ayaa dib u eegis ku sameeyay dariiqa dadka lugaynaya si dad badan hadda ay u maraan Zambia ama xeebta Mozambique. Heart Hotel wuxuu ahaa goob ganacsi oo maxalli ah oo ku yaal tuulada halkaas oo dadka lugaynaya ee miisaaniyaddoodu aad u hooseyso ay ka heli karaan qol iyo quraac lacag aad uga yar hal doolarka Mareykanka. Nkhata Bay waxay noqotay meel dadku ay ku nasan karaan safar dheer oo ay ku bixin karaan lacag aad u yar. Furitaanka Njajay Lodge ka dib, goobta wax yar bay is beddeshay. Magaaladii iyo dhaqankii dadka lugaynaya waxay u wareegeen inay u adeegaan qof safar ah oo lacag badan ku bixin kara. In kasta oo tuuladu hadda leedahay meelo badan oo la seexdo, dhibaatadu waxay noqotay soo jiidashada dadka oo hadda inta badan u safraya waddamo kale ama xeebo si sahlan loo heli karo oo ku yaal Malawi. Isbeddel kale oo yareeyay tirada booqdayaasha ajnabiga ah ee Nkhata Bay waa tirada sii kordhaysa ee dadka u safraya Afrika gaari xamuul ah halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen safar madax-bannaan oo dadka lugaynaya. Gawaarida xamuulka ma yimaadaan Nkhata Bay laakiin, waxay doortaan xeebaha Chinteche ee koonfurta. Natiijo ahaan, farshaxan-yahanno badan oo maxalli ah ayaa u guuray xarumahooda farshaxanka ee isgoyska wadada Nkhata Bay/Chinteche. Tani iyo kororka baaxadda leh ee qiimaha xirmooyinka caalamiga ah ee ka yimaada Malawi ayaa ka dhigay mid aad u adag in farshaxan-yahanka maxalliga ah ee hibada leh uu nolol maalmeedkiisa sameeyo. Farshaxan-yahanno badan ayaa hadda dhisa goobo ganacsi oo si toos ah uga baxsan xeryaha gawaarida xamuulka ee Malawi iyagoo fahmaya in dadka lugaynaya aysan mar dambe awoodin inay diraan kuraasta iyo maaskaro caanka ah ee madaxda Malawi. ==Dhacdooyin xusid mudan== ===Guurka=== Bishii Maarso 2000, nin 73 jir ah oo ka yimid Nkhata iyo haweeney 22 jir ah ayaa is guursaday, waxaana ''[[BBC News]]'' ay ku soo warisay inuu ahaa "guurkii layaabka lahaa ee sanadka ee Malawi"<ref name="Marriage">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/685244.stm|title=Malawi's unlikely love story|last=Tenthani|first=Raphael|access-date=21 June 2008|date=21 March 2000|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> ===Weerar Yaxaaska=== Bishii Disembar 2002, ganacsade, Mac Bosco Chawinga, ayaa waxaa jiiday [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]] ee Nkhata Bay [[crocodile|yaxaas]]; Chawinga wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu baxsado isagoo qaniinay yaxaaska sankiisa. Yaxaaskii ayaa markaas sii daayay, Chawinga wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu ku soo laabto xeebta, in kasta oo uu dhaawacyo halis ah ka soo gaaray lugaha iyo gacmaha. ''[[The Times]]'' waxay soo werisay in, sida ay qabaan "khubarada duurjoogta", Chawinga uu yahay qofkii ugu horreeyay ee badbaada ka dib markii uu "isticmaalay xeelad noocaas ah oo geesinimo leh".<ref name="Times croc">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article801410.ece|title=Man escapes by biting crocodile|date=13 December 2002|last=McGrory|first=Daniel|work=[[The Times]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="BBC Croc">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2565827.stm|date=11 December 2002|title=Man bites crocodile|access-date=21 June 2008|work=[[BBC News]]|last=Tenthani|first=Raphael}}</ref><ref name="San Francisco">{{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Man-Bites-Crocodile-In-The-Nose-2746522.php|title=Man Bites Crocodile in the Nose|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=12 December 2002|access-date=21 June 2008}}</ref> ===Dooni degtay=== 9-kii Maajo 2004, Wasiirkii markaas ee Dalxiiska, Beeraha iyo Duurjoogta Wallace Chiume wuu badbaaday markii dooni ay kula degtay Nkhata Bay. Ugu yaraan lix qof oo kale ayaa ku qaraqmay shilkaas.<ref name="Xinhua"/> Mid ka mid ah rakaabkii dhintay wuxuu ahaa ilmo. Doonida waxaa loo isticmaalayay ololaha doorashada Malawi. Dabaylo xooggan ayaa lagu eedeeyay shilka oo ka dhacay {{convert|10|km|mi}} xeebta Harada Malawi.<ref name="IOL wind">{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.phpclick_id=84&art_id=qw1084203541935B254&set_id=1|title=Six die as minister's campaign boat capsizes|date=10 May 2004|accessdate=21 June 2008|work=Independent Online}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> 40 qof ayaa saarnaa doonida markii shilku dhacay.<ref name="SABC">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,79457,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040628085059/http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0%2C2172%2C79457%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2004 |title=Six die in Malawi boat accident, minister survives |date=9 May 2004 |accessdate=21 June 2008 |work=[[SABC News]] }} </ref> ===Ururada=== Sannadkii 2006, Ururka Taageerada AIDS-ka ee Nkhata Bay ayaa laga sameeyay Malawi waxaana dambe laga diiwaangeliyay gobolka Wisconsin iyada oo ah shirkad aan macaash doon ahayn. Iskaashiga Maraykan-Malawi wuxuu horseeday guul weyn oo laga gaaray la dagaallanka HIV/AIDS-ka ee Degmada Nkhata Bay. In ka badan lix rugood oo caafimaad ayaa la aasaasay labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, taasoo keentay 23% hoos u dhac ku yimid natiijooyinka baaritaanka HIV-ga. Hay'addu waxay ku shaqaysaa miisaaniyad yar oo ka timaada deeq-bixiyeyaasha maxalliga ah ee Wisconsin. <ref name="WDFI">{{cite web|url=http://www.wdfi.org/apps/CorpSearch/Details.aspx?entityID=N035165&hash=898606365&searchFunctionID=244fa4d7-ee28-4353-89f9-9c9b7c4f13a7&type=Simple&q=Nkhata+Bay+AIDS+support%2c+org.|title=Nkhata Bay AIDS Support Org|date=23 August 2008|accessdate=23 December 2008|work=WDFI}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="NKHASO">{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/home.php#/group.php?gid=6641038149&ref=ts|title=NkhataBayAIDSSupportInfodate=2008-12-23|accessdate=23 December 2008|work=[[Facebook Group]]}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|3}} ghwuf55oy05grbymwx18wy0lmqp4ma8 0 47806 301215 299237 2026-07-10T02:31:31Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox flood | name = Fatahaadihii Niger ee 2021 | image = Niger Regions.png | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Gobollada ay saameeyeen fatahaaduhu | date = Juun – Sebtembar 2021 | location = [[Niger]] | cause = [[Rain|Roobab mahiigaan ah]] | deaths = 77 | injuries = | missing = | property_damage = | website = }} Sannadkii 2021, [[Niger]] waxay la kulantay [[flooding|fatahaado]] soo noqnoqday oo ay sababeen roobab mahiigaan ah, kuwaas oo horseeday khasaare nafeed oo laxaad leh iyo burbur baahsan oo ka dhacay dalka oo dhan. Fatahaaduhu waxay sababeen 77 dhimasho ah waxayna saameeyeen 250,331 qof oo ku nool dalka oo dhan. == Taariikh == Niger waxay la kulantay fatahaado soo noqnoqday oo daran sannadihii u dambeeyay, gaar ahaan xilliga roobka ee sannadlaha ah. Sannadkii [[2016 Niger flood|2016]], fatahaaduhu waxay sababeen ugu yaraan 38 dhimasho ah<ref>{{cite news |title=38 dhimasho ah, 92,000 oo guryo la'aan ah fatahaadaha Niger |url=https://www.rappler.com/world/africa/145550-niger-floods-casualties-homeless/ |access-date=29 Agoosto 2021 |work=[[Rappler]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=8 Sebtembar 2016}}</ref> waxayna saameeyeen in ka badan 123,000 oo qof, iyadoo gobollada sida [[Maradi Region|Maradi]], [[Tahoua Region|Tahoua]], iyo [[Agadez Region|Agadez]] ay ka mid ahaayeen kuwii ugu darraa ee ay saameeyeen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletin humanitaire Niger - août 2016 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/bulletin-humanitaire-niger-ao-t-2016 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |access-date=29 Agoosto 2021 |language=French |date=6 Sebtembar 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bulletin humanitaire Niger - septembre - octobre 2016 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/bulletin-humanitaire-niger-septembre-octobre-2016 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |access-date=28 Abriil 2026 |language=French |date=20 Oktoobar 2016}}</ref> Sannadkii 2017, dhacdooyin fatahaado ah oo ka kala dhacay qaybo kala duwan oo dalka ah ayaa sababay 56 dhimasho ah iyo barakac baahsan, iyadoo ay saameeyeen 206,513 qof<ref>{{cite web|date=19 Juun 2017|title=Niger – Fatahaadaha Niamey iyo Tillabéri oo sababay 14 dhimasho ah, Boqollaal guryo oo burburay|url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-niamey-tillaberi-june-2017|website=FloodList|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 Agoosto 2017|title=Niger – Fatahaado dhimasho watay oo ka dhacay Niamey, 200 guryo oo burburay|url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-niamey-august-2017|website=FloodList|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West and Central Africa: 2017 flood impact (as of 18 Oct 2017) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/west-and-central-africa-2017-flood-impact-18-oct-2017 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |access-date=28 Abriil 2026 |date=19 Oktoobar 2017}}</ref>, halka roobab mahiigaan ah oo dhacay 2018 ay sababeen 45 dhimasho ah waxayna saameeyeen in ka badan 200,000 oo qof, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan guryo, dhul beeraha, iyo xoolo ah.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 Oktoobar 2018|title=West and Central Africa: Weekly Regional Humanitarian Snapshot (2 - 8 Oktoobar 2018)|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/west-and-central-africa-weekly-regional-humanitarian-snapshot-2-8-october-2018|website=ReliefWeb|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> Fatahaado la mid ah oo ballaaran ayaa sii socday 2019, iyadoo saameeyeen in ka badan 211,000 oo qof waxayna sababeen 57 dhimasho ah.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 Sebtembar 2019|title=Niger: Warbixinta Xaaladda, 26 Sebtembar 2019|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-situation-report-26-sep-2019|website=ReliefWeb|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> Xaaladdu waxay sii xumaatay 2020, markaas oo fatahaaduhu ay dileen ugu yaraan 73 qof waxayna saameeyeen in ka badan 400,000 oo kale, taasoo abuurtay dhibaato bini'aadantinimo oo weyn.<ref name='toll' /> Roobab baahsan iyo webiyo fatahay ayaa horseeday burburka tobanaan kun oo guryo ah iyo khasaare ballaaran oo beeraha ah.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 Oktoobar 2020 |title=Niger - Fatahaadihii 2020: Baaq degdeg ah oo gargaar ah |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-2020-floods-urgent-call-assistance-october-2020 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO) |access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> Webiyo waaweyn iyo biyo-xireenno ayaa gaaray heerar khatar ah, gaar ahaan hareeraha [[Niamey]], taasoo keentay barakac ballaaran.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 Sebtembar 2020 |title=Fatahaad ka dhacday Niger |url=https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/activations/-/article/flood-large-in-niger-activation-677- |website=[[International Charter Space and Major Disasters]] |access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> Fatahaaduhu waxay sababeen in [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]], biyo-xireennada iyo darbiyada difaaca ay dillaacaan, iyadoo qulqullo waaweyn oo biyo ah ay u gashay guryaha dadka, beeraha, iyo dhismayaasha kale iyadoo aan laga digin.<ref name='cause'>{{cite web|date=15 Sebtembar 2020|title=Fatahaadaha Niger oo sababay inay dumaan in ka badan 36,000 oo guryo ah|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-flooding-causes-over-36000-houses-collapse|website=ReliefWeb|publisher=[[CARE International|CARE]]|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> == Jadwalka == === Juun === Bartamihii Juun, muwaadiniinta dalka oo dhan waxay bilaabeen inay la kulmaan roobab mahiigaan ah, kuwaas oo si dhakhso ah u horseeday fatahaado, burbur baahsan, iyo khasaare nafeed.<ref name='midJune' /> === Luulyo === 31 Luulyo, mas'uuliyiinta qaranka ee Niger waxay soo sheegeen 35 qof oo dhintay taas oo ka dhalatay fatahaadaha iyo roobabka mahiigaanka ah ee dalka ka da'ayay tan iyo bilowgii xilliga roobka. Ugu yaraan 20 qof ayaa ku dhintay guryo duntay, halka 15 ay ku qarqomeen biyaha fatahaadaha. Labaatan iyo afar qof ayaa sidoo kale dhaawacmay, iyadoo wadar ahaan 26,532 qof ay saameyn ku dhacday. Dhanka kale, in ka badan 2,500 oo guryo iyo hoy ah ayaa la burburiyay, iyadoo ay weheliso dugsiyo, masaajiddo, iyo goobo shaqo. In ka badan 700 oo xoolo ah ayaa sidoo kale la waayay.<ref name='floodlist2'>{{cite web|date=2 Agoosto 2021|title=Niger – Fatahaaduhu waxay reebeen in ka badan 30 dhimasho ah, Kumanaan guryo oo burburay|url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-leave-over-30-dead-thousands-of-homes-destroyed|website=FloodList|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> === Agoosto === 9 Agoosto, siddeed qof ayaa ay qaadeen fatahaado degdeg ah oo ku dhuftay magaalada [[Agadez]].<ref name="floodlist" /> 11 Agoosto, Agaasinka Ilaalinta Madaniga ah ee Niger ayaa soo sheegay 52 dhimasho ah iyo in ka badan 50,000 oo qof oo ay saameeyeen 5,694 qoys. Fatahaadaha iyo roobabka ayaa waxyeeleeyay 4,137 guryo ah iyadoo qiyaastii 300 ay gebi ahaanba burbureen. Caasimadda, Niamey, waxay aragtay roobab mahiigaan ah intii u dhaxaysay 10-11 Agoosto, taasoo dishay shan qof. Fatahaaduhu waxay waxyeeleeyeen waddooyinka, kaabayaasha, iyo dhismayaasha. Degmooyin qaarkood ayaa go'doon noqday. Qiyaastii 17 guryo ayaa duntay degmada [[Niamey|Yantala]], halkaas oo saddex qof ay dhinteen, mid la waayay, iyo laba si xun u dhaawacmeen.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 Agoosto 2021|title=Niger – 5 oo ku dhintay fatahaadaha degdegga ah ee Niamey|url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-flash-floods-niamey-august-2021|website=FloodList|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=13 Agoosto 2021|title=Niger: Roobab mahiigaan ah oo sababay dhimasho dhowr ah oo ka dhacay Niamey|url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/08/13/niger-heavy-rains-cause-several-deaths-in-niamey//|work=[[Africanews]]|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021|archive-date=2026-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218064836/https://www.africanews.com/2021/08/13/niger-heavy-rains-cause-several-deaths-in-niamey/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maalintii ku xigtay, tirada dhimashada ayaa gaartay 55 waxayna ka tagtay 53,000 oo kale oo barakacay. In ka badan 4,800 oo guryo ah ayaa waxyeello ka soo gaartay fatahaadaha ama dhoobo-go'a, waxaana la waayay ku dhawaad 900 oo xoolo ah. Gobollada Maradi iyo [[Agadez Region|Agadez]] iyo sidoo kale caasimadda, Niamey, ayaa ahaa meelaha ugu saameynta badan, iyagoo arkay 16 dhimasho ah.<ref name='toll'>{{cite news|date=12 Agoosto 2021|title=Tirada dhimashada fatahaadaha Niger ayaa gaartay 55|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210812-niger-s-flood-death-toll-rises-to-55|work=[[France 24]]|access-date=29 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> 14 Agoosto, sagaal qof oo kale ayaa dhintay, taasoo kor u qaadday tirada dhimashada illaa 64. Soddon iyo laba qof ayaa dhintay markii dhismayaashoodu dumeen, 32 kalena waxay ku qarqomeen biyaha fatahaadaha. Fatahaadaha iyo dhoobo-go'a ayaa saameeyay ku dhawaad 70,000 oo qof wadarta guud, iyadoo in ka badan 5,100 guryo ah ay burbureen ama waxyeelloobeen iyo 69,515 qof ay saameeyeen. Niamey, lix qof ayaa dhintay.<ref name='midJune'>{{cite web |title=Niger - Fatahaadaha (NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 16 Agoosto 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash-16-august-2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] (ECHO) |access-date=28 Abriil 2026 |date=16 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> 23 Agoosto, tirada dhimashada ayaa hoos u dhacday illaa 62. Qaar ayaa dhintay natiijada ka dhalatay qarqomidda biyaha fatahaadaha, halka kuwo kalena ay dhinteen sababtoo ah dhismayaal soo dumay. In ka badan 100,000 oo qof ayaa saameyn ku dhacday fatahaadaha. Kumanaan guryo ah ayaa burburay, taasoo keentay khasaare. [[Niamey]], wadar ahaan 741 guryo ah ayaa burburay iyo ugu yaraan 16 dhimasho ah ayaa la soo sheegay. [[Maradi Region]], 18 qof ayaa dhintay iyo wadar ahaan 3,243 guryo ah ayaa burburay. Dhanka kale, ugu yaraan 2,354 guryo ah ayaa fatahaaduhu burburiyeen [[Zinder Region]], halka 1,040 ay ku burbureen [[Tahoua Region]]. Fatahaado ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay 413 bulsho oo ku kala baahsan 77 degmo oo ka tirsan dhammaan [[regions of Niger|gobollada Niger]].<ref name='floodlist'>{{cite web|date=26 Agoosto 2021|title=Niger – Fatahaado laga soo sheegay dhammaan gobollada, In ka badan 60 dhimasho ah iyo 100,000 oo ay saameeyeen|url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-flood-update-august-2021|website=FloodList|access-date=28 Agoosto 2021}}</ref><ref name="reliefweb">{{cite web|date=27 Agoosto 2021|title=Niger - Fatahaadaha iyo cudurka daacuunka (ANP, UN OCHA, NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 27 Agoosto 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-and-cholera-outbreak-anp-un-ocha-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash|website=ReliefWeb|publisher=Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO)|access-date=28 Agoosto 2021}}</ref> 30 Agoosto, in ka badan 158,000 oo qof ayaa saameeyay fatahaadaha kuwaas oo dilay 67 qof waxayna burburiyeen qiyaastii 3,000 hektar oo dalag ah. Afartan iyo shan boqolkiiba dadka ay saameeyeen waxay ku sugnaayeen Gobolka Maradi.<ref name="augthirthy">{{cite web |title= WFP Niger Country Brief – Agoosto 2021 |url= https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/wfp-niger-country-brief-august-2021 |publisher= [[World Food Programme]] (WFP) |website= ReliefWeb |date= 31 Agoosto 2021 |access-date= 27 Abriil 2026}}</ref> === Sebtembar === 24 Sebtembar, [[Ministry of Humanitarian Action and Disaster Management|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Bini'aadantinimo iyo Maareynta Masiibooyinka]] ayaa soo sheegtay in 77 qof ay dhinteen iyo in ka badan 238,000 oo qof ay saameeyeen. Tan iyo bilowgii xilliga roobka, 12,000 oo guryo ah ayaa duntay, ku dhawaad 6,000 hektar oo dhul beeraha ah ayaa fatahay, iyo in ka badan 10,000 oo xoolo ah ayaa dhintay.<ref>{{cite web |title= West and Central Africa: Weekly Regional Humanitarian Snapshot (21–27 Sebtembar 2021) |url= https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/west-and-central-africa-weekly-regional-humanitarian-snapshot-21-27-september-2021 |website= ReliefWeb |publisher= United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date= 29 Sebtembar 2021 |access-date= 27 Abriil 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ka jawaabista fatahaadaha Niger |url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/niger/responding-floods-niger#:~:text=UN%20CERF%20funding%20helps%20to,floods%20and%20cholera%20in%20Niger. |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |access-date=28 Abriil 2026 |date=2021}}</ref> Ma jirin warar kale oo cusub oo la sii daayay. Wadarta guud, sida lagu sheegay warbixinta bini'aadantinimo ee sannadlaha ah ee [[UNICEF]] ee Niger, wadar ahaan 250,331 qof ayaa saameeyeen fatahaadaha, oo ay ku jiraan 77 dhimasho ah. Gobollada ugu daran ee ay saameeyeen waxay ahaayeen Maradi (104,032 saameeyeen), Zinder (29,635 saameeyeen), iyo Tahoua (25,663 saameeyeen). Iyadoo la adeegsanayo Habka Jawaab-celinta Degdegga ah (RRM), UNICEF waxay siisay gargaar degdeg ah dadka ay saameeyeen meelaha fatahaaduhu saameeyeen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Niger Warbixinta Xaaladda Bini'aadantinimo No. 4, Dhammaadkii Sannadka 2021 |url=https://www.unicef.org/media/116641/file/Niger%20Humanitarian%20Situation%20Report%20No.%204%2C%20End%20of%20Year%202021.pdf |publisher=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=27 Abriil 2026}}</ref> == Sababaha == Maadaama Niger ay u nugul tahay fatahaadaha degdegga ah ee xilliyeed inta lagu jiro [[rainy season|xilliga roobka]] sannadlaha ah laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar, [[Rain|roobab mahiigaan ah]] ayaa ah sababta ugu weyn ee fatahaadaha dalka.<ref name='floodlist2' /> Waxyaabaha kale ee gacan ka geysta waxaa ka mid ah xannibaadda [[Flood control channel|marinnada fatahaadaha]], [[river overflow|webiyo fatahay]], biyaha laga sii daayay [[Dam|biyo-xireennada]], iyo [[Levee|darbiyada difaaca]] oo dillaacay.<ref name='cause' /> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[List of deadliest floods|Liiska fatahaadaha ugu dhimashada badan]] *[[List of floods|Liiska fatahaadaha]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Niger floods, 2021}} hslkds6kdfr72hy8pwy3v5pmagxnwby 0 47871 301219 299319 2026-07-10T03:03:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cape Agulhas, South Africa (ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]] {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Agulhas Plain | designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2026 | designation1_number = 2587<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Agulhas Plain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2587|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>}} '''Agulhas Plain''' waa nidaam qoyan oo adag oo ku yaal [[Overberg]] ee caarada koonfureed ee [[Afrika]].<ref>https://fynbos.saeon.ac.za/?p=3172</ref><ref>https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2222-34362013000200005</ref> Waxay ka bilaabataa waqooyiga [[Bredasdorp]], waxayna ku fidaysaa caarada koonfureed ee [[Cape Agulhas]]. Xuduudda galbeedku waxay u dhowdahay [[Gansbaai]]. Aagga waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay [[Ramsar site]] la ilaaliyo tan iyo 2026.<ref name="RSIS"/> Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhir ah oo khatar ugu jira aagga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |archive-date=2023-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111122657/https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qaar badan oo ka mid ah lagama helo kaymaha gobolka iyo kaydka dabiiciga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay ee ku teedsan aagagga xeebaha, laakiin waxay ka baxaan gudaha dalka.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-ecology/Protecting-species#ref959928</ref><ref>https://nuwejaars.com/crew-why-the-agulhas-plain-is-a-plant-priority/</ref> == Flora == Nooc cusub oo [[fynbos]] lily ah, New Year's lily (''[[Cyrtanthus novus-annus]]''), ayaa laga helay aag ilaalinta oo ku yaal Agulhas Plain<ref>https://mg.co.za/top-six/2022-05-30-new-fynbos-lily-discovered-at-southern-tip-of-africa/</ref> iyo noocyada ''[[Hermannia concinnifolia]]'' waa endemic plain-ka.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037</ref> == Paleo-Agulhas Plain == [[Agulhas Bank|Paleo-Agulhas Plain]] oo hadda quusan ee Koonfur Afrika waxay lahayd nidaamyo deegaan oo kala duwan, cagaaran iyo duurjoog fara badan oo loogu talagalay dadkii hore.<ref>https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/drowned-paleo-agulhas-plain-was-an-eden-for-early-humans/129190</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project * https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037 {{coord|34|38|20|S|19|51|00|E|type:landmark_region:ZA_dim:50000|display=title}} 0dtyuucgesuejn3tm8seu5ipf6df82p 0 47914 301243 299374 2026-07-10T06:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands |name = Jasiiradda Limacos |native_name = {{native name|fr-DZ|Île de Rachgoun}}<br/>{{native name|ar-DZ|جزيرة رشقون}} |image_name = Rachgoun.GIF |coordinates = {{Coord|35|19|18|N|1|28|48|W|region:FR-CP_type:isle|display=inline,title}} |country = {{flagcountry|ALG}} |country_admin_divisions_title = [[Wilayah]] |country_admin_divisions = [[Aïn Témouchent Province|Aïn Témouchent]] |population = Dad la'aan |image_caption = Jasiiradda Limacos ama Rachgoun, oo ka baxsan xeebta Aljeeriya |area_ha = 66 |map_relief = 1 |map_image = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Ile de Rachgoun | designation1_date = 5 Juun 2011 | designation1_number = 1961<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Ile de Rachgoun|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1961|accessdate=November 14, 2024}}</ref>}} }} '''Jasiiradda Limacos''' ("slugs") ama '''Jasiiradda Caracoles''' ("snails"), oo qarnigii 16-aad looga yaqaanay Isbaanishka '''{{lang|es|Risgol}}'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asteroide |url=http://archive.org/details/SourcesIneditesDeLhistoireDuMaroc.T.II |title=Sources Inedites De L'histoire Du Maroc. T. II |date=1956}}</ref> iyo Faransiiska '''{{lang|fr|Île de Rachgoun}}'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Carta de la Costa de España, desde Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta Cabo Fégalo. H. 117A [Material cartográfico] / construida la costa de España con arreglo a los trabajos verificados por la Comision Hidrográfica al mando del Capitan de Fragata D. José Montojo y Salcedo, y la de Africa según las cartas francesas mas recientes; J. Riudavets la construyó; E. Perez la grabó; F. Serra gº la letra - Montojo y Salcedo, José - Material cartográfico impreso - 1877 |url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/91114 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=bdh.bne.es |language=en}}</ref> ({{langx|ar|جزيرة رشقون|Jazira Rashqūn}}) waa [[islet|jasiirad yar]] oo Aljeeriya ah oo ku taal meel u dhow xeebta [[North Africa|Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxay leedahay aag dhan qiyaastii {{convert|66|ha}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List) |url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list |access-date=2022-06-10 |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]] }}</ref> waana mid dad la'aan ah. Waxay ku taallaa afka [[Tafna River]], meesha ay ku taal magaalada [[Rachgoun|Rashgun]]. Waxay qiyaastii kala badh u dhaxaysaa [[Oran]] iyo [[Algeria–Morocco border|xuduudka u dhexeeya Aljeeriya iyo Marooko]]. Waxaa suugaan ahaan u qeexay, iyadoo ay la socdaan jasiirado kale oo ku yaalla xeebta [[Maghreb]], qoraaga [[Pedro Mata y Fontanet|Pedro Mata]] isagoo ku tilmaamay "mid ka mid ah bahallada badda ee waardiyaha ah ee ka xayuubiya dusha sare ee badda dhibco kala duwan" shaqadiisa [[1856]] {{lang|es|Los moros del Riff o el presidiario de las Alhucemas}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fontanet |first1=Pedro Mata y |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXz8UUsdE5wC&q=caracoles&pg=PA573 |title=Los Moros del riff: o el presidario de las Alhucemas |last2=Mata |first2=Pedro |date=1856 |publisher=Manini Hermanos |language=es }}</ref> Jasiiradda waxaa loo ilaaliyay inay tahay [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar]] ilaa 2001.<ref name="RSIS"/> == Sharaxaad == Jasiiradda Limacos ama Rachgoun waxay ku taal afar kiiloomitir xeebta Afrika, hortooda afka [[Tafna River]], kaas oo samaysa bay ay xadiday [[Cape Acra]] oo dhanka bari ah iyo [[Cape Bocchus]] oo dhanka galbeed ah. Jasiiraddu waa asal ahaan foolkaan, waxayna ka kooban tahay [[Basalt|dhagaxyo basaltic ah]] iyo [[Pliocene]] [[sandstone|carro-dhagax]] koonfurta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun |trans-title=Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-01 |language=fr }}</ref> Waxay leedahay cimilada [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] oo [[semi-arid climate|qallalan-badh]], iyadoo ay isku beddelaan [[rainy season|xilli roobaad]] oo ah [[winter|jiilaal]] iyo [[dry season|xilli qallalan]] oo ah [[summer|xagaa]]. Roob yaraanta (300–500&nbsp;mm/sannadkii) waa cawaaqibka saamaynta "hooska" ee ay keeneen buuraha [[Morocco|Marooko]] ee [[Atlas Mountains|Atlas]] iyo [[Rif]] oo dhanka galbeed ah iyo [[Baetic System|nidaamyada buuraleyda ah ee koonfur-bari Isbaanishka]] oo dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ah, kuwaas oo ka hortagaya marinka dabaysha iyo samayska daruuraha ee ka imanaya [[storm|duufaannada]] Atlantic.<ref name=":1" /> Waxaa jira [[lighthouse|baarcad]] dhinaca waqooyi ah oo ay dhiseen [[France|Faransiiska]] sannadkii [[1870]]. == Dhirta iyo Xayawaanka == Jasiiradda Limacos ama Rachgoun waa mid dad la'aan ah oo ka madax bannaan cadaadiska tooska ah ee bini'aadamka. Waxay ku taal waddada ugu weyn ee socdaalka shimbiraha ee qaybta galbeed ee xeebta Aljeeriya. Waa goob gabbaad iyo buulasho u ah noocyada qaar ee shimbiraha u socdaala Eurasia iyo Afrika, sida [[Audouin's gull|Audouin's gull-ka]] iyo [[Eleonora's falcon|Eleonora's falcon-ka]].<ref name=":1" /> Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah meelaha laga heli karo [[Mediterranean monk seal|Mediterranean monk seal-ka]].<ref name=":1" /> Tan iyo 2011 waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah [[Ramsar site|goobaha Ramsar]] ee Aljeeriya.<ref name=":0" /> Jasiiradda waxaa loo asteeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah [[bird colony|gumeysigeeda]] shimbiraha Audouin's gulls.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEle-rachgoune-iba-algeria|title= Rachgoune|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-26}}</ref> == Taariikh == [[File:Ile de Rechgoun (cropped).JPG|alt=Aragtida jasiiradda|thumb|Aragtida jasiiradda]] Waxaa lagu xusay inay tahay xarun joogto ah oo [[Phoenicia|Fenijiya]] ah inkastoo ay yar tahay iyo muuqata inay ka maqan yihiin ilaha nolosha.<ref>https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/download/CMPL9696230359A/29873</ref> Sannadkii [[931]], jasiiraddu waxay noqotay gabbaad iyo qalcadda [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisi]] [[al-Hasan ben Abi-l-Ays]]. Maraakiibta [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] ee califkii dhowaan lagu dhawaaqay ee [[al-Andalus]] [[Abd al-Rahman III]] ayaa loo diray —intooda badan dekedda [[Pechina]]— isaga si uu u dhibaateeyo Idrisi oo uu ku hareereeyo jasiiradda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maraakiibtan kuma sii socon karin hawlgalladii dhibaataynta ee jasiiradda waxayna ku qasbanaadeen inay ku noqdaan dekedda Andalus ee dayrtii [[932]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lirola Delgado |first=Jorge |url=https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/14103 |title=El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya : (siglo IV hégira / X era cristiana) |date=1991 |publisher=Granada: Universidad de Granada |isbn=978-84-338-1478-4 |language=es}}</ref> Waxay u muuqataa in lagu sifeeyay {{lang|es|Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo: y su correponido de Africa para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas}}, oo uu qoray [[Vicente Tofiño de San Miguel]], agaasimaha shirkadaha ilaalada badda, oo la daabacay [[1787]]:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miguel |first=Vicente Tofiño de San |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPgJnX780AC |title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo, y su correspondiente de África para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas... |date=1787 |publisher=En la imprenta de la viuda de Ibarra, Hijos y compañía |language=es}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=At N. 50° E. 3 miles from this Cape is the Island of Limacos or Caracoles, of medium height, lying NS. a mile long and distant from land i the same distance. The small boats that go to load Tremecen bottom to the S. of the Island, although they recently sheltered, mooring to it with Cabo, and anchoring outside for 12 to 14 fathoms hard and somewhat dirty bottom, due to the great consistency of the bottom. that stays with the anchors, lacking the moorings and orinques at the time of setting sail. To the SE part. from the Island is the river of Tremecen with little water: between the Island and the river is an Islet the height of the hull of a Ship stretched from E W. the distance of a cable. Between him and the coast, which will be twice the distance, Galeotas can anchor in good weather. Wheat, wax, hides and wool are loaded into the river. Two cables away from the E. part of the mouth is a high and steep mountain with a tower, from whose shore a reef extends to the N. the distance of 2 cables, and for which it becomes precise when coming from lift dock the Isla de Caracoles.|author=Tofiño de San Miguel, 1787}} Limacos waxay ku taallaa boqol kiiloomitir galbeed ka xigta dhulkii hore ee Isbaanishka ee [[Oran]] iyo [[Mazalquivir]] —oo loo iibiyay [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] sannadkii [[1791]] boqor [[Charles IV of Spain|Carlos IV]]— waxaana jira xusid ah inay sidoo kale ahaan kartay hanti Isbaanish ah waagii hore,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Otero |first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas |date=1998 |title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436 |journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar |issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares) |pages=141–168 |issn=0214-8765}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miguel |first=Vicente Tofiño de San |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYkyonOU7NYC&dq=isla+limacos&pg=PA146 |title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterraneo y su correspondiente de Africa |date=1787 |publisher=Vda. de Ibarra |language=es}}</ref> laakiin waxaa ka tagay waqti u dhexeeya qarnigii 18-aad iyo 19-aad. Jasiiradda waxaa qabsaday Oktoobar 1835 ciidanka Faransiiska, xaalad uu kula dagaalamay [[Emir Abdelkader|Abd al-Qádir]], oo ka soo horjeeda [[French Algeria|Faransiiska soo galay Aljeeriya]], iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in ay u adeegto sidii barta ilaalinta xeebaha iyo sidoo kale carqaladaynta sahayda hubka iyo rasaasta ee fallaagada ka soo horjeeda Faransiiska.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Antoine) |first=Rozet (M, Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsQAAAAYAAJ |title=Algérie |date=1856 |publisher=Firmin Didot frères |language=fr}}</ref> Limacos sidoo kale waxaa lagu xusay inay tahay meel suurtagal ah oo kalluumeysi oo joogto ah oo loogu talagalay maraakiibta kalluumeysiga Isbaanishka intii lagu jiray qarniyadii 18-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad, kan dambe ayaa inta badan ka imanaya [[Tarifa]], [[Málaga]] iyo [[Altea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España |url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003809462 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}</ref> [[File:Hitos de soberanía española (Emilio Pastor).png|thumb|Xuquuqda Isbaanishka ee Limacos waxaa lagu taxay khariidad 1950 ah oo ah "milestones of Spanish sovereignty" oo uu qoray [[Emilio Pastor y Santos]].|alt=Bogga buug oo leh khariidad adduunka madow-iyo-caddaan ah oo leh dhowr dhibcood oo xeebta ah. Qoraalku wuxuu ku leeyahay Isbaanish "Todos estos hitos de soberanía española, juntamente con los derechos que tiene España en Haifa (Palestina), islas Limacos o Caracoles y enclaves en Australia del Espíritu Santo, forman un cinturón o línea ecuatorial española alrededor del Globo"]] Inkasta oo jasiiradda laga tagay, waxaa jira sheegashooyin ku saabsan madaxbannaanida Isbaanishka ilaa qarnigii 20-aad, markii loo aqoonsaday "Isbaanish" 1906 [[Algeciras Conference]],<ref name=":2" /> iyo sidoo kale inay ka muuqato shuruucda iyo dukumentiyada Isbaanishka intii lagu jiray qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cervantes |first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de |title=Escuela española. Año XV, núm. 765, 6 de octubre de 1955 {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.cervantesvirtual.com |language=es |archive-date=2022-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611161716/https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=66660 | title=Atlas de las costas de Europa y Africa en el Mediterráneo : Atlas Núm.1 | chapter=Carta Esférica de la Costa de España desde la Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta la Isla Limacos o de Caracoles | year=1833 | publisher=Dirección Hidrográfica }}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hadda, jasiiraddu waxay ku jirtaa madaxbannaanida Aljeeriya iyo sheegashooyinka iyo xusidda "Isbaanishnimada" ee jasiiradda ee dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ayaa si fudud u baaba'ay qarnigii 20-aad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-16 |title=La españolidad de los islotes Limacos y Perejil |url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/la-espanolidad-de-los-islotes-limacos-y-perejil/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=El Faro de Ceuta |language=es}}</ref> Jasiiradda waxaa loo ilaaliyay inay tahay [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar]] ilaa 2001.<ref name="RSIS"/> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} hqw1nxom7pfrjq5heedgffmc782y3g6 0 47919 301246 299380 2026-07-10T06:58:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox park | name = Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee Nylsvley | other_name = | image = Scenery in Nylsvley nature reserve 3.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Dhul-qoyan leh [[Phragmites australis|qasab caadi ah]] | image_size = | map = | relief = yes | map_alt = | map_caption = Goobta ku taal Limpopo | map_size = | location = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | nearest_city = [[Mookgophong]] | coordinates = {{coord|24.6548|S|28.691|E|region:ZA-LP|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = <ref>{{Cite web| url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Nylsvley_Nature_Reserve| title=Nylsvley Nature Reserve| work=protectedplanet.net| access-date=2026-06-25| archive-date=2012-06-03| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603160054/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Nylsvley_Nature_Reserve| url-status=dead}}</ref> | area = {{Convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | established = {{Start date and age|1998|7|7}} | administrator = [[Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism]] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | camp_sites = Multiple | governing_body = | world_heritage_site = | url = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 7 Luulyo 1998 | designation1_number = 952<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nylsvley Nature Reserve|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/952|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Nylsvley Nature Reserve''' waa {{Convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} aag la ilaaliyo, oo ku yaalla iyo dhinaca dhul-fataha oo xilliyeedka ah ee [[Nyl River]], qaybta ugu sarreysa ee [[Mogalakwena River|Mogalakwena]] taas oo leh jaranjaro aad u hooseeya. Waxay ku taallaa meel u dhow [[Mookgophong]] ee [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Aagga waxaa loo aqoonsaday goob [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] dhul-qoyan ah sababtoo ah muhiimadda ay u leedahay ilaalinta caalamiga ah. Dhul-fataha wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[Phragmites australis|qasab]] ballaaran iyo dhul-caws ah oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kaymo furan. Iyadoo ku taal aagga sare ee webiga Nyl, oo daboolaysa qiyaastii 20% dhul-fataha, aaggu wuxuu ku faanaa qiyaastii 370 nooc oo shimbiraha ah – kuwaas oo in ka badan 100 ka mid ah ay yihiin shimbiraha biyaha – iyo inta lagu jiro fatahaadaha ugu sarreeya, in ka badan 80,000 oo shimbirood ayaa la arki karaa. Kaydku wuxuu kaloo hoy u yahay [[roan antelope|antelope-ka roan]] iyo [[tsessebe]]. Meelaha kaliya ee bariiska duurjoogta ah ee Koonfur Afrika, ''[[Oryza longistaminata]]'', ayaa halkan laga helaa. Magaca 'Nylsvley' wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[vlei]], oo ah baaquli ama aag si xilliyeed u fataha, iyo erayga "Nile". 1860-meeyadii, koox beeraley ah oo [[Voortrekker]] ah ayaa arkay dhul weyn oo fatahay iyo webi u qulqulaya waqooyiga, sida ay sheegayaan halyeeyadu waxay u maleeyeen inay tahay ''Nylrivier'' ([[Nile|webiga Nile]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |title=Nylsvlei Nature Reserve |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |archive-date=13 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sawirro== <gallery> File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 1.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 1 File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 2.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 2 File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 3.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 3 File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 4.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 4 </gallery> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.nylsvley.co.za/ Friends of Nylsvley] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nylsvley.co.za/ |date=20260705202250 }} * [https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/np_nylsvley.htm Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Limpopo] {{Authority control}} 6n0txyydu8kzo85tmbq3tah4al9ygbv 0 47929 301296 299417 2026-07-10T09:45:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | type=Dhul-qoyaneed | name = Rugamura Marsh | native_name = | other_name = Marais de Rugamura <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]] | coordinates = {{coord|-2.53|30.121|display=it}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Rugamura Marsh''' ({{langx|fr|'''Marais de Rugamura'''}}; {{coord|-2.53|30.121}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa beerista bariiska iyo masaggada. ==Goobta== Rugamura Marsh waxay ku taal waqooyiga [[Kirundo Commune]]. Waxay ku xirantaa laamaha waaweyn ee koonfureed ee [[Lake Cohoha]]. Waxay dhanka waqooyi-bari ka xigtaa [[Rutare]] iyo [[Kirundo Airport]].{{sfn|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}} [[Köppen climate classification]] waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}} ==Horumarinta== Ururka iskaashatada Giriteka wuxuu leeyahay 82 xubnood, kuwaas oo 45 ay yihiin dumar. Ururka Iskaashatooyinka Wax-soo-saarka Beeraha ee Horumarinta (''Confédération des Associations des Producteurs Agricoles pour le Développement'': CAPAD) ayaa tababaray xubnaha hababka compost-ka iyo beerista digirta, galleyda iyo bariiska safaf loogu talagalay Rugamura Marsh.{{sfn|Abel Kagwira|2011}} Intii u dhaxaysay 2013-2016 dawladda Burundi, iyada oo maalgelin ka helaysa Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika, waxay bilowday Mashruuca Taageerada Kaabayaasha Miyiga ee Bugesera (PAIRB). Tani waxaa ku jiray horumarinta biyaha-beeraha ee {{convert|72.5|ha}} ee Rugamura Marsh, {{convert|232|ha}} ee [[Kabuyenge Marsh]] iyo {{convert|538.5|ha}} ee [[Nyavyamo Marsh]]. Waxaa ku jiray dhismaha marinnada dheecaanka, shabakadaha waraabka, biyo-xireennada, waddooyinka galka, marin-biyoodka iyo kaabayaal kale.{{sfn|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement|p=17}} Ogosto 2021 guddoomiyaha Gobolka Kirundo, [[Albert Hatungimana]], ayaa booqday Rugamura Marsh halkaas oo uu ka daahfuray hawlaha beerista bariiska ee xilliga abaaraha. Wuxuu sheegay in waraabku yahay habka kaliya ee gobolka looga dhigi karo mar kale dambiisha cuntada ee Burundi.{{sfn|Bruce Habarugira|2021}} Sida 2023, dhul-qoyaneedku wuxuu soo saaray 1.6 tan oo bariis ah halkii hektar. Badnaanta ugu badan ee la gaari karo waxay ahayd 5 ilaa 6 tan halkii hektar. Masaggada ayaa sidoo kale lagu beeray dhul-qoyaneedka.{{sfn|Chantal Umuhire|2023}} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.capad.info/spip.php?article248&lang=fr |accessdate=2024-06-19 |publisher=Confédération des Associations des Producteurs Agricoles pour le Développement |author=Abel Kagwira |title=Les Champs des Membres des Coopératives Servent pour l’Apprentissage de la population |year=2011 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |url=https://burundi-eco.com/province-kirundo-irrigation-collinaire-comme-solution-face-a-secheresse-recurrente/ |accessdate=2024-06-19 |work=BurundiEco |author=Bruce Habarugira |title=Kirundo Province: Hillside irrigation as a solution to recurring drought |date=13 August 2021}} *{{citation |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Projet d'apui a la transformation de l'agriculture dans la region naturelle du Bugesera |language=fr |author=Chantal Umuhire |publisher=African Development Bank |date=6 December 2023 |url=https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/projects-and-operations/burundi_-_projet_dappui_a_la_transformation_de_lagriculture_dans_la_region_naturelle_du_bugesera_-_p-bi-k00-013_-_eer_novembre_2023.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://www.cira-sas.com/sites/default/files/documents/plaqueteCira.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-19 |ref={{harvid|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement}} |title=L'ingenierie ay service du developpement |publisher=CIRA SAS (Consulting Engineering And Applied Research)}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432398.html |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1262553540#map=14/-2.5339/30.1288 |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Way: Rugamura (1262553540) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}} }} {{refend}} 7cx93x30km1mbdqrjupl03jrhe05jiv 0 47932 301218 299900 2026-07-10T03:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | type=Dhul-qoyaneed | name = Dhul biyoodka Nyavyamo | native_name = | other_name = Marécage de la Nyavyamo <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]] | coordinates = {{coord|-2.54333|30.03722}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Dhul biyoodka Nyavyamo''' ({{langx|fr|marécage de la Nyavyamo}}; {{coord|-2.54333|30.03722}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla galbeedka [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi. In kasta oo qaybo ka mid ah la ilaaliyo, haddana waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista bariiska. ==Goobta== {{convert|538|ha}} ee Nyavyamo Marsh waxay ku fidsan tahay degmooyinka [[Commune of Kirundo|Kirundo]] iyo [[Commune of Ntega|Ntega]].{{sfn|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} Waxay ku fadhidaa mid ka mid ah dooxooyinka labaad ee [[Akanyaru River]]. [[Lake Rwihinda]], [[Lake Nagitamo]] iyo [[Lake Narungazi]] ayaa ku xiran dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=13}} Aagga ku hareeraysan dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa ku dhowaad lagu daboolay beer.{{sfn|NASA Land Cover Classification}} Waxaa jira qiyaastii 356 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibbaaran agagaarka Nyavyamo, kaas oo aad u dad badan.{{sfn|NASA Population Density}} Nyavyamo Marsh waxaa quudiya [[Lake Rwihinda]], Webiga Rugorwe oo u qulqula dhanka bari ee Murungurira colline, Webiga Mugisomeka, oo u qulqula bari dhanka dhul-qoyaneedka waqooyiga ee Rwimbogo colline, iyo {{anchor|Rurata River}}Webiga Rurata. Rurata waxaa quudiya Mwohero, kaas oo ay quudiyaan Gacobwoya, Murugomero iyo Rugumba, kuwaas oo ka samaysma waqooyiga Nyamisagara iyo Cumba collines.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}} ==Cimilada== [[Köppen climate classification]] ee Nyavyamo Marsh waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Nyavyamo, Mindat}} Heerkulka celceliska waa {{convert|20|C}}. Bisha ugu kulul waa Sebteembar, oo ah {{convert|22|C}}, iyo tan ugu qabow waa Abriil, oo ah {{convert|18|C}}.{{sfn|NASA Data Set Index}} Celceliska roobku waa {{convert|1,170|mm}} sannadkii. Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Maarso, oo leh {{convert|178|mm}} oo roob ah, kan ugu qalanna waa Luulyo, oo leh {{convert|1|mm}}.{{sfn|NASA Rainfall}} ==Ilaalinta== [[Rwihinda Lake Natural Reserve]] waxay ilaalisaa Lake Rwihinda, oo ku taal biyaha sare ee Akanyaru wetlands. Haradu waxay dabooshaa {{convert|425|ha}}, laakiin aagga la ilaaliyo waa {{convert|8000|ha}} si loogu daro dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo.{{sfn|A List of Burundi Natural Reserves}} In la daadiyo dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo ee ka hooseeya Lake Rwihinda waxay noqon lahayd wax dila, iyadoo la furayo waddo looga baxo dhammaan biyaha, sida in la madhiyo barkad biyo-xireen ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=21}} [[Lake Gacamirindi]] wuu qallalay 2004, xilli roobaad caadi ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=29}} [[Lake Narungazi]] iyo [[Lake Nagitamo]] hadda waxay biyo siiyaan Lake Gacamirindi iyada oo loo marayo kanaal ku xiraya harooyinka iyada oo loo marayo [[Rugege Marsh]].{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}} Waxaa jira halis ah in kanaalkani uu hoos u dhigi doono heerka biyaha ee Nyavyamo Marsh iyo [[Lake Rwihinda]], gaar ahaan xilliyada abaaraha, marka biyuhu aysan mar dambe ka qulqulin Webiga Akanyaru ilaa Lake Rwihinda.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=62}} ==Horumarinta== 3,000 tan oo [[masaggo]] ah ayaa laga soo saaray Degmada Ntega 2003-2004. Dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu beero masaggo kor ka xigta Lake Narungazi.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}} Ogosto 2017 Melchior Nankwahomba, guddoomiyaha Gobolka Kirundo, ayaa daahfuray beerista geedo bariis ah ee Nyavyamo Marsh. Goosashada bariiska waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay u dhaxayso 8 ilaa 10 tan halkii hektar, ama u dhaxaysa 4,304 iyo 5,380 tan guud ahaan.{{sfn|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} Diseembar 2020 Wasaaradda Deegaanka, Beeraha iyo Xoolaha ee Burundi ayaa soo saartay codsi adeegyo la-talin ah oo ku saabsan xakamaynta iyo la socodka shaqooyinka biyaha-beeraha ee dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo [[Kabuyenge Marsh|Kabuyenge]].{{sfn|Projet d'Appui à la Transformation}} Luulyo 2023 Stecol Corporation waxay ku dhawaaqday in guddoomiyaha Kirundo, [[Albert Hatungimana]], uu shirkadda gudoonsiiyay shahaado aqoonsanaysa kaalinteeda ku aaddan wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyada oo dhistay mashaariicda biyaha-beeraha ee dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo Kabuyenge, laga bilaabo Ogosto 2014. Shaqadu waxaa ku jiray kanaallo, biyo-xireenno, xarumo bam-gareyn ah iyo tas-hiilaad kale.{{sfn|Local Development Contribution Award}} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.rusizinationalpark.com/burundi-natural-reserves/ |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=A List of Burundi Natural Reserves |publisher=Rusizi National Park |ref={{harvid|A List of Burundi Natural Reserves}} |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617125125/https://www.rusizinationalpark.com/burundi-natural-reserves/ |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://burundi-agnews.org/economie/burundi-le-marais-de-nyavyamo-donnera-pres-de-5-380-tonnes-de-riz/ |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo donnera près de 5.380 tonnes de riz |date=14 August 2017 |work=AGnews |ref={{harvid|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} }} *{{citation |url=https://en.stecol.cn/art/2023/7/12/art_7101_1709645.html |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=Local Development Contribution Award in Burundi |date=2023-07-12 |publisher=Stecol Corporation |ref={{harvid|Local Development Contribution Award}} |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617125126/https://en.stecol.cn/art/2023/7/12/art_7101_1709645.html |url-status=dead }} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|ref= {{harvid|NASA Population Density}}|title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA/SEDAC|archive-date= 9 Bisha Labaad 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160209064446/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|url-status= dead}} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|ref= {{harvid|NASA Data Set Index}}|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA|archive-date= 10 Bisha Shanaad 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200510015442/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|url-status= dead}} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|ref= {{harvid|NASA Rainfall}}|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|archive-date= 19 Bisha Afraad 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190419091014/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|url-status= dead}} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|ref= {{harvid|NASA Land Cover Classification}}|title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date= 30 January 2016|publisher= NASA/MODIS|archive-date= 28 Bisha Labaad 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160228161657/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|url-status= dead}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432407.html |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=Nyavyamo, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Nyavyamo, Mindat}} }} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.developmentaid.org/tenders/view/618559/projet-dappui-a-la-transformation-de-lagriculture-dans-la-region-naturelle-de-bugesera-patareb-contr |accessdate=2024-06-17 |title=Projet d'Appui à la Transformation de l'Agriculture dans la Région Naturelle de Bugesera (PATAREB): Contrôle et Surveillance des travaux d’aménagements hydro-agricoles des marais de Nyavyamo et Kabuyenge\ |publisher=Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Livestock |language=fr |ref={{harvid|Projet d'Appui à la Transformation}} |archive-date=2024-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617132129/https://www.developmentaid.org/tenders/view/618559/projet-dappui-a-la-transformation-de-lagriculture-dans-la-region-naturelle-de-bugesera-patareb-contr |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} }} {{refend}} 78vqweiv3ggyv4y2qo7bwptnyt5jpzo 0 47982 301391 300164 2026-07-10T11:55:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kuiseb | image = Kuiseb Namibia anagoria.JPG | image_caption = Webiga Kuiseb xilliga roobka | map = NEO kuiseb.jpeg | map_caption = Sawir dayax-gacmeedka Webiga Kuiseb | source1 = galbeedka [[Windhoek]] | source1_location = [[Khomas Highland]] | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Walvis Bay]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|07|S|14|32|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Namibia]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobollada | subdivision_name2 = [[Khomas Region|Khomas]], [[Erongo Region|Erongo]] | source_elevation = | length = {{circa}} {{convert|480|km|mi|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|15500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{circa}} {{convert|20|e6m3/a}} | tributaries_left = [[Gomab River|Webiga Gomab]], [[Ojab River|Webiga Ojab]], [[Chausib River|Webiga Chausib]], [[Gaub River|Webiga Gaub]] | tributaries_right = [[Koam River|Webiga Koam]], [[Nausgomab River|Webiga Nausgomab]], [[Goagos River|Webiga Goagos]] | waterbodies = [[Friedenau Dam|Biya-xireenka Friedenau]] }} '''Webiga Kuiseb''' waa webi [[ephemeral|ku-meel-gaar ah]] oo ku yaalla koonfur-galbeed ee [[Namibia]]. Isha uu ka soo bilaabmo waa [[Khomas Highland]] oo ku taal galbeedka [[Windhoek]]. Halkaas ayuu u qulqulaa dhinaca galbeed isagoo sii mara [[Namib-Naukluft National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Namib-Naukluft]] iyo lamadegaanka [[Namib]] ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Walvis Bay]]. Dhowr tuulo oo ay dagaan [[Topnaar people|dadka Topnaar]] ayaa ku yaalla xeebaha hoose ee Kuiseb, tusaale ahaan [[Homeb]], [[Sandfontein, Namibia|Sandfontein]], [[Rooibank]], iyo [[Utuseb]].{{sfn|Malan|1998|p=120–125}}{{sfn|Moritz|1997|pp=4-5}} Webiyada ku shubma Kuiseb waxaa ka mid ah [[Gomab River|Gomab]], [[Ojab River|Ojab]], [[Chausib River|Chausib]], [[Gaub River|Gaub]], [[Koam River|Koam]], [[Nausgomab River|Nausgomab]] and [[Goagos River|Goagos]].<ref name=Jacobson>{{Cite book | last1=Jacobson | first1=Peter J. | last2=Jacobson | first2=Kathryn M. | last3=Seely | first3=Mary K. | title=Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in western Namibia |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/Ephemeral%20rivers%20and%20their%20catchments_1995.pdf | publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia | place=[[Windhoek]] | date=1995 | pages=140–141 |isbn=9991670947 | format=PDF 8.7MB}}</ref> Bedka uu Webiga Kuiseb ka helo biyaha (oo ay ku jiraan gacan-biyoodyadiisa) waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inta u dhaxaysa 15,500<ref name=Jacobson/> iyo {{Convert|16692|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Strohbach, B.J. |title=Mapping the Major Catchments of Namibia |url=http://www.nbri.org.na/sites/default/files/Mapping%20the%20Major%20Catchments%20of%20Namibia_draft.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=2008 |date=2008 |pages=63–73 |isbn=9780353358164 |issn=1015-2334 |oclc=940637734 |format=PDF 1.0MB }}</ref> Waxa uu leeyahay qulqulka celcelis ahaan ilaa {{convert|20|e6m3/a}}.<ref name=el2010>{{cite news |title=ELECTIONS 2010: Erongo regional profile |publisher=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] |url=http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109 |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=26 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=16 Bisha Saddexaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316095900/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Friedenau Dam|Biya-xireenka Friedenau]], oo la dhisay 1972, ayaa ku yaalla webiga.<ref>[http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/friedenau.html Friedenau] at NamWater</ref> Janaayo 2005, markii ugu horreysay sannado badan, Kuiseb wuxuu ku qulqulay badweynta. Inta u dhaxaysa Naukluft iyo Namib, Kuiseb wuxuu qoday dooxad weyn oo ku taal aag cidlo ah oo aan la geli karin. Intii lagu jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Dunida]] aagga ku hareeraysan dooxada Kuiseb wuxuu u adeegay sidii gabbaad u ah [[Henno Martin]] iyo [[Hermann Korn]] oo halkaas u guuray si ay u sugaan dhammaadka dagaalka.<ref name=TSD>{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Henno | title = The Sheltering Desert | publisher = Two Books | year = 2006 | location = Hamburg | isbn = 9783935453035}}</ref> Laba buug iyo [[The Sheltering Desert|filim]] ayaa markii dambe laga daabacay joogitaankoodan 2-da sano ah; burburka gabbaadkooda waa la booqan karaa. Socdaalkiisa uu ku marayo Namib, Kuiseb waxaa dhinac kasta kaga wareegsan qaar ka mid ah [[sand dune|buuraha ciidda]] ee ugu dhaadheer adduunka, dhinaca kalena dhagaxyo madhan.<ref name=Jacobson/> Buuraha ciidda ee cas ee koonfurta webiga waxay gaaraan dherer ka badan 150 mitir. Dabayshu waxay buuraha ciidda u kaxaysaa dhinaca waqooyi, laakiin dhaqdhaqaaqooda waxaa xannibay webiga. Inta lagu jiro habkaas, ciid iyo dhoobo badan ayaa lagu shubaa Kuiseb taasoo keenta inuu kaliya gaaro badda marka uu fataho.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morin|first1=Efrat|last2=Grodek|first2=Tamir|last3=Dahan|first3=Ofer|last4=Benito|first4=Gerardo|last5=Kulls|first5=Christoph|last6=Jacoby|first6=Yael|last7=Langenhove|first7=Guido Van|last8=Seely|first8=Mary|last9=Enzel|first9=Yehouda|date=April 2009|title=Flood routing and alluvial aquifer recharge along the ephemeral arid Kuiseb River, Namibia|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=368|issue=1–4|pages=262–275|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.015|issn=0022-1694}}</ref> Sannadkii 1907, aagga u dhexeeya [[Swakop River|Webiga Swakop]] iyo Kuiseb waxaa maamulkii gumaystihii Jarmalka u magacaabay kaydka xayawaanka. Aaggu wuxuu hadda qayb ka yahay [[Namib-Naukluft National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Namib-Naukluft]]. ''Desert Research Foundation of Namibia'' (DRFN) waxay ku taal [[Gobabeb]] oo ku taal xeebaha webiga.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia | publisher=namibweb.com | url=https://www.namibweb.com/drfn.htm | access-date= 3 October 2019}}</ref> <gallery> File:Kuiseb River Nears the Ocean.jpg|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka midabka dabiiciga ah ee Webiga Kuiseb. File:Kuiseb bird eye view.jpg|Muuqaal hawada sare laga soo qaaday ee Webiga Kuiseb (2017) File:Kuiseb River Sand and Rock (2018).jpg|Webiga Kuiseb (2018) File:gobabeb from air.jpg|Muuqaal hawada sare laga soo qaaday ee Gobabeb Training and Research Centre File:Henno Martin Shelter.jpg|Burburka Gabbaadkii Korn iyo Martin File:Kuiseb.1.JPG|[[C14 road (Namibia)|C14]] buundada ka dul marta Dooxada Kuiseb </gallery> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[List of rivers of Namibia|Liiska webiyada Namibia]] ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{Reflist}} ===Suugaanta=== * {{cite book |last=Malan |first=Johan S |title=Die Völker Namibias |trans-title=Qabaa'ilka Namibia |year=1998 |publisher=Klaus Hess |location=Windhoek, Göttingen |language=German }} * {{cite book |last=Moritz |first=Walter |title=Verwehte Spuren in der Namibwüste - Alte Ansiedlungen am Kuiseb |trans-title=Raadadka engegan ee Namib - Degsiimooyinkii hore ee webiga Kuiseb |language=German |year=1997 |publisher=Typoprint |location=Windhoek |isbn=99916-750-0-0 }} *''Qoraalkii asalka ahaa wuxuu ka yimid [[NASA Earth Observatory]] [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4087]'' ===Muuqaallo=== *{{YouTube|ymyhjQ50M2A|'HURININ People of the Sea' - Baadigoobka dadka Topnaar ee xuquuqul insaanka iyo aqoonsiga}} ==Xiriiriyeyaal dibadeed== {{Commons category|Kuiseb River}} *[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4087 NASA Earth Explorer page] *[https://www.ufz.de/export/data/global/29151_ufzdiss5_2010_.pdf PhD Dissertation at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ufz.de/export/data/global/29151_ufzdiss5_2010_.pdf |date=20140417085156 }} {{Authority control}} h6o0c3t328zszu2a752nnbosj8zhkul 0 48031 301353 300153 2026-07-10T11:30:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bundi | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Congo River|Webiga Congo]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-5.544539|13.552085|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Congo River|Webiga Congo]] | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Bundi''' waa webi ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Congo. Waa gacan-biyoodka midig ee [[Webiga Congo]] ee hoose kaas oo gala webiga hoosta [[Biyo dhaca Inga]]. Haddii mashruuca la soo jeediyay ee [[Biya xireenka Grand Inga]] uu hirgalo, dooxada webiga ayaa fatahami doonta si ay u samaysato haro weyn. == Booqdayaashii Yurub ee hore == Sannadkii 1816 Kabtan [[James Hingston Tuckey]] oo ka tirsan Ciidanka Badda ee Ingiriiska ayaa ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee booqda dooxada Bundi. Waqtigaas sare-joogga Inga wuxuu ahaa saldhigga hogaan qabiil oo leh 300 oo qof iyo 70 aqal. Suuqa Inga wuxuu ka kobcay cashuuraha la saaray ganacsatada addoonsiga ee Ingiriiska, Bortuqiiska, Faransiiska iyo Biljamka ee kor u sii marayay webiga, iyo karawaannada addoonta ee u soo degayay xeebta Atlantic.{{sfn|Nyanga|2019}} [[Henry Morton Stanley]] wuxuu booqday Febraayo 1880. Wuxuu qiyaasay in waqti ka mid ah waqtiyadii hore Congo ay ku dhex martay dooxada Bundi, taas oo ka dhigtay mid si dhow u siman.{{sfn|Stanley|2011|p=173}} Wuxuu qoray, "Bundi waa durdur qurux badan oo biyo aad u nadiif ah, kaas oo xilliga qallalan dhex mara dhagxaan iyo dhagaxyo si habsami leh loo nadiifiyay iyo ciid yar yar oo ku yaalla salka dooxo dhagax badan oo qoto dheer.{{sfn|Stanley|2011|p=174}} Wuxuu sheegay in ugaartu ay badnayd, laakiin nasiib darro waxaa kaloo badnaa kaneecada ciidda, duqsiga iyo [[chigoe|dulin]], halka webiga jaalaha ah ay ku badnaayeen yaxaasyo.{{sfn|Stanley|2011|pp=213–214}} Wuxuu cabbiray masaafada u dhaxaysa Bundi iyo Webiga Bula inay ku dhowdahay {{convert|16|mi}}.{{sfn|Stanley|2011|p=224}} [[Guillaume Casman]] ayaa gaaray [[Vivi, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Vivi]] wuxuuna ku biiray safar uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan [[Edmond Hanssens]]. Waxay ka tageen 21 Janaayo 1884 iyagoo wata saf 30 nin ah, waxayna gaareen xeebaha Webiga Bundi 23 Janaayo 1884. Roobabku waxay ka dhigeen inuu ka fataho xeebahiisa oo uu dooxadiisa u beddelo dhul-badeed weyn.{{sfn|Martrin-Donos|1886|pp=475–476}} Sarkaalka Iswiidhan [[Peter August Möller]] ayaa maray webiga markii uu ka safrayay Vivi ilaa [[Isangila]]. Wuxuu qoray 1887:{{sfn|Friedman|1991|p=31}} {{blockquote|Intii lagu guda jiray socdaalkayagii aan ku tagaynay Issangila waxaan ku xeroday dooxada webiga Bundi, kaas oo loo yaqaan hodantinimadiisa weyn ee maroodi-biyoodka (buffaloes) iyo noocyo kala duwan oo anteloop ah. Waxaan kaloo arki karnaa raadad badan oo xayawaankan ah meel walba. Qaybo ka mid ah sariirta webiga waxaa kaloo garaacay hippopotami, kuwaas oo si cad u daaqayay halkaas [habeenkii]. Waxay ahayd mid aad u soo jiidasho leh aniga inaan halkaas joogo, laakiin safarkayagu uma oggolaan. Sidaas darteed naftayda ayaan u raaxeeyay rajadaydii aan ka qabay inaan fursad u helo inaan ku soo laabto goobtan ugaarsiga ee hodanka ah mustaqbalka.(Möller 1887:49){{sfn|Friedman|1991|p=31}}}} == Biya-xireenka Grand Inga == Maqaal BBC ah oo ka soo baxay 2013 ayaa sheegay in DRC ay heshiis la gashay Koonfur Afrika si ay uga iibiso koronto ka timaada mashruuca korontada ee biya-xireenka Grand Inga ee la qorsheeyay. Darbbi biya-xireen keliya ayaa quudin doona lix xarun oo koronto kuwaas oo soo saari doona 40,000 megawatt oo koronto ah. Biya-xireenka {{convert|145|m|abbr=on}} dhererka ah ayaa fatahi doona dooxada Bundi, taas oo hoy u ahayd 30,000 oo tuulo-deggane ah, taas oo dooxada u beddelaysa haro weyn. Webiga Congo ayaa hadda geli doona dhinaca waqooyi ee harada, wuxuuna ka bixi doonaa iyada oo loo marayo turbinno ku yaalla biya-xireenka oo ku teedsan dhinaca koonfureed.{{sfn|Jullien|2013}} Juun 2020 waxaa la soo sheegay in Madaxweyne [[Félix Tshisekedi]] uu qorsheynayay inuu u soo bandhigo mashaariicda Grand Inga shirarka madaxda Afrika, si uu u helo xiiso ku saabsan iibsashada tamarta la soo saari doono.{{sfn|Ilunga|2020}} Dadka ka soo horjeeda biya-xireenka ayaa xusay in dooxada Bundi ay haysato isku-darka dhul-beereed iyo deegaanno dabiici ah oo ay ku nool yihiin duurjoogta. Ilaa 60,000 oo qof ayaa laga yaabaa inay barakacaan, shabakadda waddooyinka iyo xadhkaha korontada ee guud ahaan [[Congo Basin|Dooxada Congo]] ayaa laga yaabaa inay abuuraan waxyeello bulsho iyo deegaan. Ma jirin daraasad saamaynta deegaanka oo la qorsheeyay.{{sfn|Hughes|2016}} == Xusuusin == {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |last=Friedman|first=Kajsa Ekholm|title=Catastrophe and Creation: The Transformation of an African Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXM0tKcggVkC&pg=PA31|accessdate=4 September 2020|year=1991|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-3-7186-5186-3}} *{{citation |url=http://alert-conservation.org/issues-research-highlights/2016/6/5/the-vast-congo-river-to-be-imperiled-by-the-worlds-largest-dam |accessdate=2020-09-04 |last=Hughes |first=Alice |title=The Vast Congo River to be Imperiled by the World's Biggest Dam |date=6 June 2016 |publisher=ALERT}} *{{citation |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/africa/DRC-goes-on-with-Grand-Inga-plan/4552902-5579782-42va4h/index.html |accessdate=2020-09-04 |journal=The East African |last=Ilunga |first=Patrick |title=DRC goes on with Grand Inga dam project |date=20 June 2020}} *{{citation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24856000 |accessdate=2020-09-04 |publisher=BBC |last=Jullien |first=Maud |title=Can DR Congo's Inga dam project power Africa? |location=Inga |date=15 November 2013}} *{{citation |url=http://www.aml-cfwb.be/readonlines/africa/cmd1/I20.pdf |accessdate=2020-09-04 |title=Les Belges dans l'Afrique Centrale |year=1886 |chapter=XX |last=Martrin-Donos |first=Ch. de |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |url=https://members.tortoisemedia.com/2019/07/08/congo-inga-dam/content.html |accessdate=2020-09-04 |date=8 July 2019 |work=Tortoise |last=Nyanga |first=Yoletta |title=Power play: Congo’s new president could transform Africa with one gigantic hydro-electric dam }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|title=The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wpYA9PAZJq8C&pg=PA173|accessdate=4 September 2020|date=25 August 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-03131-8}} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} 3kg684rjn55w7mzhp8o5vaft9u3gkn1 0 48038 301361 299604 2026-07-10T11:35:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Djoué | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Le pont du Djoué.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Laba taksi oo maraya buundada Djoué ee dul marta webiga Djoué ee Brazzaville ee Pool | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Congo River|Webiga Congo]] | mouth_location = [[Brazzaville]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-4.310509|15.228197|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Madzia | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Djoué''' waa webi ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Congo. Waa gacan-biyoodka midig ee [[Webiga Congo]]. == Marin-biyoodka == Webiga Djoué wuxuu ka soo askumaa [[Pool Department]] oo waqooyi ka xigta [[Mayama (town)|Mayama]], wuxuuna maraa magaaladaas. Ka dib wuxuu raacaa marin koonfur-bari ah oo qaloocan isagoo mara [[Ngoma-Tsétse]] ee [[Brazzaville Department]] iyo galbeedka magaalada [[Brazzaville]], wuxuuna galaa Congo halka uu ka baxo [[Pool Malebo]].{{sfn|Relation: Djoué (1197781)}} Webigu wuxuu maraa Biyo-dhaca Kintamo ee afkiisa, kaas oo sahamiyihii Ingiriiska ahaa ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]] uu 12 Maarso 1877 ku tilmaamay inuu leeyahay qurux cajiib ah oo dhif ah in la barbar dhigo.{{sfn|Monuments : Brazzaville.cg}} == Goobta Ramsar == Afkiisa webigu wuxuu maraa {{convert|2500|ha}} [[Ramsar site|goobta Ramsar]] no.1857, Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué. Waxaa ku jira biyo-dhacyo, webiyo joogto ah iyo kuwo ku meel gaar ah, dhul-badeedyo, jasiirado kayn ah iyo balliyo kalluumeysi. Waxaa goobta ku yaalla saddex jasiiradood oo kayn ah. Mid ka mid ah, Île du Diable, waa hoyga shimbiro badan. Marin-biyoodyadu waxay taageeraan kalluunka iyo dulin-biyoodyada, waana goob dhalmo. In kasta oo ay sharcigu ilaaliyo, ma jiro qorshe maamul oo meesha yaalla, goobtana waxaa loo isticmaalaa beeraha suuqa, kalluumeysiga iyo goosashada [[palm oil|saliidda timirta]] khamriga.{{sfn|Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué}} == Tayada biyaha == Falanqaynta biyaha oo looga golleeyahay in lagu go'aamiyo daaweynta loo baahan yahay si looga dhigo kuwo la cabbi karo ayaa lagu ogaaday pH la aqbali karo oo ah 7.5, laakiin turbiditi (daruurnaan) ah 15 NTU: biyuhu aad bay u dhoobo badan yihiin.{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=621}} Biyuhu waa jilicsan yihiin, waxayna leeyihiin heerar hoose oo wasakhaysan aan organic ahayn marka laga reebo ions phosphate.{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=622}} Waxaa lagu nadiifin karaa [[calcium hypochlorite]] waxaana lagu caddeyn karaa [[calcium sulfate]] iyo [[Lime (material)|lime]].{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=328}} == Korontada biyaha == [[File:Djoue Dam.png|thumb|273x273px|Sawirka biya-xireenka Djoue]] Waxaa jira biya-xireen cufisjiid ah oo leh {{convert|24|m}} madax iyo warshad koronto oo biyaha laga dhaliyo oo ku taal webiga wax ka yar {{convert|10|km}} u jirta bartamaha magaalada, oo la dhisay 1950-meeyadii. Maarso 2013 Andritz Hydro Switzerland ayaa la siiyay qandaraas lagu dayactirayo lana cusboonaysiinayo HPP Djoué. Warshadda korontadu waxay ka baxday shaqada ilaa Abriil 2007, markii qolka xakamaynta uu fatahay, kanaalka tailrace-ka ayaana gebi ahaanba ku soo dhoobay fatahaadaha laba jeer sannadkii ee Webiga Congo. Warshadda la cusboonaysiiyay waxay bixin doontaa 2 x 9.06MW.{{sfn|Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville}} == Xusuusin == {{notelist}}{{reflist|30em}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276286675_Physicochemical_Characterization_Chlorination_and_Flocculation_of_Waters_of_the_River_Djoue_Congo-Brazzaville |last1=Andzi Barhé |first1=T. |first2=Rodrigue |last2=Safou Tchiama |first3=Fulbert |last3=Bouaka |title=Physicochemical Characterization, Chlorination and Flocculation of Waters of the River Djoue (Congo-Brazzaville) |date=July 2013 |issn=2278-3229 |publisher=Marien Ngouabi University |journal=International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry |volume= 2 |issue=3 |pages=618–630}} *{{citation |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hydro-news-24/hy-news-24-11-djoue-hydro |accessdate=2020-09-06 |publisher=Andritz |title=Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |ref={{harvid|Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1857 |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |ref={{harvid|Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué}} }} *{{citation |url=https://brazzaville.cg/en/monuments |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Monuments |work=Brazzaville.cg |ref={{harvid|Monuments : Brazzaville.cg}} |archive-date=2020-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012231538/https://brazzaville.cg/en/monuments |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1197781#map=12/-4.3062/15.2222 |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Relation: Djoué (1197781) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Djoué (1197781)}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} 56xlki9xd5lzqdodmfl36qlg8duwyhv 0 48067 301301 300815 2026-07-10T09:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Ruo–Ndiza | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Malawi | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | location_map_alt = | location_map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|16|05|25|S|35|39|53|E|type:landmark_region:MW|display=inline,title}} | country = Malawi | location = [[Mulanje]], | purpose = P | status = O | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = | operator = Mulanje Hydro Limited | dam_type = | dam_crosses = Is-goyska [[Ruo River|Webiga Ruo]] iyo Webiga Ndiza | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = [[Pelton wheel|Pelton turbine]]<br/>2 x {{convert|3.30|MW|abbr=on}}<br/>1 x {{convert|1.65|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|8.25|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity_factor= | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Ruo–Ndiza''' waa warshad [[hydroelectric power|koronto biyood]] oo leh awood dhan {{convert|8.25|MW|0}} oo ku taalla koonfur-bari ee [[Malawi]], xadka ay la wadaagto [[Mozambique]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-gilkes-completes-second-phase-of-ruo-ndiza-hydroelectric-project/ |title=Malawi: Gilkes completes second phase of Ruo-Ndiza hydroelectric project |publisher=Afrik21.africa |date=2 May 2020 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=9 May 2020 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=8 Bisha Shanaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508014450/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-gilkes-completes-second-phase-of-ruo-ndiza-hydroelectric-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Goobta == Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku yaallaa is-goyska [[Ruo River|Webiga Ruo]] iyo gacantiisa, ''Webiga Ndiza'', ee [[Mulanje District]], ee [[Southern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Koonfureed]] ee Malawi, xadka caalamiga ah ee uu la wadaago [[Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique]].<ref name="2R">{{cite web|title=Gilkes commissions African project, receives new order |access-date=9 May 2020 | url=https://www.waterpowermagazine.com/news/newsgilkes-commissions-african-project-7894735 |date=28 April 2020 | publisher=Waterpowermagazine.com |author=Water Power Magazine | location=Dartford, Kent, United Kingdom}}</ref> Goobtu waxay ku dhex taal ''Lujeri Tea Estate'', qiyaastii {{convert|96|km|0}}, marka loo eego jidka, koonfur-bari ee [[Blantyre]], oo ah xarunta ganacsiga iyo maaliyadda ee Malawi.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="3R">{{google maps|title=Road Distance Between Blantyre And Lujeri Tea Estate |access-date=9 May 2020 | url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Blantyre,+Malawi/Lujeri+Tea+Estate+Lodge,+Mulanje,+Malawi/@-15.9077179,35.0195602,10z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x18d84513cbc0005f:0x236358dae4d811e6!2m2!1d35.0167866!2d-15.7666707!1m5!1m1!1s0x18d9e3fe5f6611cf:0xce5112779a8b7c63!2m2!1d35.6559784!2d-16.0334259!3e0}}</ref> == Dulmar == Bishii Maarso 2018, awoodda koronto-dhalinta ee Malawi waxay ahayd {{convert|363|MW}},<ref name="4R">{{cite web|author=USAID |url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001230213/https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/malawi |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2015 |title=Malawi: Power Africa Fact Sheet |access-date=9 May 2020 |date=28 March 2018 | publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Iyadoo baahida ugu sarreysa ay tahay 350 megawatt iyo koror dhan 6 boqolkiiba sannadkiiba, shabakadda Malawi ayaa leh dabacsanaan aad u yar. Tani waxay dalka u bandhigtay koronto-goyn joogto ah oo daran.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/malawi-power-station-2014-05-23/rep_id:4136 |title=Chinese bank looks to finance Malawi power station |location=Johannesburg |date=23 May 2014 |author=Marcel Chimwala |publisher=Engineeringnews.co.za | access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Mulanje Renewable Energy Plc (sidoo kale Mulanje Hydro Limited), oo ah shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo dhalisa tamarta, kana diiwaangashan Malawi, ayaa la qandaraas qaadatay ''Gilkes'', oo ah shirkad sameysa mishiinnada korontada ee [[United Kingdom|British]], si ay u dhisto saldhiggan korontada, muddo laba sano ah.<ref name="6R">{{cite web|title=Malawi's Mulanje US$16 million power plant to roll out March |publisher=Energycentral.com | url=https://energycentral.com/news/malawi%E2%80%99s-mulanje-us16-million-power-plant-roll-out-march |date=27 February 2019 | author=Lloyd M’bwana |access-date=8 May 2020 |format=Quoting ''The Maravi Post''}}</ref> == Faahfaahinta farsamada == Saldhigga korontadu waa naqshad [[run-of-river]] oo aan u baahnayn [[dam|biyo-xireen]] sidaas darteedna uma baahna [[reservoir|kayd biyo]]. Waxaa jira saddex [[Pelton wheel|Pelton-type]] turbines oo mid kasta lagu qiimeeyay {{convert|3.30|MW|0}}. Mid ayaa lagu rakibay ''Webiga Ndiza'', intii lagu jiray wejigii koowaad. Sababo la xiriira xawaaraha socodka biyaha ee webigan yar, kaliya 1.65 megawatt ayaa laga soo saari karay.<ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> Wejigii labaad wuxuu ku jiray rakibidda laba turbines oo kale oo Pelton ah oo mid kasta lagu qiimeeyay 3.3 megawatt, oo ka gudbaya Webiga Ruo, taas oo dhalisay wadar ahaan 6.6 megawatt oo tamar cusub ah. Wadarta wax-soo-saarka dhismaha korontadu waa 8.25 megawatt.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/><ref name="6R"/> == Dhismaha == Miisaaniyadda dhismaha ayaa lagu soo warramay inay tahay 16 milyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah. Dhismaha ayaa bilaabmay Juun 2018 wuxuuna dhammaaday Abriil 2020. Korontada la soo saaro waxaa loo iibiyaa qaybiyaha korontada qaranka [[Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi]] (Escom), iyadoo la raacayo [[power purchase agreement|heshiis iibsashada tamarta]] muddada dheer ah.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/16-million-power-project-on-course-in-mulanje-to-supply-electricty-to-escom-from-march/ |title=$16 Million Power Project On Course In Mulanje: To Supply Electricity To Escom From March |newspaper=[[Nyasa Times]] |date=26 February 2019 |author=Elijah Phimbi |access-date=9 May 2020 | location=Blantyre}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == {{Portal|Africa|Water|Renewable energy}} * [[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Malawi]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.pgi-uk.com/renewable-energy/our-companies/mulanje-hydro-ltd-malawi/ Sharraxaad kooban] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pgi-uk.com/renewable-energy/our-companies/mulanje-hydro-ltd-malawi/ |date=20200806101304 }} {{Authority control}} {{stack|}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Ruo–Ndiza}} iepi4zaz6d2i3bc81rq1m15hv9mt9ej 0 48068 301304 300094 2026-07-10T10:05:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada ee Volobe | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Madagascar | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Madagascar oo muujinaysa goobta Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Volobe | location_map_alt = | location_map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|18|09|07|S|49|11|06|E|region:MG_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Madagascar]] | location = Volobe, [[Ambodilazana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=meh.mg |url=https://meh.mg/volobe/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |archive-date=2026-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120095404/https://meh.mg/volobe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br/>[[Toamasina II (district)| Toamasina Rural District]]<br/> | purpose = P | status = P | construction_began = 2023 (la filayo) | opening = 2025 (la filayo) | demolished = | cost = €350 milyan (US$372 milyan) | owner = ''Compagnie Générale d'Hydroélectricité de Volobe'' | operator = ''CGHV'' | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Ivondro River|Webiga Ivondro]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = [[Jirama]] | plant_commission = 2025 (la filayo) | plant_decommission = | plant_type = R | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines =[[Andritz AG|Andritz Hydro]]: 6x20 MW | plant_capacity = {{convert|120|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = 750 GWh | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada ee Volobe''' waa mashruuc [[hydroelectric power|koronto biyood]] ah oo leh awood dhan {{convert|120|MW}} oo la dhisayo gudaha [[Madagascar]]. == Goobta == Saldhigga korontada waxaa laga dhisayaa [[Ambodilazana]] oo ka gudbaya [[Ivondro River|Webiga Ivondro]], [[Toamasina II (district)|Toamasina Rural District]], meel u dhow [[Toamasina]]. Tuulada ''Volobe'' oo martigelin doonta saldhigga korontada ayaa ku taalla qiyaastii {{convert|40|km}}, marka loo eego jidka, galbeedka [[Toamasina]], oo ah magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn Madagascar.<ref name="4R">{{cite web|work=Hydroreview.com | url=https://www.hydroreview.com/hydro-industry-news/group-announces-partnership-to-develop-120-mw-volobe-hydropower-project-in-madagascar/ |title=Group announces partnership to develop 120-MW Volobe hydropower project in Madagascar |date=10 November 2019 |author=Hydro Review |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> == Dulmar == Volobe HPP waa warshad [[run of river]] ah oo leh lix [[Francis turbine|turbines]] oo nooca Francis ah, mid kasta lagu qiimeeyay 20 megawatt. [[Andritz AG|Andritz Hydro]] ayaa keenaysa oo rakibi doonta matoorrada, si wadarta awoodda dhalinta ay u noqoto 120 megawatt.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|work=Power-Technology.com |url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/volobe-hpp-madagascar/ |title=Volobe HPP, Madagascar |date=20 December 2021 |author=Carmen |access-date=30 April 2022 |location=New York City}}</ref> Isbahaysiga horumarinaya saldhigga korontada ayaa sidoo kale dhisi doona xarigga [[high voltage|koronto-qaadista oo koronto sare leh]] kaas oo ka gudbin doona tamarta saldhiggan korontada meesha tamarta ay ka geli doonto shabakadda korontada qaranka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waddooyin gellitaanka iyo kaabayaasha kale ayaa loo dhisi doonaa bulshooyinka deriska ah.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |url=https://www.axian-group.com/2019/08/06/volobe-2019-the-new-hydroelectric-power-plant/?lang=en |title=Volobe 2019, The New Hydroelectric Power Plant |date=2 August 2019 | work=Axian Group |access-date=30 April 2022 |author=Axian Group | place=Antananarivo, Madagascar}}</ref> == Horumariyayaasha == [[consortium|Isbahaysiga]] leh saldhigga korontada oo horumarinaya ayaa leh afar [[Shareholder|shirkadood oo saamilay ah]] sida ku cad shaxda hoose. Waxay sameeyeen shirkad ujeeddo gaar ah leh (SPV) si ay u yeeshaan, u naqshadeeyaan, u dhisaan, u maalgeliyaan, u maamulaan oo u dayactiraan saldhigga korontada. Shirkadda SPV waxaa la yiraahdaa ''Compagnie Générale d'Hydroélectricité de Volobe'' (CGHV) (Af-Soomaali: Shirkadda Guud ee [[Hydroelectricity|Korontada Biyaha]] ee Volobe). {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Saamiga ''Shirkadda Guud ee Korontada Biyaha ee Volobe'' ! Darajada !! Magaca Mulkiilaha !! Hoyga!! Boqolkiiba Saamiga |- | 1 || Jovena (shirkad hoosaadka Axian Group) ||[[Madagascar]] ||{{center|40.0}} |- | 2 || [[SN Power|Scatec]] ||[[Norway]] ||{{center|25.0}} |- | 3 || [[Africa50]] ||[[Morocco]] ||{{center|25.0}} |- | 4 || [[Colas Group|Colas Mdagascar]] || Madagascar || {{center|10.0}} |- | || '''Wadar''' || ||{{center|'''100.0'''}} |- |} == Kharashka dhismaha iyo maalgelinta == Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in dhismaha uu ku kici doono qiyaastii €350 milyan (qiyaastii US$372 milyan), oo ay maalgelinayaan amaah iyo sinaan. == Tixgelinno kale == Tamarta laga dhalin doono saldhiggan waxay siin doontaa qiyaastii 360,000 oo qoys oo reer Madagascar ah, oo leh qiyaastii 2 milyan oo qof. Inta lagu jiro wejiga dhismaha, qiyaastii 1,000 shaqo ayaa la filayaa in la abuuro.<ref name="4R"/> Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu kordhin doonaa tirada dadka Madagascar ee ku xiran korontada shabakadda wuxuuna dalka u horseedi doonaa yoolka 70 boqolkiiba korontaynta qaranka marka la gaaro 2030. Bishii Juun 2023, ''Compagnie générale d'hydroélectricité de Volobe'' (CGHV), oo leh saldhigga korontada ayaa saxiixday 35-sano [[power purchase agreement|heshiis iibsashada tamarta]] ''Jiro sy rano Malagasy'' ([[Jirama]]), shirkadda adeegga korontada dadweynaha ee Madagascar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/madagascar-jirama-to-purchase-output-from-the-volobe-hydroelectric-power-station/ |title=Madagascar: JIRAMA to purchase output from the Volobe hydroelectric power station |work=Afrik21.africa |date=5 June 2023 |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=7 June 2023 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=7 Bisha Lixaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607101958/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/madagascar-jirama-to-purchase-output-from-the-volobe-hydroelectric-power-station/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == {{stack|{{Portal|Madagascar|Water|Renewable energy}}}} * [[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Madagascar]] * [[Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Sahofika]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist|33em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Volobe,+Madagascar/Toamasina,+Madagascar/@-18.1470899,49.149472,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x21f44d72cfce00f3:0xeb4f0c19afc76bba!2m2!1d49.183333!2d-18.15!1m5!1m1!1s0x21f5004877b03b39:0xdd4a6822e32e1e71!2m2!1d49.3957836!2d-18.1442811 Khariidadda muujinaysa Volobe, Madagascar iyo Thomasina, Madagascar] Sida 30 Abriil 2022. * [https://www.africa50.com/our-funds/projects/volobe-hydropower-plant/ Jilidda Saldhigga Korontada ee Volobe] Sida 21 Jan 2026 {{Authority control}} 7ql4p47ac86qrmcmu5sdhcx0mr6l34k 0 48070 301250 300793 2026-07-10T08:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name =Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Mount Coffee | image = | image_caption = | name_official = | dam_crosses =[[Saint Paul River|Webiga Saint Paul]] | res_name = | location =White Plains, [[Montserrado County]], [[Liberia]] | operator =Shirkadda Korontada ee Liberia | dam_length = | dam_height = | dam_width_base = | construction_began = | opening =1966 | cost = | res_capacity_total = | res_catchment = | res_surface = | coordinates = {{coord|6|30|17|N|10|38|54|W|region:LR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | extra = }} '''Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Mount Coffee''' waa mashruuc [[hydroelectric|koronto biyood]] ah oo ku yaalla waddanka [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]] ee [[Liberia]] kuna yaalla [[Saint Paul River|Webiga Saint Paul]]. Waxaa la dhisay 1966 iyadoo wejiyo dheeraad ah la dhammaystiray goor dambe, mashruucu wuxuu leeyahay awood dhalin ugu badan oo dhan 88 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref name="mcc2018"/> '''Biyo-xireenka Korontada Biyaha ee Walter F. Walker''' iyo xarumaha dhalinta ayaa si ba'an u waxyeelloobay intii lagu jiray [[First Liberian Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Liberia]] sanadkii 1990-kii, hawlgalkiina dib looma soo celin ilaa 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liberia;Liberian Engineer Presents Project For Hydro Dam Construction, But Faces Stone Wall|author=The Analyst|date=January 4, 2005|work=Africa News}}</ref><ref name="mcc2018">{{cite web | url=https://www.mcc.gov/blog/entry/blog-072318-success-of-mount-coffee-hydropower-plant-helps-liberia | title=Success of Mount Coffee Hydropower Plant Helps Liberia Shine Brighter | date=July 23, 2018 | author=Jonathan Nash | work=Millennium Challenge Corporation blog}}</ref> == Taariikhda == Sanadkii 1963, dawladda Liberia waxay heshay amaah ka timid [[World Bank|Bangiga Adduunka]] si ay u horumariso mashruuc koronto biyood ah oo ku kacaya US$24.3 milyan.<ref name="LEC">{{cite web|url=http://libelcorp.com/history.htm|title=History|publisher=Liberia Electricity Corporation|accessdate=2008-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210032413/http://libelcorp.com/history.htm|archive-date=2009-02-10|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Dhismaha xarunta waxaa la bilaabay 1964-tii Hay'adda Korontada ee Monrovia iyadoo la isticmaalayo shirkadda Raymond Concrete Pile Company oo ahayd qandaraaslaha iyo [[Stanley Consultants]] oo ahayd maamulayaasha mashruuca.<ref name="LEC"/> Sanadkii 1966, shirkadda korontadu waxay dhammaystirtay wejigii koowaad ee biyo-xireenka waxayna bilowday dhalinta korontada.<ref name=undp>[http://www.lr.undp.org/State%20of%20the%20environment%20report%20final.pdf First State of the Environment Report for Liberia – 2006.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411035426/http://www.lr.undp.org/State%20of%20the%20environment%20report%20final.pdf |date=2009-04-11 }} United Nations Development Programme. 2006, p. 44&ndash;45. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Mashruuca waxaa la dhammaystiray 1967-tii waxaana loo bixiyay Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee [[Thomas J. R. Faulkner|T. J. R. Faulkner]] W.F. Walker.<ref name="LEC"/> Awoodda dhalinta bilowga ahayd waxay ahayd 30 MW oo ay soo saareen laba [[turbine|matoor]], taas oo kor u kacday 64 MW markii laba matoor oo kale lagu daray 1973.<ref name=undp/> Hay'adda Korontada ee Monrovia waxay noqotay [[Liberia Electricity Corporation|Shirkadda Korontada ee Liberia]] 12-kii Luulyo, 1973.<ref name="LEC"/> Bishii Juun 1990, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday qorshayaal ay ku laba-laabayso awoodda dhalinta korontada ee mashruuca iyo ku darista kayd biyo ah si loogu oggolaado dhalin badan inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref name=expand>"Liberia expands hydropower", ''Engineering News-Record'', June 7, 1990. McGraw-Hill, Inc., Vol. 224, No. 23; p. 27.</ref> Qorshayaashu waxay ugu baaqayeen biyo-xireen cusub oo dhan {{convert|4000|ft|m}} in laga dhiso webiga Vai si loo bixiyo awoodda kaydinta, halka laba matoor oo 52 MW ah lagu dari lahaa xarunta dhalinta korontada ee jirta.<ref name=expand/> Balaarinta US$300 milyan ee aan waligeed la bilaabin sababo la xiriira Dagaalkii Sokeeye.<ref name=expand/> Bishii Luulyo 1990, ciidamada fallaagada oo uu amar ku siiyay [[Charles Taylor (Liberia)|Charles Taylor]] ayaa qabsaday biyo-xireenka waxayna xireen korontadii iyo biyaha Monrovia.<ref>Huband, Mark. "Retreating Liberian rebel leader urges peace talks" [[United Press International]], October 7, 1990.</ref><ref>"Worldwide: Liberia blackout", ''[[The Independent]]'', July 1, 1990, Foreign News Page, p. 14.</ref> Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad, biyo-xireenka qaadashada ee mashruuca ayaa lagu burburiyay hal dhinac halka inta kale ay heleen waxyeello kale.<ref name=post>[http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Liberia_DS.pdf Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia.] {{Wayback|url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Liberia_DS.pdf |date=20221011172944 }} United Nations Environment Programme. 2004, p. 30. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Qaybo kale oo ka mid ah xarumaha ayaa la boobay oo la burburiyay sannadihii dambe ee khilaafka.<ref name=post/> Laga soo bilaabo horraantii 2005, waxaa la sameeyay soo-jeedinno lagu dayactirayo xarunta oo dib loogu soo celinayo korontada,<ref>The Analyst. "Liberia; Liberian Engineer Presents Project For Hydro Dam Construction, But Faces Stone Wall", Africa News, January 4, 2005.</ref> oo ay ku jirto soo-jeedin ka timid [[China|Shiinaha]].<ref>"Weekly Recap", Power, Finance and Risk, March 25, 2005.</ref> [[United States Trade and Development Agency|Wakaaladda Ganacsiga iyo Horumarinta ee Maraykanka]] waxay siisay $400,000 Liberia bishii Febraayo 2007 si ay u darsaan dib-u-dhiska iyo ballaarinta mashruuca.<ref>[http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33185.pdf Liberia's Post-War Recovery: Key Issues and Developments.] Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Daraasadu waxay muujisay in aysan jirin waxyeello dhismeed oo ku yimid biyo-xireenka,<ref>{{cite news|title=No structural damage done to hydro|last=Wrokpoh|first=Patrick K.|date=February 25, 2008|work=The Inquirer}}</ref> laakiin in inta badan xarumaha mashruuca ay u baahan doonaan in dib loo dhiso qiimo dhan US$383 milyan.<ref name="privatize">{{cite news|title=Liberia needs about 383m dollars to rebuild hydroelectric plant|last=STAR Radio|author-link=STAR Radio|date=August 22, 2008|work=BBC Monitoring International Reports|publisher=Global News Wire}}</ref> Ilaa Ogosto 2008, dawladda Liberia waxay tixgelinaysay gaar-u-yeelashada mashruuca tiro sano ah maadaama waddanku uusan haysan khayraad uu ku maalgeliyo dayactirka.<ref name="privatize"/> Bishii Maajo 2012, Mashruuca Dib-u-dhiska Korontada Biyaha ee Mt. Coffee ayaa la bilaabay iyadoo la raacayo taxane baaritaano ah iyo qiimayn farsamo oo ku saabsan suurtagalnimada in la soo nooleeyo warshadda.<ref name=piu>{{cite web|title=LEC Signs Consulting Services Agreement with Norplan/Fichtner for Mt. Coffee Owner's Engineer|url=http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=715|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927045647/http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=715|url-status=usurped|archive-date=September 27, 2013|work=Press and News|publisher=Mt Coffee PIU|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> Shaqadan waxay ku dhammaatay saxiixa qandaraas bishii Abriil 2013 oo lala galay shirkad Norway ah (Norplan AS) iyo shirkad Jarmal ah (Fichtner GmbH) si loo soo nooleeyo warshadda korontada ee burburtay marka la gaaro 2015.<ref name=piu/> Bishii Disembar 2016, matoorkii ugu horreeyay ee korontada biyaha iyo qaybta dhalinta, oo leh awood lagu rakibay 22 megawatt (MW), ayaa si rasmi ah loo daahfuray oo loo hawlgeliyay. Mashruuca, oo la dhammaystiray 2018, wuxuu kor u qaaday wadarta awoodda lagu rakibay ee Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Mt. Coffee ilaa 88 MW (afar qaybood oo dhalin ah oo midkiiba 22 MW ah).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=1878 |title=MT. COFFEE HYDROPOWER PLANT SUCCESSFULLY GENERATES POWER AFTER MORE THAN 25 YEARS! ~ TURNS ON 1ST OF 4 TURBINE WITH a GENERATING CAPACITY OF 88MW UPON COMPLETION IN AUGUST 2017 ~ - Mt. Coffee PIU |access-date=2018-01-25 |archive-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012115152/http://mtcoffeeliberia.com/?p=1878 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="mcc2018"/> Biyo-xireenka Korontada Biyaha ee Mount Coffee wuxuu ku yaallaa Mount Coffee, degmada Harrisburg. White Plains waa goobta warshadda sifeynta biyaha. == Faahfaahin == Wuxuu ku yaallaa Harrisburg Township ee [[Careysburg District|Degmada Careysburg]], [[Montserrado County]], wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Saint Paul River|Webiga Saint Paul]] qiyaastii 21 mayl (34 km) oo u jirta [[Monrovia]].<ref name=undp/><ref name=cda>{{cite news|url=http://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf|title=Montserrado County Development Agenda|year=2008|publisher=Republic of Liberia|accessdate=2008-10-14|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102070138/https://www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MontserradoCDA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Biyo-xireenku waa [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|biyo-xireen qaabka qulqulka webiga]], taas oo ah in aysan jirin kayd biyo.<ref name=undp/> Maadaama uusan jirin kayd biyo ah, awoodda dhalinta lagu kalsoonaan karo waa 10 MW oo keliya, maadaama uu taasi yahay qulqulka caadiga ah ee webiga inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref name=undp/> Kahor [[First Liberian Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Liberia]], warshaddu waxay soo saartay 64MW oo koronto ah, taas oo ka dhigan 35% dhammaan korontada laga dhaliyo waddanka.<ref>[http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=384&ArticleID=4411&l=en Restoring the Battered and Broken Environment of Liberia One of the Keys to a New and Sustainable Future.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=384&ArticleID=4411&l=en |date=20160303200346 }} United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.</ref> Marka lagu daro korontada, Shirkadda Biyaha iyo Fayadhowrka ee Liberia waxay isticmaashay mashruuca si ay u bixiso biyo la cabbo Monrovia iyo meelaha ku hareeraysan ka hor dagaalka.<ref name=cda/> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{stack|{{Portal|Liberia|Water|Renewable energy}}}} *[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTENERGY2/Resources/exercise.pdf Jimicsiga Kooxda Shaqada] – wuxuu ka kooban yahay sawirro mashruuca ka dib dagaalka 8x4jfl0kkjh7pr5tef8vyiocpoyyuad 0 48074 301303 300816 2026-07-10T10:03:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti<br/>{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|苏阿皮蒂水电站}}}} | image = | image_caption = | image_size = 300 | location_map = Guinea | location_map_size = 300 | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{Coord| 10.42| -13.26}} | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Guinea]] | location = oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Konkoure]]<ref name="Dango2019">{{cite book|author=Abdou Mahaman Dango|title=A Guide to Sustainable Energy in West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMLDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|date=25 November 2019|publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5275-4399-7|pages=27–}}</ref> | purpose = Koronto | status = | construction_began = 22 Diseembar, 2015 | opening = | demolished = | cost = $2 bilyan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2015/09/23/guinea-considering-chinese-partner-to-build-550-mw-souapiti-hydro/#gref|title=Guinea considering Chinese partner to build 550-MW Souapiti hydro|first=|last=|date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=|website=Hydroreview.com}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | owner = | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/12/c_136276420.htm|title=Feature: Chinese workers help bring prosperity to countries along Belt and Road|first=|last=|date=2017-05-12|accessdate=|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> ({{langx|zh|苏阿皮蒂水电站}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/k/201907/20190702881520.shtml|title=利比里亚总统维阿参观凯乐塔水电站和苏阿皮蒂水电站|first=|last=|date=2019-07-14|accessdate=|website=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]]|archive-date=2022-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210317/http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/i/jyjl/k/201907/20190702881520.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti<ref name="Dept.2019">{{cite book|author=International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.|title=Guinea: Technical Report-Public Investment Management Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghu3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT51|date=28 March 2019|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|isbn=978-1-4983-0391-0|pages=51–}}</ref> ama Warshadda Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti,<ref>{{cite book|title=Guinea - Electricity Access Scale Up Project|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/869041550631657109/text/Guinea-Electricity-Access-Scale-Up-Project.txt|date=January 25, 2019|publisher=[[World Bank]]}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> waa mashruuc [[biyo]]-xireen ah oo ku yaalla [[Jamhuuriyadda Guinea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enr.com/articles/44304-china-exim-bank-to-fund-souapiti-hydro-project-in-guinea|title=China Exim Bank To Fund Souapiti Hydro Project in Guinea|first= |last= |date=Apr 9, 2018|accessdate=|publisher=[[Engineering News-Record]]}}</ref> kaas oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Konkoure]],<ref name="BarhamBunker1994">{{cite book|author1=Brad Barham|author2=Stephen G. Bunker|author3=Denis O'Hearn|author3-link=Denis O'Hearn|title=States, Firms, and Raw Materials: The World Economy and Ecology of Aluminum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NS2ja36QckC&pg=PA191|year=1994|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=978-0-299-14114-1|pages=191–}}</ref> awood guud oo la rakibay oo ah 550 MW. Mashruucan waxaa dhistay shirkadda [[China International Water & Electric Corporation]] (CWE).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/04/16/were-leaving-everything-behind/impact-guineas-souapiti-dam-displaced-communities|title=The Impact of Guinea's Souapiti Dam on Displaced Communities|first= |last= |date=April 16, 2020|accessdate=|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Xarunta korontada ayaa lagu qiyaasay in ay ku kacayso ilaa $2 bilyan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-15/china-s-cwe-in-talks-to-build-2-billion-dam-in-guinea|title=China's CWE in Talks to Build $2 Billion Dam in Guinea|first= |last= |date=Sep 15, 2015|accessdate=|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> [[File:Souapiti Dam watershed.jpg|thumb|Baaxadda Biyaha ee Biyo-xireenka Souapiti iyo Kaydka Biyaha ([https://mghydro.com/app/shared/348F86 Khariidad is-dhexgal ah])]] ==Taariikh== Xafladda dhagax-dhigga ee Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Souapiti ayaa la qabtay 22 Diseembar, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gb.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=N2019060102000287&dbcode=CYFD&dbname=CYFD|title=A delegation from the African Development Bank visited and inspected the Kaleta Hydropower Station and Suapiti Hydropower Station in Guinea|first=|last=|date=2019-06-10|accessdate=|website=[[CNKI]]|archive-date=2020-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041327/http://gb.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=N2019060102000287&dbcode=CYFD&dbname=CYFD|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Warshadda korontada biyaha]] ayaa la dhameeyay oo la hawlgeliyay sanadkii 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/202005/20200502966005.shtml|title=Guinea's Souapiti Hydropower Station: Resuming work and production to help the local fight against the epidemic|first=|last=|date=2020-05-19|accessdate=|website=[[Ministry of Commerce (China)|Ministry of Commerce]]|archive-date=2022-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903210323/http://gn.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/202005/20200502966005.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mashruucyada waaweyn ee biyo-xireennada ayaa taariikh ahaan saameyn taban ku yeeshay deegaanka iyo bulshooyinka maxalliga ah, kuwaas oo ay barakiciyeen fatahaadaha kaydka biyaha.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Zed Books| isbn = 978-1-85649-902-6| last = McCully| first = Patrick| title = Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams| location = London; New York| date = 2001-10-01}}</ref> Si looga jawaabo, dad badan oo dhisayay iyo maalgeliyayaal biyo-xireenno ayaa isku raacay qaar ka mid ah mabaadi'da ay abuurtay [[Guddiga Adduunka ee Biyo-xireennada]] sanadkii 2000. Sida laga soo xigtay ururka aan faa'iido doonka ahayn ee [[International Rivers]], dadka deegaanka Madina Tahiré, Tènè Kansa iyo Khouloufa (oo ku yaalla gobolka Dubreka ee Waqooyi Galbeed ee Guinea) si ku filan loogama talo-gelin dhismaha biyo-xireenka. Tuulo-degganayaasha ayaa loo raray goobo leh dhul aan wax-soo-saar lahayn iyo sahay biyo oo aan ku filnayn, taas oo xadgudub ku ah xuquuqdooda aadanaha iyo sharciga caalamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Ngende| first = Genny| title = Communities Left in Dire Straits After the Construction of the Souapiti Dam in Guinea| work = International Rivers| access-date = 2024-08-09| date = 2024-07-21| url = https://www.internationalrivers.org/news/communities-left-in-dire-straits-after-the-construction-of-the-souapiti-dam/}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} 10gqe07npfmzr92ctheknr3giyu9dqi 0 48093 301302 299692 2026-07-10T10:00:57Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Biyo-xireen ku yaalla Rutshuru, North Kivu}} {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada ee Rutshuru | name_official = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda goobta ay Rutshuru ku taallo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo | location_map_alt = | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] | location = '''[[Degmada Rutshuru|Rutshuru]]''', [[North Kivu]] | purpose = | status = O | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Rutshuru]] | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = {{convert|1600|m|abbr=on}} | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 16 Diseembar, 2015 | plant_decommission = | plant_type = R | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 2 | plant_capacity = {{convert|13.8|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = | image = | image_size = | location_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location_map_size = | coordinates = {{coord|01|13|33|S|29|27|36|E|region:CD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | dam_height = | plant_coordinates = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Rutshuru''', sidoo kale loogu yeero '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Rutshuru''', ([[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]: ''Centrale hydroélectrique de Rutshuru'') waa xarun koronto oo biyaha ku shaqaysa oo dhan {{convert|13.8|MW|adj=on}} oo dhismaheedu ka socday [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]].<ref>[http://wwf.panda.org/?213450/Construction-begins-on-new-Virunga-hydropower-plant Dhismaha oo ka bilaabmay xarunta cusub ee korontada biyaha ee Virunga]</ref> Warshadda waxaa la dhameeyay 16 Diseembar, 2015.<ref>[http://news.trust.org//item/20151216122418-27ixh/?source=leadCarousel Kongo oo furtay xarun koronto oo biyaha ku shaqaysa bariga si kor loogu qaado dhaqaalaha]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontadu waxay ku taal meel u dhow magaalada [[Rutshuru]], ee [[Degmada Rutshuru]], [[North Kivu|Gobolka North Kivu]], ee bariga [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]]. Goobtan waxay ku taal joog dhan qiyaastii {{convert|1600|m}}, oo ku taal [[Webiga Rutshuru]], ee [[Buuraleyda Virunga]], oo u dhow xuduudaha caalamiga ah ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Uganda]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Rwanda]]. Rutshuru waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|75|km}}, dhanka waddada, waqooyiga [[Goma]], oo ah goobta caasimadda gobolka.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Congo_(Kinshasa)_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Rutshuru%20()&toplace=Goma%20(Nord-Kivu)&fromlat=-1.1605556&tolat=-1.6791667&fromlng=29.3825&tolng=29.2227778 Khariidadda muujinaysa Goma iyo Rutshuru oo leh calaamad masaafada]</ref> ==Guudmarka== Xarunta Korontada ee Rutshuru waa [[run of river]], xarun yar oo koronto biyaha ku shaqaysa, oo leh awood la qorsheeyay oo dhan 12.5 Megawatts.<ref>[https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/congos-mountain-gorilla-park-announces-partnership-for-economic-revival-in-war-torn-eastern-province-226855991.html Beerta Gorilla-ha ee Buurta Kongo ayaa ku dhawaaqday iskaashi loogu talagalay dib-u-soo-nolaynta dhaqaalaha]</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah saddex xarumood oo koronto biyaha ku shaqaysa oo yaryar oo loo qorsheeyay in laga dhiso [[Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga]], ee [[North Kivu]], ee bariga DRC. Labada kale ee xarumaha korontada ee biyaha ku shaqaysa ee yaryar waa [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Lubero]] oo la qorsheeyay,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awoodda Korontada Biyaha ee Virunga |url=http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/wwfintl/dalbergreport2013/index.php#/40 |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2024-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816034408/http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/wwfintl/dalbergreport2013/index.php#/40 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga]], taas oo la daah-furay Ogosto 2013. ==Kharashka dhismaha== Howard G Buffett Foundation, oo ah hay'ad samafal oo [[Mareykanka|Mareykan]] ah, oo bixisay taageero farsamo iyo maaliyadeed laga soo bilaabo bilowgii mashruuca, ayaa u ballanqaaday US$19.7 milyan oo kale si loo dhameeyo Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Rutshuru. Dhismaha ayaa bilaabmay Diseembar 2013 waxaana la filayaa in la daah-furo 2016.<ref>[https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/congos-mountain-gorilla-park-announces-partnership-for-economic-revival-in-war-torn-eastern-province-226855991.html Daah-furka oo la filayo 2013]</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=1.20000S,+29.5500000E&hl=en&ll=-1.195706,29.553652&spn=0.030892,0.04549&sll=-1.188155,29.507561&sspn=0.12357,0.312767&t=p&z=14&iwloc=near Goobta Qiyaasaha ee Xarunta Korontada ee Mutwanga ee Google Maps] 78oy9kuckbunu0hsz8uvpmgzn8uxvbh 0 48094 301300 299693 2026-07-10T09:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada ee Mutwanga | name_official = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda goobta Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo ee Mutwanga | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|00|20|24|N|29|45|36|E|region:CD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] | location = '''Mutwanga''', [[North Kivu]] | purpose = | status = O | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = {{convert|1290|m|abbr=on}} | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 2013<ref>[http://humanitariannews.org/20130820/virungas-hydropower-potential Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga ayaa shaqo bilowday Ogosto 2013]</ref> | plant_decommission = | plant_type = R | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 2 | plant_capacity = {{convert|9.4|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga''', sidoo kale loogu yeero '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga''', ([[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]: ''Centrale hydroélectrique de Mutwanga'') waa xarun koronto oo biyaha ku shaqaysa oo dhan {{convert|9.4|MW|adj=on}} oo ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]]. ==Goobta== Xarunta korontadu waxay ku taal meel u dhow tuulada '''Mutwanga''', mid ka mid ah webiyada ku yaalla [[Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga]], ee [[North Kivu|Gobolka North Kivu]], ee bariga [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]]. Goobta xarunta korontadu waxay ku taal jiirarka galbeed ee [[Buuraleyda Rwenzori]], oo u dhow xadka caalamiga ah ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Uganda]]. Mutwanga waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|290|km}}, dhanka waddada, waqooyi-bari ee [[Goma]], oo ah goobta caasimadda gobolka.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Congo_(Kinshasa)_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Goma%20(Nord-Kivu)&toplace=Mutwanga%20()%20&fromlat=-1.6791667&tolat=0.3333333&fromlng=29.2227778&tolng=29.75 Khariidadda muujinaysa Goma iyo Mutwanga oo leh calaamad masaafada]</ref> ==Guudmarka== Xarunta Korontada ee Mutwanga waa [[run of river]], xarun yar oo koronto biyaha ku shaqaysa, oo leh awood lagu rakibay oo dhan 9.4 Megawatts. Waa mid ka mid ah saddex xarumood oo koronto biyaha ku shaqaysa oo yaryar oo loo qorsheeyay in laga dhiso [[Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga]], ee [[North Kivu]], ee bariga DRC. Labada kale ee xarumaha korontada ee biyaha ku shaqaysa ee yaryar waa [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Lubero]] oo la qorsheeyay,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awoodda Korontada Biyaha ee Virunga |url=http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/wwfintl/dalbergreport2013/index.php#/40 |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2024-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816034408/http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/wwfintl/dalbergreport2013/index.php#/40 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Rutshuru]], oo hadda la dhisayo.<ref>[https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/congos-mountain-gorilla-park-announces-partnership-for-economic-revival-in-war-torn-eastern-province-226855991.html Beerta Gorilla-ha ee Buurta Kongo ayaa ku dhawaaqday iskaashi loogu talagalay dib-u-soo-nolaynta dhaqaalaha]</ref><ref>[http://wwf.panda.org/?213450/Construction-begins-on-new-Virunga-hydropower-plant Dhismaha oo ka bilaabmay xarunta cusub ee korontada biyaha ee Virunga]</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada biyaha ee Afrika]] *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada biyaha]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=0.3400N,+29.7600E&hl=en&ll=0.329588,33.925781&spn=6.785462,11.645508&sll=0.342205,29.764667&sspn=0.013261,0.039096&t=p&z=6 Goobta Qiyaasaha ee Xarunta Korontada ee Mutwanga ee Google Maps] jsn3ft2ve8wq5535qdp7epqls8y6bfo 0 48100 301213 299888 2026-07-10T01:32:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Inga Dams | name_official = | image = Inga04.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo-xireenka Inga I, oo leh kanaalka quudinta ee Inga II oo ku yaalla dhinaca hore. | image_alt = | location_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|5|31|09|S|13|37|19|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] | location = | status = Shaqaynaya | construction_began = Inga I: 1968<br />Inga II: | opening = Inga I: 1972<br />Inga II: 1982 | demolished = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = Inga I: 6 x 58.5 MW<br />Inga II: 8 x 178 MW | plant_capacity = Inga I: 351 MW<br />Inga II: 1,424 MW | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireennada Inga''' ([[Af-Faransiis]]: ''Barrages d'Inga''; [[Af-Nederland]]: ''Ingadam'') waa laba biyo-xireen oo [[koronto-biyood]] ah oo ku xiran mid ka mid ah biyo-dhacyada ugu waaweyn adduunka, ee [[Biyo-dhaca Inga]]. Waxay ku yaallaan galbeedka [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] iyo 140 mayl koonfur-galbeed ka xigta [[Kinshasa]]. [[Biyo-dhaca Inga]] ee ku yaalla [[Webiga Kongo]] waa koox xawaare sare leh (ama biyo-dhacyo) oo hoos u mara [[Biyo-dhaca Livingstone]] iyo [[Pool Malebo]]. Webiga Kongo wuxuu hoos u dhacaa ~{{convert|96|m}} gudaha xirmooyinkan biyo-dhacyada ah. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee Webiga Kongo ee Biyo-dhaca Inga waa ~{{convert|42000|m3/s}}. Marka la eego heerka qulqulka iyo 96-mitir oo dhac ah, Biyo-dhaca Inga kaligiis wuxuu leeyahay awood uu ku dhaliyo ~{{convert|39.6|GW}} oo tamar farsamo ah iyo ku dhawaad tamar koronto oo la mid ah. Biyo-dhaca Inga ayaa hadda ah goobta ay ku yaallaan laba warshadood oo waaweyn oo koronto-biyood ah waxaana loo tixgelinayaa saldhig koronto-biyood oo aad uga weyn oo loo yaqaan [[Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga|Grand Inga]]. Mashruuca Grand Inga, haddii la dhammaystiro, wuxuu noqon lahaa [[Liiska saldhigyada koronto-biyoodka ee ugu waaweyn|saldhigga koronto-biyoodka ugu weyn]] adduunka. Baaxadda mashruuca hadda jira waxay ku baaqaysaa in la isticmaalo heerka qulqulka ~26,400 mitir cubic ilbiriqsikii iyada oo madaxa saafiga ah uu yahay ~150 mitir; tani waxay u dhigantaa awood dhalin oo dhan ~38.9 GW. Koronto-dhaliyahan koronto-biyoodka ah wuxuu ka badnaan lahaa laba jibaar qofka hadda haysta rikoorka adduunka, kaas oo ah [[Biyo-xireenka Saddexda Doox]] ee [[Webiga Yangtze]] ee [[Shiinaha]]. Grand Inga waa mashruuc [[Koronto-biyoodka webiga|"run-of-the-river" hydroelectric]] ah oo lagu abuuri doono kayd biyo oo yar si loo taageero awoodda qulqulka webiga. Tani waxay noqon doontaa in madaxa saafiga ah ee matoorrada koronto-biyoodka uu u dhowaan karo 150 mitir. ==Taariikh== Dowladdii gumeysiga ee Belgian-ka ayaa ka fiirsanaysay inay bilowdo waxa ay ugu yeertay "Mashruuca Inga" xilligii gumeysi-baxa ee 1959.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhibaatooyinka Dhaqaale ee Kongo|first=Louis|last=Ameye|publisher=Royal African Society |date=4 Juun 1959}}</ref> Inga I waxaa la dhammaystiray 1972, iyo Inga II 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2013/06/29/will-congo-benefit-from-grand-inga-dam/ |title=Kongo ma ka faa'iideysan doontaa Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga? |first=Rudo|last=Sanyanga |publisher=International Policy Digest |access-date=29 Juun 2013 }}</ref> === Daraasad horudhac ah === [[File:Inga-matadi.jpg|right|thumb|356x356px|Khariidadii 1890-meeyadii ee Biyo-dhaca Inga]] Awoodda koronto-biyoodka ee Webiga Kongo waxaa la aqoonsaday goor hore, xilli uu [[Imperialism|maamulka gumeysiga]] [[Scramble for Africa|ku fidayay Afrika]] oo webiyada markii ugu horreysay la xiray si loo dhaliyo koronto. Mid ka mid ah warbixinnadii hore ee ku saabsan awooddan ayaa soo maray [[United States Geological Survey]] 1921; natiijooyinkoodu waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in [[Dooxada Kongo]] ay gebi ahaanba haysatay "in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah awoodda biyaha ee adduunka". Marka la eego goobta Biyo-dhaca Inga gaar ahaan, tani waxaa lagu iftiimiyay afar sano ka dib askarigii Belgian-ka, xisaabiye, iyo ganacsade Kolonel [[Van Deuren]]. Wuxuu sii wadi doonaa shaqada sahaminta ee ku hareeraysan Biyo-dhaca Inga, iyo intii u dhaxaysay 1920-yadii iyo 1930-yadii waxaa jiray dhaqdhaqaaq loo qaaday daraasad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan awoodda aagga ee kooxda Syneba (1929–1939), haddana bilowgii [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]] iyo kala diristii Syneba waxay meesha ka saareen horumarkii goobta.<ref name="Showers">{{cite journal|last=Showers|first=Kate B.|year=2009|title=Mashruuca koronto-biyoodka Grand Inga ee Webiga Kongo: isku xirka taariikhda deegaanka, siyaasadda iyo saameynta|journal=Water History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–58|doi=10.1007/s12685-009-0001-8|s2cid=161089543}}</ref> [[Atlantropa]], oo ah qorshe lagu midaynayo Yurub iyo Afrika oo uu uuraystay [[Herman Sörgel|Herman Soergel]] 1920-yadii, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa soo jeedin ah in la xiro Webiga Kongo. Qorshahan, biyaha waxaa loo isticmaali lahaa in lagu waraabiyo saxaraha Waqooyiga Afrika, iyo in la dhaliyo 22.5 ilaa 45 gigawatts oo koronto ah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehmann|first=Philipp Nicolas|date=2016-02-01|title=Awood aan xad lahayn oo lagu beddelayo adduunka: Koronto-biyoodka iyo isbeddelka cimilada ee mashruuca Atlantropa|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=70–100|doi=10.1093/ahr/121.1.70|issn=0002-8762|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Qorshaha Belgian-ka === In kasta oo aysan jirin horumar intii lagu jiray iyo wixii ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, suurtagalnimada soo jiidashada leh ee uu bixiyay Biyo-dhaca Inga ayaa weli caan ku ahayd maskaxda injineerada. Buuggii 1954 ''Engineers' Dreams'' wuxuu liis gareeyay koox mashruucyo waaweyn ah oo aragti ahaan la dhammaystiri karo (oo ka mid ah [[Channel Tunnel]]-ka mustaqbalka), kii ugu weynaa waa Biyo-xireenka Inga oo abuuri lahaa haro ku fidaysa [[Saxaraha Sahara]].<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Leonard, Jonathan N.|date=30 May 1954|title=Ilaha Cusub ee Korontada|magazine=The New York Times Book Review|page=14}}</ref> Kahor madaxbannaanida Kongo, Belgian-ku weli waxay haysteen rajo ah inay dhisaan mashruuc horumarineed oo Inga ah si ay koronto u siiyaan warshadaha culus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dhaqaalaha oo ka koraya Kongo-gii Belgian-ka|date=28 Sebtember 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=27}}</ref> Warshadahaas laga wada hadlay waxaa ka mid ahaa "aluminium, ferro-alloys, daaweynta macdanta, warqad, iyo warshad loogu talagalay kala soocida isotopes."<ref name="Pop">{{cite journal|author=Holz, Peter|date=Maarso 1958|title=Koronto badan oo iftiiminaysa "Afrika-dii ugu madoobayd"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0DAAAAMBAJ&q=More+Power+Lights+%E2%80%9CDarkest+Africa%E2%80%9D|journal=Popular Mechanics|volume=109|issue=3|page=232}}</ref> Aragtidooda, ugu yaraan si dadweyne ah, waxay ahayd mid geesinnimo leh, iyadoo hal maamul uu barbar dhigay horumarinta warshadaha ee Kongo iyo [[Ruhr]]-ta [[Jarmalka]].<ref name="Pop" /> Waxaa jiray xiriir muhiim ah oo Mareykan ah oo la xiriira mashruuca qaabkii [[Clarence E. Blee]], mid ka mid ah shan ajnabi oo ka mid ahaa 10-qof oo daraasad ku sameeyay goobta Inga 1957 iyo injineerka ugu sarreeya ee Mareykanka ee korontada iyo horumarinta warshadaha federaalka, [[Tennessee Valley Authority]].<ref name="Pop" /> Daraasaddan ayaa door dhexe ka ciyaari doonta ku qancinta maamulka Belgian-ka inay dhaqaajiyaan biyo-xireenka Inga. Mashruuc Inga ah, oo si dabacsan loo sheegay inuu ka kooban yahay "taxane saldhigyo koronto iyo biyo-xireenno", ayaa ugu dambeyntii waxaa ansixiyay Golaha Wasiirada Belgian-ka 13 Noofambar 1957, waxaana la qorsheeyay in la abuuro koox si ay u daraasayso isticmaalka suurtagalka ah ee korontada mashruuca iyo siyaabaha loo maalgelin karo. Qorshaha Golaha Wasiirada ayaa wakhtigaas lagu qiyaasay inuu ku kacayo [[US$]]3.16 bilyan waxaana la filayay inuu dhaliyo 25,000 MW.<ref>{{cite news|title=Qorshaha Kongo oo la ansixiyay|date=14 Noofambar 1957|newspaper=The New York Times|page=18}}</ref> Warbixin ka soo baxday dabayaaqadii Abriil 1958 ayaa sheegtay in shaqada qodista la filayo inay bilaabato badhtamaha sanadka, iyadoo 1964/1965 uu yahay sanadka loo qorsheeyay in marxaladda koowaad la dhammaystiro. Qorshayaashu waxay ugu baaqayeen saddex marxaladood oo dhismo ah, laga bilaabo warshad 1,500 MW ah oo qiimaheedu yahay $320 milyan, ka dibna laba jibaar awooddaas, iyo ugu dambeyntii 25,000 MW oo asal ahaan la ansixiyay. Horumarinta warshadaha ayaa horay u socon doona, iyadoo ay caawisay qiimaha bilowga ah ee $0.002 halkii kwh, iyadoo la soo saarayo 500,000 oo tan oo aluminium ah dhismaha warshaddii ugu horreysay iyo ugu dambeyntii ujeeddadeedu tahay yoolka wax-soo-saarka ugu dambeeya oo lix jeer ka badan. Dallad caalami ah oo la yiraahdo Aluminga, oo ka kooban dhowr shirkadood oo Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika ah, ayaa durba abaabulaysay inay tan xaqiijiso. Maalgelintu waxay ahayd arrin, gaar ahaan markii Belgian-ku ay ogaadeen inaysan keligood ku dhammaystiri karin mashruuc noocaas ah. Maalgashadayaasha suurtagalka ah ee ay saxaafaddu soo xigatay waxaa ka mid ahaa [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] iyo [[European Investment Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium oo ku degdegaysa mashruuc koronto oo weyn oo Webiga Kongo ah|author=Waggoner, Walter H.|date=26 Abriil 1958|newspaper=The New York Times|page=24}}</ref> Bishii Febraayo 1959 koox ka mid ah maalgashadayaasha caanka ah ee Mareykanka oo uu ku jiro [[David Rockefeller]] ayaa booqday Biyo-dhaca Inga,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangiyada Mareykanka oo eegaya mashruuca Kongo|author=Bracker, Milton|date=11 Febraayo 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> in kasta oo dhismaha si joogto ah looga riixayay qiyaasaha asalka ah, ka dibna loo qorsheeyay 1961 ama wixii ka dambeeya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Warshaddii Kongo-gii Belgian-ka oo dib u dhacday|date=7 Abriil 1959|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Madaxbannaanida Kongo ee ka timid Belgium si lama filaan ah ugama tirtirin muhiimadda horumarinta Inga. Maamulka Belgian-ka ayaa weli riixayay mashruuca iyagoo kala hadlaya madaxbannaanida wafdiga Kongo, iyadoo Wasiir [[Raymond Scheyven]] uu soo jeediyay shirkad wadajir ah oo Kongo-Belgian ah oo maalgelin lahayd biyo-xireenka Inga. Tani ma ahayn fikrad yar, laakiin mashruuca ugu weyn ee qorshe horumarineed oo shan sano ah oo Kongo ah oo uu soo jeediyay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kongo oo looga digay dhaqaalaheeda|author=Gilroy, Harry|date=17 Febraayo 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Taladaas uma muuqan in la adeecay, maadaama Ra'iisul Wasaaraha cusub ee la doortay [[Patrice Lumumba]] uu saxiixay qandaraas konton sano ah oo la leh Shirkadda Maamulka Caalamiga ah ee Kongo ee fadhigeedu yahay Wall Street si loo horumariyo Kongo 22 Luulyo 1960, iyadoo mashruuca Inga iyo wax-soo-saarka aluminiumka ee la xiriira ay safka hore kaga jiraan liiska.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kongo oo la saxiixatay heshiis shirkad Mareykan ah si ay u isticmaasho kheyraadka|author=Tanner, Henry|date=23 Luulyo 1960|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> RW Lumumba ayaa markii dambe dib u laabtay oo sheegtay in heshiisku uu ahaa "kaliya heshiis mabda'a ah",<ref>{{cite magazine|date=8 Agoosto 1960|title=KONGO: Xagee dagaalku ka dhacayaa?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|magazine=Time|access-date=19 Noofambar 2009|archive-date=2010-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008094729/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869737,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> laakiin si kasta oo uu u xilka ka qaaday Taliyaha Ciidanka [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] wax ka yar laba bilood ka dib. === Inga I iyo Inga II === [[File:Inga003.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Xarunta Inga I]] In kasta oo ay jirtay [[Dhibaatada Kongo|xilligii xasillooni darrada]], kacdoonnadii, iyo faragelintii Qaramada Midoobay ee qeybtii hore ee 1960-meeyadii, taasi kama yareyn rajada hoggaamiyeyaasha ee ah inay ka faa'iideystaan qulqulka Webiga Kongo. Burburkii ka dhashay bixitaankii Belgian-ka iyo qulqulatooyinkii xigay ayaa ka soo baxay Mobutu Sésé Seko, oo awood buuxda la wareegay Noofambar 1965 kaas oo ahaan lahaa madaxweynaha kali-taliska ah ee Kongo ilaa Maajo 1997. Waxay ahayd intii uu xukunka hayay in mashaariicdii ugu horreysay ee ilaa hadda kaliya la dhisay si koronto looga dhaliyo Biyo-dhaca Inga. Inga I wuxuu ahaa mashruucii ugu horreeyay ee la dhammaystiro. Daraasad la xiriirta suurtagalnimada ayaa waxaa fulisay shirkadda Talyaaniga ee SICAI 1963, taas oo ku talisay in biyo-xireenku uu taageero warshadaha gudaha halkii laga eegi lahaa warshadaha loo dhoofiyo dibadda.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn|title=Kor u kaca iyo hoos u dhaca Gobolka Zairian|author=Young, Crawford|author2=Turner, Thomas|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|year=1985|place=Madison|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risedeclineofzai0000youn/page/298 298–301]|isbn=9780299101138 }}</ref> Inta badan waxaa maalgelisay dowladda, dhismaha wuxuu dhacay 1968 ilaa 1972, isagoo ka tagay warshad lix turbine ah oo dhalinaysa 351 MW.<ref name="IntRivers2">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/2877|title=Biyo-xireennada Inga 1 iyo Inga 2|publisher=International Rivers|access-date=19 Noofambar 2009}}</ref> Korontadan waxaa inta badan la siiyay aagagga dadku deggan yihiin ee ku hareeraysan iyo kuwa hoose; beddelkeedu wuxuu ahaa si cad u loogu talagalay hawlaha macdanta ee koonfurta. Inga II wuxuu ahaa mashruucii labaad ee koronto ee laga dhisay goobta koonfurta ka xigta Inga I. Xitaa kaliya siddeed turbine, waxaa loo dhisay inay soo saarto 1,424 MW, waxaana la dhammaystiray toban sano ka dib Inga I.<ref name="IntRivers2"/> === Khadka korontada ee Inga-Shaba === {{main|Inga-Shaba}} Si loo isku xiro awoodda dhalinta korontada ee Inga iyo [[Soosaarista naxaasta|naxaasta]] iyo [[cobalt]]-ta ku yaalla meel u dhow xadka [[Zambia]] ee [[Gobolka Shaba]] (hadda Katanga), mashruuc cusub ayaa ujeedadiisu ahayd in la dhiso khad koronto oo ugu dheer ee [[high-voltage direct current]] ee jirta, iyadoo la dhaafayo bulshooyinka maxalliga ah oo loogu beddelayo [[alternating current]] meeshii ay ugu dambeyntii u socdeen. Kooxaha kala duwan ee ku lug lahaa waxay lahaayeen ajandayaal dhaqaale iyo kuwo siyaasadeed; halka maalgashadayaasha reer galbeedka iyo dowladda Kongo ay rabeen inay taageeraan macdanta Shaba intii lagu jiray muddo qiimaha naxaasta kor loo qaaday, dowladda waxay sidoo kale rabtay inay xoojiso awooddeeda gobolka koonfureed ee gooni-u-goosadka ah, iyo reer galbeedku waxay xiisaynayeen inay arkaan Kongo oo si adag ugu jirta xero-ka-soo-horjeedka shuuciga. Qiimaha mashruuca ayaa si joogto ah kor loogu qaaday, iyadoo ugu dambeyntii gaartay $500 milyan oo ka badan miisaaniyadda. Isku dar ah kooxaha gaarka loo leeyahay iyo kuwa dadweynaha ayaa bixiyay maalgelinta, gaar ahaan [[Citibank]], [[Manufacturers Hanover Trust]], iyo [[U.S. Export-Import Bank]], waxayna ahayd shirkadda caanka ah ee [[Boise, Idaho]]-fadhigeedu yahay, [[Morrison-Knudsen]], oo qandaraas lagu siiyay inay qabato shaqada.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobuto oo sare u kacaya, Laakiin waxaa la kiciyay suurtagalnimada dagaal guri|last=Randa|first=Jonathan C.|date=28 Abriil 1977|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26}}</ref><ref name="TaleofTwo">{{cite news|title=Sheeko laba mashruuc: Hal guuleyste, hal guuldareyste|last=Ross|first=Jay|date=25 Abriil 1982|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=C5}}</ref> 1980-kii, kharashka khadka korontada ee Inga-Shaba wuxuu wadar ahaan gaaray 24% daynta Kongo, taas oo ay weheliso musuqmaasuq, kharashyo kale oo qashin ah, iyo go'aan qaadasho xumo, waxay keentay dhibaato dayn iyo faragelinta khubarada shisheeye.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mobutu oo dammaanad u dhigaya mustaqbalka qaranka|last=Dash|first=Leon|date=1 Janaayo 1980|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A1}}</ref> Sida 1999-kii, Kongo weli waxay ku lahayd U.S. Export-Import Bank in ka badan $900 milyan, taasoo ka tagtay cashuur bixiyeyaasha Mareykanka iyagoon la bixin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dibadda ee guriga: Bulshada Arrimaha Dibadda – Ex-Im Bank oo ujeeddadiisu tahay inay wax badan ka qabato Afrika|last=Mufson|first=Steven|date=16 Diseembar 1999|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A37}}</ref> Sida khadka Inga-Shaba uu u soo dhowaanayay dhammaystirka horraantii 1980-meeyadii, maqaallo badan oo wararka ah ayaa quudhsasho u shubay mashruuca. Mid ka mid ah ''[[Washington Post]]'' ayaa is barbar dhigay guuldaradiisa iyo mashruuc guulaystay oo [[Peace Corps]] ah si loo horumariyo cuntada Kongo, isagoo xusay in, "mashruuca weyn uu ilaa hadda u soo baxay inuu noqdo maroodi cad, halka dadaalka kalluun-dhaqashada ee hooseeya uu durba sameeyay horumar muuqda nolosha dhowr kun oo qof muddo la mid ah."<ref name="TaleofTwo" /> [[Gécamines]], oo ah shirkadda macdanta ee dowladda ee Shaba oo la aasaasay 1906-dii Belgian-ka, ayaa ku dambeysay inay weli inta badan isticmaasho koronto-biyoodka ay keenaan maxalliga ah, sidaas darteed khadka Inga-Shaba wuxuu isku arkay inuu isticmaalayo kaliya saddex meelood meel awoodda. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaab-dhismeedka laftiisa ayaa la xumeeyay maadaama dadka maxalliga ah ay u isticmaaleen biraha biraha baahidooda guriga.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint|title=Bariga oo la socda dhulbaraha: Safar kor u kaca Kongo iyo gudaha Zaire|author=Winternitz, Helen|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=1987|place=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastalongequator00wint/page/175 175]|isbn=9780871131621 }}</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada hadda== [[File:Inga 2006.svg|thumb|right|Mashruucyada biyo-xireenka Inga, sida 2006.]] Laba biyo-xireen oo koronto-biyood, Inga I iyo Inga II, ayaa hadda ku shaqeeya wax soo saar hooseeya. Inga I waxay leedahay awood wadar ahaan la rakibay oo dhan 351 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]] iyo Inga II waxay leedahay 1424 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/africa/grand-inga-dam-dr-congo/inga-1-and-inga-2-dams|title=Biyo-xireennada Inga 1 iyo Inga 2|website=International Rivers|access-date=2 Janaayo 2015}}</ref> Waxaa la dhisay intii lagu jiray madaxweynihii hore [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] iyadoo qayb ka ah mashruuca [[Inga–Shaba]]. === Dib-u-soo-celinta === DRC waxay la kulantay dhibaatada dib-u-soo-celinta labada biyo-xireen ee hadda jira, kuwaas oo dayacmay oo ku shaqeeya aad uga hooseeya awooddii asalka ahayd qiyaastii 40%, ama wax yar ka badan 700 MW wadar ahaan.<ref name="IntRivers2"/> Maajo 2001 Siemens ayaa la soo weriyay inay gorgortan kula jirto dowladda oo ku saabsan iskaashi bilyan-dollar ah oo ku lug yeelan doona soo celinta iyo casriyeynta shabakadda korontada ee DRC, oo ay ku jirto dib-u-soo-celinta labada saldhig ee korontada Inga ee jira,<ref>{{cite news|title=Siemens oo qorsheynaysa inay $1 bilyan ku maalgeliso shabakadda elektiroonigga ee RDC|date=24 Maajo 2001|publisher=European Report}}</ref> in kasta oo shaqadii la dib u dhigay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Qorshayaal Waaweyn oo Kongo ah|date=3 Febraayo 2004|publisher=IT Week}}</ref> Badhtamihii 2003-dii waxaa sidoo kale jiray warbixin sheegaysa in [[Bangiga Adduunka]] uu la saxiixday qandaraas $450 milyan ah [[Siemens]] si loo horumariyo qaybinta biyaha iyo korontada ee DRC, oo ay ku jirto dib-u-soo-celinta labada mashruuc ee Inga (oo la soo weriyay wakhtigaas inay ku shaqeeyaan 30% awoodda) iyo khad koronto oo labaad oo ka imanaya Inga ilaa caasimadda.<ref>{{cite news|title=Siemens oo calaamadeynaysa mashruuca weyn ee DRC|last=Misser|first=Francois|date=1 Juun 2003|publisher=African Business}}</ref> Ma cadda waxa dhacay ee la xiriira qandaraasyadan. Si gooni ah bishii Maajo 2005 shirkadda Canadian-ka [[MagEnergy]] ayaa la saxiixatay heshiis SNEL si ay u soo celiso qaar ka mid ah matoorrada Inga II, iyadoo yoolka dhammaystirka uu yahay 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=MagEnergy oo gabagabaysay heshiiska dib-u-soo-celinta Inga II|date=31 Maajo 2005|publisher=Marketwire}}</ref> Shaqada dhabta ah ee lagu soo celinayo Inga II ayaa ugu dambeyntii bilaabatay 27 Abriil 2006, wax ka yar hal sano ka dib heshiiskii bilowga ahaa ee lala saxiixday MagEnergy.<ref>{{cite news|title=MagEnergy oo ku dhawaaqday bilowga barnaamijka shaqada ee warshadda koronto-biyoodka Inga II|date=1 Maajo 2006|publisher=Marketwire}}</ref> Marxaladdan koowaad, oo ku lug lahayd hagaajinta hal 168 MW turbine iyo shaqo kale oo hagaajin degdeg ah, ayaa la soo weriyay 90% in la dhammaystiray Abriil 2009, iyo marxaladda labaad (afar matoor oo kale) waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay qaadan doonto shan sano oo kale.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/5902182322/articles/hrhrw/hydroindustrynews/rehabilitationandrepair/MagEnergy_nears_completion_of_unit_rehab_at_DR_Congos_1424-MW_Inga_2.html|title=MagEnergy oo u dhow dhammaystirka dib-u-soo-celinta unugga ee 1,424-MW Inga 2 ee DR Kongo|date=20 Abriil 2009|access-date=22 Noofambar 2009|publisher=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira shaki ku saabsan in dowladdu aqbasho ansaxnimada qandaraaska, iyo inta lagu jiro waqtigaas shirkadda Canadian-ka [[First Quantum]] ayaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay inay soo celiso laba matoor oo Inga II oo kala duwan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Qof kastaa wuxuu ku xiraa Inga|date=11 Febraayo 2009|publisher=Africa Energy Intelligence}}</ref> Si loo fuliyo dayactirka, SNEL waxay heshay maalgelin ka timid Mashruuca Horumarinta Suuqyada Korontada Gobolka iyo Gudaha, kaas oo laftiisa ay taageerayaan Bangiga Adduunka, [[Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika]], iyo European Investment Bank.<ref name="IntRivers2" /> Bishii Agoosto 2021, warbixinnada warbaahinta ayaa muujiyay in [[Société Nationale d'Électricité]] (Snel), shirkadda korontada qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo iyo ''Ivanhoe Mines Energy DRC'', oo ah shirkad hoos timaada [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] macdanta ee Canadian-ka, [[Ivanhoe Mines]], ay ku heshiiyeen in kan dambe uu soo celiyo turbine nambar 5 ee saldhigga korontada Inga II oo leh siddeed turbine. Tani waxay siin doontaa 162 megawatts oo ay isticmaali doonto ''Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine'', oo u dhow magaalada [[Kolwezi]], ee [[Gobolka Lualaba]], koonfurta DRC. Shaqadu waxay ku lug yeelan doontaa dib-u-soo-celinta ''Khadka Gudbinta Korontada ee Inga–Kolwezi''.<ref name="RehabR5">{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-inga-ii-hydroelectric-plant-to-power-kamoa-kakula-copper-mine/ |title=DRC: Warshadda koronto-biyoodka Inga II si ay u siiso koronto macdanta naxaasta ee Kamoa-Kakula |date=25 Agoosto 2021 |work=Afrik21.africa |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |access-date=11 Sebtember 2021 |location=Paris, France |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301090402/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/drc-inga-ii-hydroelectric-plant-to-power-kamoa-kakula-copper-mine/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Qorshayaasha ballaarinta== [[File:Inga 2006-projet.svg|thumb|right|Saadaasha rasmiga ah ee Inga III iyo Grand Inga, sida 2006.]] Waxaa jira qorshayaal ballaarin ah oo lagu abuurayo biyo-xireen saddexaad oo Inga ah, Inga III. Saadaashu waxay muujinaysaa in mar la dhammaystiro, Inga III ay dhalin doonto 4,500 [[watt#Megawatt|MW]] oo koronto ah. Inga III waa xarunta iskaashiga [[Western Power Corridor|Westcor]] kaas oo odorosa isku xirka shabakadaha korontada ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] (DRC), [[Namibia]], [[Angola]], [[Botswana]], iyo [[Koonfur Afrika]]. [[Bangiga Adduunka]], [[Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika]], [[European Investment Bank]], deeq-bixiyeyaasha labada dhinac, iyo shirkadaha korontada ee koonfurta Afrika, ayaa dhammaantood muujiyay xiisaha ay u qabaan raacitaanka mashruuca kaas oo lagu qiyaasay inuu ku kacayo US$80 bilyan. Mid ka mid ah taageeraha xamaasadda leh ee horumarinta Inga ayaa ahaa [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Luulyo 1999, Madaxweynihii cusub ee Koonfur Afrika [[Thabo Mbeki]] ayaa khudbad u jeediyay [[Organisation of African Unity]], isagoo iftiiminaya horumarinta Biyo-dhaca Inga ee koronto-biyoodka tusaale ahaan horumarinta lagama maarmaanka ah ee kaabayaasha dhaqaale ee Afrika.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/podium-the-globalisation-of-africa-1107512.html|title=Podium: Caalamiyeynta Afrika|last=Mbeki|first=Thabo|date=20 Luulyo 1999|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=17 Noofambar 2009|location=London}}</ref> Shirkadda dadweynaha ee Koonfur Afrika [[Eskom]], Inga waxay ku habboonaatay qorshe ballaaran oo lagu beddelayo shabakad Afrikaan ah oo isku xiran awood koronto-dhoofin ah, ugu dambeyntii sahayda Yurub iyo Bariga Dhexe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2307057.stm|title=Qorshayaasha dhoofinta korontada ee waaweyn ee Afrika|last=Hale|first=Briony|date=17 Oktoobar 2002|work=BBC News|access-date=17 Noofambar 2009}}</ref> 2002 Inga waxaa iftiimiyay [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] (NEPAD) ee AU<ref>{{cite news|title=Hadalka Adag, Soo jiidashada ayaa qaadata maalinta NEPAD|date=13 Juun 2002|work=All Africa}}</ref> iyo Eskom waxaa la soo weriyay inay baarayso $6 bilyan oo nooca run-of-the-river mashruuca Inga kaas oo ay horumarin doonaan Eskom iyo [[Hydro-Québec]]- hogaamiyay dallad shirkadaha adeegga qaranka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mashruuca Sirta ah ee Eskom|date=19 Maajo 2002|publisher=Africa Energy Intelligence}}</ref> Dallad noocaas ah, oo loo bixiyay [[Western Power Corridor]] (Westcor) ayaa ugu dambeyntii la abaabulay Febraayo 2003. Iyadoo ku lug leh shan ka mid ah shirkadaha adeegga waaweyn ee gobolka (Eskom, SNEL, Angola's [[Empresa Nacional de Electricidade]], Namibia's [[NamPower]], iyo [[Botswana Power Corporation]]) waxay saadaalisay kharashyada bilowga ah $1.5 bilyan iyo dhismaha ugu dambeyntii 44,000 MW run-of-the-river mashruuca.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dallad Pan African ah oo loogu talagalay Inga|date=19 Febraayo 2003|publisher=Africa Energy Intelligence}}</ref> Heshiis is-afgarad ah oo loogu talagalay Westcor ayaa ugu dambeyntii la saxiixay 22 Oktoobar 2004, dhismaha 3,400 MW Inga III.<ref>{{cite news|title=Afrika waxay qorshaynaysaa koronto-dhaliye cusub oo Kongo ah, waxay raadinaysaa maalgelin|author=Thomson, Alistair|date=22 Oktoobar 2004|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Febraayo ku xigtay Eskom waxay daah-furtay $50 bilyan oo cusub oo run-of-the-river qorshe ah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/25/congo.jeevanvasagar|title=Qorshe $50bn ah oo lagu xakameynayo webigan xoogga badan ma keeni karaa koronto dhammaan Afrika?|author=Vasagar, Jeevan|date=25 Febraayo 2005|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=17 Noofambar 2009|location=London}}</ref> Sebtember 2005 heshiis saamilay ah oo loogu talagalay Westcor ayaa la saxiixay, iyadoo la siinayo xisbi kasta 20%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heshiis Taariikhi ah oo lagu qancinayo baahiyaha korontada ee gobolka|date=8 Sebtember 2005|work=All Africa}}</ref> DRC waxay u muuqatay inay ka guurayso habka horumarinta gobolka ee uu bixiyay Westcor oo halkii ay ka maamuli lahayd dhismaha Inga III keligeed. Juun 2009 waxay furtay qandaraas-bixin $7 bilyan, 4320 MW Inga III mashruuca.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/fundsNews/idINLJ8022720090619|title=Kongo waxay furtay qandaraas-bixin loogu talagalay maalgashadayaasha biyo-xireenka Inga 3|date=19 Juun 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=17 Noofambar 2009}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Isagoo diidaya Westcor, DRC waxay dooratay [[BHP]], taas oo ujeeddadeedu ahayd inay isticmaasho 2,000 MW nafteeda, gaar ahaan [[aluminum smelter]]. 2017 soo jeedinta waxay ahayd biyo-xireen 10–12 GW ah, kor uga kacay 4.8 GW qorshayaashii hore, iyadoo suurtagalnimada dhammaystirka ay tahay goor uun ka dib 2024.<ref name=":0" /> Oktoobar 2018, dowladda DRC waxay ku dhawaaqday saxiixa qandaraasyada lala galay dallad Sino-Spanish ah si loo bilaabo daraasaadka naqshadaynta dhismaha biyo-xireenka Inga III oo leh 11,000 MW iyo qiimo wadar ahaan ah $14 bilyan. Shirkadaha ugu waaweyn ee dalladdu waxay ahaayeen [[China Three Gorges Corporation]], [[Sinohydro]] iyo [[ACS Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inga 3: Qandaraas horumarineed oo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay shirkadaha Shiinaha iyo Yurub|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/press-statement-inga-3-an-exclusive-development-deal-for-chinese-and-european-companies|access-date=2020-06-19|website=International Rivers|date=17 Oktoobar 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Iyadoo qorshayaasha dhismaha ee marxaladda III la soo weriyay inay ku jiraan wadadii saxda ahayd dabayaaqadii 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emmalogo555|date=2019-11-05|title=Dhismaha biyo-xireenka Grand Inga ee US$14bn ee Kongo oo ku jira wadada saxda ah|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/construction-of-us-14bn-grand-inga-dam-in-congo-on-track/|access-date=2020-01-31|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202221637/https://constructionreviewonline.com/2019/11/construction-of-us-14bn-grand-inga-dam-in-congo-on-track/|url-status=dead}}</ref> xubin weyn oo suurtagal ah oo ka mid ah dalladda dhismaha, shirkadda Spanish-ka [[ACS Group]], ayaa ka baxday Janaayo 2020, iyadoo ka tagtay hubaal la'aan lammaanaha Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka ee hartay.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-24|title=Biyo-xireenka weyn ee DRC ee Inga III: shirkadda Spanish-ka ACS oo tuurtay tuwaalka|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/22572/drcs-giant-inga-iii-dam-spanish-firm-acs-throws-in-the-towel/|access-date=2020-01-31|website=The Africa Report.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Grand Inga === [[Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga]], haddii uu ka faa'iideysto inta badan awoodda webiga, wuxuu dhalin karaa ilaa 39,000 MW{{spaced ndash}}waxaana uu si weyn u kordhin karaa tamarta la heli karo ee qaaradda Afrika iyadoo qiimaheedu yahay in ka badan $80 bilyan. Isku xirka Inga iyo shabakad koronto oo qaaradda oo dhan ah oo loogu talagalay xarumaha dadweynaha ee ugu waaweyn waxay ku kacaysaa $10 bilyan oo kale (qiyaastii 2000), waxayna noqon lahayd mashruuca koronto-biyoodka ee ugu weyn adduunka. Dadka dhaliila waxay ku doodeen in qaddarka badan ee lacagta ah ee looga baahan yahay mashruuca ay ka wanaagsan tahay in lagu bixiyo mashruucyo tamar oo miisaan yar, maxalli ah oo si fiican u dabooli lahaa baahiyaha inta badan dadka saboolka ah ee Afrika. Daraasad ka socota Jaamacadda Oxford ayaa taageeraysa habkan taxaddarka leh iyadoo la muujinayo in celceliska kharashka kor u kaca ee 245 biyo-xireenno waaweyn oo ka mid ah 65 waddan oo ku yaalla lix qaaradood ay tahay 96% marka la eego dhabta ah.<ref>{{cite web|ssrn=2406852 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2406852|title=Ma dhisnaa biyo-xireenno waaweyn oo kale? Kharashyada dhabta ah ee Horumarinta Mashruuca Tamarta Biyaha|date=10 Maarso 2014 |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com |last1=Ansar |first1=Atif |last2=Flyvbjerg |first2=Bent |last3=Budzier |first3=Alexander |last4=Lunn |first4=Daniel }}</ref> [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]], iyadoo ay si weyn uga qayb qaadanayso shirkadda korontada ee Koonfur Afrika ESKOM, ayaa soo jeedisay 2003 inay bilowdo mashruuca Grand Inga 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=47261 |title=IRIN Africa &#124; SOUTHERN AFRICA: Warshad cusub oo keenta korontada gobolka socodka &#124; SOUTHERN AFRICA &#124; Dhaqaale &#124; Deegaan &#124; Kale |publisher=Irinnews.org |date=14 Noofambar 2003 |access-date=15 Sebtember 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinafrica.net/energy_in_africa/323662.htm |title=businessinafrica.net |publisher=businessinafrica.net |access-date=15 Sebtember 2013 }}</ref> Marka la eego awoodda la rakibay ee 39,000 MW, Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga kaligiis wuxuu soo saari karaa 250 TWh sanadkiiba, ama wadar ahaan 370 TWh sanadkiiba goobta oo dhan. Marka la barbar dhigo, 2024 wax-soo-saarka korontada ee Kongo wuxuu ahaa 13.6 TWh.<ref>{{cite news |title=DR Kongo: Wax-soo-saarka Korontada oo sii kordhaya laakiin arrimaha muhiimka ah ayaa weli jira |url=https://bankable.africa/en/news/0204-987-dr-congo-power-output-keeps-rising-but-key-issues-remain |access-date=3 Sebtember 2025 |agency=Bankable.Africa |date=2 Abriil 2025}}</ref> 2005, wax-soo-saarka korontada ee Afrika sanadkiiba wuxuu ahaa 550 TWh (600 kWh qofkiiba). Mashruuca ayaa la filayaa inuu ka sarreeyo [[United States Dollar|US$]]100 bilyan oo wadarta kharashyada horumarinta.<ref name="IR-1">[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/345 Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-05-07-dr-congo-moves-to-build-100-billion-grand-inga-dam-to-pick-phase-1-contractor-by-august|title=DR Kongo waxay u guurtay inay dhisto $100 bilyan oo Grand Inga biyo-xireenka, si ay u soo qaadato qandaraaslaha marxaladda 1-aad marka la gaaro Agoosto|last1=Hill|first1=Matthew|last2=Wilson|first2=Tom|date=7 Maajo 2016|website=mgafrica.com|publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]]|access-date=27 Agoosto 2016|archive-date=2016-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508114120/http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-05-07-dr-congo-moves-to-build-100-billion-grand-inga-dam-to-pick-phase-1-contractor-by-august|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maajo 2016 dhismaha wuxuu u ekaa sida haddii uu bilaabi doono dhowr bilood gudahood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/28/construction-of-worlds-largest-dam-in-dr-congo-could-begin-within-months|title=Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ugu weyn adduunka ee DR Kongo wuxuu bilaabi karaa bilo gudahood|last1=John|first1=Vidal|date=28 Maajo 2016|website=theguardian.com|access-date=27 Agoosto 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jun/23/a-grand-plan-to-electrify-congo-and-africa/|title=Qorshe weyn oo lagu korontaynayo Kongo iyo Afrika|last1=Tim|first1=Cashion|date=23 Juun 2016|website=The Washington Times|access-date=27 Agoosto 2016}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Luulyo 2016 [[Bangiga Adduunka]] ayaa kala baxay maalgelintiisii ka dib khilaafaadka ku saabsan mashruuca in kasta oo heshiisyada iibsiga korontada ay ka yimaadeen Koonfur Afrika iyo shirkadaha macdanta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/dr-congos-inga-3-dam-double-size-12gw/|title=GCR - Wararka - Biyo-xireenka Inga 3 ee DR Kongo si uu u laba jibaaro xajmiga ilaa 12GW|website=globalconstructionreview.com|date=13 Luulyo 2017 |access-date=2017-09-17}}</ref> Deeqda marxaladda koowaad waxay wadar ahaan noqon lahayd US$73.1 milyan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/26/world-bank-suspends-funding-for-dr-congo-s-inga-3-power-project/|title=Bangiga Adduunka ayaa hakiyay maalgelinta mashruuca korontada Inga 3 ee DR Kongo|date=26 Luulyo 2016|website=africanews.com|publisher=Africanews|access-date=27 Agoosto 2016}}</ref> Qaar ka mid ah kormeerayaasha ayaa ka shakisan mashruuca, iyagoo xusay kharashkiisa sare ee waddan lagu yaqaan musuqmaasuqa dabadheeraaday—isagoo halis u ah faa'iido yar oo dadka u soo baxda.<ref name="IR-2">[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/africa/grand-inga-grand-illusions Horumarinta Grand Inga]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2016/05/13/congos-grand-inga-plan-faces-a-watershed|title=Qorshaha Grand Inga ee Kongo wuxuu wajahayaa qayb biyo-qaybsan|last1=Tom|first1=Nevin|date=13 Maajo 2016|website=bdlive.co.za|publisher=Times Media|access-date=27 Agoosto 2016|archive-date=2016-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514101649/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/2016/05/13/congos-grand-inga-plan-faces-a-watershed|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Is-barbardhigga tamarta korontada ee Afrika== Afrika waxay soo saartaa qaddar aad u hooseeya oo tamar koronto qofkiiba marka la barbar dhigo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Mashruucyada sida Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga, oo dhali kara 43.5 GW, waxay gacan ka geysan karaan xallinta yaraanta korontada ee Afrika. 2005, Koonfur Afrika iyo Waqooyiga Afrika waxay soo saareen 70% ka mid ah 550 TWh (63 GW) wax-soo-saarka korontada ee qaaradda. Koonfur Afrika: 230 TWh sanadkiiba / 26.2 GW (4500 kWh sanadkiiba qofkiiba / 513 W qofkiiba) Waqooyiga Afrika: 150 TWh sanadkiiba / 17.1 GW (1000 kWh sanadkiiba qofkiiba /114 W qofkiiba) Afrika ka hoosaysa Saxaraha (Koonfur Afrika ayaa laga reebay): 170 TWh sanadkiiba / 19.4 GW (250 kWh sanadkiiba qofkiiba / 29 W qofkiiba) Waxaa jira mala-awaal ah in Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga uu soo saari karo koronto ku filan qaaradda oo dhan. Taasi waxay ahayd run ka hor 1990-meeyadii.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1109/60.900510 |title=Isku xirka kaabayaasha korontada Afrika iyo isweydaarsiga korontada |year=2000 |last1=Hammons |first1=T.J. |last2=Blyden |first2=B.K. |last3=Calitz |first3=A.C. |last4=Gulstone |first4=A.B. |last5=Isekemanga |first5=E. |last6=Johnstone |first6=R. |last7=Paluku |first7=K. |last8=Simang |first8=N.-N. |last9=Taher |first9=F. |journal=IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=470–480 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=SciTech Connect | journal=IEEE Power Engineering Review | date=Janaayo 1997 | volume=17 | issue=1 | doi=10.1109/MPER.1997.594920 |last1=Hammons | first1=T. J. | last2=Taher | first2=F. | last3=Gulstone | first3=A. B. | last4=Blyden | first4=B. K. | last5=Johnston | first5=R. | last6=Isekemanga | first6=E. | last7=Paluku | first7=K. | last8=Calitz | first8=A. C. | last9=Simanga | first9=N. N. }}</ref> Qaaraddu waxay leedahay koror dhaqaale iyo dadweyne sanadkiiba siday u kala horreeyaan 5% iyo 2.5%. 2005, isticmaalka korontadu wuxuu ahaa 600 kWh qofkiiba 910 milyan oo Afrikaan ah. Gobolka ay ka jiraan yaraanta korontada ee dabadheeraaday waa Afrika ka hoosaysa Saxaraha (Koonfur Afrika ayaa laga reebay), halkaas oo wax-soo-saarku ahaa kaliya 250 kWh qofkiiba 700 milyan oo qof. Celcelis ahaan Afrika oo ah ugu yaraan 1000 kWh qofkiiba waxay u baahan tahay wadar ahaan wax-soo-saarka qaaradda oo ka badan 1000 TWh sanadkiiba / 120 GW. Tani waxay u dhigantaa saddex jeer awoodda ugu badan ee Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga. Celceliska adduunka qofkiiba wuxuu ahaa 3044 kWh 2012 (Bangiga Adduunka: 2014 Buugga Xogta Yar). Sida ay qabaan qaar, Grand Inga wuxuu noqon lahaa saamiga aad u weyn ee baahida Afrika (43.5 GW oo wax-soo-saar la isku daray marka la barbar dhigo culays dhan 63 GW) si uu u noqdo il koronto oo wax ku ool ah iyada oo aan la isku xirin [[wide area synchronous grid]] tusaale ahaan, iyo sidoo kale shabakadaha kale ee korontada.{{citation needed|date=Janaayo 2015}} Wixii guuldarro ballaaran oo biyo-xireenka ah, ama xiriirkiisa shabakadda, sida [[2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout]] (17 GW), ama [[2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident]] ee Siberia (6.4 GW), waxay ku ridi lahayd qaybo badan oo Afrika ka mid ah [[power failure]] oo leh cawaaqib xumo suurtagal ah. Guuldarada Siberia, tusaale ahaan, waxay saameyn musiibo leh ku yeelatay warshadaha aluminium-ka ee maxalliga ah. Dooddan, isticmaalka buuxa wuxuu u baahan yahay isku xirka Yurub, si korontada Yurub loo siin karo loona celin karo Afrika. Tani waxay kordhisaa xasilloonida labada nidaam waxayna hoos u dhigtaa kharashyada guud.<ref>{{cite web |last=Andrews |first=Dave |url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/vision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html |title=Aragtida 2020 iyo wixii ka dambeeya – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Jaamacadda Kassell ayaa ka hadlay isku-dhafka wax-soo-saarka korontada Afrika gudaha iyo Yurub si buuxda looga faa'iideysto tamarta biyaha ee ballaaran ee laga heli karo goobta Inga Dam |publisher=Claverton-energy.com |date=1 Agoosto 2009 |access-date=13 Sebtember 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Andrews |first=Dave |url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/vision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html |title=Aragtida 2020 iyo wixii ka dambeeya - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Jaamacadda Kassell ayaa ka hadlay isku-dhafka wax-soo-saarka korontada Afrika gudaha iyo Yurub si buuxda looga faa'iideysto tamarta biyaha ee ballaaran ee laga heli karo goobta Inga Dam &#124; Claverton Group |publisher=Claverton-energy.com |date=2009-08-01 |access-date=2015-02-20 }}</ref> Saddex dalladood oo caalami ah ayaa u tartamaya qandaraaska lagu dhisayo biyo-xireenka, oo loo yaqaan Inga III, iyo in lagu iibiyo korontada uu dhaliyo, oo lagu qiyaasay 4,800 MW. Tani waa ku dhawaad saddex jeer awoodda laga soo saaro labada biyo-xireen ee Inga ee hadda jira, kuwaas oo ah tobanaan sano jir oo ay curyaamiyeen dayac sababtoo ah daynta dowladda iyo maalgashadayaasha khatarta-ka-cabsi leh. Bangiga Adduunka ayaa sheegay, qorshaha hadda jira, Koonfur Afrika waxay ka iibsan lahayd 2,500 MW Inga III, iyo 1,300 MW kale ayaa la siin lahaa warshadaha macdanta ee Kongo oo koronto la'aantu haysato. 1000 megawatts ee hartay waxay aadi lahayd adeegga qaranka SNEL, taasoo ka caawinaysa bixinta koronto qiyaastii 7 milyan oo qof oo ku hareeraysan Kinshasa, caasimadda Kongo, iyo daboolida dhammaan baahiyaha korontada ee aan la daboolin ee halkaas marka la gaaro 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congodemocratic-worldbank-idUSBREA2J1Y220140320|title=Bangiga Adduunka oo ansixiyay lacag lagu darso biyo-xireenka Inga ee Kongo|date=20 Maarso 2014 |work=Reuters|access-date=20 Febraayo 2015}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee ugu waaweyn adduunka#Run-of-the-river|Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee ugu waaweyn adduunka]] *[[Liiska saldhigyada koronto-biyoodka ee run-of-the-river]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.newframe.com/inga-3-hydroelectric-scheme-is-a-looming-disaster/ Mashruuca koronto-biyoodka Inga 3 waa masiibo soo socota] Sida 2 Maarso 2022. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723154555/http://www.icold-cigb.net/images/File/PDF-multilangue/Declaration%20mondiale.pdf Baaqii adduunka : Biyo-xireennada iyo Koronto-biyoodka ee Horumarinta Waarta ee Afrika] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070503043049/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Region.KeyIssues.9.aspx Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo/Qaybta Tamarta – Xarunta Macluumaadka Bangiga] *[http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/345 Bogga Inga ee International Rivers] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070326172321/http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/77/Congo.html Dhaqdhaqaaqa Kaymaha Roobka ee Adduunka] *[[:fr:Barrage Grand Inga|Barrage Grand Inga]] *[http://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/grand-inga-dam-dr-congo Biyo-xireenka Grand Inga, DR Kongo] {{Portalbar|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo|Biyo|Tamar la cusboonaysiin karo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Inga dams}} iawmuz2hg1cgqgcmk5xizngiup962z5 0 48101 301212 300754 2026-07-10T01:28:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Thune | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Botswana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-22.18071|28.70232|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Botswana]] | location = [[Central District (Botswana)|Degmada Dhexe]] | purpose = | status = | construction_began = | opening = 2013 | demolished = | cost = | owner = | dam_type = | dam_height = {{convert|33.6|m}} | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = {{convert|1.7|km}} | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|90000000|m3}} | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Thune''' waa biyo-xireen ku yaalla [[Webiga Thune (Motloutse)|Webiga Thune]] ee dalka [[Botswana]], kaas oo dhismihiisu socday sannadkii 2012 isla markaana la furay sannadkii 2013. Waxa uu leeyahay awood qorshaysan oo dhan {{convert|90000000|m3}}.{{sfn|Media tours MMEWR Project Sites}} ==Sharaxaad== Biyo-xireenku waxa uu ku yaallaa webiga Thune, xagga sare ee isgoyska uu la leeyahay [[Webiga Motloutse|Motloutse]]. Biyo-xireenku waxa uu ku yaallaa dhul siman, waxaana uu yeelan doonaa qoto dheer celcelis ahaan ilaa {{convert|15|m}}. Marka la eego cimilada kulul oo abaaraha ah, uumiga biyaha ee lumaya waa arrin walaac weyn leh. Habab kala duwan oo lagu yareynayo khasaarahan ayaa la tixgeliyey balse waa la diiday. Biyo-xireenku waxa uu noqon doonaa dhismo carro ah oo leh udub-dhexaad dhoobo ah.{{sfn|Uys|2011}} Waxa uu noqon doonaa {{convert|33.6|m}} oo joog ah, iyada oo uu leeyahay derbi dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|1.7|km}} iyo awood dhan {{convert|90000000|m3}}.{{sfn|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} ==Ujeeddo== Biyo-xireenku waxa uu biyo cabitaan ah siin doonaa tuulooyin dhowr ah oo ku yaalla aagga [[Bobirwa]], iyo biyo waraabin ah oo loo isticmaali doono mashruuc beeraha ah oo u dhow [[Mathathane]].{{sfn|Modikwa|2010}} Marka la dhammeeyo, biyaha waxaa loo qaybin doonaa tuulooyinka [[Bobonong]], [[Motlhabaneng]], [[Mathathane]], [[Tsetsebjwe]], [[Mabolwe]], [[Semolale]], [[Gobojango]], [[Lepokole]] iyo [[Molalatau]].{{sfn|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} ==Dhismaha== Aqoon-is-weydaarsi daneeyayaasha ah ayaa lagu qabtay bishii Sebtembar 2009 hoolka dugsiga sare ee Molalatau, halkaas oo Wasiirku uu ku bixiyey macluumaad isla markaana uu uga jawaabay su'aalo. Waxa uu uga digay in inkasta oo biyo-xireenku uu keeni doono faa'iidooyin waaweyn, ay jiri doonaan dhibaatooyin inta lagu guda jiro habka dhismaha sida qulqulka muhaajiriinta sharci-darrada ah, dambiyada iyo dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada sida HIV/AIDS iyo uurka gabdhaha da'da yar.{{sfn|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} Goobta biyo-xireenka waxaa lagu wareejiyey qandaraaslaha, Zhon Gan Engineering and Construction, 30 Abriil 2010.{{sfn|Kolantsho|2010}} Mashruuca ayaa la qorsheeyay in la dhammaystiro Abriil 2013. Warshadda daaweynta biyaha iyo dhuumaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay dib u dhacaan ilaa 2014 sababo la xiriira dhibaatooyin dhanka maalgelinta ah. Bishii Luulyo 2010 waxaa la sheegay in shaqadii goobta biyo-xireenka ay istaagtay tan iyo dhacdo lagu dilay shaqaale bil ka hor. Nadiifinta duurka ayaa laga bilaabay goobta si loo sameeyo sahan, laakiin mashruucu wuu ka dambeeyay jadwalka.{{sfn|Modikwa|2010}} Xaflad dhagax-dhig ah ayaa la qabtay bishii Sebtembar 2010, waxaana ka soo qayb galay Ponatshego Kedikilwe, Wasiirka Macdanta, Tamarta iyo Khayraadka Biyaha.{{sfn|Tshukudu|2010}} Laga bilaabo Maarso 2011, Biyo-xireenka Thune wuxuu ahaa 38% oo kaliya. Dib-u-dhacyada waxaa sababay daadad, waxaana jirtay dhibaatooyin ka haystay dhismaha hoyga iyo ruqsadaha.{{sfn|Pheage|2011}} ==Tixraacyo== '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Ilaha''' {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|First Stakeholders Workshop... 2009}} |url=http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Minerals-Energy-and-Water-Resources-MMWER/Latest-News/ |publisher=Wasaaradda Macdanta, Tamarta iyo Khayraadka Biyaha (MMEWR) |title=Aqoon-is-weydaarsigii ugu horreeyey ee Daneeyayaasha ee Mashruuca Dhismaha Biyo-xireenka Thune oo la qabtay. |date=17 Oktoobar 2009 |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |url=http://72.167.255.126/index.php?sid=4aid=1212dir=2012/June/Friday22&aid=5082&dir=2010/September/Wednesday22 |title=PHK oo ka digay qandaraaslayaasha Biyo-xireenka Thune |last=Kolantsho|first=Calistus |date=22 Sebtembar 2010 |work=Mmegi Online |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Media tours MMEWR Project Sites}} |url=http://www.mmewr.gov.bw/downloads/download.php?dir=newsletters/&&file=internalCOMMUNIQUE_2_2011.pdf&&type=PDF |title=Warbaahintu waxay booqatay goobaha mashruuca MMEWR |date=12 Abriil 2011 |publisher=Wasaaradda Macdanta, Tamarta & Khayraadka Biyaha |access-date=2012-09-20 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=3394&dir=2010/July/Friday2 |last=Modikwa |first=Onalenna |date=2 Luulyo 2010 |title=Dhismaha biyo-xireenka Thune oo la hakiyay |work=Mmegi Online |access-date=2012-09-20}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8934%3Afloods-delayed-dam-construction-&catid=18%3Aheadlines&Itemid=2 |title=Daadad dib u dhigay dhismaha biyo-xireenka |last=Pheage |first=Tefo |date=9 Maarso 2011 |work=The Botswana Gazette |access-date=2012-09-20 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.thevoicebw.com/2010/09/24/giving-a-dam/ |work=The Voice |title=BIIXIN BIYO-XIREEN |last=Tshukudu |first=Innocent |date=24 Sebtembar, 2010 |access-date=2012-09-20 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.jgi.co.za/news/item/three-dams-and-a-pipeline |last=Uys |first=Dominic |publisher=Jeffares & Green |title=Saddex Biyo-xireen iyo Dhuumaha Biyaha : Biyaha Bullaacadaha & Qashinka |date=Jannaayo 2011 |access-date=2012-09-20 |archive-date=2014-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053200/http://www.jgi.co.za/news/item/three-dams-and-a-pipeline |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} 8mhaoi8gw4g8tkkfv9u1l6yx9slkh95 0 48103 301211 299886 2026-07-10T01:23:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Ntimbale | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Botswana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-20.867795|27.448946|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Botswana]] | location = [[North-East District (Botswana)|Degmada Waqooyi-Bari]] | purpose = Sahayda biyaha magaalooyinka | status = | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = | dam_type = | dam_height = {{convert|34|m}} | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = [[Ogee]] | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|26000000|m3}} | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Ntimbale''' waa biyo-xireen ku yaalla [[Webiga Tati]] ee dalka [[Botswana]]. Waxa uu leeyahay awood dhan {{convert|26000000|m3}}.{{sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009|p=3}} ==Dhismaha== Mashruuca biyo-xireenka waxaa loo igmaday [[Knight Piésold]] oo ay u igmatay Waaxda Arrimaha Biyaha ee Botswana. Piésold waxa ay qaadatay daraasadda macquulnimada sannadihii 1996–97, waxay ka caawisay habka qandaraas bixinta, waxay diyaarisay nashqadda faahfaahsan waxayna kormeeraysay dhismaha intii u dhaxaysay 2004 iyo 2009. Biyo-xireenku waa biyo-xireen laamiga la isku cadaadiyey (roller-compacted concrete dam) oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|34|m}}, waxaana uu leeyahay marin-biyood dhexe oo ah nooca Ogee.{{sfn|Ntimbale Dam Project}} [[PPC Cement]] oo laga leeyahay Koonfur Afrika, oo leh warshad isku-darka iyo xirxiridda oo ku taal Gaborone, ayaa u soo saartay sibidhka mashruuca.{{sfn|Madlala|2006}} Dhismaha biyo-xireenku waxa uu ka kooban yahay xarumo bam, iyo warshad lagu daaweeyo biyaha, wuxuuna biyo siiyaa tuulooyin ku yaalla [[North-East District (Botswana)|Degmada Waqooyi-Bari]] iyo qaybo ku dhow oo ka tirsan [[Central District (Botswana)|Degmada Dhexe]].{{sfn|Ntimbale Dam Project}} Biyo-xireenku waxa uu ku kacay qiyaastii P205 milyan. Intii la dhisayay, waxaa la fuliyay qorshe biyo-wareejin ah oo ku kacay P280 milyan si loogu xiro dhammaan 51-da tuulo ee ku yaalla Degmada Waqooyi-Bari. Madaxweyne [[Ian Khama]] ayaa xarigga ka jaray biyo-xireenka xaflad lagu qabtay Oktoobar 2008, isagoo muujiyay rajo ah inuu dabooli doono baahiyaha sahayda biyaha gudaha ee labaatanka sano ee soo socda. Waxa uu uga digay in dadku ay sii wadaan isticmaalka biyaha si taxadar leh oo ay iska ilaaliyaan qashinka.{{sfn|Kologwe|2008}} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf |title=TIRA-KOOBKA BIYAHA BOTSWANA |author=Xafiiska Tirakoobka Dhexe |date=Oktoobar 2009 |access-date=2012-09-18 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5r28HPAkm?url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2010 }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/sa-company-secures-botswana-governmentx2019s-cementsupply-contract-2006-09-15 |title=Shirkad u dhalatay SA oo heshay qandaraaska bixinta sibidhka ee dawladda Botswana |work=Engineering News |last=Madlala|first=Ollie |date=15 Sebtembar 2006 |access-date=2012-09-19}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Ntimbale Dam Project}} |url=http://www.knightpiesold.com/en/index.cfm/projects/water-resources/ntimbale-dam-project/ |title=Mashruuca Biyo-xireenka Ntimbale |publisher=Knight Piésold |access-date=2012-09-19 |archive-date=2011-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620143845/http://knightpiesold.com/en/index.cfm/projects/water-resources/ntimbale-dam-project/ |url-status=dead }} *{{cite journal |url = http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=3944&GroupID=3 |title = Biyo-xireenka Ntimbale oo ugu dambeyntii faa'iido u yeelanaya gobolka Waqooyi-Bari |last = Kologwe |first = Obusitse |date = 2008-10-26 |journal = Sunday Standard |access-date = 2012-09-19 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} lt07ga7ahwuh3wiq4ac1q2kobygvq8l 0 48104 301210 299884 2026-07-10T01:20:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Mogobane | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Botswana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-24.972885|25.700714|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = Botswana | location = [[South-East District (Botswana)|Degmada Koonfur-Bari]] | purpose = Waraabin | status = | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = | dam_type = | dam_height = | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Mogobane''' waa biyo-xireen ku yaalla [[Webiga Mogobane]] ee dalka Botswana.{{sfn|Hester|Tyler|Simic|2003}} Biyo-xireenka waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabin waxaana uu sidoo kale taageeraa meel ay ku noolaadaan shimbiraha. ==Asalka== Mashruuca Waraabinta ee Mogobane waxaa la sameeyay xilligii gumeysiga iyadoo la adeegsanayo xoogga [[Dadka Balete|Balete]] si loo dhiso xarumo degitaan, bakhaar iyo qolal kayd ah, biyo-xireenka, kanaalka iyo {{convert|50|ha}} oo ah beeraha la waraabin karo. Waxaa la wareegay golaha degmada 1966-kii. {{sfn|Balete should write... 2001}} Waxaa loo wareejiyay Guddiga Dhulka ee Malete markii la dhisay 1972-kii, ka dibna waxaa loo kiraystay Shirkadda Horumarinta Botswana (BDC).{{sfn|Balete determined ... 2003}} Sannadkii 2001, beeraha waraabinta ayaa la iibiyay.{{sfn|Balete should write... 2001}} Kulankii Oktoobar 2003, dadka Balete waxay ku baaqayeen in morafe-du ay dib ula wareegaan Mashruuca Waraabinta Mogobane, kaas oo ay awoowayaashood ku dhisteen dhulkooda.{{sfn|Balete determined ... 2003}} ==Isticmaalka== Biyo-xireenku waxa uu biyo siiyaa xoolaha iyo dadka degan tuulada [[Mogobane]].{{sfn|Botswana Savings Bank... 2007}} Sannadkii 1982, biyo-xireenka waxaa ku dhacay dulin-biyoodka [[bilharzia]] sidaas darteedna looma isticmaali karo dabaasha. Biyaha waa in la kariyaa ka hor intaan la cabin.{{sfn|Anti-TB Campaign 1982}} Xilliyada roobabka mahiigaanka ah, biyo-xireenka ayaa laga yaabaa inuu daadato, taasoo fatahaad ku keenta tuulada Mogobane ee ku dhow.{{sfn|Mgwanaamotho|2011}} ==Shimbiraha Biyaha== Waxaa jira meel ay ku noolaadaan shimbiraha oo xuduud la leh biyo-xireenka dhanka galbeed, iyadoo hadafku yahay in la ilaaliyo shimbiraha aan loo kala saarin shimbiraha ugaarta ah.{{sfn|Du Saussay|1984|p=58}} Kaydka biyuhu waa hoyga noocyo badan oo shimbiraha ah, iyadoo in ka badan todobaatan nooc la diiwaangeliyay waqtiyo kala duwan oo sannadka ah oo ay ku jiraan 11 nooc oo shimbiraha herons-ka iyo egrets-ka ah, 14 nooc oo shinbiraha badda (ducks) iyo gowsaha (geese) iyo 24 nooc oo shimbiraha waders-ka ah. Xilliga xagaaga, meelaha biyaha yar yihiin waxaa isticmaala shimbiraha waders-ka, shimbiraha Black-headed iyo Grey Herons, Cattle Egret, Reed Cormorant iyo African Spoonbill ayaa ku tarma cawska badda ee ku yaalla bartamaha meelaha biyaha yar yihiin marka ay ku hareeraysan yihiin biyaha. Orange-breasted Waxbill iyo Fan-tailed Cisticola ayaa laga helaa cawska iyo dhirta hareeraha kaydka biyaha.{{sfn|Hester|Tyler|Simic|2003}} ==Tixraacyo== '''Xigashooyin''' {{reflist}} '''Ilaha''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Anti-TB Campaign 1982}}|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA356948.pdf |title=Olole ka dhan ah TB-da |date=28 Luulyo 1982 |publisher=FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE |access-date=2012-09-19}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Balete determined ... 2003}} |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20031027 |title=Balete oo go'aansaday inay dib ula wareegaan mashruuca waraabinta Mogobane |work=BOPA Daily News |date=27 Oktoobar 2003 |access-date=2012-09-19 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Balete should write... 2001}} |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20010228 |title=Balete waa inay wax qoraan, ayuu yiri guddoomiyaha |work=BOPA Daily News |date=28 Febraayo 2001 |access-date=2012-09-19 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Botswana Savings Bank... 2007}} |url=http://www.bsb.bw/html/Mogobanecleancampain.htm |title=Bangiga Kaydka ee Botswana ayaa ka qayb qaatay Olole Nadiifin ah oo ka dhacay Tuulada Mogobane Sabti 22 Sebtembar 2007 |publisher=Botswana Savings Bank |access-date=2012-09-19 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite book |last=Du Saussay|first=Christian|title=Sharciyada ku saabsan Duurjoogta iyo Meelaha La Ilaaliyo ee Afrika |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Om6F3OX1Z_AC|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Om6F3OX1Z_AC/page/n64 58] |access-date=2012-09-19 |year=1984|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-101171-3}} *{{cite web|url=https://www.camacdonald.com/birding/africabotswanaBirdingGaborone.htm#2.3.1. Mogobane Dam|title=Birding Gaborone (Botswana)|last1=Hester|first1=Andrew|last2=Tyler|first2=Stephanie J.|last3=Simic|first3=Dragan|year=2003|access-date=2012-09-18}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite web |url=http://72.167.255.126/index.php/index.php?sid=1&aid=407&dir=2011/January/Tuesday25 |title=Dugsiyada Mogobane oo xirmay sababo la xiriira fatahaado |last=Mgwanaamotho |first=Maranyane |date=25 Janaayo 2011 |work=Mmegi Online |access-date=2012-09-19 }} {{refend}} cty5minq0xe5o1cj6oh36iwvne48ri9 0 48106 301208 299879 2026-07-10T01:13:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Gaborone | name_official = | image = Gaborone Dam 2.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo-xireenka Gaborone xilliga qorrax-dhaca | image_alt = | location_map = Botswana | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-24.700161|25.926381|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Botswana]] | location = [[South-East District (Botswana)|Degmada Koonfur-Bari]] | purpose = Sahayda biyaha magaalooyinka | status = | construction_began = 1963 | opening = 1964 | demolished = | cost = | owner = | dam_type = Carro lagu dhisay (Embankment, earth-fill) | dam_height = {{convert|25|m}} | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = {{convert|3.6|km}} | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|141100000|m3}} | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{convert|15|km2}}.{{sfn|Water Utilities Corporation|2010}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Gaborone''' waa biyo-xireen ku yaalla [[Webiga Notwane]] ee dalka [[Botswana]] oo leh awood dhan {{convert|141100000|m3}}.{{sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009|p=3}} Biyo-xireenka waxaa maamusha [[Shirkadda Adeegga Biyaha (Botswana)|Shirkadda Adeegga Biyaha]], waxaana uu biyo siiyaa caasimadda [[Gaborone]].{{sfn|Corporate Profile - WUC}} ==Goobta== Biyo-xireenka Gaborone wuxuu ku yaallaa koonfurta Gaborone agagaarka waddada [[Gaborone]]-[[Lobatse]], wuxuuna biyo siiyaa labada magaalo ee Gaborone iyo Lobatse.{{sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009}} Aagga biyo-qabatin ee wax ku oolka ah wuxuu daboolayaa ilaa {{convert|225|km2}}, waxaana qulqulaya webiga Notwane iyo webiyada ka yar ee [[Taung]], [[Metsemaswaane]] iyo [[Nywane]].{{sfn|Yadava|2003|p=125}} Intii u dhaxaysay 1971 iyo 2000, celceliska roobka sanadlaha ah wuxuu u dhaxeeyay {{convert|450|mm}} iyo {{convert|550|mm}}. Heerkulku wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{convert|10|°C}} jiilaalka ilaa {{convert|37|°C}} xagaaga. Celceliska suurtagalka ah ee [[evapotranspiration|uumi-baxa biyaha]] waa qiyaastii {{convert|1400|mm}} sannadkii.{{sfn|Yadava|2003|p=126}}{{efn|Deegaan abaar ah oo roobka sanadlaha ah uu ka yar yahay uumi-baxa biyaha, ciidda iyo xitaa sariiraha webiyada badanaa way qallali doonaan marka laga reebo xilliga roobka.}} ==Sharaxaadda== Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa bilaabmay 1963-kii, isagoo qabanaya biyaha ka imanaya Webiga Notwane, xilli caasimadda cusub ee Gaborone ay ku jirtay marxaladaha qorsheynta.{{sfn|Gaborone in Details...}} Biyo-xireenkii asalka ahaa ayaa la dhammaystiray 1964-tii.{{sfn|Knight|1990|p=407-408}} Biyo-xireenku waa dhismo carro ah.{{sfn|Water Utilities Corporation|2010}} Intii lagu jiray xilligii roobka ee 1965-66, kaydka biyuhu wuu buuxsamay wuuna fatahay.{{sfn|Gaborone in Details...}} Intii u dhaxaysay 1983 iyo 1985 biyo-xireenka waxaa kor loo qaaday {{convert|7|m}} si loo kordhiyo awoodda, isagoo gaaray dherer dhan {{convert|25|m}} iyo dherer dhan {{convert|3.6|km}}. Kor u qaadista biyo-xireenka waa in si aad ah looga taxadaraa si loo hubiyo in aagga biyuhu aanay ka gudbi karin ee biyo-xireenka uu sii ahaado mid aan waxba gaarin oo la ballaariyay ilaa bangiga la kordhiyay.{{sfn|Knight|1990|p=407-408}} Inta badan kaydka biyuhu waa wax ka yar {{convert|10|ft}} qoto dheer.{{sfn|Workman|2009|p=129}} Bedka oogada kaydka biyaha markuu buuxo waa {{convert|15|km2}}.{{sfn|Water Utilities Corporation|2010}} Ilaa dhammaystirka [[Biyo-xireenka Dikgatlhong]] sannadkii 2011, biyo-xireenka Gaborone wuxuu ahaa kii ugu weynaa Botswana.{{sfn|Central Statistics Office|2009}} ==Arrimaha== Ka dib markii la furay oo la buuxiyay biyo-xireenka, heerka biyaha celceliska ah ayaa bilaabay inay hoos u dhacaan. Qayb ahaan, tani waxay sabab u ahayd isbeddel wareeg ah oo dhinaca roobabka ah, taasoo yareysay xaddiga biyaha lagu quudiyo kaydka biyaha iyo kordhinta saameynta uumi-baxa ee cimilada kulul, qalalan. Qayb ahaan waxay ahayd sababtoo ah koritaanka magaalada iyo baahida sii kordheysa ee biyaha halkii qof maadaama dadku ay noqdeen kuwo ladan, iyagoo u isticmaala biyaha ujeedooyin ay ka mid yihiin buuxinta barkadaha dabaasha iyo dhaqidda baabuurta. Dhamaadkii 2002 kaydka biyaha wuxuu ahaa 79% buuxa, iyo bilowgii 2004 wuxuu ahaa 54% buuxa.{{sfn|Workman|2009|p=130}} Dhamaadkii 2004 kaydka biyuhu wuxuu ahaa 27% kaliya buuxa, dowladduna waxay ku qasbanaatay inay soo rogto xannibaado adag oo dhinaca isticmaalka biyaha ah.{{sfn|Workman|2009|p=139}} Bishii Sebtembar 2005 kaydka biyuhu wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 17% buuxa, ama {{convert|34|L}} halkii muwaadin ee Gaborone.{{sfn|Workman|2009|p=139}} Waddanka abaartu ku badan tahay, sahayda biyuhu waa walaac joogto ah. Calaamad neon ah oo ku taal magaalada ayaa u sheegta dadka deegaanka inta uu buuxo kaydka biyuhu.{{sfn|Gaborone in Details...}} Kaydka biyaha iyo aagga cagaaran ee ku hareeraysan waa nidaamka deegaanka ugu weyn uguna jilicsan ee aagga Gaborone.{{sfn|Keiner|Zegras|Schmid|Salmerón|2004|p=99}} Buug la daabacay 2004 ayaa xusay in dheecaanka biyaha roobka uu liito Gaborone, taasoo keenta fatahaado soo noqnoqda, iyo in musqulaha godadka iyo barkadaha bulaacadaha ee daadadka ay halis ku yihiin biyaha kaydka ku jira.{{sfn|Keiner|Zegras|Schmid|Salmerón|2004|p=92}} ==Isticmaalka kaydka== Kaydka biyaha ayaa bilaabay in loo suuqgeeyo sidii goob madadaalo ah. Dhinaca waqooyi ee kaydka biyaha ayaa la qorsheeyay inay noqoto goob madadaalo oo loo yaqaan ''The Waterfront''.{{sfn|All about Gaborone}} Waxaa jira [[naadiga doonyaha]], oo loo yaqaan Gaborone Yacht Club, oo ku yaalla dhinaca waqooyi ee harada.{{sfn|Gaborone Yacht Club}} Dhinaca koonfureed waxaa ku yaalla Naadiga Kalluumeysiga ee Kalahari iyo xarun cusub oo dadweyne oo loo yaqaan City Scapes. City Scapes waxaa ku yaalla jardiinooyin, garoomo lagu ciyaaro, iyo xarumaha doonyaha.{{sfn|All about Gaborone}} Biyo-xireenka ayaa caan ku ah [[birdwatching|daawashada shimbiraha]], [[windsurfing|windsurfing]], iyo [[kalluumeysiga|kalluumeysatada]].{{sfn|HardyFirestone|2007|p=75–88}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiro dabaal sababo la xiriira [[yaxaasyada]] iyo [[dulin-biyoodka|bilharzia]], kuwaas oo gudbin kara cudurka halista ah ee [[schistosomiasis]].{{sfn|African cities- Gaborone Culture}} ==Sawirro== <gallery widths=240px heights=180px> File:Gaborone Dam 1.jpg File:Gaborone, Botswana.jpg|Muuqaal laga soo qaaday hawada File:GaberoneAerial.jpg|Gaborone oo laga eegayo hawada, biyo-xireenka oo fog </gallery> ==Tixraacyo== '''Qoraallo''' {{Notelist}} '''Xigashooyin''' {{Reflist |colwidth=20em}} '''Ilaha''' {{Refbegin}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|African cities- Gaborone Culture}} |title=Magaalooyinka Afrika - Dhaqanka Gaborone |url=http://gaborone.info/php/gabculture.php?name=Gaborone%20Culture |work=Gaborone.info |publisher=AfricanCities.net |access-date=5 Agoosto 2009}} *{{cite web |ref = {{harvid|All about Gaborone}} |publisher = Gabscity.com |location = Gaborone, Botswana |title = Wax walba oo ku saabsan Gaborone |url = http://www.gabscity.com/city/index.php |access-date = 4 Agoosto 2009 |archive-date = 2009-08-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090809032116/http://www.gabscity.com/city/index.php |url-status = dead }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Central Statistics Office|2009}} |url=http://www.cso.gov.bw/images/stories/Enviro/botswanawater_statisticsreport.pdf |title=Tira-koobka biyaha ee Botswana |publisher=Xafiiska Tirakoobka Dhexe |location=Gaborone, Botswana |date=Oktoobar 2009 |access-date=7 Luulyo 2010 }} *{{cite web |ref = {{harvid|Gaborone in Details...}} |url = http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/gaboroneDetails.php |title = Gaborone oo faahfaahsan... |work = Dalxiiska Botswana |access-date = 2012-09-18 }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Gaborone Yacht Club}} |url=http://www.gyc.org.bw/ |title=HOOYO / NAQU SHIRKA |website=Gaborone Yacht Club |access-date=2012-09-18 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316144900/https://www.gyc.org.bw/ |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Corporate Profile - WUC}} |url=http://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=139 |title=Profaaylka Shirkadda |publisher=WUC |access-date=2012-09-20 |archive-date=2022-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207130018/https://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=139 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Paula|last2=Firestone |first2=Matthew D. |title=Botswana & Namibia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSAs1_B-93YC&pg=PA74 |access-date=4 Agoosto 2009 |year=2007 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-760-8 |chapter=Gaborone }} *{{cite book |last1=Keiner|first1=Marco|last2=Zegras|first2=Christopher|last3=Schmid|first3=Willy A.|first4=Diego|last4=Salmerón |title=Laga bilaabo Fahamka ilaa Waxqabadka: Horumarinta Magaalooyinka Waara ee Magaalooyinka Dhexdhexaadka ah ee Afrika iyo Laatiin Ameerika |url=https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-1-4020-2921-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-1-4020-2921-9/page/n113 99] |access-date=2012-09-18 |date=2004-12-20|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-2879-3}} *{{cite book |last=Knight |title=Qalabka Geotechnical ee Ficilka: Ujeedada, Waxqabadka iyo Fasiraadda : Habraaca Shirka Qalabka Geotechnical ee Mashaariicda Injineernimada Madaniga ah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rErL_dyWbBIC&pg=PA407|access-date=2012-09-18 |date=1990-06-01|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-1515-9|page=407}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=107 |title=Halbeegyada Biyo-xireenka |author=Shirkadda Adeegga Biyaha |year=2010 |access-date=2012-09-19 |archive-date=2023-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612041900/https://www.wuc.bw/wuc-content.php?cid=107 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last=Workman|first=James G.|title=Qalbiga Abaarta: Sida Bushmen-kii ugu dambeeyay ay nooga caawin karaan inaan adkeysano da'da soo socota ee abaarta joogtada ah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXId5ZC89EAC&pg=PA129|access-date=2012-09-18 |date=2009-08-04|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-0-8027-1558-6|page=129}} *{{cite book |last=Yadava|first=Ram Narayan|title=Biyo-mareenka Hydrology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73DdflwDU0oC&pg=PA125|access-date=2012-09-18 |year=2003|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7764-547-7|page=125}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} thlnpmmn72346aybbd1ceq5pqbx456k 0 48108 301297 300806 2026-07-10T09:51:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Angola | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Angola oo muujinaysa goobta Saldhigga Korontada ee Caculo Cabaça. | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|09|41|11|S|14|59|20|E|region:UG_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location_map_relief = | country = [[Angola]] | location = São Pedro da Quilemba, [[Gobolka Cuanza Norte]] | purpose = P | status = UC | construction_began = 2017 | opening = 2026 (la filayo) | demolished = | cost = 5.2 bilyan oo US$ | owner = [[Dowladda Angola]] | operator = [[Gezhouba Group]] & Empresa Pública de Produção de Electricidade | dam_type = [[Roller-compacted concrete|RCC]] [[Biyo-xireen cufis]] | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Kwanza]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 4 x 530 MW + 1 x 52 MW | plant_capacity = 2,172 MW | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça''' waa saldhig koronto oo biyo-mareen ah oo awoodiisu tahay 2,172 MW oo ka socda dhismahiisa dalka [[Angola]]. Marka la dhammaystiro, waxa uu ka weynaan doonaa Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee [[Laúca Hydroelectric Power Station]] oo leh 2,070 MW, kaas oo ah saldhigga korontada ugu weyn dalka, ilaa July 2017.<ref name="1R">{{cite web|title=Masuuliyiinta Angola oo dhagax-dhigay warshadda korontada biyaha ee Caculo Cabaca oo leh 2,170-MW, dhalintuna ka bilaabatay Lauca oo leh 2,070-MW |publisher=renewableenergyworld.com | url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/angolan-officials-break-ground-on-2-170-mw-caculo-cabaca-hydropower-plan-generation-begins-at-2-070-mw-lauca |date=8 Luulyo 2017 | author=Michael Harris |access-date=14 Oktoobar 2025 |location=United States of America}}</ref> ==Goobta== Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku yaallaa tuulada São Pedro da Quilemba, oo u dhow magaalada [[Dondo, Angola|Dondo]], ee [[Gobolka Cuanza Norte]].<ref name="2R">{{cite web|date=24 Sebtembar 2017 |url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/hydroelectric-project-caculo-cabaca-angola |title=Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça, Angola |publisher=[[Environmental Justice Atlas]] |access-date=21 Juun 2020 |author=Daniela Del Bene}}</ref> Goobtaan waa qiyaastii {{convert|195|km|0}}, waddo ahaan, koonfur-bari ee [[Luanda]], oo ah caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Angola.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Luanda,+Angola/S.+Pedro+Da+Kilemba,+Angola/@-9.2789136,13.3056006,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a51f15cdc8d2c7d:0x850c1c5c5ecc5a92!2m2!1d13.2301756!2d-8.8146556!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a4c8c4207c42a59:0x36057ffd2f230ecd!2m2!1d14.4948618!2d-9.7440413!3e0 |title=Masaafada Waddada ee u dhaxaysa Luanda, Angola Iyo São Pedro da Kilemba, Angola |access-date=21 Juun 2020}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça waa: 09°46'50.0"S, 14°32'58.0"E (Latitude:-9.780556; Longitude:14.549444).<ref name="4R">{{google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/9%C2%B046'50.0%22S+14%C2%B032'58.0%22E/@-9.7150218,14.7913567,80910m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-9.7805556!4d14.5494444 |title=Goobta Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Caculo Cabaça, Angola |access-date=21 Juun 2020}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Bishii Agoosto 2017, dhismaha ayaa ka bilaabmay saldhiggan korontada, oo uu wado qandaraaslaha la doortay, [[Gezhouba Group|China Gezhouba Group Company Limited]], iyadoo qayb ka mid ah maalgelinta ay ka timid [[Bangiga Warshadaha iyo Ganacsiga ee Shiinaha]] (ICBC) ee dowladda leedahay. Awoodda dhalineed ee qorshaysan ee Caculo Cabaça waa 2,172 megawatt, si loogu isticmaalo Angola iyo in loo dhoofiyo waddamada [[Barkadda Korontada ee Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref name="2R"/> Dhismaha ayaa la filayaa inuu socdo ugu yaraan 80 bilood.<ref name="1R"/> Bishii Oktoobar 2019, [[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] ayaa soo warisay in hawl-gelinta ganacsi ee saldhiggan korontada la filayo 2024-tii.<ref name="5R">{{cite web|date=16 Oktoobar 2019 | url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2019/9/42/Caculo-Cabaca-dam-starts-producing-power-2024,31ee869c-7bd5-4d53-8485-d7644b9c84f2.html |title=Biyo-xireenka Caculo Cabaça oo bilaabaya soo saarista koronto 2024 |publisher=[[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] | access-date=21 Juun 2020 |author=Wakaaladda Wararka Angola | location=Luanda}}</ref> Biyo-xireenka weyn wuxuu noqon doonaa {{convert|103|m|0}} dherer ah, oo leh ballac dusha sare ah oo ah {{convert|553|m|0}}, isagoo abuuraya harada kaydka oo cabbirkeedu yahay {{convert|16.3|km|0}} dherer ah, oo leh bedka oogada oo dhan {{convert|16.6|km2|0}}.<ref name="6R">{{cite news | url=https://www.ae-africa.com/read_article.php?NID=10314 | title=Caculo Cabaça Hydroelectric oo la filayo inay khadka ka soo gasho 2024 | publisher=Alternative Energy Africa | date=18 Oktoobar 2019 | author=Alternative Energy Africa | access-date=21 Juun 2020 | location=Qaahira, Masar | archive-date=2020-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621182755/https://www.ae-africa.com/read_article.php?NID=10314 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Qiimaha dhismaha iyo maalgelinta== Wadarta qiimaha mashruuca ayaa lagu qiyaasay 4.5 bilyan oo US$, 85 boqolkiiba waxaa laga soo amaahday ICBC. Shirkadda dhismaha, Gezhouba Group, ayaa yeelan doonta, maamuli doonta oo dayactiri doonta saldhigga korontada ugu yaraan afar sano ka dib hawlgelinta ganacsi. Afartaas sano gudahood, China Gezhouba waxay tababari doontaa injineerada iyo farsamoyaqaannada Angola sidii ay u maamuli lahaayeen saldhigga korontada. Qiyaastii 10,000 oo shaqaale ayaa la filayaa in la shaqaaleysiiyo inta lagu jiro wajiga dhismaha.<ref name="1R"/> Bishii Maajo 2023 miisaaniyadda dhismaha ayaa kor loogu qaaday 5.2 bilyan oo US$, iyadoo 3.8 bilyan oo US$ loo qoondeeyay biyo-xireenka iyo 1.4 bilyan oo US$ loo qoondeeyay qalabka koronto-dhalinta iyo gudbinta. Dowladda [[Jarmalka]] ayaa ogolaatay inay 1.16 bilyan oo doolar amaahiso dowladda Angola si loo maalgeliyo soo iibinta iyo rakibida marawaxadaha iyo qalabka korontada ee la xiriira ee ay samaysay shirkadda Jarmalka ee [[Voith Hydro]].<ref name="WorkR">{{cite web |url=https://www.e-mc2.gr/el/news/angola-chinas-cggc-launches-work-caculo-cabaca-dam-2-gw |title=Angola: Shiinaha CGGC ayaa bilaabay shaqada biyo-xireenka Caculo Cabaça (2 GW) |work=e-mc2.gr |author=Jean Marie Takouleu |date=29 Maajo 2023 |access-date=14 Oktoobar 2025 |location=Shanghai, Shiinaha }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2024, Voith Hydro waxaa lagala xiriiray inay soo saarto afar marawaxadaha Francis oo midkiiba wax soo saarkiisu yahay 530MW iyo hal marawaxadaha Francis oo dheeraad ah oo leh wax soo saar 52MW, oo ay la socdaan qalab la xiriira. Marka saldhigga korontada si ganacsi ahaan loo hawlgeliyo, 67 boqolkiiba awoodda dhalineed ee qaranka Angola ayaa ka iman doonta ilaha korontada biyaha. Isha maalgelinta Yurub waxaa lagu aqoonsaday [[Commerzbank]] iyo [[UniCredit]], iyadoo dammaanad qaadyada u dhexeeya dowladaha ay bixisay [[Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Jarmalka]]. Dalabka sahayda ee Voith wuxuu ka badan yahay 1 bilyan oo US$.<ref name="SoR">{{cite web| date=1 Janaayo 2024 |access-date=2 Juun 2024 |url=https://africanreview.com/energy/voith-to-equip-large-scale-hydropower-plant-in-angola |title=Voith Si ay u qalabeeyaan Warshad Biyo-dhaliye oo ballaaran oo ku taal Angola |work=African Review of Business & Technology (ARBT) |author=ARBT |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Angola]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.hydropower.org/country-profiles/angola/ Profaaylka Dalka Angola ee Korontada Biyaha] {{stack|{{Portal|Biyaha|Tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo}}}} {{Authority control}} 2hi1nd70sm0pj60sb0gpb6gcvotmpkt 0 48110 301298 300809 2026-07-10T09:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Angola | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | location_map_alt = | location_map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|07|21|47|S|20|50|36|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Angola]] | location = [[Luachimo]] | purpose = P | status = O | construction_began = | opening ={{Start date and age|1957|df=y}} | demolished = | cost = 212 milyan oo US$ | owner = | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = Webiga Luachimo | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = Saldhigga Korontada ee Ruacana | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = [[Francis-type]]<br/>4 x {{convert|8.5|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity = {{convert|34|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_capacity_factor= | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo''' waa warshad [[koronto biyo-dhaliye]] ah oo ku taal meel u dhow [[Luachimo]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Angola]], meel u dhow xadka ay la wadaagto [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]].<ref name="1R">{{cite web|date=Maarso 2017 | url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn31/luachimo-angola |title=Luachimo, Angola: Marawaxado Cusub oo Isku-dhafan oo loogu talagalay Koronto Badan - Koronto Yar & Mini |publisher=Andritz.com |author=Hans Wolfhard |access-date=12 Juun 2020 |location=Vienna, Austria}}</ref> ==Goobta== Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku yaallaa Webiga Luachimo, ee [[Degmooyinka Angola|degmada]] [[Luachimo]], ee [[Gobolka Lunda Norte]] ee Angola, oo ku xigta xadka caalamiga ah ee ay la wadaagto Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo. Luachimo waa goobta ay ku taal magaalada [[Dundo]], qiyaastii {{convert|1123|km|0}}, waddo ahaan, waqooyi-bari ee [[Luanda]], caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Angola.<ref name="2R">{{google maps|title=Masaafada u dhaxaysa Luanda Iyo Dundo ee Angola |access-date=12 Juun 2020 | url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Luanda,+Angola/Dundo,+Angola/@-8.4332054,12.5315484,6z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a51f15cdc8d2c7d:0x850c1c5c5ecc5a92!2m2!1d13.2301756!2d-8.8146556!1m5!1m1!1s0x1a2f5b95814610ff:0xe6734527b01a060c!2m2!1d20.8195292!2d-7.3741779!3e0}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo waa: 07°21'47.0"S, 20°50'36.0"E (Latitude:-7.363056; Longitude:20.843333).<ref name="3R">{{google maps|title=Goobta Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo |access-date=12 Juun 2020 | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/7%C2%B021'47.0%22S+20%C2%B050'36.0%22E/@-7.3622388,20.8744539,20353m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-7.3630556!4d20.8433333}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Dhismaha saldhigga korontada ee asalka ah ee goobtan, wuxuu bilaabmay 1953-dii.<ref name="4R">{{cite web |title=Dib-u-habeyn loo qorsheeyay 9-MW Luachimo iyo 1.6-MW Kunje ee Angola |publisher=Hydroreview.com |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/2008/05/29/refurbishment-planned-for-angolas-9-mw-luachimo-16-mw-kunje/#gref |date=29 Maajo 2008 |author=Hydro Review |access-date=12 Juun 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612173305/https://www.hydroreview.com/2008/05/29/refurbishment-planned-for-angolas-9-mw-luachimo-16-mw-kunje/#gref |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 1957, saldhigga korontadu wuxuu bilaabay hawlgallada afar marawaxadood oo midkiiba lagu qiimeeyay 2.1 megawatt wadarta awoodda dhalineed oo dhan {{convert|8.4|MW|0}}. Saldhigga korontada waxaa leh oo maamula Empresa Nacional de Diamantes de Angola.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |url=https://www.industryabout.com/country-territories-3/2557-angola/hydro-energy/39744-luachimo-hydro-power-plant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716193626/http://www.industryabout.com/country-territories-3/2557-angola/hydro-energy/39744-luachimo-hydro-power-plant |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 Luulyo 2017 | title=Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Luachimo |publisher=Industryabout.com | date=15 Luulyo 2017 |access-date=12 Juun 2020 |author=Industry About}}</ref> ==Dib-u-habeynta iyo ballaarinta== Qorshayaasha lagu dayactirayo lana ballaarinayo saldhiggan korontada ayaa socday tan iyo 2009-kii, markii Emanuela Vieira Lopes, oo ahayd wasiirka tamarta ee dalka, ay qorshayaashaas ka dhigtay mid dadweyne.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |url=http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/sociedade/2009/4/22/Luachimo-hydroelectric-power-plant-rehabilitated,c653d8b9-b302-4ecf-8209-077e7aa2fb12.html |date=30 Maajo 2009 |title=Saldhigga korontada biyaha ee Luachimo oo la dayactirayo |publisher=[[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] |author=Wakaaladda Wararka Angola |access-date=13 Juun 2020 |location=Luanda |archive-date=2020-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613114159/http://m.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/sociedade/2009/4/22/Luachimo-hydroelectric-power-plant-rehabilitated,c653d8b9-b302-4ecf-8209-077e7aa2fb12.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 2016 ayaa shaqo ka bilaabatay saldhigga korontada, si loo kordhiyo awoodda dhalineed ee laga bilaabo 8.4 megawatt ilaa 34 megawatt. Marawaxad kasta oo cusub waxay yeelan doontaa awood dhalineed oo dhan 8.5 megawatt. Korontada la soo saaray waxay siin doontaa 186,000 oo qof oo ku nool magaalada Dundo iyo xaafadaha ku dhow. Dib-u-cusbooneysiinta iyo casriyeynta saldhigga korontada waxay ku kacday 212 milyan oo US$.<ref name="7R">{{cite web| url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/economia/2020/5/24/State-Secretary-for-Energy-oversees-Luachimo-dam-works,dfa2b91a-0074-4889-a0e9-78ab3329003e.html |title=Xoghayaha Gobolka ee Tamarta ayaa kormeeraya shaqooyinka biyo-xireenka Luachimo |publisher=[[Wakaaladda Wararka Angola]] |date=10 Juun 2020 |author=Wakaaladda Wararka Angola | access-date=12 Juun 2020 |location=Luanda}}</ref> Saldhigga korontada ee la dayactiray, ee la ballaariyay oo leh awood dhalineed oo dhan 34 MW, ayaa si ganacsi ahaan loo hawlgeliyay 17 Maajo 2024. Qandaraaslaha [[injineernimada, iibsashada iyo dhismaha]] wuxuu ahaa [[China Gezhouba Group Corporation]] (CGGC).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/energy-china-relaunches-the-luachimo-hydroelectric-power-station-in-angola/ | title=Tamarta Shiinaha oo dib u bilowday saldhigga korontada biyaha ee Luachimo ee Angola | date=30 Maajo 2024 | work=Afrik21.africa | author=Jean Marie Takouleu | access-date=2 Juun 2024 | location=Paris, France | archive-date=2024-06-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602161704/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/energy-china-relaunches-the-luachimo-hydroelectric-power-station-in-angola/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo}} * [[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Angola]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.africaoilandpower.com/2020/01/03/power-generation-in-angola/ Koronto-dhalinta ee Angola] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africaoilandpower.com/2020/01/03/power-generation-in-angola/ |date=20210417210021 }} Laga bilaabo 3 Janaayo 2020. {{Authority control}} {{stack|}} 72zlomdpqic3ftv76k3lqlju6v19f0y 0 48113 301209 299881 2026-07-10T01:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Keddara | name_official = Barrage Keddara | image = Keddara Dam.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Algeria | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|36|39|02|N|03|24|58|E|type:landmark_region:DZ|display=inline,title}} | country = Algeria | location = [[Keddara]] | status = O | construction_began = 1982 | opening = 1987 | demolished = | cost = | owner = | dam_type = Biyo-xireen, buuxinta dhagaxa iyo udub-dhexaad dhoobo ah | dam_height = {{Convert|108|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = {{Convert|470|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_width_crest = {{Convert|12|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_width_base = {{Convert|380|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{Convert|4081000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_crosses = Webiga Boudouaou | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{Convert|146500000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = {{Convert|5.2|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Keddara''', ama '''Barrage Keddara''', waa [[biyo-xireen buuxinta ciidda ah]] oo ku yaalla {{Convert|6|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Keddara]] oo ku yaalla Webiga Boudouaou ee [[Gobolka Boumerdès]], Algeria. Waxaa la dhisay intii u dhaxaysay 1982 iyo 1987 shirkadda reer Yugoslavia ee Hidrotehnika, ujeedada koowaad ee biyo-xireenka waa bixinta biyo loogu talagalay waraabka iyo isticmaalka dawladda hoose ee [[Algiers]] oo ku taal {{Convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} dhinaca galbeed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keddara {{!}} Algerie - Hidrotehnika - Hidroenergetika a.d.|url=http://www.hidroenergetika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.hidroenergetika.rs|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715120433/http://www.hidroenergetika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kaydka biyaha ee biyo-xireenka wuxuu leeyahay awood dhan {{Convert|146500000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} kaas oo laga soo ururiyo biyo-mareennada iyo [[Biyo-xireenka Hamiz]] oo ku yaalla {{Convert|7.6|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} dhinaca galbeedka iyo [[Biyo-xireenka Beni Amrane]] oo ku yaalla {{Convert|17|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} dhinaca bari.<ref>{{cite web|title=Keddara|url=http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/|publisher=Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika|accessdate=22 Agoosto 2011|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001083330/http://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/algerie/keddara/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Biyo-xireenka Keddara|url=http://www.serbiaconstruction.com/projects/keddara-embankment-dam/|publisher=Serbia Construction|accessdate=22 Agoosto 2011}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} k5an4fqw9qdm53vy19g37v778we8qdi 0 48116 301299 300810 2026-07-10T09:54:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Cameroon | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Cameroon oo muujinaysa goobta ay ku taal Mekin HPP. | location_map_alt = | location_map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|03|15|34|N|12|25|17|E|region:CM_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Cameroon]] | location = Mekin, [[Dja-et-Lobo|Degmada Dja iyo Lobo]], [[Gobolka Koonfurta (Cameroon)]] | purpose = P | status = UC | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = €52.5 milyan | owner = | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Dja]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = {{convert|611|m|abbr=on}} | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = ''HydroMekin'' | plant_commission = Q4 2022 (la filayo) | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 4 x 3.75 MW | plant_capacity = {{convert|15|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = ~100 GWh | website = | extra = }} '''Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Saldhigga Korontada ee Mekin''', waa saldhig koronto oo biyaha ku shaqeeya oo awoodiisu tahay {{convert|15|MW|abbr=on}}, oo ku yaalla [[Cameroon]]. Saldhiggan korontada ayaa ahaa mid la dhisayay tan iyo horraantii 2010-meeyadii, iyadoo bilowgii hawlgelinta la qorsheeyay 2015-kii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mashruuca waxaa ragaadiyay dib-u-dhacyo badan, xiritaan warshadeed iyo dib-u-bilaabis. Saldhigga korontada ayaa qayb ahaan dib loo bilaabay Juun 2022 si loogu oggolaado dhalinta iyo bixinta 11.25 [[Megawatt|MW]] oo koronto ah, taas oo ka kooban 75 boqolkiiba awoodda ugu badan. Marka tijaabada wax-soo-saarka hadda ay dhammaato, waxaa la filayaa in qaybta ugu dambeysa la soo geliyo khadka inta lagu jiro rubuca afaraad ee 2022.<ref name="1R">{{cite web | work=Afrik21.africa | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ | title=Cameroon: Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin oo qayb ahaan dib u bilaabay hawlgalka | date=1 Luulyo 2022 | author=Jean Marie Takouleu | access-date=2 Luulyo 2022 | location=Paris, France | archive-date=2025-07-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723054808/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-the-mekin-hydroelectric-power-station-partially-restarts-operation/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mashruucan kaabayaasha tamarta dib-u-cusboonaysiinta ah ayaa waxaa horumarinaya '''Mekin Hydroelectric Development Corporation''' (Hydro Mekin sidoo kale HydroMekin), oo ah [[soo-saare koronto oo madax-bannaan]] (IPP) oo reer Cameroon ah. Qaataha tamarta waa ''ENEO Cameroon S.A.'', oo ah shirkadda adeegga korontada ee iskaashiga dadweynaha iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay. Korontada waxaa loogu talagalay qaybinta ugu horrayn, [[Dja-et-Lobo|Degmada Dja iyo Lobo]] ee [[Gobolka Koonfurta (Cameroon)|Gobolka Koonfurta]] ee Cameroon, halkaas oo saldhigga korontadu ku yaallo.<ref name="2R">{{cite web |url=https://www.businessincameroon.com/energy/2706-12642-mekin-dam-resumes-operations-after-a-2-year-shutdown |title=Biyo-xireenka Mekin oo dib u bilaabay hawlgallada ka dib xiritaan 2 sano ah |work=Business In Cameroon |date=29 Maajo 2022 |author=Business in Cameroon | access-date=2 Luulyo 2022 |location=Yaounde, Cameroon}}</ref> ==Goobta== Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu ku fidsan yahay [[Webiga Dja]], isla markiiba dhinaca hoose ee isgoyska uu la leeyahay ''Webiga Lobo'', ee ''Mekin Village'', ee ''Degmada Dja iyo Lobo'' ee Gobolka Koonfurta ee Cameroon. Mekin wuxuu ku yaallaa qiyaastii {{convert|75|km|0}}, waqooyi-bari ee magaalada [[Sangmélima]], xarunta degmada.<ref name="3R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mekin,+Cameroon/Sangmelima,+Cameroon/@3.4926536,12.3912899,7.75z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x108ec1f36fd37db1:0xa54c54489bb70d92!2m2!1d12.4172595!2d3.2666386!1m5!1m1!1s0x1088d1611a775449:0xd6d3297e0ced6365!2m2!1d11.9861694!2d2.9372148!3e0 |title=Masaafada Waddada u dhaxaysa Mekin, Cameroon Iyo Sangmélima, Cameroon |access-date=2 Luulyo 2022}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|194|km|0}} koonfur-bari ee [[Yaoundé]], caasimadda dalka Cameroon.<ref name="4R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Mekin,+Cameroon/Yaound%C3%A9,+Cameroon/@3.4832673,12.0262881,8.25z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x108ec1f36fd37db1:0xa54c54489bb70d92!2m2!1d12.4172595!2d3.2666386!1m5!1m1!1s0x108bcf7a309a7977:0x7f54bad35e693c51!2m2!1d11.5020752!2d3.8480325!3e0 |title=Masaafada Waddada u dhaxaysa Mekin, Cameroon Iyo Yaoundé, Cameroon |access-date=2 Luulyo 2022}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin waa: 3°15'34.0"N, 12°25'17.0"E (Latitude:3.259444; Longitude:12.421389).<ref name="5R">{{google maps| url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/3%C2%B015'34.0%22N+12%C2%B025'17.0%22E/@3.2594444,12.4213889,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xf376393c31551760!8m2!3d3.2594444!4d12.4213889 |title=Goobta Saldhigga Korontada Biyaha ee Mekin |access-date=2 Janaayo 2022}}</ref> ==Dulmar== Naqshadu waxay ugu baaqaysaa [[biyo-xireen dhagax-buuxin ah]] oo leh afar marawaxadood oo dhalin ah, midkiiba lagu qiimeeyay 3.75 MW wadarta awoodda dhalineed oo dhan 15 MW. Tamarta waxay ka baxdaa marawaxadaha dhalinta 63kV. Xarunta korontada ee ka baxsan saldhigga korontada, tamarta waxaa loo kordhiyaa 110kV. Kadib waxaa lagu kala gudbiyaa fiilooyinka korontada sare ee hawada sare ilaa xarunta ENEO ee ''Ndjom Yekomo''. Halkaas tamarta waxaa lagu hoosaysiiyaa 30kV ka dibna waxaa loo gelayaa shabakadda ENEO si loo qaybiyo.<ref name="6R">{{cite web| url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/generation/cameroon-course-15mw-hydroelectrical-power-dam/ |title=Cameroon oo ku socota biyo-xireen koronto oo 15MW ah | work=ESI-Africa |date=28 Febraayo 2018 |author=Babalwa Bungane |access-date=2 Juun 2022 |location=Cape Town, Koonfur Afrika}}</ref> ==Dhismaha iyo maalgelinta== Qandaraaslaha [[injineernimada, iibsashada iyo dhismaha]] (EPC) waa [[China National Electric Engineering Company]] (CNEEC). Miisaaniyadda bilowga ahayd waxay ahayd CFA 25 bilyan (qiyaastii €40 milyan), iyadoo [[Exim Bank of China]] uu amaahiyay 85 boqolkiiba iyo dawladda Cameroon ay ku darsatay 15 boqolkiiba.<ref name="2R"/> Laga bilaabo Juun 2022, iyadoo kharashyo badan ay kordheen, ugu yaraan €52.5 milyan ayaa lagu kharash gareeyay dhismaha.<ref name="1R"/> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Liiska saldhigyada korontada ee Cameroon]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-memveele-and-mekin-dams-to-start-operating-in-2020/ Cameroon: Biyo-xireenada Memve’éle iyo Mekin oo bilaabaya inay shaqeeyaan 2020] {{Wayback|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/cameroon-memveele-and-mekin-dams-to-start-operating-in-2020/ |date=20251007172458 }} Laga bilaabo 24 Abriil 2019. {{Authority control}} 16egbic2852u2vtf72cpvveyw3fzlsn 0 48172 301225 299823 2026-07-10T04:04:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NileCataractReaches.jpg|thumb|{{center|Aagagga cilmiga dhulka ee u dhigma qaybaha kala duwan ee Niil}}]] '''Dongola Reach''' waa [[Reach (geography)|qayb]] qiyaastii 160 km dherer ah oo ka bilaabata Katarakta Afraad una socota ilaa Katarakta Saddexaad ee [[Cataracts of the Nile|Niil]] ee [[Upper Nubia]], [[Sudan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nubia |url=http://geography.name/nubia/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427070210/https://geography.name/nubia/ |archive-date=Apr 27, 2025 |website=Geography}}</ref> Magaca waxaa looga bixiyay magaalada Sudan ee [[Dongola]] oo ku taal qaybtan wabiga, qaybtanina waxay ahayd xudunta [[Nubia]] qadiimiga ah.<ref>{{cite book |first=Derek A. |last=Welsby |title=Life on the Desert Edge: Seven Thousand Years of Settlement in the Northern Dongola Reach, Sudan |series=Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publication no. 7 |year=2001 |isbn=1-84171-264-7 }}</ref> == Koonfureed iyo Waqooyiga Dongola Gaaritaanka == Aagga uu [[Niil]] ka soo qulqulo Katarakta Afraad dhanka koonfur-galbeed isagoo samaynaya qalooc weyn oo S-u eg oo raacaya qaab-dhismeedka [[Central African Shear Zone]] waa '''Southern Dongola Reach'''. Aagga uu u qulqulo dhanka waqooyi ee qalooca ka soo baxa ilaa Katarakta Saddexaad waa '''Northern Dongola Reach'''. == Juqraafiga == Gudaha ''Dongola Reach'', Niilku ma laha wax durdurro [[Perennial stream|sannad-guura ah]] oo muhiim ah. Wuxuu maraa inta badan [[sandstone]] (dhagax-ciideed) waxaana hareereeyay [[flood plain|dhul-daadyo]] ballaaran. Gudaha ''Southern Dongola Reach'', Niilka waxaa ku biira nidaamyo wabiyo dabar-go'ay oo kala ah [[Wadi Abu Dom]], [[Wadi Muqaddam]], [[Wadi Howar]] iyo [[Wadi Al-Malik]]. ''Northern Dongola Reach'' wuxuu ka kooban yahay dooxooyin beerasho ku habboon oo ku yaal dhinaca bari ee sagxadda dooxada Niil sida [[Kerma Basin]], oo ah dhul-daad ballaaran oo barwaaqo ah oo ay dhex maraan taxane [[palaeochannel|kanaallo qadiimi ah]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jamie |last1=Woodward |first2=Mark |last2=Macklin |first3=Laura |last3=Fielding |first4=Ian |last4=Millar |first5=Neal |last5=Spencer |first6=Derek |last6=Welsby |first7=Martin |last7=Williams |display-authors=1 |title=Shifting sediment sources in the world's longest river: A strontium isotope record for the Holocene Nile |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=130 |year=2015 |issue= |pages=124–140 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.040 |bibcode=2015QSRv..130..124W }}</ref> == Taariikh == ''Dongola Reach'' wuxuu ka kooban yahay agab qadiimi ah oo ka yimid kooxo dhaqameed badan oo ka kala yimid taariikhda gobolka Niilka Dhexe, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kerma culture|dhaqankii Kerma]], [[Kingdom of Kush|Boqortooyadii Kush]], iyo boqortooyadii dhexe ee [[Makuria]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Derek A. |last1=Welsby |first2=Mark G. |last2=Macklin |first3=Jamie C. |last3=Woodward |chapter=Human Responses to Holocene Environmental Changes in the Northern Dongola Reach of the Nile, Sudan |title=Egypt and Nubia. Gifts of the Desert |year=2002 |publisher=British Museum Press |isbn=0-7141-1954-7 }}</ref> Aagga ''Southern Dongola Reach'' wuxuu u adeegi jiray xiriiriye ka dhexeeya [[Badda Cas]] ee bariga iyo Wadi Howar ee galbeedka, isagoo isku xiraya Dooxada Niil iyo gudaha Afrika.<ref>{{cite book |first=Bogdan |last=Żurawski |chapter-url=https://pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/pam/PAM_2002_XIV/134.pdf |chapter=The Dongola Reach, The Southern Dongola Reach Survey Project |title=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |volume=XIV |year=2003 |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2026-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124115811/https://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/pam/PAM_2002_XIV/134.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Goobo qadiimi ah oo badan oo ka tirsan xilliyo qadiimi ah oo kala duwan ayaa ku yaal xeebaha kanaallada qadiimiga ah ee Niil ee ''Northern Dongola Reach''.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jamie |last1=Woodward |first2=Mark G. |last2=Macklin |first3=Michael D. |last3=Krom |first4=Martin |last4=Williams |chapter=The Nile: Evolution, Quaternary River Environments and Material Fluxes |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |year=2007 |editor-first=Avijit |editor-last=Gupta |location=Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-84987-3 |pages=261–292 }}</ref> [[Affad 23]] waa [[archaeological site|goob qadiimi ah]] oo ku taal gobolka [[Affad Basin|Affad]] ee koonfurta Dongola Reach ee waqooyiga [[Sudan]],<ref name="Osypiński">{{cite journal |last1=Osypiński |first1=Piotr |last2=Osypińska |first2=Marta |last3=Gautier |first3=Achilles |title=Affad 23, a Late Middle Palaeolithic Site With Refitted Lithics and Animal Remains in the Southern Dongola Reach, Sudan |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |date=2011 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=177–188 |doi=10.3213/2191-5784-10186 |issn=1612-1651 |oclc=7787802958 |jstor=43135549 |s2cid=161078189}}</ref> taas oo martigelisa "haraaga si wanaagsan loo ilaaliyay ee xeryaha qadiimiga ah (hadhaaga [[Natural environment|bannaanka]] [[hut|aqal]] ugu da'da weyn adduunka) iyo meelo kala duwan oo [[hunting|ugaarsi]] iyo [[Hunter-gatherer|gurasho]] ah oo qiyaastii 50,000 oo sano jir ah".<ref name="Osypiński II">{{cite web |last1=Osypiński |first1=Piotr |title=Unearthing Pan-African crossroad? Significance of the middle Nile valley in prehistory |url=https://projekty.ncn.gov.pl/opisy/480275-en.pdf |publisher=National Science Centre |date=2020}}</ref><ref name="Osypińska">{{cite book |last1=Osypińska |first1=Marta |title=From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan |date=2021 |publisher=Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw |isbn=978-83-953362-5-6 |oclc=1374884636 |page=460 |chapter-url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |chapter=Animals in the history of the Middle Nile}}</ref><ref name="Osypińska II">{{cite book |last1=Osypińska |first1=Marta |last2=Osypiński |first2=Piotr |title=From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan |date=2021 |publisher=Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw |isbn=978-83-953362-5-6 |oclc=1374884636 |pages=187–188 |chapter-url=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/21580/Katalog%20wystawy%20From%20Faras%20to%20Soba%20-%20ONLINE%20o2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |chapter=Exploring the oldest huts and the first cattle keepers in Africa}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{coord|19|15|0|N|30|30|0|E|type:landmark_region:SD|display=title}} 0hng3e6i30p7hsrtg1e93cmrks3g6fa 0 48188 301216 300483 2026-07-10T02:47:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Chris Hani | official_name = | other_name = | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Degmada maamulka (Koonfur Afrika)|Degmada maamulka]] <!-- images, nickname ---> | image_seal = Chris Hani_CoA.png | seal_size = 150x100px <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Map of the Eastern Cape with Chris Hani highlighted (2016).svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal [[Eastern Cape]] |coordinates = {{coord|31|53|S|26|52|E|region:ZA_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Dal | subdivision_name = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = Gobol | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Koonfur Afrika|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat = [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]] | parts_type = [[Degmooyinka hoose (Koonfur Afrika)|Degmooyinka hoose]] |p1 = [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality|Inxuba Yethemba]] |p2 = [[Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality|Enoch Mgijima]] |p3 = [[Intsika Yethu Local Municipality|Intsika Yethu]] |p4 = [[Emalahleni Local Municipality, Eastern Cape|Emalahleni]] |p5 = [[Dr AB Xuma Local Municipality|Dr AB Xuma]] |p6 = [[Sakhisizwe Local Municipality|Sakhisizwe]] |parts = <!-- government leaders --> | government_footnotes = <ref name="muni_mayor">{{cite web |url=http://www.gcis.gov.za/gcis/gcis_list.jsp?id=14&heading=Executive%20Mayors |title=Contact list: Executive Mayors |publisher=Government Communication & Information System |accessdate=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 Bisha Todobaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714013749/http://www.gcis.gov.za/gcis/gcis_list.jsp?id=14&heading=Executive%20Mayors }}</ref> | government_type = [[Golaha degmada]] | leader_party = | leader_title = Duqa magaalada | leader_name = Wongama Gela | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 36144 <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <ref name="muni_population">{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=964 |title=Statistics by place |publisher=Statistics South Africa |accessdate=27 September 2015}} </ref> | population_total = 795461 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = Isirka {{nobold|(2011)}} | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="muni_population"/> | demographics1_title1 = {{nobold|[[Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa|Madowga Afrika]]}} | demographics1_info1 = 93.3% | demographics1_title2 = {{nobold|[[Coloureds|Midab-takoorka]]}} | demographics1_info2 = 4.1% | demographics1_title3 = {{nobold|[[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiyaan]]}} | demographics1_info3 = 0.2% | demographics1_title4 = {{nobold|[[White South African|Caddaan]]}} | demographics1_info4 = 2.0% <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = [[Luqadda koowaad]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="muni_langs">{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=964 |title=Statistics by place |publisher=Statistics South Africa |accessdate=27 September 2015}} </ref> | demographics2_title1 = {{nobold|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]}} | demographics2_info1 = 88.6% | demographics2_title2 = {{nobold|[[Afrikaans]]}} | demographics2_info2 = 6.1% | demographics2_title3 = {{nobold|[[English language|Ingiriisi]]}} | demographics2_info3 = 2.6% | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = % | demographics2_title5 = {{nobold|Kuwo kale}} | demographics2_info5 = 2.7% <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = [[Waqtiga Halbeegga ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 <!-- Municipal code --> | blank_name_sec1 = Koodhka degmada | blank_info_sec1 = DC13 <!-- website, footnotes --> | footnotes = }} '''Degmada maamulka ee Chris Hani''' ({{langx|xh|uMasipala weSithili sase Chris Hani}}) waa [[Degmada maamulka (Koonfur Afrika)|degmo maamul]] oo ku taal bartamaha gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee dalka [[Koonfur Afrika]] waxaana ka kooban sideed [[Degmooyinka hoose (Koonfur Afrika)|degmooyin hoose]]. Inta badan bulshada waxay ku nool yihiin aagag miyi ah.<ref name="Case Study">{{Cite web |title=Warbixinta Daraasadda Xeerka Maxalliga ah ee Degmada Chris Hani. Ururka Dawladaha Hoose ee Koonfur Afrika. La galay 11 Febraayo 2018. |url=https://www.salga.org.za/Documents/Municipalities/Guidelines%20for%20Municipalities/CHDM-Case-Study-Report--LOCAL-REGUALTION.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2025-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118022219/https://salga.org.za/Documents/Municipalities/Guidelines%20for%20Municipalities/CHDM-Case-Study-Report--LOCAL-REGUALTION.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muuqaalka dhulku wuxuu u dhexeeyaa dhul-beereed qoyan iyo buuro [[caws-bireed]] ah ilaa dhul [[oomane]] ah oo [[Karoo]] ah.<ref name="Healthy People">{{Cite web |title=2016. Dad caafimaad qaba - Dhaqaale caafimaad qaba. Isbahaysiga Ganacsiga Koonfur Afrika ee HIV & AIDS. La galay 11 Febraayo 2018. |url=https://www.sabcoha.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EC_Business_Sector_Strategy_on_HIV_AIDS_TB_Wellness_2012-2016.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621034309/https://www.sabcoha.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EC_Business_Sector_Strategy_on_HIV_AIDS_TB_Wellness_2012-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 2016, gobolku wuxuu soo sheegay inuu leeyahay dad tiradoodu tahay 840,000 oo qof, taasoo ka dhigan 1.5% dadka guud ee Koonfur Afrika iyo 12% dadka guud ee Eastern Cape.<ref name="IDP">[https://www.chrishanidm.gov.za/download/2017-2022-CHDM-IDP-Draft.pdf 2016. Degmada Maamulka Chris Hani 2017-2022 IDP. La galay 11 Febraayo 2018.]</ref> Inta badan shaqada degmada maamulka waxay ku salaysan tahay shaqo aan xirfad lahayn.<ref name="Healthy People" /> == Degmooyinka Hoose == [[File:Map of the Eastern Cape with municipalities named and districts shaded (2016).svg|200px|thumb|left|Khariidadda Eastern Cape oo ay ku qoran yihiin degmooyinka iyo degmooyinka la hadh-geliyay (2016)]] Bariga waxaa ku yaal [[Emalahleni Local Municipality, Eastern Cape|Emalahleni]], [[Dr AB Xuma Local Municipality|Dr AB Xuma]] (oo horay u ahaan jiray Engcobo),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menzelwa |first=Zolile |title=Engcobo Local Municipality changes name to Dr AB Xuma Local Municipality |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/community-newspaper/mthathaexpress/watch-engcobo-local-municipality-changes-name-to-dr-ab-xuma-local-municipality-20220609 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Intsika Yethu Local Municipality|Intsika Yethu]], [[Sakhisizwe Local Municipality]] iyo qayb ka mid ah [[Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality]]. Degmooyinkan hoose waxay asal ahaan qayb ka ahaayeen [[Transkei]] ama [[Ciskei]], kuwaas oo ahaa dhulal hore oo hoos yimaada [[Apartheid]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kala saaro qowmiyado kala duwan. Aaggan weli waxaa lagu gartaa degsiimooyinkiisa miyiga iyo hawlaha [[beeraha nolol maalmeedka]].<ref name="Case Study" /> [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality]] iyo [[Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality]] waxay ku yaallaan galbeedka. Aagaggani waxay asal ahaan qayb ka ahaayeen Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika intii lagu jiray Apartheid.<ref name="Case Study" /> Warshadaha beeraha ee degmada waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin kuwo laba-geesood ah maadaama ay u qaybsan yihiin dhaqaalaha koowaad ee beeraha ganacsiga iyo dhaqaalaha labaad ee beerashada nolol maalmeedka. In kasta oo ay jiraan wax soo saar beeraha oo muhiim ah, degmooyinku waa kuwa soo dhoofiya cuntooyinka la warshadeeyey.<ref name="Case Study" /> == Bixinta Adeegga == Bixinta adeegyada aasaasiga ah ayaa si gaar ah ugu xaddidan degmooyinka bariga kuwaas oo inta badan ah miyi. Dib-u-dhacyada waxaa ka mid ah bixinta biyaha tuubada iyo [[nadiifinta]] ku filan, [[kaabayaasha]] dugsiga iyo waddooyinka laamiga ah.<ref name="Healthy People" /> === Waddooyinka waaweyn === Degmadu waxay ku taal isgoysyada N6 ee ka yimaada [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] ilaa [[Aliwal North]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Queenstown, South Africa|Komani]], R61 ee ka yimaada Komani ilaa [[Mthatha]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Cofimvaba]] iyada oo loo marayo Ngcobo iyo N10 ee ka yimaada [[Middelburg, Eastern Cape|Middelburg]] ilaa Aliwal North iyada oo loo marayo [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]].<ref name="IDP" /> Caddaynta waddooyinka laamiga ah ee inta kale ee degmada maamulka ayaa ka hooseeya celceliska gobolka Eastern Cape - taas oo keenta gaadiid dadweyne oo xaddidan iyo helitaanka goobaha [[daryeelka caafimaadka]] ee magaalooyinka waaweyn.<ref name="Healthy People" /> === Biyaha === Degmada maamulka waxay ku taal biyo-mareenka afar hababka wabiga. Kuwan waa [[Wabiga Orange]], [[Wabiga Great Fish]], [[Wabiga Mbashe]] iyo [[Wabiga Great Kei]]. Ilaha biyaha dusha sare waxay siiyaan biyo inta badan magaalooyinka aagga halka qaar yar oo kaliya ay ku tiirsan yihiin sahayda [[biyaha dhulka hoostiisa]].<ref name="Case Study" /> Aagagga miyiga, bulshooyinka waxay isticmaalaan biyo ka yimaada ilo aan la ilaalin, durdurro iyo ceelal. Beeraha ganacsiga ee galbeedka, sahayda biyuhu badiyaa waa biyo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo laga helo ceelal.<ref name="Case Study" /> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.chrishanidm.gov.za Mareegta Rasmiga ah ee Chris Hani DM] pdecgp61dxwei3kjs681iqveq14c9ig 0 48189 301206 300477 2026-07-10T01:01:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls | image = Augrabie, Waterfalls, South Africa.jpg | image_caption = [[Augrabies Falls]] | image_size = | relief = 1 | map_caption = Goobta beerta | map_width = | location = [[Northern Cape]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] | nearest_city = [[Upington]] | coordinates = {{coords|28|35|28|S|20|20|18|E|region:ZA-NC|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 820 | established = {{Start date and age|1966}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Beeraha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]] | url = https://www.sanparks.org/parks/augrabies-falls | image_map= }} '''Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls''' waa [[beerta qaran]] oo ku taal agagaarka [[Augrabies Falls]], qiyaastii {{cvt|120|km}} galbeed ka xigta [[Upington]]<ref name="PinchuckMcCrea2002">{{cite book|author1=Tony Pinchuck|author2=Barbara McCrea|author3=Donald Reid|title=South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA323|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-853-6|pages=323}}</ref> ee Gobolka Northern Cape, [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls waxay daboolaysaa bed dhan {{cvt|820|km2}}<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls National Park (South African media online)| url =http://sanparks.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/augrabies_falls_national_park| website =sanparks.africamediaonline.com/| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015| archive-date =2016-03-04| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105200/http://sanparks.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/augrabies_falls_national_park| url-status =dead}}</ref> waxayna ku fidsan tahay [[Wabiga Orange]]. Aaggu aad buu u oomane yahay. [[Waterfall|Biyo-dhacu]] waa qiyaastii {{cvt|60|metres}} oo dherer ah<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls National Park| url =http://www.places.co.za/accommodation/augrabies-falls-national-park.html| website =SA Places| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015 }}</ref> waana mid cajaa'ib leh marka uu wabigu fataho. [[Canyon|Dooxada]] ka hooseysa biyo-dhaca ayaa celcelis ahaan qoto dheer ilaa {{cvt|240|m}} waxayna socotaa ilaa {{cvt|18|km}}. Dooxadu waxay bixisaa tusaale cajiib ah oo nabaad-guur ah oo ku dhacay dhul [[granite|granitic]] ah. Beertan waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1966-kii.<ref name="Plessis2000">{{cite book |author=Heather Du Plessis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCWM_ht3-KcC&pg=PA76 |title=Tourism Destinations Southern Africa |date=1 Janaayo 2000 |publisher=Juta and Company Ltd |isbn=978-0-7021-5272-6}}</ref> == Dadkii degganaa asalka ahaa == Dadkii asalka ahaa ee [[Khoekhoe]] waxay biyo-dhaca u bixiyeen {{Langx|naq|Ankoerebis|links=|label=none}}, taas oo macnaheedu yahay "meesha buuqa weyn".<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls National Park| url =http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/augrabies/| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015| archive-date =2015-03-20| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150320180702/http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/augrabies/| url-status =dead}}</ref> Bulshooyinka [[Khoisan|Khoi]] iyo [[San people|San]] ee ku dhex nool beerta qaranka waxay ku nool yihiin guryo qaab-gubad ah oo loo yaqaan {{Langx|af|matjiehuise|lit=guryaha roogga|label=none}}. Guryahani waxay ku habboon yihiin cimilada kulul iyo qabow labadaba. Inta lagu jiro heerkulka kulul, jirridaha geedaha ee laga sameeyo roogagga ayaa yaraada, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in farqiyo u muuqdaan - taas oo abuuraysa nidaam hawo-qabow. Wax ka duwan ayaa dhaca inta lagu jiro cimilada qabow, maadaama jirridaha ay ballaariyaan si ay qabowga u ilaaliyaan.<ref name="Life">[http://www.siyabona.com/south-africa-info-augrabies-falls-national-park.html Siyabona Africa."Augrabies Falls National Park, Northern Cape. South Africa". Siyabona Africa (Pty)Ltd - Private Tours and Safari. Accessed: 10 Oktoobar 2018]</ref> [[Trekboers]]-kii goor dambe degay aagga ayaa ka soo qaatay magaca Augrabies. Magaca mararka qaarkood waxaa loo qoraa Aughrabies. Waxaa jira dhigaallo badan oo dheeman alluvial ah oo ku teedsan Wabiga Orange waxaana jira halyeey sheegaya in kaydka ugu weyn ee dheeman ee adduunka uu ku yaallo god-wareeg ah oo ku yaal granite-ka ee cagta biyo-dhaca oo ay qodeen biyaha onkodka ah.<ref>{{cite web| title =Encounter South Africa: Augrabies Falls| url =http://www.encounter.co.za/article/89.html| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015| archive-date =2018-01-26| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185720/http://www.encounter.co.za/article/89.html| url-status =dead}}</ref> == Nolosha xayawaanka iyo dhirta == [[File:Sociable Weavers nest in Quiver Tree (Aloidendron dichotomum) (51008121987).jpg|left|thumb|Buul [[Sociable weaver]] ah oo ku yaal Geedka Quiver.]] Geedka ugu caansan beerta waa geedka weyn ee aloe (''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'') oo loo yaqaan deegaanka ''geedka quiver'' ama {{Langx|af|kokerboom|label=none}}.<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls, Northern Cape| url =http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-augrabies-falls-northern-cape| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015 }}</ref> Waxay si dhammaystiran ula qabsatay aagagga dhagaxa ah ee semi-saxaraha ah ee laga helo [[Karoo#Nama Karoo biome|Nama-Karoo]], waxayna awood u leedahay inay u adkaysato heerkulka xad-dhaafka ah iyo ciidda aan bacrin ahayn. Geedkan, oo koraya ilaa shan mitir, wuxuu magaciisa ka helay xaqiiqda ah in Bushmen (San) ay isticmaaleen laamo jilicsan si ay u sameeyaan quiver-roor (galkii fallaarta) fallaarahooda. Silhouette-ka indhaha soo jiidanaya ee [[Aloidendron dichotomum|geedka quiver]] waa mid caadi u ah qaybtan dhulka Northern Cape. Marka geedku ubaxo xilliga jiilaalka, kooxo shimbiro ah ayaa lagu soo jiitaa nectar-kooda, daanyeeradana waxaa lagu arki karaa iyagoo jeexjeexaya ubaxa si ay u helaan cabitaanka macaan. [[Geedka Shepherd's]], geed jirrid leh oo ka baxa kayn-dhaqameed iyo bushveld qalalan, ayaa laga heli karaa aagga. Bulshooyinka Khoi iyo San ee ku xeeran aagaggan waxay geedkan u hayaan xushmad qoto dheer; burburintiisa waa mamnuuc.<ref name="Northern Cape">{{Cite web |title=Dassi Interpretive Trail."Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa". SANPARKS. Accessed: 10 Oktoobar 2018 |url=http://sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/dassie_trail_brochure_sandy.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616062254/https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/dassie_trail_brochure_sandy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Geedkani wuxuu kaloo ka baxaa qayb ka mid ah gobolka [[Free State (province)|Free State]]. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo xayawaan ah oo ku yaal 28,000 hektar ee Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies. Xayawaanada sida [[springbok]], [[gemsbok]] iyo [[south-central black rhinoceros]] oo khatar ku jira ayaa laga heli karaa halkan. Xayawaanada naadirka ah sida [[Cape clawless otter]] ayaa laga arki karaa aagga, iyadoo ay la socdaan [[black-backed jackal]], [[caracal]], [[bat-eared fox]] iyo [[African wildcat]].<ref name="Life" /> [[File:Echo Corner in Augrabies Falls National Park.jpg|left|thumb|Goobta Echo Corner waxaa ku yaal xayawaan faro badan.]] [[Nile monitor]], oo ah xamaaratada ugu weyn Afrika, ayaa laga heli karaa biyaha agtooda.<ref name="Northern Cape" /> [[Double-banded sandgrouse]] ayaa laga heli karaa halkan, iyadoo ay la socdaan [[Namaqua sandgrouse]] oo inta badan la arko.<ref name="Life" /> Kuwan waxaa laga helaa nidaamyada biyaha macaan, harooyinka, iyo badda inta ay biyo macaan oo la cabbi karo ay jiraan. Meel caan ah oo ku taal beerta waa ''Moon Rock'', oo ah [[exfoliation dome]] weyn oo cabbirkeedu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|700|m}} by {{convert|100|m}} iyo {{convert|30|m}} oo dherer ah.<ref name="PinchuckMcCrea2002" /><ref name="koedoe40-2">{{cite journal|author=African Protected Area Conservation and Science|title=Popups on Moon Rock, Augrabies Falls National Park|journal=Koedoe|year=1997|volume=40|issue=2|pages=75–84|url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/issue/view/22|access-date=12 Luulyo 2010|issn=0075-6458|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v40i2.274|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hawlaha == Ka sokow Augrabies Falls, hawlaha muhiimka ah ee beerta waxaa ka mid ah baabuur-wadid habeenkii inta lagu jiro xilliga ugu sarreeya; dariiqa Dassie iyo socodka 3-da maalmood ee Klipspringer.<ref name="Northern Cape" /> Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies waxay qiyaastii 8 saacadood u jirtaa [[Cape Town]], iyo 10 saacadood oo ka timid [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="Northern Cape" />[[File:Hikers_in_Augrabies_Falls_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Laba nin ayaa ku socda Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls, oo u dhow xadka u dhexeeya Koonfur Afrika iyo Namibia]] === Dariiqyada === Waxaa jira laba dariiq oo socod ah, labaduba waa kuwo is-hagaajiya oo leh calaamado [[waymark]] ah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AUGRABIES FALLS NATIONAL PARK - Dassie Interpretive Trail |url=https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/dassie_trail_brochure_sandy.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616062254/https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/dassie_trail_brochure_sandy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AUGRABIES FALLS NATIONAL PARK - Klipspringer Hiking Trail |url=https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/klipspringer_trail_brochure.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616060753/https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/klipspringer_trail_brochure.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Dariiqa Dassie ==== Dariiqa Dassie waa {{cvt|5|km}} dhererkiisu.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Dariiqa Klipspringer ==== Dariiqa Klipspringer ee 3-da maalmood ah waa {{cvt|14.4|km}} dhererkiisu.<ref name=":1" /> == Cimilada == Xilliga roobabku wuxuu dhacaa inta badan inta u dhaxaysa bilaha Janaayo ilaa Abriil. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Broadley's Flat Lizard]] * [[Beeraha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]] * [[Yosemite National Park]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{wikivoyage|Augrabies Falls National Park}} * [https://www.sanparks.org/parks/augrabies-falls Mareegta rasmiga ah] *{{commons category-inline}} {{authority control}} 5nal8fc6tpai30w1rhbpx3bp10gvve5 0 48203 301255 300794 2026-07-10T08:11:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Mbandaka | official_name = ''Ville de Mbandaka'' | settlement_type = Caasimadda gobolka iyo [[Magaalooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|magaalo]] | image_skyline = Stadsaanzichten f.JPG | image_caption = Xarunta ganacsiga ee Mbandaka, 2008 | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type = Waddanka | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|DR Kongo]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Équateur|Gobolka Équateur]] | parts_type = [[Degmooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|Degmooyin]] | parts_style = para | p1 = Mbandaka | p2 = [[Wangata]] | established_title = La aas-aasay | established_date = 1883 | established_title2 = [[Heerka magaalada]] | established_date2 = 1958 | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |title=Equateur : le nouveau maire de la ville de Mbandaka prend ses fonctions |url=https://acpcongo.com/index.php/2023/01/01/equateur-le-nouveau-maire-de-la-ville-de-mbandaka-prend-ses-fonctions/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |agency=Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP) |date=1 January 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> | government_type = | leader_title = Duqa magaalada | leader_name = [[Yves Balo]] | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = 460 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-mbandaka/?domaine=fiche caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-mbandaka/?domaine=fiche]</ref> | total_type = Magaalo | population_total = 1187837 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban_footnotes = <ref>[https://populationstat.com/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/mbandaka PopulationStat.com]</ref> | population_blank1_title = Qowmiyadaha | population_blank1 = [[Dadka Mongo|Anamongo]] | population_urban = 376000 | timezone = [[Waqtiga Galbeedka Afrika]] | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|0|02|52|N|18|15|21|E|region:CD|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = | elevation_m = 370 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mbandaka''' ({{IPA|sw|mbaˈnda.ka|pron}}, oo hore loogu yaqaanay '''Coquilhatville''' oo [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]] ah, ama '''Coquilhatstad''' oo [[Af-Holandees|Holandees]] ah) waa [[Magaalooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|magaalo]] ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] oo ku taal meel u dhow isgoyska wabiyada [[Wabiga Kongo|Kongo]] iyo [[Wabiga Ruki|Ruki]]. Waa caasimadda [[Gobolka Équateur|Gobolka Équateur]]. Magaalada waxaa aas-aasay 1883 sahmintii reer Boqortooyada Midowday ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]] magaca Équateurville. Xarunta dhexe ee Gobolka Afraad ee Ciidamada Badda ee [[Ciidamada Badda ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] waxay ku taallaa magaalada. == Juqraafi == Mbandaka waxay ku taal bariga wabiga [[Wabiga Kongo]] ee ka hooseeya afka [[Wabiga Ruki]], oo ah wabi laan u ah Kongo. Koonfurta [[Kaydka Ngiri]], oo ah aag weyn oo kayn qoyan ah oo ku taal dhinaca kale ee Kongo, waxay ku taal bartamaha [[Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe]] dhulka qoyan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6059 |title=CD003 Ngiri |publisher=Birdlife International |access-date=2012-01-30}}</ref> ==Sharaxaad== Mbandaka waa caasimadda gobolka Équateur, waxayna ku taal dhowr kiiloomitir u jirta dhulbaraha. Waxay hoy u tahay [[Madaarka Mbandaka]] waxaana ku xiran safar afar ilaa toddobo maalmood ah oo wabiga ah oo lagu tago [[Kinshasa]] iyo [[Boende]]. Kinshasa waa saacad duulimaad ah. Mbandaka waxaa inta badan deggan dad ka tirsan qowmiyadda [[Dadka Mongo|Mongo]], inkasta oo dad ka kala yimid qabiillo iyo gobollo badan ay magaalada ku nool yihiin. Luuqadaha ugu muhiimsan ee lagaga hadlo Mbandaka waa [[Af-Lingala|Lingala]], [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]], iyo [[Af-Mongo|Mongo]]. Sanooyin dagaal iyo dayac ah ayaa sababay in kaabayaashii magaalada ay burburaan; qaybo waaweyn oo magaalada ka mid ah ma laha koronto ama biyo socda. Inta badan waddooyinka iyo jidadka magaalada waa waddooyin aan laami ahayn. ==Taariikh== [[File:Mbandaka koloniale architectuur Banque du Congo belge.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Bangiga Kongo ee Belgian]] Mbandaka waxaa aas-aasay 1883 sahmintii reer Boqortooyada Midowday ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]], kaas oo u bixiyay ''"Équateurville."'' (Wakhtigaas dhulku wuxuu hoos imaan jiray xukunka shakhsiyeed ee Boqor Leopold II, boqorkii Belgians-ka iyo luuqadda rasmiga ahna waxay ahayd Faransiis.) Hoolka magaalada wuxuu ku yaallaa qiyaastii {{convert|4|km|mi|1|abbr=in}} waqooyiga [[dhulbaraha]]. Mbandaka waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu dhow dhulbaraha ee magaalo kasta oo muhiim ah oo adduunka ah. Stanley wuxuu dhigay "Dhagaxii Dhulbaraha" oo weyn meel u dhow bangiga wabiga koonfurta magaalada si uu u calaamadiyo meesha uu rumaysnaa in dhulbaraha uu ka tallaabo wabiga. Waxay halkaas ku taal maanta. Sababo la xiriira goobteeda calaamadeed ee u dhow dhulbaraha iyo Wabiga Kongo, waxaa jiray qorshayaal hore oo lagu doonayay in caasimadda [[Congo Free State]] lagu meeleeyo Coquilhatville, sida magaalada loogu yeeri jiray, laakiin weligood kama rumoobin. Qorshayaashan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha]] ee dad lagu qiyaasay 100,000 oo qof, saldhig tareen, kaniisad Katoolik ah, hoyga guddoomiyaha, iyo qasriga booqashooyinka mustaqbalka ee [[Leopold II ee Belgium|Boqor Leopold II ee Belgians]].<ref>''Le Congo: de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance'', Auguste Maurel, page 94-95</ref> 1886, bilowgii xukunka gumeysiga, Belgians-ku waxay u beddeleen magaca magaalada "Coquilhatville" iyagoo ugu magac daray [[Camille-Aimé Coquilhat]]. 1938, shaqo ayaa ka bilaabatay buundada wabiga Kongo ee ku xirta Coquilhatville iyo [[Congo-ga Faransiiska]] (hadda ah [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]). Shaqadii waa laga tagay markii uu bilowday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], waxaana kaliya oo hadhay aasaaskii tiirarka buundada. 1930-meeyadii, Dowladda [[Congo-ga Belgian]] waxay bilowday mashaariic dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan warshado iyo hool magaalada cusub. Hoolka magaalada waxaa la dhammaystiray 1947, isla markiiba ka dib dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Wakhtigaas, oo dhererkiisu ahaa {{convert|39|m|ft|abbr=in}}, wuxuu ahaa dhismihii ugu sarreeyay ee Congo-ga Belgian. Taallo Leopold II ah ayaa la saaray saqafkeeda. Hoolka magaalada waxaa burburiyay dab 1963.<ref>''Le Congo : de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance,'' Auguste Maurel, pp. 153-155</ref> Ka dib markii Congo-ga Belgian ay heshay xorriyaddeeda oo ay noqotay [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo (Léopoldville)|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], dowladdii cusub ayaa u beddeshay magaca magaaladan 1966 ''"Mbandaka"'' si ay u sharfto hoggaamiye maxalli ah oo caan ah. ===Xasuuqii Hutu-ga=== Meel u dhow dhammaadkii [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Kongo]] dabayaaqadii qarnigii 20-aad, boqolaal qof (inta badan qaxooti [[Hutu]], haween, iyo carruur) ayaa lagu xasuuqay halkan 13-kii Maajo, 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombshell UN report leaked: 'Crimes of genocide' against Hutus in Congo |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=August 26, 2010 | author=Jason Stearn |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2010/0826/Bombshell-UN-report-leaked-Crimes-of-genocide-against-Hutus-in-Congo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/1997/11/14/world/hidden-horrors-special-report-uncovering-guilty-footprints-along-zaire-s-long.html |title=Hidden Horrors: Special Report: Tracing the Guilty Footsteps Along Zaire's Long Trail of Death|work=New York Times |date=November 14, 1997 |author1=James C. McKinley Jr |author2=Howard W. French}}</ref> Askartii reer Kongo waxay sheegeen in amarku ka yimid Col. Wilson, oo madax u ahaa guuto ka tirsan ciidamada [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila|Kabila]], iyo Col. Richard, oo ahaa madaxa hawlgallada guutada, labaduba waxay ahaayeen [[Rwanda|Rwanda]]-yiin. Gen. Gaston Muyango (Congolese) wuxuu haystay cinwaanka taliyaha militariga laakiin ma lahayn awood dhab ah, ayay yiraahdeen.<ref>{{cite web|title=MASSACRES WERE A WEAPON IN CONGO'S CIVIL WAR |author=John Pomfret |work=Washington Post |date=June 11, 1997 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/06/11/massacres-were-a-weapon-in-congos-civil-war/d108200d-90f7-4ee9-8331-e0be34b9ea79/}}</ref> ===Dillaacii Ebola=== 16-kii Maajo 2018, kiis [[Ebola]] ah ayaa ka dhacay magaalada, iyadoo cudurku ku faafay halkaas ka dib [[2018_Equateur province Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak|dillaac ka dhacay miyiga]].<ref name = "patient zero">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/first-confirmed-urban-ebola-case-is-a-game-changer-in-congo/2018/05/17/430babce-5890-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html|title=First confirmed urban Ebola case is a 'game changer' in Congo outbreak|last=Bearak|first=Max|date=2018-05-17|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="BBC-2">{{Cite web|title=DR Congo Ebola outbreak: WHO in emergency talks as cases spread |publisher=BBC | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44164027}}</ref> Dillaac cusub ayaa la soo sheegay 1-dii Juun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second Ebola outbreak confirmed in DRC after four people die |publisher=Telegraph | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/experts-scramble-confirm-second-ebola-outbreak-drc/}}</ref> Saddex kiis ayaa waxaa xaqiijiyay [[WHO]] saddex kiis oo kalena waa suurtagal, kuwaas oo afar qof ay dhinteen ilaa 2-dii Juun, 2020. ==Meelaha ugu muhiimsan== ===Saldhigga Kaniisadda Katooliga iyo xarunta cilmi-baarista taariikhda Afrika ee Bamanya=== [[File:Missie kerk a.JPG|thumb|Kaniisadda Mashiiniyadii Qalbiga Quduuska ah (MSC) ee Bamanya, 2008.]] Xarun cilmi-baaris oo weyn oo ku saabsan taariikhda Afrika ee Bartamaha, oo ay markii hore aasaaseen Aabbayaasha [[Gustaaf Hulstaert]] iyo Honoré Vinck, waxay ku taal saldhigga kaniisadda Katooliga ee Bamanya (Ururka Qalbiga Quduuska ah ee Maryan (CCIM)), {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=in}} bari ka xigta Mbandaka.<ref>Eeg: www.aequatoria.be</ref> {{anchor|Beerta Botaniska ee Eala}} ===Beerta Botaniska ee Eala=== Waxaa jira beero botaniska oo ku yaalla Eala oo u dhow, qiyaastii {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=in}} bari ka xigta bartamaha magaalada. [[Beerta Botaniska ee Eala]], oo la aas-aasay 1900, waxay hore u lahayd inta u dhaxaysa 4,000 iyo 5,000 oo nooc. Waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|370|ha|acre|lk=in}} ururin gaar ah ({{convert|125|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}), kayn ({{convert|190|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}), marj ({{convert|50|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}) iyo savanna "Euobe" ({{convert|7|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}). Sababo la xiriira dagaal iyo khalkhal bulsho, beerta waa la dayacay. Waxaana lagu xiray xayndaab waana la tirsadaa [[qoryo goyn sharci darro ah]]. Buugga ugu dambeeyay ee hantideeda waxaa la daabacay 1924. ===Mashruuca guryaha ee ugu horreeya ee Habitat for Humanity International=== Mbandaka waa hoyga mashruuca ugu horreeya ee adduunka ee [[Habitat for Humanity]] International. Aasaasaha [[Millard Fuller]] wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii mashiin-yahan kaniisadda [[Disciples of Christ]] ee Mbandaka laga soo bilaabo 1973 ilaa 1976. Mashruuca guryaha ee Fuller ka bilaabay Mbandaka 1973 wuxuu caan ku noqday mashruuca ugu horreeya ee Habitat for Humanity markii Fuller uu aasaasay Habitat markii uu ku soo laabtay Mareykanka. [[File:Mbandaka Cathedral.jpg|260px|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Katooliga ee St Eugene ee Mbandaka. Erayada baiso baala nkolo, oo lagu qoray albaabka kaniisadda korkiisa, waa bilowgii Sabuurka 123 ee luuqadda Mongo.]] ==Cimilada== Mbandaka waxay leedahay [[cimilada kaynta roobka ee kulaylaha]] (''Af'') iyadoo la raacayo [[kala soocidda cimilada Köppen]]. Inkasta oo roobabka magaalada ay kala duwan yihiin, ma lahan [[xilli qalalan]]; bisha ugu qallalan waa Janaayo, celcelis ahaan qiyaastii {{convert|68|mm|in|1|disp=or}} roobab. Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Sebtembar oo leh {{convert|201|mm|in|1|disp=or}}. Heerkulku waa mid joogto ah sanadka oo dhan, iyadoo heerkulka dhexe uu u dhexeeyo {{convert|74|to|79|F|C|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=50046&cityname=Mbandaka%2C+Equateur%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&units= |title = Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Weather→Climate Summary) |publisher = weatherbase |access-date = 10 December 2022 |archive-date = 11 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221211064842/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=50046&cityname=Mbandaka,+Equateur,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&units= |url-status = dead }}</ref> {{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Mbandaka ([[Beerta Botaniska ee Eala]]), joogga {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1971–2000) |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C = 30.5 |Feb high C = 31.3 |Mar high C = 31.3 |Apr high C = 31.3 |May high C = 31.2 |Jun high C = 29.9 |Jul high C = 28.9 |Aug high C = 29.2 |Sep high C = 29.9 |Oct high C = 30.2 |Nov high C = 30.1 |Dec high C = 30.4 | year high C = |Jan low C = 20.7 |Feb low C = 20.8 |Mar low C = 21.0 |Apr low C = 21.2 |May low C = 21.3 |Jun low C = 20.8 |Jul low C = 20.3 |Aug low C = 20.3 |Sep low C = 20.4 |Oct low C = 20.6 |Nov low C = 20.7 |Dec low C = 20.9 | year low C = |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 68.0 |Feb rain mm = 94.0 |Mar rain mm = 168.0 |Apr rain mm = 137.0 |May rain mm = 111.0 |Jun rain mm = 90.0 |Jul rain mm = 104.0 |Aug rain mm = 166.0 |Sep rain mm = 201.0 |Oct rain mm = 186.0 |Nov rain mm = 134.0 |Dec rain mm = 96.0 |year rain mm = | source 1 = [[Ururka Cunnada iyo Beeraha|FAO]]<ref name=FAO>{{cite web | url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/ | title = CLIMWAT climatic database | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations | access-date = 28 August 2024 | archive-date = 27 Bisha Sideedaad 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250827181014/https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> }} ==Dadka== {{see also|Category:Dadka ka yimid Mbandaka|}} * [[Guy Loando Mboyo]], qareen iyo siyaasi * [[Roger Hitoto]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Frédéric Boyenga-Bofala]], siyaasi * [[José Bosingwa]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Adam Bombolé]], siyaasi * [[Issama Mpeko]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Banza Mukalay]], siyaasi * [[Jules Fontaine Sambwa]], dhaqaaleyahan iyo siyaasi ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Jaamacadda Mbandaka]] *[[Madaarka Mbandaka]] *[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mbandaka-Bikoro]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007132019/http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/0037/ Beeraha Botaniska ee Zaire iyo Xaaladda Hadda ee Kala-duwanaanshaha Nolosha ee Zaire] * {{cite web|url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11221|title=Villes de RD Congo - Mbandaka|date=2006-05-29|publisher=[[Howlgalka Qaramada Midoobay ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|MONUC]]|language=fr|access-date=2008-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304175734/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11221 |archive-date=2008-03-04}} {{Authority control}} cacqyblcu3fdfy6ole9yjsmy76h0ly6 0 48232 301228 300764 2026-07-10T04:21:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Sodwana | native_name = {{native name|af|Sodwanabaai}} | image = SODWANA BAY Beach (Humpback whale in foreground) - panoramio.jpg | caption = Muuqaalka xeebta gacanka iyadoo [[humpback whale]] uu ka muuqdo dhanka hore | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Koonfur Afrika | coords = {{coord|27|32|S|32|41|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers = | oceans = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | countries = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | length = | width = | area = | frozen = | islands = | cities = | embedded = }} '''Gacanka Sodwana''' waa [[gacan]] ku yaal [[Koonfur Afrika]] oo ku taal xeebta woqooyi ee [[KwaZulu Natal]], inta u dhaxaysa [[Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park|St. Lucia]] iyo [[Harada Sibhayi]]. Waxay ku dhex taal Beerta Qaranka ee Gacanka Sodwana, iyo Kaydka Badda ee Maputaland, waana goob caan ku ah [[quusitaanka madadaalada]]. Magaca waxaa caadi ahaan loo adeegsadaa in lagu tilmaamo labadaba kaydka badda iyo beerta dhulka, iyo sidoo kale gacanka juqraafi ahaan. [[Beerta Qaranka ee Gacanka Sodwana]] waa xariijin cidhiidhi ah oo ah dunes ciid kaymo ah oo ku yaal xeebta bari. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday beerta qaranka 1950-meeyadii, waxaana inta badan booqda kalluumaysato iyo quusayaal.<ref name="Nature reserve" /> Sodwana waxay ku taal [[Aagga Badda ee La Ilaaliyo ee Maputaland]] waana aagga kaliya ee quusitaanka isboortiga ee baaxadda leh ee ku yaal xeebta Greater St Lucia Wetlands Park (oo hadda loo bixiyay iSimangaliso{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}). Waxaa loo kala saaray mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu wanaagsan ee quusitaanka adduunka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top dive sites in the World {{!}} PADI|url=https://travel.padi.com/dive-sites/world/?ordering=-rating,-number_reviews|access-date=2021-04-30|website=PADI Travel|language=en}}</ref> beerta waxaa sanadkii booqda ilaa 35,000 oo quusayaal ah. Gacanku wuxuu u dhow yahay cidhifka koonfureed ee [[marine ecoregion|deegaanka badda]] ee kulaylaha ee galbeedka [[Indo-Pacific]], waxaana ku yaal [[Coral reef|xashiishka coral-ka]]. Xarigga {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} waa hoyga noocyo badan oo deegaan iyo socdaal ah. Dhowr kanaal oo badda hoosteeda ah ayaa gooyay cidhifka shelf-ka qaaradda, kaas oo aad ugu dhow xeebta. Waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwan oo 27 Nofeembar 2000 la ogaaday dad deegaan ah oo [[coelacanth]] ah. [[Sailfish]], [[king mackerel]], [[King mackerel|kingfish]] iyo noocyada kale ee kalluunka ayaa u guura dhanka koonfureed ee xeebta bari ee Afrika, tan iyo markii hawlaha [[Piracy|burcad-badeedda]] ee xeebta woqooyi-bari ee Afrika ay sii bateen, dadka kalluunka ee caafimaadka qaba ayaa mar kale gaaray ilaa koonfurta xeebta Koonfur Afrika, taas oo dib u dhistay Sodwana sidii goob kalluumaysi oo isboorti ah.<ref>{{cn|date=May 2018}}</ref> [[Aagga badda ee la ilaaliyo]] waxaa lagu yaqaan [[megafauna|naasleyda badda]] ee halista ugu jira oo ay ka mid yihiin [[whale shark]], [[great white shark]], [[Bull shark|zambezi sharks]], [[hammerhead shark]], [[blacktip shark]], [[manta rays]], [[orange-spotted grouper]], [[potato cod]], [[leatherback turtle|quraanjada maqaarka]] oo si weyn halis ugu jira,<ref name=Sibonya /> [[loggerhead sea turtle|quraanjada loggerhead]], iyo [[coelacanth]].<ref name="Venter et al 1992" /> Daah-furka Coelacanths ayaa gobolka ka dhigay mid caan ka ah adduunka. Cadadka Maarso 2011 ee ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', maqaal gaaban oo cinwaankiisu ahaa ''Dabaal-yaqaannadii Hore'' ayaa soo baxay, kaas oo ka hadlayay daahfurka [[coelacanths]] ee moolka Gacanka Sodwana iyo agagaarkeeda. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah maqaalka qoran ayaa sharraxaysa: {{quote|"Tan iyo markii la arkay fursaddan, ''[[Latimeria chalumnae]]'' waxaa laga helay dhowr jeebadood gudaha iyo hareeraha Badweynta Hindiya. Qofna ma garanayo inta ay yihiin - laga yaabee in ay u yar yihiin 1,000 ama ilaa 10,000. Sababo la xiriira qoto-dheerida deegaankooda, waxaa inta badan sawiray submersibles iyo baabuurta laga maamulo meel fog. Quusayaashii ayaa markii ugu horreysay diiwaangeliyay kalluunka [ee Gacanka Sodwana] sannadkii 2000; Janaayo iyo Febraayo 2010, koox si gaar ah loo tababaray ayaa quustay si ay sawirro uga qaadaan [mid kale] gumeysi yar oo ku yaal Gacanka Sodwana, Koonfur Afrika."}} [[Whale watching|Daawashada nibiriga]] ee beegsanaya nibiriyada socdaalka ama deegaanka waa warshad dalxiis oo maxalli ah.<ref name="Sodwana Bay Lodge" /> [[Bottlenose dolphin|Dolphin-ka]] ayaa ku nool agagaarka waxaana la arkay iyagoo la dabaalanaya shark-ka nibiriga. [[Humpback whale|Nibiriyada humpback]] ayaa u guura gacanka inta lagu jiro xilliyada jiilaalka ilaa gu'ga halka [[southern right whale]] iyo noocyada kale ay aad u yar yihiin. [[Orca|Nibiri-dilaha]] ayaa sidoo kale booqan kara biyaha gacanka.{{cn|date=May 2018}} Aagagga dhulka ee [[iSimangaliso Wetland Park]] waa hoyga noocyada xayawaanka waaweyn ee dhulka sida [[libaax]], [[gerraaf]], [[maroodi]], [[hippopotamus|jeer]] iyo [[rhinoceros|wiyil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=William |title=Africa's big five |date=1999 |publisher=Southern |others=Gerald Hinde, R. F. Du Toit |isbn=1-86812-779-6 |location=Johannesburg |oclc=42659355}}</ref> ==Cimilada== Cimiladu waa mid kulaylaha ah iyadoo heerkulka biyuhu inta badan ka sarreeyaan {{convert|20|C|F}}, ilaa {{convert|29|C|F}} xagaaga. ==Deegaanka== ===Dhulka=== [[File:Ecoregions of South Africa.svg|thumb|upright=2|Khariidadda Deegaannada Koonfur Afrika ]] ===Badda=== [[File:Ecoregions of SA EEZ.png|thumb|upright=2|alt=Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone |Sodwana waxay ku taal Delagoa coastal ecoregion]] Biyaha xeebta ee Gacanka Sodwana waxay ku jiraan [[Delagoa|Delagoa coastal marine ecoregion]]. {{expand section|date=May 2018}} ==Dhaqaalaha== Dhaqaalaha maxalliga ah wuxuu ku salaysan yahay dalxiiska. ===Dalxiiska=== Dalxiiska aaggan wuxuu ku salaysan yahay quusitaanka isboortiga, kalluumaysiga isboortiga iyo safarrada beerta ciyaarta. ====Quusitaanka madadaalada==== {{see|iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area#Scuba diving|Scuba diving tourism|Environmental impact of recreational diving}} Ruqsad ayaa looga baahan yahay in lagu quuso wax kasta oo MPA ah gudaha Koonfur Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan [[goobaha quusitaanka madadaalada]] ee Aagga Badda ee La Ilaaliyo ee iSimangaliso. Ruqsadahani waxay ansax yihiin hal sano waxaana laga heli karaa qaar ka mid ah laamaha Xafiiska Boostada.<ref name="Gazette 39646 I" /> Ruqsadaha ku-meel-gaarka ah, oo ansax ah bil, waxaa laga yaabaa in laga heli karo dukaamada quusitaanka ama hawl-wadeennada doonyaha quusitaanka ee ka shaqeeya MPA. Ruqsadda quusitaanka madadaalada ee shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ansax ku tahay dhammaan MPA-yada Koonfur Afrika halkaas oo quusitaanka madadaalada loo oggol yahay. Ruqsadda ganacsiga ee loogu talagalay in lagu fuliyo hawlaha ganacsiga quusitaanka madadaalada ee MPA waxaa lagu xaddiday MPA gaar ah. Quusitaanka ujeedooyin ganacsi ama saynis sidoo kale wuxuu hoos yimaadaa ruqsad. Dhowr goobood oo lagu dabaasho, iyo tiro badan oo goobaha quusitaanka ah ayaa loo heli karaa quusitaanka madadaalada. Dhowr hawl-wadeennada quusitaanka ayaa ku sugan Sodwana, qalabka iyo buuxinta gaaska waa la heli karaa. Xaaladaha quusitaanka guud ahaan waa kuwo wanaagsan sanadka oo dhan, laakiin aragga ugu wanaagsan ee ilaa 30 mitir ayaa ugu suurtogalsan inta lagu jiro Abriil ilaa Sebteembar. Cimilada ku habboon quusitaanka habeenkii waa la diyaarin karaa.<ref name="Nature reserve" /> Goobaha quusitaanka waxaa lagu ururiyay aagagga soo socda:<ref name="Nature reserve" /> *Two-mile Reef waa aagga ugu caansan ee leh qoto dheer oo u dhaxaysa 9 mitir ilaa in ka badan 30 mitir xagga cidhifka dibadda. *Quarter Mile Reef waxaa inta badan la quustaa Janaayo iyo Febraayo marka [[Ragged-toothed shark|shark-ga ilkaha fiiqan]] ay isugu yimaadaan. *Stringer Reef oo qoto dheer oo 14 mitir ah waa reef yar oo leh noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo ah. *Four and Five Mile Reefs waxay ku saabsan yihiin {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} laga bilaabo Jesser Point. Waxay yihiin kuwo xoogaa qoto dheer, waxayna leeyihiin coral-yo laamo leh, miis iyo saxan. *Seven Mile Reef waa aagga ku saabsan {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} woqooyi ka xigta Jesser Point. Waxaa jira overhangs, drop-offs iyo reef-yo likaha ah. *Nine Mile Reef waa reef-ka ugu woqooyi ee aagagga la heli karo. Qoto dheeridu waxay u dhaxaysaa 6 ilaa 21 mitir. Waxaa jira coral geed cagaaran oo ku taal dhinaca badda ee reef-ka. *Quusitaanka Coelacanth ee kanaalka waxay u baahan yihiin ruqsad gaar ah iyo shahaado iyo karti ku filan quusitaanka trimix ee qoto dheer oo ka badan 100 m. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:View over Mgobezeleni Lake towards Sodwana Bay.jpg|Muuqaalka Harada Mgobezeleni ee u jeeda Gacanka Sodwana File:Sodwana Beach.jpg|Xeebta Sodwana File:Sodwana Beach ... (Photo JC PLE) - 52313083832.jpg|alt= </gallery> ==Tixraac== <references> <ref name="Gazette 39646 I" >{{cite journal |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |journal=Regulation Gazette No. 10553 |title=R118. Draft Regulations for the management of the Isimangaliso Marine Protected Area |volume=608 |issue=39646 |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria |access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=7 Bisha Labaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182757/http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Nature reserve" >{{cite web|url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/ |accessdate=19 March 2021 }}</ref> <ref name=Sibonya>{{cite web|website=Siyabona Africa Travel |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park.html |title=Sodwana Bay National Park, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Sodwana Bay Lodge">{{cite web |website=Sodwana Bay Lodge |url=http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |title=Whale watching |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-date=18 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103712/http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |url-status=dead }}{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103712/http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |date=18 December 2014 }}</ref> <ref name="Venter et al 1992">{{cite web |last1=Venter |first1=Pieter |last2=Timm |first2=Peter |last3=Gunn |first3=Gilbert |last4=le Roux |first4=Etienne |last5=Serfontein |first5=Christo |last6=Smith |first6=Pieter |last7=Smith |first7=Erna |last8=Bensch |first8=Martin |last9=Harding |first9=Dennis |last10=Heemstra |first10=Phillip |date=1992 |url=http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |title=Discovery of a viable population of Coelacanths (Latimeria Chalumnae Smith, 1939) at Sodwana Bay, South Africa] |website= |publisher=Science in Africa |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-date=18 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103600/http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |url-status=dead }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103600/http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |date=1992 }}</ref> </references> ==Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commonscat inline}} * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/ St Lucia 3974 South Africa Website] {{Wayback|url=https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/ |date=20260510181334 }} * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/knowledgebase/sodwana-bay-info/ Gacanka Sodwana]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/sodwana-bay-bookings/ Quusitaanka iyo Hoyga Gacanka Sodwana] {{Wayback|url=https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/sodwana-bay-bookings/ |date=20250520093329 }} * [https://sodwanabayskipperstraining.co.za/ Tababarka Kabtanka Xeebta] p4dmdc7jx77a5fjqtkijg6x7xqle8x4 0 48233 301227 300038 2026-07-10T04:12:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Saldanha | native_name ={{native name|af|Saldanhabaai}} | image = ISS006-E-37009 - View of South Africa, Saldanha Bay.jpg | caption = Gacanka Saldanha oo laga soo eegay hawada sannadkii 2003. Dhanka hoose (koonfur) waa [[Langebaan Lagoon]] | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Koonfur Afrika | coords = {{coord|33|02|05|S|18|00|35|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers = | oceans = [[Badweynta Koonfurta Atlaantigga]] | countries = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | length = {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} | area = | frozen = | islands = [[St Croix Islands]], <br />[[Bird Island, Algoa Bay|Jasiiradaha Bird]] | cities = [[Saldanha, Western Cape|Saldanha]], [[Langebaan]] }} '''Gacanka Saldanha''' ({{langx|af|Saldanhabaai}}) waa [[gacan dabiici ah]] oo ku yaal xeebta koonfur-galbeed ee [[Koonfur Afrika]].<ref name=eb>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Saldanha Bay |volume=24 |page=60 |inline=1}}</ref> Magaalada ka soo baxday xeebta woqooyi ee gacanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Saldanha, Western Cape|Saldanha]], ayaa lala midoobay shan magaalo oo kale [[Saldanha Bay Local Municipality]] sannadkii 2000. Dadka hadda ku nool degmadu waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 72,000. Meeshan waxaa lagu xusay daabacaaddii ugu horreysay ee [[John Locke]] ''[[Two Treatises of Government]]'' tusaale ahaan xaaladda dabiiciga ah.<ref>''Second Treatise'', sec. 14. Locke waxa uu beddelay tixraaca "Soldania" sheeko uu sheegay [[Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler)|Garcilaso de la Vega]] oo ku saabsan jasiirad cidlo ah daabacaadaha xiga (Peter Laslett, ed., ''Two Treatises of Government'', by John Locke, student edition [New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988], 277n).</ref> Goobta Gacanka Saldanha waxay ka dhigtaa janno loogu talagalay dadka xiiseeya [[ciyaaraha biyaha]], dhaqaalaheeda maxalliga ahna waxay si xooggan ugu tiirsan yihiin kalluumeysiga, mussels-ka, habaynta cuntooyinka badda, warshadaha birta iyo dekedda. Intaa waxaa dheer, dekeddeeda la ilaaliyo waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa mashruuca birta ee Sishen-Saldanha (oo ay ku xiran tahay [[Sishen-Saldanha Railway Line]]) halkaas oo [[Saldanha Steel]] ay ka qaadato doorka dhexe. ==Juqraafi== Gacanka Saldanha wuxuu ku yaal qiyaastii {{convert|105|km}} woqooyi galbeed ee [[Cape Town]]. Wuxuu u jeedaa koonfur-galbeed wuxuuna dhererkiisu yahay 11&nbsp;km ballaciisuna yahay 12&nbsp;km. Langebaan Lagoon, oo ah qayb dheer oo gacanka ah, ayaa u fidsan 14&nbsp;km dhanka koonfur-bari ee ka soo jeeda geeska koonfur-bari ee gacanka gudaha ee Langebaan. ==Taariikh== Gacanka Saldanha waxaa loogu magac daray [[António de Saldanha]], oo ahaa kabtanka markab ka mid ahaa maraakiibta [[Afonso de Albuquerque|Albuquerque]] ee soo booqday [[Koonfur Afrika]] sannadkii 1503. Magaca waxaa markii ugu horreysay la siiyay [[Table Bay]], halkaas oo markabkii Saldanha uu xirtay. Markii Table Bay la siiyay magaceeda hadda sannadkii 1601, magaca hore ayaa loo wareejiyay gacanka hadda loogu yeero Saldanha. Sannadkii 1781 koox Ingiriis ah oo uu hoggaaminayay Commodore George Johnstone ayaa [[Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781)|qabsaday lix markab oo Holland East Indiamen]], kuwaas oo ka baqay weerar lagu qaado Cape Town, waxayna magangelyo ka raadsadeen Gacanka Saldanha. Tani waxay ahayd guushii kaliya, ilaa inta Koonfur Afrika ay khusayso, ee duullaankii loo diray inay qabsadaan Cape Town intii lagu jiray [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War|dagaalkii 1781–1783]].<ref name=eb/> Dublamaasi [[Edmund Roberts (diplomat)|Edmund Roberts]] ayaa booqday gacanka sannadkii 1833. Wuxuu xusay in uu ahaa "mid si wanaagsan looga ilaaliyo dabaylaha rabshadaha wata, iyadoo uu jiro qoto dheer oo biyo ah oo ku filan, laakiin waddanku aad buu u ciid badan yahay beerashaduna aad uma daryeesho; dhawr lo' iyo ido ah ayaa lagu koriyay dhirta yar ee halkaas taal." Wuxuu soo jeediyay inay ahayd aag aan dhacdooyin badan ka dhicin in la booqdo, marka laga reebo dhowr meelood oo ku yaal gacanka oo [[nibiri|nibiriyadu]] ku noolaayeen intii lagu jiray booqashadiisa.<ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Edmund|title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat|year=1837|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York|page=389|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/389/|access-date=2026-06-28|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920082028/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/389/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gacanka Saldanha wuxuu sidoo kale hoy u yahay warshado badan oo kalluunka qasa. Midda ugu caansan waa Shirkadda Saldanha Bay Canning Company, oo ay aasaaseen James Kasner iyo Ellis Silverman sannadkii 1905. Iyadoo ay jiraan xiriir taariikhi ah oo militariga oo xooggan, Saldanha waxay sidoo kale martigelisaa saldhig tababar oo Naval ah iyo [[South African Military Academy]]. Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee SAS Saldanha wuxuu bixiyaa soo bandhigid ubaxyo duurjoog ah inta lagu jiro jiilaalka dambe iyo gu'ga halka [[southern right whales|nibiriyada midig ee koonfureed]] ay sidoo kale booqdaan biyaha ku yaal iyo hareeraha kaydka dabiiciga ah. Aaggu wuxuu leeyahay cimilo Mediterranean-ka ah laakiin roobabka sanadlaha ah waa kuwo aad u hooseeya; waxay ku dhowdahay gobolka lamadegaanka ee [[Namaqualand]]. ==Maalintan casriga ah== Dekeddu waxay u kortay deked casri ah dhowaanahan oo kaliya, markii ay lagama maarmaan noqotay in la fududeeyo dhoofinta birta ee ka imanaysa [[Northern Cape]]. Tani waxay u baahneyd dhismaha tareen in ka badan 800 kiiloomitir ilaa miinada ee [[Sishen]] ee [[Northern Cape]] iyo dhismaha deked biyo qoto dheer oo ku taal Gacanka Saldanha si loo dejiyo maraakiibta xamuulka ee [[Capesize]]. ==Galabta sawirrada== <gallery mode=packed heights=165> File:Saldanhabay.JPG|Gacanka dibadda iyadoo hirarka badda ay garaacayaan xeebta File:TF.Langebaan.jpg|Muuqaalka gacanka gudaha ee laga eegayo Langebaan File:Laangebaan Lagoon, West Coast National Park.jpg|Muuqaalka Langebaan Lagoon File:Saldanha Bay Sunset.jpg|Muuqaalka guri kalluumaysi oo ku yaal meel u dhow xarunta gacanka </gallery> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[List of bays of South Africa|Liiska gacmaha Koonfur Afrika]] *[[Battle of Saldanha Bay (1781)]] *[[Capitulation of Saldanha Bay]] *[[Saldanha man]] *[[West Coast National Park]] * [[List of deepest natural harbours|Liiska dekedaha dabiiciga ah ee ugu qoto dheer]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} dpz4o6xg4semeqm9n1t6uo2os7w4jft 0 48239 301226 300488 2026-07-10T04:10:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Abu Qir | native_name ={{native name|ar|خليج أبو قير}} | other_name = | image = AbuQirBay.png | alt = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee xeebta Masar | caption = Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Abu Qir Bay | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Gobolka Beheira]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|31|18|N|30|10|E|region:EG_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = Gacan | etymology = Abu Qir waa Af-Carabi macnaheedu yahay "[[Cyrus and John|Aabbe Cyrus]]", oo ah shahiid ka tirsan [[Kaniisadda Koobtigga]]. | part_of = [[Badda Mediterranean]] | inflow = [[Rosetta]] afka [[Niil]], [[Harada Idku]] | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = | engineer = | date-flooded = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|500–600|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|10–12|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|5–6|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = Heerka badda | temperature_high = | temperature_low = | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Abu Qir Bay ee Masar | website = | reference = ''Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control''.<ref name= Eutrophication>{{cite book|title=Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wB70HmdWx9QC|volume=1|first1=Abid A.|last1=Ansari|first2=Gill Sarvajeet|last2=Singh|first3=Guy R.|last3=Lanza|first4=Walter|last4=Rast|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9789048196258|page=174}}</ref> }} '''Gacanka Abu Qir''' (mararka qaarkood '''Abukir Bay''' ama '''Aboukir Bay'''; {{Langx|ar|خليج أبو قير|Khalīj Abū Qīr}}) waa gacan ballaaran oo ku taal [[Badda Mediterranean]] meel u dhow [[Iskandariya]] ee [[Masar]], oo u dhaxaysa afka [[Rosetta]] ee [[Niil]] iyo magaalada [[Abu Qir]]. Magaalooyinkii qadiimiga ahaa ee [[Canopus (Egypt)|Canopus]], [[Heracleion]] iyo [[Menouthis]] ayaa ku hoos jira biyaha gacanka. Sannadkii 1798 wuxuu ahaa goobtii [[Battle of the Nile|Dagaalkii Niil]], oo ahaa dagaal badeed u dhexeeyay [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Ingiriiska]] iyo ciidanka badda ee [[French First Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Koowaad ee Faransiiska]]. Gacanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay goob [[natural gas|gaas dabiici ah]], oo la helay 1970-meeyadii. ==Juqraafi== Abu Qir Bay waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{convert|20|km}} bari ka xigta Iskandariya, oo ku xaddidan dhinaca koonfur-galbeed ee madaxa Abu Qir, halkaas oo ay ku taal magaalada [[Abu Qir]], iyo dhinaca woqooyi-bari ee afka [[Rosetta]] ee [[Niil]]. Gacanku waa gobol xeebta Masar ah oo aad u bacrin ah laakiin waxaa ku dhaca [[eutrophication]] daran iyo wasakh ka timaada warshadaha iyo qashinka guryaha oo aan la daweyn.<ref name= Eutrophication/> [[ABU QIR Fertilizers and Chemicals Industries Company]], oo ah soo-saare weyn oo ah [[nitrogen fertilizer|bacriminta nitrogen]], ayaa ku taal gacanka. ==Qarqoomi== Ilaha qadiimiga ah ayaa tilmaamaya in laanta Canopic ee [[Nile Delta|Delta-da Niil]] ay mar gashay badda meel u dhow Heracleion ama qaybta bari ee Canopus. Isku-darka qoraallada Islaamiga ah iyo baaritaannada iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[geoarchaeology]] waxay soo jeedinayaan in laantan ay weli jirtay qarnigii sideedaad, markii qarqoomi weyn ay keentay in Canopus-ta bari ay ku degto gacanka. Laantii Canopic ayaa markii dambe hoos u dhacday oo ugu dambayntii xirantay.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ|first=John|last=Cooper|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2014|isbn=9789774166143|pages=30, 58–59, 74}}</ref> Dhulka aagga Canopus wuxuu la kulmay kor u kaca heerka badda, dhulgariirro, [[tsunami|sunamis]], iyo qaybo badan oo ka mid ah waxay u muuqdaan inay horey ugu sujuudeen [[soil liquefaction|dareere-dhuleed]] waqti ka mid ah dhamaadka qarnigii 2aad ee BC,<ref name=LostCities6>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/15/lost-cities-6-thonis-heracleion-egypt-sunken-sea|title=Lost cities #6: how Thonis-Heracleion resurfaced after 1,000 years under water|last=Shenker|first=Jack|date=15 Aug 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=11 Feb 2018}}</ref> oo noqday kuwo qarqoomi ah. ==Qadiimiga== [[File:Canopus menouthis herakleion.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda Delta-da Niil oo muujinaysa [[Canopus (Egypt)|Canopus]], [[Heracleion]], iyo [[Menouthis]]-ta qadiimiga ah]] Waqtiyadii qadiimiga ahaa Abu Qir Bay waxaa ku hareeraysan marshland waxayna lahayd dhowr jasiiradood. Ilaa qarnigii 7aad ee BC, magaalooyinka dekedaha waxaa laga aasaasay gacanka. Gacanku hadda wuxuu ka kooban yahay goobaha qadiimiga ah ee biyaha hoostooda ee saddex magaalo oo ka soo jeeda xilliyadii pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic iyo Roomaanka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mirsky |first=Steve |date=31 January 2010 |title=Cleopatra's Alexandria Treasures |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/cleopatras-alexandria-treasures-10-01-31/ |newspaper=Scientific American |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Qaybta bari ee magaaladii qadiimiga ahayd ee [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopus]] ayaa ku qarqoomay gacanka,<ref>{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Edward |date=3 June 2010 |title=Cleopatra's Underwater Kingdom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/arts/design/04cleo.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> oo ay la socdaan hadhaagii [[Menouthis]]<ref>{{cite press release |last=Shwartz |first=Mark |date=11 December 2000 |title=Scientists, archaeologists and historians will unravel the mystery of Egypt's sunken cities |url=http://news.stanford.edu/pr/00/agunur110.html |location=California |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622105451/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/00/agunur110.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo magaalada walaasheed [[Heracleion|Herakleion–Thonis]] oo hadda ku taal 7 kiiloomitir xeebta.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lost underwater city explored in documentary |url=http://neoskosmos.com/news/en/Lost-underwater-city-explored-in-documentary |newspaper=Νεος Κοσμος |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Waxaa qoday qadiimiga biyaha hoostooda ee Faransiiska [[Franck Goddio]]. Nofeembar 2017, ergada Masar oo kaashanaysa Machadka Yurub ee Qadiimiga Biyaha hoostiisa ayaa ku dhawaaqay helitaanka saddex markab oo qarqoomay oo 2,000 oo sano jir ah oo ku noqday xilligii Roomaanka ee [[Iskandariya]] Abu Qir Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Sunken vessels dating back to Roman era discovered in Alexandria|url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/sunken-vessels-dating-back-roman-era-discovered-alexandria/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Remains of 3 ships dating back to Roman era Found in Alex.|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/33550/Remains-of-3-ships-dating-back-to-Roman-era-Found|access-date=2020-12-28|website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Xamuulka qarqoomay waxaa ka mid ahaa madax boqornimo oo kiristaalo ah oo laga yaabo inay lahaayeen taliyihii ciidammada Roomaanka ee "Antonio", saddex lacag oo dahab ah oo ka timid xilligii Emperor Octavius Augustus, looxyo alwaax waaweyn iyo weel dhoobo ah.<ref>{{Cite news|title=2,000-year-old Roman shipwrecks discovered near coast of Alexandria, Egypt|url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/roman-shipwrecks-discovered-near-coast-of-alexandria-egypt-1.5467698|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204075207/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/roman-shipwrecks-discovered-near-coast-of-alexandria-egypt-1.5467698|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2018|access-date=2020-12-28|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref> Julaay 2019, macbud Giriig ah oo yar iyo tiirar granite ah oo qadiimi ah, maraakiib khasnad leh, oo ay la socdaan lacagta naxaasta ah ee xukunkii [[Ptolemy II]], dhoobada laga soo bilaabo qarniyadii saddexaad iyo afraad ee BC ayaa laga helay magaaladii qarqoomay ee [[Heracleion]], oo loo yaqaan Atlantis ee Masar. Baaritaannada waxaa sameeyay quusayaal Masar iyo Yurub ah oo uu hoggaaminayay qadiimiga biyaha hoostiisa [[Franck Goddio]]. Waxay kaloo soo saareen macbud taariikhi ah oo gebi ahaanba burburay (macbudka ugu weyn ee magaalada) oo ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi ee Masar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/7097571|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Topics|first=Head|website=Head Topics|date=24 July 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695|title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion|last=EDT|first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM|date=2019-07-23|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Santos|first=Edwin|date=2019-07-28|website=Nosy Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|archive-date=2019-08-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html|title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City|last=History|first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z|website=livescience.com|date=29 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> Dhowr maraakiib qarqoomay ayaa laga qoday gacanka, oo ay ku jiraan doon xafladeed ([[Neshmet]] doon) oo loo huray [[Osiris]] iyo dhowr maraakiib [[Roman Empire|Roomaan]] ah.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=23 November 2017 |title=Archeologists discover three Roman-era shipwrecks in Egypt's north coast |newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]] |location=[[Istanbul]] |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2017/11/24/archeologists-discover-three-roman-era-shipwrecks-in-egypts-north-coast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124155224/https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2017/11/24/archeologists-discover-three-roman-era-shipwrecks-in-egypts-north-coast |archive-date=24 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Khalil |first1=Emad |last2=Mustafa |first2=Mohamed |year=2002 |chapter=Chapter 31: Underwater archaeology in Egypt |editor1-last=Ruppé |editor1-first=Carol V. |editor2-last=Barstad |editor2-first=Janet F. |title=International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic |pages=519–534 |isbn=978-0-306-46345-7}}</ref> ==Dagaalkii Niil== {{Main|Battle of the Nile}} [[File:The Battle of the Nile, 1 August 1798.jpg|thumb|Maraakiibta Ingiriiska oo weeraraya maraakiibta Faransiiska ee Abukir]] 1-dii Agoosto, 1798, [[Horatio Nelson]] wuxuu la dagaallamay dagaalkii badeed ee "Battle of the Nile", oo inta badan loo yaqaan "Battle of Aboukir Bay". (Lama wareerin Dagaalkii Abukir (1799) iyo Dagaalkii Abukir (1801).) 1-dii Maarso 1801, qiyaastii 70 maraakiib dagaal oo Ingiriis ah, oo ay weheliyaan gaadiid siday 16,000 oo askari, ayaa ku soo xirtay Aboukir Bay meel u dhow [[Iskandariya]]. Ujeedadu waxay ahayd in laga adkaado xooggii Faransiiska ee ku haray Masar ka dib markii [[Napoleon]] uu ku laabtay Faransiiska. Cimilada xun ayaa dib u dhigtay bixitaanka muddo toddobaad ah laakiin, 8-dii Maarso, Kabtan [[Alexander Cochrane]] oo ka tirsan [[HMS Ajax (1798)|HMS ''Ajax'']] wuxuu geeyay 320 doonyood, oo laba saf ah, si ay ciidammada u keenaan xeebta. Beteriyada xeebta Faransiiska ayaa ka soo horjeeday soo degitaanka, laakiin Ingiriisku waxay awood u yeesheen inay dib u celiyaan, maalintii xigtayna, dhammaan ciidankii Ingiriiska ee Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]] waxay joogeen xeebta. Ingiriisku waxay markaas ka adkaadeen ciidankii Faransiiska ee [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Dagaalkii Iskandariya]]. [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|Go'doomintii Iskandariya]] ayaa timid, magaaladuna waxay dhacday 2-dii Sebtember 1801. ''[[French ship Orient (1791)|L’Orient]]'', markabkii calanka ee Napoleon, waxaa burburiyay maraakiibtii Nelson wuxuuna ku yaallaa gacanka oo ku yaal gunta badda. Waxay sidday shan milyan oo francs oo dahab ah iyo hal milyan oo lacag ah oo laga soo qaatay [[Knights Hospitaller]] ee [[Malta]]. Intii u dhaxaysay 1998 iyo 1999, qadiimiga Faransiiska Franck Goddio wuxuu hoggaamiyay duullaan sameeyay daraasad qadiimiga ah oo biyaha hoostooda ah oo goobta burburka ah.<ref>{{cite web|title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet|url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html|website=Franck Goddio|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> ==Jasiiradda Nelson== {{Main|Nelson's Island}} Jasiiradda Nelson, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Aboukir, waa jasiirad {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}}-dheer oo ku taal Abu Qir bay oo loo isticmaalo dalxiiska iyo madadaalada. Jasiiraddu waxay hoos u dhacday cabbir ahaan tan iyo qadiimiga iyadoo ay sabab u tahay nabaad-guurka iyo dhagaxaanta dhagaxa. Markii ay qayb ka ahayd [[Ancient Egypt|Masar-tii Qadiimiga ahayd]] waxay u badan tahay inay ku xirnayd dhul-weynaha waxa hadda ah saldhigga ciidanka badda ee Aboukir. Waqtiyadii Fircooniga jasiiraddu waxay ku taallay waddo ganacsi oo aasaasi ah oo loo maro Webiga Niil waxayna noqotay xarun weyn oo diimeed iyo ganacsi. Waxaa jira caddayn qadiimiga ah in necropolis-ka darajo sare leh la dhigay jasiiradda. Intii lagu jiray [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyada Ptolemaic]] jasiiradda waa la xoojiyay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Graves Found Shows Women Fought With British in the 1798 Battle of the Nile|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.733462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726205706/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.733462|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 26, 2016|author=Philippe Bohstrom|date=26 July 2016|work=Haaretz}}</ref> Ka dib Dagaalkii Niil ee 1798, dhowr Ingiriis ah oo dhintay ayaa lagu aasay jasiiradda. Qabrigooda waxaa la helay 2000. Maadaama ay halis ugu jireen nabaad-guurka badda, soddon meyd oo dib ayaa loogu aasay Chatby [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Commonwealth War Graves]] Cemetery ee Iskandariya 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reburial for Nelson's comrades|url=http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/hi/uk/4455033.stm|date=18 April 2005|work=BBC News}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Harada Burullus]] * [[Harada Mariout]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} cu8vk9ri3uanfoglmi36ybe2ejgtwra 0 48262 301247 300096 2026-07-10T07:20:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Les Avirons |commune status = [[Communes of France|Degmo]] |image coat of arms = Blason ville DomFr Les Avirons (La Réunion).svg |image = Tevelave Eglise.JPG |map = Locator map of Les Avirons 2018.png |arrondissement = [[Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint-Pierre]] |canton = L'Étang-Salé |INSEE = 97401 |postal code = 97425 |mayor = Eric Ferrere<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=French}}</ref> |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = [[Communauté intercommunale des Villes solidaires|Villes solidaires]] |coordinates = {{coord|-21.2419|55.3333|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 268 |elevation min m = 0 |elevation max m = 2565 |area km2 = 26.27 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Les Avirons''' ({{IPA|fr|lez‿aviʁɔ̃|audio|LL-Q150 (fra)-Noaius Paticus-Les Avirons.wav}}, macnaheedu yahay "saallooyinka" af Faransiis), waa [[communes of France|degmo]] ku taal [[Réunion]] oo ah [[overseas department|waax dibadda ah]] ee [[France]] ee [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay degmooyinka [[Saint-Leu, Réunion|Saint-Leu]], [[Cilaos]], [[Saint-Louis, Réunion|Saint-Louis]] iyo [[L'Étang-Salé]], iyo 150 mitir oo xeeb ah. == Juqraafi == === Cimilada === Les Avirons waxay leedahay [[tropical savanna climate|cimilada savannah-ka kulaylaha]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw''). Celceliska heerkulka sannadlaha ah ee Les Avirons waa {{cvt|24.2|C}}. Celceliska roobka sannadlaha ah waa {{cvt|805.2|mm}} iyadoo Janaayo uu yahay bisha ugu roobka badan. Heerkulku waa kii ugu sarreeyay celcelis ahaan Janaayo, qiyaastii {{cvt|27.2|C}}, kan ugu hooseeyana waa Luulyo, qiyaastii {{cvt|21.0|C}}. Heerkulkii ugu sarreeyay ee abid lagu diiwaan geliyo Les Avirons wuxuu ahaa {{cvt|36.8|C}} 22 Janaayo 2009; heerkulkii ugu qaboobaa ee abid lagu diiwaan geliyo wuxuu ahaa {{cvt|13.7|C}} 1 Ogosto 2003. {{Weather box|width=auto |location = Les Avirons (1991−2020 caadi, xadka 2002−2016) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |collapsed = y |Jan record high C = 36.8 |Feb record high C = 36.5 |Mar record high C = 35.6 |Apr record high C = 33.5 |May record high C = 32.4 |Jun record high C = 29.6 |Jul record high C = 30.4 |Aug record high C = 28.4 |Sep record high C = 30.2 |Oct record high C = 31.2 |Nov record high C = 33.2 |Dec record high C = 34.6 |Jan record low C = 20.0 |Feb record low C = 20.0 |Mar record low C = 19.5 |Apr record low C = 18.0 |May record low C = 15.0 |Jun record low C = 13.8 |Jul record low C = 14.4 |Aug record low C = 13.7 |Sep record low C = 14.2 |Oct record low C = 14.2 |Nov record low C = 16.4 |Dec record low C = 19.3 |Jan high C = 31.3 |Feb high C = 31.0 |Mar high C = 30.5 |Apr high C = 29.3 |May high C = 27.3 |Jun high C = 25.6 |Jul high C = 24.7 |Aug high C = 25.0 |Sep high C = 26.1 |Oct high C = 27.5 |Nov high C = 29.2 |Dec high C = 30.6 |year high C = 28.2 |Jan mean C = 27.2 |Feb mean C = 27.1 |Mar mean C = 26.5 |Apr mean C = 25.4 |May mean C = 23.6 |Jun mean C = 22.0 |Jul mean C = 21.0 |Aug mean C = 21.1 |Sep mean C = 21.9 |Oct mean C = 23.2 |Nov mean C = 24.7 |Dec mean C = 26.3 |year mean C = 24.2 |Jan low C = 23.1 |Feb low C = 23.2 |Mar low C = 22.6 |Apr low C = 21.5 |May low C = 19.9 |Jun low C = 18.3 |Jul low C = 17.3 |Aug low C = 17.1 |Sep low C = 17.7 |Oct low C = 18.9 |Nov low C = 20.3 |Dec low C = 22.1 |year low C = 20.2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 148.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 126.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 110.7 |Apr precipitation mm = 89.3 |May precipitation mm = 53.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 46.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 50.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 26.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 24.6 |Oct precipitation mm = 26.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 33.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 68.6 |year precipitation mm = 805.2 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 8.4 |Feb precipitation days = 7.9 |Mar precipitation days = 7.3 |Apr precipitation days = 6.1 |May precipitation days = 4.8 |Jun precipitation days = 4.2 |Jul precipitation days = 4.4 |Aug precipitation days = 3.0 |Sep precipitation days = 2.5 |Oct precipitation days = 2.3 |Nov precipitation days = 2.8 |Dec precipitation days = 5.1 |year precipitation days = 58.9 |source 1 = [[Météo-France]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97401540.pdf | title=Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records | language = fr | publisher = [[Météo-France]] | access-date = August 31, 2022}}</ref>}} == Dadka == {{Historical populations |source = INSEE<ref name=pophist>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-97401#tableau-POPREF_G1 Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023], INSEE</ref> |percentages = pagr |align = none |graph-pos = right |1967 |4547 |1974 |4863 |1982 |5150 |1990 |5935 |1999 |7172 |2007 |10093 |2012 |11181 |2017 |11345 |2023 |11536 }} == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Degmooyinka waaxda Réunion]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://www.civis.re/ Bogga CIVIS] *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.mairie-avirons.fr '''Bogga rasmiga ah ee Les Avirons.''' ]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Avirons}} rmje0jfoqxz5ceaqzk40t7xu95dbsdn 0 48271 301234 300118 2026-07-10T05:19:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biyo weyn | name = Harada Mutanda | lake = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Kisoro District|Degmada Kisoro]], [[Uganda]] | coords = {{coord|01|14|06|S|29|40|12|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | outflow = | inflow = | pushpin_map = Uganda | catchment = | basin_countries = Uganda | length = | width = | area = {{convert|29|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author1=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift | pages=263–286 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|56|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Green2009/> | volume = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1792|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Green2009/> | residence_time = | islands = | islands_category = Islands of Lake Mutanda | cities = [[Kisoro]], [[Uganda]] | website = {{URL|https://lakemutanda.com}} | image = Lake-Mutanda Uganda(1).jpg }} [[File:Lake mutanda 1 LTO - 48264358446.jpg|thumb|Harada Mutanda ee Uganda]] '''Harada Mutanda''' waa haro yar oo [[freshwater|biyo macaan]] leh oo ku taal [[Uganda]]. ==Goobta== Haradu waxay ku taal [[Kisoro District|Degmada Kisoro]] ee koonfur-galbeed Uganda, qiyaastii {{convert|20|km|mi}} waqooyi ka xigta magaalada [[Kisoro]], halkaas oo ay ku yaallaan xarumaha maamulka degmada.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kisoro%20(Kisoro)&toplace=Lake%20Mutanda%20(Kisoro)&fromlat=-1.3538889&tolat=-1.2086111&fromlng=29.6983333&tolng=29.6752778 Map Showing Kisoro and Lake Mutanda with Distance Marker]</ref> Goobtan waxay qiyaastii {{convert|454|km|mi}} dhanka waddada ah koonfur-galbeed kaga beegan tahay [[Kampala]], caasimadda Uganda iyo magaalada ugu weyn.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()&toplace=Lake%20Mutanda%20(Kisoro)&fromlat=0.3155556&tolat=-1.2086111&fromlng=32.5655556&tolng=29.6752778 Road Distance Between Kampala and Lake Mutanda with Map]</ref> Isku-duwaha Harada Mutanda waa: 01 14 06S, 29 40 12E (Loolka: -1.2350; Dhigaha: 29.6700). ==Guud ahaan== [[File:Lake-Mutanda Uganda(1).jpg|thumb|Harada Mutanda.]] [[File:Rivers of South West Uganda.png|thumb|Webiyada iyo harooyinka koonfur-galbeed Uganda. Harada Mutanda waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn harooyinka ku yaal caarada koonfur-galbeed ee Uganda.]] Waxay ku dhex taal gabiirada buuraha ee silsiladda [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]], joog dhererkiisuna yahay {{convert|1800|m|ft}}. Saddexda [[volcanoes|foolkaano]] ee ku dhex jira silsiladdaas, kuwaas oo qayb ahaan ku yaal Uganda, kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Mount Muhabura]], [[Mount Sabinyo]] iyo [[Mount Gahinga]], waxaa laga arki karaa Harada Mutanda. Waxaa harada ku yaal dhowr jasiiradood. Harada waxaa ka baxa [[Rutshuru River|Webiga Rutshuru]], kaas oo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi ee [[Lake Edward|Harada Edward]]. ==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka== Deegaanka jasiiradaha ku dhex yaal harada iyo dhulka baaddiyaha ah ee ku xeeran waxaa ka mid ah kaymo hareereeyay harada iyo deegaanno dhul qoyan ah oo hoy u ah [[mountain gorilla|gariilada buuraha]] ee halista ku jira. Marka laga soo tago gariilada buuraha iyo daanyeerka dahabiga ah ee ku nool beerta qaranka ee u dhow ee [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]], deegaanka hareeraha harada wuxuu hoy u yahay noocyo kala duwan oo xayawaan iyo dhir ah oo u gaar ah aaggan. Noocyada shimbiraha waxaa ka mid ah [[kingfisher|kalluun-liqiyeen]], [[kite|haaddii]], [[ibis|koor-gaduudkii]] iyo shimbirta qaranka ee Uganda oo ah [[crested crane|gorgor-madax-guduudkii]]. Buulasha shimbiraha weavers-ka ayaa ah kuwo caan ku ah cawsduurka ku teedsan xeebta harada. Marka laga soo tago noocyada shimbiraha ee tirada badan ee kala duwan, xeebta harada waxay taageertaa dhowr nooc oo [[snake|masas]] ah, [[chameleon|garan-gandho]], [[monitor lizard|xoof-gari]] iyo noocyo [[frog|rahmantii]] ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira noocyo kala duwan oo badana oo nolosha cayayaanka ah. Naasleyda laga helo Harada Mutanda waxaa ka mid ah [[African clawless otter|adhiga biyaha ee Afrikaanka ah]]. [[Hippopotamus|Jeerta]] ayaa sidoo kale joogi jirtay aagga, laakiin markii ugu dambaysay ee lagu arko Harada Mutanda waxay ahayd sannadkii 1994-tii.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mcdou.org/thefloraandfaunaoflakemutanda |title=The Flora and Fauna at Lake Mutanda }}</ref> ==Eeg barnaamijyada kale== * [[Kisoro]] * [[Kisoro District|Degmada Kisoro]] * [[Kigezi]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.facebook.com/UgandaCoffeeTours Homestay on Lake Mutanda shores and Coffee Tours] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308103522/http://www.nkuringosafarilodge.com/index.htm Nkuringo Safari Lodge on the Shores of Lake Mutanda] * [http://www.lakemutandacamp.com Lake Mutanda Eco Community Centre] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lakemutandacamp.com/ |date=20181011015700 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011015700/http://www.lakemutandacamp.com/ |date=2018-10-11 }} * [https://www.mcdou.org/ Mgahinga Community Development Organization] * [https://www.bambooecotours.com/ Bamboo Ecotours for Canoe Trekking at Lake Mutanda] 0u6lfnsi2fn1u7zvk7k2jfwkiq8tz9n 0 48288 301233 300774 2026-07-10T05:12:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kijanebalola | image = | caption = | location = [[Rakai District|Degmada Rakai]], [[Uganda]] |pushpin_map = Uganda | coordinates = {{coord|0.71714|S|31.329403|E|type:waterbody_region:UG|display=inline,title}} | type = | part_of = Webiga Harada Fiktooriya | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Uganda]] | length = | width = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | islands = | cities = | reference = }} [[File:Lake_Kijanebalora,_located_in_Rakai_District,_central_Region,_Uganda_23.jpg | thumb|right | Harada Kijanebalora]] '''Harada Kijanebalola''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Harada Kijanebarola''' ama '''Harada Kijjanebalola''', waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal deegaanka Koki, hoos-tagga Kyalulangira, [[Rakai District|Degmada Rakai]], Badhtamaha Uganda. Waxay ku fadhidaa aag qiyaastii ah 14 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, waxaanay ka kooban tahay Jasiiradda Kisozi iyo Jasiiradda Kinoni. Harada waxaa ku hareereysan meelo ay dadku deggen yihiin oo ay ka mid yihiin Lugando, Kisomole, Gombe, Lukondo, Kayonza, Buyanda iyo Dwaniro.<ref name=":0" /> == Juqraafiga iyo biyaha == Harada Kijanebalola waxay ku taal {{Coordinates|-0.71714|31.329403}}, iyadoo ku dhex taal qiyaastii 1,200 oo mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda. Dotada harada way isbedbeddeshaa, iyadoo celcelis ahaan haysata qiyaastii 4 mitir. Harada waxaa ku xeeran gobollo kala duwan, oo ay ka mid yihiin Kyarurangira, Ddyango Town Council, Ddwaniro, Kagamba, Kibaale, Kibanda, Lwamaggwa, iyo Rakai Town Council. Nidaamka biyaha ee harada waxa uu xiriir la leeyahay Harada Kacheera iyo [[Kagera River|Webiga Kagera]], kuwaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shubma [[Lake Victoria|Harada Fiktooriya]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Lake Kijanebarola bursts banks, cuts off major roads |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-kijanebarola-bursts-banks-cuts-off-major-roads-3414958 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> == Muhiimadda deegaanka iyo dhaqaalaha == Haradu waxay gabbaad u tahay nidaam deegaan oo kala duwan, oo ka kooban noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah kuwaas oo muhiim u ah hababka kalluumaysiga ee aagga u dhow. Dhulka qoyan ee ku dhow iyo xeebta waxay [[habitat|hoos dabiici ah]] u yihiin noocyo badan oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah. Dhinaca dhaqaalaha, haradu waa qayb aasaasi ah oo ka mid ah dakhliga bulshooyinka maxalliga ah, iyadoo fududaysa hawlaha dakhli raadiska ah sida kalluumaysiga, beerashada, iyo xoolo-dhaqashada.<ref>[https://nilewell.org/system/files/2022-09/The%20Status%20of%20East%20Africa%E2%80%99s%20Lake%20Ecology.pdf The Status of East Africa's Lake Ecology and Biodiversity]</ref> == Caqabadaha deegaanka == Harada Kijanebalola waxay hadda la kulmaysaa taxane caqabado deegaanka ah. Waxaa la arkay inay muujisay dhacdooyin ah koritaanka dhirta duulaanka ah ee [[green algae|ajgaha cagaaran]], kuwaas oo si weyn u hortaagan hawlgallada [[fishing|kalluumaysiga]] saameyn muuqatana ku yeeshay tayada biyaha harada. Dhacdadani waxay inta badan u sabab tahay joogitaanka wasakhda, gaar ahaan kuwa ka yimaada dhanka beeraha, kuwaas oo keena heerar sarreeya oo nitrogen iyo phosphorus ah oo soo gala [[aquatic ecosystem|nidaamka deegaanka biyaha]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Over 10,000 fishermen stranded as green algae invades Lake Kijjanebarola |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/over-10-000-fishermen-stranded-as-green-algae-invades-lake-kijjanebarola-4519510 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 2022, waxaa sidoo kale la soo sheegay in haradu ay si weyn u engegtay taas oo keentay dhowr caqabadood oo dhanka dhaqaalaha iyo deegaanka ah, iyadoo dhacdo la mid ahi ay horay u dhacday sannadkii 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=Fishermen stranded as lake fails to regain water level |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/fishermen-stranded-as-lake-fails-to-regain-water-level-3816972 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-18 |title=Lake Kijanebarola dries up leaving scores of fish dead |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lake-kijanebarola-dries-up-leaving-scores-of-fish-dead/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Haradu waxay sidoo kale soo martay xaalado engegan oo biyo la'aan ah, iyadoo dhacdo si weyn loo xusay ay dhacday bishii May 2021. Tani waxay keentay dhimasho ballaaran oo kalluunka ah waxayna saamayn ku yeelatay fayo-qabka dhaqaale ee bulshada kalluumaysatada maxalliga ah.<ref name=":0" /> Sidoo kale haradu waxay la kulantay dhowr dhacdo oo ah inay fana qarka u dhaafto, taasoo keentay inay biyuhu hafiyaan waddooyinka u dhow iyo barakaca dadka deegaanka. Dhacdada ugu weyn ee kuwan ka mid ah waxay dhacday bishii Diisambar 2022, taasoo keentay dhimasho iyo khasaare weyn oo hantiyeed.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Three dead, scores missing after Lake Kijanebarola burst banks |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/three-dead-scores-missing-after-lake-kijanebarola-burst-banks-4065596 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uganda |first=Watchdog |date=2022-12-27 |title=Lake Kijanebarola floods: MPs Gyaviira, Kinyamatama donate aid |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20221227/147196/lake-kijanebarola-floods-mps-gyaviira-kinyamatama-donate-aid.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dadaallada dhowrista == Dadaallo ayaa hadda socda si wax looga qabto arrimahan. Labadaba dawladaha hoose iyo hay'adaha qaranka ayaa bilaabay hindisayaal lagu dhiirrigelinayo hababka kalluumaysiga waara iyo xakameynta faafidda noocyada duulaanka ah.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=RAKAI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT PRODUCTION AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT THREE YEAR PRODUCTION SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN |url=http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109045109/http://www.umb.no/statisk/e-bok/document/Rakai_development_plan.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira mashaariic joogto ah oo diiradda lagu saarayo baxnaaninta nidaamka deegaanka harada iyo dammaanad qaadka isticmaalka mas'uuliyadda leh ee kheyraadkeeda.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rakai District Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability profile |url=https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzCentral2/Rakai%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf |access-date=2026-06-28 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620064512/https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzCentral2/Rakai%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=Rakai launches campaign for sustainable fishing on Lake Kachera, Kijanebarola |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/rakai-launches-campaign-for-sustainable-fishing-on-lake-kachera-kijanebarola/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhiimadda dhaqanka iyo taariikhda == Harada Kijanebalola waxay muhiimad dhaqameed u leedahay bulshooyinka maxalliga ah. Waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah taariikhda iyo caadooyinka Ururka Dhaqanka ee Kooki. Marka laga soo tago doorkeedha dhaqaale, haradu waxay si joogto ah uga soo muuqataa sheeko-xariirada maxalliga ah, taas oo muujinaysa muhiimaddeeda ballaaran ee ka baxsan faa'iidada dhaqaale oo kaliya. == Eeg barnaamijyada kale == * [[Lake Nakivali|Harada Nakivali]] * [[Lake Kyoga|Harada Kyoga]] * [[Lake Kachera|Harada Kachera]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 598nd3rcklrpnzbj6h4sl91omk89lw6 0 48290 301232 300190 2026-07-10T05:09:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Kayumbu | location = [[Kisoro District|Degmada Kisoro]], Uganda | elevation = {{convert|1897|m}} | image = Kabale, Kisoro, Kanungu - Southwestern Uganda 27.jpg | caption = Kisoro, Koonfur-galbeed Uganda | width = {{convert|1|km}} | length = {{convert|2|km}} | coordinates = {{coord|1|20|14|S|29|47|10|E|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | area = {{convert|2.2|km}}{{cn|date=February 2026}} | depth = {{convert|5|m}} | pushpin_map = Uganda | pushpin_label = Harada Kayumbu | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Kayumbu in Uganda }} '''Harada Kayumbu''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Harada Kayumba''', waa haro ku taal [[Kisoro District|Degmada Kisoro]], Koonfur-[[Western Region, Uganda|galbeedka Uganda]], dhanka waqooyi ee xadka [[Rwanda]] iyadoo ku taal dherer ah {{convert|1897|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumbu /Uganda/ Summary & Stories |url=https://experts.gorillahighlands.com/daily-dose/tag/lake-kayumbu/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Gorilla Highlands Experts |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumba lake, Western Region, Uganda |url=https://ug.geoview.info/lake_kayumba,231700 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=ug.geoview.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Kayumbu |url=http://wikimapia.org/19638199/Lake-Kayumbu |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref>{{User-generated inline|date=September 2024|certain=yes}} Haradu waxay u adeegtaa goob dalxiis oo dalka u soo xero gelisa lacagaha qalaad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-17 |title=Three Upland Lakes (4-Day Hike) /Uganda/ - Gorilla Highlands - Tailor-Made Tours in Rwanda, Uganda and DR Congo for Travellers Who Want to Leave a Positive Impact |url=https://gorillahighlands.com/three-upland-lakes/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Haradu waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ndawula |first1=L. M. |title=Invertebrate communities of lakes Mutanda, Mulehe, Kayumbu and Chahafi and their role in fishery production, Towards sustainable development and management of the fisheries resources of Kisoro minor lakes |date=2000 |work=Towards sustainable development and management of the fisheries resources of Kisoro minor lakes |pages=50–72 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35272 |access-date=2024-06-20 |place=Jinja, Uganda |publisher=Fisheries Resources Research Institute |language=en |last2=Kiggundu |first2=V.|hdl=1834/35272 }}</ref> == Juqraafiga iyo deegaanka == Harada Kayumbu waxay ku taal dhulka sare ee Degmada Kisoro, ee ku dhex taal aagga ballaaran ee Kigezi ee koonfur-galbeed [[Uganda]].{{cn|date=February 2026}} Sahan aasaasi ah oo [[Limnology|cilmi-biyoodka]] (limnological) ah oo laga sameeyay lix haro oo ku yaal koonfur-galbeed Uganda ayaa lagu sheegay [[Lake Kayumbu|Harada Kayumbu]] inay tahay haro yar (baaxadda dusha sare waa 2.2 km2) oo ku taal qiyaastii 1,890 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda, una dhow [[Lake Chahafi|Harada Chahafi]] iyo xadka [[Rwanda]].{{cn|date=February 2026}} Degmada Kisoro waa degmo ku taal dhul sare oo leh meelo badan oo biyaha dushooda ah iyo dhulal qoyan, oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka Mutanda, Mulehe, Chahafi iyo Kayumbu, iyo weliba nidaam dhiiqooyin joogto ah ah.<ref name="KisoroHRVHydrology">{{cite report |title=Kisoro District Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Profile |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister (Uganda) |url=https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzWestern/Kisoro%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf |date=2017 |access-date=19 December 2025 |pages=10–11 |archive-date=6 Bisha Koobaad 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106063224/https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzWestern/Kisoro%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Astaamaha jidheed == Xogta aasaasiga ah ee [[Limnology|cilmi-biyoodka]] ee la daabacay, Harada Kayumbu waxay leedahay: * Baaxadda dusha sare: {{convert|2.2|km2}}{{cn|date=February 2026}} * Dotada ugu badan: {{convert|5|m}}{{cn|date=February 2026}} * Dhererka: {{convert|1890|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda{{cn|date=February 2026}} == Cilmi-biyoodka iyo kala duwanaanshaha noolaha == Harada Kayumbu waxaa lagu daray sahan aasaasi ah oo cilmi-biyoodka ah xilli-roobaadkii (Sebtembar 2014) kaas oo koobay harooyinka ku yaal degmooyinka Kisoro, Kabale iyo Rukungiri. Sahanku wuxuu ururiyay cabbiro garoonka ah iyo tusaalayaal loogu talagalay tilmaamayaasha nidaamka sida ogsajiinta ku dhex milantay, kulaylka, [[pH]], [[Conductivity (electrolytic)|gudbinta korontada]], nafaqooyinka, baaxadda noolaha [[phytoplankton]], [[zooplankton]], iyo [[macroinvertebrates]] si loo qeexo astaamaha meelaha biyaha dhulka sare u leh wax-soo-saarka kalluumaysiga.{{cn|date=February 2026}} == Isticmaalka bini'aadamka == Harada Kayumbu waxaa loo booqdaa qayb ka mid ah dalxiiska dabeecadda ee deegaanka iyo jidadka lugaynta ee koonfur-galbeed Uganda, oo ay ku jiraan safarrada isku xira [[Lake Bunyonyi|Harada Bunyonyi]], [[Echuya Central Forest Reserve|Kaynta Echuya]] iyo aagga Kisoro.<ref name="GorillaHighlandsTrek">{{cite web |title=Three Upland Lakes (4-Day Hike) /Uganda/ |website=Gorilla Highlands Travels |url=https://gorillahighlands.com/three-upland-lakes/ |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> Qoraallada safarka ayaa caadiyan ku sifeeya Harada Kayumbu iyo [[Lake Chahafi|Harada Chahafi]] ee u dhow inay yihiin labo goobood oo muuqaal dhuleed ah oo ay kala qaybiso [[ridge|buur silsilad ah]], iyagoo leh muuqaallo ballaaran oo laga arki karo buuraha ku xeeran.<ref name="TwinLakesTravel">{{cite web |title=Lake Chahafi crater in Kisoro – Top things to do and see in Kisoro town |website=Great Adventure Safaris |url=https://www.greatadventuresafaris.com/lake-chahafi-crater-in-kisoro/ |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> == Kalluumaysiga == Harooyinka yaryar ee Kisoro waxay muddo dheer taageerayeen kalluumaysiga baaxaddiisu yar tahay. Dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay kheyraadka kalluumaysiga ayaa sheegay in qabashada kalluunka ee isku-dhafka ah ee afarta haro ee yaryar ee Kisoro ay hooseysay sannadkii 1998 (16 metric tonnes), iyadoo ay wehelisay qiimo sare xilligaas iyo isticmaalka kalluunka ee qofkiiba oo hooseeyay taas oo xiriir la lahayd sahayda xaddidan.<ref name="Kamanyi1999AGRIS">{{cite web |title=The Fishery Resource of Kisoro Minor Lakes |website=FAO AGRIS |date=1999 |url=https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/124444/records/662916902b3930d7cdc0a699 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref> == Dhowrista iyo cadaadiska == Cadaadiska dadweynaha ee sarreeya ee Degmada Kisoro wuxuu gacan ka geystay isbeddel ballaaran oo dhanka isticmaalka dhulka ah iyo ku-xadgudubka dhirta dabiiciga ah ee qaybo ka mid ah degmada, iyadoo ay weheliyaan khataro la xiriira jiirada dhaadheer iyo nidaamyada deegaanka ee nugul ee dhulka sare.<ref name="KisoroHRVContext">{{cite report |title=Kisoro District Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Profile |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister (Uganda) |url=https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzWestern/Kisoro%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf |date=2017 |access-date=19 December 2025 |pages=7–11 |archive-date=6 Bisha Koobaad 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106063224/https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzWestern/Kisoro%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sidoo kale astaamaha degmada ayaa xusaya muhiimadda dhulalka qoyan iyo meelaha biyaha furan ay u leeyihiin nidaamka biyaha ee deegaanka iyo aasaaska hab-nololeedka.<ref name="KisoroHRVHydrology" /> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} dlqzg9jl75bau7la3coq9t5xkjxkqn7 0 48317 301205 300260 2026-07-10T00:43:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ayaa Irene.jpg|thumb|Ayaa Irene, Agaasimaha AMDISS oo jeedinaysa hadallada furitaanka ee aqoon-is-weydaarsiga Hannaanka Samaynta Dastuurka ee Quality Hotel, Juba, Koonfurta Suudaan]] '''Ayaa Irene Lokang,''' waa saxafiyad dumar ah oo u dhalatay [[South Sudanese|Koonfurta Suudaan]] isla markaana ah u ololeeye xuquuqda warbaahinta. Waxay dhalatay 8 May 1985. Irene waxay hadda tahay Agaasimaha [[Association for Media Development in South Sudan]] (AMDISS),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=Director of the Association for Media Development in South Sudan, Ayaa Irene who also doubles as the Chairperson for the Female Journalists’ Network -FJN, officially inaugurated the second Annual General Meeting (#AGM) for the network. – AMDISS Media |url=https://amdissmedia.net/2024/07/18/director-of-the-association-for-media-development-in-south-sudan-ayaa-irene-who-also-doubles-as-the-chairperson-for-the-female-journalists-network-fjn-officially-inaugurated-the-second-annual-gen/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Press Release/Articles – AMDISS Media |url=https://amdissmedia.net/news-and-events/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> oo ah urur qaran oo u ololeeya xuquuqda warbaahinta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-30 |title=AMDISS deeply concerned about deteriorating media space in South Sudan |url=https://www.africafex.org/country-highlights/amdiss-deeply-concerned-about-deteriorating-media-space-in-south-sudan |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=African Freedom of Expression Exchange |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Association for Media Development in South Sudan (AMDISS) concerned over confiscation of journalists' equipment |url=https://dr.211check.org/slug/association-for-media-development-in-south-sudan-amdiss-concerned-over-confiscation-of-journalists-equipment/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Document Repository |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=2023-07-25 |title=Media pundit cautions student journalists to "fear AI" |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/media-pundit-cautions-student-journalists-to-fear-ai/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> laga bilaabo sannadka 2025. ==Waxbarashada== Ayaa Irene waxay waxbarashadeedii dugsiga sare ku qaadatay City View High School, kadibna waxay ku biirtay [[Kampala International University]] (KIU), halkaas oo ay sanadkii 2010 ka qaadatay shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ee Isgaarsiinta Dadweynaha (Mass Communication). Ayaa waxay haysataa shahaadada koowaad ee Isgaarsiinta Dadweynaha oo ay ka qaadatay [[Kampala International University]] (KIU), waxayna sidoo kale ka soo shaqeysay warbaahinta daabacan iyadoo ahayd saxafiyad madax-bannaan. ==Shaqada== Ayaa Irene waxay ka shaqeysay Sarkaalka Horumarinta Warbaahinta ee [[Association for Media Development in South Sudan]] (AMDISS)<ref name="kampalageopolitics.com">{{Cite web |title=Irene P. Lokang Ayaa – Kampala Geopolitics Conference |url=https://kampalageopolitics.com/speaker/irene-p-lokang-ayaa/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene P. Lokang Ayaa – Kampala Geopolitics Conference |url=https://kampalageopolitics.com/speaker/irene-p-lokang-ayaa/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> intii u dhaxaysay 2012 iyo 2017. Laga soo bilaabo 2018 ilaa 2019, waxay noqotay Ku-simaha Maamulaha Machadka Horumarinta Warbaahinta (MDI),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2023-11-16 |title=MDI grandaunts direct to practice journalism at the states |url=https://catholicradionetwork.org/2023/11/16/mdi-grandaunts-direct-to-practice-journalism-at-the-states/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}</ref> oo ah machad tababar oo saxafiyiinta lagu tababaro kana hoos shaqeeya [[Association for Media Development in South Sudan]] (AMDISS). Sannadkii 2020, waxay noqotay Maamulaha Machadka Horumarinta Warbaahinta (MDI),<ref name=":1" /><ref name=:2>{{Cite web |title=All candidates |url=https://www.ifexcouncilelection.org/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.ifexcouncilelection.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619102157/https://www.ifexcouncilelection.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> oo ah xarunta tababarka ee AMDISS, halkaas oo ay ka shaqeysay muddo ku dhow afar sano.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Review |first=The City |date=2021-10-05 |title=MPs under fire for barring media coverage on salaries |url=https://cityreviewss.com/mps-under-fire-for-barring-media-coverage-on-salaries/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=The City Review South Sudan |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:Ayaa Irene Lokang....jpg|thumb|Ayaa Irene, Agaasimaha AMDISS oo la hadlaysa SSBC intii lagu jiray tababarka saxafiyiinta ee Juba]] Bishii Noofambar 2023, waxay u wareegtay xilka Agaasimaha [[Association for Media Development in South Sudan]] (AMDISS)[https://amdissmedia.net/2024/07/18/director-of-the-association-for-media-development-in-south-sudan-ayaa-irene-who-also-doubles-as-the-chairperson-for-the-female-journalists-network-fjn-officially-inaugurated-the-second-annual-gen/]. Lokang waa aasaase wadaag, waxayna sidoo kale ahayd Guddoomiyihii ugu horreeyay ee Female Journalists Network (FJN), oo ah shabakad haween saxafiyiin ah oo u ololeysa xuquuqda haweenka saxafiyiinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Koang |date=2023-08-15 |title=Female journalists in South Sudan decry discrimination in newsgathering |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/female-journalists-in-south-sudan-decry-discrimination-in-newsgathering/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> Irene sidoo kale waa Guddoomiyaha Guddiga Agaasimayaasha ee Sama FM 99.3, oo ah idaacad bulsho oo fadhigeedu yahay Juba, kana baahisa barnaamijyo waxbarasho iyo nabadeed.<ref name="kampalageopolitics.com"/> Waxay sidoo kale tahay tababare dhinaca warbaahinta iyo jinsiga ka tirsan Journalists for Human Rights. Ayaa hadda waa xubin ka tirsan guddiga fulinta ee [[IFEX (organization)|IFEX]] iyo AFEX, kuwaas oo ah ururro heer gobol ah oo u ololeeya xorriyadda saxaafadda iyo xorriyadda hadalka.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivian |date=2023-08-17 |title=Female journalists in South Sudan speak out against sexism |url=https://www.africafex.org/safety-of-journalists/female-journalists-in-south-sudan-speak-out-against-sexism |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=African Freedom of Expression Exchange |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/reporting-under-attack-in-south-sudan-sudan-/6557109.html] Waxay sidoo kale ka qayb qaadatay la-talinno muddo-gaaban ah oo ay la yeelatay hay'ado ay ka mid yihiin hindisaha [[World Bank]] iyo Journalists for Human Rights. Ayaa Irene, oo ah Agaasimaha [[Association for Media Development in South Sudan|AMDISS]], waa u ololeeye u taagan xorriyadda warbaahinta, xorriyadda hadalka iyo [https://kingmediassd.com/ayaa-urges-journalists-to-embrace-ethics-report-fearlessly/ ilaalinta saxafiyiinta] ee Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivian |date=2025-01-30 |title=AMDISS Welcomes Lifting of the Ban on Facebook and TikTok in South Sudan |url=https://www.africafex.org/digital-rights/amdiss-welcomes-lifting-of-the-ban-on-facebook-and-tiktok-and-calls-on-the-authorities-to-keep-the-platforms-accessible |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=African Freedom of Expression Exchange |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivian |date=2023-09-10 |title=AMDISS commends the removal of problematic provisions of National Security Act |url=https://www.africafex.org/freedom-of-expression/amdiss-commends-the-removal-of-problematic-provisions-of-national-security-act |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=African Freedom of Expression Exchange |language=en-US}}</ref>[https://www.eyeradio.org/media-advocate-urges-govt-to-grant-information-to-journalists/] Lokang sidoo kale waa u ololeeye sinnaanta jinsiga, halkaas oo ay ku tababarto isla markaana hagto haweenka saxafiyiinta ah arrimaha la xiriira tebinta wararka ee xasaasiga u ah jinsiga. == Tixraacyo == k4xxgsx2xjqr1sboumj2dp15rjljxxt 0 48322 301222 300763 2026-07-10T03:49:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eye Radio''', oo hore loogu yiqiin '''Sudan Radio Service''', waa idaacad 24-saacadood ah oo xarunteedu tahay [[Juba]], [[South Sudan]]. Idaacadda waxaa sidoo kale laga dhageysan karaa internetka.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abeka |first1=Moses |title=Media and music in South Sudan |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/fr/node/16398 |website=musicinafrica.net |publisher=Music in Africa |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> == Taariikh == Idaacadda waxaa la aasaasay iyadoo loo bixiyay Sudan Radio Service (SRS) 30-kii Luulyo 2003 magaalada Nairobi, iyadoo ahayd mashruuc ay maalgelisay [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] oo ay fulinaysay Education Development Center (EDC), waxaana markii hore lagu baahin jiray hirarka gaagaaban (shortwave). Bilowgii, idaacaddu waxay baahin jirtay war kooban iyo barnaamijyo muusig ah muddo hal saac ah, waxaana laga sii dayn jiray luqadaha [[English language|Ingiriis]], [[Arabic]], [[Dinka language|Dinka]], [[Zande language|Azande]], [[Shilluk language|Shilluk]], [[Nuer language|Nuer]], [[Bari language|Bari]], iyo [[Moru language|Moru]]. Sannadkii 2005, idaacaddu waxay si toos ah u baahisay [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]].<ref name="ER">{{cite web |last1=Eye Radio |first1=Eye Radio |title=About Us |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/about-us/ |website=eyeradio.org |publisher=Eye Radio |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="EYE">{{cite web |last1=Ninrew |first1=Chany |title=Eye Radio at 12: A Story of Success and Sustainability Challenge |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/eye-media-at-12-a-story-of-success-and-sustainability-challenge/ |website=eyeradio.org |publisher=Eye Radio |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Bishii Juun 2010, SRS waxay si rasmi ah uga bilowday baahinta xarunteeda ku taal magaalada Juba.<ref name="EYER">{{cite web |last1=Ninrew |first1=Chany |title=Eye Radio voted South Sudan's Most Trusted, Most Listened-to-Radio - Survey |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/eye-radio-voted-south-sudans-most-trusted-most-listened-to-radio-survey/ |website=eyeradio.org |publisher=Eye Radio |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Bishii Agoosto 2012, idaacaddu waxay magaceeda ka beddeshay Sudan Radio Service una beddeshay Eye Radio.<ref name="ER"/> 11-kii Nofeembar 2016, dowladda Koonfur Suudaan ayaa hakisay baahinta Eye Radio kadib markii ay sii daysay cod uu lahaa [[Riek Machar]] oo laga soo qaatay wareysi uu siiyay [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera TV]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sudan Tribute |first1=Sudan Tribute |title=South Sudan radio unveils clip that led to closure |url=https://sudantribune.com/article59072/ |website=sudantribune.com |publisher=Sudan Tribute |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dumo |first1=Denis |title=South Sudan authorities shut down popular radio station |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13613S/ |website=reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> 19-kii Nofeembar, dowladda ayaa qaaday xayiraaddii, waxaana Eye Radio dib u billowday baahinteedii.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sudan Tribute |first1=Sudan Tribute |title=South Sudan lifts ban on Eye Radio |url=https://sudantribune.com/article59118/ |website=sudantribune.com |publisher=Sudan Tribute |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Sannadkii 2019, Eye Radio waxay soo bandhigtay warbixin ku saabsan booliska oo lacago sharci darro ah ka qaadanayay darawallada gaadiidka sababo la xiriira muraayadaha madow ee baabuurta (factory tints). Warbixintan ka dib, dowladda ayaa xirtay 85 askari oo boolis ah, halka siddeed kalena shaqada laga eryay.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Internews |first1=Internews |title=Eye Radio Helps the Public Fight Corruption by Police |url=https://internews.org/eye-radio-helps-public-fight-corruption-police/ |website=internews.org |publisher=Internews |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=29 Bisha Labaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229130339/https://internews.org/eye-radio-helps-public-fight-corruption-police/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Baahinta == Eye Radio waxay leedahay 11 xarumood oo dib-u-baahin (repeaters) ah oo ku yaal [[Yambio]], [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], [[Aweil]], [[Kuajok]], [[Renk]], [[Malakal]], [[Baliet County|Baliet]], iyo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]].<ref name="EYER"/> Iyadoo adeegsanaysa tamarta qoraxda (solar panels), idaacaddu waxay awood u leedahay inay hawada ku jirto 24 saacadood maalintii.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Inter News |first1=Inter News |title=Eye Radio Sustains Airtime with Solar Power |url=https://internews.org/eye-radio-sustains-airtime-solar-power/ |website=internews.org |publisher=Inter News |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=11 Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311053428/https://internews.org/eye-radio-sustains-airtime-solar-power/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Eye Radio waxay baahisaa warar ku baxa Ingiriisi, Carabi iyo luqado kale oo qaran, barnaamijyo madadaalo, baahin toos ah oo wada-hadallada nabadda ah, iyo sidoo kale barnaamijyo isboorti.<ref name="ER"/> USAID ayaa bixisay maalgelin lagu taageerayo hawlaha iyo shaqada Eye Radio.<ref name="EYE"/> == Tixraacyo == 9ssf1tx13n7oee7bb90ps8itdeoncfm 0 48332 301235 300301 2026-07-10T05:23:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Harta Retba | image = File:RetbaLakeShore.jpg | caption = Xeebta harada | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = Jasiirad-yarada [[Cap Vert]] | coords = {{Coord|14|50|18.02|N|17|14|41.36|W|type:waterbody_region:SN|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Haro cusbo badan]] | inflow = | outflow = |pushpin_map=Senegal | catchment = | basin_countries = Senegal | length = | width = | area = {{Convert|3|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|3|m|ft}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }} [[File:LacRoseSatellite.jpg|thumb|Jasiirad-yarada Cap Vert (NASA, 22 Nov. 2004)]] [[File:Lac Rose in Senegal.jpg|thumb|Lac Rose ee dalka Senegal]] '''Harta Retba''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Lac Rose''' (oo la macno ah "[[Haro casuus ah|haro casuus ah]]"), waxay dhacdaa waqooyiga jasiirad-yarada [[Cap Vert]] ee dalka [[Senegal]], qiyaastii {{cvt|35|km}} dhanka waqooyi-bari ka xigta caasimadda [[Dakar]]. Waxaa loogu magac daray biyaheeda [[casuus|casuusta]] ah oo ay keento algae-da ''[[Dunaliella salina]]'', waxaana lagu yaqaanaa maadada [[cusbo|cusbada]] ee aadka u sarreysa, oo gaarta ilaa 40% aagga qaar. Midabkeedu wuxuu caadi ahaan aad u xooggan yahay dhammaadka bisha Janaayo ilaa bilowga bisha Maarso, xilliga jiilaalka (abaarta). Daadad dhacay bishii Sebtember 2022 ayaan kaliya khalkhal gelin hawlihii gurista cusbada ee harada, laakiin waxay sidoo kale keentay in haradu ay waydo midabkeedii, taas oo saameyn taban ku yeelatay dalxiiska. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka laga reebo sannadkii 2025, haradu waxay dib u heshay qayb ka mid ah midabkeedii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Back in the pink: Senegal salt lake gets its colour back |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250325-back-in-the-pink-senegal-salt-lake-gets-its-colour-back |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Haradu waxay, {{as of|lc=yes|2026|May}}, ku jirtaa tixgelinta [[UNESCO]] si loogu dhawaaqo Goob [[Dhaxalka Dunida]] ah. ==Faahfaahin== Haradu waxay ku taal {{cvt|35|km}} dhanka waqooyi-bari ee [[Dakar]],<ref name=whl/> waxaana ka dhex odaynaya [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] kaliya marin dhuuban oo tabaal ah, waxaana loogu magac daray biyaheeda [[casuus|casuusta]] ah, oo ay keento algae-da ''[[Dunaliella salina]]''. Algae-du waxay soo saartaa midab casaan ah si ay gacan uga geysato nuugista iftiinka qorraxda, taas oo siisa tamar ay ku abuurto [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]], oo ah [[nucleotide]] lagama maarmaan u ah soo saarista [[tamar]].<ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{cite web |author=<!-- no byline -->|date=5 June 2012 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/06/05/lake-retba-senegal-giant-strawberry-milkshake_n_1570007.html |title=Lake Retba in Senegal Looks Like A Giant Strawberry Milkshake |website=[[HuffPost]]|location=UK|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref> Midabku wuxuu si gaar ah u muuqdaa xilliga [[jiilaalka (abaarta)]] (laga bilaabo Noofambar ilaa May) isagoo aad u yaraada xilliga roobaadka (Juun ilaa Oktoobar).<ref>{{cite news |title=22 Epic Places You Didn't Know Existed |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/22-epic-places-you-didnt-know-existed_n_4151416 |accessdate=2019-11-09 |work=HuffPost |date=26 October 2013}}</ref> ==Cusbo== Haradu waxay ku caan tahay maadadeeda cusbada ee aadka u sarreysa (ilaa 40% aagga qaar), taas oo inta badan ay sabab u tahay soo gelitaanka biyaha badda iyo uumi-baxooda xiga.<ref name="huffingtonpost1"/> Sida [[Badda Dhintay]], haradu waxay leedahay [[sifada nidaamka sabaynta|sabooyin]] ku filan oo dadku ay si fudud ugu dul sabayn karaan.<ref name=viva/><ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23759547|title=How salt miners save Senegal's Pink Lake|date=19 August 2013|work=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref><ref name="Lake Retba">{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lake-retba |title=Lake Retba |publisher=Atlas Obscura |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> Cusbada waxaa guud ahaan gobolka u dhoofiya ilaa 3,000 oo qof oo cusbo guraayaal ah,<ref name=abc2023>{{cite web | title=Senegal's Lake Retba loses pink colour after flooding, putting livelihoods at risk | website=ABC News| publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]| date=3 February 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-04/senegal-lake-retba-loses-pink-colour-after-flooding/101921790 | access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> kuwaas oo ah rag iyo dumar ka kala yimid daafaha galbeedka Afrika, oo shaqeeya 6–7 saacadood maalintii. Waxay maqaarkooda ku ilaaliyaan ''beurre de Karité'' ([[subagga shea]]), oo ah walax maqaarka jilcisa oo laga soo saaro [[lowska shea]] kaas oo gacan ka geysta ka fogaanshaha dhaawaca unugyada. Cusbada waxaa isticmaala kaluumeysatada reer Senegal si ay u dhowraan kalluunka, kaas oo ah maaddo ku jirta cuntooyin badan oo hiddaha ah, oo ay ku jirto cuntada qaranka, taas oo ah isku-darka kalluunka iyo bariiska oo loo yaqaan [[thieboudienne]].<ref name=viva>{{cite web| url = http://kosmo.vivanews.com/news/read/327036-danau-pink--sensasi-wisata-apung-di-senegal| title= Danau Pink, Sensasi Wisata Apung di Senegal| first1 = Wuri | last1 = Handayani| first2 = Tasya|last2 = Paramitha| work = VIVAnews| date = 19 June 2012| language = id| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120814154952/http://us.life.viva.co.id/news/read/327036-danau-pink--sensasi-wisata-apung-di-senegal| archive-date = 2012-08-14| access-date = 19 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="online.wsj.com">{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303824204579423691350888338|title=Swim a Pink Lake in Senegal|first=Jody|last=Eddy|date=14 March 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]| url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sannad kasta waxaa haradan laga guraa qiyaastii 38,000 oo tan oo cusbo ah, taas oo gacan ka geysata wershedaha soo-saarka cusbada ee Senegal. Senegal waa dalka koowaad ee soo saara cusbada gudaha Afrika.<ref name="FAO">{{cite web|last1=Kanoute|first1=Pape Tahirou| last2=Malan| first2=Christiane |last3=Stephane |first3=Fournier| last4=Teyssier|first4=Catherine|year=2018|title=Relevance of a Geographical Indication for Salt From Senegal's Pink Lake|url=http://www.fao.org/3/I7938EN/i7938en.pdf|location=Rome|publisher=FAO|pages=16pp}}</ref> [[File:Lake Retba (Lac Rose), worker is digging the salt in the lake.jpg|alt=worker is digging the salt in the lake|thumb|Shaqaale ka guranaya cusbada harada]] ==Daadad== Sannadkii 2022, daadad daran oo ay u sabab ahaayeen roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay Dakar ayaa baabi'iyay harada. Daadadku waxay jabiyeen jiidaha harada waxayna wasakheeyeen biyaheeda, iyagoo midabkeedii caanka ahaa ee casuusta u beddelay cagaar. Isbeddelkan wuxuu halis ku haybaa nidaamka deegaanka iyo dhaqaalaha deegaanka, isagoo saameyn ku yeeshay beeralayda cusbada, wadayaasha doomaha, iibiyayaasha agabka xusuusta, iyo dalxiiska. Daadadku waxay burburiyeen tuulmooyin cusbo ah oo qiimahoodu ku dhow yahay USD$696,000, waxayna quciyeen ganacsiyo, iyagoo khalkhal geliyay nidaamka gaarka ah ee [[microbiome]] ee harada, taas oo khatar gelisay goosashada mustaqbalka iyo booqashooyinka dalxiisayaasha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dione |first=Ngouda |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Life's no longer rosy at Senegal's Pink Lake after floods |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/lifes-no-longer-rosy-senegals-pink-lake-after-floods-2023-01-24/ |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Haradu tan iyo xilligaas waxay dib u heshay qayb ka mid ah midabkeedii casuusta ahaa. ==Duurjoogta== Inkastoo ay jirto [[shinnida biyaha (salinity)]] ee aadka u sarreysa ee harada, taas oo gaari karta ilaa 350 g/L xilliga [[jiilaalka (abaarta)]], haddana kaluunka loo yaqaan [[blackchin tilapia]] ayaa laga helay inay ku nool yihiin qaybaha [[Biyo dhanaan|biyaha milixda yar leh]] ee ay ku shubmaan ilo biyo macaan ah oo isbedbeddalla.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garnier |first1=J. M.|last2=Gaudant |first2=J.|date=1984|title=Occurrence of Sarotherodon melanotheron Rueppell (teleostean fish, Cichlidae) in hyperhaline waters of Retba lake (Senegal) [Tilapia hendelotii]|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Occurrence+of+Sarotherodon+melanotheron+Rueppell+%28teleostean+fish%2C+Cichlidae%29+in+hyperhaline+waters+of+Retba+lake+%28Senegal%29+%5BTilapia+hendelotii%5D&author=Garnier%2C+J.M.+%28Universite+de+Paris-11%2C+Orsay+%28France%29.+Laboratoire+d%27Hydrologie%29&publication_year=1984 |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III |language=French|issn=0249-6313}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Paugy|first1=Didier|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320991783|title=The Inland Water Fishes of Africa: Diversity, Ecology and Human Use|last2=Lévêque|first2=Christian|last3=Otero|first3=Olga|date=2017-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Paugy|first1=Didier|chapter=Fish communities in small aquatic ecosystems: caves, gueltas, crater and salt lakes|date=2017|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.25253|title=The inland water fishes of Africa| pages=397–415 |publisher=IRD Éditions |access-date=2022-02-04| last2=Levêque| first2=Christian| doi=10.4000/books.irdeditions.25253|isbn=9782709924009|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==Liiska dhaxalka dunida== Harta Retba waxay ku jirtay tixgelinta [[UNESCO]] si ay u noqoto Goob [[Dhaxalka Dunida]] ah tan iyo bishii Oktoobar 2005,<ref name=whl>{{cite web | title=Le Lac Rose | website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=fr | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2080/ | access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> waxayna weli tahay mid la mid ah {{as of|lc=yes|2026}}.<ref name=abc2023/> ==Ciyaaraha mootada== Haradu waxay inta badan ahayd barta ugu dambaysa ee tartanka [[Dakar Rally]], ka hor inta uusan tartanku u guurin Koonfurta Ameerika sannadkii 2009.<ref name="Lake Retba"/> Sannadkii 2021, waxay martigelisay wareeg ka mid ah taxanaha tartanka gawaarida korontada ee bannaanka ee [[Extreme E]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} ==Eeg sidoo kale== * [[Haro casuus ah]] * Sir [[Michael Tippett]], kaas oo halabuurkiisii muusig ee ''The Rose Lake'' uu dhiirigelin kaga helay booqashadiisii Harta Retba * '''''{{portal-inline|Lakes}}''''' ==Akhris dheeraad ah== * {{cite web |title=A Look at Lake Retba, Senegal's Pink Lake |website=Edward Asare |date=5 May 2021 |url=https://edwardasare.com/a-look-at-lake-retba-senegals-pink-lake/ |access-date=29 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=19 Bisha Koobaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119163537/https://edwardasare.com/a-look-at-lake-retba-senegals-pink-lake/ |url-status=dead }} ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.lakeretba.com Harta Retba] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmPMhTzMQc8&list=PLzGHKb8i9vTzaW8FXpQuLYHQOkP2wjXv0 ''Senegal’s Pink Lake'']. Al Jazeera English, Oktoobar 2021 (video, 46 daqiiqo) {{Commons category|Lac rose (Senegal)}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Retba}} 45cpp6n6coxueg59rb8ryy874xoxpr1 0 48348 301237 300325 2026-07-10T05:31:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Zerrouka | image = Lake zerrouka, Morocco 687.jpg |alt= A small house by a body of water surrounded by grass and trees. | coordinates = {{coord|33.5461072|N|5.0957533|E}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | location = Tizguite | type = [[Haro]] }} '''Harta Zerrouka''' waa haro ku taal Morocco oo ku dhex taal xudduudaha reer miyiga ee Tizguite ee [[Gobolka Ifrane]], qiyaastii {{cvt|1|km}} ayay u jirtaa [[Ifrane]]. Haradu waa meel caan ku ah dalxiisayaasha ka yimaada dhowr magaalo oo Morocco ah, iyadoo bixisa fursado madadaalo iyo kalluumeysi. Haradu waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo loo kala saaro Harta Zerrouka 1 iyo Harta Zerrouka 2.<ref>Morocco, Al-Ahdath newspaper; Touhami, Rouchdi (August 16, 2023). [https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%80%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 “Zarouga in the outskirts of Ifrane. A natural space that gives its visitors the pleasure of rest”.]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Events.Anfo - Events.Anfo website. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20231204124437/https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 original] on 2023-12-04. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Haradu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo shimbirrood ah, ha ahaadeen kuwa guura ama kuwa deegaanka ah,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=بحيرة زروقة.. بعيدا عن ضوضاء وحر المدينة |url=https://snrtnews.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9 |website=SNRT News |language=ar}}</ref> oo ay ku jiraan xamaamta duurka, qoolleyda qoorta madow, shimbirta yar ee cammuudda , tusiirta yar,<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] April 12, 2024. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 original] on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> haaddada cirrada, buraaleha, shimbirta madax-gaduudka, iyo hara-boodka weyn .<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] May 10, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 Archived] from the original on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Waxaa intaa dheer, Harta Zerrouka waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, sida kaarp, roach caadiga ah, pike, iyo trout qaanso-roobaadka ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadari |first=Issam El |date=17 May 2022 |title=إفران.. جوهرة جبال الأطلس المتوسط الساحرة |url=https://ledesk.ma/arabia/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD/ |website=Le Desk |language=ar }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sababtoo ah kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[guddoon dhowrsan]], in kasta oo tan iyo sannadkii 2023 ay martigelisay nooca duullaanka ah ee ''[[Ferrissia californica]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University |last2=Mabrouki |first2=Youness |last3=Glöer |first3=Peter |last4=Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Germany |last5=Taybi |first5=Abdelkhaleq F. |last6=Mohammed First University |date=2023 |title=The first record of the North American freshwater limpet Ferrissia californica in Morocco |url=http://ncr-journal.bear-land.org/article/398 |journal=Nature Conservation Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.24189/ncr.2023.004|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Welcome Board of Lake Zerrouka.jpg|thumb|Harta Zerouka]] == Nooca Deegaanka == Harta Zerrouka waxay ku taal joog dhan {{cvt|1,600|m}} iyadoo qoto dheerkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{cvt|1.5|m}} baaxadeeduna tahay {{cvt|3.5|ha}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investigation Ifrane-ecological park |url=https://rihanapress.ma/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125031557/https://rihanapress.ma/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Matxafka sawirrada == <gallery> File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 697.jpg File:Populus nigra from Lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Populus nigra and Salix × sepulcralis from Zerrouka lake, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 967.jpg File:Populus nigra in Zerrouka Lake Morocco 6.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 - Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco Advertising.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 667.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source.jpg File:Duck from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Rouen duck and Fulica cristata from Lake zerrouka, Morocco.jpg </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Portal bar|Morocco|Geography|Environment|Water}} rdgakm0tvuit2sfa3cy1jea89u0gywy 0 48354 301230 300334 2026-07-10T04:47:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301230 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lac Afenounir.jpg|thumb|Harada Afennourir]] '''Harada Afnourir''' waa haro ku taal joog sare oo ku dhex taal bulshada Ain El Louh ee [[Ifrane Province|Gobolka Ifrane]], qiyaastii 30&nbsp;km magaalo-madaxda Azrou, ee [[Morocco]]. Haradan waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhan 300 hektar waxayna ku taal joog sare oo ah 1800 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afennourrir Lake Aguelmame Mountain Lake That Stock Photo 1232204953 |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/afennourrir-lake-aguelmame-mountain-that-administratively-1232204953 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Shutterstock |language=en}}</ref> Booska ay dhulka kaga taal oo ah bartamaha kayn geedaha cedar-ka ah waxay siisay aqoonsiga Ramsar bishii Juun 20, 1990, iyadoo lagu daray dhulalka qoyan ee [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], sababo la xiriira shaqooyinka deegaanka iyo kuwa biyaha ee ay fuliyaan, si loo ilaaliyo kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ee caalamiga ah iyo sii jiridda nolosha aadanaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac d'Afennourir {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/208 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les zones humides et l'eau {{!}} Zones Humides |url=https://www.zones-humides.org/les-zones-humides-et-l-eau |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.zones-humides.org}}</ref> == Goobta guud == Waxay ku taal dhul siman oo sare oo ka mid ah Atlas-ka Dhexe ee miiska ah, 20 kiiloomitir koonfurta magaalada [[Azrou]], dhabbada saddexaad ee ku xirta tuulada Aïn Leuh iyo RP 20 (oo xiriirisa Azrou iyo [[Midelt]]). Waxay ka tirsan tahay Bulshada Aïn Leuh (gobolka Ifrane).<ref>{{Cite web |last=سكينة |date=2017-04-05 |title=تعزيز بحيرة أفنورير المتضررة من التغيرات المناخية ب 180 ألف سمكة |url=https://www.barlamane.com/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=برلمان.كوم |language=ar }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dib u habaynta == Sannadkii 2017, Guddiga Sare ee Morocco u qaabilsan Biyaha iyo Kaymaha ayaa ku sii daayay tiro badan oo kalluun ah Harada Afennourir oo isugu jira noocyo kala duwan, kuwaas oo wadartoodu ay gaartay in ka badan 180,000 oo kalluun ah. Hawlgalkan waxaa loogu talagalay in dib loogu soo celiyo isku-dheelitirnaanta deegaanka ee haradan, taas oo ay saameeyeen mowjado abaaro ah iyo isbeddelka cimilada oo horseeday dhimashada kalluun badan iyo guuritaanka shimbirihii ku ururi jiray aagga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The impact of climatic variations on the role and sustainable management of natural ecosystems in the Middle Atlas (Afenourir wetland area case) |url=https://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a102/00006861.pdf}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == <references /> {{coord|33.280|-5.253|type:waterbody_region:MA|display=title}} 941v49pmfncus3z6zn8mtb5221t0fhq 0 48445 301236 300523 2026-07-10T05:27:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali | image = Lac22.jpg | coordinates = {{Coord|type:waterbody|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Algeria}} | type = Lake | date-built = 1940s | area = {{cvt|0.5|km2}} | length = {{cvt|0.748|km}} | depth = {{cvt|30|m|ft}} | volume = {{cvt|3|km3|cumi|0}} | elevation = {{cvt|456|m|ft}} | alt = Dhul biyo leh oo ay geedo ku xeeran yihiin. }} '''Harada Sidi Mohamed Benali''' waa haro ku taal galbeedka [[Algeria]], dhexdeeda [[Sidi Bel Abbès Province|Gobolka Sidi Bel Abbès]], gaar ahaan dhulka degmada [[Aïn Thrid|Ain Thrid]], qiyaastii 1.7 kiiloomitir magaalada [[Sidi Bel Abbès]] u jirta una dhow [[East–West Highway (Algeria)|Waynaha Bari–Galbeed]].<ref>Kreo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200726203539/http://www.dknews-dz.com/article/65638-sidi-bel-abbes-le-lac-de-sidi-mhamed-benali-un-site-naturel-par-excellence.html "Sidi Bel Abbes region: Lake Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali is a natural wonder"]. [http://192.168.1.1/?randid=344658930?updataredirect=www.dknews-dz.com#/upgradeRedirect http://www.dknews-dz.com/]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in French). Archived from the [https://www.dknews-dz.com/article/65638-sidi-bel-abbes-le-lac-de-sidi-mhamed-benali-un-site-naturel-par-excellence.html original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-26.</ref> Haradu waxay dabooshaa bed ka badan 35 hektar, waxaana ku xeeran dhir kala duwan oo ubaxyo leh, waxayna siisaa deegaan dabiici ah 26 nooc oo shimbiro biyeed ah, kalluun, iyo duurjoog kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan yeeyda, pusiha guriga, iyo deyrabyada.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200726194259/https://portail.cder.dz/2020/06/16/lac-sidi-mhamed-benali-de-sidi-bel-abbes-un-espace-naturel-a-sauver/ "Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali Lake is a natural center that must be saved" (bfr-FR)]. Archived from the [https://portail.cder.dz/2020/06/16/lac-sidi-mhamed-benali-de-sidi-bel-abbes-un-espace-naturel-a-sauver/ original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-26.</ref> Haradu waa mid gabi ahaanba dadku sameeyeen, oo la abuuray intii lagu guda jiray 1940-meeyadii, waxana quudiya qulqulka [[Sig River|Webiga Sig]] iyo Dooxada Sarno. Waxaa loo dhisay si loo maareeyo biyaha daadadka ee [[Mekerra River|Webiga Mekerra]], si loo yareeyo halista daadadka burburinta leh ee halis gelin jiray magaalada Sidi Bel Abbès.<ref>[https://tanmia.echaab.dz/2021/05/19/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A/ The rehabilitation of Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidi Bel Abbes: Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake is a scenic natural site that needs to be promoted |url=https://www.djazairess.com/aps/411625 |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017135116/https://www.djazairess.com/aps/411625 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haradu waxay fadhidaa doox dabiici ah oo ka dhex qodmay dhul jilicsan, kaas oo dhanka hoose laga xiray biyo-xireen carro ah. Sariirta haradu waxay ka hortagtaa miiqashada biyaha sababtoo ah ururinta wasakhda sediment-ka, qotadeeda ugu badanna waxay gaartaa qiyaastii 30 mitir.<ref>[https://tahwaspresse.dz/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8/ Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake, Sidi Bel Abbes]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://eldjoumhouria.dz/article/5225/ Sidi Mohamed Benali's lake level boosted after recent rains]</ref> Cilmi-baaris dhowaan (2022) lagu sameeyay harada waxay muujineysaa in heerkulka sii kordhaya uu saameyn xun ku yeesho silsiladda cuntada ee harada iyadoo la dhimayo tirada [[zooplankton]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358131199 |title=Freshwater zooplankton behavior under temperature effects in a semi-arid Mediterranean area |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-date=2023-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127013624/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/358131199_Freshwater_zooplankton_behavior_under_temperature_effects_in_a_semi-arid_Mediterranean_area |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} fhfaxs2x9j6w42t7nurlp1ug83o7f3d 0 48447 301231 300496 2026-07-10T04:49:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Akfadou | image = Lac de Ugelmim Yiker entre Akfadou et Chemini (Béjaïa).jpg | location = [[Kabylia]], {{Flag|Algeria}} | inflow = [[Soummam River|Webiga Soummam]] | coordinates = {{coordinates|36.6963711|N|4.6027409|E|display=inline}} | cities = [[Adekar District|Degmada Adekar]] [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Gobolka Tizi Ouzou]] – [[Béjaïa]] | basin_countries = [[Algeria]] | alt = Dhul biyo leh oo ay ku xeeran yihiin buuro baraf leh xaga gadaal. }} '''Harada Akfadou''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harada Madow''', waxay ku taal dhexdeeda [[Djurdjura Mountains|Buuraha Djurdjura]], ee ku dhex yaal xudduudda [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. Waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa gobollada [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]] ee [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]]. == Guudmar == Harada Madow, oo deegaanka ahaan looga yaqaano [[Berber languages|luqadaha Berber-ka]] "Oqlimim Afrakan", waxay ku taal Kaynta Akfadou, iyadoo aad ugu dhow Waddada Qaranka 34. Waxay caan ku tahay badnaanta geedaha [[Oak|oak-ga]].<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281 Djazairess : Tizi-Ouzou / Virée au Lac Noir de l'Akfadou : une invitation au repos] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140046/http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281 Archived] February 02, 2017 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Oqlimim Afrakan waxay ku taal joog sare oo ah 1,200 oo mitir, waana goob ay jecel yihiin dalxiisayaasha dabeecadda jecel ee raadinaya inay ka baxsadaan nolosha magaalada si ay u helaan xasillooni.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883 About : The Black Lake of Akfadou, the Jewel of the Djerjara, is an eye-catching gem] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135745/http://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Haradan oo baaxaddeedu tahay 3 hektar, qotadeeduna ay tahay qiyaastii 1 mitir, waxay ka tarjumaysaa midabo badan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah buluugga cirka, caddaan ka timaada daruuraha, iyo cagaar madow oo ka dhashay geedaha oak-ga ee ku xeeran dhinac kasta.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/34295 Interesting : Recreational space and neglected forest wealth] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135014/http://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/34295 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Caqabad dadku sameeyeen ayaa laga dhisay hal dhinac oo harada ah si loo ilaaliyo heerka biyaha oo gaar ah. Waxaa jira geedo qayb ahaan ku dhex qumay harada dhexdeeda.<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/regions/45395-vir%C3%A9e-au-lac-noir-de-l%E2%80%99akfadou-une-invitation-au-repos-reportage Algérie Presse Service - Virée au Lac Noir de l'Akfadou : une invitation au repos] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202074324/http://www.aps.dz/regions/45395-vir%C3%A9e-au-lac-noir-de-l%E2%80%99akfadou-une-invitation-au-repos-reportage Archived] February 2, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Gaadiidka, oo ay ku jiraan baabuurta iyo basaska yaryar, ayaa la dhigaa meel u dhow harada ka dib marka loo isticmaalo qaadista dalxiisayaasha ka imanaya gobollada deriska ah kuwaas oo u yimaada inay ku dalxiisaan hareeraheeda. Qoysaska, kooxaha saaxiibada ah, iyo dadka lugeynaya waxay hoos ka raadsadaan gabbaad kulaylka hadoska geedaha ee aagga.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/340548 About : The "Black Lake" in the Akvado Forest. A virgin nature that enchants visitors] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135815/http://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/340548 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Waxa kale oo jira raamo boodbooda oo deggan aagga. Jirid geed oo ku dhacday biyaha dhexdeeda ayaa haysta qorratada weyn oo booqdayaashu u yaqaanaan "dinosaur." Tani waa mid ka mid ah khuraafaadka Oqlimim Afrakan. Goobta [[Archaeology|arkeolojiga]] ee tuulada Mahaqa, oo dib u dhacday [[Roman era|Xilligii Roomaanka]] ama xilli ka sii weyn, oo deegaanka ahaan loo yaqaano "Akham Ojhali", waxay ka dhigan tahay waxyaabaha xiisaha leh ee arkeolojiga iyo taariikhda kuwaas oo sirtoodu ay weli u dhiman tahay in ay kashifaan saynisyahannadu.<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/32971-%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 A tour to the Black Lake in Akvado: An invitation to rest] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091522/http://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/32971-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9/ Archived] 2020-08-19 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Astaamaha == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | |- !01 |Gobollada |[[Tizi Ouzou Province|Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] |- !02 |Isuduwaha |36.6963711°N 4.6027409°E |- !03 |Joogga |1,200&nbsp;m (3,937&nbsp;ft) |- !04 |Dhererka |200&nbsp;m (656&nbsp;ft) |- !05 |Ballaca |150 m (492 feet) |- !06 |Bedka |3 ha (7.413 acres) |- !07 |Qotada |1 m (39 inches) |} == Kala-duwanaanshaha Deegaanka == === Geedaha === Noocyo kala duwan oo geedo ah ayaa ku barwaaqooba hareeraha Harada Akfadou.<ref>http://www.jle.com/download/sec-266541-diversite_floristique_de_la_kabylie_des_babors_algerie_--WicTlH8AAQEAAA-SwUsAAAAK-a.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091514/http://www.jle.com/download/sec-266541-diversite_floristique_de_la_kabylie_des_babors_algerie_--WicTlH8AAQEAAA-SwUsAAAAK-a.pdf/ Archived] 2020-08-19 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref><gallery> File:Abies numidica 02 by Line1.jpg|[[Abies numidica]] File:Picea abies.jpg|[[Fir]] File:Pinus sylvestris Glenmuick.jpg|[[Pinus sylvestris]] File:Pins d'alep.jpeg|[[Pinus halepensis]] File:Forest in Bulgaria near Dundukovo dam.jpg|[[Pinus nigra]] File:Crw 1691-web.jpg|Coultry pine File:R'as Al-matn pine forest-Lebanon.jpg|[[Stone pine]] File:Khénifra-cèdre.jpeg|[[Cedrus atlantica]] File:Cork Trees Ubrique.jpg|[[Quercus suber]] File:Grib skov.jpg|[[Fagus sylvatica]] </gallery> === Deerada Barbary === [[File:Cervus elaphus barbarus, Tierpark Berlin, 523-629.jpg|thumb|[[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]]]] [[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]] ama deerada Atlas waxay u dhalatay aagga Akvado, oo ku yaal u dhow Harada Madow. Waxaa lagu gartaa jidhkeeda yar iyo jaakad midab bunni madow ah, oo lagu gartaa calaamado caddaan ah oo ku yaal dhabarka.<ref>[https://www.ennaharonline.com/ar/specialpages/societe/197585-%D8%AC%D9%8... Efforts to save the Barbary deer from extinction at the hands of poachers]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20170207175133/http://www.ennaharonline.com/ar/specialpages/societe/197585-%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86.html Archived] February 07, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Waa xubinta keliya ee kooxda deerada ee u dhalatay Aljeeriya, iyadoo muujisa doorbidid deegaan qoyan oo cufan iyo kaymo u eg Dhulka Sare ee Akvado.<ref>[https://www.echoroukonline.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%b6-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d4%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d9%87%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7 Animals are going extinct in Algeria: This is how Barbary deer and gazelles escape to Tunisia]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003416/https://www.echoroukonline.com/ara/articles/38775.html Archived] November 13, 2017, at Wayback Machine.</ref> Noocan waxaa loo tixgeliyey inuu halis ku jiro sababtoo ah ugaarsiga hilibkiisa, maqaarkiisa, iyo iibinta geesahiisa, taas oo ganti ka geysatay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid dadkiisa ilaa ay qarka u fuushay inay dabar-go'do sannadkii 2004.<ref>[https://www.ummto.dz/ Accueil-Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130515224806/http://www.ummto.dz/IMG/pdf/memoire_Cerf_de_Berberie.pdf Archived] May 15, 2013, at Wayback Machine.</ref> Waxqabadka dib loogu soo celinayo deerada Barbary ee Aljeeriya wuxuu ku bilowday raritaanka laba deero oo Barbary ah iyo ubadkooda oo ay sameeyeen Waaxda Kaymaha ee Aljeeriya iyadoo laka kaashanayo Xidhibaanada Horumarinta Ugaarsiga ee Zeralda, oo ku taal gobolka Taras ee joogga sare leh dhexdeeda degmada Zeitouna. Goobta dib loogu soo celiyay waxay dabooshaa bed qiyaastii konton hektar ah.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035744/http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035744/http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf.] [https://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf Archived] from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-02.</ref> Deerada waxaa ugaarsan jiray dhowr nooc, oo ay ku jiraan [[Barbary lion|libaaxa Barbary]], shabeelka Afrika, iyo [[Atlas bear|orayga Atlas]]. Kan dambe hadda waa dabar-go'ay, kan horena wuxuu ku dabar-go'ay duurka, kan kalena wuxuu ku jiraa xaalad halis ah oo [[Endangered species|dabar-go' ah]]. [[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]] waa nooc caws-cun ah oo ku qudha khudaarta iyo dhirta. Waxay degtaa kaymaha oak-ga iyo cork-ga. Muddada uurku waa qiyaastii siddeed bilood, iyadoo dhalmada ay dhacdo dhexda Abriil iyo Juun. Sannadihii u dambeeyay, [[Algeria]] waxay bilowday tallaabooyin lagu fududeynayo dib u soo celinta noocan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah abuuritaanka Xidhibaanada Kalluumeysiga ee Zeralda, oo mas'uul ka ah la socodka iyo kor u qaadista xaaladahooda nololeed, iyadoo ujeedadu tahay ka hortagga dabar-go'a. Intaa waxaa dheer, deegaan-ilaalin ah ayaa loo qoondeeyay ujeedada barashada deerada Barbary, afar deerona waxaa laga soo qaatay xeryo xayawaan oo kala duwan iyo afar kale oo laga soo qaatay deegaan-ilaalinta Mascara iyo El Kalaa. Ka dib, waxay dhashay qiyaastii 21 shakhsi, kuwaas oo qaarkood loo isticmaalay dib u soo celinta deerada ee Kaynta Akfadou, oo ah deegaankeeda dabiiciga ah. Natiijooyinka waxay ahaayeen kuwo dhiirogelin leh, sida ay muujisay dhalashada saddex weylood oo %100/100 duurjoog ah. === Daanyeerka Barbary === [[File:Barbary Macaque.jpg|thumb|[[Barbary macaque|Daanyeerka Barbary]]]] [[Barbary macaque|Daanyeerka Barbary]] waa nooc degan hareeraha Harada Madow. Waxaa la arkay isagoo u soo dhiirranaya waddooyinka iyo aagagga dadku deggan yihiin si uu cunto u raadsado. Si looga jawaabo khatarta ku wajahan noocan, dawladda Aljeeriya waxay hirgelisay tallaabooyin taxane ah oo loogu talagalay ilaalinta sii jiritaankiisa. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah ku rakibidda calaamado aagagga uu xayawaanku aadka u joogo, iyadoo laga niyad-jabinayo quudinta maguey-ga lana mamnuucayo tarankooda. Tani waxay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in cuntooyinka qaarkood ee la siiyo daanyeerka ay keeni karaan dhimasho. Intaa waxaa dheer, dawladda Aljeeriya waxay bilowday abuuritaanka dhowr deegaan-ilaalin dabiici ah halkaas oo ay ku yaalaan dad muhiim ah oo noocan ah, oo ay ku jiraan Beerta Qaranka ee Taza iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Goraya oo eegaysa Gacanka [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]], iyo sidoo kale [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. === Naasleyda kale === {{Main|Wildlife of Algeria|List of mammals of Algeria}} Laba iyo labaatan nooc oo [[mammal|naasley]] ah ayaa la arkay inay isugu y someeyaan hareeraha Harada Madow ee Akfadou ujeedada helitaanka cunto.<gallery> File:Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor (cropped).jpg|[[Wild boar|Doofaarka duurka]] File:Sylvilagus floridanus.jpg|[[Rabbit|Bakeyle]] File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2. Tasmanian 2.jpg|[[European rabbit|Bakeylaha Yurub]] File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|[[Least weasel]] File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|[[Common genet]] File:Erizo moruno (Atelerix algirus).jpg|[[North African hedgehog|Deyrabka Waqooyiga Afrika]] File:Porcupine Berlin Zoo.jpg|[[Porcupine|Caana-qub]] File:AfricanWildCat.jpg|[[Wildcat|Mukulaal duurjoog ah]] File:Golden wolf small.jpg|[[African wolf|Yeyda Afrika]] File:Fox at the British Wildlife Centre, Newchapel, Surrey - geograph.org.uk - 2221750.jpg|[[Red fox|Dawaco cas]] File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|[[Mongoose|Shulug]] File:Tympanoctomys barrerae.jpg|[[Plains viscacha rat]] </gallery> == Goobta == Harada Akfadou waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa gobollada Aljeeriya ee [[Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]], iyadoo aad ugu dhow isbaddalka [[Soummam River|Dooxada Soummam]]. Jagadeeda dhexdeeda Kaynta Akfadou waxay ka dhigaysaa meel xeeladeysan oo faa'iido leh dhexdeeda [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. Haradu waxay ku taal 43 kiiloomitir galbeedka [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] iyo 50 kiiloomitir bari ka xigta [[Tizi Ouzou]], iyadoo Buurta Akfadou, oo 7 kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed u jirta, ay tahay gogol-xaar.<ref>[http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax# "TerraServer - Viewer Aerial Photos & Satellite Images - The Leader In Online Imagery". terraserver.com]. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax original] on 2016-03-10. Accessed April 27, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax Archived] March 10, 2016 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Haradu waxay ku dhex taal degmada [[Adekar]], oo ku dhex taal [[Adekar district|degmada Adekar]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140119111506/http://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=36.734180&ln=3.141158&z=1&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all "Panoramio - Photos of the World". panoramio.com.] Archived from the original on 2019-04-20. Accessed April 27, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140119111506/http://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=36.734180&ln=3.141158&z=1&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all Archived] January 19, 2014 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> {{Adjacent communities|North-east=Waddada Qaranka 24 (Algiers) [[Gouraya National Park]]|North=Waddada Qaranka 12 (Algiers) Bada Dhexe Kaynta Tigrin, Kaynta Sidi Issa, Kaynta Taqsept|North-west=Buurta Tamgut, Kaynta Tamgut.|EAST=Waddada Qaranka 26 (Algeria), Waddada Qaranka 75 (Algeria).|WEST=Kaynta Ekoran, [[Rajaouna]], Waddada Qaranka 34 (Algeria), Waddada Qaranka 34.|Center=Harada Akfadou|South-east=[[Soummam River|Webiga Soummam]]|South=Buurta Akfadou|South-west=Kaynta Akfadou, [[Djurdjura National Park]], [[Lalla Khedidja]]}} == Xigasho == {{reflist}} === Xiriirinta === * [http://www.mre.dz/ Wasaaradda Kheyraadka Biyaha ee Aljeeriya.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mre.dz/ |date=20180310055459 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310055459/http://www.mre.dz/ |date=2018-03-10 }} onb179a24k69agoanyhp4ekz2rxkw3s 0 48472 301203 300565 2026-07-10T00:36:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ateny Wek Ateny''' waa saxafi, qareen, iyo mas'uul dowladeed oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]]. Wuxuu hore u soo noqday Xoghayaha Warfaafinta ee Madaxweyne [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] intii u dhexeysay 2013 ilaa 2022. Hadda wuxuu yahay Wasiirka ICT-ga iyo Adeegyada Boostada ee Jamhuuriyadda Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MINISTER ATENY WEK ATENY OFFICIALLY ASSUMED OFFICE AS MINISTER OF ICT & POSTAL SERVICES, PROMISED TO PROTECT PRESIDENT|url=https://mictps.gov.ss/minister-ateny-wek-ateny-officially-assumed-office-as-minister-of-ict-postal-services-promised-to-protect-president/|access-date=2026-01-21|website=mictps.gov.ss}}</ref> == Shaqada == Ka hor inta uusan qaban xil dowladeed, wuxuu ka soo shaqeeyay qareen ahaan, sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa saxafi<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-08|title=South Sudan President Salva Kiir fires his Press Secretary Ateny Wek Ateny|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-salva-kiir-fires-his-press-secretary-ateny-wek-ateny-3907074|access-date=2023-02-14|website=The East African|language=en}}</ref> iyo qoraa joogto ah oo wax ku qori jiray wargeyska ''The Citizen Daily''. Ateny wuxuu ahaa Xoghayaha Warfaafinta ee Madaxweynaha Koonfurta Suudaan [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] laga soo bilaabo Noofambar 2013 ilaa laga eryay xilka sannadkii 2022.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Ninrew|first=Chany|date=2022-08-06|title=Kiir sacks longtime Press Secretary Ateny Wek|url=https://www.eyeradio.org/kiir-sacks-longtime-press-secretary-ateny-wek/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Eye Radio|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>''[https://sudantribune.com/article47940/ Kiir appoints newspaper commentator as press secretary]'', [[Sudan Tribune]], November 27, 2013</ref><ref name=":0" /> Wuxuu ahaa xoghayihii saddexaad ee warfaafinta ee Xafiiska Madaxweynaha, sidoo kalena wuxuu ahaa kii muddada ugu dheer xilka hayay.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Presidential spokesman Ateny Wek sacked|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/presidential-spokesman-ateny-wek-sacked|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Radio Tamazuj|language=en}}</ref> Ka hor magacaabistiisa, Ateny wuxuu caan ku ahaa dhaleeceynta uu si fagaare ah ugu jeedin jiray maamulka Madaxweyne Kiir.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-08|title=South Sudan President Salva Kiir fires his Press Secretary Ateny Wek Ateny|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-salva-kiir-fires-his-press-secretary-ateny-wek-ateny-3907074|access-date=2023-01-14|website=The East African|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan President Salva Kiir fires his Press Secretary Ateny Wek Ateny|url=https://pachodo.org/latest-news-articles/news-from-various-sources/36470-south-sudan-president-salva-kiir-fires-his-press-secretary-ateny-wek-ateny|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Pachodo.org|language=en-gb}}</ref> Dad badan oo u ololeeya arrimaha bulshada iyo falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda ayaa magacaabistiisa ku tilmaamay isku day lagu aamusiinayo dadka dhaliila dowladda si aysan u dhaawicin sumcadda hoggaamiyeyaasha siyaasadeed ee Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshua|first=Elvince|date=2022-08-09|title=This man Ateny: Pressman who 'loved women', humour and controversy|url=https://cityreviewss.com/this-man-ateny-pressman-who-loved-women-humour-and-controversy/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=The City Review South Sudan|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Safarkiisii labaad ee caalami ah ee uu la galay madaxweynaha, Ateny wuxuu isku dhacay Madaxweyne Kiir kadib markii uu diiday inuu ka baxo kulan uu madaxweynuhu la lahaa [[President of Uganda|Madaxweynaha Uganda]].<ref name=":1">''[https://sudantribune.com/article59617/ Ateny flip-flopping, where is his loyalty to President Kiir?]'', Chuor Deng Chuor, [[Sudan Tribune]]</ref> Xiriirka u dhexeeyay Ateny iyo Kiir ayaa xumaaday kadib safarkaas Uganda, waxaana uu bilaabay inuu si gooni ah u shaqeeyo, isagoo ay xiisad kala dhexeysay shaqaalaha kale ee Xafiiska Madaxweynaha, isla markaana uusan heli karin xiriir toos ah oo uu la yeesho saraakiisha sare ee dowladda.<ref name=":1" /> == Tixraacyo == 6pmckyv5jfvqz7slcdxdqzvz2zh95ym 0 48514 301365 300682 2026-07-10T11:40:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ga-Selati | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Selatirivier | name_etymology = Waxaa la sheegay in loogu magac daray oday dhaqameed (suldaan)<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames_djvu.txt Dictionary of Southern African Place Names]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Ga-Selati <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = {{convert|0.29|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = {{convert|4.9|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Wolkberg]] | source1_location = Koonfur-Bari ee [[Tzaneen]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|840|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Phalaborwa]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|2|20|S|31|10|20|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|297|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Ga-Selati''' ama '''Webiga Selati''' ({{langx|af|Selatirivier}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. ==Marinka== Wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa dhiftada dhagaxan ee galbeedka Buuraha [[Wolkberg]], oo ka tirsan silsiladda Buuraha Drakensberg, qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km koonfur-bari ee [[Tzaneen]]. Laga soo bilaabo meeshan uu ka soo unkamo oo ah aag roobabku ku badan yihiin, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bariga qiyaastii 140 kiiloomitir ka hor intaanu kula biirin [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] qiyaastii 7 kiiloomitir koonfur ka xigta magaalada [[Phalaborwa]].<ref>[http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G00334.pdf Hydrology and land use in the Ga-Selati catchment]</ref> Laamaha ugu weyn ee ku biira Webiga Ga-Selati waa [[Ngwabitsi River|Webiga Ngwabitsi]] iyo [[Mulati River|Webiga Mulati]], kuwaas oo labaduba kula biira bangigiisa midig.<ref>[http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverMPUSelati/defaulttrib.htm South African Rivers - Selati River]</ref> Xilliga jiilaalka, salka dooxada Ga-Selati wuxuu noqdaa mid engegan inta badan dhererkiisa. Webigan waxaa si weyn u saameeyay kharibaadda deegaanka iyo wasakhda ka dhalatay hawlaha macdanta ee laga sameeyo Phalaborwa ee qaybta hoose ee marinkiisa.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_4.03.html The Olifants River System; Ecoregions 4.03 & 4.05 - Ecoregion and River Characteristics]</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada dooxada ku yaal== *[[Tours Dam|Biyo-xireenka Tours]], ee ku yaal [[Ngwabitsi River|Webiga Ngwabitsi]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://ul.netd.ac.za/bitstream/10386/366/1/Ramollo%20PP%20MSc Bioassessing the Impact of Water Quality]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} r31dtkqvuvczjzn38pz2203pkmigkl9 0 48518 301399 300950 2026-07-10T11:57:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Matlabas | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{ubl |Mothlabatsi |Matlabasrivier }} | name_etymology = Waxay ka dhigan tahay "webi ciid leh" ee [[Tswana language|luqadda Tswana]]<ref>[http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf Transvaal Indigenous Place Names] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |date=20081031094929 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031094929/http://www.emagameni.co.za/Transvaal%20Indigenous%20Place%20Names.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Matlaba river - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Matlabas <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 161 kilometres | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waterberg Massif]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1700|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], Xadka Koonfur Afrika/[[Botswana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|41|45|S|26|59|53|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|844|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|3448|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | length_metric = }} '''Webiga Matlabas''' waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waa laan ka tirsan [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Dooxada ururinta biyaha ee webigu waxay ka kooban tahay 3,448 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> Gidigiis aagga ururinta biyaha ee webiga wuxuu ku yaallaa gudaha [[Waterberg District Municipality|Degmada Waterberg]]. ==Marinka== Matlabas wuxuu ka unkamaa qaybta galbeed ee [[Waterberg Massif]] oo ku dhex taal aagga [[Marakele National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Marakele]].<ref>[http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 The Marakele Contractual National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 |date=20091015042955 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015042955/http://www.marakelepark.co.za/parks.php?id=3 |date=2009-10-15 }}</ref> Ka dib marka uu ka soo baxo buuraha wuxuu guud ahaan u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed isagoo dhex mara [[Lowveld]] ilaa uu kula biiro bangiga midig ee Webiga Limpopo. In kasta oo uu yahay webi joogto ah, Matlabas wuxuu si weyn ugu xiran yahay isbeddellada xilliyada, sidaas darteed [[surface runoff|biyo-shubankiisa guud]] waa mid aad u isbedbeddela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waterberg District Environmental Management Network |url=http://www.metrogis.co.za/docs/WDEMF_Draft_EMF_Report_SectionA.pdf |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035434/http://www.metrogis.co.za/docs/WDEMF_Draft_EMF_Report_SectionA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Laantiisa ugu weyn waa [[Mamba River|Webiga Mamba]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA1Limpopo.jpg Limpopo WMA 1]</ref> == Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{commonscat inline}} *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/xtra/Water_Quality_Situation_Assessments.pdf Water Resource Quality Situation Assessment] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/xtra/Water_Quality_Situation_Assessments.pdf |date=20170630201354 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120409120544/http://www.travel-informed.co.za/limpopo-lephalale.html South Africa: Limpopo: Lephalale] lqvsyqpqmhup6anwud2ojmzfcqus2k1 0 48520 301398 300691 2026-07-10T11:56:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Marico | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = {{langx|st|Madikwa}} | name_etymology = Waxay ka timid ereyga [[Bahurutse]] ee ''Madikwa'', oo lami macno ah "dhiig ayaa jira".<ref>[http://www.fionaayerst.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Marico-Oog-Aug-Sept-08.pdf Marico Oog Gallery]</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->| image = River, Madikwe Game Reserve.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = [[Madikwe Game Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Madikwe]] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Marico <!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Botswana]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[North West Province, South Africa|Gobolka North West]], [[Limpopo Province|Limpopo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Marico Oog | source1_location = Ngaka Modiri, Koonfur Afrika | source1_coordinates = {{coord|25|47|19|S|26|21|57|E}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1482|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = u dhow [[Oliphants Drift]], Xadka Koonfur Afrika/Botswana | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|11|27|S|26|52|22|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|872|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] → [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | length = {{Convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}} | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|13208|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin]</ref> }} [[File:Limpopo watershed topo.png|thumb|300px|Marinka iyo Dooxada biyo-shubanka ee [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]]] '''Webiga Marico''' ama '''Madikwe''' waa webi ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]]. Waxaa jira dhowr biyo-xireen oo ku yaal dooxadiisa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |title=Major dams in the Marico River |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417215531/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/RiverNWMarico/defaultdam.htm |archive-date=2012-04-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Magaalada [[Groot Marico]] waxaa loogu magac daray Webiga Marico.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marico - Africa at its best |url=http://www.marico.co.za/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |archive-date=2021-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220054851/http://www.marico.co.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ka dib marka uu bangigiisa midig ugala biiro [[Crocodile River (West)|Webiga Crocodile]], waxaa loo yaqaannaa [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. ==Marinka== [[File:Marico Oog.jpg|thumb|300px|Isha Marico, meesha uu ka unkamo Webiga Marico]] Webigu wuxuu ku bilowdaa magaca Webiga Groot Marico ee Marico Oog ([[Eye of Marico|Isha Marico]] ee af [[Afrikaans|Afrikaanka]]), u dhow [[Rustenburg]] iyo [[Swartruggens]] oo ku yaal [[North West (South African province)|Gobolka North West]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Meesha uu webigu ka unkamo waa god weyn oo [[dolomitic|dhagax-shiryeed]] ah oo dhulka ku jira oo leh biyo cad, kaas oo sidoo kale ah meel caan ku ah [[scuba diving|quusidda badda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |title=South Africa Information: Groot Marico |access-date=16 March 2012 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216062129/http://gauteng.guesthouses.co.za/Gauteng_Info-travel/south-africa-info-groot-marico.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo ah Great Marico (Groot Marico) wuxuuna sii hooseeyo kula midooba Webiga ka yar ee [[Klein Marico River]].<ref>[http://travelingluck.com/Africa/South+Africa/North-West/_990260_Klein-Maricorivier.html#local_map Klein-Maricorivier, North-West, South Africa]</ref> Inta u dhaxeysa marinka waxaa loogu yeeraa Webiga Madikwene, laakiin ka dib marka uu [[Sehubyane River|Webiga Sehubyane]] (Sandsloot) ka soo galo bangigiisa bidix, wuxuu dib ugu soo laabataa magaca Marico.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile (West) & Marico WMA 3]</ref> Wuxuu sii wadaa qulqulka dhanka waqooyi, isagoo u laabma dhanka waqooyi-bari isla markaana sameeya xadka u dhaxeeya [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[Botswana]]. Marinka hoose, Webiga Crocodile wuxuu dhanka midig uga soo biiraa Webiga Marico, magaca u baxa marinka ka dib barta ay ku kulmaanna wuxuu noqdaa [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Qiyaastii 5&nbsp;km ka hor barta ay ku kulmaan, [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] wuxuu koonfur-galbeed uga soo biiraa Limpopo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |title=Limpopo Drainage Network |access-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903061212/http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/limpopo/fsheet1/drainage.htm |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Biyo-xireennada dooxada webiga == Webiga Marico wuxuu ka tirsan yahay Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Crocodile (West) iyo Marico. Biyo-xireennada ku yaal dooxada webiga waa: * [[Molatedi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Molatedi]] * [[Kromellenboog Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kromellenboog]] * [[Marico-Bosveld Dam|Biyo-xireenka Marico-Bosveld]] * [[Uitkyk Dam|Biyo-xireenka Uitkyk]] * [[Klein-Maricopoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Klein-Maricopoort]] * [[Sehujwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Sehujwane]] * [[Madikwe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Madikwe]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/crocwestmarico_05/crocwestmarico_05_a4.pdf Overview of the Crocodile (West)/Marico Water Management Area] *[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Major rivers and streams within the Limpopo River Basin] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207060008/http://www.safarimappers.com/area.aspx?lngareaid=37 Madikwe Game Reserve] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111215154235/http://www.madikweriverlodge.com/ Madikwe River Lodge] 2ilh5zojejcpfmtl5f5v1lw1mjncy0t 0 48589 301338 300931 2026-07-10T11:14:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ururka [[Media development|Horumarinta Warbaahinta]] ee [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] (AMDISS)''' waa urur warbaahineed oo fadhigiisu yahay [[Juba]], [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . Waxaa la aasaasay 2003. <ref>{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|title=Interim assessment of media development in South Sudan: based on UNESCO's ...|publisher=UNESCO Office Juba|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100092-8|location=Juba, South Sudan|pages=47}}</ref> Kooxdu waxay ka shaqeysaa sidii ay gacan uga geysan lahayd xoojinta [[Media (communication)|warbaahinta]] iyo sidii loo heli lahaa qaab-dhismeed Koonfurta Suudaan si loo hubiyo [[Freedom of speech|xorriyadda hadalka]], xuquuqda macluumaadka iyo [[Xuquuqda dadka|xuquuqda kale ee aadanaha]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.npaid.org/Our-Work/Countries-we-work-in/Africa/South-Sudan/Development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Partners-for-development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Association-of-Media-Development-in-Sudan-AMDISS |access-date=2026-07-06 |archive-date=2019-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207012651/https://www.npaid.org/Our-Work/Countries-we-work-in/Africa/South-Sudan/Development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Partners-for-development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Association-of-Media-Development-in-Sudan-AMDISS |url-status=dead }}</ref> waxayna higsaneysaa inay ilaaliso [[Freedom of expression|xorriyadda hadalka]], [[Freedom of the press|xorriyadda saxaafadda]], iyo ogolaanshaha is-xakamaynta warbaahinta. <ref>http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/21030/AMDISS-UJOSS-Are-Not-Media-Per-Se-Brother-Alier.aspx</ref> AMDISS waxaa sidoo kale loo aasaasay si wax looga qabto dhibaatada [[Siyaasadda Koonfurta Suudaan|dowladda Koonfurta Suudaan]] oo si liidata u fahansan doorka iyo waajibaadka warbaahinta ee dalka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.npaid.org/Our-Work/Countries-we-work-in/Africa/South-Sudan/Development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Partners-for-development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Association-of-Media-Development-in-Sudan-AMDISS |access-date=2026-07-06 |archive-date=2019-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207012651/https://www.npaid.org/Our-Work/Countries-we-work-in/Africa/South-Sudan/Development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Partners-for-development-cooperation-in-South-Sudan/Association-of-Media-Development-in-Sudan-AMDISS |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == od24a1e6qfi4u4pbxv3g9bd4js8mzcn 0 48599 301214 300988 2026-07-10T01:33:05Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | map = | extra = | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Blesbokspruit | designation1_date = 2 Oktoobar 1986 | designation1_number = 343<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blesbokspruit|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/343|accessdate=25 Abriil 2018}}</ref>}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-26.6001|28.2898|format=dms|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = South Africa | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | mouth = [[Suikerbosrand River|Webiga Suikerbosrand]] | custom_label = Heerka ilaalinta | image = Marievale, Gauteng.jpg }} '''Blesbokspruit''' waa webi ku yaal [[Gauteng]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] kaas oo ka soo bilaabma waqooyiga [[Daveyton]], halkaas oo uu u qulqulo koonfur ka dibna galbeedka dhanka magaalooyinka [[Springs, Gauteng|Springs]], [[Nigel, Gauteng|Nigel]] iyo [[Heidelberg]] ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Suikerbosrand River|Webiga Suikerbosrand]], oo ah laan ka mid ah [[Vaal River|Webiga Vaal]]. [[Marievale Bird Sanctuary|Kaydka Shimbiraha ee Marievale]] wuxuu ku yaallaa qaybtiisa sare, kaas oo la aasaasay markii waddooyinka iyo dhuumaha ay gaareen miinooyinka u dhow sannadkii 1930. Aag dhan 1,848 hektar ayaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar]] si looga hortago wasakhda warshadaha ee [[wetland|dhulka qoyan]], waxaana loo magacaabay [[Important Bird Area|Aag Shimbireed Muhiim ah]]. == Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha == {{main|Marievale Bird Sanctuary}} Dhirta iyo xayawaanka laga heli karo dhulka qoyan ee Blesbokspruit waxaa ka mid ah heron, bulrushes, cawska [[phragmites]], [[yellow-billed duck|digaagga af-jaallaha ah]], [[marsh mongoose|mongoose-ka dhulka qoyan]] iyo jiirarka waaweyn ee bullfrogs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary: Gauteng Tourism Authority |url=https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/marievale_bird_sanctuary |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.gauteng.net |language=en |archive-date=2019-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621055320/https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/marievale_bird_sanctuary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary |url=https://www.nigel.co.za/marievale/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.nigel.co.za}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} 3cxp0vred28eetee70ffdir8tpv8ofy 0 48601 301346 300992 2026-07-10T11:25:05Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Blood River | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=zu|name1=Ncome |tag2=af|name2=Bloedrivier}} | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta afka Webiga Blood River <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[KwaZulu-Natal]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Buuraleyda koonfur-bari ee [[Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal|Utrecht]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Webiga Buffalo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|27|50|56|S|30|35|35|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Blood River.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Sawir muujinaya Blood River iyo Buundada Dib-u-heshiisiinta oo ay dhistay dowladda.]] '''Blood River''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Ncome''' ({{langx|af|Bloedrivier}}; {{langx|zu|Ncome}}), wuxuu ku yaallaa inta u dhaxaysa [[Nquthu Local Municipality|Nquthu]] iyo [[Vryheid]] ee [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Webigan wuxuu isha ku hayaa buuraleyda koonfur-bari ee [[Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal|Utrecht]]; isagoo ka baxaya dhulalka sare waxaa ku biira laba laamood oo muhiim ah oo ka soo jeeda [[Schurveberg]], ka dibna wuxuu ku dhex maraa meel fidsan oo ciid ah.<ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/rsa1932humphreygeologyofvryheid.pdf The Geology of Vryheid]</ref> Blood River waa laan ka mid ah [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Webiga Buffalo]], kaas oo ah laan ka mid ah [[Thukela River|Webiga Thukela]] oo uu kaga biiro dhanka waqooyi-bari.<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA7Thukela.jpg Thukela WMA 7]</ref> Webigan waxaa loogu magac daray [[Battle of Blood River|Dagaalkii Blood River]] oo Boqorkii [[Zulu Kingdom|Zulu]] [[Dingane kaSenzangakhona|Dingane]] lagaga adkaaday [[Andries Pretorius]] iyo raggii uu waday 16 Diseembar 1838. Waxaa la sheegaa in biyuhu ay casaan noqdeen dhiiggii raggii Zulu ee halkaas ku dhintay ''si ballaaran''. Waxay ahayd dagaal dhex maray 464 Boers ah iyo in ka badan 30,000 amabutho.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tugela |volume=27 |page=364}}</ref> Dagaalka waxaa loo dabbaaldegi jiray fasax 16 Diseembar ah oo la yiraahdo ''Maalintii Dingane'' ({{langx|af|Dingaansdag}}), ka dibna [[Day of the Vow|Maalintii Dhaarashada]] ({{langx|af|Geloftedag}}) ee Koonfur Afrika oo ku hoos jirtay Apartheid, oo ah maalin sabti ah oo lagu xusuusanayo wixii Ilaah u qabtay, sidaas darteed magaca ''Dhaarashada''. Dadka Zulu waxaa loo yaqaanay maalintii Dingane.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0018-2656.00148 | doi=10.1111/0018-2656.00148 | title=Johannes Nkosi and the Communist Party of South Africa: Images of 'Blood River' and King Dingane in the Late 1920s–1930 | date=2000 | last1=Ndlovu | first1=Sifiso Mxolisi | journal=History and Theory | volume=39 | issue=4 | pages=111–132 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sannadkii 1994, ka dib dhammaadkii [[Apartheid]], waxaa loo magacaabay [[Day of Reconciliation|Maalinta Dib-u-heshiisiinta]], oo ah fasax sannadle ah oo sidoo kale ku beegan 16 Diseembar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/holidays.htm#16december |title=16 Diseembar (Maalinta Dib-u-heshiisiinta) |publisher=South African Government Information |access-date=2008-11-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101165214/http://www.info.gov.za/aboutsa/holidays.htm |archive-date=1 Noofambar 2008 }}</ref> Blood River [[Vlei]], oo ku taal qiyaastii 20&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ee [[Vryheid]], waa mid ka mid ah [[wetland|dhulalka qoyan]] ee ugu weyn gudaha Koonfur Afrika iyo meesha jiilaalka ee shimbiraha socdaalka sida shinbiraha iyo goose-ka.<ref>[http://wetlands.sanbi.org/project_details.php?id=206 KZN North - Working for Wetlands] {{Wayback|url=http://wetlands.sanbi.org/project_details.php?id=206 |date=20120918214947 }} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918214947/http://wetlands.sanbi.org/project_details.php?id=206 |date=18 Sebteembar, 2012 }}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]] == Maktabad == * Kajsa Norman, ''Bridge Over Blood River: The Rise and Fall of the Afrikaners'', Hurst and Company, London, 2016, {{ISBN|9781849046817}}. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Ncome River}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309192352/http://birdingroutes.co.za/zululand/zbr-birding-sites-nw.html Goobaha shimbiraha ee North-West Zululand] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101015203610/http://www.bloedrivier.org/ Websaydhka rasmiga ah ee Blood river Vow Committee], Blood river Vow Committee {{Authority control}} tiuuh5te6rv8o2qj5h8cotux52t8u56 0 48602 301349 300996 2026-07-10T11:26:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Motlatse | native_name = | name_other = Webiga Blyde | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = BlydeRiverSouthAfrica (7).JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Motlatse oo maraya doox dhagax-sandstone ah oo ka hooseeya halka uu ku biiro [[Treur River|Treur]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta halka uu ku biiro Blyde-[[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Olifants]] <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobollada | subdivision_name2 = [[Mpumalanga]] & [[Limpopo]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Hartebeesvlakte]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|24|15|17|S|30|49|47|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|2842|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Motlatse'''<ref>[http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html Webiga Olifants waxaa hadda loo yaqaan Lepelle]</ref> ("Webiga Joogtada ah"), '''Webiga Blyde''' ({{langx|af|Blyderivier}} "Webiga Farxadda"), ama '''Webiga Umdhlazi'''<ref>{{cite book|last=Bulpin|first=T.V.|author-link=T. V. Bulpin|title=Lost Trails of the Lowveld |year=2012 |publisher=Protea |location=Pretoria |isbn=978-1-86919-555-7 |page=42}}</ref> waa webi ku yaal gobollada [[Mpumalanga]] iyo [[Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo maraya dooxooyin dhaadheer iyo meelo qotodheer oo ka tirsan [[Drakensberg]] ee Mpumalanga, ka hor inta uusan gelin gobolka [[Veld|lowveld]] ee gobolka Limpopo. Asalkiisu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa joog dhan 2,000 mitir oo ku yaal aagga ilaalinta [[Hartebeesvlakte]], waqooyiga [[Long Tom Pass]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Blyde River Canyon|Dooxada Webiga Blyde]]. == Etymology == Magaca Blyde, oo macnihiisu yahay "farxad" ama "reynreyn"<ref>[https://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames "Dictionary of Southern African Place Names" by RE Raper - HSRC]</ref> afka [[Afrikaans|Cape Dutch]], ayaa loo bixiyay intii lagu guda jiray safar [[voortrekker]]. Tani waxay dhacday 1844 markii [[Andries Hendrik Potgieter|Hendrik Potgieter]] iyo kuwo kale ay si nabad ah uga soo laabteen [[Maputo Bay|Delagoa Bay]] iyagoo u tagay inta kale ee kooxdooda oo u haystay inay dhinteen. Iyagoo wali ku jira faham-daradaas waxay magaca u bixiyeen webiga u dhow xeradooda, [[Treur River|Treurrivier]], ama 'webiga baroorta'. Magaca Motlatse waxaa la sheegaa inuu ka horeeyo magaca Blyde, wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay 'webi had iyo jeer buuxa' afka Sepulane.<ref>{{Citation | last = AENS | title = Blyde Canyon gets new name | page = 8 | newspaper = Daily Sun | date = 1 June 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Elwyn | last = Jenkins | title = Falling into place: the story of modern South African place names | publisher = David Philip Publishers | year = 2007 | page = 75 }}</ref> == Kaydka biyaha == Laga soo bilaabo aagga qabashada biyaha ee 2,842 [[square kilometre|km²]], 220 km² waxaa loo qoondeeyay kaymo ganacsi, iyo ku dhawaad 1,399 km² waxay ka kooban yihiin kaymo asal ah.<ref name = IWMI/> Beeraha midhaha iyo dalagga ayaa laga aasaasay qaybta hoose ee Blyde qaybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad, iyadoo 23,521 [[Hectare|ha]] loo qoondeeyay waraabinta sannadkii 1995.<ref name = IWMI/> Hartebeesvlakte, [[Mount Sheba Nature Reserve]], [[Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve]] iyo [[Blyde-Olifants Conservancy]] ayaa ilaaliya qaybo kala duwan oo webiga ah. == Laamaha webiga == Gudaha [[Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve]], waxaa ku biira webiyo ama durdurro dhowr ah. [[Treur River|Webiga Treur]] wuxuu ku biiraa Blyde meesha loo yaqaan [[Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve#Bourke's Luck Potholes|Bourke's Luck Potholes]], qaybta sare ee dooxada. Marka la sii socdo, waxaa ku biira durdurrada Belvedere iyo Ga-nogakgolo. Xaruntii tamarta ee Belvedere (oo ku taal <small>{{coord|24|39|18|S|30|50|12|E| type:landmark_region:ZA | display=inline | name=Belvedere power station}}</small>) waxay ku taal halka ay isaga darsamaan Blyde iyo Belvedere. Laga soo bilaabo 1911<ref name=bdw>{{cite web |title=The Belvedere Day Walk |url=http://www.microhydropower.net/rsa/belvedere.php |work=Trails and walks |publisher=Mpumalanga Parks Board |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=24 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224223250/http://www.microhydropower.net/rsa/belvedere.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ilaa 1992 waxay koronto biyo-dhaliye ah u siisay [[Pilgrim's Rest, Mpumalanga|Pilgrim's Rest]] iyo bulshooyinka ku dhow.<ref name=beeld>{{cite news|last=Viljoen |first=Buks |title='Sakesektor moet help met krag' |url=http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2011/03/17/B3/6/Copy2ofbveksdom1750.html |access-date=24 December 2013 |newspaper=Beeld |date=17 March 2011 }}</ref> Jid socod maalinle ah oo qiyaastii 10 km ah ayaa u oggolaanaya booqdayaasha inay sahamiyaan aaggan.<ref name=bdw/><ref name=mo>{{cite web |title=Belvedere Day Hike |url=http://www.modernoverland.com/south-africa/mpumalanga/blyde-river-canyon/belvedere-day-hike/ |work=Blyde River Canyon: Sights & Activities |publisher=modernoverland.com |access-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> [[Ohrigstad River|Webiga Ohrigstad]] wuxuu ku biiraa Webiga Blyde meesha loo yaqaan [[Blyderivierpoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Blyderivierpoort]]. Webigu wuxuu u kala baxaa kanaallo waraab oo dhowr ah marka uu galo lowveld-ka. [[Sandspruit (Blyde)|Sandspruit]] waa laanta keliya ee muhiimka ah ee lowveld, meel u dhow halka uu ku biiro [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Olifants]]. == Qulqulka iyo ka qayb qaadashada == [[file:Fanie Botha hiking .jpg|thumb|right|240px|Webiga Blyde wuxuu ka soo jeedaa dhulalka sare ee Hartebeesvlakte]] Webiyada [[Klein Olifants River|Klein Olifants]], [[Steelpoort River|Steelpoort]] iyo Blyde waa laamo koonfureed oo ka mid ah [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]], kaas oo gala [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]] iyo kaydka gaarka loo leeyahay ee ku dhow, ugu dambayntiina ka gudba xadka [[Mozambique]], halkaas oo uu ku qulqulo [[Massingir Dam|Biyo-xireenka Massingir]]. Wax ku biirinta sanadlaha ah ee Blyde ee Olifants waa 436 milyan [[cubic metre|m³]] oo biyo ah,<ref name=IWMI>{{Citation | last = International Water Management Institute (IWMI) | author-link = International Water Management Institute | publisher = waternetonline | title = Olifants River Basin in South Africa | url = http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/challengeprogram/AR15%20CP17-Baseline%20study%20Olifants.pdf | page = 37 | date = September 2008 | access-date = 2026-07-07 | archive-date = 2012-04-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403000026/http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/challengeprogram/AR15%20CP17-Baseline%20study%20Olifants.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>WSAM database - Schultz and Watson, 2002</ref> waa qayb muhiim ah oo ay sababtay isku darka roobabka relatiif ahaan sarreeya iyo uumiga hooseeya ee aagga qabashada biyaha.<ref name=IWMI/> == Noocyada kalluunka == Kalluunka qalaad sida [[smallmouth bass]], [[largemouth bass]], [[brown trout]] iyo [[rainbow trout]] ayaa ka jira webiga, kuwaas oo yareeyay baaxadda [[Treur River barb|Treur River barb]]-ka deegaanka ee qaybaha sare ee nidaamka Webiga Blyde.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Roux, F. |author2=Hoffman, A. |date=2017 |title=''Enteromius treurensis'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T2572A100159826 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2572A100159826.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Waad ku mahadsantahay dib-u-soo-celinta ka dib dib-u-helitaankooda 1970-yadii, Treur River barb hadda way barwaaqoobayaan.<ref name=srr>{{cite web |title=The Olifants River System, Ecoregions 4.03 & 4.05 |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/state_of_crocsabieolif_01/olif_eco_4.03.html |work=State of the Rivers Report, South African River Health Programme |publisher=Water Affairs }}</ref> Kalluunka buurta Natal, ''[[Amphilius]] natalensis'', wuxuu u dhacaa sidii dad gooni ah oo ka mid ah nidaamka [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]], iyo durdurka Belvedere waa meesha keliya ee nidaamka Limpopo ee laga helo [[Rosefin barb]], ''Barbus argenteus''.<ref name=srr/> [[Smallscale yellowfish]] iyo [[largescale yellowfish]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa qaybaha hoose ee webiga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maimela |first1=Lerato T |last2=Chimimba |first2=Christian T |last3=Zengeya |first3=Tsungai A |title=The effect of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) invasions on native fish communities in the subtropical Blyde River, Mpumalanga province, South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |date=2 January 2022 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=78–87 |doi=10.2989/16085914.2021.1949260}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Roux |first=Francois |date=2006 |title=Reproduction strategy of the smallscale yellowfish (Labeobarbus polylepis) and breeding behaviour in the Blyde and Spekboom Rivers |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Johannesburg}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Blyde River}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306135413/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Research_Impacts/Benchmark_Basins/Olifants.aspx Dooxada Webiga Olifants, Koonfur Afrika] qdhydw7q18n9041yatqi3eqaqonv75b 0 48605 301372 301001 2026-07-10T11:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Hennops | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Wierda Bridge wide.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Biriijka Wierda ee ka dul maraya Webiga Hennops | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afka ka galo webiga Hennops <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|94|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Crocodile River (West)|Webiga Crocodile]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|50|37|S|27|55|56|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1212|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Rietvlei River|Webiga Rietvlei]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Hennops''' waa mid ka mid ah webiyada waaweyn ee qulqula [[Gauteng]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa meel u dhow [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]], dhanka bari ee [[Johannesburg]] wuxuuna la kulmaa [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] in yar ka hor [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]. Waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu wasakhaysan [[Gauteng]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3], dwaf.gov.za. Accessed 6 August 2023.</ref> == Qulqulka == Webiga Hennops wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Terenure, Kempton Park|Terenure]], [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo ku sii jeeda xaafadda [[Tembisa]]. Kadib wuxuu maraa [[Olifantsfontein]] wuxuuna la kulmaa [[Sesmyl Spruit]] oo ka soo qulqula [[Rietvlei Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rietvlei]]. Webigu wuxuu markaas u leexdaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed isagoo maraya bartamaha [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]. Webigu wuxuu sii wadaa jihadan isagoo maraya dhulalka hoose ee [[Magaliesberg]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] dhankiisa midig meel u dhow [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]. == Biyo-xireennada == [[Rietvlei Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rietvlei]], oo biyo siiya [[City of Tshwane|Magaalada Tshwane]], iyo sidoo kale biyo-xireenno beeraha ah oo badan ayaa ku yaal Dooxada Webiga Hennops. Lake Centurion iyo sidoo kale biyo-mareenno badan ayaa ku yaal webiga. == Wasakhowga == Webiga Hennops waa mid ka mid ah webiyada aadka u wasakhaysan ee [[Gauteng]]. Adeegyada fayadhowrka oo aan ku filnayn oo aan si fiican loo dayactirin ee [[Tembisa]], [[Ivory Park]], [[Olifantsfontein]] iyo [[Erasmia]] ayaa webiga u beddelay marin-biyo furan. [[AfriForum]] ayaa ururiyey muunado biyo ah oo ka yimid Webiga Hennops, natiijaduna waxay muujisay in in ka badan hal milyan oo unugyo ah oo ah noolaha tilmaamaha ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' ay joogaan 100 ml oo biyo ah. Khatarta caafimaad waa mid aad u sarreeya dadka la kulma xiriir buuxa ama qayb ahaan biyo leh in ka badan 2000 unug oo samaysma gumeysi 100 ml kasta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Du Preez |first1=Martella |last2=Kühn |first2=Anneli |last3=Van Niekerk |first3=Harold |last4=Venter |first4=S N |title=National Microbial Monitoring Programme for Surface Water (implementation manual) |url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/microbio/Document/NMMP_implementation_Surfaces.pdf |website=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> Biyaha wasakhda ah ee aan la daweyn ama qayb ahaan la daweeyay ayaa sidoo kale ka kooban heerar sare oo fosfat iyo nitrate ah, kuwaas oo gacan ka geysta dhibaatooyinka [[eutrophication|nafaqaynta xad-dhaafka ah]] ee [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]. Sannadkii 2020, FRESH [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] waxay ku rakibtay dabinno qashin ah xaafadda Clayville ee [[Tembisa]], dadka deegaankana waxaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay inay ka saaraan qashinka oo si dhakhso ah u ururay.<ref name="yt1">{{cite web |title=FRESH removing plastic waste from litter traps placed on the Hennops River |url=https://www.facebook.com/chinaplussa/posts/3504659516287339 |website=China Plus South Africa |publisher=YouTube |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> == Dhacdooyinka == Bishii Abriil 2025, saddex askari oo booliis ah oo la la'aa ayaa laga helay Webiga Hennops oo ku teedsan [[N1 (South Africa)|N1]] ee Centurion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Orrin |title=Five bodies recovered from Hennops River in search for missing Free State officers |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/29/four-bodies-recovered-from-hennops-river-in-search-for-missing-free-state-officers |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> Waxay la'aayeen muddo todobaad ah waxayna la sheegay inay ku sii jeedeen [[Bloemfontein]] ee [[Free State (province)|Free State]] ilaa gobolka [[Limpopo]], halkaas oo loo diray.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutsila |first=Lerato |date=2025-04-29 |title=Three missing police officers among five bodies found in Hennops River |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-29-three-missing-police-officers-among-five-dead-pulled-from-hennops-river-as-shocked-families-identify-bodies/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Booliiska ayaa sidoo kale helay laba meyd oo kale, mid ka mid ah oo ka tirsanaa shaqaalaha dhulka ee Adeegga Booliska Koonfur Afrika ee saldhigga booliiska Lyttleton iyo mid rayid ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibiya |first=Noxolo |title=Remains of 3 missing officers identified among 5 bodies retrieved from Hennops River |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/remains-of-3-missing-officers-identified-among-5-bodies-retrieved-from-hennops-river-20250429 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=South African authorities find the bodies of 3 missing police officers in a river |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-missing-police-officers-4d82842e854bc87bccfeacf2d0be96d4 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Goobaha dalxiiska == Dooxada webiga waa meel loo tago fasaxa iyo dhamaadka todobaadka dadka deggan magaalooyinka dhow. Xeebaha Hennops waa meel caan ah oo loogu talagalay [[hiking|socodka]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.footprint.co.za/hennops.htm |title=Hennops Hiking Trail |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=7 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507033055/http://www.footprint.co.za/hennops.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> kaluumaysiga, [[camping|xero dhigashada]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hennopspride.caravanparks.co.za/ |title=Hennops Pride Caravan Park |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=14 Bisha Koobaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114051205/http://www.hennopspride.caravanparks.co.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[picnic|dalxiiska cunnada]]. Waxaa ka dul mara laba biriij oo yaryar oo laadlaada, mid ku yaal Centurion Mall, iyo midka kale oo ku yaal Hennops Pride. Waxa kale oo jira goobo loo dalxiis tago iyo jid 4x4 ah.<ref>[http://www.hennops.co.za/ Hennops 4x4 trail]</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064627/https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/2008 Natural and anthropogenic influences on water quality: an example from rivers draining the Johannesburg Granite Dome] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111218230304/http://www.internetaccommodation.co.za/town/hennopsriver Tourist Attractions near Hennops River, Gauteng, South Africa] {{Authority control}} 9xuiqntcuzr64g0616zmzaeyguiwmyb 0 48606 301343 301002 2026-07-10T11:23:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ọmambala | native_name ={{native name|ig|Osimiri Ọmambala}} | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Amamba.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Anambra State|Anambra]] iyo [[Enugu State|Enugu]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmooyinka Dowladda | subdivision_name3 = [[Anambra East]], [[Anambra West]], [[Ayamelum]], [[Uzo Uwani]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> |length_km=256 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Onitsha|Onịcha]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] | mouth_location = [[Onitsha|Onịcha]], [[Onitsha North|Onịcha úgwú]], [[Anambra State|Anambra]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://punchng.com/ezu-river-dead-bodies-report-indicts-police-four-years-after/ | title=Ezu River dead bodies: Report indicts police four years after | date=28 July 2017 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = |basin_size_mi2=2751|basin_size_ref=<ref>{{cite journal|title=Runoff Response to Basin Parameters in Southeastern Nigeria |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography |first1=Raymond N. C. |last1=Anyadike |first2=Phillip O. |last2=Phil-Eze |page=75 |volume=71 |issue=1–2 |year=1989 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1080/04353676.1989.11880274 |jstor=521009|bibcode=1989GeAnA..71...75A }}</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Anambra''' ([[Igbo language|Igbo]]: '''Ọmambala''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Chinwoke 01-Omambala.wav|Listen|help=no}}) wuxuu u qulqulaa {{convert|210|km|mi}} ilaa [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] waxaana laga helaa [[Anambra State|Anambra]], [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ugbor |first1=O. N. |last2=Odo |first2=G. E. |last3=Nwani |first3=C. D. |last4=Ochang |first4=S. N. |last5=Somdare |first5=P. O. |last6=Agbakwuo |first6=C. A. |title=Parasitic Fauna of Two Dominant Clariid (SILURIFORMES) Catfishes In A Tropical Freshwater Ecosystem, Nigeria |journal=Nigerian Journal of Fisheries |date=2014 |volume=11 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=745–755 |url=https://publications.fulokoja.edu.ng/publication-page.php?i=parasitic-fauna-of-two-dominant-clariid-siluriformes-catfishes-in-a-tropical-freshwater-ecosystem-nigeria |s2cid=90241772 |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-date=2024-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311230056/https://publications.fulokoja.edu.ng/publication-page.php?i=parasitic-fauna-of-two-dominant-clariid-siluriformes-catfishes-in-a-tropical-freshwater-ecosystem-nigeria |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webigu waa kan ugu muhiimsan ee quudiya [[River Niger|Webiga Niger]] ka hooseeya [[Lokoja]]. Qulqulka Webiga Ọmambala waxaa lagu sii daayaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlantic]] iyada oo loo marayo marinnada kala duwan ee samaynta gobolka {{convert|25000|km2|mi2|adj=on}} ee [[Niger Delta]].<ref name="length">[{{GBurl|ZmdYFTlcSgEC|p=307}} Pages 307–309] in {{cite book |doi=10.1007/0-306-48065-4_7 |chapter=Hydrology of Large River Basins: Eastern and Western Africa |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |series=Water Science and Technology Library |date=2002 |volume=41 |pages=271–334 |isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5 |first1=Mamdouh |last1=Shahin }}</ref> == Gobolka Webiga Anambra iyo dhaqanka == Omambala wuxuu ahaa magaca [[goddess|ilaahad]] hore oo webigeedu ka soo qulqulo dhulka hoostiisa ee Uzo-uwa-ani ilaa Aguleri, Anam, Nsugbe iyo dhidibka Onitsha, halkaas oo uu kaga xirmiyo webiyada Nkisi & Niger-kwora/Mgbakili safarkooda ay ugu socdaan [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlantic]], sida ay qabaan dadka asaliga ah. Webiyada Ezu iyo Ezichi ayaa sidoo kale ku shuba webiga [[Anambra]] at Agbanabo iyo Oda siday u kala horreeyaan.<ref name="Ejikeme Odo Didigwu Effiong Eyo 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Ejikeme Odo |first1=Gregory |last2=Didigwu |first2=Nwani Christopher |last3=Effiong Eyo |first3=Joseph |title=The fish fauna of Anambra river basin, Nigeria: species abundance and morphometry |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |date=31 July 2013 |volume=57 |issue=1–2 |pages=177–186 |doi=10.15517/rbt.v57i1-2.11312 |pmid=19637699 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Waxaa jira dhowr [[Myth|khuraafaad]] iyo waxyaabo qarsoodi ah oo ku xeeran Omambala kuwaas oo horseeday fasiraado kala duwan oo ay bixiyeen qabaa'il iyo jinsiyado badan, sidaas darteed ku dhawaaqista Omambala sida [[Anambra]] ay sameeyeen sahamiyeyaashii hore ee Yurub.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anambra | title=Anambra &#124; Igbo culture, Awka, Onitsha, Map &#124; Britannica }}</ref> Kahor abuurista gobollada, Omambala waxaa hore loogu isticmaali jiray in lagu tixraaco aagga ka kooban [[Anambra]], qaybo ka mid ah [[Kogi State|Kogi]], [[Enugu State|Enugu]] iyo [[Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]] ee hadda jira, dadka asaliga ah ee aaggaas. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dadka asaliga ah ee ka soo jeeda Aguleri, Anam, [[Nsugbe]], Umueri, [[Anaku Town|Anaku]], [[Nteje]], [[Umunya]], [[Nando, Nigeria|Nando]], Igbariam, [[Nkwelle-Ezunaka|Nkwelle-Ezunanka]], [[Nzam]], [[Awkuzu]], [[Ogidi, Anambra|Ogidi]], [[Ogbunike]], qabiilka Ayamelum, iyo kuwo kale, ayaa sheegta dhaxalka Omambala.<ref name="Ejikeme Odo Didigwu Effiong Eyo 2013"/> Dadka Omambala waxay leeyihiin lahjado gaar ah, caadooyin, dhaqamo iyo qiyam ethnophilosophical ah oo leh nidaamyo aaminsan oo badan oo qarsoodi ah kuwaas oo qiimo sare siiya ruuxnimada marka loo eego raasumaalka, waxaana isku haya xiriir weligeed ah oo caado, luqad, dhaqan diimeed iyo [[Omambala River|Webiga Omambala]]. Tani waxay sabab u tahay xiriirka xooggan iyo ku-xirnaanta ka jirta iyaga iyo [[cosmology|cosmology-ga]] dabiiciga ah iyo nidaamka deegaanka.<ref name="Ejikeme Odo Didigwu Effiong Eyo 2013"/> Saamaynta dhaqan-dhaqaale, dhaqan-bulsho iyo siyaasad-bulsho ee gobolka Omambala waxay gaartaa qaybo ka mid ah [[Edo State|Edo]], [[Delta State|Delta]], [[Imo State|Imo]], Rivers, [[Abia State|Abia]], [[Taraba State|Taraba]], [[Benue State|Benue]], Niger, [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]], [[Plateau State|Plateau]], [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa-Ibom]] & [[Cross River State|Cross-Rivers]] ee Nigeria iyo ilaa [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Cameroon]], [[Mali]], [[Central African Republic]], iwm.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Patrick |last=Okpoko |date=September 2016 |title=Socio-Cultural Profiling and Development in Southeast Nigeria: A Case Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309875498_Socio-Cultural_Profiling_and_Development_in_Southeast_Nigeria_A_Case_Study |journal=Journal of Social Sciences}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|6|33|N|6|54|E|display=title}} {{Authority control}} pht121279myfhstqfpbkrl65gnp908j 0 48614 301374 301014 2026-07-10T11:45:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Jama’are | name_native = | name_other = Webiga Bunga | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Nigeria]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Yobe River|Webiga Yobe]] | mouth_location = Burum Gana, Webiga Burum Gana | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Jama’are River|Webiga Jama’are]] | tributaries_right =[[Hadejia River|Webiga Hadejia]], iyo [[Komadugu Gana River|Webiga Komadugu Gana]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Yobe river catchment area.png|thumb|right|300px|Aagga biyaha ee Webiga Yobe<ref>{{Cite web | title=a: Map of Hadejia-Jama’are River Basin showing some Dam locations in... {{!}} Download Scientific Diagram | url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Map-of-Hadejia-Jamaare-River-Basin-showing-some-Dam-locations-in-Northern-Nigeria_fig1_280082347 | access-date=2025-12-28 }}</ref>]] '''Webiga Jama'are''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Webiga Bunga''' qaybtiisa sare, wuxuu ka bilaabmaa dhulalka sare ee u dhow [[Jos]], [[Plateau State|Gobolka Plateau]], [[Nigeria]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi-bari isagoo mara [[Bauchi State|Gobolka Bauchi]] iyo [[Yobe State|Gobolka Yobe]] ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Hadejia River|Webiga Hadejia]] si uu u sameeyo [[Yobe River|Webiga Yobe]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaare | title=Jama'are &#124; Hausa Town, Local Government & History &#124; Britannica }}</ref> Waxaa dhawaan jiray muran ku saabsan qorshe lagu dhisayo [[Kafin Zaki Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kafin Zaki]] ee webigan, iyadoo ay jiraan walaac laga qabo saameynta ay ku yeelan karto [[flooding|daadadka]] xilliyada iyo miiska biyaha.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |author=Kole Ahmed Shettima |publisher=York University, Canada |accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> == Cimilada == Jama'are, oo jooggeedu yahay 0 mitir/feet oo ka sarreeya heerka badda, waxay leedahay cimilo kulul oo qoyan iyo mid qalalan ama [[savanna|safaana]]. Degmadu waxay leedahay celcelis heerkul sannadle ah oo dhan {{cvt|30.37|°C}}, kaas oo 0.91% ka sarreeya celceliska qaranka ee Nigeria. Celceliska [[precipitation|roobabka]] sannadlaha ah ee Jama'are waa {{cvt|90.02|mm}}, iyadoo ay jiraan 121.31 maalmood oo qoyan (33.24% wakhtiga).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jama'are Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/61874/Average-Weather-in-Jama%E2%80%99are-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{cite web |url=http://www.kyb-project.net/_products/200511-pre_water_audit_KYB.pdf |title=Pre-water audit for the Komadugu-Yobe River Basin, northern Nigeria and southern Niger |date=August 2005 |publisher=Komadugu-Yobe Basin Project |accessdate=2009-10-01 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103553/http://www.kyb-project.net/_products/200511-pre_water_audit_KYB.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/hsj/400/hysj_40_01_0097.pdf |title=Hydrological modelling and the sustainable development of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria |date=February 1995 |publisher=Hydrological Sciences -Journal- des Sciences Hydrologiques,40,1 |accessdate=2009-10-01 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord missing|Nigeria}} dnmmoy9djsfqyotlfxhwrau1xopvpxd 0 48631 301357 301037 2026-07-10T11:32:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Densu | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | map = Ghana coastal rivers.jpg | map_size = 248px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Ghana]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|116|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Mouth|Afka]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5|31|0|N|0|19|0|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|2490|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Densu Delta Ramsar Site | designation1_date = 14 August 1992 | designation1_number = 564<ref>{{Cite web|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} [[File:Densu River 5.jpg|thumb|Estuary]] [[File:Densu meander.JPG|thumb|Meander]] '''Webiga Densu''' waa webi 116km oo dherer ah oo ku yaal [[Ghana]] kaasoo ka soo bilowda [[Atewa Range|Atewa Range]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|title=Protecting Atewa Forest|date=2015-07-13|website=Ghana {{!}} A Rocha|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518151057/https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wuxuu maraa aag beeraha laga isticmaalo oo dhaqaale ahaan muhiim ah, wuxuuna siiyaa kala badh biyaha la cabo ee caasimadda Ghana ee [[Accra]]. Webigu wuxuu ku dhammaadaa [[wetland|dhul-qoyan]] delta ah oo ''muhiimad deegaan'' leh<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/wetlands|title=Wetlands {{!}} Habitats {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> oo ku yaal xeebta [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]].<ref name="Rivers and Lakes">[http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm Ghana: Webiyada iyo Harooyinka]</ref> [[Densuano (Koforidua)|Densuano]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/|title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net|website=www.africalocal.net|access-date=2019-05-18}}</ref> [[Dam|Biyo-xireenka]] iyo [[Weija Dam|Biyo-xireenka Weija]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm|last=Welsing|first=Kobina|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-18|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ayaa ku yaal Webiga Densu. == Juqraafi == ''Webiga Densu'' wuxuu ku yaal '''koonfurta Ghana''' waana qayb ka mid ah nidaamka [[Coast|Xeebta]] [[River Basin|Bulaacada Webiga]]. Aagga uu ka soo ururiyo biyaha waa qiyaastii '''2,490–2,600 km²,''' wuxuuna ku fidsan yahay qaybo ka mid ah [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Gobolka Bari]] (72%), [[Central Region (Ghana)|Gobolka Dhexe]] (5%), iyo [[Greater Accra Region|Gobolka Greater Accra]] (23%).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Ofosu |first1=Samuel Anim |last2=Adjei |first2=Kwaku A. |last3=Odai |first3=Samuel Nii |date=2021-11-06 |title=Assessment of the quality of the Densu river using multicriterial analysis and water quality index |journal=Applied Water Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=183 |doi=10.1007/s13201-021-01516-z |bibcode=2021ApWS...11..183O |issn=2190-5495|doi-access=free }}</ref>Webigu wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa ''Atewa-Atwiredu Range'', oo ah dhul sare oo kayn ah oo u adeega sidii il weyn oo [[hydrological]] ah oo u ah dhowr webi oo [[Ghanaians|Ghanaian]] ah.<ref name=":0" />Webigu wuxuu ugu dambeyntii ku shubmaa [[Gulf of Guinea|Gacanka Guinea]] iyada oo loo marayo nidaam dhul-qoyan oo loo yaqaan ''Densu Delta'', kaas oo ay saameeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada hirarka iyo harada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oduro |first1=Charles Yaw |last2=Anokye |first2=Prince Aboagye |last3=Nanor |first3=Michael Ayertey |date=2024-07-25 |title=Morphological Patterns and Drivers of Urban Growth on Africa's Wetland Landscapes: Insights from the Densu Delta Ramsar Site, Ghana |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=15 |page=6372 |doi=10.3390/su16156372 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Sust...16.6372O |issn=2071-1050}}</ref> == Muhiimadda Deegaanka == Qaybta hoose ee webiga ayaa samaysa Goobta Ramsar ee Densu Delta, oo ah dhul-qoyan caalami ah oo la magacaabay 1992.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> Goobtu waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii 5,893 hektar waxaana ku jira [[Lagoon|harooyin]], [[Mangrove|geedaha mangrove-ka]], saaraha cusbada, iyo nidaamyo deegaan oo dhiiqo ah.<ref name=":3" /> Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsadeen [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed Muhiim ah]] (IBA) ururka [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad muhiim ah oo aan tarmin iyo [[waterbird|shimbiraha biyaha]] ee jiilaalka, gaar ahaan [[tern|terns]], oo ay ku jiraan [[western reef egret|egret-ka xeebta galbeed]], [[spotted redshank|redshank-ka dhibcaha leh]], iyo [[little tern|little]], [[black tern|black]], [[roseate tern|roseate]], [[common tern|common]], [[Sandwich tern|Sandwich]] iyo [[royal tern|royal terns]].<ref name="bli">{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity-iba-ghana|title= Densu Delta Ramsar Site and vicinity|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-11-16}}</ref>Dhul-qoyanku wuxuu ka ciyaaraa door deegaan oo muhiim ah sida gaashaanka fatahaadda dabiiciga ah, dabinka fadhiidka, iyo xasilinta xeebaha, isagoo ka ilaalinaya bulshooyinka ku hareeraysan nabaad-guurka iyo hirarka duufaanta.<ref name=":3" /> == Hydrology iyo Gacan-biyoodyada == Nidaamka Webiga Densu waxaa quudiya dhowr [[Tributary|gacan-biyood]], oo ay ku jiraan durdurro ay ka mid yihiin ''Nsaki''''',''' ''Dobro''''',''' ''Kuia'', ''Adaiso'', iyo ''Pompon rivers'', kuwaas oo gacan ka geysta isbeddelka qulqulka xilliyeed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Densu Basin – Water Resources Commission |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/densu/ |access-date=2026-06-14 |website=wrc.gov.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> Hydrologically, bulaacadu waxay la kulantaa qaab roobaad bi-modal ah, taasoo keenta isbeddel xilliyeedka qulqulka. Qaybta waqooyi ee bulaacada waa mid qoyan oo kayn ah, halka qaybta koonfureed ay tahay mid qalalan oo magaalo ah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akurugu |first1=Bismark Awinbire |last2=Obuobie |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Yidana |first3=Sandow Mark |last4=Stisen |first4=Simon |last5=Seidenfaden |first5=Ida Karlsson |last6=Chegbeleh |first6=Larry Pax |date=April 2022 |title=Groundwater resources assessment in the Densu Basin: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581822000301 |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |language=en |volume=40 |article-number=101017 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101017 |bibcode=2022JHyRS..4001017A |issn=2214-5818}}</ref> Webiga sidoo kale waxaa nidaamiya kaabayaasha waaweyn ee [[Hydraulics|haydarooliga]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Weija Dam|Biyo-xireenka Weija]], kaas oo kaalin muhiim ah ka qaata kaydinta biyaha iyo sahayda caasimadda Accra.<ref name=":1" /> == Muhiimadda Dhaqaale iyo Bulsho == Webiga Densu waa mid ka mid ah [[Water resources|ilaha biyaha macaan]] ee ugu muhiimsan caasimadda Ghana, [[Accra]], isagoo siiya qayb weyn oo ka mid ah biyaha la cabbo ee la daweeyay iyada oo loo marayo Warshadda Daweynta Biyaha ee '''Weija Water'''.<ref name=":2" /> [[Weija Dam|Biyo-xireenka Weija]] ee webiga wuxuu u adeegaa sidii isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee Gobolka Greater Accra. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu siiyaa 80 boqolkiiba biyaha la cabbo ee ay isticmaalaan Gobolka oo dhan. Bulaacadu waxay taageertaa hawlaha waaweyn ee beeraha, oo ay ku jiraan ''[[irrigation|waraabka]] beeraha'' iyo [[Intensive farming|soo-saarka xoolaha]], gaar ahaan miyiga iyo [[Peri-urbanisation|aagagga hareeraha magaalada]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oti |first1=Jonathan Opoku |last2=Kabo-Bah |first2=Amos T. |last3=Ofosu |first3=Eric |date=August 2020 |title=Hydrologic response to climate change in the Densu River Basin in Ghana |journal=Heliyon |volume=6 |issue=8 |article-number=e04722 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04722 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=7452417 |pmid=32904314 |bibcode=2020Heliy...604722O }}</ref> Intaa waxaa dheer, bulshooyinka ku nool bulaacada hoose waxay ku tiirsan yihiin webiga iyo dhul-qoyanadiisa kalluumeysiga, soo-saarka cusbada, iyo ganacsiga yar-yar, gaar ahaan gudaha aagga delta.<ref name=":3" /> == Khataraha == Cufnaanta dadka ee Bulaacada Densu waa qiyaastii 240 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibaaran.<ref name="wrc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html|title=River Basin Activities|publisher=Water Resources Commission of Ghana|access-date=2008-09-28}}</ref> Qayb ka mid ah Webiga Densu ayaa noqday goob qashin lagu qubo oo ay isticmaalaan qaar ka mid ah dadka deegaanka, taasoo keenaysa wasakhowga biyaha. Hawlaha kale waxaa ka mid ah beeraha, qodista ciidda iyo macdanta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/165424/River-Densu-chokes-on-dumped-refuse|title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse|website=BusinessGhana|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html|location=Accra, Ghana|title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee|newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghana-net.com/densu-delta-ramsar-site.html|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site|website=Ghana-Net.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-22}}</ref> == Dhaqanka caanka ah == * Fanaanka reer Ghana Kojo Antwi wuxuu u bixiyay magaca webiga albamkiisa labaad ee istuudiyaha, oo la sii daayay 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532|title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music|website=iTunes|access-date=2016-07-17}}</ref> * [[Osibisa]], oo ah koox [[Afrobeat|Afrobeat]], waxay curiyeen hees cinwaankeedu yahay Densu, iyagoo sharraxaya noocyada kala duwan ee kalluunka iyo heesta ay kalluumeysatadu ku heesaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |title=Densu by Osibisa|website=YouTube|access-date=2019-02-27}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} alke1a929qu6c1wlzl1qsgj70hdwgya 0 48647 301195 301100 2026-07-09T23:51:55Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harada Ray Hubbard''' ''(Lake Ray Hubbard),'' oo hore u ahaan jirtay Harada Bariga Dallas ama Harada Forney, waa kayd biyo-mareen ah oo ku yaal Dallas, Texas oo ku yaal degmooyinka Dallas, Kaufman, Collin, iyo Rockwall, oo waqooyiga ka xiga Magaalada Forney. Waxaa la sameeyay dhismaha Biyo-xireenka Rockwall-Forney, kaas oo qabsaday Wabiga East Fork Trinity. Biyo-xireenka waxaa hadda leh Magaalada Dallas. I-30 wuxuu ka gudbaa harada Bariga Dallas Causeway. Harada waxaa markii hore loogu magac daray Forney Lake magaalada yar ee Forney. Ka dib markii Magaalada Dallas ay ku biirtay harada, waxaa loogu magac daray qof nool, Ray Hubbard, kaasoo madax ka ahaa guddiga Dallas Parks and Recreation System laga bilaabo 1943 ilaa 1972. Kaydka waxaa hadda maamula oo leh Dallas Water Utilities.. [[File:Lake Ray Hubbard Dam.jpg|thumb|Biyo-xireenka Harada Ray Hubbard''Lake Ray Hubbard Dam'']] == Taariikh == Markii hore loogu talagalay in biyo la siiyo gobolka Waqooyiga Texas, mashruuca waxaa la bilaabay 1964 waxaana maamulayay Shirkadda Dhismaha S. iyo A. iyo Shirkadda Dhismaha Jiilaalka Markham, Brown iyo MC. Harada waxaa la qabsaday 1968, iyo {{Convert|2|mi|km}} oo dhererkeedu yahay. [[Biyoxidheen|biyo-xireenka]] dhulka lagu shubo ayaa la dhammeeyay 1969. Sannadkii 1970, haradu waxay gaartay heerkeedii ugu sarreeyay ee naqshadaynta. Maadaama dhul-ballaarinta iyo isticmaalka awoodda dhul-badeedka ee Magaalada Dallas awgeed, harada iyo buundooyinka interstate 30 (I-30) hadda waxay ku jiraan awoodda Magaalada Dallas, halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen magaalooyinka ku hareeraysan. Heshiis iskaashi oo dhexmara Dallas iyo magaalooyinka kale ayaa jira, laakiin mas'uuliyadda ugu dambeysa waxay saaran tahay Dallas.Harada waxaa ku jira dad badan oo ah bass-ka isku-dhafan ee xariijimaha leh, [[:en:White_bass|bass-ka cad]], [[:en:Largemouth_bass|bass-ka largemouth]], [[:en:Channel_catfish|kalluunka kanaalka]], [[:en:Blue_catfish|kalluunka buluugga ah]], kalluunka cad [[:en:White_crappie|ee cad]] iyo kalluunka madow ee crappie .<ref>[http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fishboat/fish/recreational/lakes/ray_hubbard/ Lake Ray Hubbard General Info] Retrieved 31-Jul-2006</ref> [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] rm8oh33isda9jl3isol7z3jln660okd 0 48648 301102 2026-07-09T12:06:32Z Mohamed mohsens 43791 Abuuray iyadoo la turjumay qaybta furitaanka ee bogga "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357062547|Menna Shalabi]]" 301102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Menna Shalaby | image = منة شلبي.jpg | caption = Actress Mena Shalabi | birth_name = Mennah Hisham Shalaby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|07|24}} | birth_place = [[Giza]], [[Egypt]] | citizenship = {{flag|Egypt}} | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2001–present | spouse = {{marriage|Ahmed Elganainy|2025}} }} '''Menna Shalaby''' ( {{Langx|arz|منه شلبى}} ; 24 Luulyo 1982) waa [[Atoore|atariisho]] Masri ah . Waxay ka soo muuqatay filimaan iy bandhigyo telefishan oo badan. Filimadeeda waxaa ka mid ah taxanaha telefishanka ee ''Every Week Has a Friday'', kaas oo u horseeday inay u tartanto Abaalmarinta Caalamiga ah ee Emmy, taasoo ka dhigtay Shalabi musharaxii ugu horreeyay ee Masar u dhashay. 51g6wqjr4ld0s2i7w184jddrnx7elee 301104 301102 2026-07-09T12:16:14Z Mohamed mohsens 43791 Added early lifes 301104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Menna Shalaby | image = منة شلبي.jpg | caption = Actress Mena Shalabi | birth_name = Mennah Hisham Shalaby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|07|24}} | birth_place = [[Giza]], [[Egypt]] | citizenship = {{flag|Egypt}} | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2001–present | spouse = {{marriage|Ahmed Elganainy|2025}} }} '''Menna Shalaby''' ( {{Langx|arz|منه شلبى}} ; 24 Luulyo 1982) waa [[Atoore|atariisho]] Masri ah . Waxay ka soo muuqatay filimaan iy bandhigyo telefishan oo badan. Filimadeeda waxaa ka mid ah taxanaha telefishanka ee ''Every Week Has a Friday'', kaas oo u horseeday inay u tartanto Abaalmarinta Caalamiga ah ee Emmy, taasoo ka dhigtay Shalabi musharaxii ugu horreeyay ee Masar u dhashay. ==== Early life ==== Menna Shalaby waxay ku dhalatay Giza, qoys farshaxan.[1] Hooyadeed waa atariisho Zizi Mustafa, aabaheed waa ganacsade Hesham Shalaby, eedadeedna waa shakhsiyad warbaahineed oo Poussy Shalabi. Waxay shaqadeeda jilitaanka bilowday sanadkii 2000 markii ay ogaatay atariishada Samiha Ayoub, oo ku soo bandhigtay taxanaha Salma Ya Salamah. Kahor intaas, waxay ka soo muuqatay barnaamijyada telefishanka iyo xujooyinka carruurta. beim245p5qhczxoblowqpyw9e330x4s 301189 301104 2026-07-09T21:35:59Z Mohamed mohsens 43791 /* */ K 301189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Menna Shalaby | image = منة شلبي.jpg | caption = Actress Mena Shalabi | birth_name = Mennah Hisham Shalaby | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|07|24}} | birth_place = [[Giza]], [[Egypt]] | citizenship = {{flag|Egypt}} | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2001–present | spouse = {{marriage|Ahmed Elganainy|2025}} }} '''Menna Shalaby''' ( {{Langx|arz|منه شلبى}} ; 24 Luulyo 1982) waa [[Atoore|atariisho]] Masri ah . Waxay ka soo muuqatay filimaan iy bandhigyo telefishan oo badan. Filimadeeda waxaa ka mid ah taxanaha telefishanka ee ''Every Week Has a Friday'', kaas oo u horseeday inay u tartanto Abaalmarinta Caalamiga ah ee Emmy, taasoo ka dhigtay Shalab musharaxii ugu horreeyay ee Masar u dhashay. ==== Early life ==== Menna Shalaby waxay ku dhalatay Giza, qoys farshaxan.[1] Hooyadeed waa atariisho Zizi Mustafa, aabaheed waa ganacsade Hesham Shalaby, eedadeedna waa shakhsiyad warbaahineed oo Poussy Shalabi. Waxay shaqadeeda jilitaanka bilowday sanadkii 2000 markii ay ogaatay atariishada Samiha Ayoub, oo ku soo bandhigtay taxanaha Salma Ya Salamah. Kahor intaas, waxay ka soo muuqatay barnaamijyada telefishanka iyo xujooyinka carruurta. t1i5ennf0eydq5ix8u0cb7u6l2b9gfk 0 48649 301105 2026-07-09T13:32:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Falémé | name_native = | name_other = {{native name|fr|Rivière Falémé}} | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = RÍO FALÉMÉ.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Falémé | map = Senegalrivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada Webiga Senegal oo ay ku jirto '''Falémé''' | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Senegal]]|[[Mali]]|[[Guinea]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = Badweynta Atlaantik | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} <!-- Falémé River flow--> {{Image frame|width=280|content= Webiga Falémé oo ku yaal [[Kidira]] <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# #>http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Senegal/1sg%60fa~1.htm <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:280 height:200 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:15 top:5 right:5 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:1000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:100 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:12 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 21 bar:Feb from:0 till: 10 bar:Mar from:0 till: 4 bar:Apr from:0 till: 1 bar:May from:0 till: 1 bar:Jun from:0 till: 20 bar:Jul from:0 till: 148 bar:Aug from:0 till: 714 bar:Sep from:0 till: 974 bar:Oct from:0 till: 455 bar:Nov from:0 till: 120 bar:Dec from:0 till: 39 </timeline> | caption = Celceliska qulqulka bishii (m³/s) ee saldhigga haydaroomitarka ee Kidira intii u dhaxaysay 1904-1984<ref name=unesco>{{citation | publisher=Unesco International Hydrological Programme | title=Hydrographic data for Kidira, Sénégal 1930-1983 | url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Senegal/1sg%60fa~1.htm | access-date=24 May 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''Webiga Falémé''' ([[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Rivière Falémé'') waa webi ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Falémé wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa waqooyiga [[Guinea]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-bari ilaa [[Mali]], wuxuuna sameeyaa qayb gaaban oo ka mid ah [[Guinea–Senegal border|xadka]] u dhexeeya [[Guinea]] iyo [[Senegal]]. Wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka waqooyi ka dibna wuxuu sameeyaa qayb ka mid ah [[Mali–Senegal border|xadka]] u dhexeeya [[Mali]] iyo [[Senegal]], ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Sénégal River|Webiga Senegal]] 50&nbsp;km kor ka xiga magaalada [[Bakel, Senegal|Bakel]] ee dalka Senegal. == Sharaxaad == Webiga Falémé dhererkiisu waa qiyaastii 650&nbsp;km wuxuuna bulaacada ka sameeyaa dhul dhan 28,900&nbsp;km². [[River source|Isha biyaha]] ee webiga waxay ku taallaa qaybta waqooyi ee buuraleyda [[Fouta Djallon]] oo dhererkeedu yahay 800&nbsp;m.<ref>{{citation | title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d’observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) | publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS) | url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf | year=2007 | language=fr | page=4 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Inta badan roobabka ka da'a [[Highland|buuraleyda]] waxay dhacaan inta u dhaxaysa May iyo October natiijada ka dhalata [[West African Monsoon|Musuunka Galbeedka Afrika]]. August badanaa waa bisha ugu roobka badan. Qulqulka webiga waa mid aad u xilliyeed, iyadoo ugu badnaan ay dhacdo inta lagu jiro September iyo qulqul aad u yar inta u dhaxaysa December iyo June. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee webiga muddadii u dhaxaysay 1904-1984 wuxuu ahaa 6.59&nbsp;km³.<ref name=unesco/> == Macdanta == Waxaa jira [[iron ore in Africa#Senegal|kaydka macdanta birta]] ee Senegal oo u dhow isha biyaha ee webigan. Dhawaanahan waxaa jiray degdeg loo raadinayo dahabka oo ku hareeraysan tuulada [[Diabougou (Senegal)|Diabougou]] ee Senegal iyo meel aad ugu dhow xadka Mali.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15072965|title=Senegal's rush for gold amid mining dangers (video)|publisher=BBC|date=27 September 2011}}</ref> <gallery> Erzlagerstätten_Faleme.jpg|Kaydka macdanta birta ee gobolka Webiga Falémé ee Senegal, 1981. ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - 20 - 048 - Deux hommes font sécher des vêtements lavés sur la rive de la Falémé - Frontière sénégalo-malienne, 1984.tiff|Labo nin ayaa ku qalajinaya dharkoodii la dhaqay bangiga Webiga Falémé ee xadka Mali-Senegal, 1984. ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - 20 - 049 - Rivière Falémé avec des buissons et des arbres bas - Frontière sénégalo-malienne, 1984.tiff|Webiga Falémé oo leh geedo yaryar oo ku teedsan bangiyadiisa xadka Mali-Senegal, 1984. STS112-E-6197 - View of Senegal.jpg|Webiga Falémé ee Senegal oo u dhow xadka Mali oo laga soo sawiray hawada sare iyadoo la adeegsanayo Space Shuttle Mission [[STS-112]], October 2002. Straßenbrücke bei Kidira.jpg|Laba qof oo dhalinyaro ah oo lugaynaya ayaa ka tallaabaya buundada waddada ee ka timaadda Mali una socota Kidira, Senegal. Bidixda waxaa ku yaal marin webiga Falémé, 2017. </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|14.7637|N|12.241|W|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} 2u31vzc638t17hshocdtqmekoyeua7j 301364 301105 2026-07-10T11:37:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Falémé | name_native = | name_other = {{native name|fr|Rivière Falémé}} | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = RÍO FALÉMÉ.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Falémé | map = Senegalrivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada Webiga Senegal oo ay ku jirto '''Falémé''' | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Senegal]]|[[Mali]]|[[Guinea]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = Badweynta Atlaantik | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} <!-- Falémé River flow--> {{Image frame|width=280|content= Webiga Falémé oo ku yaal [[Kidira]] <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# #>http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Senegal/1sg%60fa~1.htm <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:280 height:200 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:15 top:5 right:5 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:1000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:100 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:12 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 21 bar:Feb from:0 till: 10 bar:Mar from:0 till: 4 bar:Apr from:0 till: 1 bar:May from:0 till: 1 bar:Jun from:0 till: 20 bar:Jul from:0 till: 148 bar:Aug from:0 till: 714 bar:Sep from:0 till: 974 bar:Oct from:0 till: 455 bar:Nov from:0 till: 120 bar:Dec from:0 till: 39 </timeline> | caption = Celceliska qulqulka bishii (m³/s) ee saldhigga haydaroomitarka ee Kidira intii u dhaxaysay 1904-1984<ref name=unesco>{{citation | publisher=Unesco International Hydrological Programme | title=Hydrographic data for Kidira, Sénégal 1930-1983 | url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part%274/AFRICA/Senegal/1sg%60fa~1.htm | access-date=24 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 Bisha Koobaad 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129075049/http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part%274/AFRICA/Senegal/1sg%60fa~1.htm }}</ref> }} '''Webiga Falémé''' ([[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Rivière Falémé'') waa webi ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Falémé wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa waqooyiga [[Guinea]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-bari ilaa [[Mali]], wuxuuna sameeyaa qayb gaaban oo ka mid ah [[Guinea–Senegal border|xadka]] u dhexeeya [[Guinea]] iyo [[Senegal]]. Wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka waqooyi ka dibna wuxuu sameeyaa qayb ka mid ah [[Mali–Senegal border|xadka]] u dhexeeya [[Mali]] iyo [[Senegal]], ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Sénégal River|Webiga Senegal]] 50&nbsp;km kor ka xiga magaalada [[Bakel, Senegal|Bakel]] ee dalka Senegal. == Sharaxaad == Webiga Falémé dhererkiisu waa qiyaastii 650&nbsp;km wuxuuna bulaacada ka sameeyaa dhul dhan 28,900&nbsp;km². [[River source|Isha biyaha]] ee webiga waxay ku taallaa qaybta waqooyi ee buuraleyda [[Fouta Djallon]] oo dhererkeedu yahay 800&nbsp;m.<ref>{{citation | title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d’observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) | publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS) | url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf | year=2007 | language=fr | page=4 | url-status=dead | access-date=2026-07-09 | archive-date=2013-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165424/http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf }}</ref> Inta badan roobabka ka da'a [[Highland|buuraleyda]] waxay dhacaan inta u dhaxaysa May iyo October natiijada ka dhalata [[West African Monsoon|Musuunka Galbeedka Afrika]]. August badanaa waa bisha ugu roobka badan. Qulqulka webiga waa mid aad u xilliyeed, iyadoo ugu badnaan ay dhacdo inta lagu jiro September iyo qulqul aad u yar inta u dhaxaysa December iyo June. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee webiga muddadii u dhaxaysay 1904-1984 wuxuu ahaa 6.59&nbsp;km³.<ref name=unesco/> == Macdanta == Waxaa jira [[iron ore in Africa#Senegal|kaydka macdanta birta]] ee Senegal oo u dhow isha biyaha ee webigan. Dhawaanahan waxaa jiray degdeg loo raadinayo dahabka oo ku hareeraysan tuulada [[Diabougou (Senegal)|Diabougou]] ee Senegal iyo meel aad ugu dhow xadka Mali.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15072965|title=Senegal's rush for gold amid mining dangers (video)|publisher=BBC|date=27 September 2011}}</ref> <gallery> Erzlagerstätten_Faleme.jpg|Kaydka macdanta birta ee gobolka Webiga Falémé ee Senegal, 1981. ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - 20 - 048 - Deux hommes font sécher des vêtements lavés sur la rive de la Falémé - Frontière sénégalo-malienne, 1984.tiff|Labo nin ayaa ku qalajinaya dharkoodii la dhaqay bangiga Webiga Falémé ee xadka Mali-Senegal, 1984. ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - 20 - 049 - Rivière Falémé avec des buissons et des arbres bas - Frontière sénégalo-malienne, 1984.tiff|Webiga Falémé oo leh geedo yaryar oo ku teedsan bangiyadiisa xadka Mali-Senegal, 1984. STS112-E-6197 - View of Senegal.jpg|Webiga Falémé ee Senegal oo u dhow xadka Mali oo laga soo sawiray hawada sare iyadoo la adeegsanayo Space Shuttle Mission [[STS-112]], October 2002. Straßenbrücke bei Kidira.jpg|Laba qof oo dhalinyaro ah oo lugaynaya ayaa ka tallaabaya buundada waddada ee ka timaadda Mali una socota Kidira, Senegal. Bidixda waxaa ku yaal marin webiga Falémé, 2017. </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|14.7637|N|12.241|W|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} e52v3y5xcy3ouq1ya8skz1gkchqhki1 0 48650 301106 2026-07-09T13:34:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301106 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ndiawar_doue.JPG | thumb | right | Muuqaalka Webiga Doué]]'''Webiga Doué''' (Faransiis: ''Rivière Doué'') waa laan bidix oo ka mid ah [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]] ee dalka [[Senegal]] qiyaastii inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Kaédi]] iyo [[Podor]]. Doué waa qiyaastii 68 kiiloomitir oo dherer ah,<ref>[http://sn.geoview.info/doue,30019296w Doué] geoview.info</ref> wuxuuna u socdaa si barbar socda Webiga Senegal dhinaciisa koonfureed. Xariijinta dhulka dheer ee u dhaxaysa laamaha waxaa loo yaqaan [[Morfil]]. Buundada Ndioum ayaa ku fidsan Webiga Doué si ay ugu xirto magaalada Ndioum jasiiradda Morphil. Kahor inta aan la dhisin buundada, dadku waxay u dhiman jireen si joogto ah sababtoo ah doonyaha iyo maraakiibta oo rogmanayay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcc.gov/blog/entry/blog-120914-a-bridge-like|title=A bridge like no others in Senegal|date=2014-12-09|website=Millennium Challenge Corporation|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> == Tixraac == <references/> {{coord|16.6461|-15.0675|type:river_region:SN|format=dms|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Doue River}} oi7b4wgn2mvam2gljh7ttzlxsnpjj4z 0 48651 301107 2026-07-09T13:36:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Dioulol | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Senegal | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Senegal]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|38|16|N|13|14|37|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Dioulol''' waa laan dhanka koonfur-galbeed ka xigta [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]] ee ku taal gobolka [[Matam Region|Matam]] ee dalka [[Senegal]]. == Juqraafi == Dioulol waxay ka laamantaa webiga weyn inta u dhaxaysa tuulada Balél<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2254381/balel.html Balél bei Geonames]</ref> iyo magaalada dariska la ah ee [[Waoundé]]. Sidaa darteed, magaca Tchangol Balél ayaa si kala duwan loogu heli karaa marin-biyoodkan,<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2254379/tchangol-balel.html Tchangol Balél bei Geonames]</ref> laakiin caddayn rasmi ah oo kaliya ayaa loo helay magaca Dioulol.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151117053005/http://www.ansd.sn/ressources/ses/SES-Matam-2013.pdf#page=49 Service Régional de la Statistique et de la Démographie de Matam: Situation economique et sociale regionale 2013] Gewässer Seite 49 der PDF-Datei 1,42 MB</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/PLHA/PLHA%20ORKADIERE%20DOC.pdf |title=PEPAM, avril 2009: Eaux de surfaces permanentes et saisonnières CR Orkadiéré |access-date=2020-10-26 |url-status=bot: unknown }}, Dioulol auf Seite 14 und 15 der PDF-Datei 5,89 MB</ref><ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/340306418#map=11/15.4206/-13.0847 OSM: Linie: Dioulol (340306418)]</ref> 55.5 kiiloomitir dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, wax yar ka hor xarunta gobolka iyo degmada ee [[Matam, Senegal|Matam]],<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/6645325/ganguel.html Ganguel bei Geonames]</ref> webiga weyn iyo kan labaad ayaa dib isugu biira. Sariirta webiga ee Dioulol, oo bilowgii ahayd qiyaastii 20 mitir oo ballac ah, waxay dhex martaa dhul-badeed qiyaastii shan ilaa 15 kiiloomitir oo ballac ah, waxayna ku xiran tahay xilli-ciyaareedka, waxay quudisaa shabakad ka badan ama ka yar oo laamo jahawareer ah, dhulal qoyan oo aan la mari karin iyo biyo fadhiisin ah. Qulqulka biyaha ee Dioulol, oo kaliya qulqula inta lagu jiro iyo ka dib xilliga roobka, badanaa waa la lumiyaa kala bar ka hor inta aysan gaarin magaalada [[Kanel]]. Magaca sidoo kale waa la lumiyaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira nidaam joogto ah oo sariiraha biyaha ah, kuwaas oo sidoo kale leh qulqulka biyaha oo muhiim ah oo ka hooseeya Kanel, xitaa waxay u fidaan inta u dhaxaysa haro, Vèndou Kanel,<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2250848/vendou-kanel.html Vèndou Kanel bei Geonames]</ref> ka dibna u celiyaan dhammaan biyaha webiga weyn wax yar ka hor Matam. Heerka qulqulka ee ka imanaya webiga weyn ee u galaya Dioulol waxaa nidaamiya weero 60-mitir oo ballac ah wax yar ka dib laanta. Waxaa sidoo kale jira buundo waddo oo dhererkeedu yahay 110 mitir oo loogu talagalay waddada gobolka R 42, taas oo, ka bilaabanta waddada qaran [[N2 road (Senegal)|N2]] ee u dhow [[Semmé]], raacaysa bangiga webiga weyn iyada oo loo marayo magaalada Waoundé ilaa Matam. Magaalada [[Hamady Ounaré]] waxay ku taal bangiga dhulka weyn ee Dioulol. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 34l5i8wto6e9z37ova8itd8iao3q5sh 301220 301107 2026-07-10T03:04:05Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Dioulol | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Senegal | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Senegal]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|38|16|N|13|14|37|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Dioulol''' waa laan dhanka koonfur-galbeed ka xigta [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]] ee ku taal gobolka [[Matam Region|Matam]] ee dalka [[Senegal]]. == Juqraafi == Dioulol waxay ka laamantaa webiga weyn inta u dhaxaysa tuulada Balél<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2254381/balel.html Balél bei Geonames]</ref> iyo magaalada dariska la ah ee [[Waoundé]]. Sidaa darteed, magaca Tchangol Balél ayaa si kala duwan loogu heli karaa marin-biyoodkan,<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2254379/tchangol-balel.html Tchangol Balél bei Geonames]</ref> laakiin caddayn rasmi ah oo kaliya ayaa loo helay magaca Dioulol.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151117053005/http://www.ansd.sn/ressources/ses/SES-Matam-2013.pdf#page=49 Service Régional de la Statistique et de la Démographie de Matam: Situation economique et sociale regionale 2013] Gewässer Seite 49 der PDF-Datei 1,42 MB</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/PLHA/PLHA%20ORKADIERE%20DOC.pdf |title=PEPAM, avril 2009: Eaux de surfaces permanentes et saisonnières CR Orkadiéré |access-date=2020-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203729/http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/PLHA/PLHA%20ORKADIERE%20DOC.pdf }}, Dioulol auf Seite 14 und 15 der PDF-Datei 5,89 MB</ref><ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/340306418#map=11/15.4206/-13.0847 OSM: Linie: Dioulol (340306418)]</ref> 55.5 kiiloomitir dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, wax yar ka hor xarunta gobolka iyo degmada ee [[Matam, Senegal|Matam]],<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/6645325/ganguel.html Ganguel bei Geonames]</ref> webiga weyn iyo kan labaad ayaa dib isugu biira. Sariirta webiga ee Dioulol, oo bilowgii ahayd qiyaastii 20 mitir oo ballac ah, waxay dhex martaa dhul-badeed qiyaastii shan ilaa 15 kiiloomitir oo ballac ah, waxayna ku xiran tahay xilli-ciyaareedka, waxay quudisaa shabakad ka badan ama ka yar oo laamo jahawareer ah, dhulal qoyan oo aan la mari karin iyo biyo fadhiisin ah. Qulqulka biyaha ee Dioulol, oo kaliya qulqula inta lagu jiro iyo ka dib xilliga roobka, badanaa waa la lumiyaa kala bar ka hor inta aysan gaarin magaalada [[Kanel]]. Magaca sidoo kale waa la lumiyaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira nidaam joogto ah oo sariiraha biyaha ah, kuwaas oo sidoo kale leh qulqulka biyaha oo muhiim ah oo ka hooseeya Kanel, xitaa waxay u fidaan inta u dhaxaysa haro, Vèndou Kanel,<ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2250848/vendou-kanel.html Vèndou Kanel bei Geonames]</ref> ka dibna u celiyaan dhammaan biyaha webiga weyn wax yar ka hor Matam. Heerka qulqulka ee ka imanaya webiga weyn ee u galaya Dioulol waxaa nidaamiya weero 60-mitir oo ballac ah wax yar ka dib laanta. Waxaa sidoo kale jira buundo waddo oo dhererkeedu yahay 110 mitir oo loogu talagalay waddada gobolka R 42, taas oo, ka bilaabanta waddada qaran [[N2 road (Senegal)|N2]] ee u dhow [[Semmé]], raacaysa bangiga webiga weyn iyada oo loo marayo magaalada Waoundé ilaa Matam. Magaalada [[Hamady Ounaré]] waxay ku taal bangiga dhulka weyn ee Dioulol. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} modi3w1g7v4liwh78mugmr17m1m8md6 0 48652 301108 2026-07-09T13:38:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | image = Saloum.gif | map = | pushpin_map = Senegal }} '''Webiga Saloum''' (Faransiis: ''Fleuve Saloum'') wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa qiyaastii 105 kiiloomitir bari ka xiga [[Kaolack]], [[Senegal]], wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]]. [[Saloum Delta|Saloum Delta]] waxay ku taal afkiisa, gudaha [[Saloum Delta National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Saloum Delta]] oo la ilaaliyo. Bulaacada webigu waxay ku dhex taal meel ka mid ahayd boqortooyadii hore ee [[Serer people|Serer]], [[Saloum]]. Kaymaha [[Mangrove|Mangrove]] waxay fadhiyaan suun dhan shan kiiloomitir oo ku yaal labada bangi in ka badan lixdan kiiloomitir kor u kaca. {{Portal|Senegal}} == Tixraac == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&dq=saloum+river&pg=PA430 A Directory of African Wetlands]. Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, G. M. Bernacsek, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1992. {{coord|13.963055|-16.752777|display=title}} {{Authority control}} o0ttt3iampwj9svnt447y3rmgv25r9t 0 48653 301109 2026-07-09T13:41:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|14.16|-16.45|type:waterbody_region:SN-FK_source:dewiki|format=dms|display=title}} [[File:Saloum OSM.png|right|thumb|330px]] '''Webiga Sine''' ama Webiga Siin ('''Siin''' oo ku qoran [[Serer language|af-Serer]]; ''La Rivière Sine'' oo ku qoran [[French language|af-Faransiis]]) waa webi ku yaal [[Senegal]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] isagoo la socda [[Saloum River|Webiga Saloum]] ee ku yaal gacanka [[Sine-Saloum]]. == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.refer.sn/ethiopiques/article.php3?id_article=895&artsuite=10 « Le pacte primordial dans la vallée du Sine »] (maqaallo [in] ''Éthiopiques'' n° 31) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sine River}} 8pl9otfl6man0jr0heeagglq18g1xty 0 48654 301110 2026-07-09T13:43:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|14.16|-16.45|type:waterbody_region:SN-FK_source:dewiki|format=dms|display=title}} [[File:Saloum OSM.png|right|thumb|330px]] '''Webiga Sine''' ama Webiga Siin ('''Siin''' oo ku qoran [[Serer language|af-Serer]]; ''La Rivière Sine'' oo ku qoran [[French language|af-Faransiis]]) waa webi ku yaal [[Senegal]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] isagoo la socda [[Saloum River|Webiga Saloum]] ee ku yaal gacanka [[Sine-Saloum]]. == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.refer.sn/ethiopiques/article.php3?id_article=895&artsuite=10 « Le pacte primordial dans la vallée du Sine »] (maqaallo [in] ''Éthiopiques'' n° 31) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sine River}} pbdku0vbnzp2r15gdwgz29cfk6ndn7y 301111 301110 2026-07-09T13:44:51Z Isma4l 41797 301111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Saloum OSM.png|right|thumb|330px]]'''Diombos''' waa webi ku yaal dalka [[Senegal]] ee ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waa laan koonfureed, oo ku taal bangiga bidix ee [[Saloum River|Webiga Saloum]], kaas oo ku shubma [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]]. == Juqraafi == Diombos waxay ka laamantaa webiga weyn inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Kaolack]] iyo Foundiougne, oo u dhow tuulooyinka Gagué Bokar iyo Guagué Modi,<ref>[https://www.geonames.org/2251332/guague-modi.html Guagué Modi in Geonames]</ref> waxayna u qulqushaa koonfurta. Qiyaastii 56 kiiloomitir dhanka koonfur-galbeed, waxay ku shubataa badda furan ee koonfurta Île de Guior iyo [[Point of Sangomar|Jasiiradda Sangomar]]<ref>[https://www.geonames.org/2246261/pointe-de-sangomar.html Pointe de Sangomar in Geonames]</ref> ee Banc Rouge shoal.<br> Marka la eego hab-socodkeeda bilowga ah, dhererkeeda guud waa qiyaastii 78 kiiloomitir. Maadaama Webiga Diombos uu ka laamiyo kanaalka weyn oo ballaciisu yahay qiyaastii 110 mitir, wuxuu u cidhiidhya ilaa 60 mitir ka hor isku-darka biyo-xireenka iyo buundada ee waddada qaran ee N9 (marinka dhabta ah ee ka hooseeya waddada waa 10 mitir oo keliya). Dhanka hoose, iyadoo ay saameyn ku leeyihiin qulqulka hirarka badda, waxay samaysaa af-webi u eg funaanad, waana 600 ilaa 2000 mitir ballac ahaan muddo dheer; gacanka af-webiga ee xeebta wuxuu u fidaa 8,000 mitir. Inta u dhaxaysa Saloum iyo Diombos, waxaa laga heli karaa tiro jasiirado ah oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin [[Mangrove|mangrove]], kuwaas oo kala ah jasiiradaha Îles du Gandoul iyo jasiiradda weyn ee ugu weyn, oo loo yaqaan magacyo kala duwan sida Île du Loog, Île de Foundiougne, ama Île de Soum, taas oo ah degmada [[Foundiougne department|degmada Foundiougne]].<ref>Nanomag, 8. August 2017: [https://sunugox.info/terr/foundiougne-lhistoire-fascinante-de-presquile-de-soum/ Foundiougne: L’histoire fascinante de la presqu’île de Soum]</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|13.75|-16.70|type:waterbody_region:SN-FK_source:dewiki|format=dms|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diombos River}} loh03egykhfn3winybhy8wemov02fii 0 48655 301112 2026-07-09T13:47:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gambia | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Gambia oo ku yaal [[Niokolo-Koba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]] | map = Gambiarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada Webiga Gambia | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]|[[The Gambia|Gambia]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 1120 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gambia River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gambia-River |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fouta Djallon]] | source1_location = [[Labé Prefecture|Labé]], Guinea | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|11.412|-12.226|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|795|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Banjul]], Gambia | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|28|N|16|34|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 78000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1.5 }} '''Webiga Gambia''' (oo horay loogu yaqaanay '''River Gambra''', [[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Fleuve Gambie'', [[Portuguese language|Boortaqiis]]: ''Rio Gâmbia'') waa webi weyn oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]], kaas oo u qulqula {{convert|1120|km|mi}} kana bilaabma bannaanka [[Fouta Djallon]] ee waqooyiga [[Guinea]] dhanka galbeed ilaa uu maro [[Senegal]] iyo [[The Gambia|Gambia]] ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] ee magaalada [[Banjul]]. Waa marin-biyood la mari karo qiyaastii kala bar dhererkiisa. Webigan ayaa si xooggan loola xiriiriyaa Gambia, oo ah dalka ugu yar ee dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]], kaas oo qabsada kala bar webiga iyo labadiisa bangi. == Juqraafi == Webiga Gambia wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|1120|km}}. Laga soo bilaabo Fouta Djallon, wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed ilaa gobolka [[Tambacounda Region|Tambacounda]] ee Senegal, halkaas oo uu kaga dhex qulqulo [[Parc National du Niokolo Koba|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo Koba]], ka dibna waxaa ku biira Nieri Ko iyo {{ill|Koulountou|fr|Koulountou}} wuxuuna sii maraa [[Barrakunda Falls|Biyaha-dhaca ee Barrakunda]] ka hor inta uusan gelin Gambia oo uu marayo Koina. Meeshan, webiga wuxuu u socdaa guud ahaan dhanka galbeed, laakiin wuxuu leeyahay marin qaloocan oo leh tiro [[Oxbow lake|haraha qaloocan]], qiyaastii {{convert|100|km}} marka laga tago afkiisa, wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah u ballaaraa in ka badan {{convert|10|km}} halkaas oo uu kula kulmo badda. === Ka gudubka === Waxaa jira dhowr buundooyin oo ka gudba webiga. Midda ugu weyn uguna fog xagga hoose waa [[Senegambia Bridge|Buundada Senegambia]] oo u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Farafenni]] iyo [[Soma, Gambia|Soma]] ee dalka Gambia. Waxaa la furay bishii Janaayo 2019, waxay bixisaa xiriir ka dhexeeya qaybaha [[Trans-Gambia Highway]] ee ku yaal bangiga Waqooyi iyo Koonfur ee webiga. Waxay sidoo kale bixisaa xiriir degdeg ah oo loogu talagalay gawaarida xamuulka ee [[Demographics of Senegal|Senegal]] ee u safraya iyo ka imanaya gobolka go'doonsan ee [[Casamance]]. Buundada waa {{convert|1.9|km}} dhererkeeda waxayna beddeshay [[Vehicle ferry|gaadiidka biyaha]] oo aan la isku halayn karin. Waxaa jira lacag laga qaado ka gudubka gawaarida. Waxaa sidoo kale jira buundooyin ku yaal [[Upper River Division|Gobolka Upper River]] ee Gambia oo ku yaal [[Basse Santa Su]] iyo [[Fatoto]] kuwaas oo la furay Oktoobar 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ma |first1=Jianchun |title=Building the Friendship Bridges towards a Shared Future of China and The Gambia |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/commentary-building-the-friendship-bridges-towards-a-shared-future-of-china-and-the-gambia |access-date=3 August 2022 |agency=The Point |date=13 Oct 2021}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale buundo ku taal Senegal oo ku taal Gouloumbou. Dhammaan waddooyinka kale ee laga gudbo waxaa lagu sameeyaa doonyo, oo ay ku jirto marin aasaasi ah oo u dhaxaysa [[Banjul]] iyo [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]] oo ku yaal afka webiga, ama doonyo yar yar. === Bolongs === [[Tributary|Webiyada yaryar]] ee ku yaal qaybaha hoose ee webiga waxaa inta badan loo yaqaannaa ''bolongs'' ama ''bolons.'' Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Sami Bolong, oo u qaybiya qaybaha waqooyi ee [[Central River Division]] iyo [[Upper River Division]], Bintang Bolong oo u qaybiya [[Lower River Division]] ka [[West Coast Division]], iyo sidoo kale xubno kale oo yaryar oo biyo ah sida Sofancama, Jurunku, Kutang, Nianji, iyo Sandugu bolongs.<ref>Gailey.</ref> == Taariikh == Dadka ugu horreeya ee lagu yaqaan inay ku noolaayeen aagga ku teedsan Webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ah [[Jola people|Jola]], [[Balante]], [[Bainuk]], iyo [[Manjak people|Manjak]].<ref>Buhnen, 49.</ref> Sahamiyaha [[Carthage|Carthage]] [[Hanno the Navigator]] ayaa laga yaabaa inuu gaaray Gambia intii lagu jiray safarkiisa qarnigii shanaad ee BC.<ref>"Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Accessed 14/8/22.</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay dhaqanka afka ah, tiro badan oo muhaajiriin [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] ah oo ka yimid [[Mali|Maali]] oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Tiramakhan Traore]], oo ka mid ahaa guutada ugu sarreeya ee [[Sundiata Keita|Sundiata]], ayaa yimid gobolka qarnigii 14aad. Taariikhyahannada casriga ah qaarkood, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay qabaan in muhaajiriin yar oo kaliya, inta badan ganacsatada ''jula'', ay halkii ay ka hoggaamin lahaayeen isbeddel bulsho-dhaqameed oo tartiib-tartiib ah oo ku wajahan aqoonsiga qowmiyadda Mandinka ee heerka sare leh iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyada Maali]].<ref>Wright, "Beyond Migration", 385.</ref><ref>Buhnen, 51.</ref> ''Jula''-gan waxay Gambia ka dhigeen qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah shabakadda ganacsiga Galbeedka Afrika, halkaas oo cusbo, qolof-biyood, bir, maro, foolmaroodi, shumac, dahab, addoomo, maqaar iyo kuwo kale lagu kala beddelan jiray ilaa [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] iyo wixii ka dambeeya.<ref>Wright, "Darbo Jula", 33.</ref><ref>Van Hoven.</ref> [[Alvise Cadamosto]], oo ahaa sahamiye [[Venice|Venice]] ah oo u shaqaynayay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]], ayaa noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee u safray Gambia sannadkii 1455, isagoo webiga ugu yeeraya ''Gambra'' ama ''Cambra''. Ilaha kale ee laga helo xilligaas waxay diiwaan-geliyeen magacyo ay ka mid yihiin ''Guambea'', ''Guabu'', iyo ''Gambu'' (suurtogal ah isku-darka, xilligaas ama taariikhda dambe, ee magaca webiga iyo boqortooyada [[Kaabu]]).<ref>Buhnen, 71.</ref> Iyadoo ganacsatada ka kala socda waddamada kala duwan ee Yurub ay ku ganacsanayeen webiga Gambia muddo laba qarni ah ka dib Cadamosto, [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee aasaasta saldhig joogto ah, waxa ay ugu yeereen [[Kunta Kinteh Island|Jasiiradda St Andrew]] sannadkii 1651. Ka dib markii ay gacanta ku dhigeen jasiiradda oo ay u beddeleen 'St James' sannadkii 1661, Ingiriisku wuxuu la tartamay Faransiiska si uu u maamulo ganacsiga webiga qarnigii iyo badh ee xigay.<ref>Gailey, 3.</ref> Intii lagu jiray xilligan, boqortooyooyinka ku teedsan webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Niumi]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]]), [[Kingdom of Niani|Niani]], [[Kantora]], Jimara, [[Kiang (The Gambia)|Kiang]], [[Badibu]], [[Fuladu]], Tumana, iyo [[Kingdom of Wuli|Wuli]], kuwaas oo dhammaantood magacyadooda siiyay degmooyinka [[The Gambia|Gambia]] maanta. Saldhigyada ganacsiga ee waaweyn ee ku yaal ama u dhow webiga waxaa ka mid ahaa Barra, [[Albreda]], [[Juffure]], [[Kunta Kinteh Island|James Island]] (hadda ah [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxalgal ah]]), Tendaba, Joar, [[MacCarthy Island]], [[Fattatenda]], iyo [[Sutukoba]]. Qiyaastii qarnigii 18aad, sahamiyaha reer Scotland [[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]] ayaa u safray Gambia laba jeer isagoo ku sii jeeda Webiga Niger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Washington |first=Capt. |date=1838 |title=Some Account of Mohammedu-Siseï, a Mandingo, of Nyáni-Marú on the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797825 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=8 |pages=448–454 |doi=10.2307/1797825 |issn=0266-6235|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Anglo-French Convention of 1889|Heshiiskii Anglo-Faransiiska ee 1889]] ayaa xadiday xuduudaha [[Gambia Protectorate|Gambia Protectorate]] iyo gumeysigii [[Senegal|Senegal]] oo ahayd toban kiiloomitir waqooyi iyo koonfurta webiga ilaa gudaha ilaa Yarbutenda (oo u dhow Koina ee maanta), oo leh 10km oo radius ah si loo calaamadeeyo xadka bari ee laga cabbiray bartamaha magaalada.<ref>Gailey, 27.</ref> Sidaa darteed Ingiriisku wuxuu gacanta ku hayay webiga ilaa inta ay mari karaan maraakiibta badda. In kasta oo xilligaas loo arkayay ku meel-gaar, xuduudaha la dejiyay 1889-kii ayaa weli aan isbeddelin ilaa hadda.<ref>Gailey, 28.</ref> == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Xayawaanka biyaha ee [[Drainage basin|bulaacada]] Webiga Gambia waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa tan bulaacada [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]], labadana waxaa badanaa lagu daraa hal [[ecoregion]] oo loo yaqaan [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar#Nilo-Sudan|Senegal-Gambia Catchments]]. In kasta oo [[species richness|hodantinimada noocyadu]] ay tahay mid dhexdhexaad ah, saddex nooc oo raha ah iyo hal kalluun ayaa ah kuwo [[Endemism|ku gaar ah]] ecoregion-kan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |title=509: Senegal – Gambia |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |archive-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oysters-ka waxaa ka soo gurta Webiga Gambia haweenka waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo [[oyster stew]], cunto dhaqameedka [[cuisine of Gambia|Gambia]]. == Gallery == <gallery mode=packed heights= style="text-align:left"> File:Map of the River Gambra (now the Gambia) 1732.JPG|Khariidadda Webiga Gambra (hadda waa Gambia) 1732 File:Gambia satellite fires.jpeg|Qaybta galbeed ee Webiga Gambia, oo laga soo arkay hawada sare. Xariiqdu waxay muujinaysaa xadka Gambia. File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|Muuqaalka sare ee webiga, oo u dhow [[Janjanbureh Island]] File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|Bangiga webiga, oo u dhow Janjanbureh File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|Doonta ka gudubta webiga, ee Janjanbureh </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Bühnen, Stephan. "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany." History in Africa, vol. 19, 1992. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995. * {{cite book |last1=Gailey |first1=Harry |title=Historical dictionary of the Gambia |date=1987 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, N.J. |isbn=0810820013}} * Gray, J.M. (1940). History of the Gambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{cite book|first=Arnold|last=Hughes|first2=David|last2=Perfect|title=Historical Dictionary of The Gambia|series=African Historical Dictionaries|volume=109|location=Metuchen, New Jersey|publisher=Scarecrow Press|edition=4th|year=2008|isbn=9781442265226|contribution=|pages=}} * {{cite journal |last1=van Hoven |first1=Ed |title=Local Tradition or Islamic Precept? The Notion of zakāt in Wuli (Eastern Senegal) (La notion de "zakāt" au Wuli (Sénégal)) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |date=1996 |volume=36 |issue=144 |pages=703–722 |doi=10.3406/cea.1996.1863 |jstor=4392734 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392734 |access-date=2 December 2020|url-access=subscription }} * Wright, Donald R. "Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia." History in Africa, vol. 12, 1985. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171727. * Wright, Donald R. "Darbo Jula: The Role of a Mandinka Jula Clan in the Long-Distance Trade of the Gambia River and Its Hinterland." African Economic History, no. 3, 1977, pp. 33–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3601138. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022. == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-river-info.html Macluumaadka iyo Sawirrada Webiga Gambia] {{Authority control}} hdt5623rgvm5nnbt51fi5frqhbrsegv 301113 301112 2026-07-09T13:47:32Z Isma4l 41797 301113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gambia | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Gambia oo ku yaal [[Niokolo-Koba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]] | map = Gambiarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada Webiga Gambia | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]|[[The Gambia|Gambia]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 1120 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gambia River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gambia-River |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fouta Djallon]] | source1_location = [[Labé Prefecture|Labé]], Guinea | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|11.412|-12.226|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|795|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Banjul]], Gambia | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|28|N|16|34|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 78000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1.5 }} '''Webiga Gambia''' (oo horay loogu yaqaanay '''River Gambra''', [[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Fleuve Gambie'', [[Portuguese language|Boortaqiis]]: ''Rio Gâmbia'') waa webi weyn oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]], kaas oo u qulqula {{convert|1120|km|mi}} kana bilaabma bannaanka [[Fouta Djallon]] ee waqooyiga [[Guinea]] dhanka galbeed ilaa uu maro [[Senegal]] iyo [[The Gambia|Gambia]] ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] ee magaalada [[Banjul]]. Waa marin-biyood la mari karo qiyaastii kala bar dhererkiisa. Webigan ayaa si xooggan loola xiriiriyaa Gambia, oo ah dalka ugu yar ee dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]], kaas oo qabsada kala bar webiga iyo labadiisa bangi. == Juqraafi == Webiga Gambia wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|1120|km}}. Laga soo bilaabo Fouta Djallon, wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed ilaa gobolka [[Tambacounda Region|Tambacounda]] ee Senegal, halkaas oo uu kaga dhex qulqulo [[Parc National du Niokolo Koba|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo Koba]], ka dibna waxaa ku biira Nieri Ko iyo {{ill|Koulountou|fr|Koulountou}} wuxuuna sii maraa [[Barrakunda Falls|Biyaha-dhaca ee Barrakunda]] ka hor inta uusan gelin Gambia oo uu marayo Koina. Meeshan, webiga wuxuu u socdaa guud ahaan dhanka galbeed, laakiin wuxuu leeyahay marin qaloocan oo leh tiro [[Oxbow lake|haraha qaloocan]], qiyaastii {{convert|100|km}} marka laga tago afkiisa, wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah u ballaaraa in ka badan {{convert|10|km}} halkaas oo uu kula kulmo badda. === Ka gudubka === Waxaa jira dhowr buundooyin oo ka gudba webiga. Midda ugu weyn uguna fog xagga hoose waa [[Senegambia Bridge|Buundada Senegambia]] oo u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Farafenni]] iyo [[Soma, Gambia|Soma]] ee dalka Gambia. Waxaa la furay bishii Janaayo 2019, waxay bixisaa xiriir ka dhexeeya qaybaha [[Trans-Gambia Highway]] ee ku yaal bangiga Waqooyi iyo Koonfur ee webiga. Waxay sidoo kale bixisaa xiriir degdeg ah oo loogu talagalay gawaarida xamuulka ee [[Demographics of Senegal|Senegal]] ee u safraya iyo ka imanaya gobolka go'doonsan ee [[Casamance]]. Buundada waa {{convert|1.9|km}} dhererkeeda waxayna beddeshay [[Vehicle ferry|gaadiidka biyaha]] oo aan la isku halayn karin. Waxaa jira lacag laga qaado ka gudubka gawaarida. Waxaa sidoo kale jira buundooyin ku yaal [[Upper River Division|Gobolka Upper River]] ee Gambia oo ku yaal [[Basse Santa Su]] iyo [[Fatoto]] kuwaas oo la furay Oktoobar 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ma |first1=Jianchun |title=Building the Friendship Bridges towards a Shared Future of China and The Gambia |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/commentary-building-the-friendship-bridges-towards-a-shared-future-of-china-and-the-gambia |access-date=3 August 2022 |agency=The Point |date=13 Oct 2021}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale buundo ku taal Senegal oo ku taal Gouloumbou. Dhammaan waddooyinka kale ee laga gudbo waxaa lagu sameeyaa doonyo, oo ay ku jirto marin aasaasi ah oo u dhaxaysa [[Banjul]] iyo [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]] oo ku yaal afka webiga, ama doonyo yar yar. === Bolongs === [[Tributary|Webiyada yaryar]] ee ku yaal qaybaha hoose ee webiga waxaa inta badan loo yaqaannaa ''bolongs'' ama ''bolons.'' Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Sami Bolong, oo u qaybiya qaybaha waqooyi ee [[Central River Division]] iyo [[Upper River Division]], Bintang Bolong oo u qaybiya [[Lower River Division]] ka [[West Coast Division]], iyo sidoo kale xubno kale oo yaryar oo biyo ah sida Sofancama, Jurunku, Kutang, Nianji, iyo Sandugu bolongs.<ref>Gailey.</ref> == Taariikh == Dadka ugu horreeya ee lagu yaqaan inay ku noolaayeen aagga ku teedsan Webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ah [[Jola people|Jola]], [[Balante]], [[Bainuk]], iyo [[Manjak people|Manjak]].<ref>Buhnen, 49.</ref> Sahamiyaha [[Carthage|Carthage]] [[Hanno the Navigator]] ayaa laga yaabaa inuu gaaray Gambia intii lagu jiray safarkiisa qarnigii shanaad ee BC.<ref>"Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Accessed 14/8/22.</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay dhaqanka afka ah, tiro badan oo muhaajiriin [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] ah oo ka yimid [[Mali|Maali]] oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Tiramakhan Traore]], oo ka mid ahaa guutada ugu sarreeya ee [[Sundiata Keita|Sundiata]], ayaa yimid gobolka qarnigii 14aad. Taariikhyahannada casriga ah qaarkood, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay qabaan in muhaajiriin yar oo kaliya, inta badan ganacsatada ''jula'', ay halkii ay ka hoggaamin lahaayeen isbeddel bulsho-dhaqameed oo tartiib-tartiib ah oo ku wajahan aqoonsiga qowmiyadda Mandinka ee heerka sare leh iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyada Maali]].<ref>Wright, "Beyond Migration", 385.</ref><ref>Buhnen, 51.</ref> ''Jula''-gan waxay Gambia ka dhigeen qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah shabakadda ganacsiga Galbeedka Afrika, halkaas oo cusbo, qolof-biyood, bir, maro, foolmaroodi, shumac, dahab, addoomo, maqaar iyo kuwo kale lagu kala beddelan jiray ilaa [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] iyo wixii ka dambeeya.<ref>Wright, "Darbo Jula", 33.</ref><ref>Van Hoven.</ref> [[Alvise Cadamosto]], oo ahaa sahamiye [[Venice|Venice]] ah oo u shaqaynayay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]], ayaa noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee u safray Gambia sannadkii 1455, isagoo webiga ugu yeeraya ''Gambra'' ama ''Cambra''. Ilaha kale ee laga helo xilligaas waxay diiwaan-geliyeen magacyo ay ka mid yihiin ''Guambea'', ''Guabu'', iyo ''Gambu'' (suurtogal ah isku-darka, xilligaas ama taariikhda dambe, ee magaca webiga iyo boqortooyada [[Kaabu]]).<ref>Buhnen, 71.</ref> Iyadoo ganacsatada ka kala socda waddamada kala duwan ee Yurub ay ku ganacsanayeen webiga Gambia muddo laba qarni ah ka dib Cadamosto, [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee aasaasta saldhig joogto ah, waxa ay ugu yeereen [[Kunta Kinteh Island|Jasiiradda St Andrew]] sannadkii 1651. Ka dib markii ay gacanta ku dhigeen jasiiradda oo ay u beddeleen 'St James' sannadkii 1661, Ingiriisku wuxuu la tartamay Faransiiska si uu u maamulo ganacsiga webiga qarnigii iyo badh ee xigay.<ref>Gailey, 3.</ref> Intii lagu jiray xilligan, boqortooyooyinka ku teedsan webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Niumi]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]]), [[Kingdom of Niani|Niani]], [[Kantora]], Jimara, [[Kiang (The Gambia)|Kiang]], [[Badibu]], [[Fuladu]], Tumana, iyo [[Kingdom of Wuli|Wuli]], kuwaas oo dhammaantood magacyadooda siiyay degmooyinka [[The Gambia|Gambia]] maanta. Saldhigyada ganacsiga ee waaweyn ee ku yaal ama u dhow webiga waxaa ka mid ahaa Barra, [[Albreda]], [[Juffure]], [[Kunta Kinteh Island|James Island]] (hadda ah [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxalgal ah]]), Tendaba, Joar, [[MacCarthy Island]], [[Fattatenda]], iyo [[Sutukoba]]. Qiyaastii qarnigii 18aad, sahamiyaha reer Scotland [[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]] ayaa u safray Gambia laba jeer isagoo ku sii jeeda Webiga Niger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Washington |first=Capt. |date=1838 |title=Some Account of Mohammedu-Siseï, a Mandingo, of Nyáni-Marú on the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797825 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=8 |pages=448–454 |doi=10.2307/1797825 |issn=0266-6235|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Anglo-French Convention of 1889|Heshiiskii Anglo-Faransiiska ee 1889]] ayaa xadiday xuduudaha [[Gambia Protectorate|Gambia Protectorate]] iyo gumeysigii [[Senegal|Senegal]] oo ahayd toban kiiloomitir waqooyi iyo koonfurta webiga ilaa gudaha ilaa Yarbutenda (oo u dhow Koina ee maanta), oo leh 10km oo radius ah si loo calaamadeeyo xadka bari ee laga cabbiray bartamaha magaalada.<ref>Gailey, 27.</ref> Sidaa darteed Ingiriisku wuxuu gacanta ku hayay webiga ilaa inta ay mari karaan maraakiibta badda. In kasta oo xilligaas loo arkayay ku meel-gaar, xuduudaha la dejiyay 1889-kii ayaa weli aan isbeddelin ilaa hadda.<ref>Gailey, 28.</ref> == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Xayawaanka biyaha ee [[Drainage basin|bulaacada]] Webiga Gambia waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa tan bulaacada [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]], labadana waxaa badanaa lagu daraa hal [[ecoregion]] oo loo yaqaan [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar#Nilo-Sudan|Senegal-Gambia Catchments]]. In kasta oo [[species richness|hodantinimada noocyadu]] ay tahay mid dhexdhexaad ah, saddex nooc oo raha ah iyo hal kalluun ayaa ah kuwo [[Endemism|ku gaar ah]] ecoregion-kan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |title=509: Senegal – Gambia |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |archive-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oysters-ka waxaa ka soo gurta Webiga Gambia haweenka waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo [[oyster stew]], cunto dhaqameedka [[cuisine of Gambia|Gambia]]. == Sawirro == <gallery mode=packed heights= style="text-align:left"> File:Map of the River Gambra (now the Gambia) 1732.JPG|Khariidadda Webiga Gambra (hadda waa Gambia) 1732 File:Gambia satellite fires.jpeg|Qaybta galbeed ee Webiga Gambia, oo laga soo arkay hawada sare. Xariiqdu waxay muujinaysaa xadka Gambia. File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|Muuqaalka sare ee webiga, oo u dhow [[Janjanbureh Island]] File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|Bangiga webiga, oo u dhow Janjanbureh File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|Doonta ka gudubta webiga, ee Janjanbureh </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * Bühnen, Stephan. "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany." History in Africa, vol. 19, 1992. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995. * {{cite book |last1=Gailey |first1=Harry |title=Historical dictionary of the Gambia |date=1987 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, N.J. |isbn=0810820013}} * Gray, J.M. (1940). History of the Gambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{cite book|first=Arnold|last=Hughes|first2=David|last2=Perfect|title=Historical Dictionary of The Gambia|series=African Historical Dictionaries|volume=109|location=Metuchen, New Jersey|publisher=Scarecrow Press|edition=4th|year=2008|isbn=9781442265226|contribution=|pages=}} * {{cite journal |last1=van Hoven |first1=Ed |title=Local Tradition or Islamic Precept? The Notion of zakāt in Wuli (Eastern Senegal) (La notion de "zakāt" au Wuli (Sénégal)) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |date=1996 |volume=36 |issue=144 |pages=703–722 |doi=10.3406/cea.1996.1863 |jstor=4392734 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392734 |access-date=2 December 2020|url-access=subscription }} * Wright, Donald R. "Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia." History in Africa, vol. 12, 1985. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171727. * Wright, Donald R. "Darbo Jula: The Role of a Mandinka Jula Clan in the Long-Distance Trade of the Gambia River and Its Hinterland." African Economic History, no. 3, 1977, pp. 33–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3601138. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022. == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-river-info.html Macluumaadka iyo Sawirrada Webiga Gambia] {{Authority control}} 4jkzgw6wgfasulbwmw2t4xp87jj4y7f 301114 301113 2026-07-09T13:47:47Z Isma4l 41797 301114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gambia | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Gambia oo ku yaal [[Niokolo-Koba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]] | map = Gambiarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada Webiga Gambia | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]|[[The Gambia|Gambia]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 1120 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gambia River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gambia-River |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fouta Djallon]] | source1_location = [[Labé Prefecture|Labé]], Guinea | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|11.412|-12.226|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|795|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Banjul]], Gambia | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|28|N|16|34|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 78000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1.5 }} '''Webiga Gambia''' (oo horay loogu yaqaanay '''River Gambra''', [[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Fleuve Gambie'', [[Portuguese language|Boortaqiis]]: ''Rio Gâmbia'') waa webi weyn oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]], kaas oo u qulqula {{convert|1120|km|mi}} kana bilaabma bannaanka [[Fouta Djallon]] ee waqooyiga [[Guinea]] dhanka galbeed ilaa uu maro [[Senegal]] iyo [[The Gambia|Gambia]] ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] ee magaalada [[Banjul]]. Waa marin-biyood la mari karo qiyaastii kala bar dhererkiisa. Webigan ayaa si xooggan loola xiriiriyaa Gambia, oo ah dalka ugu yar ee dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]], kaas oo qabsada kala bar webiga iyo labadiisa bangi. == Juqraafi == Webiga Gambia wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|1120|km}}. Laga soo bilaabo Fouta Djallon, wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed ilaa gobolka [[Tambacounda Region|Tambacounda]] ee Senegal, halkaas oo uu kaga dhex qulqulo [[Parc National du Niokolo Koba|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo Koba]], ka dibna waxaa ku biira Nieri Ko iyo {{ill|Koulountou|fr|Koulountou}} wuxuuna sii maraa [[Barrakunda Falls|Biyaha-dhaca ee Barrakunda]] ka hor inta uusan gelin Gambia oo uu marayo Koina. Meeshan, webiga wuxuu u socdaa guud ahaan dhanka galbeed, laakiin wuxuu leeyahay marin qaloocan oo leh tiro [[Oxbow lake|haraha qaloocan]], qiyaastii {{convert|100|km}} marka laga tago afkiisa, wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah u ballaaraa in ka badan {{convert|10|km}} halkaas oo uu kula kulmo badda. === Ka gudubka === Waxaa jira dhowr buundooyin oo ka gudba webiga. Midda ugu weyn uguna fog xagga hoose waa [[Senegambia Bridge|Buundada Senegambia]] oo u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Farafenni]] iyo [[Soma, Gambia|Soma]] ee dalka Gambia. Waxaa la furay bishii Janaayo 2019, waxay bixisaa xiriir ka dhexeeya qaybaha [[Trans-Gambia Highway]] ee ku yaal bangiga Waqooyi iyo Koonfur ee webiga. Waxay sidoo kale bixisaa xiriir degdeg ah oo loogu talagalay gawaarida xamuulka ee [[Demographics of Senegal|Senegal]] ee u safraya iyo ka imanaya gobolka go'doonsan ee [[Casamance]]. Buundada waa {{convert|1.9|km}} dhererkeeda waxayna beddeshay [[Vehicle ferry|gaadiidka biyaha]] oo aan la isku halayn karin. Waxaa jira lacag laga qaado ka gudubka gawaarida. Waxaa sidoo kale jira buundooyin ku yaal [[Upper River Division|Gobolka Upper River]] ee Gambia oo ku yaal [[Basse Santa Su]] iyo [[Fatoto]] kuwaas oo la furay Oktoobar 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ma |first1=Jianchun |title=Building the Friendship Bridges towards a Shared Future of China and The Gambia |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/commentary-building-the-friendship-bridges-towards-a-shared-future-of-china-and-the-gambia |access-date=3 August 2022 |agency=The Point |date=13 Oct 2021}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale buundo ku taal Senegal oo ku taal Gouloumbou. Dhammaan waddooyinka kale ee laga gudbo waxaa lagu sameeyaa doonyo, oo ay ku jirto marin aasaasi ah oo u dhaxaysa [[Banjul]] iyo [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]] oo ku yaal afka webiga, ama doonyo yar yar. === Bolongs === [[Tributary|Webiyada yaryar]] ee ku yaal qaybaha hoose ee webiga waxaa inta badan loo yaqaannaa ''bolongs'' ama ''bolons.'' Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Sami Bolong, oo u qaybiya qaybaha waqooyi ee [[Central River Division]] iyo [[Upper River Division]], Bintang Bolong oo u qaybiya [[Lower River Division]] ka [[West Coast Division]], iyo sidoo kale xubno kale oo yaryar oo biyo ah sida Sofancama, Jurunku, Kutang, Nianji, iyo Sandugu bolongs.<ref>Gailey.</ref> == Taariikh == Dadka ugu horreeya ee lagu yaqaan inay ku noolaayeen aagga ku teedsan Webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ah [[Jola people|Jola]], [[Balante]], [[Bainuk]], iyo [[Manjak people|Manjak]].<ref>Buhnen, 49.</ref> Sahamiyaha [[Carthage|Carthage]] [[Hanno the Navigator]] ayaa laga yaabaa inuu gaaray Gambia intii lagu jiray safarkiisa qarnigii shanaad ee BC.<ref>"Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Accessed 14/8/22.</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay dhaqanka afka ah, tiro badan oo muhaajiriin [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] ah oo ka yimid [[Mali|Maali]] oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Tiramakhan Traore]], oo ka mid ahaa guutada ugu sarreeya ee [[Sundiata Keita|Sundiata]], ayaa yimid gobolka qarnigii 14aad. Taariikhyahannada casriga ah qaarkood, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay qabaan in muhaajiriin yar oo kaliya, inta badan ganacsatada ''jula'', ay halkii ay ka hoggaamin lahaayeen isbeddel bulsho-dhaqameed oo tartiib-tartiib ah oo ku wajahan aqoonsiga qowmiyadda Mandinka ee heerka sare leh iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyada Maali]].<ref>Wright, "Beyond Migration", 385.</ref><ref>Buhnen, 51.</ref> ''Jula''-gan waxay Gambia ka dhigeen qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah shabakadda ganacsiga Galbeedka Afrika, halkaas oo cusbo, qolof-biyood, bir, maro, foolmaroodi, shumac, dahab, addoomo, maqaar iyo kuwo kale lagu kala beddelan jiray ilaa [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] iyo wixii ka dambeeya.<ref>Wright, "Darbo Jula", 33.</ref><ref>Van Hoven.</ref> [[Alvise Cadamosto]], oo ahaa sahamiye [[Venice|Venice]] ah oo u shaqaynayay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]], ayaa noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee u safray Gambia sannadkii 1455, isagoo webiga ugu yeeraya ''Gambra'' ama ''Cambra''. Ilaha kale ee laga helo xilligaas waxay diiwaan-geliyeen magacyo ay ka mid yihiin ''Guambea'', ''Guabu'', iyo ''Gambu'' (suurtogal ah isku-darka, xilligaas ama taariikhda dambe, ee magaca webiga iyo boqortooyada [[Kaabu]]).<ref>Buhnen, 71.</ref> Iyadoo ganacsatada ka kala socda waddamada kala duwan ee Yurub ay ku ganacsanayeen webiga Gambia muddo laba qarni ah ka dib Cadamosto, [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee aasaasta saldhig joogto ah, waxa ay ugu yeereen [[Kunta Kinteh Island|Jasiiradda St Andrew]] sannadkii 1651. Ka dib markii ay gacanta ku dhigeen jasiiradda oo ay u beddeleen 'St James' sannadkii 1661, Ingiriisku wuxuu la tartamay Faransiiska si uu u maamulo ganacsiga webiga qarnigii iyo badh ee xigay.<ref>Gailey, 3.</ref> Intii lagu jiray xilligan, boqortooyooyinka ku teedsan webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Niumi]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]]), [[Kingdom of Niani|Niani]], [[Kantora]], Jimara, [[Kiang (The Gambia)|Kiang]], [[Badibu]], [[Fuladu]], Tumana, iyo [[Kingdom of Wuli|Wuli]], kuwaas oo dhammaantood magacyadooda siiyay degmooyinka [[The Gambia|Gambia]] maanta. Saldhigyada ganacsiga ee waaweyn ee ku yaal ama u dhow webiga waxaa ka mid ahaa Barra, [[Albreda]], [[Juffure]], [[Kunta Kinteh Island|James Island]] (hadda ah [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxalgal ah]]), Tendaba, Joar, [[MacCarthy Island]], [[Fattatenda]], iyo [[Sutukoba]]. Qiyaastii qarnigii 18aad, sahamiyaha reer Scotland [[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]] ayaa u safray Gambia laba jeer isagoo ku sii jeeda Webiga Niger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Washington |first=Capt. |date=1838 |title=Some Account of Mohammedu-Siseï, a Mandingo, of Nyáni-Marú on the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797825 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=8 |pages=448–454 |doi=10.2307/1797825 |issn=0266-6235|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Anglo-French Convention of 1889|Heshiiskii Anglo-Faransiiska ee 1889]] ayaa xadiday xuduudaha [[Gambia Protectorate|Gambia Protectorate]] iyo gumeysigii [[Senegal|Senegal]] oo ahayd toban kiiloomitir waqooyi iyo koonfurta webiga ilaa gudaha ilaa Yarbutenda (oo u dhow Koina ee maanta), oo leh 10km oo radius ah si loo calaamadeeyo xadka bari ee laga cabbiray bartamaha magaalada.<ref>Gailey, 27.</ref> Sidaa darteed Ingiriisku wuxuu gacanta ku hayay webiga ilaa inta ay mari karaan maraakiibta badda. In kasta oo xilligaas loo arkayay ku meel-gaar, xuduudaha la dejiyay 1889-kii ayaa weli aan isbeddelin ilaa hadda.<ref>Gailey, 28.</ref> == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Xayawaanka biyaha ee [[Drainage basin|bulaacada]] Webiga Gambia waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa tan bulaacada [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]], labadana waxaa badanaa lagu daraa hal [[ecoregion]] oo loo yaqaan [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar#Nilo-Sudan|Senegal-Gambia Catchments]]. In kasta oo [[species richness|hodantinimada noocyadu]] ay tahay mid dhexdhexaad ah, saddex nooc oo raha ah iyo hal kalluun ayaa ah kuwo [[Endemism|ku gaar ah]] ecoregion-kan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |title=509: Senegal – Gambia |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |archive-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oysters-ka waxaa ka soo gurta Webiga Gambia haweenka waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo [[oyster stew]], cunto dhaqameedka [[cuisine of Gambia|Gambia]]. == Sawirro == <gallery mode=packed heights= style="text-align:left"> File:Map of the River Gambra (now the Gambia) 1732.JPG|Khariidadda Webiga Gambra (hadda waa Gambia) 1732 File:Gambia satellite fires.jpeg|Qaybta galbeed ee Webiga Gambia, oo laga soo arkay hawada sare. Xariiqdu waxay muujinaysaa xadka Gambia. File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|Muuqaalka sare ee webiga, oo u dhow [[Janjanbureh Island]] File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|Bangiga webiga, oo u dhow Janjanbureh File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|Doonta ka gudubta webiga, ee Janjanbureh </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Buug-qoraal == * Bühnen, Stephan. "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany." History in Africa, vol. 19, 1992. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995. * {{cite book |last1=Gailey |first1=Harry |title=Historical dictionary of the Gambia |date=1987 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, N.J. |isbn=0810820013}} * Gray, J.M. (1940). History of the Gambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{cite book|first=Arnold|last=Hughes|first2=David|last2=Perfect|title=Historical Dictionary of The Gambia|series=African Historical Dictionaries|volume=109|location=Metuchen, New Jersey|publisher=Scarecrow Press|edition=4th|year=2008|isbn=9781442265226|contribution=|pages=}} * {{cite journal |last1=van Hoven |first1=Ed |title=Local Tradition or Islamic Precept? The Notion of zakāt in Wuli (Eastern Senegal) (La notion de "zakāt" au Wuli (Sénégal)) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |date=1996 |volume=36 |issue=144 |pages=703–722 |doi=10.3406/cea.1996.1863 |jstor=4392734 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392734 |access-date=2 December 2020|url-access=subscription }} * Wright, Donald R. "Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia." History in Africa, vol. 12, 1985. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171727. * Wright, Donald R. "Darbo Jula: The Role of a Mandinka Jula Clan in the Long-Distance Trade of the Gambia River and Its Hinterland." African Economic History, no. 3, 1977, pp. 33–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3601138. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022. == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-river-info.html Macluumaadka iyo Sawirrada Webiga Gambia] {{Authority control}} fcj2n4fikzhx5v2g765siokagllsq0j 0 48656 301115 2026-07-09T13:50:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Koulountou | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Image_prise_sur_le_pont_de_Koulountou.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Gambiarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 1120 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gambia River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gambia-River |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fouta Djallon]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Banjul]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.25|N|13.61667|W}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }}{{Expand French|topic=geo}} '''Webiga Koulountou''' (Faransiis: ''Rivière Koulountou'') waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Senegal]] iyo [[Guinea]]. Waa mid ka mid ah [[tributary|laamaha]] [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]].<ref name = "gn2249604">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=2249604|name=koulountou}} Koulountou] at [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2012-01-17; database downloaded on 2017-01-07</ref> Isha biyaha webigu waa bannaanka [[Fouta Djallon]] ee waqooyiga [[Guinea]]. Inta badan socodkiisa, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa koonfurta [[Senegal]]. Deegaannada ku teedsan webiga waxaa ka mid ah [[Nadjaf Al Ashraf]] oo ku taal [[Vélingara Department|Degmada Vélingara]], Senegal.<ref>[http://www.shiafrica.com/archive/91/Le-chiisme-au-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-Mozdahir Le chiisme au Sénégal Mozdahir]. ''Shia Africa''.</ref> == Tixraac == <references/> {{Authority control}} j6tp9iausjzhtqjtlerczy2as94s6uk 301116 301115 2026-07-09T13:50:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Koulountou | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Image_prise_sur_le_pont_de_Koulountou.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Gambiarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 1120 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gambia River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gambia-River |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fouta Djallon]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Banjul]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.25|N|13.61667|W}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Koulountou''' (Faransiis: ''Rivière Koulountou'') waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Senegal]] iyo [[Guinea]]. Waa mid ka mid ah [[tributary|laamaha]] [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]].<ref name = "gn2249604">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=2249604|name=koulountou}} Koulountou] at [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2012-01-17; database downloaded on 2017-01-07</ref> Isha biyaha webigu waa bannaanka [[Fouta Djallon]] ee waqooyiga [[Guinea]]. Inta badan socodkiisa, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa koonfurta [[Senegal]]. Deegaannada ku teedsan webiga waxaa ka mid ah [[Nadjaf Al Ashraf]] oo ku taal [[Vélingara Department|Degmada Vélingara]], Senegal.<ref>[http://www.shiafrica.com/archive/91/Le-chiisme-au-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-Mozdahir Le chiisme au Sénégal Mozdahir]. ''Shia Africa''.</ref> == Tixraac == <references/> {{Authority control}} dmanjh7jb7r8xftw03sn1anomwxqohu 301388 301116 2026-07-10T11:53:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Koulountou | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Image_prise_sur_le_pont_de_Koulountou.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Gambiarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 1120 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gambia River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gambia-River |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fouta Djallon]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Banjul]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.25|N|13.61667|W}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Koulountou''' (Faransiis: ''Rivière Koulountou'') waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Senegal]] iyo [[Guinea]]. Waa mid ka mid ah [[tributary|laamaha]] [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]].<ref name = "gn2249604">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=2249604|name=koulountou}} Koulountou] at [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2012-01-17; database downloaded on 2017-01-07</ref> Isha biyaha webigu waa bannaanka [[Fouta Djallon]] ee waqooyiga [[Guinea]]. Inta badan socodkiisa, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa koonfurta [[Senegal]]. Deegaannada ku teedsan webiga waxaa ka mid ah [[Nadjaf Al Ashraf]] oo ku taal [[Vélingara Department|Degmada Vélingara]], Senegal.<ref>[http://www.shiafrica.com/archive/91/Le-chiisme-au-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-Mozdahir Le chiisme au Sénégal Mozdahir] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shiafrica.com/archive/91/Le-chiisme-au-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-Mozdahir |date=20200223091617 }}. ''Shia Africa''.</ref> == Tixraac == <references/> {{Authority control}} o8xwamhhkaah6dteh1kjyywd71zmawx 0 48657 301117 2026-07-09T13:52:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|200px|right|Webiga Gambia oo dhex maraya Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]] '''Niokolo Koba''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Senegal]]. Webigu waa [[tributary|laan]] ka mid ah [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]], wuxuuna inta badan dhex maraa [[Niokolo-Koba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loc.alize.us/#/geo:13.071056,-12.724843,16,/|title=Loc.alize.us - Explore your world through everyone's eyes}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|13|01|N|13|14|W|display=title|region:SN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 6fopsekbyldx4a46pv2pc0l5xkmpl6j 301118 301117 2026-07-09T13:52:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301118 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|200px|right|Webiga Gambia oo dhex maraya Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]] '''Niokolo Koba''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Senegal]]. Webigu waa [[tributary|laan]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Gambia]], wuxuuna inta badan dhex maraa [[Niokolo-Koba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loc.alize.us/#/geo:13.071056,-12.724843,16,/|title=Loc.alize.us - Explore your world through everyone's eyes}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|13|01|N|13|14|W|display=title|region:SN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 62ge2ici089bfjabfz57gwrg759iaxx 0 48658 301119 2026-07-09T13:55:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Geba | image = Bissau geba.png | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Geba ee Guinea-Bissau | map = Geba Corubal OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda Senegal, Guinea iyo Guinea-Bissau oo ay la socoto aagga bulaacada Geba (cagaar khafiif ah) | source1_location = [[Fouta Djallon]] highlands, Guinea | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]|[[Guinea-Bissau]]}} | length = {{cvt|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_location= | discharge1_avg = | mouth_location = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11|43|20|N|15|38|40|W|region:GW_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}} | river_system= Webiga Geba | tributaries_left=Bidigor, Colufe, Undauma | tributaries_right=Anambé | basin_size ={{cvt|12,440|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Sambou2018">{{cite journal |last1=Sambou |first1=Saly |last2=Dacosta |first2=Honoré |last3=Paturel |first3=Jean-Emmanuel |title=Variabilité spatio-temporelle des pluies de 1932 à 2014 dans le bassin versant du fleuve Kayanga/Gêba (République de Guinée, Sénégal, Guinée-Bissau) |journal=Physio-Géo |date=2018 |volume=12 |pages=61–78 |doi=10.4000/physio-geo.5798 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/physio-geo/5798 |access-date=3 April 2026 |lang=fr}}</ref> }} '''Geba''' ({{langx|fr|Rivière Geba}}, {{langx|pt|Rio Geba}}) waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa qiyaastii {{convert|550|km}} dhex mara [[Guinea]], [[Senegal]], iyo [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa '''Kayanga''' gudaha Senegal. == Juqraafi == === Marin === Geba waxay ka kacdaa aagga ugu waqooyi ee [[Guinea]] ee buuraha [[Fouta Djallon]], waxay martaa koonfurta [[Senegal]], waxayna gaartaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] ee [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|550|km}}.<ref name=eosnap>{{cite web|title=Golden Sediments from Geba River, Guinea Bissau|url=http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/golden-sediments-from-geba-river-guinea-bissau-november-27th-2012/|website=Earth Snapshot|publisher=Chelys|accessdate=8 October 2015|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927094342/http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/golden-sediments-from-geba-river-guinea-bissau-november-27th-2012/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waa webi inta badan ku yaal dhul hoose, oo leh qulqul sare inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka (laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Oktoobar). Aagagga ku xeeran qaybaha hoose ee webiga waa dhul-badeed lagu hareereeyay savanna iyo kayn, oo leh cufnaanta dadka oo ku tiirsan [[Subsistence agriculture|beerashada nolosha]].<ref name="Z2017">{{cite journal |last1=Zúquete |first1=Sara Tudela |last2=Coelho |first2=João |last3=Rosa |first3=Fernanda |last4=Vaz |first4=Yolanda |last5=Cassamá |first5=Bernardo |last6=Padre |first6=Ludovina |last7=Santos |first7=Dulce |last8=Basto |first8=Afonso P. |last9=Leitão |first9=Alexandre |title=Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations in cattle along Geba River basin in Guinea-Bissau |journal=Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases |date=January 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=161–169 |doi=10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.10.013 |url=https://dspace.uevora.pt/rdpc/bitstream/10174/20963/1/Tick%20Acari_%20Ixodidae%20infestations%20in%20cattle%20along%20Geba%20River%20basin%20in.pdf |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>{{rp|162}} Afka Geba waa [[tidal estuary|af-webi ay hirarku saameeyaan]] ballaaran oo lala wadaago [[Corubal River|Webiga Corubal]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sambou |first1=Saly |last2=Dacosta |first2=Honore |last3=Diouf |first3=Rene Ndimag |last4=Diouf |first4=Ibrahima |last5=Kane |first5=Alioune |title=Hydropluviometric variability in non-Sahelian West Africa: case of the Koliba/Corubal River Basin (Guinea and Guinea-Bissau) |journal=Proceedings of IAHS |date=16 September 2020 |volume=383 |pages=171–183 |doi=10.5194/piahs-383-171-2020 |url=https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/383/171/2020/ |access-date=3 April 2026 |publisher=Copernicus GmbH |language=en |doi-access=free|hdl=11343/281039 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[tidal range|Heerka hirarku]] wuxuu gaari karaa {{convert|7|m}} gudaha af-webiga (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Geba Channel'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dièye |first1=Arame |last2=Marchesiello |first2=Patrick |last3=Sow |first3=Bamol Ali |last4=Dieng |first4=Habib Boubacar |last5=Thuan |first5=Duong Hai |last6=Descroix |first6=Luc |title=Tidal amplification and distortion in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa |journal=Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science |date=August 2025 |volume=320 |doi=10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109318 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771425001969 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Laamihiisa waxaa ka mid ah webiyada Anambe, Gambiel, iyo Campossa (ama Colufe). [[Colufe River|Webiga Colufe]] wuxuu ku biiraa Geba meel u dhow [[Bafatá]]. Geba waxay wadaagtaa [[estuary|af-webi]] ballaaran oo ay la socoto [[Corubal River|Webiga Corubal]] (kaas oo ay kaga biirto meel u dhow [[Xime, Guinea-Bissau|Xime]]). [[Bissau]], caasimadda Guinea-Bissau waxay ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee af-webigan. Af-webigu wuu sii ballaaraa marka webigu ku qulqulo Atlantic-ga hareeraha jasiiradaha [[Bijagós Islands|Bijagós]].<ref name="NASA">{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Kasha |title=The Meandering Estuaries of Guinea–Bissau - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/the-meandering-estuaries-of-guineabissau-92266/ |website=NASA Science |access-date=3 April 2026 |date=18 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Campredon |first1=Pierre |last2=Catry |first2=Paulo |chapter=Bijagos Archipelago (Guinea-Bissau) |title=The Wetland Book |date=2016 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_158-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_158-1 |publisher=Springer, Dordrecht |language=en |chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Ashley |last2=Thieme |first2=Michele |title=Northern Upper Guinea |url=https://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/511 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref> === Bulaacada === Bulaacada Geba waxay dabooshaa qiyaastii {{convert|12000|km2}}. 65% bulaacada waxay ku taal Guinea-Bissau, 34% Senegal, inta hartayna waa geeska waqooyi ee Guinea. [[File:Guineabissau oli 2018137 lrg.jpg|thumb|Af-webiga Geba waa marin-biyoodka weyn ee midabka khafiifka ah leh ee dhanka sare ee midig ee sawirkan [[Landsat 8]] ee xeebta Bissau-Guinean. Midabka webiga waxaa sabab u ah dhoobo. Jasiiradaha Bijagós waxay ku yaalliin dhanka hoose ee bidix, iyagoo ku hareeraysan afka Geba.]] Geba, oo ay weheliso [[Corubal River|Webiga Corubal]], waxay ka daadisaa Bafatá Plateau. Waxay sidoo kale ka daadisaa Gabú Plain, iyada oo ay la socoto [[Farim River|Webiga Farim]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Webiga Cacheu), iyo laamahooda.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pélissier|first1=René|title=Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=8 October 2015}}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha == Geba waxay muddo dheer ahayd marin ganacsi oo muhiim ah oo ku xiran gudaha; waxaa heli kara maraakiib 2,000-tan ah qiyaastii {{convert|140|km}} gudaha, iyo maraakiibta qabyo-tirka leh xitaa in ka badan. Magaalada [[Geba, Guinea-Bissau|Geba]], oo ku taal qaybta la mari karo ee webiga, waxay u adeegtay sidii saldhig ganacsi oo weyn. Waxay ku xirtay marinno ganacsi oo ay lahaayeen [[Soninke people|Soninke]], [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]], [[Kaabu]], iyo [[Biafada people|Biafada]]. Geba waxay ku lug lahayd [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic]]. [[Kola nuts]], biraha, iyo fool-maroodiga ayaa sidoo kale halkaas lagu ganacsan jiray.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Havik |first1=Philip J. |title=The Port of Geba: at the crossroads of Afro-Atlantic trade and culture |journal=Mande Studies |date=2007 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=21–50 |doi=10.2979/mnd.2007.a873447 |access-date=3 April 2026 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/873447/summary|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist|2}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == *Salif Diop, ''[https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_2/etudes_theses/40109.pdf La côte ouest-africaine. Du Saloum (Sénégal) à la Mellacorée (Rép. de Guinée)]'', ORSTOM, Paris, 1990, p.&nbsp;380 {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} stv8b2ml22ezfax40aamv4bizaiwlt9 0 48659 301120 2026-07-09T13:57:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG|thumb|Webiga Casamance ee [[Ziguinchor]]]] '''Webiga Casamance''' ([[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Fleuve Casamance'') ee [[Senegal]] wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed inta badan ilaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] iyada oo raacaya waddo qiyaastii {{convert|200|mi}} dhererkeedu yahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, {{convert|80|mi}} oo keliya ayaa la mari karaa. Casamance waa webiga ugu muhiimsan ee [[Kolda Region|Kolda]], [[Sédhiou Region|Sédhiou]], iyo [[Ziguinchor Region|Ziguinchor]] [[Regions of Senegal|Gobollada]] ee ku yaal qaybta koonfureed ee Senegal. Wuxuu ku yaallaa inta u dhaxaysa [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]] ee waqooyiga iyo webiyada [[Cacheu River|Cacheu]] iyo [[Geba River|Geba]] ee koonfurta. Waxaa jira buundo ku taal [[Ziguinchor]], oo ah mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee webiga, taas oo ku xirta [[Bignona]] oo ku taal bangiga waqooyi. Deegaannada kale ee muhiimka ah ee ku yaal bangiyadiisa waxaa ka mid ah Goudomp, Sedhiou, Diattakounda, Tanaff, iyo [[Kolda]]. Webiga waxaa loogu magac daray ''Kasa Mansa'', ama boqorkii boqortooyadii gumeysiga ka hor ee [[Kasa kingdom|Kasa]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Richard Andrew Jr. |last1=Lobban |first2=Peter Karibe |last2=Mendy |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau |edition=4th |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |place=Lanham |isbn=978-0-8108-5310-2|page=244}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} *Qayb badan oo ka mid ah maqaalkan waa tarjumaad ka timid maqaalka Wikipedia ee [[French language|af-Faransiiska]] [[:fr:Casamance (fleuve)]]. {{Commons category}} {{coord|12.5561|N|16.7622|W|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} {{Authority control}} 759t2h81k71t34ta6zwqhfbnc9zi5sh 0 48660 301121 2026-07-09T14:01:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oued Ksob | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Buundo ku taal Oued Ksob | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | name_native = {{native name|ar|واد القصب}} | name_native_lang = | name_other = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Oued Ksob''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal galbeedka [[Marooko]] kaas oo ku shubma [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] xeeb ballaaran oo in yar koonfur ka xigta magaalada [[Essaouira]]<ref>C.Michael Hogan, [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926 "Mogador: promontory fort"], ''The Megalithic Portal'', November 2, 2007.</ref> iyo in yar waqooyi ka xigta tuulada [[Diabat]]. [[River delta|Afka]] webiga, oo ay weheliso [[Iles Purpuraires]] oo u dhow, ayaa loo yaqaanaa in lagu arko [[rare species|noocyo dhif ah]] sida [[Eleonora's falcon|gorgorka Eleonora]].<ref>[http://www.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=847 Internet Bird Collection: sighting of Eleonora's Falcon] 2007</ref> Koonfurta afka Ksob waa [[ruin|dummadii]] [[watchtower|munaarad ilaalo]] oo loo yaqaan [[Bordj El Berod]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|31|28|N|9|44|W|display=title|region:MA_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ksob}} lowqftdopsh258h8t1wxw34t1tokcr8 0 48661 301122 2026-07-09T14:05:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oued Tamri | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Oued Tamri''' waa webi ku yaal galbeedka [[Marooko]] kaas oo ku shubma Badweynta Atlaantik meel u dhow tuulada [[Tamri]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6511|access-date=2021-04-18|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> Qulqulka dusha sare wuxuu noqdaa mid aad u hooseeya dhammaadka xagaaga ka hor intaanay bilaaban xilliga roobka. Ilaa dhawaan, [[northern bald ibis]] waxaa la rumeysnaa inay duurjoogta ugu noolaan jirtay Marooko kaliya [[Souss-Massa National Park]] (338 km²) halkaas oo ay ku yaallaan saddex gumeysi, iyo afka Webiga Tamri ee u dhow, halkaas oo uu ku yaal hal gumeysi oo ka kooban ku dhawaad kala bar dadka tarma ee Afrika, iyada oo ay jirto dhaqdhaqaaq shimbireed oo u dhexeeya labadan goobood.<ref name=":0" /> Biyaha Oued Tamri waa kuwo [[alkaline|alkali]] ah oo si dhexdhexaad ah u daruur leh sababo la xiriira dhoobada fiican ee ka soo degaya dhulka buuraleyda ah ee dhanka bari. Heerarka [[pH]] ee dayrta waxaa lagu cabbiray heerka 9.6.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, ''Surface Water Quality in Morocco'', Lumina Technologies, (2006)</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tamri}} 13lrocegui2yvkljxtb88o2y9b9mgbs 0 48662 301123 2026-07-09T14:07:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sous<br>واد سوس<br>ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ | image = Taroudant maroc.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_alt = | image_caption = Webiga Sous oo u dhow [[Taroudannt]] | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[High Atlas]] | mouth_location = Badweynta Atlaantik | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | location = | length_km = 180 | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Sous, Webiga Sus''' ama '''Webiga Souss''' ({{langx|ar|واد سوس|wād sūs}}; {{langx|shi|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ|asif n sus}}) waa webi ku yaal koonfurta dhexe ee [[Marooko]] oo ku yaal gobolka [[Sous|Sous]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilaabmaa [[High Atlas]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed isagoo mara [[Aoulouz]], [[Taroudannt]], [[Oulad Teima]], [[Inezgane]] iyo [[Aït Melloul]]. Waxa uu sameeyaa doon, taas oo laga ilaaliyo cimilada saxaraha ee [[Sahara]] iyadoo loo marayo buuraha [[Anti-Atlas]] waana mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu bacrimsan Marooko.<ref>{{cite web|last=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Sous River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555493/Sous-River|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=26 March 2012}}</ref> [[Aoulouz Dam|Xireenka Aoulouz]] waa xireenka ugu weyn ee webigan. [[File:Oued Souss(js)1.jpg|thumb|450px|left|Afka Webiga Sous oo u dhow [[Agadir]]]] {{clear}} ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{coord|30|22|40|N|9|23|0|W|source:ptwiki_type:river_region:MA_scale:5000000|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sous}} amjmstjmzdcxg659m9ma6tzt78xfnbh 0 48663 301124 2026-07-09T14:09:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Massa | image = Massa River Sidi Rabat Morocco Oct25 A7CR 08049.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Webiga Massa oo u dhow badweynta ee Sidi R'bat | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Anti-Atlas]] | mouth_location = Badweynta Atlaantik | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} <!-- End Infobox template table --> '''Webiga Massa''' ({{langx|ar|واد ماسة|wād māsa}}; {{langx|shi|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ|asif n masst}}) waa webi ku yaal koonfurta [[Marooko]] oo ku yaal gobolka [[Sous|Sous]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilaabmaa [[Anti-Atlas]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed isagoo ku dhammaada Badweynta Atlaantik ee [[Sidi R'bat]] ka dib markuu dhex maro [[Souss-Massa National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Souss-Massa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Morocco|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications (Firm)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oukuAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Africa: atlas of our changing environment|year=2008|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|pages=248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o93ZW3fXsJQC}}</ref> == Xireenka Yusuf Ibn Tashfin == [[File:Oued-Massa-barrage.JPG|thumb|left|Xireenka Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]] La dhisay 1972, xireenka Yusuf Ibn Tashfin waa xireenka ugu weyn ee webiga Massa. [[File:Delta Massa Sidi Rabat Morocco Oct25 A7CR 08025.jpg|thumb|left|Delta-ga Massa ee Sidi R'bat]] [[File:Pair Greater Flamingo Bent Souss Massa Oct25 A7CR 08302.jpg|thumb|left|[[Greater flamingo|Flamingos-ka waaweyn]] oo ku quudinaya Massa]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|30|04|15|N|9|40|00|W|region:MA_type:river_source:kolossus-ptwiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Massa}} 15ubyt0bldy795ftsrn0751aqwndsp8 0 48664 301125 2026-07-09T14:12:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DAVIDSON(1839) p014 WADNOON.jpg|thumbnail|Wadnoon ama Wadi Noun (1837) oo ku taal Webiga Noun]] '''Webiga Noun''' ama '''Wad Noun''' ({{langx|ar|واد نون|Wād Nūn}}; {{langx|ber|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵏ|Asif n Nun}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Marooko]] waana [[watercourse|marin-biyood]] joogto ah oo ugu koonfureed dalka. Waxa uu ku yaallaa 70 km waqooyi ka xigta [[Draa River|Webiga Draa]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed isagoo ka soo bilaabma [[Anti-Atlas]], wuxuuna maraa koonfurta [[Guelmim]] wuxuuna ku kulmaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] ee [[Foum Asaca]] oo ku taal gobolka [[Sbouya]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Robert Rézette|title=The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco|year=1975|pages=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyw6QbFX7HcC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Eric Heinze, M. Fitzmaurice|title=Landmark cases in public international law|year=1998|pages=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uHRcZXMtgoC}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|29|9|N|10|2.5|W|source:frwiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Noun}} 7mts42me3ol0ch1yu3c4iug12684f4b 0 48665 301126 2026-07-09T14:14:44Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 Samee turjumidda bogga "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303678714|Old Collin County Courthouse]]" 301126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore''' ''('''Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' waa maxkamad taariikhi ah oo ku taal bartamaha magaalada taariikhiga ah ee [[McKinney, Texas]] . Waxaa la dhisay 1876 qaabkii Boqortooyada Labaad ka hor inta aan la dayactirin 1927 qaabkii Neoclassical . Maxkamadda waxaa la sii waday in la isticmaalo ilaa 1979 markii la xiray sababtoo ah dhammaystirka maxkamad cusub oo 6 dabaq ah. Sannadkii 1982, maxkamadda waxaa loo magacaabay inay noqoto Calaamad Taariikhi ah oo Texas ah oo la Diiwaangeliyay ''([[:en:Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmark|Recorded Texas Historic Landmark]])'' {{Efn|The Old Collin County Courthouse contain two Recorded Texas Historic Landmark Designation with the other being the [https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085011816 1927 Collin County Courthouse].}} sannadkii 2006, dib ayaa loo habeeyay oo dib ayaa loo furay Xarunta Farshaxanka ee McKinney. Laga bilaabo 2025, Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore waxay leedahay qorshe weyn oo la ansixiyay oo dib u soo celin buuxda ah oo ka timid Barnaamijka Ilaalinta Maxkamadda Taariikhda ee Texas oo qayb ka ah Guddiga Taariikhda Texas [[:en:Texas_Historical_Commission|''(Texas Historical Commission)'']] [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] oo4pxw6xkfk1yssfzephv1kpfr80a12 301127 301126 2026-07-09T14:15:05Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 . 301127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore''' ''('''Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' waa maxkamad taariikhi ah oo ku taal bartamaha magaalada taariikhiga ah ee [[McKinney, Texas]] . Waxaa la dhisay 1876 qaabkii Boqortooyada Labaad ka hor inta aan la dayactirin 1927 qaabkii Neoclassical . Maxkamadda waxaa la sii waday in la isticmaalo ilaa 1979 markii la xiray sababtoo ah dhammaystirka maxkamad cusub oo 6 dabaq ah. Sannadkii 1982, maxkamadda waxaa loo magacaabay inay noqoto Calaamad Taariikhi ah oo Texas ah oo la Diiwaangeliyay ''([[:en:Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmark|Recorded Texas Historic Landmark]])'' {{Efn|The Old Collin County Courthouse contain two Recorded Texas Historic Landmark Designation with the other being the [https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085011816 1927 Collin County Courthouse].}} sannadkii 2006, dib ayaa loo habeeyay oo dib ayaa loo furay Xarunta Farshaxanka ee McKinney. Laga bilaabo 2025, Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore waxay leedahay qorshe weyn oo la ansixiyay oo dib u soo celin buuxda ah oo ka timid Barnaamijka Ilaalinta Maxkamadda Taariikhda ee Texas oo qayb ka ah Guddiga Taariikhda Texas [[:en:Texas_Historical_Commission|''(Texas Historical Commission)'']]. [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 36k8zoubf35f3p0nykiofschkr8tzlk 301129 301127 2026-07-09T14:16:19Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore''' ''('''Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' waa maxkamad taariikhi ah oo ku taal bartamaha magaalada taariikhiga ah ee [[McKinney, Texas]] . Waxaa la dhisay 1876 qaabkii Boqortooyada Labaad ka hor inta aan la dayactirin 1927 qaabkii Neoclassical . Maxkamadda waxaa la sii waday in la isticmaalo ilaa 1979 markii la xiray sababtoo ah dhammaystirka maxkamad cusub oo 6 dabaq ah. Sannadkii 1982, maxkamadda waxaa loo magacaabay inay noqoto Calaamad Taariikhi ah oo Texas ah oo la Diiwaangeliyay ''([[:en:Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmark|Recorded Texas Historic Landmark]])'' {{Efn|The Old Collin County Courthouse contain two Recorded Texas Historic Landmark Designation with the other being the [https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085011816 1927 Collin County Courthouse].}} sannadkii 2006, dib ayaa loo habeeyay oo dib ayaa loo furay Xarunta Farshaxanka ee McKinney. Laga bilaabo 2025, Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore waxay leedahay qorshe weyn oo la ansixiyay oo dib u soo celin buuxda ah oo ka timid Barnaamijka Ilaalinta Maxkamadda Taariikhda ee Texas oo qayb ka ah Guddiga Taariikhda Texas [[:en:Texas_Historical_Commission|''(Texas Historical Commission)'']]. [[File:Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913).jpg|alt=Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913)|thumb| * Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913) ]] [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] aqg1x81n4x2hsex5yj6smhbqmstlu2s 301130 301129 2026-07-09T14:16:49Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore''' ''('''Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' waa maxkamad taariikhi ah oo ku taal bartamaha magaalada taariikhiga ah ee [[McKinney, Texas]] . Waxaa la dhisay 1876 qaabkii Boqortooyada Labaad ka hor inta aan la dayactirin 1927 qaabkii Neoclassical . Maxkamadda waxaa la sii waday in la isticmaalo ilaa 1979 markii la xiray sababtoo ah dhammaystirka maxkamad cusub oo 6 dabaq ah. Sannadkii 1982, maxkamadda waxaa loo magacaabay inay noqoto Calaamad Taariikhi ah oo Texas ah oo la Diiwaangeliyay ''([[:en:Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmark|Recorded Texas Historic Landmark]])'' sannadkii 2006, dib ayaa loo habeeyay oo dib ayaa loo furay Xarunta Farshaxanka ee McKinney. Laga bilaabo 2025, Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore waxay leedahay qorshe weyn oo la ansixiyay oo dib u soo celin buuxda ah oo ka timid Barnaamijka Ilaalinta Maxkamadda Taariikhda ee Texas oo qayb ka ah Guddiga Taariikhda Texas [[:en:Texas_Historical_Commission|''(Texas Historical Commission)'']]. [[File:Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913).jpg|alt=Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913)|thumb| * Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913) ]] [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 5iie7w92h1eqr5wsgticrugfxanuimb 301132 301130 2026-07-09T14:17:33Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore''' ''('''Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' waa maxkamad taariikhi ah oo ku taal bartamaha magaalada taariikhiga ah ee [[McKinney, Texas]] . Waxaa la dhisay 1876 qaabkii Boqortooyada Labaad ka hor inta aan la dayactirin 1927 qaabkii Neoclassical . Maxkamadda waxaa la sii waday in la isticmaalo ilaa 1979 markii la xiray sababtoo ah dhammaystirka maxkamad cusub oo 6 dabaq ah. Sannadkii 1982, maxkamadda waxaa loo magacaabay inay noqoto Calaamad Taariikhi ah oo Texas ah oo la Diiwaangeliyay ''([[:en:Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmark|Recorded Texas Historic Landmark]])'' sannadkii 2006, dib ayaa loo habeeyay oo dib ayaa loo furay Xarunta Farshaxanka ee McKinney. Laga bilaabo 2025, Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee Hore waxay leedahay qorshe weyn oo la ansixiyay oo dib u soo celin buuxda ah oo ka timid Barnaamijka Ilaalinta Maxkamadda Taariikhda ee Texas oo qayb ka ah Guddiga Taariikhda Texas [[:en:Texas_Historical_Commission|''(Texas Historical Commission)'']].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=1927 Collin County Courthouse Historical Marker|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=167861|access-date=2025-03-05|website=www.hmdb.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{cite web|url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html|title=Collin County Courthouse History|publisher=Collin County History|access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|access-date=2025-03-04|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}</ref> [[File:Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913).jpg|alt=Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913)|thumb| * Old Collin County Courthouse Postcard (1905-1913) ]] [[Category:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 8nx576ph9qvt0tvn18zvrwjg2zluwa0 0 48666 301128 2026-07-09T14:15:11Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Draa<br/>{{nobold|{{native name|ar|وادي درعة}}}} | name_native = {{native name|ar|وادي درعة}} | name_other = | etymology = | image = Draa River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | map = Draa (fleuve).png | map_size = 280px | map_caption = Koorsaha Draa [http://u.osmfr.org/m/387220/] {{dl|date=October 2023}} | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{ubl|[[Marooko]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Webiga Dadès | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!--{{coord|...}}--> | source1_elevation = | source2 = Webiga Imini | mouth = Badweynta Atlaantik | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = <!--{{coord|...|display=inline,title}}--> | mouth_elevation = | progression = Koonfur-bari | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 1100km | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | custom_label = | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Embouchure de l'oued Dr'a | designation1_date = 15 Janaayo 2005 | designation1_number = 1477<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embouchure de l'oued Dr'a|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1477|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530035048/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1477|url-status=live}}</ref> | designation2 = Ramsar | designation2_offname = Moyenne Dr'a | designation2_date = 15 Janaayo 2005 | designation2_number = 1482<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moyenne Dr'a|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1482|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227131630/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1482|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | extra = }} '''Draa''' ({{langx|ar|وادي درعة|wādī dar'a}}; sidoo kale loo higgaadiyo '''Dra''' ama '''Drâa''', ilo hore badanaaba '''Darha''' ama '''Dara''') waa webiga ugu dheer [[Marooko]], dhererkiisu waa {{convert|1100|km|mi}}. Waxaa sameeyay isku biiridda [[Dadès River|Webiga Dadès]] iyo [[Imini River|Webiga Imini]]. Waxa uu ka qulqulaa buuraha [[High Atlas]], bilowgii dhanka koonfur-bari ilaa [[Tagounite]], laga bilaabo Tagounite badanaaba dhanka galbeed ilaa afkiisa ee Badweynta Atlaantik wax yar waqooyi ka xigta [[Tan-Tan]]. Sanadkii 1971, xireenka [[El Mansour Ad Dahbi Reservoir|Mansour Eddahabi]] ayaa la dhisay si loogu adeego caasimadda gobolka [[Ouarzazate]] iyo in la nidaamiyo qulqulka Draa. Inta badan sanadka qaybta Draa ee ka dambeysa Tagounite waa mid qallalan. Qaybtii hore ee qarnigii 20-aad, koorsada ugu hooseysa ee Draa waxay calaamadisay [[Algeria–Morocco border|xadka]] u dhexeeya [[French protectorate of Morocco|ilaalinta Faransiiska ee Marooko]] iyo [[Cape Juby|aagga ku hoos jira xukunka Isbaanishka]]. Dooxadu waxay ka kooban tahay [[Fezouata formations]], kuwaas oo ah dhigaallo nooca [[Burgess shale|Burgess shale]] ah oo taariikhaysan ilaa [[Ordovician]]-ka hoose, kuwaas oo buuxinaya daaqad muhiim ah oo [[Burgess Shale-type preservation|ilaalin ah]] oo u dhexeeya [[Cambrian]]-ka caadiga ah ee [[lagerstätten]] iyo [[Soom shale]]-ka [[Ordovician]]-ka dambe.<ref name=DeRoy2010>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nature09038| title = Ordovician faunas of Burgess Shale type| year = 2010| last1 = Van Roy| first1 = P.| last2 = Orr| first2 = P. J.| last3 = Botting| first3 = J. P.| last4 = Muir| first4 = L. A.| last5 = Vinther| first5 = J.| last6 = Lefebvre| first6 = B.| last7 = Hariri| first7 = K. E.| last8 = Briggs| first8 = D. E. G.| authorlink8 = Derek Briggs| journal = Nature| volume = 465| pages = 215–8| pmid = 20463737| issue = 7295| bibcode = 2010Natur.465..215V| s2cid = 4313285| url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| access-date = 2024-02-24| archive-date = 2024-02-25| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240225134012/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1252174/file/1252176| url-status = live| url-access = subscription}}</ref> [[fauna|Xayawaannada]] la qadiimiyay waxaa ka mid ahaa nooleyaal badan oo hore loo mooday inay dabar-go'een ka dib bartamihii [[Cambrian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|title=BBC News - Fossil find resolves ancient extinction mystery|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=13 May 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8678459.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Taariikh == {{undue weight|section|date=January 2024}} {{expand section|date=January 2024}} === Taariikh hore === {{See also | Saharan rock art }} Deganaanshaha aadanaha ee dooxada Draa iyo buuraha ku dhow waxay dib ugu noqonayaan ugu yaraan [[Paleolithic]]-ga hoose, sida ay caddaynayaan qalabka [[Oldowan]] iyo [[Acheulean]] ee laga helay meel u dhow Tamegroute. Goobaha [[Paleolithic]]-ga dhexe ayaa ku baahsan.<ref name="mattingly2017">{{cite journal |last1=Mattingly |first1=David J. |last2=Bokbot |first2=Youssef |last3=Sterry |first3=Martin |last4=Cuénod |first4=Aurelie |last5=Fenwick |first5=Corisande |last6=Gatto |first6=Maria Carmela |last7=Ray |first7=Nick |last8=Rayne |first8=Louise |last9=Janin |first9=Katrien |last10=Lamb |first10=Andrew |last11=Mugnai |first11=Niccoló |last12=Nikolaus |first12=Julia |title=Long-term History in a Moroccan Oasis Zone: The Middle Draa Project 2015 |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=149 |doi=10.1163/21915784-12340009 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/15/2/article-p141_141.xml?ebody=article%20details&Tab%20Menu=article |access-date=7 February 2024 |issn=1612-1651 |hdl=2381/42893 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145535/https://brill.com/view/journals/jaa/15/2/article-p141_141.xml?ebody=article%20details&Tab%20Menu=article |url-status=live }}</ref> Farshaxanka dhagaxa ee xilligii [[Neolithic]] waxaa laga heli karaa guud ahaan dooxada Draa, iyadoo lagu sawirayo muuqaallada ugaarsiga iyo sidoo kale xoolaha la dhaqdo.<ref name="searight2001">{{cite thesis |last=Searight |first=Susan |title=The Prehistoric rock art of Morocco |date=2001 |degree=PhD |url=https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/381/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |page=245 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207123050/https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/381/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Taariikhda goobahan waa mid aan la hubin, laakiin kuwa ugu da'da weyn waxay laga yaabaa inay dib ugu noqdaan kun-sanaadkii 3-aad ee BCE.{{sfn|Searight|2001|p=189}} === Kahor 1054 === [[Image:Ptolemy11.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Khariidadda Ptolemy ee Afrika. Webiga Draa, Dara fl. wuxuu ku yaallaa bartamaha khariidadda, koonfurta buuraha, korka ereyga Garamantes. fl. waa soo gaabinta flumen, oo ah Latin-ka webiga.]] Webiga Draa wuxuu sidoo kale si fiican u ogaa Roomaankii qadiimiga ahaa. Waxay ku soo baxaysaa khariidaddii ugu horreysay ee adduunka taariikhda oo ay sameeyeen [[Geography (Ptolemy)|Ptolemy]] (90–168 AD). === Wattasids === [[Image:The river draa.JPG|right|thumb|Webiga Draa]] Intii lagu jiray xukunka [[Wattasid dynasty|Wattasid]] [[Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad]], [[Askia Ishaq I]] ee [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyada Songhai]] wuxuu u diray [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] weeraryahanno dooxada Draa si ay uga aarsadaan aflagaaddo diblomaasiyadeed halkaas oo Marooko ay dalbatay in la wareejiyo macdanta cusbada ee qiimaha leh ee [[Taghaza]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gomez |first1=Michael |title=African dominion : a new history of empire in early and medieval West Africa |date=2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, NJ |page= 331 |isbn=9780691177427}}</ref> === Saadi === === Alaouites === [[Image:Darha.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Khariidadda Koonfurta Marooko, 1705, ee Nicolaas Sanson (Gobolka Darha/Draa oo leh xuduudo casaan ah bartamaha khariidadda)]] Afar ka mid ah wiilasha [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]] ayaa ahaa [[Caliph|khalifa]] ee Draa: * Mulay Muhammad as-Sharif bin Ismail as-Samin. Khalifa ee Draa 1703. * Mulay 'Abdu'l-Malik bin Ismail as-Samin. Khalifa ee Draa. Waxaa loo dilay shirqool ka dhan ah aabbihiis, 1696. * Mulay Nasir bin Ismail as-Samin. Khalifa ee Draa 1702–1703, iyo ee Tafilalt. Kacaan 1711–1712. Waxaa la dilay 1714. * H.M. Sultan 'Abu Marwan Mulay 'Abdu'l Malik, Sultan ee Marooko, iwm. Khalifa ee Draa 1701–1703, iyo ee Sus 1717–1718. Lagu dhawaaqay Sultan markii xilka laga qaaday walaalkiis 13 Maarso 1728. Xilka looga qaaday Meknes 18 Luulyo 1728. Waxaa la dilay 2 Maarso 1729. [[Image:Casbah vallee du draa.jpg|thumb|left|Kashbah ee dooxada Draa]] [[File:Pomegranate In Draa River Valley Morocco.jpg|thumb|upright|Webiga Draa wuxuu taageeraa beerashada fudud, oo ay ku jiraan beerashada [[pomegranate|rummaanka]] iyo [[date (fruit)|timirta]].]] == Luqad == Laba luqadood ayaa lagaga hadlaa aagga: nooc maxalli ah oo [[Arabic|Carabi]] ah oo si dhow ula xiriirta [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniya]], iyo [[Shilha language|Shilha]] ama Tashelhiyt, oo ah [[Berber languages|luqad Berber ah]]. == Oases == [[Image:Draâ river.JPG|left|thumb|Webiga Draa ee [[Agdz]]]] Dooxada Webiga Draa ee Sare, oo dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|200|km|mi}}, waxay ka kooban tahay lix qaybood oo oases/berkedo timireed ah oo ka yimaada waqooyi ilaa koonfur: * Oasaska Mezguita, oo leh [[Agdz]] iyo Auriz iyo koonfurta Tamsikht dam * Oasaska Tinzouline, oo leh Ouled Lagraier, Tinzouline, Ouled Yaoub iyo xireen koonfurta ah * Oasaska Ternata oo leh [[Zagora, Morocco|Zagora]] * Oasaska Fezouata oo leh [[Tamegroute]] iyo koonfurta Azagha dam * Oasaska Ktaoua (Ingiriisi Ktawa) oo leh Tagounite, Blida, Tiraf iyo Bounou dam oo koonfurta ah * Oasaska Mhamid el Ghuzlan oo leh Mhamid el Ghuzlan === Ksour === ==== ee Mezguita ==== {| | *Ait Abdalah *Ait Hammou Ou Said* *Ait Lahcen *Ait Ouahi *El Hart *Irherrhar *Tamkasselt *Tiguit *Zaouit Boulhassane *Asselim *Rbat *Tarmast | *Zaouit n Griourirane *Aboussas *Ait Ali *Ait El Caid El Mir *Aouriz *Asselim Izdar *El Hara *Ikherazen *Irhrem Azougarth *Tafergalt *Takatert *Talat | *Talemzit *Tamnougalt* *Taourirt Caid Ali *Zaouit n Sidi Bou Mediane *Zaouit n Souk *Ait El Kharj Jdid *Ait El Kharj Lkdim *Aramd *El Borj *Igamoudene *Roudat *Tassoukt |} ==== ee Tinzouline ==== {| | *Akhellouf *Ez Zourgane *Bounana *Ed Dwairat | *Oulad El Megddam *Oulad Moussa *Timasla | *Zaouit Timaslas *Ighrem Tansikht *Zaouit Ikhf n Ouzrou |} ==== ee Ternata ==== {| | *Beni Khlil* *Mansouria | *Tiguit Nait Boulman *Tissergat* | *Amezrou |} ==== ee Fezouata ==== {| | *Agni *Agrour *Ait Aissa ou Brahim | *Ait Beloualid *Ait Bou Lkhlad *Arhla ou Drar | *Asrir Nignaoune *Kasbah Il Mechane *Izkhnnioun |} ==== ee Ktaoua/Ktwawa ==== Tani waa qaybta koonfureed ee dooxada u dhaxaysa Azagha iyo xireenka Bounou meel u dhow Tagounite. Waxaa jira 55 tuulo, inta badan ka kooban ''[[ksar|ksour]]'' (jamaca ''ksar''): {| | *Centre Tagounite *Bani Sbih *Zaouia Sidi Salah *Nesrate *Kser Tiraf *Ait Gazzou *Bani Hayoune *Ouled Amer *Knazta *Tabourite *Bani Mhamed *Khassouane *Adouafil *Zaouia Jdid Zrahna *Ait Rbaa *Gourguir *Kasbat Aamamou *Bani Semguine *Ksar Hammad Tahr | *Ouled Youssef Drawa *Loughlade *Ouled Ali *Regba *Bani Hnit *Zaouia Moulay Chrif Tahtania *Blida centre *Ksebt Ramla *Takchourte *Ksar Bani Mhammed *Ksar Lakbir *Ksar Jdid Zrahna *Ksar Jdid Ignaoun *Bani Skouken *Zte. Sidi Yahya *Ait Ali Ignaoun *Zaouia Moulay Chrif Foukania *Zaouia Koudia | *Taarchate *Ait Boutbratine *Zaouia Lansar *Zaouia Dakhlania Zhahna *Ait Zemrou *Ksebat Nani *Ksar Aarib *Ouled Youssef Ait Isfoul *Zaouia Sidi Madani *Zaouia Dakhlania *Ait Talaarifte *Ait Aissa Obrahim *Najia *Ksar Ait Rardi *Ait Boumhamed *Ikddarne *Tahramet *Bnou Khettal |} Source : Recensement général du Maroc, 1994 (Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH, Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc (HCP), septembre 1994)). == Sahmin == Draa waxay soo jiidatay dareenka dad badan oo sahamiyeyaal caan ah oo ay ku jiraan Faransiiska [[Charles de Foucauld]] oo u safray Marooko isagoo iska dhigaya ganacsade Yuhuudi ah qarnigii 1800-aad, iyo [[Jeffrey Tayler]] oo qoray buug ku saabsan waayo-aragnimadiisa. == Xusuusin == {{Reflist|30em}} == Maktabad == *Bahani, A., La nouba d'eau et son évolution dans les palmeraies du Draa Moyen du Maroc: CERES. Les oasis du Maghreb, Tunis: pp.&nbsp;107–126, 1994 *Philip Curtin (ed.), African History, London: Longman, 1988 *M. Elfasi (ed.), General History of Africa III, Africa from the Seventh to the 11th century, UNESCO, 1988 *Charles de Foucauld, Reconnaissance au Maroc, 1888, 1 vol. in -4 and atlas *Hammoudi, A., Substance and Relation: Water Rights and Water Distribution in the Dra Valley. In: Mayer, A.E. (Ed.), Property, Social Structure, and law in the Modern Middle East. New York: pp.&nbsp;27–57, 1985 *Marmol Caravajal, Africa, 1667 3 vol. in 4 *Thomas Pellow; Josephine Grieder, The History of the long captivity and adventures of Thomas Pellow, in South-Barbary : [written by himself], 1973 (repr.of the 1739 edition with a new introd. for the Garland ed. by Josephine Grieder) {{ISBN|0-8240-0583-X}} *W.D. Seiwert (ed.), Maurische Chronik, München: Trickster Verlag, 1988 *Jacques-Meunié, D., Le Maroc Saharien, des origines à 1670. Thèse d'État. 2 tomes, Librairie Klincksieck, Paris, 1982 *G. Spillmann, Villes et Tribus du Maroc vol. IX, Tribus Berbères Tome II, Districts et Tribus de la Haute Vallée du Dra, Paris, 1931 *Jeffrey Tayler, Valley of the Casbahs, 2004 *Ahmed Zainabi, La Vallée du Dra: Développement Alternatif et Action Communautaire, 2001 (Background paper WDR 2003) == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Draa River}} *Michel, J. (1995). [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/morco_1591.html The Invasion of Morocco in 1591...] University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center. {{coord|28.6817|N|11.1203|W|display=title|source:gns}} {{Authority control}} 2wpof2s0snx5vst7w7utlvlumfrrtmh 0 48667 301131 2026-07-09T14:17:11Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Dadès | image = DadesGorge.jpg | image_size = 200px | image_alt = | image_caption = Dhar oo lagu dhaqayo bangiyada Webiga Dades ee Dades Gorge, Marooko. | map = Upper Draa OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Isha webiga Draa, oo ay la socoto Dades (kor midig ilaa bartamaha) | source1_location = | mouth_location = | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|31.0025|N|6.526667|W|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} [[File:DadesGorgeFormations.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Doox cagaaran oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin qaababka dhagaxa saxaraha ee Dades Gorge, Marooko.]] [[File:Dades River valley.jpg|thumb|Muuqaal ku yaal dooxada Webiga Dades ee Boumalne Dades]] '''Webiga Dadès''' ({{langx|ar|وادي دادس|Wādī Dādis}}; {{langx|fr|Oued Dadès}}; {{langx|ber|label=[[Berber languages|Amazigh]]|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ|Asif n Dads}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Marooko]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Draa River|Webiga Draa]]. == Juqraafi == Webiga Dadès wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa [[High Atlas]] ka dibna wuxuu u jeestaa koonfurta isagoo dhex mara [[Dadès Gorges]], ka dibna dhanka galbeed inta u dhaxaysa buuraha High Atlas iyo [[Anti-Atlas]]. Webiga ugu dambeyntii wuxuu la kulmaa Webiga Ouarzazate, kaas oo markaas gala [[Draa River|Webiga Draa]]. Dades Gorge si fudud ayaa looga heli karaa taksi laga qaato [[Tinerhir]] oo u dhow. Muuqaalku waa mid muhiim ah oo leh aragtiyo qaabab dhagax oo xiiso leh. Dooxada lafteeda ayaa laga dhigay mid cagaaran oo barwaaqo ah by webiga, halka aagga ku xeeran uu yahay saxare dhagax leh. Waxaa jira bulshooyin fudud oo weli ku nool halkan guryo dhaqameed. Haweenka ayaa lagu arki karaa iyagoo ku dhaqaya dhar webiga iyo dhigista si ay u qallajiyaan baadiyaha ku hareeraysan. == Haydarooloji == Heerka qulqulka Webiga Dadès waa mid aad u xilliyeed iyadoo qulqulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay muddada Janaayo ilaa Abriil ka dib roobabka badan iyo barafka dhalaalaya. Tayada biyaha waa alkaline, iyo heerkulka biyaha xagaaga waxay ku jiraan heerka 23 ilaa 28 digrii Celsius. Korontada biyaha ayaa ah mid aad u sarreeya.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, ''Quality of Surface Waters in Morocco'', Lumina Technologies, October, 2006</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Dadès river}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dades River}} tr0okpfrln8xxwimepkab30ypzjeate 301133 301131 2026-07-09T14:18:02Z Isma4l 41797 301133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Dadès | image = DadesGorge.jpg | image_size = 200px | image_alt = | image_caption = Dhar oo lagu dhaqayo bangiyada Webiga Dades ee Dades Gorge, Marooko. | map = Upper Draa OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Isha webiga Draa, oo ay la socoto Dades (kor midig ilaa bartamaha) | source1_location = | mouth_location = | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|31.0025|N|6.526667|W|display=inline,title|format=dms}} | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} [[File:DadesGorgeFormations.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Doox cagaaran oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin qaababka dhagaxa saxaraha ee Dades Gorge, Marooko.]] [[File:Dades River valley.jpg|thumb|Muuqaal ku yaal dooxada Webiga Dades ee Boumalne Dades]] '''Webiga Dadès''' ({{langx|ar|وادي دادس|Wādī Dādis}}; {{langx|fr|Oued Dadès}}; {{langx|ber|label=[[Berber languages|Amazigh]]|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ|Asif n Dads}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Marooko]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Draa River|Webiga Draa]]. == Juqraafi == Webiga Dadès wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa [[High Atlas]] ka dibna wuxuu u jeestaa koonfurta isagoo dhex mara [[Dadès Gorges]], ka dibna dhanka galbeed inta u dhaxaysa buuraha High Atlas iyo [[Anti-Atlas]]. Webiga ugu dambeyntii wuxuu la kulmaa Webiga Ouarzazate, kaas oo markaas gala [[Draa River|Webiga Draa]]. Dades Gorge si fudud ayaa looga heli karaa taksi laga qaato [[Tinerhir]] oo u dhow. Muuqaalku waa mid muhiim ah oo leh aragtiyo qaabab dhagax oo xiiso leh. Dooxada lafteeda ayaa laga dhigay mid cagaaran oo barwaaqo ah by webiga, halka aagga ku xeeran uu yahay saxare dhagax leh. Waxaa jira bulshooyin fudud oo weli ku nool halkan guryo dhaqameed. Haweenka ayaa lagu arki karaa iyagoo ku dhaqaya dhar webiga iyo dhigista si ay u qallajiyaan baadiyaha ku hareeraysan. == Biyaha == Heerka qulqulka Webiga Dadès waa mid aad u xilliyeed iyadoo qulqulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay muddada Janaayo ilaa Abriil ka dib roobabka badan iyo barafka dhalaalaya. Tayada biyaha waa alkaline, iyo heerkulka biyaha xagaaga waxay ku jiraan heerka 23 ilaa 28 digrii Celsius. Korontada biyaha ayaa ah mid aad u sarreeya.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, ''Quality of Surface Waters in Morocco'', Lumina Technologies, October, 2006</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Dadès river}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dades River}} ls0eiu9vavj35dxgr9q5qihlll6lixo 0 48668 301134 2026-07-09T14:20:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sebou Bassin OSM.png|thumb|right|250px|Biya-mareenka Webiga Sebou oo ay la socoto oued Inaouen (bartamaha midig)]] '''Webiga Inaouen''' waa marin-biyood ku yaal [[Marooko]]. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Sebou River|Webiga Sebou]]. Webigu wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa silsiladda buuraha Middle Atlas. Xireen weyn, [[Idriss I (dam)|Idriss I]], ayaa laga dhisay Inaouen sanadkii 1973.<ref>Thomas Kerlin Park and Aomar Boum. 2003</ref> == Taariikhda dabiiciga ah == Qaybaha sare ee biya-mareenka ee ku dhex yaal [[Middle Atlas]] waa deegaankii qadiimiga ahaa ee [[primate|daanyeerka]] [[endangered|halista ugu jira]] ee [[Barbary macaque]], kaas oo [[prehistoric|waagii hore]] lahaa deegaan aad u ballaaran oo ku yaal [[North Africa|Waqooyiga Afrika]].<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2008</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Webiga Baht]] * [[Webiga Ouergha]] == Qoraallada xariiqda == {{reflist}} == Tixraac == * C. Michael Hogan. 2008. ''Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg * Thomas Kerlin Park and Aomar Boum. 2003. ''Historical dictionary of Morocco'' 0ognyy95i9uwrjtuxacsowkuo4jdm3q 0 48669 301135 2026-07-09T14:22:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Bou Regreg | image = BouRegreg.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_alt = | image_caption = Dooxada Bou Regreg oo u dhow Rabat, Marooko | map = Bouregreg.png | map_size = 280px | map_alt = | map_caption = Koorsaha Bou Regreg [http://u.osmfr.org/m/388216/] | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | location = | length = {{convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | extra = }} '''Bou Regreg''' ({{langx|ar|أبو رقراق}}) waa [[webi]] ku yaal galbeedka [[Marooko]] kaas oo ku shubma [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Rabat]] iyo [[Salé]]. Afka webigan waxaa loo yaqaan '''Wadi Sala'''.<ref>''Voyages and travels'', Hakluyt Society, page 280 (1962)</ref> Webigu waa 240 kiiloomitir oo dherer ah, oo leh [[estuary|af-webi]] xidid ah oo qiyaastii 24 kiiloomitir ah oo u fidsan ilaa webiga. Celceliska [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqulkiisu]] waa 23 m³/s wuxuuna gaari karaa 1500 m³/s xilliyada [[flood|daadadka]]. Webiga [[Source (river or stream)|wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa]] buuraha [[Middle Atlas]] oo jooggoodu yahay 1627 mitir oo ku yaal heerka [[Jbel Mtourzgane]] (gobolka [[Khemisset]]) iyo Grou (gobolka [[Khénifra]]) wuxuuna u soo dhaadhacaa afkiisa ee Badweynta Atlaantik, isagoo kala saaraya magaalooyinka Rabat ee koonfurta iyo Salé ee waqooyiga. == Tayada biyaha == Arrimaha [[Water quality|tayada biyaha]] ee Bou Regreg waxaa ka mid ah [[saltwater intrusion|biyo-badeed soo galaya]], [[surface runoff|qulqul-dheer]] xad-dhaaf ah oo [[nitrate|nitrates]] ah oo ka imanaya isticmaalka [[agricultural|beeraha]] iyo [[mercury (element)|mercury]] [[contamination|nijaasayn]] loo malaynayo inay ka dhalatay isticmaalka [[pesticide|sunta cayayaanka]] qaarkood gudaha [[drainage basin|dooxada]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_124631.htm |title=Tarik Bahaj, ''Geochemical Characteristics of the Continental Waters Downstream from the Bou Regreg Basin and the Temara Plain, Morocco'', October 30, 2007 |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020212632/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_124631.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Taariikh == [[Phoenicians|Finiiqiyiinta]] iyo [[Carthage|Carthaginians]], oo aasaasay dhowr gumeysi oo Marooko ah, waxay ku noolaayeen bangiyada Bou Regreg qiyaastii laba kiiloomitir u jirta afkiisa goobtii hore ee [[Chellah]]. Goobtan qadiimiga ah waxay ka kooban tahay [[ruins|dummadii]] magaalo [[Ancient Rome|Roomaan ah]] oo loo yaqaan Sala Colonia iyo loo yaqaan Sala oo uu qoray [[Ptolemy]]. Chellah waxay ahayd magaalo deked qadiimi ah oo muhiim ah oo leh haraaga oo ay ku jiraan [[Decumanus Maximus]], ama waddo weyn, iyo sidoo kale kuwa forum, il qadiimi ah, qaanso guul, iyo dummadii kale ee Roomaanka.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, ''Chellah'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham, 2007 [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17910]</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|34.0319|N|6.83083|W|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} {{Authority control}} so0zhn1t66gtjrcrf8dlcavjqpvk85x 0 48670 301136 2026-07-09T14:24:43Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301136 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Vallée oued Mellah Maroc amont barrage NO.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Muuqaalka dooxada oued Mellah]] [[File:Rivers between Casablanka and Rabat OSM.png|thumb|right|250px|Webiyada u dhaxeeya Casablanca iyo Rabat oo uu la socdo Mellah (bartamaha midig)]] '''Oued Mellah''' (gudaha [[Moroccan Arabic|Carabida Marooko]] ''oued'' waxay ka dhigan tahay webi, ''mellah'' ama "maleh" waxay ka dhigan tahay cusbo leh) waa [[stream|tog]] xilliyeed ah oo ku yaal xeebaha [[Marooko]]. Oued Mellah dhererkiisu waa 160&nbsp;km wuxuuna leeyahay celcelis ahaan qulqul dhan 1.46 m3/s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&id=13&ID_PAGE=46 |title=Nuqul la kaydiyay |accessdate=2015-12-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142133/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&id=13&ID_PAGE=46 |archivedate=2015-12-22 }}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa waqooyiga [[Khouribga]] joog dhererkiisu yahay 760 m wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] ee magaalada [[Mohammedia]]. Waxaa jira laba xireen oo ku yaal Oued Mellah; kii ugu horreeyay waxaa la dhisay xilligii Maxmiyaddii Faransiiska si biyo loogu siiyo [[Casablanca]]. Xireen cusub, oo loogu magac daray Tamesna, ayaa laga dhisay dhanka sare ee u dhow magaalada [[Ben Ahmed]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|33.7019|N|7.4036|W|source:wikidata|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mellah}} r9b58xrvcnjiv5vfac8p264firo0n9b 0 48671 301137 2026-07-09T14:27:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maroc. Oued Tensif.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] [[File:Tensift Basin OSM.png|thumb|right|250px|Aagga biyo-mareenka ee Oued Tensift ]] '''Tensift''' (Af-Berber: '''Tansift''', Af-Carabi: '''تانسيفت''') waa webi ku yaal bartamaha [[Marooko]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilowdaa bari [[High Atlas]], isagoo biyo ka hela marin-biyoodyo badan oo gobolka ku yaal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tanouti|first1=Oumaima|last2=Molle|first2=François|date=2013|title=The Reappropriation of Water in Overexploited Basins: The Case of the Tensift Basin (Morocco)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283795410|journal=Études rurales|volume=192|issue=2|pages=79–96|doi=10.4000/etudesrurales.9902 |via=}}</ref> Waxa uu maraa meel u dhow magaalada [[Marrakesh]] wuxuuna afkiisa ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] oo ku taal qalcaddii qadiimiga ahayd ee [[Souira Guedima|Souira Qedima]] (Aguz), qiyaastii 40&nbsp;km koonfur ka xigta [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]]. Qulqulka biyahiisu waxa uu isbeddelaa marka loo eego roobabka; waa mid ka mid ah tobanka webi ee ugu waaweyn Marooko, laakiin inta badan waxaa lagu dhex lugeyn karaa xitaa meel u dhow afkiisa. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Oued Tensift Bridge]]{{coord|32|01|56|N|9|20|40|W|type:river_source:kolossus-arwiki|display=title}} == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} mhzqs1egk2snn5r3kbl2aoleg32tljy 0 48672 301139 2026-07-09T14:29:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name =Oued Laou |native_name = {{lang|ar|واد لاو}} <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline =Oued Laou shore (Morocco).jpg |imagesize = 220px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Morocco#Africa<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 | pushpin_relief = 1 <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name = {{flag|Morocco}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Morocco|Gobolka]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |<!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2004 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 8,383 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Qowmiyado |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Western European Time|WET]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|35|27|N|5|5|W|region:MA|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code =93252 |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Oued Laou''' ({{langx|ar|واد لاو}}) waa magaalo yar oo xeebta ku taal oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Marooko]] dhanka [[Mediterranean Sea|xeebta Mediterranean-ka]]. Laba magaalo oo waaweyn oo u dhow waa [[Tetouan]] oo dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ah iyo [[Chefchaouen]] oo dhanka koonfur-galbeed ah. Sanadkii 2024 magaaladu waxay lahayd 11,838 qof oo degan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Résultats RGPH 2024 |url=https://resultats2024.rgphapps.ma/superset/dashboard/0fbd169b-19e1-4338-a344-e58bb9a02a4d/?permalink_key=pmo6qLqylzY&standalone=true |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=resultats2024.rgphapps.ma}}</ref> == Sharaxaad == Magaaladu magaceeda waxay ka heshay webiga Laou, oo ah marin-biyood yar oo ku shubma Mediterranean-ka. Webigu waa 65&nbsp;km oo dherer ah, isha biyaha ayaana ku taal meel u dhow Bab Bered ee buuraha galbeedka [[Rif]]; wuxuu maraa meel u dhow [[Chefchaouen]] ka hor inta uusan helin biyo ka imanaya marin-biyoodyadiisa sida [[Akchour]]. Celceliska qulqulka webiga waa 12 m3/s wuxuuna qallajiyaa aag qiyaastii dhan 1,000 km2. Oued Laou waxaa xusay [[Pliny the Elder]] oo ku tilmaamay ''flumen Laud'' wuxuuna ku sifeeyey mid la mari karo: ''flumen Laud et ipsum navigiorum capax'' (webiga Laud, kaas oo sidoo kale la mari karo maraakiib). Webiga Laou wuxuu sameeyaa doox barwaaqo ah marka uu u dhowaado afkiisa; dooxadu waxay caan ku tahay beeraha midhaha. == Xiriirinta dibadda == == Tixraac iyo qoraallo == {{Reflist}} {{Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|35|27|N|5|5|W|region:MA_type:city|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Laou}} 3vkrp9lc854xk1kpthuzqc9oxal8zpx 0 48673 301140 2026-07-09T14:31:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Desembocadura del Río de Oro en Melilla.jpg|thumb|250px|Afka Río de Oro ee Melilla.]] '''Río de Oro''' (Webiga Dahabka)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-13 |title=Río de Oro, el río de Melilla |url=https://elfarodemelilla.es/rio-de-oro-el-rio-de-melilla/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |language=es}}</ref> waa webi ku qulqula waqooyi-bari [[Marooko]] si uu u gaaro [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] dekedda [[Spain|Isbaanishka]] [[exclave]] ee [[Melilla]]. {{commons category|Río de Oro, Melilla}} {{coord|35|17|N|2|56|W|display=title|region:MA_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{Gumud}} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oro}} 6b0ixgtzkjhora5nv27yqa5ygs9pkzj 0 48674 301141 2026-07-09T14:34:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Moulouya | native_name = {{plainlist| *{{native name|ber|iɣẓer en Melwect}} *{{native name|ar|وادي ملوية}}}} | image = Moulouya Marocco.jpg | image_size = 250 | image_alt = | image_caption = Muuqaalka afka webiga Moulouya | map = Moulouya.png | map_size = 280 | map_alt = | map_caption = Koorsaha Webiga Moulouya [http://u.osmfr.org/m/387341/] | source1_location = [[Jbel Ayachi]] | mouth_location = [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] oo u dhow [[Saïdia]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]] | progression = [[Middle Atlas]] - [[Hassan II Dam|Xireenka Hassan II]] - [[Mohamed V Dam|Xireenka Mohamed V]] - [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | length = {{cvt|520|km|mi|0}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|3700|m|ft}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|35.1228|-2.3367|display=inline,title}} | discharge1_avg = way isbeddelaa | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | extra = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Embouchure de la Moulouya | designation1_date = 15 Janaayo 2005 | designation1_number = 1478<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embouchure de la Moulouya |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1478 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Webiga Moulouya'''{{efn|{{langx|rif|iɣẓer n melwect}}<br>{{Langx|ar|وادي ملوية}}}} waa webi dhererkiisu yahay {{Convert|520|km|4=-long|abbr=on|adj=mid}} oo ku yaal [[Marooko]]. Isha biyuhu waxay ku yaalliin buurta [[Jbel Ayachi|Ayashi]] ee [[Middle Atlas]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=M. |last=Peyron |url=http://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/188 |title='Ayyachi, Jbel |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie berbère |volume=8 |place=Edisud |year=1990 |issue=8 |pages=1200–1204|doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.188 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] meel u dhow [[Saïdia]], waqooyi-bari Marooko. Heerka biyaha ee webiga badanaa wuu isbeddelaa. Webiga waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[irrigation|waraabka]] waxaana lagu xireeyay [[Hassan II Dam|Xireenka Hassan II]] iyo [[Mohamed V Dam|Xireenka Mohamed V]]. == Taariikh == Webiga waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yiqiin '''''Malva''''' (si Ingiriisi ah: '''Malve'''), '''''Malua''''', '''''Malvam''''', '''''Mulva''''', '''''Mulucha''''', ama '''''Molochath flumen''''', magacyada oo laga yaabo inay la xiriiraan [[Semitic root|xididka Semitiga]] ''melach'' ama ''malach'', oo macnihiisu yahay "cusbo". [[Maurice Besnier]] wuxuu soo jeediyay in qaybaha hoose ee webiga loo isticmaali jiray soosaarka cusbada, laakiin wax xaqiijin maaddi ah lama helin.{{sfn|Trakadas|2016|p=93}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)| chapter = Mulucha |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=mulucha-geo |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo dhamaadkii qarnigii afraad ilaa bilowgii qarnigii saddexaad ee BC, Mulucha waxay samaysay xuduudda u dhaxaysa [[Mauretania|Boqortooyada Mauri]] ee galbeedka iyo [[Massylii|Boqortooyada Masaesylli]] ee bariga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=UNESCO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&dq=masaesyli+kingdom&pg=PA289 |title=History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |pages=289 |language=en}}</ref> Waxaa u xusay Mulucha [[Livy|Titus Livius]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Livy).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 29, chapter 30 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0159:book=29:chapter=30 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chisholm, Hugh |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=11th |pages=817–823}}</ref> [[File:Flamingo at Moulouya.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Flamingoes ee Moulouya.]] Buugga ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' (c. 828) wuxuu u muuqdaa Webiga Malvam, oo ku teedsan dariiqii halyeeyga ahaa ee [[Scoti]] ee ka yimid Masar ilaa [[Hispania]].<ref name="GB">{{cite web |last=Fitzpatrick-Matthews |first=Keith J. |year=2020 |title=Genealogia Brittonum: the complete Historia Brittonum |url=http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/hb/historia_brittonum1.html |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref> Buugga [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] ee ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' (c. 1136), [[Brutus of Troy]] wuxuu raacaa dariiq la mid ah oo ka yimid Leogecia, isagoo ku daraya kulamo ay la yeesheen burcad-badeed, weeraro ka dhacay [[Mauretania]], iyo sireeno ku yaal [[Pillars of Hercules]], isagoo dhaafaya Webiga Malvam ka hor inta uusan gelin Mauretania.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBw2AAAAMAAJ |title=Gottfried's von Monmouth: Historia Regum Britanniae |publisher=Eduard Anton |year=1854 |editor-last=San-Marte |pages=13, 196 |language=la, de}}</ref> Webiga Moulouya wuxuu sameeyay xuduudda bariga ee [[Rif Republic]] sanadihii 1920-meeyadii, qayb yar oo ka mid ah Marooko oo ay ku yaalliin magaalooyin muhiim ah sida Saïdia iyo [[Oujda]] oo ku yaal bariga, inta u dhaxaysa Moulouya iyo xadka Algeria. Ilaa 1956 webigu wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay xuduudda bariga ee [[Spanish Protectorate of Morocco|Maxmiyaddii Isbaanishka ee Marooko]].{{cn|date=February 2026}} Ka hor gumeysigii Faransiiska, Webiga Moulouya waxaa mararka qaarkood loo tixgelin jiray xuduud u dhaxaysa [[Regency of Algiers|Maamulkii Algiers]] iyo qoysaskii xukumayay Marooko.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Martinière|first1=Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15|title=Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon|last2=Lacroix|first2=Napoléon|date=1894|publisher=Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Merouche|first=Lemnouar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité|date=2007-10-15|publisher=Editions Bouchène|isbn=978-2-35676-055-5|language=fr}}</ref> [[Battle of Moulouya|Dagaal]] u dhaxeeyay Aljeeriyaanka iyo Alawiyiinta ayaa ka dhacay 1692 meel webiga la maro. Kanaalada khayaaliga ah ee [[Martian canals|Mars]] waxaa la siiyay magacyo webiyo khayaali ah iyo kuwo dhab ah, oo ay ku jirto mid [[List of Martian canals#I-M|loo yaqaan "Malva"]] ka dib Webiga Malvam. {{clear left}} == Deegaanka == [[File:Désastre écologique pour le fleuve Moulouya au Maroc (6034999449).jpg|thumb|left|230px|Kalluun ay dileen wasakhaysan ayaa buuxiyay Webiga Moulouya bishii Ogosto 2011.]]Moulouya waxay heshaa [[wastewater|biyo wasakh ah]] oo ka imanaya dadka u dhow iyo [[Agricultural pollution|wasakhda beeraha]] oo ka timaada dooxada sare ee isha biyaha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chahboune |first1=M. |last2=Chahlaoui |first2=A. |last3=Zaid |first3=A |last4=Mehanned |first4=S |last5=Ben Moussa |first5=A |date=2014-11-18 |title=Monitoring of the water's quality of Moulouya River: main tributary of Hassan II dam (Province of Midelt, Morocco) |url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/morjchem/article/view/2413 |journal=Moroccan Journal of Chemistry |language=en |volume=2 |issue=5 |doi=10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/MORJCHEM-V2I5.2413}}</ref> Bartamihii 2011, kumanaan kalluun ayaa laga helay iyagoo dhintay webiga hareerihiisa, taas oo keentay in kooxaha deegaanka ay eedeeyaan wasakhda ka timid warshadda sonkorta ee Sucrafor ee u dhow, oo qayb ka ah kooxda Cosumar, oo horey u wajahday eedeymo la mid ah 1980-meeyadii iyo 1990-meeyadii. Madasha Cagaaran ee Waqooyiga Marooko ayaa soo warisay biyo madow oo uraya meel u dhow [[Zaio]], beeralaydu waxay sheegeen in xooluhu dhinteen ka dib markii ay ka cabbeen webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Fish Deaths and Pollution in a Moroccan River. |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/08/160383/fish-deaths-and-pollution-in-a-moroccan-river/ |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref>{{clear}} == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Notelist}} == Ilaha == * {{cite book |last=Trakadas |first=Athena |title=Fish-Salting in the Northwest Maghreb in Antiquity: A Gazetteer of Sites and Resources |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |date=2016-01-22 |isbn=978-1-78491-242-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvMYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |access-date=2025-10-26 | chapter=Oued Moulouya}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commons category-inline}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:River, Moulouya}} 2vvlykswug542r2k9p08zj7e57k59xf 0 48675 301142 2026-07-09T14:36:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oued Guir | image = Oued Guir in Abadla.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Saoura OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Nidaamka webiga Saoura oo ay la socoto Guir (bidixda sare ee bartamaha) | source1_location = [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] oo u dhow [[Gourrama]] | mouth_location = [[Oued Saoura]] ee [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddamo | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria]] iyo [[Marooko]] | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|498|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Beni Yal]], [[Oued Zelmou]] | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Oued Guir''' waa webi xilliyeed ama [[wadi]] oo ku qulqula gobollada [[Drâa-Tafilalet]] iyo [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]] ee koonfur-bari [[Marooko]] iyo [[Béchar Province|Gobolka Béchar]] ee galbeedka [[Algeria]].<ref name="Merzougui">{{cite web|url=https://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|title=L’eau dans l’oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)|publisher=Nature Vivante|accessdate=21 February 2013|first=Touhami|last=Merzougui}}</ref> == Koorsaha == Oued Guir wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa meel sare oo ka mid ah [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] {{convert|22|km}} waqooyi-bari ee magaalada [[Gourrama]], [[Drâa-Tafilalet]], ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta [[Boudenib]] wuxuuna u jeestaa bari, isagoo u gudbaya Gobolka Oriental. Halkan wuxuu kula kulmaa [[Beni Yal]] iyo [[Oued Zelmou]] wuxuuna u jeestaa koonfurta ilaa xadka [[Algeria]]. Ka dib markii uu galay Algeria, webigu wuxuu galayaa xireenka [[Djorf Torba]], wuxuuna sii maraa [[Abadla]] ilaa [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]], halkaas oo uu kula biirayo [[Oued Zouzfana]] si uu u sameeyo [[Oued Saoura]].<ref name="Merzougui"/> <gallery> Barrage de djorf torba.jpg|Kaydka Djorf Torba La vallée du Guir (Algérie).jpg|Dooxada Guir, [[Algeria]] </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}}{{Commons}}{{Authority control}} {{Coord|31|44|N|2|48|W|display=title|region:MA_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} bfp2m08kdjp2j9rav23upgy0shhubl1 0 48676 301143 2026-07-09T14:38:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ziz | image = Ziz river (js).jpg | image_size = 300px | image_alt = | image_caption = Webiga Ziz | map = Daoura OSM.png | map_size = 300px | map_alt = | map_caption = Ziz oo ku yaal nidaamka webiga Daoura (sare iyo bartamaha midig) | source1_location = | mouth_location = Saxaraha Algeria | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Marooko]], [[Algeria]] | location = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 282km (175.2 mi) | discharge1_location= F. Zaabal Station; 1990-1991 | discharge1_min = 0 m³/sec | discharge1_max = 3,100 m³/sec (109,475 cu ft/s) }} '''Webiga Ziz''' ({{langx|ar|وادي زيز}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=مطعم يُحوّل حياة سكان "وادي زيز" إلى جحيم|url=https://www.hespress.com/regions/338517.html|website=Hespress|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|wadī zīz}}'' ama {{Lang|ar|نهر زيز}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|nahr zīz}}'') waa [[webi]] ku yaal koonfurta [[Marooko]] iyo [[Algeria]]. Waxa uu isha biyaha ka helaa buuraha [[High Atlas]] ee Marooko wuxuuna qulqulaa {{convert|282|km|mi|sp=us}} ilaa [[Sahara|Saxaraha]] ee [[Algeria]]. In kasta oo qulqulka biyuhu uu yahay mid xilliyeed oo ku teedsan sariirta webiga Ziz, marin-biyoodkiisa ayaa muddo dheer loo isticmaalay in lagu fududeeyo gaadiidka aadanaha ee gobolka buuraleyda ah. Magaalooyinka ku teedsan webiga Ziz waxaa ka mid ah [[Er Rachidia|Errachidia]], [[Erfoud]] iyo [[Sijilmassa]]. Waxaa jira xireen (Xireenka Hassan Ad Dakhil) oo ku yaal webiga Ziz meel u dhow Errachidia <ref>{{cite web |work=Encyclopædia Britannica on line |title=Ziz River |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-657631/Ziz |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=2007-11-25}}</ref> kaas oo siiya cabitaan iyo biyo waraab ah dooxada, oo ay taageerayaan dhowr xireenno leexin oo dhanka hoose ah oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka beeraha. == Xuquuqda biyaha == Ziz, waxaa caadi ahaan ka jira sharci guud oo xuquuqda biyaha ah, halkaas oo tuulo kasta iyo qofkasta oo tuulo ah uu xaq u leeyahay isticmaalka cadaalad ah iyo soo saarista biyaha Ziz. Sida caadiga ah, biyaha waxaa lagu leexiyaa meelaha fidsan si ay u sameeyaan kanaal waraabiya geedaha timirta ah iyo dalagyada kale iyo sidoo kale sahayda isticmaalka gudaha. == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Sijilmasa]], magaalo taariikh ahaan muhiim ah oo laga aasaasay bangiyada webiga Ziz == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Ilaha == {{Commons category|Ziz River}} *{{cite book |title=Communities and the Environment: Ethnicity, Gender |last=Agrawal |first=Arun |author2=Clark C. Gibson |year=2001 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-2914-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko2nxV9TW84C&pg=PA6&dq=isbn:081352914X&ei=cKgQSsnFIpTMyQS3wdCoCw#PPP1,M1 |access-date=May 17, 2009}} {{coord|32|28|43|N|4|46|10|W|region:MA-06_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}} ajjl80wleko00gthsmg6akl892x5g73 0 48677 301144 2026-07-09T14:42:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Dooxada Al-Hamiz | image = روافد وادي الحراش.jpg | image_caption = Affluents de Oued El Harrach | country = {{Flag|Algeria}} | length = 54 Kiiloomitir, [[Médéa Province]], [[Bouïra Province]], [[Blida Province]], [[Boumerdès Province]], [[Algiers Province]] | source1 = [[Tell Atlas]], [[Titteri]], [[Khachna]], [[Médéa Province]] | source1_elevation = {{convert|624|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Médéa Province]], [[Deux Bassins]] | source2 = [[Tell Atlas]], [[Titteri]], [[Blida Province]] | source2_elevation = {{convert|583|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Blida Province]], [[Souhane]] | source_confluence = [[Boumerdès Province]], | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|450|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Larbatache]], [[Khemis El-Khechna]], | mouth = [[Algiers Province]], [[Bordj El Kiffan]], [[Bordj El Bahri]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|5|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | basin_size = {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}, [[Drainage basin|Biya-mareen]] | basin_landmarks = {{Flag|Algeria}}:<br />[[Médéa Province]]:<br />[[Deux Bassins]]<br />[[Bouïra Province]]:<br />[[Boukram]]<br />[[Blida Province]]:<br />[[Souhane]], [[Djebabra]]<br />[[Boumerdès Province]]:<br />[[Larbatache]], [[Khemis El-Khechna]], [[Hammedi]]<br />[[Algiers Province]]:<br />[[Dar El Beïda]], [[Rouïba]], [[Bordj El Kiffan]], [[Bordj El Bahri]] }} '''Dooxada Al-Hamiz''' waa webi caan ah oo ku yaal [[Algiers Province]], kaas oo ku fidsan 54 kiiloomitir oo dhanka bari ka xigta [[Algiers]]. Afkiisa wuxuu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Bordj El Kiffan]] iyo [[Bordj El Bahri]]. Webigu wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa buuraha [[Tell Atlas]] iyo [[Titteri|Titteri Mountains]] meel u dhow degmada [[Deux Bassins]] ee [[Médéa Province]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Provinces of Algeria|gobollada]] [[Bouïra Province|Bouira]], [[Blida Province|Blida]], [[Boumerdès Province|Boumerdès]], iyo [[Algiers Province|Algiers]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]].<ref>In [https://www.djazairess.com/aps/409120 the same way : The project to clean up the El Harrach Valley is part of the strategy to rehabilitate the city of Algiers]</ref> == Isha ugu weyn == Dooxada Al-Hamiz waxay ka soo bilowdaa qaybta waqooyi ee degmada [[Deux Bassins]], oo ku taal [[Médéa Province]]. Isha biyuhu waxay ku taal fogaan toos ah oo dhan 33.68 km (20.93 mayl) laga bilaabo afkeeda oo ku yaal [[Mediterranean Sea|xeebta Mediterranean-ka]] gudaha [[Algiers Province]]. Isha webiga waxay ku taal buuraha [[Tell Atlas]] iyo [[Titteri|Titteri Mountains]], kuwaas oo ku fidsan gobollada dhexe ee [[Médéa Province|Médéa]], [[Bouïra Province|Bouira]], [[Blida Province|Blida]], iyo [[Boumerdès Province|Boumerdès provinces]].<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/dir/36.4817275,3.3104646//@36.571219,3.3856706,34216m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> == Dariiqada == {{Main articles|List of rivers of Algeria|Ministry of Water Resources and Environment}} Dooxada Al-Hamiz waxay dhex martaa shan [[Provinces of Algeria|gobollada Algeria]], iyadoo ka gudbaysa gobollo juqraafiyeed oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan [[Titteri]], [[Kabylia]], [[Khachna]], iyo bannaanka [[Mitidja]].<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/@36.7783115,3.2317719,1066m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka ku yaal dariiqa "Dooxada Al-Hamiz" !Tirada ![[Médéa Province]] ![[Bouïra Province]] ![[Blida Province]] ![[Boumerdès Province]] ![[Algiers Province]] |- !01 |[[Deux Bassins]] |[[Boukram]] |[[Souhane]] |[[Larbatache]] |[[Dar El Beïda]] |- !02 | | |[[Djebabra]] |[[Khemis El-Khechna]] |[[Rouïba]] |- !03 | | | |[[Hammedi]] |[[Bordj El Kiffan]] |- !04 | | | | |[[Bordj El Bahri]] |} == Afka webiga == Afka Dooxada Al-Hamiz wuxuu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Bordj El Kiffan]] iyo [[Bordj El Bahri]] ee [[Algiers Province]], meel u dhow xaafadda Soumam. Koorsada webiga waxay u adeegtaa xuduud dabiici ah oo u dhaxaysa labadan degmo, iyadoo ku fidsan ilaa afkeeda ee [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] ee ku teedsan xeebta [[Algiers Province|Algiers]].<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/dir/36.7793138,3.2308676//@36.7785114,3.234513,2133m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> === Goobta === Afka Dooxada Al-Hamiz wuxuu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Bordj El Kiffan]] iyo [[Bordj El Bahri]], oo aan ka fogayn afka [[Oued El Harrach]] iyo Xeebta Sablettes. Waxay ku taallaa bariga afka Oued El Harrach iyo Xeebta Sablettes, aaggan wuxuu hayaa boos istiraatiiji ah oo u dhow tareenka isku xira El Harrach ilaa Reghaïa.<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/@36.677591,2.8881867,4271m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> Afka webiga wuxuu qiyaastii 20 kiiloomitir bariga ka xigaa [[Casbah of Algiers]], isagoo eegaya [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]]. Waxay ku taallaa dhulalka Bordj El Kiffan iyo Bordj El Bahri. {{Adjacent communities|width=|NORTHEAST=Tamentfoust Valley, [[Bordj El Bahri]], [[Bordj El Kiffan]], [[Réghaïa lake]], [[Reghaïa Valley]]|North=National Road 24 (Algiers), [[Mediterranean Sea]], National Road No. 5 (Algiers), National Road No. 11 (Algiers)|NORTHWEST=[[Djamaa el Djazaïr]], [[Mohammedia, Algiers]], Sablat Beach, [[Hussein Dey (commune)]], Hussein Dey train station, Khrouba Land Station.|EAST=Rouiba Train Station, [[Keddara Dam]], Rouiba-Roghaya Industrial Zone,|WEST=College of Islamic Sciences in Algeria, El Harrach train station, [[Oued El Harrach]],|Center=Afka Hmeiz [[Valley]]|SOUTHEAST=Casablanca train station, [[University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene]]|South=Bab-el-Zouzar train station, Wadi El Samar Train Station, [[East–West Highway (Algeria)]]|SOUTHWEST=Jisr Constantine train station, Baba Ali Train Station, Baba Ali (Algeria), National Road 1 (Algiers), [[Mazafran River]]}} == Sawirro == <gallery> File:Kharouba fac.jpg|Saldhigga tareenka Al-Maqaria File:Tamentfoust-vue-port.jpg|Dekedda Tamentfoust File:روافد وادي الحراش.jpg|Affluents de Oued El Harrach File:Algeryel.JPG|Muuqaalka Kasbah ee laga daawanayo Xeebta Sablat File:Daira hussein dey 05112014.png|Goobta Xeebta Sablat ee Hussein Dey File:Alger Kasbah02.jpg|Muuqaalka Xeebta Sablat ee laga daawanayo Masaajidka Safir ee Kasbah File:Sablette Plage Alger.JPG|Biyaha Xeebta Sablat File:Plage des Sablettes à Alger.JPG|Xeebta Sablat </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyhHQB2hOC0 Dooxada Al-Hamiz] on [[YouTube]]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0DSIrLzbc8 Dooxada Al-Hamiz] on [[YouTube]]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_iL3EtOiuY Dooxada Al-Hamiz] on [[YouTube]]. {{Rivers of Algeria}} {{coord missing|Algeria}} 8yr09akatvpz61qypp8vkuz5dy131aq 301221 301144 2026-07-10T03:26:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Dooxada Al-Hamiz | image = روافد وادي الحراش.jpg | image_caption = Affluents de Oued El Harrach | country = {{Flag|Algeria}} | length = 54 Kiiloomitir, [[Médéa Province]], [[Bouïra Province]], [[Blida Province]], [[Boumerdès Province]], [[Algiers Province]] | source1 = [[Tell Atlas]], [[Titteri]], [[Khachna]], [[Médéa Province]] | source1_elevation = {{convert|624|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Médéa Province]], [[Deux Bassins]] | source2 = [[Tell Atlas]], [[Titteri]], [[Blida Province]] | source2_elevation = {{convert|583|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Blida Province]], [[Souhane]] | source_confluence = [[Boumerdès Province]], | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|450|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Larbatache]], [[Khemis El-Khechna]], | mouth = [[Algiers Province]], [[Bordj El Kiffan]], [[Bordj El Bahri]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|5|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | basin_size = {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}, [[Drainage basin|Biya-mareen]] | basin_landmarks = {{Flag|Algeria}}:<br />[[Médéa Province]]:<br />[[Deux Bassins]]<br />[[Bouïra Province]]:<br />[[Boukram]]<br />[[Blida Province]]:<br />[[Souhane]], [[Djebabra]]<br />[[Boumerdès Province]]:<br />[[Larbatache]], [[Khemis El-Khechna]], [[Hammedi]]<br />[[Algiers Province]]:<br />[[Dar El Beïda]], [[Rouïba]], [[Bordj El Kiffan]], [[Bordj El Bahri]] }} '''Dooxada Al-Hamiz''' waa webi caan ah oo ku yaal [[Algiers Province]], kaas oo ku fidsan 54 kiiloomitir oo dhanka bari ka xigta [[Algiers]]. Afkiisa wuxuu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Bordj El Kiffan]] iyo [[Bordj El Bahri]]. Webigu wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa buuraha [[Tell Atlas]] iyo [[Titteri|Titteri Mountains]] meel u dhow degmada [[Deux Bassins]] ee [[Médéa Province]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Provinces of Algeria|gobollada]] [[Bouïra Province|Bouira]], [[Blida Province|Blida]], [[Boumerdès Province|Boumerdès]], iyo [[Algiers Province|Algiers]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]].<ref>In [https://www.djazairess.com/aps/409120 the same way : The project to clean up the El Harrach Valley is part of the strategy to rehabilitate the city of Algiers] {{Wayback|url=https://www.djazairess.com/aps/409120 |date=20180714135247 }}</ref> == Isha ugu weyn == Dooxada Al-Hamiz waxay ka soo bilowdaa qaybta waqooyi ee degmada [[Deux Bassins]], oo ku taal [[Médéa Province]]. Isha biyuhu waxay ku taal fogaan toos ah oo dhan 33.68 km (20.93 mayl) laga bilaabo afkeeda oo ku yaal [[Mediterranean Sea|xeebta Mediterranean-ka]] gudaha [[Algiers Province]]. Isha webiga waxay ku taal buuraha [[Tell Atlas]] iyo [[Titteri|Titteri Mountains]], kuwaas oo ku fidsan gobollada dhexe ee [[Médéa Province|Médéa]], [[Bouïra Province|Bouira]], [[Blida Province|Blida]], iyo [[Boumerdès Province|Boumerdès provinces]].<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/dir/36.4817275,3.3104646//@36.571219,3.3856706,34216m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> == Dariiqada == {{Main articles|List of rivers of Algeria|Ministry of Water Resources and Environment}} Dooxada Al-Hamiz waxay dhex martaa shan [[Provinces of Algeria|gobollada Algeria]], iyadoo ka gudbaysa gobollo juqraafiyeed oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan [[Titteri]], [[Kabylia]], [[Khachna]], iyo bannaanka [[Mitidja]].<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/@36.7783115,3.2317719,1066m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka ku yaal dariiqa "Dooxada Al-Hamiz" !Tirada ![[Médéa Province]] ![[Bouïra Province]] ![[Blida Province]] ![[Boumerdès Province]] ![[Algiers Province]] |- !01 |[[Deux Bassins]] |[[Boukram]] |[[Souhane]] |[[Larbatache]] |[[Dar El Beïda]] |- !02 | | |[[Djebabra]] |[[Khemis El-Khechna]] |[[Rouïba]] |- !03 | | | |[[Hammedi]] |[[Bordj El Kiffan]] |- !04 | | | | |[[Bordj El Bahri]] |} == Afka webiga == Afka Dooxada Al-Hamiz wuxuu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Bordj El Kiffan]] iyo [[Bordj El Bahri]] ee [[Algiers Province]], meel u dhow xaafadda Soumam. Koorsada webiga waxay u adeegtaa xuduud dabiici ah oo u dhaxaysa labadan degmo, iyadoo ku fidsan ilaa afkeeda ee [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] ee ku teedsan xeebta [[Algiers Province|Algiers]].<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/dir/36.7793138,3.2308676//@36.7785114,3.234513,2133m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> === Goobta === Afka Dooxada Al-Hamiz wuxuu ku yaalaa inta u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Bordj El Kiffan]] iyo [[Bordj El Bahri]], oo aan ka fogayn afka [[Oued El Harrach]] iyo Xeebta Sablettes. Waxay ku taallaa bariga afka Oued El Harrach iyo Xeebta Sablettes, aaggan wuxuu hayaa boos istiraatiiji ah oo u dhow tareenka isku xira El Harrach ilaa Reghaïa.<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/@36.677591,2.8881867,4271m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps]</ref> Afka webiga wuxuu qiyaastii 20 kiiloomitir bariga ka xigaa [[Casbah of Algiers]], isagoo eegaya [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]]. Waxay ku taallaa dhulalka Bordj El Kiffan iyo Bordj El Bahri. {{Adjacent communities|width=|NORTHEAST=Tamentfoust Valley, [[Bordj El Bahri]], [[Bordj El Kiffan]], [[Réghaïa lake]], [[Reghaïa Valley]]|North=National Road 24 (Algiers), [[Mediterranean Sea]], National Road No. 5 (Algiers), National Road No. 11 (Algiers)|NORTHWEST=[[Djamaa el Djazaïr]], [[Mohammedia, Algiers]], Sablat Beach, [[Hussein Dey (commune)]], Hussein Dey train station, Khrouba Land Station.|EAST=Rouiba Train Station, [[Keddara Dam]], Rouiba-Roghaya Industrial Zone,|WEST=College of Islamic Sciences in Algeria, El Harrach train station, [[Oued El Harrach]],|Center=Afka Hmeiz [[Valley]]|SOUTHEAST=Casablanca train station, [[University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene]]|South=Bab-el-Zouzar train station, Wadi El Samar Train Station, [[East–West Highway (Algeria)]]|SOUTHWEST=Jisr Constantine train station, Baba Ali Train Station, Baba Ali (Algeria), National Road 1 (Algiers), [[Mazafran River]]}} == Sawirro == <gallery> File:Kharouba fac.jpg|Saldhigga tareenka Al-Maqaria File:Tamentfoust-vue-port.jpg|Dekedda Tamentfoust File:روافد وادي الحراش.jpg|Affluents de Oued El Harrach File:Algeryel.JPG|Muuqaalka Kasbah ee laga daawanayo Xeebta Sablat File:Daira hussein dey 05112014.png|Goobta Xeebta Sablat ee Hussein Dey File:Alger Kasbah02.jpg|Muuqaalka Xeebta Sablat ee laga daawanayo Masaajidka Safir ee Kasbah File:Sablette Plage Alger.JPG|Biyaha Xeebta Sablat File:Plage des Sablettes à Alger.JPG|Xeebta Sablat </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyhHQB2hOC0 Dooxada Al-Hamiz] on [[YouTube]]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0DSIrLzbc8 Dooxada Al-Hamiz] on [[YouTube]]. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_iL3EtOiuY Dooxada Al-Hamiz] on [[YouTube]]. {{Rivers of Algeria}} {{coord missing|Algeria}} tm9pxn5s27u8qa084yvv6tzx3jeluw7 0 48678 301145 2026-07-09T14:44:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301145 wikitext text/x-wiki Webiga '''Macta''' wuxuu ku yaal [[Algeria]]. Macta waa {{convert|3|mi|km}} oo dherer ah, wuxuuna galaa badda Gacanka [[Arzeu]], qiyaastii {{convert|25|mi|km}} galbeed ka xigta afka [[Chelif]]. Waxaa sameeyay [[Habra River|Habra]] ({{convert|140|mi|km}} dherer ah) iyo [[Sig River|Sig]] ({{convert|130|mi|km}} dherer ah), kuwaas oo ka soo kaca [[Amour Range]] kuna qulqula waqooyi ka hor inta aysan ku midoobin bannaanka dhul-qoyan, halkaas oo Macta uu ka [[debouch|baxay]].{{sfn|Gibson|1911|p=644}} [[File:Macta marais est.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka dhul-qoyanada Macta]] Dagaalkii [[Battle of Macta|Dagaalkii Macta]] oo dhacay 28 Juun 1835, qabaa'ilka [[Arabs|Carabta]] ee Algeria ayaa ka adkaaday ciidan gumaystihii Faransiiska ahaa.{{sfn|Gibson|1911|p=651}} == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} == Tixraac == *{{EB1911|first=Walcot |last=Gibson |wstitle=Algeria|volume=1|pages=642–653}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == * Blondel, J. (1963). Situation de la sauvagine dans le Maghreb. ''In'' : Proceedings of the first European meeting on waterfowl conservation : 65–67. The Nature Conservancy, London. * Boucheker, A. (2012). Dynamique de la métapopulation de flamants roses en Méditerranée : rôle des zones humides d'Afrique du nord et implications pour la conservation. Thèse de doctorat, Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes (171 pages). * Ghodbani, T. et Amokrane, K. (2103). La zone humide de la Macta : un espace à protéger sur le littoral ouest de l'Algérie. Physio-Géo, 7 : 139-155. * Hovette, C. & Kowalski, H. (1972). Dénombrements de la sauvagine dans le Maghreb, Janvier / Février 1972. Rapport polycopié au B.I.R.S. ''Bull. B.I.R.S.'' 34 : 42–58. * Isenmann, P. & Moali, A. (2000). Birds of Algeria. Société d'Etudes Ornithologiques de France, Paris, 336p. * Jacobs, P. & Ochando, B. (1972). Répartition géographique et importance numérique des anatidés hivernants en Algérie. ''Le Gerfaut'', 69 : 239–251. * Krissat, K. & Horr, K. (1976). Les marais de la Macta : biocénoses. DES, Université d'Oran. * Ledant, J.P. & Van Dijck, G. (1977). Situation des zones humides algériennes et de leur avifaune. ''Aves'', 14 : 217–232. * Masson, R. (1976). La végétation des marais de la Macta (Région de Bou-Nefer). ''Bull. Soc. Géo. et Archéol. d'Oran'' : 60–65. * Metzmacher, M. (1979a). Les oiseaux de la Macta et de sa région (Algérie) : Non passereaux. ''Aves'', 3-4 : 89–123. * Metzmacher, M. (1979 b). Note sur l'avifaune estivale de l'Est oranais (Algérie), de la Camargue (France) et du Guadalquivir (Espagne). INA, Séminaire international sur l'avifaune algérienne 5-11 juin 1979. * Morgan, N. C. (1982). An ecological survey of standing waters in North-west Africa: II. Site descriptions for Tunisia and Algeria. ''Biological Conservation'', 24 : 83–113. * Morgan, N. C. & Boy, V. (1982). An ecological survey of standing waters in North-west Africa: I. Rapid survey and classification. ''Biological Conservation'', 24 : 5-44. * Simmoneau, P. (1952). La végétation halophile de la plaine de Perrégaux. Thèse de Doctorat ès-sciences, Alger. * Simonneau, P. (1954). La végétation des sols salés d'Oranie, Les groupements à Atriplex dans les plaines sublittorales. ''Annales agronomiques'', 2 : 225 – 257. * Simmoneau, P. & Santa, S. (1951). Végétation et flore de la forêt de la Macta (Oran). ''Annexe de la carte de la végétation de l'Algérie. Feuille d'Oran'' : 1-24. mfa2qzlnn1dbmmffy3u9xl292vryq80 0 48679 301146 2026-07-09T14:46:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Sig''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Mekerra''', waa [[List of rivers of Algeria|webi ku yaal Algeria]].<ref>{{Citation |author=EB staff |title=Chelif River - river, Algeria |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=26 April 2015 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/108466/Chelif-River |accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref> [[File:Oued sig.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Oued Sig sanadkii 1975]] Webiga Sig waa laan ka mid ah [[Macta River|Webiga Macta]] wuxuuna maraa magaalada [[Sig, Algeria|Sig]]. Inta badan qulqulkiisa Sig wuxuu joogaa {{convert|50|m}} kor jooga badda wuxuuna ku dhammaadaa qiyaastii {{convert|30|km}} u jira badda Mediterranean-ka [[as the crow flies|sida shimbirku u duulo]], wuxuuna ka soo bilaabmaa buuraleyda koonfurta ka xigta [[mountains of Daïa|buuraha Daïa]].<ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref><ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6589746-sheet_2.jpg Defense Mapping Agency, 1981]</ref> Webigu waa [[wadi|tog]]. Aagga waxaa lagu gartaa jiilaal adag marka loo eego gobollada kale ee Algeria, iyo xagaa diirran oo caddaalad ah. Roobabku kama badna {{convert|400|mm}} sannadkii. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} o1xfxdcmrhlc3fe6nyj2f85puzxgt8c 0 48680 301147 2026-07-09T14:49:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Chelif | native_name ={{native name|ar|وادي الشلف}} | name_other = Oued Chelif<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8844D1FB3774E0440003BA962ED3|Oued Chelif (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref><br />Wad Sheliff<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA8844D1F83774E0440003BA962ED3|Wad Sheliff (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> | name_etymology = Berber ''Chenaliph'' <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Chelif River bridge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Buundada Cheliff ee u dhow Ech Cheliff | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyinka | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Mostaganem]]|[[Chlef]]|[[Aïn Defla]]|[[Médéa]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 725 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Boughezoul]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36|02|22|N|0|07|59|E|region:DZ|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Chelif''' ({{langx|ar|وادي الشلف}}) (oo sidoo kale loo higaadiyo '''Chéliff''', ama '''Sheliff'''{{sfn|EB staff|2015}}) waa webi {{convert|700|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} oo ku yaal [[Algeria]], waana kan ugu dheer dalka. Wuxuu ka soo kacaa [[Saharan Atlas]] meel u dhow magaalada [[Boughezoul]], wuxuuna dhex maraa [[Tell Atlas]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] waqooyiga magaalada [[Mostaganem]]. Heerka biyaha ee webiga badanaa wuu isbeddelaa. Webiga waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[irrigation|waraabka]] (inta badan dhanka hoose ee koorsadiisa). Webiga waxaa hore loogu yiqiin Mekerra iyo Webiga Sig. == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} == Tixraac == *{{Citation |author=EB staff |title=Chelif River - river, Algeria |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=26 April 2015 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/108466/Chelif-River |accessdate=26 April 2015}} 3lmticrh5nbsspxoatuovnhrnp4hw4r 0 48681 301148 2026-07-09T14:50:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301148 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chelif Basin OSM.png|thumb|right|Aagga biya-mareenka ee Cheliff oo ay ku jirto Sly (bidixda sare ee bartamaha)]] Webiga '''Sly''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal waqooyiga [[Algeria]], [[Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Webiga Sly waa laan ka mid ah [[Chelif]] [[River|Webiga]] wuxuuna ku biiraa Chelif dhanka bari ee magaalada [[Sidi ben Thiour]]. Horraantii 1900-meeyadii, [[Barrage (dam)|xireen]] ayaa laga dhisay Sly, kaas oo awood u leh inuu waraabiyo 10,000 oo ekar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas Cook Ltd |title=Cook's Practical Guide to Algeria and Tunisia |date=1908 |page=147 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cook_s_Practical_Guide_to_Algeria_and_Tu/_D5FAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Sly+River+algeria&pg=PA418 |access-date=March 21, 2026}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|36.09744|1.13606|type:river_region:DZ|format=dms|display=title}} kuhbjbgwsm9qv5g0tnk5fqlis2t8e2p 0 48682 301149 2026-07-09T14:53:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Chlef | native_name = الشلف | native_name_lang = ar | settlement_type = [[City|Magaalo]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | perrow = 1/2/2 | image1 = BD Abd El Hamid Iibn Badis.jpg | caption1 = Abdelhamid Ibn Badis Boulevard | image2 = Abd el Qader Dahnan Mosque.jpg | caption2 = [[Abdelkader Dahnan Mosque]] | image3 = Esplanade de la solidarité.jpg | caption3 = Place De La Solidarité | image4 = Stade Boumezrag.jpg | caption4 = [[Mohamed Boumezrag Stadium]] | image5 = Mirador Palace Hôtel, Chlef, Algeria 2019.jpg | caption5 = Mirador Palace Hotel }} | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = DZ 02 Chlef.svg | mapsize = 180px | map_alt = | map_caption = Goobta Chlef, Algeria ee ku dhex taal [[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]] | pushpin_map = Algeria | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|36|09|53|N|01|19|54|E|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Waddan]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Algeria}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Algeria|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Chlef Province|Chlef]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Algeria|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chlef District|Chlef]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = | area_rural_footnotes = | area_metro_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | dunam_link = | area_total_dunam = | area_land_dunam = | area_water_dunam = | area_urban_dunam = | area_rural_dunam = | area_metro_dunam = | area_blank1_dunam = | area_blank2_dunam = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 114 | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.dz/collections/w02_p2.pdf |title=Répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion. |publisher=The Algerian [[National Office of Statistics]] |access-date=27 October 2021 }}</ref> | population_total = 178,616 | population_as_of = 2008 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Koodka boostada | postal_code = 02000 | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Cimilada]] | blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer mediterranean climate|Csa]] | website = | footnotes = }} '''Chlef''' ({{langx|ar| الشلف|aš-Šalif}}) waa magaalo madaxda [[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]], ee dalka [[Algeria]]. Waxay ku taal waqooyiga Algeria, {{convert|200|km|mi}} galbeed ka xigta caasimadda, [[Algiers]], waxaana la aasaasay 1843, magaca Orléansville, iyadoo la dhisay burburka magaaladii [[Ancient Rome|Roman-ta]] ee ''Castellum Tingitanum''. Sannadkii 1962, waxaa loo magacaabay al-Asnam, laakiin ka dib [[1980 El Asnam earthquake|dhulgariirkii ba'naa ee 10 Oktoobar 1980]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.algerie360.com/seisme-10-octobre-1980-chlef-sen-souvient-encore/ |title=Séisme 10 octobre 1980 : Chlef s'en souvient encore |publisher=Algérie 360° |language=fr |date=10 October 2018 |author=Hichem }}</ref> waxay qaadatay magaceeda hadda ee Chlef, kaas oo laga soo qaatay magaca [[Chelif River|Webiga Chelif]], oo ah webiga ugu dheer Algeria. Waxay hoy u tahay naadiga kubbadda cagta [[ASO Chlef]], jaamacadda [[Hassiba Ben Bouali]], iyo burburka [[basilica|kaniisadda]] Reparatus, oo ahaa hoggaamiyaha kaniisadda (bishop) ee Castellum Tingitanum laga soo bilaabo 465 ilaa 475. Gees ka mid ah dabaqa kaniisadda ayaa waxaa ku jiray moosayga [[labyrinth|maze]], oo ah tusaalihii ugu da'da weynaa ee la ogaa ee loo isticmaalo naqshaddan Masiixiyadda. == Taariikh == === Castellum Tingitii ee qadiimiga ah === Qalcaddii [[Ancient Rome|Roman-ta]], Castellum Tingitanum, waxay ahayd magaalo ka tirsan gobolka Roman-ka ee [[Mauretania Caesariensis]]. Goobta waxaa loo yaqaanay Al-Asnam (Af-Carabi oo macnaheedu yahay "farshaxanno") xilligii [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khilaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Waxay daboolaysay bed dhan {{convert|600|x|300|m|ft|abbr=off}} waxayna lahayd farshaxanno badan. === Hoggaamiyaha kaniisadda ee hore === [[Basilica|Kaniisad]] Masiixi ah oo soo jireen ahayd xilligii boqortooyada [[Constantine the Great|Boqor Constantine]] ayaa laga helay halkan, iyadoo leh moosayga naqshadaysan. Kaniisaddani waa tii ugu da'da weynayd ee laga helo Afrika.<ref>Francois Decret, Early Christianity in North Africa (James Clarke & Co, 2011) p84</ref> Bishop Felix (Talyaani: Felice), wuxuu ka mid ahaa hoggaamiyeyaashii Catholic-ga ee loogu yeeray [[Council of Carthage (484)|Golaha Carthage (484)]] boqorkii [[Vandal Kingdom|Arian Vandal]] [[Huneric]] ka hor inta aan la [[exile|masaafurin]]. Faahfaahin kale lagama hayo hoggaamiyaha kaniisadda ee qadiimiga ah. Waxaa dib loogu soo nooleeyay magac ahaan Roman Catholic [[titular see|tiitular]] sannadkii 1965, waana la buuxiyay si joogto ah tan iyo markaas. ==== Titular bishops ==== * Agustín Rodríguez (1965.12.07 – 1968.12.25) * Antonino Nepomuceno, Oblate [[O.M.I.]] (1969.07.11 – 1997.02.14) * Ireneusz Józef Pękalski, [[Auxiliary Bishop|Caawiye Bishop]] ee [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Łódź|Archdiocese-ka Catholic-ga ee Łódź]] (Poland) (1999.12.11 – haatan) === Al-Asnam iyo Ouled Kosseir === {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2013}} [[File:Breira (mines de fer) - wilaya de Chlef - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Macdanta Breira]] [[File:Mosqué a chLef boukadir.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Chlef]] Dooxada Chellif waxay ahayd qarnigii 15-aad dhulkii [[Bedouin|Badaawiyiinta]] Ouled Kosseir, kuwaas oo halkaas ku degay hoggaamintii Hamou El Kosseir (H'ammü'l-Quççayri) ka dib markii ay barakiciyeen qabaa'ilka Berber-ka ee asaliga ah. Qabiilkan waa qabiil Djouadi (sharaf militari). Haddii ay xitaa isugu yeeraan farcanka Beni Makhzum (Ama Khaled Ibn El Walid).{{Clarify|date=February 2013}} Taariikhyahanada qaar ayaa aaminsan in ay ka tirsan yihiin Confederation-ka Ibn Suwayd Zoghba ee Beni Hillal sidaas darteedna ay yihiin ilma adeerada Mehal, sharaf kale oo militari. Dukumentiyada ciidanka [[France|Faransiiska]] iyo taariikhyahanada kale waxay ka hadlaan "qabaa'ilada ugu awooda badan uguna taajirsan" ee Dooxada Chellif sannadkii 1830,{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} iyadoo leh in ka badan 500,000 hektar oo dhul aad u bacrin ah iyo in ka badan 19,000 oo askari. Ouled Kosseir waxay ka qaybqaateen moubayâa{{Clarify|reason=maxay tani ka dhigan tahay?|date=February 2013}} ee [[Abdelkader El Djezairi|Emir Abdelkader]], dhulkoodana waxaa lagu siiyay [[Treaty of Tafna|Heshiiskii Tafna]]. Ka dib guuldaradii Emir iyo xulafadiisa, dhulkooda inta badan waa la qabsaday waxaana loo qaybiyay dadka degay iyo dad kale oo [[Indigenous peoples|asal ah]], oo ay ku jiraan Medjadja, [[marabouts|wadaado]] taageeray ciidanka Faransiiska markii ay yimaadeen. Maamulkii Faransiiska ee Napoleon III, ee hoos yimaada "boqortooyada Carabta", wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharfo hoggaamiyeyaasha Ouled Kosseir ee Djouadi{{clarify|reason=maxay tani ka dhigan tahay?|date=February 2013}}. Sidaas darteed, qaarkood waxaa lagu sharfay Legion of Honour (ama Med Foudad Kharoubi Ben Ben Bia{{clarify|reason=maxay tani ka dhigan tahay?|date=February 2013}}). [[Kaid|Kaid-kii]] ugu dambeeyay (hoggaamiyaha qabiilka) ka dib imaatinka ciidanka Faransiiska wuxuu ahaa Foudad Ben Adda, kaas oo u adeegay intii lagu jiray 1867 golaha magaalada ee degmada Orleansville. Wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa xubin ka tirsan Golaha Guud ee Algiers ilaa dhimashadiisii 1869. === Orléansville === {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2013}} Sannadkii 1843 [[Thomas Robert Bugeaud|Maréchal Bugeaud]] wuxuu aasaasay magaalada Orléansville goobta casriga ah ee Chlef. Magaalada waxay ku taal isgoyska Webiga Chlef iyo Webiga Tsighaout. Magaaladu waxay horumartay cimilada adag awgeed, mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu kulul waqooyiga Algeria. Dhulgariirkii 6.7 {{M|w}} ee [[1954 Chlef earthquake|Chlef]] wuxuu ruxay waqooyiga [[Algeria]] 9 Sebtembar 1954 iyadoo leh [[Mercalli intensity scale|xoogga Mercalli]] ugu badnaan XI (''Extreme''). Ugu yaraan 1,243 qof ayaa dhintay waxaana dhaawacmay 5,000. [[File:Chlef centre.jpg|thumb]] Wakhtigaas magaaladu waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu ahayd 44,400 oo qof.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} Waxay ahayd hoyga '''Algerian Division''' ee kooxda fanka [[Lettrist International]] ('''LI'''), qaarkoodna waxay ku dhinteen dhulgariirkii. Mohamed Dahou wuu badbaaday wuxuuna ka qaybqaatay [[Situationist International]]. '''LI''' waxay ku tilmaantay magaalada inay tahay "magaalada ugu [[lettrism|lettrist]] badan dunida".{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} == Tirada dadka == Tirakoobkii 2018 gobolka Chlef wuxuu lahaa in ka badan 1 milyan oo qof, kuwaas oo 178,616 ay ku noolaayeen caasimadda gobolka Chlef.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/algeria/admin/02__chlef/|access-date=31 August 2022 |title=Chlef (Province, Algeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location }}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Chlef waxay ku taal dooxad jooggeedu yahay {{convert|114|m|ft}} inta u dhaxaysa laba saf oo buuro ah oo u jeedda waqooyi iyo galbeed. Magaalada waxaa ku hareeraysan dhul-beereed; waxaa jira geedo kala firdhay dooxada iyo buuraha labadaba. === Cimilada === Chlef waxay leedahay [[hot semi-arid climate|cimilada kuleylka ah ee semi-arid]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocidda cimilada Köppen]] ''BSh'') oo xuduud la leh [[Mediterranean climate|cimilada Mediterranean-ka]] (''Csa''), oo leh xagaa aad u kulul, qalalan iyo jiilaal khafiif ah, qoyan. {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Chlef (1991-2020) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 25.3 |Feb record high C = 30.4 |Mar record high C = 36.0 |Apr record high C = 41.5 |May record high C = 43.8 |Jun record high C = 45.7 |Jul record high C = 48.3 |Aug record high C = 46.9 |Sep record high C = 44.0 |Oct record high C = 40.5 |Nov record high C = 32.2 |Dec record high C = 26.0 |year record high C = |Jan record low C = -1.5 |Feb record low C = -1.5 |Mar record low C = 0.0 |Apr record low C = 1.4 |May record low C = 3.6 |Jun record low C = 10.3 |Jul record low C = 15.0 |Aug record low C = 13.4 |Sep record low C = 11.5 |Oct record low C = 6.0 |Nov record low C = 2.0 |Dec record low C = 0.0 |year record low C = |Jan high C = 15.6 |Feb high C = 17.3 |Mar high C = 19.5 |Apr high C = 22.2 |May high C = 26.9 |Jun high C = 32.3 |Jul high C = 37.3 |Aug high C = 37.1 |Sep high C = 32.9 |Oct high C = 26.5 |Nov high C = 20.2 |Dec high C = 16.0 |Jan mean C = 10.6 |Feb mean C = 11.8 |Mar mean C = 13.3 |Apr mean C = 15.9 |May mean C = 20.1 |Jun mean C = 24.8 |Jul mean C = 29.0 |Aug mean C = 29.0 |Sep mean C = 25.5 |Oct mean C = 20.3 |Nov mean C = 14.8 |Dec mean C = 11.2 |Jan low C = 5.5 |Feb low C = 6.2 |Mar low C = 7.1 |Apr low C = 9.5 |May low C = 13.1 |Jun low C = 17.3 |Jul low C = 20.6 |Aug low C = 20.8 |Sep low C = 18.1 |Oct low C = 14.0 |Nov low C = 9.3 |Dec low C = 6.3 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 52.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 53.5 |Mar precipitation mm = 42.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 45.5 |May precipitation mm = 27.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 6.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 1.7 |Aug precipitation mm = 4.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 20.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 31.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 58.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 44.9 |unit precipitation days = 1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.5 |Feb precipitation days = 7.2 |Mar precipitation days = 6.2 |Apr precipitation days = 5.8 |May precipitation days = 3.7 |Jun precipitation days = 1.1 |Jul precipitation days = 0.4 |Aug precipitation days = 0.9 |Sep precipitation days = 2.6 |Oct precipitation days = 4.2 |Nov precipitation days = 7.6 |Dec precipitation days = 6.3 |year precipitation days = 53.5 |source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215631/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Chlef_60425.csv | archive-date = 26 August 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Chlef_60425.csv | title = Chlef Climate Normals 1991–2020 | work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 26 August 2023}}</ref> |source 2 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (heerkulka celceliska 1961-1990)<ref>{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/AL/60425.TXT |server=ftp.atdd.noaa.gov |title=Climate Normals for Chlef |access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>}} == Gaadiidka == Chlef waxay leedahay saldhig ku yaal khadka tareenka Algiers-Oran. Magaalada waxaa u adeega [[Chlef International Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Chlef]]. == Dadka caanka ah == * [[Hillal Soudani]], ciyaaryahanka kubbadda cagta<ref>{{Cite web |title=Division 1 28e j USMAn 3–0 ASO |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/fiches/fiche2.php?fiche_id=2331 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505234954/http://www.dzfoot.com/fiches/fiche2.php?fiche_id=2331 |archive-date=5 May 2006 |website=DZfoot}}</ref> * [[Dalila Zerrouki]], ciyaaryahanka kubbadda cagta<ref>{{Cite web |title=Footofeminin.fr - Dalila Zerrouki |url=http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/joueur.php?joueur=3229 |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.statsfootofeminin.fr}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Portal|Algeria}} {{Reflist|35em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Chlef }} * {{in lang|fr}} [http://orleansville.free.fr/accueil.html Mareeg ku saabsan Chlef-tii gumeysiga] * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0429.htm GigaCatholic - kaniisadda titular episcopal see] a1axave2nvzkn817vjat6u0pjmu6ejl 0 48683 301150 2026-07-09T14:56:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Oued Fodda |other_name = |native_name = وادى الفضة |nickname = |settlement_type = Degmo iyo magaalo |motto = |image_skyline = Pont Baarge de Oued Fooda.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Xireenka Webiga Oued Fodda |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_map = DZ 02 Oued Fodda.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Algeria |pushpin_label_position = hoos |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption = |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name ={{flag|Algeria}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Algeria|Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Algeria|Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Oued Fodda District|Oued Fodda]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |population_as_of = 2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Chlef : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w02_p2.pdf|access-date=2017-06-07}}. Xogta ka timid Tirakoobka Guud ee Dadweynaha iyo Guryaha ee 2008 ee goobta [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 41 710 |population_density_km2 = |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|36|11|N|1|32|E|display=title|region:DZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 200-230 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = 02100 |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Oued Fodda''' waa magaalo iyo [[Communes of Algeria|degmo]] ka tirsan [[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]], ee dalka [[Algeria]]. Sida uu sheegay tirakoobkii 1998, waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu tahay 36,187.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html |title=Statoids |access-date=2010-02-04 }}</ref> == Sharaxaadda == Oued Fodda waa mid ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]] ee [[Algeria]], waxay ku taal 20 km bari ka xigta magaalada [[Chlef]], waxaana la aasaasay 1883, isgoyska webiyada [[Fodda River|Oued Fodda]] iyo [[Oued Chelif]]. Waxaa mara waddada qaran ee 04, iyo ''waddada gobolka 132''. == Cimilada == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box |location = Qued Fodda |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 57 |Feb high F = 60 |Mar high F = 68 |Apr high F = 73 |May high F = 80 |Jun high F = 91 |Jul high F = 100 |Aug high F = 100 |Sep high F = 91 |Oct high F = 78 |Nov high F = 66 |Dec high F = 59 |year high F = 77 |Jan low F = 39 |Feb low F = 41 |Mar low F = 44 |Apr low F = 48 |May low F = 53 |Jun low F = 62 |Jul low F = 68 |Aug low F = 68 |Sep low F = 62 |Oct low F = 55 |Nov low F = 48 |Dec low F = 41 |year low F = 51 |Jan precipitation inch = 2.2 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.9 |Mar precipitation inch = 1.7 |Apr precipitation inch = 1.6 |May precipitation inch = 1.3 |Jun precipitation inch = 0.3 |Jul precipitation inch = 0 |Aug precipitation inch = 0.1 |Sep precipitation inch = 0.8 |Oct precipitation inch = 1.6 |Nov precipitation inch = 2.2 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.4 |year precipitation inch = 16.1 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=604251&refer=wikipedia |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Qued Fodda, Algeria |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 }} Laga soo qaatay 24 Noofambar 2011.</ref> |date=Noofambar 2011 }} </div> == Xusuusin taariikheed == Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Algeria, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Faransiiska waxay halkan saldhig uga dhigeen '''''Centre d'Entrainement et de Perfectionnement des Commandos de Chasse No.1''''' <ref>[Faransiis > "Xaruntii ugu horreysay ee Tababarka iyo Horumarinta Commandos-ka Raad-raaca"]</ref>. Waxay ahayd dugsi hawlgallo gaar ah oo tababara ''Commandos de Chasse''.<ref>[Faransiis > "Commandos-ka Raad-raaca"]</ref> Waxay furtay bishii Luulyo 1959 waxayna xirtay bishii Maarso, 1962. ''Commandos de Chasse'' waxay ahaayeen cutubyo amni oo heer shirkad ah oo ka kooban ''Harkis'' reer Algeria ah ["Ciidamada Kaalmada Mutadawiciinta"] oo ay hoggaaminayeen saraakiil Faransiis ah iyo NCOs. Shaqadoodu waxay ahayd inay raad raacaan oo ay dejiyaan ''Katibas'' FLN ["cutubyo aan caadi ahayn oo leh awood qayb ama shirkad"] oo ka soo tallaabay Tunisia iyo Morocco ama ka hawlgala ''bled'' ["saxaraha sare"] si loogu weeraro ciidamada waaweyn ee Faransiiska. Cutubyada ciidanku waxay lahaayeen calaamadda wacitaanka ''Pagoda'' ama ''Kimono'' iyo cutubyada Gendarmerie waxay lahaayeen calaamadda wacitaanka ''Pirate'' ama ''Partisan''. == Dadka caanka ah ee deegaanka == * [[Auguste Rencurel|Auguste Rencorel]] (1896-1983), siyaasi reer Faransiis ah * [[Rabie Benchergui]] (dhashay 1978), ciyaaryahanka kubbadda cagta ee reer Algeria * [[Nour El Islam Fettouhi]] (dhashay 1999), ciyaaryahanka kubbadda cagta ee reer Algeria == Tixraac == {{Portal|Algeria}} {{reflist}} 1m6d4v7b00eiv5xoy4px1zcp5pluobq 0 48684 301151 2026-07-09T14:58:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mazafran Oued''' waa webi, leh [[estuary|af-webi]],<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/26493107_fig1_Fig-5-Estruary-of-river-Mazafran-into-Mediteran-sea-in-alluvial-deposits-whose Af-webiga Mazafran] ee Qaab-dhismeedka juqraafiyeed iyo khayraadka macdanta ee Algeria.</ref> ee dalka [[Algeria]], [[Waqooyiga Afrika]].<ref>Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 2 (University of California Press, 1995), p63.</ref> == Astaamaha == Qiyaastii {{convert|24|km|mi}} oo dherer ah, webigu wuxuu maraa aag ay dabooleen [[woodland|kaymo]], waxaana weli muuqda caddaymo ka mid ah qaababka lahaanshaha dhulka ee [[Roman|Roman-ta]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HbhTCwAAQBAJ&dq=Mazafran+River&pg=PA58 The Mediterranean Medina: International Seminar].</ref> Webiga, oo ku qulqula [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]], wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka [[Tipaza Province|wilaya ee Tipaza]]. Waxa uu ka samaysmaa isugu biiridda [[Chiffa River|Webiga Chiffa]] iyo [[Djer River|Webiga Djer]],<ref>Statistical Society (Great Britain), Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Volume 2 (Statistical Society., 1839)</ref> in kasta oo aanu ahayn mid la mari karo, haddana waxaa dhaqan ahaan loo isticmaali jiray waraabka.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tIQ_AAAAYAAJ&dq=Mazafran+River&pg=PP124 Journal of the Statistical Society of London], Volume 2 (Statistical Society., 1839).</ref> <gallery> Mazafran 2 - panoramio.jpg|Webiga Mazafran ee u dhow [[Koléa]] Oued mazafran 02072013.jpg|Oued Mazafran oo laga soo eegay xagga hawada. </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|36.6984|2.8030|type:river_region:DZ|format=dms|display=title}} e7s1qtjulj6jyur8juta56r0dyn1jaw 0 48685 301152 2026-07-09T15:02:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Dooxada Boumerdes | image = Boumerdès.JPG | image_caption = Dooxada Boumerdas, bariga magaalada Boumerdas | country = {{Flag|Algeria}} | length = 10 Kiiloomitir, [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] | source1 = [[Tell Atlas]], [[Khachna]], [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] | source1_elevation = {{convert|624 |m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]], [[Beni Amrane]] | source2 = [[Tell Atlas]], [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] | source2_elevation = {{convert|583 |m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]], [[Tidjelabine]] | source_confluence = [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|45 |m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Thénia]] | mouth = [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]], [[Boumerdès]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|5|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}, [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | basin_size = {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}, [[Drainage basin|Dhaamka biyaha qabta]] | basin_landmarks = {{Flag|Algeria}}, [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]], <br /> [[Beni Amrane]],<br />[[Tidjelabine]], <br />[[Thénia]], <br />[[Boumerdès]] }} '''Dooxada Boumerdes''' waa waddo-biyood ka soo bilaabata Buuraha [[Khachna]] oo dhex marta gobolka Kabylia, iyadoo sii dhex marta [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] kuna qulqusha [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] oo u dhow magaalada Boumerdès.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55985746/f2.item.r=oued+meralden+menerville.zoom General Journal of Algeria and Tunisia: Archives of Algerians and Tunisiennes: Proprietary Fund organs and economic institutions]... | 1911-05-07 | Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115010335/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55985746/f2.item.r=oued+meralden+menerville.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018 ee [[Wayback Machine|mareegta Wayback Machine.]]</ref> == Waddo-biyoodka == Dooxada Boumerdes waxaa lagu gartaa salka webiga oo ka madax bannaan maaddooyinka [[schist]] iyo dhoobada.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55985746/f2.item.r=arbia.zoom General Journal of Algeria and Tunisia: Archives of Algerians and Tunisiennes: Proprietary Fund organs and economic institutions.].. | 1911-05-07 | Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180114074057/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55985746/f2.item.r=arbia.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 14, 2018 ee [[Wayback Machine|mareegta Wayback Machine.]]</ref> Astaantan, oo ay la wadaagto webiyada kale sida Dooxada Arbia, [[Meraldene River|Webiga Meraldene]], [[Boudouaou Valley|Dooxada Boudouaou]], iyo [[Isser River|Webiga Isser]], waxay fududaysaa soo saarista [[sand|ciidda]] iyo [[gravel|quruuruxa]] si loogu isticmaalo soo saarista [[Mortar (masonry)|hoobiyaha]] iyo [[concrete|shamiitada]].<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63975484/f4.item.r=arbia.zoom <nowiki>Les Travaux ["puis" nord-africains]. Organized public travaux and details in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco...</nowiki>] ["puis" building, public travaux, architecture...&#9... [https://web.archive.org/web/20180114081812/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63975484/f4.item.r=arbia.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 14, 2018 ee [[Wayback Machine|mareegta Wayback Machine.]]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/lakabylieetlesc01letogoog/page/32/mode/2up?view=theater La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles]: Tome 1-3 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401231603/http://archive.org/stream/lakabylieetlesc01letogoog Waxaa la keydiyay] Abriil 01, 2016 ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Salka webiga Dooxada Boumerdès wuxuu u adeegaa sidii marin dabiici ah, oo ballaciisu u dhexeeyo 5 illaa 600 oo mitir. Waxay si tartiib tartiib ah hoos uga soo dhaadhacdaa isku biiritaankeeda [[Meraldene River|Webiga Meraldene]] iyo Dooxada Arbia ee degmada [[Thénia]] Beni Aicha, oo u dhow Buurta Bouarous ee koonfurta, iyadoo ku qulqulaysa afkeeda [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] ee dhinaca bari ee magaalada [[Boumerdès Province|Boumerdès]].<ref>[http://menerville.free.fr/geologie/geologie.html Esquisse Agro] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185904/http://menerville.free.fr/geologie/geologie.html Waxaa la keydiyay] Maarso 03, 2016 ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Jiirradan dhexdhexaadka ah waxay suurtagelisay dhismaha Biyo-xireenka Thenia Beni Aicha sannadkii 1913.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7577865t/f1.item.r=oued+meralden+menerville.zoom L'Echo d'Alger : Journal républicain du matin] | 1913-03-12 | Gallica Waxaa la keydiyay Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115010331/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7577865t/f1.item.r=oued+meralden+menerville.zoom Wayback Machine.]</ref> Xilliga roobka, qulqulka biyuhu wuu kordhaa, taasoo keentay in la dhisao buundooyin iyo waddooyin si loo fududeeyo isu-socodka dadka deegaanka ee tuulooyinka iyo xaafadaha ku teedsan hareeraheeda.<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7583815z/f8.item.r=oued+bourdine.zoom L'Echo d'Alger : Journal républicain du matin] | 1935-01-30 | Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115010422/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7583815z/f8.item.r=oued+bourdine.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Jidka == {{Main|Liiska webiyada Algeria|Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha iyo Deegaanka}} Dooxada Boumerdes waxay dhex martaa hal [[Provinces of Algeria|gobol]] xeebeed oo ku yaal Algeria, iyadoo dhex marta Buuraha [[Khachna]].<ref>[https://www.google.dz/maps/dir/36.712378,3.5469562//@36.7114958,3.5470857,4269m/data=!3m1!1e3?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTExMy4xIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps] [https://web.archive.org/web/20191217044235/https://www.google.dz/maps/dir/36.712378,3.5469562//@36.7114958,3.5470857,2422m/data=!3m1!1e3 Waxaa la keydiyay] Diisambar 17, 2019, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Degmooyinka ku yaal gobolka Boumerdès ee ku teedsan jidka "Dooxada Boumerdes"<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57904862/f31.item.r=oued+bou+merdes+foes.zoom Report of all on the work of the Commission for the Colonization and Immigration of the Province of Algiers]. (Signed: L. Ville.) | Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115073522/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57904862/f31.item.r=oued+bou+merdes+foes.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]]</ref> ![[Number|Tirada]] ![[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] |- !01 |[[Beni Amrane]] |- !02 |[[Tidjelabine]]<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63444776/f192.item.r=oued+boudouaou+corso.zoom Carte géologique de l'Algérie... Description stratigraphique générale de l'Algérie]... | Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115003620/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63444776/f192.item.r=oued+boudouaou+corso.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018 ee ku yaal [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115003620/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63444776/f192.item.r=oued+boudouaou+corso.zoom Wayback Machine.]</ref> |- !03 |[[Thénia]]<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97591928/f268.item.r=oued+merdes+amenage.zoom Archives of the Pasteur Institute of Algeria..]. | 1940-03 | Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115075554/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97591928/f268.item.r=oued+merdes+amenage.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> |- !04 |[[Boumerdès]]<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20181103013556/http://dlibrary.univ-boumerdes.dz:8080/bitstream/123456789/154/1/Tireche,%20Sihem.pdf. Waxaa laga keydiyay [http://dlibrary.univ-boumerdes.dz:8080/bitstream/123456789/154/1/Tireche%2C%20Sihem.pdf asalka] (PDF) markay ahayd 2018-11-03. </ref> |} == Dooxooyinka == {{Main articles|Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha iyo Deegaanka}} Dooxada Boumerdes waxay isku xidhaan durdurro iyo [[rivers|webiyo]] kale oo dhowr ah inta ay ku dhex socoto [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]].<ref>[https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1902_num_11_57_18171 The natural regions of Algeria] - Persée [https://web.archive.org/web/20180604005238/https://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1902_num_11_57_18171 Waxaa la keydiyay] 4 Juun 2018 ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dooxooyinka ku teedsan jidka "Dooxada Boumerdes"<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97817221/f676.item.r=boudouaou+corso+talazeri+merdes.zoom <nowiki>[Recueil des actes administratifs] / [Département d'Alger] | 1908 | Gallica</nowiki>] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071920/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97817221/f676.item.r=boudouaou+corso+talazeri+merdes.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> ![[Number|Tirada]] ![[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] |- !01 |Dooxada Borden<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20150927231605/http://athena.unige.ch/athena/duparc/duparc_roches_eruptives_menerville_algerie_optim.pdf. Waxaa laga keydiyay [https://web.archive.org/web/20150927231605/http://athena.unige.ch/athena/duparc/duparc_roches_eruptives_menerville_algerie_optim.pdf asalka] (PDF) markay ahayd Sebteembar 27, 2015. La galay Agoosto 2020. </ref> |- !02 |Dooxada Arabia<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1662018/f132.item.r=oued+corso.zoom The natural regions of Algeria] - Persée [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115003351/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1662018/f132.item.r=oued+corso.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] 4 Juun 2018 ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> |- !03 |[[Meraldene River|Webiga Meraldene]]<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1662018/f407.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Geological description of the Kabylie of Djurjura, a special study of tertiary terrains, by E. Ficheur],... | Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115011947/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1662018/f407.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115011947/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1662018/f407.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Wayback Machine]</ref> |- !04 |Dooxada Bovron |} == Biyo-xireennada == [[File:Photo boumerdes 08102014.jpg|thumb|Afka Dooxada Boumerdès ee ku qulqula Badda Mediterranean-ka]] {{Main articles|Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha iyo Deegaanka}} Dooxada Boumerdès waxay sii marta [[Dam|biyo-xireenno]] dhowr ah inta ay ku dhex socoto [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]].<ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234621/http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2014/pres2014-0313.pdf. Waxaa laga keydiyay [http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2014/pres2014-0313.pdf asalka] (PDF) markay ahayd 2016-03-03. </ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Biyo-xireennada ku teedsan jidka "Dooxada Boumerdes"<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54679568/f149.item.r=bou+douaou+corso+hassenai+merdes.zoom Dictionary of the Algerian language, first supplément: manuel of Louis, ordonnances, secrets, decisions and arrêtés published in the "Bulletin officiel of the acts of government]... [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115074531/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54679568/f149.item.r=bou+douaou+corso+hassenai+merdes.zoom Koobiga la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018 ee mareegta [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> ![[Number|Tirada]] ![[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] |- !01 |[[Meraldene Dam|Biyo-xireenka Meraldene]]<ref>B[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5691771q/f45.item.r=oued+corso.zoom ulletin de la Société préhistorique de France | 1932-06-23 | Gallica] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115075546/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5691771q/f45.item.r=oued+corso.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> |}[[File:Gare ferrouviaire de Boumerdès.jpg|thumb|Saldhigga tareenka ee Boumerdès]] == Waddooyinka qaranka == {{Main articles|Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha iyo Deegaanka}} Dooxada Boumerdès waxay isku xidhaan waddooyin qaran oo dhowr ah inta ay socoto.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/lakabylieetlesc01letogoog/page/4/mode/2up?view=theater La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles]: Tome 1-3 [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401231603/http://archive.org/stream/lakabylieetlesc01letogoog Waxaa la keydiyay] Abriil 01, 2016 ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Waddooyinka qaranka ee ku teedsan jidka "Dooxada Boumerdès"<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97591928/f38.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie... | 1940-03 |] Gallica [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115075408/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97591928/f38.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115075408/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97591928/f38.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Wayback Machine.]</ref> ![[Number|Tirada]] ![[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]] |- !01 |Waddada Qaranka Lr. 5<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5691771q/f49.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Bulletin of the Prehistoric Society of France | 1932-06-23 | Gallica] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115075413/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5691771q/f49.item.r=oued+bou+merdes.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]]</ref> |- !02 |Waddada Qaranka Lr. 24<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5691771q/f48.item.r=oued+corso.zoom Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France | 1932-06-23 | Gallica] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180115004621/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5691771q/f48.item.r=oued+corso.zoom Waxaa la keydiyay] Janaayo 15, 2018, ee ku yaal [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> |} == Sawirro == <gallery> File:Boumerdes بومرداس 1.jpg|[[Boumerdès Province|Boumerdes]] File:Plage Boumerdes.jpg|Afka Dooxada Boumerdès, bariga magaalada Boumerdès File:Boumerdes algeria.jpg|Afka Dooxada Boumerdès, bariga magaalada Boumerdès File:صورة لشاطئ بومرداس.jpg|Afka Dooxada Boumerdès, bariga magaalada Boumerdès </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boumerdes Valley}} iyfyvke1c3i3pewb68za6jae945ugsl 0 48686 301153 2026-07-09T15:05:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sebaou | native_name = <!-- {{native name|<tag>|<name>}} or {{native name list |tag1=<tag>|name1=<name> |tag2=<tag>|name2=<name> ... }} --> | name_other = Oued Sebaou, Asif n Sabaw | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Sebaou.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Afka Webiga Sebaou | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Sebaou Basin OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Dhaamka webiga Sebaou | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|36.9114|3.8543...|display=inline,title}} --> | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = Bougdoura, Aïssi | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Sebaou''', ama '''Oued Sebaou''' (''Asif n Sabaw'' oo ku qoran [[Kabyle language|Af-Kabyle]], ''Wād Sībāw'' ama ''Wād Nissa'' oo ku qoran [[Arabic|Af-Carabi]]) waa [[river|webiga]] ugu weyn gobolka galbeedka [[Kabylie]] ee [[Algeria]] (oo u dhiganta gobolka maanta ee [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Gobolka Tizi Ouzou]]), kaas oo ku qulqula [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] meel u dhow magaalada xeebeedka ah ee [[Dellys]] ee [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]].<ref> Adolphe Hanoteau & Aristide Letourneux, La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles, 3 voll., [[Paris]], Impr. nationale, 1872-1873 (2 ed. A. Challamel, 1893), 2e éd. (sic) rev. et augm. Paris, Bouchene, 2003</ref> [[File:Vallée du Haut Sebaou.JPG|thumb|right|Dooxada sare ee Sebaou]] Sebaou sidoo kale waa magaca loo bixiyay dooxada uu webigani dhex maro ee ka bilaabata [[Boubhir]] ilaa [[Dellys]]. Magaciisa waxaa wadaaga tuulada iyo qalcaddii hore ee [[Ottoman|Cismaaniyiinta]] ee [[Bordj Sebaou]], oo ku taal hareeraheeda. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} {{coord|||type:river_region:DZ|format=dms|display=title}} {{Authority control}} egz2gqys71fzb192lxs9ug1i985rozz 301154 301153 2026-07-09T15:05:52Z Isma4l 41797 301154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sebaou | native_name = <!-- {{native name|<tag>|<name>}} or {{native name list |tag1=<tag>|name1=<name> |tag2=<tag>|name2=<name> ... }} --> | name_other = Oued Sebaou, Asif n Sabaw | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Sebaou.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Afka Webiga Sebaou | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Sebaou Basin OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Dhaamka webiga Sebaou | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|36.9114|3.8543...|display=inline,title}} --> | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = Bougdoura, Aïssi | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Sebaou''', ama '''Oued Sebaou''' (''Asif n Sabaw'' oo ku qoran [[Kabyle language|Af-Kabyle]], ''Wād Sībāw'' ama ''Wād Nissa'' oo ku qoran [[Arabic|Af-Carabi]]) waa [[river|webiga]] ugu weyn gobolka galbeedka [[Kabylie]] ee [[Algeria]] (oo u dhiganta gobolka maanta ee [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Gobolka Tizi Ouzou]]), kaas oo ku qulqula [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] meel u dhow magaalada xeebeedka ah ee [[Dellys]] ee [[Boumerdès Province|Gobolka Boumerdès]].<ref> Adolphe Hanoteau & Aristide Letourneux, La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles, 3 voll., [[Paris]], Impr. nationale, 1872-1873 (2 ed. A. Challamel, 1893), 2e éd. (sic) rev. et augm. Paris, Bouchene, 2003</ref> [[File:Vallée du Haut Sebaou.JPG|thumb|right|Dooxada sare ee Sebaou]] Sebaou sidoo kale waa magaca loo bixiyay dooxada uu webigani dhex maro ee ka bilaabata [[Boubhir]] ilaa [[Dellys]]. Magaciisa waxaa wadaaga tuulada iyo qalcaddii hore ee [[Ottoman|Cismaaniyiinta]] ee [[Bordj Sebaou]], oo ku taal hareeraheeda. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} 807io81h8nn678rpxjvijq1904lp36k 0 48687 301155 2026-07-09T15:08:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Soummam | native_name = Asif asemmam | native_name_lang = kab | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Les points blancs sont des poissons morts.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Soummam Basin OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Algeria|Gobol]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Akbou]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 65 km | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Akbou]], [[Algeria|Algeria]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = Badda Mediterranean-ka | mouth_location = [[Béjaïa]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36.7294|5.0764|type:river_region:DZ|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = Xaaladda ilaalinta | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Vallée de l'oued Soummam | designation1_date = 18 Diseembar 2009 | designation1_number = 1898<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vallée de l'oued Soummam|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1898|accessdate=25 Abriil 2018}}</ref>}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-point = none }} '''Webiga Soummam''' ({{langx|kab|Asif asemmam}}), waa webi ku yaal waqooyiga Algeria, kaas oo ka dhashay isugu biiridda [[Sahel River|Webiga Sahel]] iyo [[Bou Sellam River|Webiga Bou Sellam]] meel u dhow [[Akbou]] kuna qulqula Badda Mediterranean-ka ee [[Béjaïa]]. == Sharaxaadda == Biyaha gaara badda meeshan waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Isaak Mountain|Buuraha]] [[Ain Oulmane]], koonfurta [[Sétif]], [[Mount Dirah]], koonfurta [[Bouïra]], iyo xagga fog ee galbeedka [[Djurdjura]]. Dhab ahaantii, [[juqraafiga dabiiciga ah]] ee gobolku wuxuu dhigayaa ilaha ugu koonfureed ee Soummam xuduudaha aagga semi-qallalan ee lagu garto adkaanta la xidhiidha cimilada qaaradda, halka ilaha ugu dhow ay ku yaallaan dhulalka cimilada qoyan ilaa dhexdhexaadka ah. Soummam waxay ka kooban tahay shabakad hydrographic ah oo cufan oo si fiican loo bixiyo, gaar ahaan qaybteeda ku taal Tellian Atlas: Djurdjura, Babors iyo Bibans. Dhaamkeeda biyuhu wuxuu daboolayaa aag dhan 9,200 km² oo ku baahsan afar wilaya: Bouïra, Bordj Bou Arréridj, Sétif iyo Béjaïa. Iyada oo ay la socoto Cheliff, Tafna iyo Rhummel, Soummam waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn Algeria. Oued Soummam waxay qabataa aag dhan 9,200 km² oo loo qaybiyay sidan soo socota: *Dhaamka [[Oued]] [[Sahel River|Webiga Sahel]] oo ka bilaabma [[Sour El-Ghozlane]] (wilaya ee Bouïra) ilaa [[Akbou]]: 3,750 km²; *Dhaamka [[Oued]] [[Bou Sellam River|Webiga Bou Sellam]] oo ka bilaabma waqooyiga [[Sétif]] ilaa Akbou: 4,500 km²; *Dhaamka Soummam, haddii aan si adag u hadalno, kaliya laga bilaabo Akbou ilaa badda: 950 km². == Dooxada webiga == Dooxada Soummam waxaa loogu magac daray webiga dhex mara. Waxay ku taal [[Kabylia]], oo ah gobol ku yaal waqooyiga Algeria, iyadoo haysata [[Taliwin Mountain|marin]] ballaaran oo ku yaal wilaya ee Béjaïa. [[Béni Mansour–Bejaïa railway|Tareenka Béni Mansour–Bejaïa]] waa tareen goboleed si dhow u raacaya dooxadan webiga oo ku xidha shabakada tareenada qaranka ee degmada [[Boudjellil]]. Inta u dhaxaysa Akfadou-Gouraya oo ku yaal waqooyiga, silsiladda Biban (dhulka taariikhiga ah ee Ait Abbas) ee koonfur-bari iyo dooxada Sahel-Djurdjura (degmada Tazmalt) ee koonfur-galbeed. Dooxada Soummam, oo ka fidsan Akbou ilaa Béjaia, waxay u muuqataa marin cidhiidhi ah oo dabayl leh oo dhererkeedu yahay 65 km (gudaha wilaya ee Béjaïa) oo leh ballac ugu badan oo ah 4 km oo ku taal El Kseur. Jiirarka, gaar ahaan koonfurta, waa jiirar relatiif ahaan khafiif ah oo sidaas darteed aad u horumarsan. Aaggan waxaa loo qaybiyaa unugyo yaryar oo pedological ah: flysch-ku wuxuu ka adkaadaa Akbou, sandstone-ku wuxuu u badan yahay El Kseur. Degmooyinka Amizour, El Kseur, Ouzellaguen iyo Timezrit waxay leeyihiin aagag ballaaran oo ku habboon dalagyada hodanka ah sida beeraha suuqyada iyo beerashada miraha. == Hydrology == Dooxada Soummam waxaa dhex mara shabakad hydrographic ah oo cufan, oo ka kooban webiyo badan oo joogto ah iyo kuwo goos-goos ah, kuwaas oo Oued Soummam uu yahay ururiyaha ugu weyn. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta hydrological ee la ururiyay intii u dhaxaysay 1961 iyo 1976, qulqulka celceliska ee Soummam waa 25 m³ / s. Muddadii fatahaadii 1970-kii, qulqulka ugu badan ee la diiwaan geliyay wuxuu ahaa 115.9 m³ / s iyo qulqulka hoose (bilaha Luulyo iyo Agoosto) wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 0.6 m³ / s. Runtii, qulquladan ayaa muujinaya cillado waaweyn oo sanad-dhaaf ah, sidaas darteedna xilli-xilliyeedka. Afkeeda, Soummam waxay leedahay tabarucaad dhan 700,106 m³ / sanadkii oo biyo ah kuwaas oo ay ku kala duwanaato Badda Mediterranean-ka (Visiterv, 1987). Wax-soo-saarka ugu weyn wuxuu ka yimaadaa tributaries-ka bangiga bidix, oo leh celcelis ahaan wadar dhan 68.106 m³ / sanadkii, iyo tributaries-ka bangiga midig waxay soo saaraan celcelis ahaan 25 × 106 m³ / sanadkii. Tributaries-ka bangiga bidix waxay ku yaallaan jiirar ay ka badan yihiin roobabka iyo barafka, taas oo u oggolaanaysa inay marin u helaan qulqul dusha sare ah oo ka weyn jiirarka ay ku shubaan tributaries-ka bangiga midig. == Magaca == Ereyga Soummam waa qalloocinta ereyga kabyle "assemmam", oo macnihiisu yahay "acid". [[Pliny the Elder]] ayaa soo xigtay in Soummam loogu yeedhay "Nasava" by [[Ptolemy]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jNJcAAAAcAAJ Musee de Sculpture Antique et Moderne] consultéd 2015-08-28</ref><ref>Thomas Shaw Voyages dans plusieurs provinces de la Barbarie et du Levant, contenant des observations geographiques, physiques et philologiques sur les royaumes d'Alger et de Tunis, sur la Syrie, l'Egypte et l'Arabie pénétrée (1743)[https://books.google.com/books?id=ncAWAAAAQAAJ page]</ref><ref>Thomas Shaw, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2i8VAAAAQAAJ Voyage dans plusieurs provinces de la Barbarie et du Levant] (1743)</ref><ref>Joseph Guadet [https://books.google.com/books?id=HdDDH0JLcScC Dictionnaire universel abrégé de géographie ancienne compare] (Desray, 1820).</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} j6m2waw1a1znbs904524mdxv6yx1vrj 301156 301155 2026-07-09T15:08:34Z Isma4l 41797 301156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Soummam | native_name = Asif asemmam | native_name_lang = kab | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Les points blancs sont des poissons morts.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Soummam Basin OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Algeria|Gobol]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Akbou]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = 65 km | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Akbou]], [[Algeria|Algeria]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = Badda Mediterranean-ka | mouth_location = [[Béjaïa]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36.7294|5.0764|type:river_region:DZ|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = Xaaladda ilaalinta | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Vallée de l'oued Soummam | designation1_date = 18 Diseembar 2009 | designation1_number = 1898<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vallée de l'oued Soummam|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1898|accessdate=25 Abriil 2018}}</ref>}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | mapframe-point = none }} '''Webiga Soummam''' ({{langx|kab|Asif asemmam}}), waa webi ku yaal waqooyiga Algeria, kaas oo ka dhashay isugu biiridda [[Sahel River|Webiga Sahel]] iyo [[Bou Sellam River|Webiga Bou Sellam]] meel u dhow [[Akbou]] kuna qulqula Badda Mediterranean-ka ee [[Béjaïa]]. == Sharaxaadda == Biyaha gaara badda meeshan waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Isaak Mountain|Buuraha]] [[Ain Oulmane]], koonfurta [[Sétif]], [[Mount Dirah]], koonfurta [[Bouïra]], iyo xagga fog ee galbeedka [[Djurdjura]]. Dhab ahaantii, [[juqraafiga dabiiciga ah]] ee gobolku wuxuu dhigayaa ilaha ugu koonfureed ee Soummam xuduudaha aagga semi-qallalan ee lagu garto adkaanta la xidhiidha cimilada qaaradda, halka ilaha ugu dhow ay ku yaallaan dhulalka cimilada qoyan ilaa dhexdhexaadka ah. Soummam waxay ka kooban tahay shabakad hydrographic ah oo cufan oo si fiican loo bixiyo, gaar ahaan qaybteeda ku taal Tellian Atlas: Djurdjura, Babors iyo Bibans. Dhaamkeeda biyuhu wuxuu daboolayaa aag dhan 9,200 km² oo ku baahsan afar wilaya: Bouïra, Bordj Bou Arréridj, Sétif iyo Béjaïa. Iyada oo ay la socoto Cheliff, Tafna iyo Rhummel, Soummam waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn Algeria. Oued Soummam waxay qabataa aag dhan 9,200 km² oo loo qaybiyay sidan soo socota: *Dhaamka [[Oued]] [[Sahel River|Webiga Sahel]] oo ka bilaabma [[Sour El-Ghozlane]] (wilaya ee Bouïra) ilaa [[Akbou]]: 3,750 km²; *Dhaamka [[Oued]] [[Bou Sellam River|Webiga Bou Sellam]] oo ka bilaabma waqooyiga [[Sétif]] ilaa Akbou: 4,500 km²; *Dhaamka Soummam, haddii aan si adag u hadalno, kaliya laga bilaabo Akbou ilaa badda: 950 km². == Dooxada webiga == Dooxada Soummam waxaa loogu magac daray webiga dhex mara. Waxay ku taal [[Kabylia]], oo ah gobol ku yaal waqooyiga Algeria, iyadoo haysata [[Taliwin Mountain|marin]] ballaaran oo ku yaal wilaya ee Béjaïa. [[Béni Mansour–Bejaïa railway|Tareenka Béni Mansour–Bejaïa]] waa tareen goboleed si dhow u raacaya dooxadan webiga oo ku xidha shabakada tareenada qaranka ee degmada [[Boudjellil]]. Inta u dhaxaysa Akfadou-Gouraya oo ku yaal waqooyiga, silsiladda Biban (dhulka taariikhiga ah ee Ait Abbas) ee koonfur-bari iyo dooxada Sahel-Djurdjura (degmada Tazmalt) ee koonfur-galbeed. Dooxada Soummam, oo ka fidsan Akbou ilaa Béjaia, waxay u muuqataa marin cidhiidhi ah oo dabayl leh oo dhererkeedu yahay 65 km (gudaha wilaya ee Béjaïa) oo leh ballac ugu badan oo ah 4 km oo ku taal El Kseur. Jiirarka, gaar ahaan koonfurta, waa jiirar relatiif ahaan khafiif ah oo sidaas darteed aad u horumarsan. Aaggan waxaa loo qaybiyaa unugyo yaryar oo pedological ah: flysch-ku wuxuu ka adkaadaa Akbou, sandstone-ku wuxuu u badan yahay El Kseur. Degmooyinka Amizour, El Kseur, Ouzellaguen iyo Timezrit waxay leeyihiin aagag ballaaran oo ku habboon dalagyada hodanka ah sida beeraha suuqyada iyo beerashada miraha. == Biyaha == Dooxada Soummam waxaa dhex mara shabakad hydrographic ah oo cufan, oo ka kooban webiyo badan oo joogto ah iyo kuwo goos-goos ah, kuwaas oo Oued Soummam uu yahay ururiyaha ugu weyn. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta hydrological ee la ururiyay intii u dhaxaysay 1961 iyo 1976, qulqulka celceliska ee Soummam waa 25 m³ / s. Muddadii fatahaadii 1970-kii, qulqulka ugu badan ee la diiwaan geliyay wuxuu ahaa 115.9 m³ / s iyo qulqulka hoose (bilaha Luulyo iyo Agoosto) wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay 0.6 m³ / s. Runtii, qulquladan ayaa muujinaya cillado waaweyn oo sanad-dhaaf ah, sidaas darteedna xilli-xilliyeedka. Afkeeda, Soummam waxay leedahay tabarucaad dhan 700,106 m³ / sanadkii oo biyo ah kuwaas oo ay ku kala duwanaato Badda Mediterranean-ka (Visiterv, 1987). Wax-soo-saarka ugu weyn wuxuu ka yimaadaa tributaries-ka bangiga bidix, oo leh celcelis ahaan wadar dhan 68.106 m³ / sanadkii, iyo tributaries-ka bangiga midig waxay soo saaraan celcelis ahaan 25 × 106 m³ / sanadkii. Tributaries-ka bangiga bidix waxay ku yaallaan jiirar ay ka badan yihiin roobabka iyo barafka, taas oo u oggolaanaysa inay marin u helaan qulqul dusha sare ah oo ka weyn jiirarka ay ku shubaan tributaries-ka bangiga midig. == Magaca == Ereyga Soummam waa qalloocinta ereyga kabyle "assemmam", oo macnihiisu yahay "acid". [[Pliny the Elder]] ayaa soo xigtay in Soummam loogu yeedhay "Nasava" by [[Ptolemy]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jNJcAAAAcAAJ Musee de Sculpture Antique et Moderne] consultéd 2015-08-28</ref><ref>Thomas Shaw Voyages dans plusieurs provinces de la Barbarie et du Levant, contenant des observations geographiques, physiques et philologiques sur les royaumes d'Alger et de Tunis, sur la Syrie, l'Egypte et l'Arabie pénétrée (1743)[https://books.google.com/books?id=ncAWAAAAQAAJ page]</ref><ref>Thomas Shaw, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2i8VAAAAQAAJ Voyage dans plusieurs provinces de la Barbarie et du Levant] (1743)</ref><ref>Joseph Guadet [https://books.google.com/books?id=HdDDH0JLcScC Dictionnaire universel abrégé de géographie ancienne compare] (Desray, 1820).</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} n6ldxuv7f8xjop6u9c6yd0fsfn0519z 0 48688 301157 2026-07-09T15:10:30Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Soummam Basin OSM.png|thumb|right|Dhaamka Soummam oo ay ku jirto Oued Sahel (bartamaha)]] '''Webiga Sahel''' waa webi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Algeria]], kaas oo ku milma [[Bou Sellam River|Webiga Bou Sellam]] ayna ka samaysmaan [[Soummam River|Webiga Soummam]] meel u dhow [[Akbou]].<ref>Rachid Meddour, Bioclimatologie, phytogéographie et phytosociologie en Algérie. Exemple des groupements forestiers et préforestiers de la Kabylie djurdjuréenne, (Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou, 2010)</ref> Dhaamka Webiga Sahel (wilaya ee Bouira) waa qiyaastii 3,750 km{{sup|2}}. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|36.4283|4.5450|type:river_region:DZ|format=dms|display=title}} bz42asbel73r7qblczwcwmeih57xwdb 0 48689 301158 2026-07-09T15:13:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301158 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Le rhumel et le pont romain.jpg|thumb|upright 0.7|Rhumel iyo buundadii Roomaanka]] '''Webiga Rhumel''' (Carabi: وادي الرمال), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Rhummel, Rummel, El-Kebîrl, iyo wakhtigii hore sida webiga ''Ampsaga'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Février |first1=P.-A. |last2=E. B |date=1985-11-01 |title=Ampsaga/Amsaga |url=http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2483 |access-date=2019-10-09 |pages=606–608<!--endif p.totales--> |language=fr |publication-date= |issn=1015-7344}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=L'histoire de la Maurétanie. |url=http://www.cosmovisions.com/ChronoMauretanie.htm |access-date=2019-10-09 |website=www.cosmovisions.com |publication-date=}}</ref> waa webiga ugu weyn gobolka [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] ee dalka Algeria. == Juqraafiya == Isha webiga Rhumel waxay ku taal buuraha Ferdjioua (Mila). Halkaas ayuu kaga dhex maraa saxansaxada [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], ka dibna wuu cidhiidhyoomaa waqooyiga [[Aïn Smara]] halkaas oo uu sameeyo oxbow ku dhowaad dhammaystiran ka hor inta aanu dhex gelin, jihada SW/NE, miisaska nuuradda ee [[Djebel El Hadjar]] iyo saxansaxada {{Interlanguage link|Aïn el Bey|fr|Aïn El Bey}}. Halkan, wuxuu ugu qulqulaa doox cidhiidhi ah meel u dhow [[Boussouf, Algeria|Boussouf]], wuxuu marnaa qalloocyo dhowr ah, wuxuuna noqdaa mid aad u cidhiidhi ah mar kale meel la yiraahdo "giriigga Roomaanka". Tani waxay horseedaysaa laga soo galo [[Kheneg gorges]], kaas oo tiirkiisa bari ee weyn, oo loo yaqaan "buurta Tiddis", uu yahay goobta [[Tiddis]], magaalo muhiim ah oo [[Berbers|Berber]] iyo [[Ancient Rome|Roomaan ah]] oo uu baaray cilmibaaraha {{Interlanguage link|André Berthier|fr|André Berthier}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dussaud|first=René|date=1952|title=André Berthier. — Tiddis, antique Castellum Tidditanorum|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1952_num_29_3_4794_t1_0362_0000_5|journal=Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire|volume=29|issue=3|pages=362–363}}</ref> Meel aan ka fogayn waa tuulada [[Messaoud Boudjeriou|Messaoud Boudjriou]] (oo hore loo oran jiray Aïn-Kerma) iyo miinadeedii hore ee [[antimony]]. Rhumel-ka hoose (ama Oued-el-Kebir) wuxuu maraa dooxooyin qoto dheer oo ku yaal buuraha Numidian wuxuuna ku shubaa badda bari ee Gacanka [[Jijel]]. == Tributaries == Tributary-ga ugu weyn ee Rhumel waa [[Oued-Boumerzoug]] kaas oo ka kaca degmada [[Aïn M'lila]]. Biyihiisa waxaa si ballaaran loogu isticmaalaa waraabka, waxaana meel u dhow madaxa dooxada ku yaal spa-ga muhiimka ah ee [[Ain Fesguia]]. Tributary-gan wuxuu biyo cabitaan ah siiyaa magaalada Constantine, taas oo u nugul fatahaad maadaama ay ku taallo isugu biiridda Boumerzoug iyo Rhumel.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bourenane|first1=Hamid|last2=Bouhadad|first2=Youcef|last3=Guettouche|first3=Mohamed Said|date=2019-12-01|title=Flood hazard mapping in urban area using the hydrogeomorphological approach: case study of the Boumerzoug and Rhumel alluvial plains (Constantine city, NE Algeria).|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19302572|journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=160|article-number=103602|doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103602|s2cid=202911117 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Les gorges du Rhumel et le pont El Kantara.jpg|Dooxooyinka Rhumel iyo buundada El Kantara Pont des Chutes (Constantine) 02.jpg|Buundada Falls ee Webiga Rhumel Rhumel canyon, north side, Constantine, Algeria.jpg|Dooxada Rhumel, dhinaca waqooyi </gallery> Tributary kale waa [[Oued Dekri]], meel u dhow magaalada [[Chelghoum Laïd]], {{Convert|50|km|mi}} koonfur-galbeed ee Constantine. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == * P.-A. Février and E. B, "Ampsaga / Amsaga", Berber Encyclopedia, November 1, 1985, p. 606–608 ({{ISSN|1015-7344}}, read online, accessed October 9, 2019) * "The history of Maurétanie. », At www.cosmovisions.com (accessed October 9, 2019) * [https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/africa/constantine-the-most-beautiful-city-you-ve-never-heard-of-1.271786 Constantine, the most beautiful city you've never heard of] {{coord|36.8713|6.0830|format=dms|type:river_region:DZ|display=title}} 5cpxjlq0z8o7nsducdlaxv4huym1z5b 301159 301158 2026-07-09T15:13:53Z Isma4l 41797 301159 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Le rhumel et le pont romain.jpg|thumb|upright 0.7|Rhumel iyo buundadii Roomaanka]] '''Webiga Rhumel''' (Carabi: وادي الرمال), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Rhummel, Rummel, El-Kebîrl, iyo wakhtigii hore sida webiga ''Ampsaga'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Février |first1=P.-A. |last2=E. B |date=1985-11-01 |title=Ampsaga/Amsaga |url=http://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2483 |access-date=2019-10-09 |pages=606–608<!--endif p.totales--> |language=fr |publication-date= |issn=1015-7344}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=L'histoire de la Maurétanie. |url=http://www.cosmovisions.com/ChronoMauretanie.htm |access-date=2019-10-09 |website=www.cosmovisions.com |publication-date=}}</ref> waa webiga ugu weyn gobolka [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] ee dalka Algeria. == Juqraafiya == Isha webiga Rhumel waxay ku taal buuraha Ferdjioua (Mila). Halkaas ayuu kaga dhex maraa saxansaxada [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], ka dibna wuu cidhiidhyoomaa waqooyiga [[Aïn Smara]] halkaas oo uu sameeyo oxbow ku dhowaad dhammaystiran ka hor inta aanu dhex gelin, jihada SW/NE, miisaska nuuradda ee [[Djebel El Hadjar]] iyo saxansaxada {{Interlanguage link|Aïn el Bey|fr|Aïn El Bey}}. Halkan, wuxuu ugu qulqulaa doox cidhiidhi ah meel u dhow [[Boussouf, Algeria|Boussouf]], wuxuu marnaa qalloocyo dhowr ah, wuxuuna noqdaa mid aad u cidhiidhi ah mar kale meel la yiraahdo "giriigga Roomaanka". Tani waxay horseedaysaa laga soo galo [[Kheneg gorges]], kaas oo tiirkiisa bari ee weyn, oo loo yaqaan "buurta Tiddis", uu yahay goobta [[Tiddis]], magaalo muhiim ah oo [[Berbers|Berber]] iyo [[Ancient Rome|Roomaan ah]] oo uu baaray cilmibaaraha {{Interlanguage link|André Berthier|fr|André Berthier}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dussaud|first=René|date=1952|title=André Berthier. — Tiddis, antique Castellum Tidditanorum|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1952_num_29_3_4794_t1_0362_0000_5|journal=Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire|volume=29|issue=3|pages=362–363}}</ref> Meel aan ka fogayn waa tuulada [[Messaoud Boudjeriou|Messaoud Boudjriou]] (oo hore loo oran jiray Aïn-Kerma) iyo miinadeedii hore ee [[antimony]]. Rhumel-ka hoose (ama Oued-el-Kebir) wuxuu maraa dooxooyin qoto dheer oo ku yaal buuraha Numidian wuxuuna ku shubaa badda bari ee Gacanka [[Jijel]]. == Qaybaha dhaxalka == Qaybaha dhaxalka ugu weyn ee Rhumel waa [[Oued-Boumerzoug]] kaas oo ka kaca degmada [[Aïn M'lila]]. Biyihiisa waxaa si ballaaran loogu isticmaalaa waraabka, waxaana meel u dhow madaxa dooxada ku yaal spa-ga muhiimka ah ee [[Ain Fesguia]]. Tributary-gan wuxuu biyo cabitaan ah siiyaa magaalada Constantine, taas oo u nugul fatahaad maadaama ay ku taallo isugu biiridda Boumerzoug iyo Rhumel.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bourenane|first1=Hamid|last2=Bouhadad|first2=Youcef|last3=Guettouche|first3=Mohamed Said|date=2019-12-01|title=Flood hazard mapping in urban area using the hydrogeomorphological approach: case study of the Boumerzoug and Rhumel alluvial plains (Constantine city, NE Algeria).|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19302572|journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=160|article-number=103602|doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103602|s2cid=202911117 |issn=1464-343X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> Les gorges du Rhumel et le pont El Kantara.jpg|Dooxooyinka Rhumel iyo buundada El Kantara Pont des Chutes (Constantine) 02.jpg|Buundada Falls ee Webiga Rhumel Rhumel canyon, north side, Constantine, Algeria.jpg|Dooxada Rhumel, dhinaca waqooyi </gallery> Tributary kale waa [[Oued Dekri]], meel u dhow magaalada [[Chelghoum Laïd]], {{Convert|50|km|mi}} koonfur-galbeed ee Constantine. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == * P.-A. Février and E. B, "Ampsaga / Amsaga", Berber Encyclopedia, November 1, 1985, p. 606–608 ({{ISSN|1015-7344}}, read online, accessed October 9, 2019) * "The history of Maurétanie. », At www.cosmovisions.com (accessed October 9, 2019) * [https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/africa/constantine-the-most-beautiful-city-you-ve-never-heard-of-1.271786 Constantine, the most beautiful city you've never heard of] {{coord|36.8713|6.0830|format=dms|type:river_region:DZ|display=title}} dxzp0i048fym7znfwel365sgghxcf2k 0 48690 301160 2026-07-09T15:16:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Medjerda | native_name = {{native name|ar|واد مجردة}} | image = Medjerda (RN 5).jpg | image_caption = Webiga Medjerda | map = Medjerda river drainage basin-fr.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Dhaamka webiga Medjerda (Khariidad ku qoran Faransiis) | map_alt = | source1_location = [[Tell Atlas]], Algeria | mouth_location = [[Gulf of Tunis|Gacanka Tunis]], [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|37|6|42|N|10|12|47|E|region:TN_type:river|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] iyo [[Tunisia|Tunisia]] | length = {{cvt|460|km|mi}} | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|29|m3/s|cuft/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|22000|km2|mi2}} }} [[File:Medjerda.jpg|thumb|aragti ka mid ah webiga]] '''Webiga Medjerda''' ({{langx|ar|وادي مجردة}}), kaas oo qadiim ahaan loo yaqaannay '''Bagradas''', waa webi ku yaal Waqooyiga Afrika oo ka qulqula waqooyi-bari [[Algeria|Algeria]] dhex marana [[Tunisia|Tunisia]] ka hor inta aanu ku shubin [[Gulf of Tunis|Gacanka Tunis]] iyo [[Lake of Tunis|Harada Tunis]]. Dhererkiisu yahay {{cvt|450|km|mi|0}}, waa webiga ugu dheer dalka Tunisia. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Wadi Majardah''' ama '''Mejerda''' ({{langx|fr|Oued Majardah}}).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Azedine |last=Beschaouch |title=De l'Africa latino-chrétienne à l'Ifriqiya arabo-musulmane: questions de toponymie |language=fr |journal=CRAI |volume=130 |issue=3 |year=1986 |pages=530–549 |doi=10.3406/crai.1986.14420 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1986_num_130_3_14420 |access-date=2023-10-08 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Socodka == Webiga Medjerda wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Tell Atlas]], oo ka mid ah [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]], ee waqooyi-bari Algeria ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa bariga ilaa Tunisia, ka dibna wuxuu galaa [[Gulf of Utica|Gacanka Utica]] ee [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]]. Socodkiisu waa dherer dhan {{convert|460|km|mi}}. Waa webiga ugu muhiimsan uguna dheer dalka Tunisia waxaana lagu xidhay biyo-xireenno dhowr ah, isagoo ah meesha ugu weyn ee biyaha siisa dalagyada sarreenka ee dalka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/tunisia/english/activities/activity03.html |title=Study on Integrated Basin Management of the Medjerda River {{!}} Tunisia {{!}} Countries & Regions {{!}} JICA |website=www.jica.go.jp |language=en |access-date=28 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gacanka Utica waxaa la sameeyay intii lagu jiray kala-guurkii postglacial qiyaastii 6,000 oo sano ka hor. Waqti ka dib, qashinka webiga ee ka yimaada Medjerda ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u buuxiyay qaybta waqooyi ee gacanka. Isku-xigxiga dhacdooyinka intii lagu jiray waqtiyada taariikhiga ah waxaa laga soo saaray dukumentiyada qadiimiga ah iyo caddaymaha qadiimiga ah. Ka sokow indha-indheynta dhulka, sawirada hawada iyo satellite-ka ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo falanqeeyo sida muuqaalka dhulku u horumaray 3,000 oo sano ee la soo dhaafay. Qaybta koonfureed ee gacanka ayaa la buuxiyay xilligii dambe ee qadiimiga ah. Baddii ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah uga baxday qaybta waqooyi intii lagu jiray Qarniyadii Dhexe iyo waqtiyada casriga ah. Harada Ghar el Melh waa hadhaagii ugu dambeeyay ee waxa loo isticmaali jiray gacanka Utica. Ka dib fatahaaddii ugu weynayd ee 1973-kii, Medjerda waxay mar kale beddeshay socodkeeda. Hadda waxay ku qulqushaa kanaal markii hore loo qoday in laga saaro biyaha fatahaadda.<ref>Ameur Oueslati, [[Faouzia Charfi]] & Fadhel Baccar, ''La basse vallée de Oued Majerda et la lagune de Ghar El Melh'', projet WADI</ref> == Taariikh == Taariikh ahaan Medjerda waa marin-biyoodka ugu muhiimsan ee Tunisia oo biyo nadiif ah siiya xarumaha dadweynaha ee dalka. Waxa kale oo ay muhiim u tahay dadka ku nool webiga agtiisa. Biyaha Medjerda waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[waraabka]] waxayna udub dhexaad u yihiin beeraha gobolka. Il khayraad istiraatiiji ah, waxaa ku dagaallamay oo dhowr jeer degeen [[Carthaginians|Kartaajiyiinta]], [[Ancient Rome|Roomaanka]], [[Vandals|Fandaalka]], [[Byzantine Empire|Bysantiiniyiinta]], [[Arabs|Carabta]], iyo [[Ottoman Turks|Turkiga Cismaaniyiinta]]. Magaalooyin dhowr ah oo waaweyn ayaa la aasaasay ama u dhow, oo ay ku jiraan [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]], [[Carthage]], iyo ugu dambeyntii [[Tunis]]. Dekadaha hore ee [[Utica, Tunisia|Utica]] iyo [[Ghar el-Melh]] (Rusucmona ama Porto Farina) ayaa ugu dambeyntii la xiray sababtoo ah dhoobada dekadahooda. == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Authority control}} d1pybj9w5oiq56ikm77q6o8qkw674e3 0 48691 301161 2026-07-09T15:18:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Mellègue | native_name = | image = Oued Mellègue.jpg | image_caption = Aragti ka mid ah socodka Webiga Mèllegue | map = File:Medjerda Bassin OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Dhaamka Medjerda oo uu ku jiro Webiga Mellègue (dhexda-bidix) | map_alt = | source1_location = Webiga Chabro, Algeria | mouth_location = [[Medjerda River|Webiga Medjerda]], Tunisia | mouth_coordinates = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] iyo [[Tunisia|Tunisia]] | length = {{cvt|317|km|mi}}<ref name=Mono>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/Monographies/N%C2%B06-Monographie%20de%20la%20Mejerdah.pdf Monographies Hydrologiques Orstom N°6 - Le Bassin de la Mejerdah]</ref> | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{cvt|10.790|km2|mi2}}<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-26 |language=fr |title=Etude Sur la Gestion Intégrée du Bassin Axée Sur la Régulation des Inondations dans le Bassin de la Medjerda en République Tunisienne |url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11919909_01.pdf}}</ref> }} '''Webiga Mellègue''' oo u badan inuu yahay '''Muthul'''-kii qadiimiga ahaa,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1q26p9c |title=Encyclopedie berbere. Fasc. XLII: Saboides - Sidi Slimane |date=2019 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-3646-1 |volume=42}}</ref> waa webi isku xidha [[Algeria|Algeria]] iyo [[Tunisia|Tunisia]]. [[Drainage basin|Dhaamkiisa biyaha]] ayaa ka soo bilaabma dhulalka sare ee waqooyi-bari Algeria (meel u dhow [[Souk Ahras]]),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samai |first=Ibtissem |last2=Nebbache |first2=Saloua |last3=Aounallah |first3=Ouafia |last4=Ayat |first4=Somia Lakehal |date=2023-05-01 |title=Seasonal and Qualitative Approach of the Oued Mellègue Basin (Algeria) |url=https://www.ecoeet.com/Seasonal-and-Qualitative-Approach-of-the-Oued-Mellegue-Basin-Algeria-,159968,0,2.html |journal=Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology |language=english |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=184–191 |doi=10.12912/27197050/159968 |issn=2719-7050|doi-access=free }}</ref> iyadoo Webiga Chabro ee [[Tébessa]] uu yahay mid ka mid ah [[River source|ilaha]] ugu caansan ee uu ka yimaado.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Creully |first=M. Le général |date= |title=Khemiça, Ruines De Tubursicu Numidarum |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41744483 |journal=Revue Archéologique |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=182–186 |issn=0035-0737}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu dhex maraa galbeedka Tunisia ee gobolka [[El Kef]], isagoo noqonaya tributary-ga ugu weyn ee [[Medjerda River|Webiga Medjerda]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lucci |first=Federico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrjuEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 |title=Selected Studies in Geomorphology, Sedimentology, and Geochemistry: Proceedings of the 3rd Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-3) |last2=Doronzo |first2=Domenico M. |last3=Knight |first3=Jasper |last4=Travé |first4=Anna |last5=Grab |first5=Stefan |last6=Kallel |first6=Amjad |last7=Panda |first7=Sandeep |last8=Chaminé |first8=Helder I. |last9=Rodrigo-Comino |first9=Jesús |date=2024-01-16 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-43744-1 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref> == Taariikh == Webiga Mellègue, oo lagu yaqaanay waqtiyadii hore sida Webiga Muthul, waa goob taariikhi ah oo muhiim ah oo si qoto dheer ula xidhiidha dagaalladii qadiimiga ahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoyos |first=Dexter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_WvCQAAQBAJ |title=Truceless War: Carthage's fight for survival, 241 to 237 BC |date=2007-09-30 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2192-4 |language=en}}</ref> Waxay ahayd goobta dagaalka ee [[Battle of the Muthul|Dagaalkii Muthul]] intii lagu jiray [[Jugurthine War|Dagaalkii Jugurthine]], kaas oo dhex maray [[Numidia|Boqortooyada Numidian]], oo uu hoggaaminayay Boqor [[Jugurtha]], iyo [[Roman Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Roomaanka]], oo ay hoggaaminayeen Consul [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus|Metellus]] iyo [[Gaius Marius]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Rickard |first=John |date=19 December 2017 |title=Battle of the Muthul River, 109 BC |url=https://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_muthul.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=www.historyofwar.org}}</ref> Taariikhyahankii Roomaanka [[Sallust]] wuxuu ku sifeeyay gobolka uu dagaalku ka dhacay sidan: {{Blockquote|text=Waxaa qaybtaas Numidia ka mid ahaa. webi ka soo jeeda Koonfurta oo la yiraahdo Muthul, kaas oo ku dhowaad labaatan mayl u jira buuro ku yaalla barbar socda, oo ka madhan koritaan dabiici ah iyo hoyga bini'aadamka. Laakiin sida haddii ay dhexda kaga soo baxday buur, oo aad u fidsan oo lagu daboolay oleaster iyo myrtle iyo noocyo kale oo geedo ah, sidaas darteed Jugurtha wuxuu xero ku dhistay buurtaas,...|author=[[Sallust]]|source=<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Rhiannon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnMjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Theorising Rome |last2=Wurster |first2=Sonya |date=2021-03-10 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-6730-6 |language=en|pages=76}}</ref>}} Goobtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay natiijada dagaalka; [[Numidians|Numidiyiintu]] waxay si xeeladaysan uga faa'iidaysteen aqoontooda saxda ah ee dhulka iyaga oo ka dhan ah xeeladaha adag ee Roomaanka, iyaga oo ku wareegsan ciidanka Roomaanka iyada oo loo marayo [[Skirmisher|dagaallo]] fog-fog, hawlgallo lama filaan ah, iyo ka bixitaan istiraatiiji ah.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sidnell |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/warhorsecavalryi0000sidn |title=Warhorse : cavalry in ancient warfare |date=2006 |publisher=London ; New York : Hambledon Continuum |others= |isbn=978-0-8264-2105-0 |pages=201}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray xilligii hore, nidaamka [[Hydrology|biyo-mareenka]] ee dooxada Webiga Mellègue iyo tributaries-kiisa bariga [[Algeria|Algeria]] waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaareen istaraatiijiyadda, iyagoo u adeegaya marin dabiici ah oo loogu talagalay shabakadda waddooyinka qadiimiga ah ee isku xirta magaalooyinka waaweyn ee [[Numidia|Numidian]].<ref name=":0" /> Sahaminta qadiimiga ah waxay muujinaysaa in waddada Roomaanka ee isku xirta [[Theveste]], [[Madauros]], [[Thubursicum|Tubursicum Numidarum]], iyo [[Calama (Numidia)|Calama]] ay si adag u raacday dhidibka juqraafiyeed ee dooxada Mellègue ee sare.<ref name=":0" /> Iyadoo ka bilaabmaysa [[Tébessa]], waddadu waxay la jaanqaadday dhererka bari ee webiga Chabro, oo ah [[tributary]] muhiim ah oo Algerian ah oo ka mid ah Webiga Mellègue, iyadoo sii maraysa dhowr saldhig oo qadiimi ah oo ay ku jiraan [[Morsott]] iyo buurta Mukhiriga. Waddadu waxay markaa u gudubtay bangiga bidix ee Webiga Mellègue, iyadoo u kacday jiirarka qallalan ee ku aaddan saxansaxada sare ee Madauros, kaas oo dul mara dooxada [[Medjerda River|Medjerda]].<ref name=":0" /> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} fbd17slr0uaasqfzwepms9vbizp37eb 0 48692 301162 2026-07-09T15:20:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oued Saoura | image = Béni-Abbés Oued saoura.JPG | image_size = | image_alt = Webiga Saoura | image_caption = Oued Saoura oo ku yaal Béni Abbès | map = Saoura OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Nidaamka webiga Saoura | source1_location = Isugu biiridda [[Oued Guir|Oued Guir]] iyo [[Oued Zouzfana|Oued Zouzfana]] | mouth_location = [[Sebkhel el Melah]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Béchar Province|Gobolka Béchar]] (oo qayb yar ay ku taal [[Adrar Province|Gobolka Adrar]]) | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = [[Oued Zouzfana|Oued Zouzfana]] | tributaries_right = [[Oued Guir|Oued Guir]] | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Oued Saoura''' waa webi goos-goos ah, ama [[wadi]], ka samaysma isugu biiridda [[Oued Guir|Oued Guir]] iyo [[Oued Zouzfana|Oued Zouzfana]] meel u dhow [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]], kaas oo samaysa dooxada [[Saoura]].<ref name="Merzougui">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|title=L’eau dans l’oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sahara Occidental Algérien)|publisher=Nature Vivante|accessdate=21 February 2013|first=Touhami|last=Merzougui|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071904/http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In kasta oo waagii hore qulqulka webigu uu ahaa mid joogto ah oo badan, sannadihii u dambeeyay wuu yaraaday sababtuna waa dhismaha [[Djorf Torba Dam|Biyo-xireenka Djorf Torba]] ee Oued Guir.<ref name="Merzougui"/> == Socodka == Laga bilaabo Igli, Oued Saoura waxay dhex martaa [[Béchar Province|Gobolka Béchar]] iyadoo dhaafta magaalooyinka [[Béni Abbès]], [[Tamtert]], [[El Ouata]], [[Béni Ikhlef]], [[Kerzaz]], [[Timoudi]], [[Ouled Khoudir]], iyo [[Ksabi]], ka dibna waxay martaa wadada weyn ee N6 ka hor inta aysan gaarin harada [[endorheic]] ee [[Sebkha el Melah]]. {{Coord|30|29|11|N|2|18|18|W|display=title|region:DZ}} == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} gx9dhlw6rx3n9nknksvyyxpinj4b90m 0 48693 301163 2026-07-09T15:22:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oued Zouzfana | image = File:BASA-3K-7-350-43-Zouzfana.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Oued Zouzfana bishii Janaayo 1913 | map = Saoura OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Nidaamka webiga Saoura oo ay ku jiro Zousfana (dhexda-midig) | source1_location = Saharan [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] waqooyiga [[Figuig]] | mouth_location = [[Oued Saoura|Oued Saoura]] oo ku yaal [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] iyo [[Morocco|Morocco]] | subdivision_type2 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name2 = {{hlist|[[Figuig]]|[[Béni Ounif]]|[[Taghit]]|[[Igli, Algeria|Igli]]}} | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|498|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Oued Zouzfana''' waa webi goos-goos ah, ama [[wadi]], oo dhex mara gobolka [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]] ee koonfur-bari [[Morocco|Morocco]] iyo [[Béchar Province|Gobolka Béchar]]<ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref><ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6589746-sheet_2.jpg Defense Mapping Agency, 1981].</ref> ee koonfur-galbeed [[Algeria|Algeria]].<ref name="Merzougui">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|title=L’eau dans l’oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)|publisher=Nature Vivante|accessdate=21 February 2013|first=Touhami|last=Merzougui}}</ref> == Socodka == <gallery> Vue de Taghit.jpg|Oued Zouzfana iyo tuulada [[Taghit]] AG 006 large.jpg |Zouzfana wadi oo ku yaal [[Taghit]] </gallery> Oued Zouzfana wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] oo ku yaal [[waqooyi]] magaalada [[Figuig]], wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta isagoo dhaafaya [[Figuig]] iyo [[Béni Ounif]], ka dibna wuxuu u leexdaa koonfur-galbeed isagoo maraya [[Taghit]] ugu dambeyntiina [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]], halkaas oo uu kula milmo [[Oued Guir|Oued Guir]] si uu u sameeyo [[Oued Saoura|Oued Saoura]].<ref name="Merzougui"/> Oued Zouzfana wuxuu maraa jbel Sidi Youssef oo ku yaal koonfurta Figuig. Dadka degan Figuig weli waxay beeraan timirta. Mararka qaarkood waxaa jira fatahaado ka yimaada webigan. Dhacdadan, haddii aan sidaas u wacno; waxay badanaa u dhacdaa sababtoo ah Oued Zouzfana mar walba ma sido biyo fara badan, waxay dhacdaa xitaa marka aanu roob ka da'in gobolka, maadaama sababta fatahaadu ay fog tahay [[Figuig]] una dhow dhinaca bari ee [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|30.4864|N|2.3050|W|source:wikidata|display=title}} asbrxb6krkkiy6nczo65f7nx87nffir 301272 301163 2026-07-10T08:56:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oued Zouzfana | image = File:BASA-3K-7-350-43-Zouzfana.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Oued Zouzfana bishii Janaayo 1913 | map = Saoura OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Nidaamka webiga Saoura oo ay ku jiro Zousfana (dhexda-midig) | source1_location = Saharan [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] waqooyiga [[Figuig]] | mouth_location = [[Oued Saoura|Oued Saoura]] oo ku yaal [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria|Algeria]] iyo [[Morocco|Morocco]] | subdivision_type2 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name2 = {{hlist|[[Figuig]]|[[Béni Ounif]]|[[Taghit]]|[[Igli, Algeria|Igli]]}} | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|498|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Oued Zouzfana''' waa webi goos-goos ah, ama [[wadi]], oo dhex mara gobolka [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]] ee koonfur-bari [[Morocco|Morocco]] iyo [[Béchar Province|Gobolka Béchar]]<ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref><ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6589746-sheet_2.jpg Defense Mapping Agency, 1981].</ref> ee koonfur-galbeed [[Algeria|Algeria]].<ref name="Merzougui">{{cite web|url=http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|title=L’eau dans l’oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)|publisher=Nature Vivante|accessdate=21 February 2013|first=Touhami|last=Merzougui|archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071904/http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Socodka == <gallery> Vue de Taghit.jpg|Oued Zouzfana iyo tuulada [[Taghit]] AG 006 large.jpg |Zouzfana wadi oo ku yaal [[Taghit]] </gallery> Oued Zouzfana wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] oo ku yaal [[waqooyi]] magaalada [[Figuig]], wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta isagoo dhaafaya [[Figuig]] iyo [[Béni Ounif]], ka dibna wuxuu u leexdaa koonfur-galbeed isagoo maraya [[Taghit]] ugu dambeyntiina [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]], halkaas oo uu kula milmo [[Oued Guir|Oued Guir]] si uu u sameeyo [[Oued Saoura|Oued Saoura]].<ref name="Merzougui"/> Oued Zouzfana wuxuu maraa jbel Sidi Youssef oo ku yaal koonfurta Figuig. Dadka degan Figuig weli waxay beeraan timirta. Mararka qaarkood waxaa jira fatahaado ka yimaada webigan. Dhacdadan, haddii aan sidaas u wacno; waxay badanaa u dhacdaa sababtoo ah Oued Zouzfana mar walba ma sido biyo fara badan, waxay dhacdaa xitaa marka aanu roob ka da'in gobolka, maadaama sababta fatahaadu ay fog tahay [[Figuig]] una dhow dhinaca bari ee [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|30.4864|N|2.3050|W|source:wikidata|display=title}} 7l6pyoh77uem6qwkv7jq1vkmtmndzkd 0 48694 301164 2026-07-09T15:24:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luenha Mazowe OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Mazowe ee uu ku jiro webiga Luenha (bartamaha)]] '''Webiga Mazowe''' (oo hore loo oran jiray '''Webiga Mazoe''') waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]], halkaas oo loogu yeero Rio Mazoe ama Rio Mazoé.<ref>[https://tracks4africa.co.za/listings/item/w144569/high-bridge-luenha-river/ Tracks4Africa - Travel Africa Informed]</ref> Webigu wuxuu ka kacaa waqooyiga [[Harare|Harare]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi ka dibna waqooyi-bari, halkaas oo uu ka samaysmo qayb ka mid ah xuduudda Mozambique wuxuuna ku milmaa Webiga Luenha, oo ah tributary-ga [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]]. Mazowe wuxuu leeyahay dhaam biyo-qabatin ah oo dhan qiyaastii {{convert|39000|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chikozho |first1=Claudious |year=2008 |title=Stakeholder Participatory Processes and Dialogue Platforms in the Mazowe River Catchment, Zimbabwe |journal=African Studies Quarterly |volume=10 |issue=2/3 |pages=27–44, page 33 |url=https://sites.clas.ufl.edu/africanquarterly/files/Chikozho-Vol10Issue23.pdf }}</ref> Sanadkii 1920-kii, [[Mazowe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mazowe]] ayaa laga dhisay webiga afartan kiiloomitir waqooyiga Harare si loogu waraabiyo beeraha liinta.<ref>Kent Rusmussen, R. & Rubert, S. (1990) ''Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe'', The Scarecrow Press.</ref> Webiga iyo tributaries-kiisa waa goob caan ku ah dadka dahabka baadhay iyo hawlaha yaryar ee placer,<ref>{{Cite news |title=EMA bemoans the menace of illegal mining |url=https://spiked.co.zw/ema-bemoans-the-menace-of-illegal-mining/ |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in kasta oo xilliga roobabka, Mazowe uu noqdo mid si xoog leh u qulqula, inta badan jabiyo bangiyadiisa oo u geysta waxyeelo bulshooyinka maxalliga ah iyo beeraha. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{Rivers of Mozambique}} {{coord|16|23|17|S|33|47|05|E|region:ZW_type:river_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} h7h23fdmn3154icreospyt537aya53d 301400 301164 2026-07-10T11:57:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301400 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luenha Mazowe OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Mazowe ee uu ku jiro webiga Luenha (bartamaha)]] '''Webiga Mazowe''' (oo hore loo oran jiray '''Webiga Mazoe''') waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]], halkaas oo loogu yeero Rio Mazoe ama Rio Mazoé.<ref>[https://tracks4africa.co.za/listings/item/w144569/high-bridge-luenha-river/ Tracks4Africa - Travel Africa Informed]</ref> Webigu wuxuu ka kacaa waqooyiga [[Harare|Harare]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi ka dibna waqooyi-bari, halkaas oo uu ka samaysmo qayb ka mid ah xuduudda Mozambique wuxuuna ku milmaa Webiga Luenha, oo ah tributary-ga [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]]. Mazowe wuxuu leeyahay dhaam biyo-qabatin ah oo dhan qiyaastii {{convert|39000|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chikozho |first1=Claudious |year=2008 |title=Stakeholder Participatory Processes and Dialogue Platforms in the Mazowe River Catchment, Zimbabwe |journal=African Studies Quarterly |volume=10 |issue=2/3 |pages=27–44, page 33 |url=https://sites.clas.ufl.edu/africanquarterly/files/Chikozho-Vol10Issue23.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sanadkii 1920-kii, [[Mazowe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mazowe]] ayaa laga dhisay webiga afartan kiiloomitir waqooyiga Harare si loogu waraabiyo beeraha liinta.<ref>Kent Rusmussen, R. & Rubert, S. (1990) ''Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe'', The Scarecrow Press.</ref> Webiga iyo tributaries-kiisa waa goob caan ku ah dadka dahabka baadhay iyo hawlaha yaryar ee placer,<ref>{{Cite news |title=EMA bemoans the menace of illegal mining |url=https://spiked.co.zw/ema-bemoans-the-menace-of-illegal-mining/ |archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304220018/https://www.spiked.co.zw/ema-bemoans-the-menace-of-illegal-mining/ }}</ref> in kasta oo xilliga roobabka, Mazowe uu noqdo mid si xoog leh u qulqula, inta badan jabiyo bangiyadiisa oo u geysta waxyeelo bulshooyinka maxalliga ah iyo beeraha. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{Rivers of Mozambique}} {{coord|16|23|17|S|33|47|05|E|region:ZW_type:river_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}} fg7mancsman63jov3lfi3ok6dsahui3 0 48695 301165 2026-07-09T15:26:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Manyame | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Panhame, Hunyani | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Hunyani Basin OSM.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Dhaamka Hunyani (Manyame) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1752|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Cahora Bassa]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|15|42|21|S|30|39|00|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|326|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Manyame''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Panhame''' iyo kii hore '''Hunyani''' waa webi ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]], waana tributary-ga [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277191/Hunyani-River|title = Hunyani River &#124; river, Africa}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} abvxwkithecsv0z41tcd7fw5toc1btj 0 48696 301166 2026-07-09T15:28:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanyati Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Sebakwe ee ku yaal biyaha webiga Sanyati (xagga hoose)]] '''Webiga Sebakwe''' ama '''Webiga Zibagwe''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. {{coord |-18.6080|29.6238|type:city_region:ZW|display=title}} Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu ku yaal Gobolka [[Midlands (Zimbabwe)|Midlands]] ee Zimbabwe. Wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|150| km|mi}} oo xariiq toosan ah laga bilaabo isha ilaa afka,<ref>[http://zw.geoview.info/sebakwe_river,55372292w Sebakwe River] Waxaa la helay 5 Maarso 2016</ref> waana tributary-ga [[Munyati River|Webiga Munyati]] oo uu kaga biiro [[Zhombe|Zhombe East]] meel ku taal {{coord|18.6027|S|29.6188|E|region:ZW_type:landmark|name=Sebakwe River mouth|format=dms}}. Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu ka soo degaa ciribta koonfur-galbeed ee Buurta Mtoro, oo jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1580|m}}, waqooyi-bari ee [[Chivhu]]. Wuxuu markaas u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed, bariga Chivhu iyo galbeedka [[The Range, Zimbabwe|The Range]].<ref>Hartley Final Map GRID Ref: TQ9707 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Hartley_final.jpg Hartley Final] Rhodesian Map Archive SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> == Asalka == Magaca Sebakwe waa qalloocinta magaca ''Zibagwe'' oo macnihiisu yahay geed galley ama hadhuudh aad u weyn. Nooca kale ee asalka magaca ayaa sheegaya inuu ka yimid magaca "''Chiwake'' oo macnihiisu yahay 'wax la dhisay', taas oo tixraacaysa xannibaad la dhisay intii lagu jiray Kacdoonkii".<ref>[http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/ColourfulPlaceNamesofRhodesia.htm Waxaa la helay 5 Maarso 2016]</ref> Hadda magaca "Zibagwe" ayaa baahsan. Waxaa jira halyeey afka laga soo gudbiyay oo sheegaya sida magaca Zibagwe u yimid. Waxay leedahay ''Zibagwe'' oo ah magaca [[ChiShona|ChiShona]] ee "geed galley ama hadhuudh aad u weyn" waxaa la bixiyay markii dadka maxalliga ah ay soo booqdeen si ay u baaraan xerada ay sahamiyayaasha Yurub u dejiyeen bilo badan. Sahamiyayaashii la sheegay waxay xerada uga tageen meel kale oo u sii jeedda waqooyiga ilaa [[Mashonaland]]. Dadka maxalliga ah waxay ka heleen xerada laga tagay geed galley aad u weyn oo leh hadhuudh aad u waaweyn. In kasta oo ay u yimaadeen raadinta hanti wixii ay dadka Caddaan ka tagi karaan, qofna ma taaban geedka galleyda ee soo jiidashada leh sababtoo ah waxay ku ag taallay [[kaadi-hayaha]] xerada, si wanaagsan ayaa loogu bacrimiyay [[Urine#Agriculture|kaadi]]. Geedka galleyda ee la sheegay wuxuu halkaas joogay waqti dheer, sababtoo ah wuxuu ku yiil bangiga webiga, waxay webiga u ugu yeereen "kuZibagwe" oo macnihiisu yahay "geed galley ah oo aad u weyn". In kasta oo aan si rasmi ah loo sheegin, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in Zibagwe "Urinal" Maize Plant uu dhiirigeliyay mashruuca musqulaha tijaabada ah ee deegaanka ee laga fuliyay Zimbabwe dhowr sano ka hor. Mashruuc cilmi-baaris ah oo 3 sano ah oo adeegsanaya kaadida la qasiyay sida bacriminta ayaa laga sameeyay Epworth, Harare (2008–2010) natiijooyinkuna waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u wanaagsan.<ref>Peter Morgan 2011 bogga 6 [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1285 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta] susana.org Waxaa la helay 14 Maarso 2016</ref> (Buugga oo dhan wuxuu muujinayaa sida adeegsiga kaadida la qasiyay ee dhirta ay aad waxtar ugu yeelan karto koritaanka dhirta.) == Webiga Little Sebakwe == [[File:2._Effect_of_urine_treatement_on_maize_growth_(5621512601).jpg|thumb|Saamaynta daaweynta kaadida ee koritaanka galleyda. Hadhuudhka weyn ee halkan ku yaal waxaa loo yaqaan Zibagwe.]] Webiga ugu weyn ee Sebakwe wuxuu ku shubaa [[Munyati River|Webiga Munyati]]. Waxaa jira webi kale oo Sebakwe ah oo loo yaqaan [[Little Sebakwe River|Webiga Little Sebakwe]] kaas oo leh dherer dhan {{convert|7.6|km}} wuxuuna gebi ahaanba ku yaal [[Mashonaland East Province|Gobolka Mashonaland East]]. Si ka duwan webiga ugu weyn ee Sebakwe, wuxuu u qulqulaa bariga ilaa Webiga Nyazvidzi, [[drainage basin|dhaamka biyaha]] ee Save River. Little Sebakwe wuxuu maraa waqooyiga buurta Dombo, jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1455|m}}, iyo koonfurta buurta Dowa, jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1386|m}}, socodkiisa ku aaddan Webiga Nyazvidzi. Wuxuu la kulmaa Webiga Nyazvidzi koonfur-bari ee Dugsiga St Kizito waxa loo yaqaanay Eastdale Tribal Trust Land.<ref>Map Grid Ref: TP9463 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Selukwe_final.jpg Selukwe_final.jpg Rhodesian Maps Archive] SHEETFALL - 1:250 000 SERIES Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> == Hawlaha Taariikhiga ah == Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu leeyahay taariikh hodan ah. Waxay u muuqataa in Kwekwe, oo markaas loo higgaadiyay [[Que Que]], loo yaqaanay Sebakwe ka hor intaan loo qaadan magaca Que Que.<ref>Eric Rosenthal Cutubka XIX. pp49 [http://www.zjc.org.il/images/RHODESIAN%20JEWRY%20AND%20ITS%20STORY%20-%20Part%20Two.pdf Part Two -Zimbabwe Jewish Community] Michael dhibaatooyinkiisu haba yaraatee ma dhammaan, waayo wuxuu ku dhacay deymaha horumarin la siiyay isagoo loo marayo Benevolent Society. Warqad ayaa loo diray 25 Agoosto 1903, shirkadda Globe and Phoenix Gold Mining Company ee Sebakwe (oo hadda loo yaqaan Que Que), isagoo xusuusinaya: "Waxaa jira saddex lacagood oo C5 ah oo dib u dhac ah, sida ku cad qorshahaaga aad ku bixinayso deyntaada. aamin, sidaas darteed, in aadan ku guuldareysan doonin inaad ii soo dirto jeeggaaga C15…"] Eric Rosenthal Part II]Zimbabwe Jewish Community Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> Qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad sahamiye reer Portugal ah, Fernandes, ayaa xero ku dhigtay bangiyada Webiga Sebakwe meel aan {{convert|5|mi|km}} u jirin [[Kwekwe|Kwekwe]].<ref>[http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/02/fishermans-paradise/ Fisherman’s Paradise] Bilowgii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad, markii Monomotapa xukumayay, sahamiyaha ugu horreeya ee Yurub, oo ahaa reer Portugal, Fernandes, ayaa xero ku dhigtay bangiyada Sebakwe meel aan shan mayl u jirin Que Que. Once Called Home Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> Boqor Lobengula wuxuu lahaa qaar ka mid ah reefs-ka weheliya Webiga Sebakwe oo loo calaamadeeyay sida sheegashadiisa Sebtember 1890<ref>[http://www.geni.com/projects/Pioneers-of-Rhodesia-Individuals/14703 Pioneers of Rhodesia - Individuals] DAWSON, James. Bulawayo 3 May 1886, wuxuu markhaati ka ahaa dukumeentiga xaqiijinaya deeqda Loben ee aagga Tati ee shirkadda Northern Light Gold Mining Company. DAWSON wuxuu ku sugnaa Matabeleland intii lagu jiray Maajo 1885 iyo Maarso 1886, iyo dabayaaqadii Luulyo 1888. 18 Sebtember 1890 Lobengula wuxuu siiyay DAWSON warqad u oggolaanaysa inuu calaamadiyo sheegashooyinka (Iohe,) ee Mashonaland ee webiyada Umfuli iyo Zimbo. DAWSON wuxuu u aaday Salisbury si uu uga mudaaharaado maamulka in dadka deegaanka ay sheegteen reefs-kiisa. H. J.BORROW ayaa la raacay aagga webiyada Sebakwe iyo Bembesi si uu u calaamadiyo sheegashooyin kale oo Boqorka ah. geni.com Waxaa la helay 10 Maarso 2016</ref> Dhulkii uu Webiga Sebakwe soo maray waxaa loo yaqaanay Degmada Sebakwe. Shirkad soo saartay Gaika Mine ee Que Que waxay lahayd 437 sheegasho dahab ah degmada Sebakwe ee markaas iyo dhammaan biyaha la isticmaalay waxay ahaayeen Webiga Sebakwe.<ref>[http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/08/down-in-the-dumps-2/ Down in the Dumps] Shirkadda Chicago Gaika Development Co. ayaa la bilaabay 1897 waxayna soo saartay 200,000 oo saamiyo ah oo min hal rodol ah. Saamiyada si buuxda ayaa loo qoray. Waxay heshay 437 sheegasho dahab ah degmada Sebakwe. Once Called Home Waxaa la helay 10 Maarso 2016</ref> Sannadkii 1914 (diiwaannada qaar waxay sheegaan 1880) [[Frederick Selous|Fred Selous]] wuxuu toogtay oo dilay wiyil cad webigan iyo madaxiisa ayaa la ilaaliyay. Waxay ku taal Matxafka Ingiriiska. Magaca sawirku waa "Sebakwe 1914"<ref>[http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/images/Sebakwe-1914_i1178632407.php Madaxa wiyil cad oo uu toogtay Fred Selous Webiga Sebakwe ee Zimbabwe]. Laga soo bilaabo Selous et al., Cayaarta weyn ee Afrika iyo Yurub, 1914, pl.2. Rhino Resource Center Imagrs Waxaa la helay 5 Maarso 2016</ref> [[File:RhinoSelous.jpg|thumb|Sebakwe 1914_Madaxa wiyil cad oo uu toogtay Fred Selous Webiga Sebakwe ee Zimbabwe]] Fredrick Selous waxaa ku dhowaatay inuu dilo shabeel Webiga Sebakwe.<ref>John Guille Millais 2013 bogga 208 [http://192.34.63.172/docs/life%20of%20frederick%20courteney%20selous%20dso%20capt%2025th%20royal%20fusiliers.pdf Webiga Sebakwe] wuxuu riday wuxuu u maleeyay inuu yahay waraabe, laakiin markii uu u soo dhowaaday xayawaanka, oo uu filayay inuu helo dhintay, maadaama uu maqlay xabbadda oo dhacday, waxaa si lama filaan ah u soo weeraray shabeel. Bahalka cadhaysan wuxuu maray toos hoostiisa stirrup-iron-kiisa, ka dib markii uu socday soddon yard wuu istaagay oo fadhiistay dhabarkiisa. Xabbad kale oo uu riday ayaa isla markiiba dishay. Nolosha Fredrick Courtney Selous, DSO Capt 25th Royal Fusiliers. Asal ahaan waxaa la daabacay 1919 Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu ahaa xuduud u dhaxaysa Mashonaland iyo Matabeleland markii Southern Rhodesia ay weli ahayd dal ka kooban laba gobol. Waxay sidoo kale ahayd waddo loogu safro bari ilaa Wadada Salisbury-Bulawayo taas oo ahayd galbeedka Enkeldoorn iyo meelaha Fort Charter. Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu kaloo lahaa meelo laga gudbo oo aan lahayn buundooyin laakiin ferryboat, oo lagu sawiray giraangir u safrayay fiilada sida baabuur hawada ah.<ref>[http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Rhodesia_-_and_After_1000435054/135 p.114-5. Rhodesia - and After: Being the Story of the 17th and 18th Battalions of Imperial Yeomanry] Laba maalmood ka dib, annagoo ka gudbayna Webiga Sebakwe, waxaan ka gudubnay dhulkii Mashonas una gudubnay Matabeleland. In kasta oo dhammaadkii xilligii abaarta ay dhammaan waddooyinkayadu ahaayeen kuwo si wanaagsan loo waraabiyay, xitaa sariiraha webiga ee ugu yar waxay lahaayeen barkado dherer kala duwan oo laga heli karo sahay biyo ah oo aad u badan. Roobabka kuwa waaweyn waa fatahaado degdeg ah, waxaana lagu gudbaa sanduuq ama sariir laga soo jiido bangi ilaa bangi oo ay la socoto fiilo fiilo oo lagu xidhay hawada dhexdeeda. Mararka qaarkood " sida Sebakwe " ferryboat, oo lagu sawiray giraangir u safrayay fiilada, ayaa lagu beddelay baabuurkii hawada. Waxaan hadda ku sugnaa wadada Salisbury-Buluwayo, waxaana maalin walba na dhaafi jiray tababarayaasha Zeederberg, taas oo hadda ah habka kaliya ee gaadiidka rakaabka u dhexeeya labada caasimadood. forgottenbooks.com Waxaa la helay 10 Maarso 2016</ref> Dad badan oo degay xilligii hore waxay heleen dhul ay weheliyaan Webiga Sebakwe oo aan la iska celin karin.<ref>Pombiyadonha http://pombiyadonha.byo24.com/index-id-iblog-iblog-509.html Koox weyn oo ka mid ah dadka Caddaan ee degay ayaa aasaasay beeraha Webiga Umnyati iyo Webiga Sebakwe ee dhulka Chief Mashava. Qaar kale waxay beerahooda ku lahaayeen agagaarka Fort Charter ee dhulka Chief Maromo. Sannadkii 1895, dhulalkii chiefs Maromo, Mashava iyo Nyika waxay gebi ahaanba ku jireen beeralayda Afrikaner ee aag dhuleed dhan qiyaastii afar boqol iyo konton kun oo acre. Dhulka Chief Mutekedza, byo24.com|Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu mar walba ahaa il biyo cabitaan iyo waraab ah. Waxay xitaa leedahay weirs qarnigii 19-aad qaar ka mid ah oo ay abuureen buundooyin gaadhi.<ref>Info http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/orton’s-drift-over-sebakwe-river Waggon outspan waa 120 mitir koonfurta guriga oo leh Orton’s Drift kaas oo ka gudba Webiga Sebakwe oo ku yaal ford dhagax ah oo si macmal ah loo dhisay kaas oo xidha Webiga Sebakwe dhankiisa bari. -19°09′10.80″S 30°39′01.64″E Zimfieldguide.com Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu mar walba ahaa xariiqda nolosha ee Kwekwe bilowgii. Que Que waxay ka horumartay townships macdanta ee Gaika iyo Globe iyo Phoenix mines. Biyo cabitaan ee Gaika iyo G and P mines waxaa laga soo raray Webiga Sebakwe gaadhiga lo'da ilaa G iyo P mine la siiyay xuquuqda biyaha si loo dhuumo biyaha webiga {{convert |5.25| mi|km}} fog 1898.<ref>http://www.oncecalledhome.com/2012/08/down-in-the-dumps-2/ Biyo cabitaan waxaa laga soo raray Webiga Sebakwe gaadhiga lo'da laakiin ka dib muran sharci ah 1898 G iyo P waxay heleen oggolaansho ay ku shubaan biyaha iyada oo loo marayo dhuumo shan iyo rubuc mayl ah oo ka yimid Webiga Sebakwe. Si kastaba ha ahaatee intii lagu jiray abaartii 1904 shaqaalaha Gaika waxay u socdeen G iyo P oo wata afar gallon oo paraffin tins si ay u helaan biyohooda. Once Called Home Waxaa la helay 10 Maarso 2016</ref> Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu kaloo u dhaqmay sidii xuduudda waqooyi ee Kutanga Bombing Range ee markaas Rosedale Farming Area. Kala duwanaanshahan waxaa u isticmaalay diyaaradaha dagaalka ee [[Gweru-Thornhill Air Base|Thornhill Air Base]] kaas oo weli shaqeynaya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourstory.com/thread.html?t=248866&comments=1 |date=10 Maarso 2016 |title=Kutanga Bombing Range - {{sic|I|t's|nolink=y}} Taariikh · 1960 - 1983 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314164505/http://www.ourstory.com/thread.html?t=248866&comments=1 |archive-date=14 Maarso 2016 |access-date=14 Maarso 2016 }}</ref> Kutanga Bombing Range waxay ku taal koonfurta magaalada Midlands ee loo yaqaan Que Que ee degmada oo inta badan loo yaqaan Bemberzaan/ Sebakwe (oo loogu magac daray labada webi ee aaggaas) bulshada beeralayda ee loo yaqaan Rosedale. Tani waxay juqraafi ahaan u dhigtay kala duwanaanshaha waqooyiga Thornhill qiyaastii {{convert |50| mi|km}}. == Hawlaha Hadda == Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu siiyaa Munyati Power Station biyo loogu talagalay kariyeyaasha iyada oo loo marayo kanaal dhan {{convert|23|km|adj=on}}<ref>ZPC [http://www.zpc.co.zw/powerstations/5/munyati-power-station Munyati Power Station] - Zimbabwe Power Company |Kariyeyaasha waxaa loogu talagalay inay gubaan dhuxusha "peas". Biyaha waxaa laga soo saaraa laba ilood: Webiga Sebakwe iyada oo loo marayo kanaal dhan 23-kilomitir iyo Munyati Weir iyada oo loo marayo dhuumo 3-kilomitir ah. Zimbabwe Power Corporation Power Stations Waxaa la helay 10 2016</ref> {{convert|266|ML|adj=on}} [[Sebakwe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Sebakwe]] ayaa ka gudba Webiga Sebakwe, wuxuuna siiyaa Kwekwe, [[Sebakwe Recreational Park|Sebakwe Recreational Park]] iyo [[Redcliff, Zimbabwe|Redcliff]] biyo.<ref>BLESSED MHLANGA 23 Janaayo 2014 [http://www.southerneye.co.zw/2014/01/23/kwekwe-runs-dry-debt/ Kwekwe runs dry over debt] KWEKWE iyo Redcliff waxay u tageen maalin labaad biyo la'aan shalay ka dib markii Maamulka Biyaha Qaranka Zimbabwe (Zinwa) uu xiray waalka biyaha ee Sebakwe Dam ka dib markii muran ka dhashay deyn dhan $800 000. Southern Eye News Waxaa la helay 12 Maarso 2016</ref><ref>Tinomuda Chakanyuka 17 Janaayo 2016 [http://www.sundaynews.co.zw/cities-dam-levels-critical-7-month-water-supply-left/ Cities dam levels critical…7-month water supply left] Sebakwe iyo Lower Zibagwe oo siiya Kwekwe iyo Redcliff ayaa weli ah 65,3 boqolkiiba buuxa. Sunday News|Top Stories Waxaa la helay 12 Maarso 2016</ref> Sebakwe Recreational Park iyo Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust Conservancy waxay ilaaliyaan duurjoogta.<ref>Guide [http://zimfieldguide.com/midlands/sebakwe-recreational-park|Sebakwe Recreational Park] Zimbabwe Field Guide|Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> Webiga sidoo kale waxaa lagu xiray Dutchman's Pool Dam, sidoo kale Webiga Sebakwe iyo il biyo oo dheeri ah oo loogu talagalay [[Kwekwe|Kwekwe]].<ref>Webworld [http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Zimbabwe/1zw`se~1.htm Sebakwe at Dutchman'S Pool Dam] unesco.org Water Waxaa la helay 13 Maarso 2016</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} m8dv3ojet1jqwhwondmm96nu853jxgr 0 48697 301167 2026-07-09T15:30:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301167 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanyati Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Kwe Kwe ee ku yaal biyaha webiga Sanyati (xagga hoose)]] '''Webiga Kwe Kwe'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zw.geoview.info/kwe_kwe_river,3649344p |title=Kwe Kew River map (not shown) |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (oo loo yaqaanay '''Webiga Que Que''' ilaa 1983) waa webi yar oo mara magaalada [[Kwekwe]] ee [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary yar oo ka mid ah [[Sebakwe River|Webiga Sebakwe]] wuxuuna ku milmaa [[Sebakwe River|Webiga Sebakwe]] waqooyiga magaalada.<ref>Map of Kwekwe [https://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3002_8to.jpg](la galay 02/11/2008)</ref> Biyaha ka yimaada webiga waxaa isticmaala warshadaha birta ee samaysma lafdhabarta magaalada [[Kwekwe|Kwekwe]]. Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu ku milmaa [[Sanyati River|Webiga Sanyati]] kaas oo u qulqula waqooyi wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]]. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Kwekwe]] * [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} 3et8fxaptldsyc8rk7cg1l1e3vxla2i 301392 301167 2026-07-10T11:55:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301392 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanyati Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Kwe Kwe ee ku yaal biyaha webiga Sanyati (xagga hoose)]] '''Webiga Kwe Kwe'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zw.geoview.info/kwe_kwe_river,3649344p |title=Kwe Kew River map (not shown) |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 Bisha Tobnaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028194733/https://zw.geoview.info/kwe_kwe_river,3649344p }}</ref> (oo loo yaqaanay '''Webiga Que Que''' ilaa 1983) waa webi yar oo mara magaalada [[Kwekwe]] ee [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary yar oo ka mid ah [[Sebakwe River|Webiga Sebakwe]] wuxuuna ku milmaa [[Sebakwe River|Webiga Sebakwe]] waqooyiga magaalada.<ref>Map of Kwekwe [https://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3002_8to.jpg](la galay 02/11/2008)</ref> Biyaha ka yimaada webiga waxaa isticmaala warshadaha birta ee samaysma lafdhabarta magaalada [[Kwekwe|Kwekwe]]. Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu ku milmaa [[Sanyati River|Webiga Sanyati]] kaas oo u qulqula waqooyi wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]]. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Kwekwe]] * [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} 6ec4uwvj5ktqlur0v27uz5v2om59dxk 0 48698 301168 2026-07-09T15:32:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sengwa Fluss.jpg|thumb|Sengwa sannadkii 2017]] [[File:Lake Kariba Tributary OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiyada ku shubma Biyo-xireenka Kariba oo ay ku jiro Sengwa (bartamaha)]] '''Webiga Sengwa''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan webiga Sengwe/ webiga Sengwi) waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa 279 Km dherer ah. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Mashonaland West Province|Gobolka Mashonaland West]] iyo [[Matabeleland North Province|Gobolka Matabeleland North]] ee Midlands, Zimbabwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sengwa River {{!}} 279 km, Zimbabwe |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Sengwa%20River%20000252953565/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=waterwaymap.org}}</ref> == Qaybaha dhaxalka == Webiga Sengwa wuxuu leeyahay 25 tributaries, kuwaas oo intooda badan aan la magacaabin marka laga reebo kuwa soo socda:<ref name=":0" /> * [[Lutope River|Webiga Lutope]] * [[Busi River|Webiga Busi]] * [[Karungwizi River|Webiga Karungwizi]] * [[Yobi River|Webiga Yobi]] * [[Mutola River|Webiga Mutola]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|17.0609|S|28.0439|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} 7gftm6tqpfaibxapv008r3sipuzjg3g 0 48699 301169 2026-07-09T15:39:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301169 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gwayi Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dhaamka Webiga Gwayi]] '''Webiga Gwayi''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxa uu ku yaal [[Matabeleland]]. Waxa uu sameeyaa xuduudda u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Tsholotsho District|Tsholotsho]] iyo [[Lupane District|Lupane]], ee Gobolka Matabeleland North ee Zimbabwe. Biyo-xireen laga dhisayo webiga, Gwayi-Shangani Dam, ayaa dhismihiisu socday tan iyo 2004tii.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandivengerei |first=Paidashe |date=2025-05-12 |title=Gwayi- Shangani Dam completion target in doubt, again |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/gwayi-shangani-dam-completion-target-in-doubt-again/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Biyo-xireenka ayaa la qorsheeyay inuu biyo siiyo magaalada Bulawayo wuxuuna ka kooban yahay qayb ka mid ah [[Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project|Mashruuca Biyaha ee Matabeleland Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=June 13, 2025 |title=Gwayi-Shangani Dam project to miss December deadline |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200042834/gwayi-shangani-dam-project-to-miss-december-deadline |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Southern Eye |language=en}}</ref> Webiga wuxuu khatar ku yahay dadka deegaanka. Dad ayaa ku maansooday intii lagu jiray xilliga roobabka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibanda |first=Thomas |date=2021-02-08 |title=Drowned woman's body found after all-night prayer on riverbank |url=https://www.zimlive.com/drowned-womans-body-found-after-all-night-prayer-on-riverbank/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Zimbabwe News Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-31 |title=Four people drown in flooded rivers |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/four-people-drown-in-flooded-rivers/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Zimbabwe Mail |language=en-GB}}</ref> Webiga Gwayi wuxuu kaloo hoy u yahay yaxaasyo, kuwaas oo khatar ku ah dadka deegaanka. == Tixraac == {{Reference list}}{{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{coord|17.9775|S|26.9229|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} jsxfumq1iqumuul16n9oi209hl461uf 301367 301169 2026-07-10T11:41:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gwayi Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dhaamka Webiga Gwayi]] '''Webiga Gwayi''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxa uu ku yaal [[Matabeleland]]. Waxa uu sameeyaa xuduudda u dhaxaysa degmooyinka [[Tsholotsho District|Tsholotsho]] iyo [[Lupane District|Lupane]], ee Gobolka Matabeleland North ee Zimbabwe. Biyo-xireen laga dhisayo webiga, Gwayi-Shangani Dam, ayaa dhismihiisu socday tan iyo 2004tii.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandivengerei |first=Paidashe |date=2025-05-12 |title=Gwayi- Shangani Dam completion target in doubt, again |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/gwayi-shangani-dam-completion-target-in-doubt-again/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Biyo-xireenka ayaa la qorsheeyay inuu biyo siiyo magaalada Bulawayo wuxuuna ka kooban yahay qayb ka mid ah [[Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project|Mashruuca Biyaha ee Matabeleland Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=June 13, 2025 |title=Gwayi-Shangani Dam project to miss December deadline |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200042834/gwayi-shangani-dam-project-to-miss-december-deadline |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Southern Eye |language=en}}</ref> Webiga wuxuu khatar ku yahay dadka deegaanka. Dad ayaa ku maansooday intii lagu jiray xilliga roobabka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibanda |first=Thomas |date=2021-02-08 |title=Drowned woman's body found after all-night prayer on riverbank |url=https://www.zimlive.com/drowned-womans-body-found-after-all-night-prayer-on-riverbank/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Zimbabwe News Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-31 |title=Four people drown in flooded rivers |url=https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/four-people-drown-in-flooded-rivers/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=The Zimbabwe Mail |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004172953/https://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/four-people-drown-in-flooded-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webiga Gwayi wuxuu kaloo hoy u yahay yaxaasyo, kuwaas oo khatar ku ah dadka deegaanka. == Tixraac == {{Reference list}}{{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{coord|17.9775|S|26.9229|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} l1qm17hdl5xic0lff2cky57b2uusaa8 0 48700 301170 2026-07-09T15:41:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gwayi Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|300px|Webiga Shangani oo ku yaal biyaha webiga Gwayi (bartamaha)]] '''Shangani''' waa webi ku yaal [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] kaas oo ka bilaabma meel u dhow [[Gweru|Gweru]], [[Gweru River|Webiga Gweru]] oo ah mid ka mid ah tributaries-kiisa ugu waaweyn, wuxuuna dhex maraa gobollada [[Midlands Province|Midlands]] iyo [[Matabeleland North|Matabeleland North]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Gwayi River|Webiga Gwayi]]. Webiga Shangani wuxuu ahaa goobtii 4tii Diseembar 1893 ee dagaalkii [[Shangani Patrol]] kaas oo Major [[Allan Wilson (army officer)|Allan Wilson]] iyo 31 nin oo ka tirsan [[British South Africa Company|Shirkadda British South Africa]] ay dileen dagaalyahannadii Matabele. Kaliya laba Maraykan ah, [[Frederick Russell Burnham]] iyo Pete Ingram, iyo hal Australiyaan ah, W.L. Gooding, ayaa ka badbaaday weerarka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dahlin|first1=T.|last2=Owen|first2=R.|date=1998|title=Geophysical investigations of alluvial aquifers in Zimbabwe|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201407067|journal=4th EEGS Meeting|publisher=European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers|doi=10.3997/2214-4609.201407067|isbn=978-94-6282-127-9|s2cid=55982331 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|-18.5074|27.1898|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} {{Authority control}} av5sh7pmsqukrgynujhboc8nr7sko3z 0 48701 301171 2026-07-09T15:43:11Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Pungwe | native_name = {{native name|pt|Rio Púngoè or Rio Púnguè}} | name_other = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Pungwe ee [[Nyanga National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nyanga]], Zimbabwe | image_alt = | map = Pungwe Basin OSM.svg | map_size = 250 | map_caption = Khariidadda dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Pungwe | map_alt = <!---------------------- BASIN --> | river_system = Webiga Pungwe | progression = | source1_location = [[Mount Nyangani|Buurta Nyangani]] (Zimbabwe) | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,500|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_location = [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-19.865278|34.818611|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | altitude_difference = | basin_size = {{convert|31,151|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|32,243.7|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = <!---------------------- PHYSIOGNOMY --> | length = {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|20.44|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> (Xilligii: 1971–2000) {{cvt|615.9|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref> {{convert|120|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/> ilaa {{convert|133|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- FEATURES --> | tributaries_left = Vunduzi, [[Urema River|Urema]] | tributaries_right = [[Honde River|Honde]] | waterbodies = | waterfalls = [[Pungwe Falls]] | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Pungwe''' ({{langx|pt|Rio Púngoè|links=no}} ama ''Rio Púnguè''<ref name=NGIA/>) waa webi dhererkiisu dhan yahay {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} oo mara [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]].<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/><ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Wuxuu ka kacaa hoos-ta Buurta [[Mount Nyangani|Mount Nyangani]] ee ku taal [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] ee Zimbabwe ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari isagoo maraya gobollada [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] ee Mozambique. Pungwe wuxuu galaa [[Urema Valley|Dooxada Urema]], oo ah qaybta ugu koonfureed ee [[Great Rift Valley|Dooxada Weyn ee Rift]], halkaas oo uu ka sameeyo xuduudda koonfureed ee [[Gorongosa National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gorongosa]]. [[Urema River|Webiga Urema]] ayaa ku milma, webiguna wuxuu raacaa dooxada rift koonfurta. Dhul-qoyan xilliyeed ballaaran ayaa ka samaysma agagaarka webiyada Pungwe iyo Urema ee qaybta dooxada rift. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] meel u dhow [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], isagoo sameeya estuary ballaaran.<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Waa mid ka mid ah webiyada waaweyn ee Mozambique oo inta badan keena fatahaado.<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/><ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> [[File:BeiraFromTheISS.jpg|right|thumb|Beira oo ku taal afka Webiga Pungwe, sida laga arkay [[International Space Station|Xarunta Hawada Caalamiga ah]]]] [[File:Flooding in Mozambique Púnguè River 2010-03-08.jpg|thumb|right|Fatahaadda Webiga Pungwe sida laga arkay dayax-gacmeedka NASA [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] sannadkii 2010.]] [[File:Sofala Province Mozambique 2009-03-12.jpg|thumb|right|Webiga Pungwe oo ku jira xaalad caadi ah sida laga arkay dayax-gacmeedka NASA [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] sannadkii 2009.]] == Tributaries == Tributaries-ka bidix ee ugu waaweyn, laga bilaabo kor-webiga ilaa hoos-webiga, waa Nhazonia, Txatola, Vinduzi, iyo Nhandugue-Urema. Tributaries-ka midig waa [[Honde River|Honde]] iyo Muda. == Dhaamka Pungwe == Dhanka maamulka, Dhaamka Pungwe wuxuu daboolaa qaybo ka mid ah gobollada Sofala iyo Manica ee Mozambique, iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah [[Mutasa District|Degmada Mutasa]] ee Zimbabwe. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah dhaamka Zimbabwe waxay ku dhacdaa [[Nyanga District|Degmada Nyanga]].<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Sannadkii 2003, dadka ku nool dhaamka Mozambique waxaa lagu qiyaasay 1,104,000 oo qof iyo kuwa Zimbabwe 96,000 oo qof.<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> == Nidaamyada sahayda biyaha == Aagga magaalada [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] ee Mozambique waxay biyaha ka heshaa Webiga Pungwe. Baahida biyaha ee 2004 ee sahayda biyaha Beira/Dondo, oo ay ku jireen aagagga Mutua iyo Mafambisse, ayaa lagu qiyaasay {{convert|25,339|m3}}/maalintii. Magaalada [[Mutare]] waxaa laga siiyaa Webiga Pungwe iyada oo loo marayo xarun kala wareejin inter-catchment ah. Qadarka loo wareejiyo ayaa ku kooban ugu badnaan {{convert|0.7|m3/s}} iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha ruqsadda biyaha iyo naqshadaynta nidaamka. Intaa waxaa dheer, 27 Sebtember 1995, waxaa lagu heshiiyey kulan ay yeesheen wasiirrada Mozambique iyo Zimbabwe ee mas'uulka ka ah arrimaha biyaha in biyaha laga soo saari karo Webiga Pungwe si loo siiyo magaalada Mutare, iyada oo xadka sare uu yahay {{convert|1|m3/s}}. Sidaas darteed, soo saarista go'an ee {{convert|60,480|m3/day|e3ft3/day|abbr=unit}} ee magaalada Mutare ayaa loo qaatay sida baahida biyaha ee Webiga Pungwe. Degmada Reer Miyiga ee Mutasa ayaa sidoo kale la filayaa inay biyaha ka soo saarto dhuumaha Pungwe si ay u siiso tuulooyinka ku teedsan waddooyinkeeda.<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Isbeddelka cimilada ayaa la saadaalinayaa inuu u horseedi doono ilaa 10% dhimis ku timaada roobabka sannadlaha ah. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay hoos u dhac ku yimaada qulqulka webiga iyo biyaha la heli karo ee dhaamka Webiga Pungwe, taas oo laga yaabo inay cawaaqib xumo ku yeelato wax soo saarka beeraha. In kasta oo isbeddelka u dhexeeya sannadaha ee qulqulka aan la saadaalinayn inuu si weyn isu beddelo, isbeddelka sannad-gudaha [[Masterplan Beira 2035|ayaa la filayaa inuu kordho]]. Tani waxay ka sii dari doontaa fatahaadaha iyo abaaraha labadaba.<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/> == Discharge == Qulqulka Webiga Pungwe ee '''Jangada''' ({{coord|19|26|56.7276|S|34|32|16.2204|E}}). Xilligii laga bilaabo 1998/01/01 ilaa 2023/12/31 (Xigasho: ''The Flood Observatory''):<ref name="The Flood Observatory">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/260.htm|title=The Flood Observatory}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Sannad ! colspan="3" |Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) ! rowspan="2" |Sannad ! colspan="3" |Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) |- !''Celcelis'' !Min !Max !''Celcelis'' !Min !Max |- |1998 |''512'' |165 |1,152 |2011 |''496'' |219 |861 |- |1999 |''817'' |377 |1,570 |2012 |''196'' |28 |553 |- |2000 |''491'' |155 |1,125 |2013 |''471'' |108 |1,068 |- |2001 |''1,351'' |786 |2,388 |2014 |''565'' |199 |991 |- |2002 |''166'' |13 |531 |2015 |''263'' |53 |683 |- |2003 |''131'' |8 |362 |2016 |''329'' |86 |730 |- |2004 |''378'' |116 |839 |2017 |''798'' |304 |1,772 |- |2005 |''232'' |20 |651 |2018 |''800'' |298 |1,453 |- |2006 |''572'' |277 |1,000 |2019 |''1,010'' |297 |2,237 |- |2007 |''458'' |106 |966 |2020 |''647'' |165 |1,315 |- |2008 |''609'' |285 |1,158 |2021 |''884'' |381 |1,863 |- |2009 |''784'' |449 |1,213 |2022 |''524'' |164 |1,224 |- |2010 |''658'' |264 |1,325 |2023 |''718'' |237 |1,463 |} == Tixraac == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Andersson et al. 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Andersson|first1=Lotta|last2=Samuelsson|first2=Patrick|last3=Kjellström|first3=Erik |year=2011 |title=Assessment of climate change impact on water resources in the Pungwe river basin |journal=Tellus A |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=138–157 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00480.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=NGIA>{{cite web |url=http://geonames.nga.mil/namesviewer/ |title=GeoNames Search |work=Geographic Names Database |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> <ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph">{{cite book |title=The Pungwe River Monograph. Main Report. SWECO Project No: 1150447 |author=SWECO & Associates |date=April 2004 |publisher=Government of the Republic of Mozambique; Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) |pages=64 pp | no-pp = y |url=http://www.elmed-rostov.ru/Projects/Pungwe%20CD/Reports/eng/Monograph/Monograph%20Main%20Report%20English.pdf }}</ref> }} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141547/http://www.pungweriver.net/Eng/main/index.htm Pungwe River Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009082830/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/EFS/photoinfo.pl?PHOTO=STS61C-37-42 NASA: Earth from Space] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/biodiversity-and-livelihoods-in-the-pungwe-river-basin-under-threat |title=Biodiversity and Livelihoods in the Pungwe River basin under threat |work=IW:Learn |date=23 May 2024}} kqbdbf8np4ion7mc5qo7ov7pt05bb2o 0 48702 301172 2026-07-09T15:45:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Buzi | native_name = {{langx|pt|Rio Búzi}} | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Cyclone Idai floods near Beira 2019-3-19 by ESA Copernicus Sentinel-1.jpg | image_caption = Webiga Buzi oo fatahaad ka dib [[Cyclone Idai]], Maarso 2019 | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobollada | subdivision_name2 = [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 374 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|9.49|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> (Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|315.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|19|52|0|S|34|46|0|E}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = Webiga Búzi | basin_size_km2 = 28,490|basin_size_ref=<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> ilaa {{cvt|31,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = Revué, Lucite | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Buzi''' ({{langx|pt|Rio Búzi}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Mozambique|Mozambique]]. Buzi wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] (ama Buuraha Manica) oo ku yaal xuduudda Mozambique iyo Zimbabwe, wuxuuna u qulqulaa bariga isagoo maraya gobollada [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] ee Mozambique. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] galbeedka [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], isagoo samaynaya estuary ballaaran oo ay weheliyaan [[Pungwe River|Webiga Pungwe]]. == Juqraafiyadda == Webiga Buzi waa {{convert|374|km|mi|abbr=on}} dherer, wuxuuna leeyahay [[drainage basin|dhaamka biyaha]] dhan {{convert|31,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Celceliska [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqulka]] sannadlaha ah waa 79 [[Cubic metre per second|m³/s]] (2,790 [[Cubic foot per second|cfs]]) ilaa {{cvt|315|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} afkiisa.<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nakayama |first= Mikiyasu |title= International Waters in Southern Africa |year= 2003 |publisher= United Nations University Press |isbn= 92-808-1077-4 |pages= 9}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC Google Books]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277533245_FLOOD_FORECASTING_MODELING_FOR_THE_BUZI_RIVER_BASIN_IN_MOZAMBIQUE |title=Flood forecasting modeling for the Buzi River Basin in Mozambique |date= 2012 |doi= 10.13140/RG.2.1.2603.7928 |author=Alicia Bustillos Ardaya |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> Wuxuu inta badan keenaa fatahaado, isagoo inta badan samaynaya daad-bax weheliya Webiga Pungwe oo ka weyn. [[Dombé]] iyo [[Búzi]] waxay ku yaallaan bangiyada webiga. == Tributaries == Buzi iyo tributaries-kiisa ugu waaweyn waxay ka kacaan [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]], ama Buuraha Manica, oo ay weheliyaan xuduudda Zimbabwe. Qaar ka mid ah ilaha biyaha ee Buzi waxay ka kacaan Zimbabwe, meelo kalena xuduudda caalamiga ah waxay raacdaa xuduudda qaybta biyaha. Webiga Revué waa tributary-ga ugu weyn ee woqooyi, ilahiisuna waxay ku yaallaan Buuraha Bariga meel u dhow [[Machipanda]]. Sannadkii 1968, dawladdii gumeysiga ee Mozambique waxay dhistay [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] Chicamba Dam oo ku taal Revué si ay u abuurto [[Lake Chicamba|Harada Chicamba]].<ref>Briggs, Philip (2011)''Mozambique''. Brandt Travel Guides, 2011. p. 217</ref> [[Lucite River|Webiga Lucite]], oo kor-webiga Zimbabwe looga yaqaan Rusitu ama Lusitu, waa tributary-ga dhexe, wuxuuna ku milmaa Buzi kor ka xiga Revué. [[Mossurize River|Webiga Mossurize]] wuxuu ku milmaa Buzi koonfur-galbeed, kor ka xiga Lucite. [[Save River (Africa)|Webiga Save]] dhaamka biyaha wuxuu ku yaal galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ee dhaamka biyaha Buzi. [[Pungwe River|Pungwe]] dhaamka biyaha wuxuu ku yaal woqooyiga. == Tixraac == == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} a6acoqbvljcss92903jj1dr5i1i30yk 301173 301172 2026-07-09T15:46:16Z Isma4l 41797 301173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Buzi | native_name = {{langx|pt|Rio Búzi}} | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Cyclone Idai floods near Beira 2019-3-19 by ESA Copernicus Sentinel-1.jpg | image_caption = Webiga Buzi oo fatahaad ka dib [[Cyclone Idai]], Maarso 2019 | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobollada | subdivision_name2 = [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 374 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|9.49|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> (Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|315.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|19|52|0|S|34|46|0|E}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = Webiga Búzi | basin_size_km2 = 28,490|basin_size_ref=<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> ilaa {{cvt|31,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = Revué, Lucite | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Buzi''' ({{langx|pt|Rio Búzi}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Mozambique|Mozambique]]. Buzi wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] (ama Buuraha Manica) oo ku yaal xuduudda Mozambique iyo Zimbabwe, wuxuuna u qulqulaa bariga isagoo maraya gobollada [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] ee Mozambique. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] galbeedka [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], isagoo samaynaya estuary ballaaran oo ay weheliyaan [[Pungwe River|Webiga Pungwe]]. == Juqraafiyadda == Webiga Buzi waa {{convert|374|km|mi|abbr=on}} dherer, wuxuuna leeyahay [[drainage basin|dhaamka biyaha]] dhan {{convert|31,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Celceliska [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqulka]] sannadlaha ah waa 79 [[Cubic metre per second|m³/s]] (2,790 [[Cubic foot per second|cfs]]) ilaa {{cvt|315|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} afkiisa.<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nakayama |first= Mikiyasu |title= International Waters in Southern Africa |year= 2003 |publisher= United Nations University Press |isbn= 92-808-1077-4 |pages= 9}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC Google Books]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277533245_FLOOD_FORECASTING_MODELING_FOR_THE_BUZI_RIVER_BASIN_IN_MOZAMBIQUE |title=Flood forecasting modeling for the Buzi River Basin in Mozambique |date= 2012 |doi= 10.13140/RG.2.1.2603.7928 |author=Alicia Bustillos Ardaya |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> Wuxuu inta badan keenaa fatahaado, isagoo inta badan samaynaya daad-bax weheliya Webiga Pungwe oo ka weyn. [[Dombé]] iyo [[Búzi]] waxay ku yaallaan bangiyada webiga. == Qaybaha dhaxalka == Buzi iyo qaybaha dhaxalkiisa ugu waaweyn waxay ka kacaan [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]], ama Buuraha Manica, oo ay weheliyaan xuduudda Zimbabwe. Qaar ka mid ah ilaha biyaha ee Buzi waxay ka kacaan Zimbabwe, meelo kalena xuduudda caalamiga ah waxay raacdaa xuduudda qaybta biyaha. Webiga Revué waa tributary-ga ugu weyn ee woqooyi, ilahiisuna waxay ku yaallaan Buuraha Bariga meel u dhow [[Machipanda]]. Sannadkii 1968, dawladdii gumeysiga ee Mozambique waxay dhistay [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] Chicamba Dam oo ku taal Revué si ay u abuurto [[Lake Chicamba|Harada Chicamba]].<ref>Briggs, Philip (2011)''Mozambique''. Brandt Travel Guides, 2011. p. 217</ref> [[Lucite River|Webiga Lucite]], oo kor-webiga Zimbabwe looga yaqaan Rusitu ama Lusitu, waa tributary-ga dhexe, wuxuuna ku milmaa Buzi kor ka xiga Revué. [[Mossurize River|Webiga Mossurize]] wuxuu ku milmaa Buzi koonfur-galbeed, kor ka xiga Lucite. [[Save River (Africa)|Webiga Save]] dhaamka biyaha wuxuu ku yaal galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ee dhaamka biyaha Buzi. [[Pungwe River|Pungwe]] dhaamka biyaha wuxuu ku yaal woqooyiga. == Tixraac == == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 6dha9xtuz595fhry5rie5iptyqrh2j8 0 48703 301174 2026-07-09T15:48:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Save | image = Bridge over Savi River.JPG | image_size = 300px | image_alt = | image_caption = muuqaal ka mid ah webiga Save ee dalka Mozambique | map = Save Basin OSM.svg | map_size = 300px | map_alt = | map_caption = Dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Save | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | source1_location = Koonfurta [[Harare|Harare]], [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] | mouth_location = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] | location = | etymology = | length = {{convert|640|km|mi|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|740|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=SADC>[https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational_-_SADC_-_Shared_Watercourses_Support_Project_for_Buzi__Save_and_Ruvuma_River_Basins_-_Appraisal_Report.pdf SADC - Mashruuca Taageerada Marin-biyoodyada ee Buzi, Save iyo Ruvuma]</ref> | source1_elevation ={{cvt|1,470|m|abbr=on}} | source1_coordinates={{coord|18|39|0|S|31|7|15|E}} | mouth_elevation ={{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_coordinates={{coord|20|54|15.01|S|35|3|45.91|E}} | discharge1_location=[[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] (meel u dhow afka) | discharge1_avg =(Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|13.8|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Barnaamijka Qiimaynta Biyaha Xuduudaha — GEF TWAP}}</ref> (Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|438|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Rivers Network">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org|title=Rivers Network}}</ref> | discharge2_location=Vila France do Save (Cabbirka dhaamka: {{cvt|100,885|km2|abbr=on}} | discharge2_min={{cvt|6.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Data">[https://nelson.wisc.edu/sage/data-and-models/riverdata/station_table.php?qual=256&filenum=2289 Xarunta Joogtaynta iyo Deegaanka Caalamiga ah - SAGE]</ref> | discharge2_avg=(Xilligii: 1976–1979){{cvt|503|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Data">[https://nelson.wisc.edu/sage/data-and-models/riverdata/station_table.php?qual=256&filenum=2289 Xarunta Joogtaynta iyo Deegaanka Caalamiga ah - SAGE]</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|3,022|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Data">[https://nelson.wisc.edu/sage/data-and-models/riverdata/station_table.php?qual=256&filenum=2289 Xarunta Joogtaynta iyo Deegaanka Caalamiga ah - SAGE]</ref> | basin_size = {{convert|106,420|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|116,100|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name=SADC>[https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Multinational_-_SADC_-_Shared_Watercourses_Support_Project_for_Buzi__Save_and_Ruvuma_River_Basins_-_Appraisal_Report.pdf SADC - Mashruuca Taageerada Marin-biyoodyada ee Buzi, Save iyo Ruvuma]</ref> | river_system = Webiga Save | tributaries_left = Macheke, [[Odzi River|Odzi]] | tributaries_right =Devuli, Turgwe, [[Runde River|Runde]], Coe | waterbodies = | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Webiga Save''', ama '''Sabi''' ([[Af-Boortaqiis|Boortaqiis]]: ''Rio Save'') waa webi dhererkiisu dhan yahay {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} oo ku yaal koonfur-bari Afrika, kaas oo mara [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]].<ref name="b"/><ref name="c"/> Webigu wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa Zimbabwe, meel u jirta {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfurta [[Harare|Harare]], ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur ka dibna bari, isagoo ka yimaada dhul-sareedka Zimbabwe ilaa uu ku milmo [[Odzi River|Webiga Odzi]]. Wuxuu markaa u leexdaa koonfur, wuxuu ka soo dhacaa biyac-dhaca Chivirira ("Meesha Karkarta"), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhinaca galbeed ee Buuraha Bariga ee Zimbabwe, isagoo samaynaya doox webi oo qallalan oo ku taal hooska roobka ee buurahan. Waxaa ku soo biira [[Runde River|Webiga Runde]] ama Lundi xuduudda Mozambique, isagoo samaynaya isgoys cajiib ah oo ku yaal Mahenya. Waxa uu ka dibna ka gudbaa Mozambique si uu ugu shubmo [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] meel ku dhow 21°S. Webiga Save wuxuu waraabiyo u ahaa beero sonkor ah, laakiin hadda wuxuu taageeraa beerista liinta, cudbiga, bariiska, iyo sarreenka. Sidoo kale waa il kalluumeysi oo yar-yar oo dadka deegaanku ka faa'iidaystaan.<ref name="b"/><ref name="c"/> Wuxuu Mozambique u qaybiyaa dhinacyo maamul, siyaasad, qowmiyadeed iyo deegaan ahaan: * Intii lagu jiray xilligii [[gumeysi|gumeysiga]], unugyada maamulka ee aagga koonfurta Save way isbeddeleen, laakiin kuwa ugu waqtiga dheer waxay ahaayeen degmooyinka Gaza iyo Inhambane; hadda, Save wuxuu kala saaraa gobollada [[Gaza Province|Gaza]] iyo [[Inhambane]] ee koonfurta, gobollada [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala]] ee waqooyiga: * Siyaasad ahaan, "koonfurta-Save" waxaa loo arki karaa inay tahay xarunta [[Frelimo]], halka gobolka dhanka waqooyi ka xiga uu guud ahaan taageero badan u hayo [[Renamo]]; * Save wuxuu kala saaraa [[qowmiyadaha]] ku hadla [[Shangaan|Shangaan]] (ama Xi-Tsonga), ee koonfurta, iyo kuwa ku hadla luuqadaha kooxda [[Shona|Shona]] ee waqooyiga; * Deegaan ahaan, maadaama Save uu ku shubmo [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]], afkiisu wuxuu u dhigmaa kala-sooca [[nidaamka deegaanka]] badda ee [[kulaylaha]], dhanka waqooyi, iyo kan [[hoos-kulaylaha]]; nidaamyada deegaanka ee dhulka ayaa muujiya kala duwanaansho yar oo ku teedsan bannaanka xeebaha ee waqooyiga iyo koonfurta webiga, laakiin gudaha oo ay ka bilaabmaan [[Chimanimani Mountains|Buuraha Chimanimani]], waxaa ka samaysma [[kayn buuraley ah]], taas oo gabi ahaanba ka duwan kaymaha laga helo koonfurta. Delta-da Webiga Save waxaa ku jira kaymo mangrove ah oo fidsan qiyaastii {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} xeebta Badweynta Hindiya. Dadka reer miyiga ah ee ku nool dhaamka delta-da waxay u isticmaalaan kaymaha mangrove-ka qoryaha iyo kalluumeysiga yar-yar. Deegaanka qaybta hoose ee dhaamka Webiga Save waxaa saameeyay duufaanno, fatahaado, nabaad-guur, fatahaad xeebaha iyo sunami.<ref name="c"/> Taariikh ahaan wuxuu ahaa marin gaadiid oo loogu talagalay dahabka iyo alaabta ganacsiga ee u dhexeeya xeebta iyo dhulka gudaha ee ay degganaayeen ilbaxnimadii [[Great Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]] qarniyadii 13-aad iyo 14-aad ee AD. == Tixraac == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="b">[http://www.britannica.com/place/Sabi-River Webiga Sabi]</ref> <ref name="c">{{cite journal | last1 = Massuanganhe | first1 = Elídio A. | last2 = Macamo | first2 = Celia | last3 = Westerberg | first3 = Lars-Ove | last4 = Salomão | first4 = Bandeira | last5 = Mavume | first5 = Alberto | last6 = Ribeiro | first6 = Eunice | year = 2015 | title = Xeebaha Delta ee hoos yimaada dhacdooyinka musiibada la xiriira cimilada – Aragtida delta-da Webiga Save, Mozambique | journal = Ocean & Coastal Management | publisher = Elsevier | volume = 116 | pages = 331–340 | doi = 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.08.008}}</ref> }} {{Commons}} ln4k5oeykfxacfjyyeaqplx7ltnjqgv 0 48704 301175 2026-07-09T15:50:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301175 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Save Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Runde oo ay la socoto Runde (bidixda hoose)]] '''Webiga Runde''' (oo hore loogu yaqaanay Webiga Lundi) waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary-ga [[Webiga Save|Webiga Save]]. Tributaries-ka waaweyn ee Runde waxaa ka mid ah [[Ngezi River (Masvingo)|Webiga Ngezi]], [[Tokwe River|Webiga Tokwe]], [[Mutirikwe River|Webiga Mutirikwe]] iyo [[Chiredzi River|Webiga Chiredzi]].<ref name="Chiuta1994">{{cite book |chapter=Wetlands in Zimbabwe: an overview |title=Wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe: proceedings of a seminar on wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe |editor1=Matiza, T. |editor2=Crafter, S. A. |year=1994 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |ISBN=978-2-8317-0202-5 |pages=1–20}}</ref> == Astaamaha iyo Juqraafiyadda == Webiga Runde ee hoose waa nidaam webi ciid ah oo xilliyeed, iyadoo barkado joogto ah ay samaysmaan xilliga abaaraha.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Taxonomy and faunistics of the Helminth parasites of ''Clarias gariepinus'' (Burchell, 1822), and ''Oreochromis mossambicus'' (Peters, 1852) from temporary pans and pools in the Save-Runde River Floodplain, Zimbabwe|last=Barson|first=Maxwell|author2=Rodney Bray |author3=Frans Ollevier |author4=Tine Huyse |journal=Comparative Parasitology|volume=75|pages=228–240|year=2008|doi=10.1654/4337.1}}</ref> Webigu guud ahaan wuxuu leeyahay heerar hoose oo wasakh ah.<ref>{{cite journal|title=An Investigation of the Impacts of Agricultural Runoff on the Water Quality and Aquatic Organisms in a Lowveld Sand River System in Southeast Zimbabwe|last=Tafangenyasha|first=Clifford|author2=Lawrence T. Dube |journal=Water Resources Management|volume=22|pages=119–130|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s11269-006-9147-7}}</ref> [[Floodplain|Daad-baxu]] ee ku yaal [[confluence|isgoyska]] Webiga Save waa [[wetland|dhul-qoyan]] muhiim ah.<ref name="Chiuta1994"/> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|-21.3133|32.4025|type:river:region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} jfycffhbr965m4s3az5b0hsx7r8pru3 0 48705 301176 2026-07-09T15:52:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301176 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Save Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Save oo ay la socoto Chiredzi (bartamaha hoose)]] '''Webiga Chiredzi''' waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary-ga [[Runde River|Webiga Runde]], waxaana lagu xiray [[Manjirenji Dam|Dhaamka Manjirenji]], kaas oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay dhul-qoyan muhiim ah.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Wetlands in Zimbabwe: an overview |title=Wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe: proceedings of a seminar on wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe |editor1=Matiza, T. |editor2=Crafter, S. A. |year=1994 |publisher=[[IUCN]] |ISBN=978-2-8317-0202-5 |pages=1–20}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|-21.1925|31.8623|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} 4j0ttnlgl65qlqe2y5eo5gntjusx9jg 0 48706 301177 2026-07-09T15:54:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Save Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Save oo ay la socoto Mutirikwe (bartamaha hoose)]] '''Webiga Mutirikwe''' (oo hore u ahaan jiray '''Webiga Mtilikwe''') waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary-ga [[Runde River|Webiga Runde]]. Tributaries-ka waaweyn ee Mutirikwe waxaa ka mid ah [[Pokoteke River|Webiga Pokoteke]]. Webiga waxaa lagu xiray [[Lake Mutirikwe|Harada Mutirikwe]], taas oo loo aqoonsaday inay tahay dhul-qoyan muhiim ah,<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Wetlands in Zimbabwe: an overview|last=Chiuta|first=Tabeth|title=Wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe: proceedings of a seminar on wetlands ecology and priorities for conservation in Zimbabwe|editor=Tabeth Chiuta and Simon Carter|year=1994|publisher=[[IUCN]]|ISBN=978-2-8317-0202-5|pages=1–20}}</ref> iyo [[Bangala Dam|Dhaamka Bangala]] oo u dhow [[Renco Mine|Renco]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|-21.1501|31.4946|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} t5vxxg9nwjey9gxkq1rwkmndg9wjmfa 0 48707 301178 2026-07-09T15:55:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Mucheke''' waa webi mara magaalada [[Masvingo|Masvingo]], [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2023 |title=First-time voters set Mucheke Stadium alight |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/first-time-voters-set-mucheke-stadium-alight/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo jeedaa qaybta galbeed ee magaalada Masvingo wuxuuna ku milmaa [[Mushagashe River|Webiga Mushagashe]] meel u dhow [[Eastvale, Zimbabwe|Eastvale]]. Buundada Mucheke waxay isku xirtaa waddada [[Harare|Harare]]-[[Beitbridge|Beitbridge]] iyo waddada [[Mutare|Mutare]]-Beitbridge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Maponga |date=1 March 2023 |title=Masvingo residents welcome highway upgrade |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/masvingo-residents-welcome-highway-upgrade/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|-20.0773|30.8448|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} cmopg6cnts6j5wuehei2r9g02winaud 0 48708 301179 2026-07-09T15:57:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Save Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Save oo ay la socoto Tokwe (bidixda hoose)]] '''Webiga Tokwe''' waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary-ga [[Runde River|Webiga Runde]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005 |editor-last=Tafangenyasha |editor-first=Clifford |editor2-last=Dzinomwa |editor2-first=Tariro |title=Land-use impacts on river water quality in lowveld sand river systems in south-east Zimbabwe |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu:443/handle/47961 |journal=Land Use and Water Resources Research |doi=10.22004/ag.econ.47961}}</ref> Tributaries-ka waaweyn ee Tokwe waxaa ka mid ah [[Tokwane River|Webiga Tokwane]]. Bishii Feberaayo 2014, ka dib roobab mahiigaan ah, dhaamka biyaha ee webiga Tokwe ayaa fatahay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Penning-Rowsell |first=Edmund C. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Flood_Risk_Management/29mEDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Flood Risk Management: Global Case Studies of Governance, Policy and Communities |last2=Becker |first2=Matilda |date=2019-01-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-00999-7 |pages=133 |language=en}}</ref> Laba iyo toban tuulo oo kor ka xiga [[Tokwe Mukorsi Dam|Dhaamka Tokwe Mukorsi]] ayaa saameyn gaartay, in ka badan 20,000 oo qofna waa laga daadgureeyay aagga.<ref name=":0" /> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{coord|21|08|S|31|16|E|display=title|region:ZW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 6r3e2vxaoimtagese8206edi413sa0r 0 48709 301180 2026-07-09T15:59:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Tokwane''' waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Civil_Engineering/_-wRAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%22Tokwane%20River%22%20-wikipedia |title=Civil Engineering |date=1993 |publisher=South African Institution of Civil Engineers |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> Waa tributary muhiim ah oo ka mid ah [[Tokwe River|Webiga Tokwe]]. Sannadkii 1991, Hippo Valley iyo Triangle waxay dhiseen marin-biyood iyo biyo-xireen webiga koonfurta [[Masvingo|Masvingo]] si ay u kordhiyaan sahayda biyaha ee gobolka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mlambo |first=A. S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Political_Economy_of_the_Sugar_Indus/F5-zAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%22Tokwane%20River%22%20-wikipedia |title=The Political Economy of the Sugar Industry in Zimbabwe, 1920-90 |last2=Pangeti |first2=E. S. |date=1996 |publisher=University of Zimbabwe Publications |isbn=978-0-908307-43-2 |pages=52, 83 |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{coord|19|49|S|30|20|E|display=title|region:ZW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} rzj3nzhc2n9k5rz30hsuxhsjwb21nbz 301181 301180 2026-07-09T15:59:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* Tixraac */ 301181 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Tokwane''' waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Civil_Engineering/_-wRAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%22Tokwane%20River%22%20-wikipedia |title=Civil Engineering |date=1993 |publisher=South African Institution of Civil Engineers |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> Waa tributary muhiim ah oo ka mid ah [[Tokwe River|Webiga Tokwe]]. Sannadkii 1991, Hippo Valley iyo Triangle waxay dhiseen marin-biyood iyo biyo-xireen webiga koonfurta [[Masvingo|Masvingo]] si ay u kordhiyaan sahayda biyaha ee gobolka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mlambo |first=A. S. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Political_Economy_of_the_Sugar_Indus/F5-zAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%22Tokwane%20River%22%20-wikipedia |title=The Political Economy of the Sugar Industry in Zimbabwe, 1920-90 |last2=Pangeti |first2=E. S. |date=1996 |publisher=University of Zimbabwe Publications |isbn=978-0-908307-43-2 |pages=52, 83 |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|19|49|S|30|20|E|display=title|region:ZW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} i0zru1t8tuurk4ayrwra7lwmdaf0hc2 0 48710 301182 2026-07-09T16:01:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Ngezi''' (oo hore u ahaan jiray '''Webiga Ingezi''') waa webi ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary-ga [[Runde River|Webiga Runde]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather map for Ngezi River |url=https://www.yr.no/en/map/weather/2-884379/Zimbabwe/Masvingo/Ngezi%20River |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Yr |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|-20.6276|30.4486|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} 5h8ttv7fh2vsxyd045tmy3san6lnjle 0 48711 301183 2026-07-09T16:02:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Save Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|300px|Dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Save oo ay la socoto Odzi (bartamaha sare)]] '''Webiga Odzi''' waa tributary-ga [[Save River (Africa)|Webiga Save]] ee dalka [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lidén, R., Harlin, J.|title=Analysis of conceptual rainfall–runoff modelling performance in different climates|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=238|issue=3–4|pages=231&ndash;247|year=2000|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00330-9}}</ref> Wuxuu ku milmaa Save meel u dhow [[Nyanyadzi]]. Waxaa lagu xiray [[Osborne Dam|Dhaamka Osborne]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Symphorian, G.R., Madamombe, E., van der Zaag, P.|title=Dam operation for environmental water releases; the case of Osborne dam, Save catchment, Zimbabwe|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=985&ndash;993|year=2003|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.012|bibcode=2003PCE....28..985S }}</ref> Webiga Odzani waa tributary u qulqula galbeedka oo ka mid ah Odzi, kaas oo ka soo kaca meel u dhow [[Penhalonga]] oo waqooyi ka xigta magaalada [[Mutare|Mutare]]. Dhaamyada Odzani iyo Smallbridge ee ku yaal Ozani waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka sahayda biyaha ee magaalada Mutare.<ref>"Zimbabwe Dam Safety Study". Policy Note 8, Zimbabwe Water Forum, November 2013. Accessed 12 April 2020.[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/809501468184169248/pdf/103626-BRI-P126703-PUBLIC-ZWF-8-Dam-Safety-Nov-2013.pdf]</ref> Dhaamka Odzani, oo la dhisay 1967, ayaa abuuray Harada Alexander. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|19|46|24|S|32|23|26|E|region:ZW-MA_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} ercb9u8fi1ar4pandkkx3mnewf2p8hj 0 48712 301184 2026-07-09T16:05:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Changane | name_native = Rio Changane | name_native_lang = pt | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Limpopo watershed topo.png | image_size = | image_caption = Koorska iyo Dhaamka biyaha ee [[Webiga Limpopo]]. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|552|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 65570.55 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Buabuassi, Chingovo, Panzene,<br> Sangutane, Chichacuarre | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} {{Location map |Mozambique |label=Changane |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=24|lat_min=44 |lon_deg=33|lon_min=30 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta uu afka ka galo Webiga Changane }} '''Webiga Changane''' ({{lang|pt|Rio Changane}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Mozambique]], waana tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Limpopo]] kaas oo uu ku milmo meel u dhow xeebta, waxyar ka dib magaalada [[Chibuto]]. Waxa uu qayb ka yahay xadka bari ee [[Gaza Province]]. Changane waa tributary-ga ugu bari ee Limpopo, isagoo ka soo gala dhinaca bidix meel u dhow afka uu ka galo [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. == Juqraafiyadda == Webiga Changane iyo tributaries-kiisa waaweyn waxay ka soo kacaan meel u dhow xadka [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=Chilundo/> Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta isagoo raacaya qiyaastii 34°E xariijinta longitoodka laga bilaabo qiyaastii 22°S ilaa qiyaastii 24°S ladaanka.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> Webigu wuxuu bulaacada biyaha ka qaadaa dhul-qoyanada [[Banhine National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine]].<ref name=Siyabona/> Dhaamka biyuhu wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|6557055|ha|sqmi}}, ama qiyaastii 15.9% ee Dhaamka Limpopo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Changane.aspx |title=Changane Sub-Basin |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu inta badan maraa gobol qalalan. Gudaha, roobabka sanadlaha ah waa kuwo hooseeya oo gaaraya {{convert|400|mm|in}}, korna u kaca ilaa {{convert|800|mm|in}} meel u dhow xeebta. Dooxada Webiga Changane waxay ku dhowdahay [[heerka badda]], waxaana hore u ahaan jirtay xariijin xeeb ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e05.htm#bm05.2.1 |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Biophysical characteristics |publisher=FAO |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> Changane wuxuu leeyahay koofiyad qulqul-biyood oo aad u hooseeya iyo waqtiyo dhaadheer oo aanu lahayn wax qulqul ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Water Resources |publisher=FAO |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> == Ecology == Dooxada Changane waxay haysataa dhul-qoyano cusbo leh oo kala firirsan iyo dhul-daaqsimeed xilliyeed daadku ku fatahaan oo leh jasiirado ka mid ah [[Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana|''Acacia nilotica kraussiana'']]. Caadi ahaan waa mid semi-arid ah, laakiin dhamaadkii 1990-meeyadii roobabku waxay u kaceen si wayn, taas oo keentay fatahaado baahsan oo burburin leh. {{convert|500|mm|in}} oo roob ah ayaa da'ay muddo 3 maalmood gudahood ah bishii Maarso 2000. Meelaha si joogta ah u fataha ayaa leh cusbo badan. Waxaa ku badan dhul-daaqsimeedka u adkaysta cusbada oo leh qaybo badan oo qaawan.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> 18 nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa laga helay [[Banhine National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine]] xagga waqooyi ee dooxada. [[African lungfish|Kalluunka sanbabada leh ee Afrika]], laba nooc oo [[killifish]] ah iyo laba nooc oo [[Barbel (fish)|Barbel]] ah ayaa sameeyay siyaabo ay ula tacaalaan abaaraha, maadaama dhul-qoyannadu ay mararka qaarkood gebi ahaanba qalalan yihiin oogada sare.<ref name=Siyabona/> Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine waxay u ahaan jirtay hoy u ah lo'da duurjoogta ah, sable, tsessebe, hartebeest, zebra, iyo wildebeest. In badan oo ka mid ah xayawaanadan ayaa la burburiyay intii lagu jiray dagaaladii sokeeye ee 1980-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, beertu weli waa hoy u ah [[wattled crane|diiqa-wattled]] ee khatarta ugu jira inay dabar go'aan iyo shimbiro badan oo [[Bird migration|muhaajiriin ah]]. Natiijooyinka sahanka hawada ee Oktoobar 2004 ayaa muujiyay in beertu ay lahayd dad caafimaad qaba oo ostrich, kudu, impala, reedbuck, duiker, steenbok, porcupine, warthog iyo [[oribi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awf.org/content/headline/detail/1232 |title=AWF CONDUCTS AERIAL SURVEY IN BANHINE NATIONAL PARK |publisher=AWF |date=Dec 15, 2004 |accessdate=2011-10-15}}</ref> == Hawlaha aadanaha == [[File:Helicopter over flooded Central Mozambique.jpg|thumb|300px|Helikobtar dul duulaya bartamaha Mozambique oo fatahay sanadkii 2000]] Dadka deegaanku waxay la kulmeen dagaal sokeeye oo dheer, waana inay sidoo kale la tacaalaan abaaraha iyo fatahaadaha mararka qaarkood burburka geysta.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> Waxaa jira dad tiro yar oo ku nool Beerta Banhine. Waxay waxyeello u geysanayeen deegaanka iyagoo ku dhaqma beero-gubasho ah oo ay ku beeraan galley, sarreen, cassava iyo sonkor. Abaaraha dartiis, dalagyadu way fashilmaan dadkuna waxay dib ugu noqdaan ugaarsiga iyo kalluumeysiga, taas oo culays saaraysa xayawaanka. Dawladdu waxay ku dhiirigelinaysaa dadka inay ka guuraan beerta iyadoo dhisaysa ilo-biyood joogto ah oo ka baxsan kaydka iyo dhiirigelinta kuwa guuraya.<ref name=Siyabona/> [[Chibuto District|Degmada Chibuto]] waxay ku taallaa daad-baxu-ga Webiga Changane meel u dhow magaalada Chibuto. Qaybtan ka mid ah dhaamka webiga, roobabka celcelis ahaan waxay ku dhow yihiin {{convert|200|mm|in}} inta lagu jiro [[dry season|xilliga qabow iyo abaarta]] laga bilaabo Abriil ilaa Sebteembar, iyo qiyaastii {{convert|570|mm|in}} xilliga kulul ee qoyaanka leh laga bilaabo Oktoobar ilaa Maarso. Dadku waa sabool, iyadoo 50% ay ka hooseeyaan xariiqda saboolnimada. Waxay inta badan ku nool yihiin beero-nololeed, iyagoo korinaya isku dar ah khudaar, muus, galley, iyo bariis. Sidoo kale waxay daajiyaan lo'da waxayna isticmaalaan cawska maxaliga ah ee loogu talagalay alaabta fiber-ka. Ilaha biyaha macaan ee dhul-qoyanada ayaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka iyo isticmaalka gudaha.<ref name=Worldfish/> Khariidadaha isticmaalka dhulku waxay muujinayaan in intii u dhaxaysay 2001 iyo 2007 inta badan dhul-qoyanada geedaha leh ee Chibuto ay si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelay isticmaalka beeraha xilliyada abaarta iyo roobka labadaba. Sababtu waxay qayb ahaan noqon kartaa xaalado aad u qalalan intii lagu jiray muddadan. Beeralayda maxalliga ah ayaa sidoo kale soo sheegaya koritaan aan sii jiri karin oo lo'da ah dhulka. Ururiyayaasha cawska ayaa soo sheegaya in cawska la gubayo si loo nadiifiyo dhulka beeraha, taas oo laga yaabo inay saameyn halis ah oo muddo dheer ah ku yeelato deegaanka.<ref name=Worldfish/> Daraasad la sameeyay intii u dhaxaysay Noofambar 2006 iyo Janaayo 2007 ayaa lagu ogaaday in biyaha webigu aysan buuxin tilmaamaha [[Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka]] ee tayada biyaha la cabo. Tani waxay u dhici kartaa qayb ahaan saamaynta dhul-qoyanada quudiya webiga iyo dhacdooyinka dabiiciga ah ee sariirta webiga oo hodan ku ah ions sababtoo ah juqraafiga dabiiciga ah ee aagga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wasakhaynta coliforms (ugu sareysa agagaarka magaalada Chibuto) waxay si cad u ahayd sababtoo ah qashinka magaalooyinka.<ref name=Chilundo/> == Tixraac == <references> <ref name=Chilundo>{{cite web |url=http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |title=Design of a Water Quality Monitoring Network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique |author1=M. Chilundo |author2=P. Kelderman |author3=J. H. O´Keeffe |accessdate=2011-10-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425071443/http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> <ref name=Siyabona>{{cite web |url=http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-3-19-banhine-23758.html |title=Banhine In The Grip Of Drought |publisher=Siyabona Africa |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> <ref name=Worldfish>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2106.pdf |title=Seasonality dynamics for investigating wetland-agriculture nexus and its ecosystems service values in Chibuto, Mozambique |author1=Nidhi Nagabhatla |author2=Francisco Saimone |author3=Dinis Juízo |author4=Mutsa Masiyandima |publisher=WorldFish Center |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> <ref name=WWFZambesi>{{WWF ecoregion |id=at0908 |name=Zambezian halophytics |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> </references> ks6s26aj84ek600vgwd0n9jeyma5snz 301185 301184 2026-07-09T16:05:33Z Isma4l 41797 301185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Changane | name_native = Rio Changane | name_native_lang = pt | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Limpopo watershed topo.png | image_size = | image_caption = Koorska iyo Dhaamka biyaha ee [[Webiga Limpopo]]. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|552|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 65570.55 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Buabuassi, Chingovo, Panzene,<br> Sangutane, Chichacuarre | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} {{Location map |Mozambique |label=Changane |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=24|lat_min=44 |lon_deg=33|lon_min=30 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta uu afka ka galo Webiga Changane }} '''Webiga Changane''' ({{lang|pt|Rio Changane}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Mozambique]], waana tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Limpopo]] kaas oo uu ku milmo meel u dhow xeebta, waxyar ka dib magaalada [[Chibuto]]. Waxa uu qayb ka yahay xadka bari ee [[Gaza Province]]. Changane waa tributary-ga ugu bari ee Limpopo, isagoo ka soo gala dhinaca bidix meel u dhow afka uu ka galo [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. == Juqraafiyadda == Webiga Changane iyo tributaries-kiisa waaweyn waxay ka soo kacaan meel u dhow xadka [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=Chilundo/> Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta isagoo raacaya qiyaastii 34°E xariijinta longitoodka laga bilaabo qiyaastii 22°S ilaa qiyaastii 24°S ladaanka.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> Webigu wuxuu bulaacada biyaha ka qaadaa dhul-qoyanada [[Banhine National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine]].<ref name=Siyabona/> Dhaamka biyuhu wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|6557055|ha|sqmi}}, ama qiyaastii 15.9% ee Dhaamka Limpopo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Changane.aspx |title=Changane Sub-Basin |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu inta badan maraa gobol qalalan. Gudaha, roobabka sanadlaha ah waa kuwo hooseeya oo gaaraya {{convert|400|mm|in}}, korna u kaca ilaa {{convert|800|mm|in}} meel u dhow xeebta. Dooxada Webiga Changane waxay ku dhowdahay [[heerka badda]], waxaana hore u ahaan jirtay xariijin xeeb ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e05.htm#bm05.2.1 |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Biophysical characteristics |publisher=FAO |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> Changane wuxuu leeyahay koofiyad qulqul-biyood oo aad u hooseeya iyo waqtiyo dhaadheer oo aanu lahayn wax qulqul ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Water Resources |publisher=FAO |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> == Deegaanka == Dooxada Changane waxay haysataa dhul-qoyano cusbo leh oo kala firirsan iyo dhul-daaqsimeed xilliyeed daadku ku fatahaan oo leh jasiirado ka mid ah [[Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana|''Acacia nilotica kraussiana'']]. Caadi ahaan waa mid semi-arid ah, laakiin dhamaadkii 1990-meeyadii roobabku waxay u kaceen si wayn, taas oo keentay fatahaado baahsan oo burburin leh. {{convert|500|mm|in}} oo roob ah ayaa da'ay muddo 3 maalmood gudahood ah bishii Maarso 2000. Meelaha si joogta ah u fataha ayaa leh cusbo badan. Waxaa ku badan dhul-daaqsimeedka u adkaysta cusbada oo leh qaybo badan oo qaawan.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> 18 nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa laga helay [[Banhine National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine]] xagga waqooyi ee dooxada. [[African lungfish|Kalluunka sanbabada leh ee Afrika]], laba nooc oo [[killifish]] ah iyo laba nooc oo [[Barbel (fish)|Barbel]] ah ayaa sameeyay siyaabo ay ula tacaalaan abaaraha, maadaama dhul-qoyannadu ay mararka qaarkood gebi ahaanba qalalan yihiin oogada sare.<ref name=Siyabona/> Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine waxay u ahaan jirtay hoy u ah lo'da duurjoogta ah, sable, tsessebe, hartebeest, zebra, iyo wildebeest. In badan oo ka mid ah xayawaanadan ayaa la burburiyay intii lagu jiray dagaaladii sokeeye ee 1980-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, beertu weli waa hoy u ah [[wattled crane|diiqa-wattled]] ee khatarta ugu jira inay dabar go'aan iyo shimbiro badan oo [[Bird migration|muhaajiriin ah]]. Natiijooyinka sahanka hawada ee Oktoobar 2004 ayaa muujiyay in beertu ay lahayd dad caafimaad qaba oo ostrich, kudu, impala, reedbuck, duiker, steenbok, porcupine, warthog iyo [[oribi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awf.org/content/headline/detail/1232 |title=AWF CONDUCTS AERIAL SURVEY IN BANHINE NATIONAL PARK |publisher=AWF |date=Dec 15, 2004 |accessdate=2011-10-15}}</ref> == Hawlaha aadanaha == [[File:Helicopter over flooded Central Mozambique.jpg|thumb|300px|Helikobtar dul duulaya bartamaha Mozambique oo fatahay sanadkii 2000]] Dadka deegaanku waxay la kulmeen dagaal sokeeye oo dheer, waana inay sidoo kale la tacaalaan abaaraha iyo fatahaadaha mararka qaarkood burburka geysta.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> Waxaa jira dad tiro yar oo ku nool Beerta Banhine. Waxay waxyeello u geysanayeen deegaanka iyagoo ku dhaqma beero-gubasho ah oo ay ku beeraan galley, sarreen, cassava iyo sonkor. Abaaraha dartiis, dalagyadu way fashilmaan dadkuna waxay dib ugu noqdaan ugaarsiga iyo kalluumeysiga, taas oo culays saaraysa xayawaanka. Dawladdu waxay ku dhiirigelinaysaa dadka inay ka guuraan beerta iyadoo dhisaysa ilo-biyood joogto ah oo ka baxsan kaydka iyo dhiirigelinta kuwa guuraya.<ref name=Siyabona/> [[Chibuto District|Degmada Chibuto]] waxay ku taallaa daad-baxu-ga Webiga Changane meel u dhow magaalada Chibuto. Qaybtan ka mid ah dhaamka webiga, roobabka celcelis ahaan waxay ku dhow yihiin {{convert|200|mm|in}} inta lagu jiro [[dry season|xilliga qabow iyo abaarta]] laga bilaabo Abriil ilaa Sebteembar, iyo qiyaastii {{convert|570|mm|in}} xilliga kulul ee qoyaanka leh laga bilaabo Oktoobar ilaa Maarso. Dadku waa sabool, iyadoo 50% ay ka hooseeyaan xariiqda saboolnimada. Waxay inta badan ku nool yihiin beero-nololeed, iyagoo korinaya isku dar ah khudaar, muus, galley, iyo bariis. Sidoo kale waxay daajiyaan lo'da waxayna isticmaalaan cawska maxaliga ah ee loogu talagalay alaabta fiber-ka. Ilaha biyaha macaan ee dhul-qoyanada ayaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka iyo isticmaalka gudaha.<ref name=Worldfish/> Khariidadaha isticmaalka dhulku waxay muujinayaan in intii u dhaxaysay 2001 iyo 2007 inta badan dhul-qoyanada geedaha leh ee Chibuto ay si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelay isticmaalka beeraha xilliyada abaarta iyo roobka labadaba. Sababtu waxay qayb ahaan noqon kartaa xaalado aad u qalalan intii lagu jiray muddadan. Beeralayda maxalliga ah ayaa sidoo kale soo sheegaya koritaan aan sii jiri karin oo lo'da ah dhulka. Ururiyayaasha cawska ayaa soo sheegaya in cawska la gubayo si loo nadiifiyo dhulka beeraha, taas oo laga yaabo inay saameyn halis ah oo muddo dheer ah ku yeelato deegaanka.<ref name=Worldfish/> Daraasad la sameeyay intii u dhaxaysay Noofambar 2006 iyo Janaayo 2007 ayaa lagu ogaaday in biyaha webigu aysan buuxin tilmaamaha [[Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka]] ee tayada biyaha la cabo. Tani waxay u dhici kartaa qayb ahaan saamaynta dhul-qoyanada quudiya webiga iyo dhacdooyinka dabiiciga ah ee sariirta webiga oo hodan ku ah ions sababtoo ah juqraafiga dabiiciga ah ee aagga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wasakhaynta coliforms (ugu sareysa agagaarka magaalada Chibuto) waxay si cad u ahayd sababtoo ah qashinka magaalooyinka.<ref name=Chilundo/> == Tixraac == <references> <ref name=Chilundo>{{cite web |url=http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |title=Design of a Water Quality Monitoring Network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique |author1=M. Chilundo |author2=P. Kelderman |author3=J. H. O´Keeffe |accessdate=2011-10-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425071443/http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> <ref name=Siyabona>{{cite web |url=http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-3-19-banhine-23758.html |title=Banhine In The Grip Of Drought |publisher=Siyabona Africa |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> <ref name=Worldfish>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2106.pdf |title=Seasonality dynamics for investigating wetland-agriculture nexus and its ecosystems service values in Chibuto, Mozambique |author1=Nidhi Nagabhatla |author2=Francisco Saimone |author3=Dinis Juízo |author4=Mutsa Masiyandima |publisher=WorldFish Center |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> <ref name=WWFZambesi>{{WWF ecoregion |id=at0908 |name=Zambezian halophytics |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> </references> mh9an0uy8fnqsc5ckxbox15npcwtjut 301354 301185 2026-07-10T11:30:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Changane | name_native = Rio Changane | name_native_lang = pt | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Limpopo watershed topo.png | image_size = | image_caption = Koorska iyo Dhaamka biyaha ee [[Webiga Limpopo]]. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|552|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 65570.55 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Buabuassi, Chingovo, Panzene,<br> Sangutane, Chichacuarre | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} {{Location map |Mozambique |label=Changane |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=24|lat_min=44 |lon_deg=33|lon_min=30 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta uu afka ka galo Webiga Changane }} '''Webiga Changane''' ({{lang|pt|Rio Changane}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Mozambique]], waana tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Limpopo]] kaas oo uu ku milmo meel u dhow xeebta, waxyar ka dib magaalada [[Chibuto]]. Waxa uu qayb ka yahay xadka bari ee [[Gaza Province]]. Changane waa tributary-ga ugu bari ee Limpopo, isagoo ka soo gala dhinaca bidix meel u dhow afka uu ka galo [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. == Juqraafiyadda == Webiga Changane iyo tributaries-kiisa waaweyn waxay ka soo kacaan meel u dhow xadka [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=Chilundo/> Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta isagoo raacaya qiyaastii 34°E xariijinta longitoodka laga bilaabo qiyaastii 22°S ilaa qiyaastii 24°S ladaanka.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> Webigu wuxuu bulaacada biyaha ka qaadaa dhul-qoyanada [[Banhine National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine]].<ref name=Siyabona/> Dhaamka biyuhu wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|6557055|ha|sqmi}}, ama qiyaastii 15.9% ee Dhaamka Limpopo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Changane.aspx |title=Changane Sub-Basin |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit |accessdate=2011-10-16 |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119115153/http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Changane.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu inta badan maraa gobol qalalan. Gudaha, roobabka sanadlaha ah waa kuwo hooseeya oo gaaraya {{convert|400|mm|in}}, korna u kaca ilaa {{convert|800|mm|in}} meel u dhow xeebta. Dooxada Webiga Changane waxay ku dhowdahay [[heerka badda]], waxaana hore u ahaan jirtay xariijin xeeb ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e05.htm#bm05.2.1 |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Biophysical characteristics |publisher=FAO |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> Changane wuxuu leeyahay koofiyad qulqul-biyood oo aad u hooseeya iyo waqtiyo dhaadheer oo aanu lahayn wax qulqul ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm |title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: Water Resources |publisher=FAO |year=2004 |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> == Deegaanka == Dooxada Changane waxay haysataa dhul-qoyano cusbo leh oo kala firirsan iyo dhul-daaqsimeed xilliyeed daadku ku fatahaan oo leh jasiirado ka mid ah [[Acacia nilotica subsp. kraussiana|''Acacia nilotica kraussiana'']]. Caadi ahaan waa mid semi-arid ah, laakiin dhamaadkii 1990-meeyadii roobabku waxay u kaceen si wayn, taas oo keentay fatahaado baahsan oo burburin leh. {{convert|500|mm|in}} oo roob ah ayaa da'ay muddo 3 maalmood gudahood ah bishii Maarso 2000. Meelaha si joogta ah u fataha ayaa leh cusbo badan. Waxaa ku badan dhul-daaqsimeedka u adkaysta cusbada oo leh qaybo badan oo qaawan.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> 18 nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa laga helay [[Banhine National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine]] xagga waqooyi ee dooxada. [[African lungfish|Kalluunka sanbabada leh ee Afrika]], laba nooc oo [[killifish]] ah iyo laba nooc oo [[Barbel (fish)|Barbel]] ah ayaa sameeyay siyaabo ay ula tacaalaan abaaraha, maadaama dhul-qoyannadu ay mararka qaarkood gebi ahaanba qalalan yihiin oogada sare.<ref name=Siyabona/> Beerta Qaranka ee Banhine waxay u ahaan jirtay hoy u ah lo'da duurjoogta ah, sable, tsessebe, hartebeest, zebra, iyo wildebeest. In badan oo ka mid ah xayawaanadan ayaa la burburiyay intii lagu jiray dagaaladii sokeeye ee 1980-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, beertu weli waa hoy u ah [[wattled crane|diiqa-wattled]] ee khatarta ugu jira inay dabar go'aan iyo shimbiro badan oo [[Bird migration|muhaajiriin ah]]. Natiijooyinka sahanka hawada ee Oktoobar 2004 ayaa muujiyay in beertu ay lahayd dad caafimaad qaba oo ostrich, kudu, impala, reedbuck, duiker, steenbok, porcupine, warthog iyo [[oribi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awf.org/content/headline/detail/1232 |title=AWF CONDUCTS AERIAL SURVEY IN BANHINE NATIONAL PARK |publisher=AWF |date=Dec 15, 2004 |accessdate=2011-10-15}}</ref> == Hawlaha aadanaha == [[File:Helicopter over flooded Central Mozambique.jpg|thumb|300px|Helikobtar dul duulaya bartamaha Mozambique oo fatahay sanadkii 2000]] Dadka deegaanku waxay la kulmeen dagaal sokeeye oo dheer, waana inay sidoo kale la tacaalaan abaaraha iyo fatahaadaha mararka qaarkood burburka geysta.<ref name=WWFZambesi/> Waxaa jira dad tiro yar oo ku nool Beerta Banhine. Waxay waxyeello u geysanayeen deegaanka iyagoo ku dhaqma beero-gubasho ah oo ay ku beeraan galley, sarreen, cassava iyo sonkor. Abaaraha dartiis, dalagyadu way fashilmaan dadkuna waxay dib ugu noqdaan ugaarsiga iyo kalluumeysiga, taas oo culays saaraysa xayawaanka. Dawladdu waxay ku dhiirigelinaysaa dadka inay ka guuraan beerta iyadoo dhisaysa ilo-biyood joogto ah oo ka baxsan kaydka iyo dhiirigelinta kuwa guuraya.<ref name=Siyabona/> [[Chibuto District|Degmada Chibuto]] waxay ku taallaa daad-baxu-ga Webiga Changane meel u dhow magaalada Chibuto. Qaybtan ka mid ah dhaamka webiga, roobabka celcelis ahaan waxay ku dhow yihiin {{convert|200|mm|in}} inta lagu jiro [[dry season|xilliga qabow iyo abaarta]] laga bilaabo Abriil ilaa Sebteembar, iyo qiyaastii {{convert|570|mm|in}} xilliga kulul ee qoyaanka leh laga bilaabo Oktoobar ilaa Maarso. Dadku waa sabool, iyadoo 50% ay ka hooseeyaan xariiqda saboolnimada. Waxay inta badan ku nool yihiin beero-nololeed, iyagoo korinaya isku dar ah khudaar, muus, galley, iyo bariis. Sidoo kale waxay daajiyaan lo'da waxayna isticmaalaan cawska maxaliga ah ee loogu talagalay alaabta fiber-ka. Ilaha biyaha macaan ee dhul-qoyanada ayaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka iyo isticmaalka gudaha.<ref name=Worldfish/> Khariidadaha isticmaalka dhulku waxay muujinayaan in intii u dhaxaysay 2001 iyo 2007 inta badan dhul-qoyanada geedaha leh ee Chibuto ay si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelay isticmaalka beeraha xilliyada abaarta iyo roobka labadaba. Sababtu waxay qayb ahaan noqon kartaa xaalado aad u qalalan intii lagu jiray muddadan. Beeralayda maxalliga ah ayaa sidoo kale soo sheegaya koritaan aan sii jiri karin oo lo'da ah dhulka. Ururiyayaasha cawska ayaa soo sheegaya in cawska la gubayo si loo nadiifiyo dhulka beeraha, taas oo laga yaabo inay saameyn halis ah oo muddo dheer ah ku yeelato deegaanka.<ref name=Worldfish/> Daraasad la sameeyay intii u dhaxaysay Noofambar 2006 iyo Janaayo 2007 ayaa lagu ogaaday in biyaha webigu aysan buuxin tilmaamaha [[Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka]] ee tayada biyaha la cabo. Tani waxay u dhici kartaa qayb ahaan saamaynta dhul-qoyanada quudiya webiga iyo dhacdooyinka dabiiciga ah ee sariirta webiga oo hodan ku ah ions sababtoo ah juqraafiga dabiiciga ah ee aagga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wasakhaynta coliforms (ugu sareysa agagaarka magaalada Chibuto) waxay si cad u ahayd sababtoo ah qashinka magaalooyinka.<ref name=Chilundo/> == Tixraac == <references> <ref name=Chilundo>{{cite web |url=http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |title=Design of a Water Quality Monitoring Network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique |author1=M. Chilundo |author2=P. Kelderman |author3=J. H. O´Keeffe |accessdate=2011-10-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425071443/http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2606993/Chilundo.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 }}</ref> <ref name=Siyabona>{{cite web |url=http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-3-19-banhine-23758.html |title=Banhine In The Grip Of Drought |publisher=Siyabona Africa |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> <ref name=Worldfish>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2106.pdf |title=Seasonality dynamics for investigating wetland-agriculture nexus and its ecosystems service values in Chibuto, Mozambique |author1=Nidhi Nagabhatla |author2=Francisco Saimone |author3=Dinis Juízo |author4=Mutsa Masiyandima |publisher=WorldFish Center |accessdate=2011-10-16 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406110517/http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2106.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=WWFZambesi>{{WWF ecoregion |id=at0908 |name=Zambezian halophytics |accessdate=2011-10-16}}</ref> </references> ljb9nxaq01rl8y1aa1c21zrx6neul8l 0 48713 301186 2026-07-09T16:07:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mushawe | image = Mushawe Maranda.JPG | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Webiga Mushawe oo ku yaal [[Maranda, Zimbabwe|Maranda]] (No. 1) Business Centre. | source1_location = Koonfurta Dhexe ee Zimbabwe | mouth_location = [[Webiga Mwenezi]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = [[Degmada Mwenezi]] }} '''Webiga Mushawe''' (oo loo qoro si kale: Webiga Mushawi) waa tributary dhanka midig ka mara [[Webiga Mwenezi|Webiga Mwenezi]] ee dalka [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilowdaa aagga buuraha Nemande wuxuuna maraa aagga [[Maranda, Zimbabwe|Maranda]] si uu ugu biiro Webiga Mwenezi meel ka hoosaysa [[Manyuchi Dam|Dhaamka Manyuchi]], [[Degmada Mwenezi]]. == Hydrology == Webiga Mzingane waa webi xilliyeed oo qulqulkiisu guud ahaan ku kooban yahay bilaha roobabku da'aan (Nofeembar ilaa Maarso). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sariirta hoose ee Webiga Mushawe waxay samaysaa [[aquifer|aquifer]] alluvial ah, kaas oo guud ahaan haysta biyo sanadka oo dhan.<ref>Love, D. de Hamer, W., Owen, R.J.S., Booij, M.J., Uhlenbrook, S., Hoekstra, A. and van der Zaag, P. 2007. Case studies of groundwater – surface water interactions and scale relationships in small alluvial aquifers. In: Abstract volume, 8th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Lusaka, Zambia, November 2007, p21.</ref> Meelaha qaar, waxaa ka jira barkado biyo joogto ah ama semi-joogto ah, kuwaas oo bixiya hoy loogu talagalay [[nile crocodile|timmaamaha]]. == Horumarinta == Webiga Mushawe waxaa lagu xiray Dhaamka Dengenya. Dhaamkan ayaa loo dhisay inuu biyo u soo saaro waraabka laakiin hadda wuxuu ka buuxaa ciid. Waxa kale oo jira qaar ka mid ah dhaamyo yaryar oo ku yaal tributaries-ka yaryar ee Webiga Mushawe. Biyaha loogu talagalay [[Maranda, Zimbabwe|Maranda (No 1) Business Centre]] ayaa laga soo qaataa aquifer-ka alluvial ee hoos yimaada Webiga Mushawe, waxyar kor ka xiga sawirka kor ku xusan. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|21|07|S|30|28|E|display=title|region:ZW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} tbhk9fzcftjiu7an7lsrpek443dto9p 0 48714 301187 2026-07-09T16:09:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301187 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zhovhe sat.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sawirka [[satellite image]] oo muujinaya [[Webiga Mzingwane]] oo ku yaal bartamaha iyo Webiga Mtetengwe oo ah tributary-gii ugu dambeeyay ee ku qulqula webigaas dhinaca bari (midigta sawirkan).]] '''Webiga Mtetengwe''' waa tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Mzingwane|Webiga Mzingwane]] oo ku yaal [[Degmada Beitbridge]], [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxaa jira laba dhaam oo ku yaal tributaries-kiisa: Dhaamka Tongwe oo ku yaal Webiga Tongwe, kaas oo biyaha u siiya nidaam waraab, iyo Dhaamka Giraffe oo biyaha u siiya lo'da.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Love, D. |author2=Khosa, S. |author3=Mul, M. |author4=Uhlenbrook, S. |author5=van der Zaag, P.|date=2008|chapter=Modelling upstream&ndash;downstream interactions using a spreadsheet&ndash;based water balance model: two cases from the Limpopo Basin |editor1=Humphreys, E. |editor2=Bayot, R.C. |editor3=van Brakel, M. |editor4=Gichuki, F. |editor5=Svendsen, M. |editor6=Wester, P. |editor7=Huber-Lee, A. |editor8=Cook, S. |editor9=Douthwaite, B. |editor10=Hoanh, C.T. |editor11=Johnson, N. |editor12=Nguyen-Khoa, S. |editor13=Vidal, A. |editor14=MacIntyre, I. |display-editors=3 |title=Fighting Poverty Through Sustainable Water Use: Proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, November 10&ndash;14 2008, '''IV'''|publisher=The Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo|pages=15&ndash;21|ISBN=978-92-990053-2-3|url=http://www.ifwf2.org/addons/download_presentation.php?fid=1104|access-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Mtetengwe waa tributary-gii ugu dambeeyay ee dhanka bari kaga biira [[Webiga Mzingwane|Webiga Mzingwane]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|22|00|S|29|56|E|display=title|region:ZW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{Authority control}} iqxx4xf4k8nhqs2p3wdr4lfn427i2ec 0 48715 301196 2026-07-10T00:16:08Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 Samee turjumidda bogga "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359484617|Collin County, Texas]]" 301196 wikitext text/x-wiki Degmada Collin waa degmo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka Texas ee Mareykanka. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah magaalada Dallas ayaa ku taal degmada. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii Mareykanka ee 2020, degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,064,465, taasoo ka dhigaysa degmada lixaad ee ugu dadka badan Texas. Xarunta degmada waa McKinney.   [[File:Collin_County_Administration_Building.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maamulka Degmada Collin'''Collin County Administration Building''']] l4p7t5phmxy3hpcr2eoz6fvj07a7zzz 301197 301196 2026-07-10T00:17:00Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301197 wikitext text/x-wiki Degmada Collin waa degmo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka Texas ee Mareykanka. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah magaalada Dallas ayaa ku taal degmada. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii Mareykanka ee 2020, degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,064,465, taasoo ka dhigaysa degmada lixaad ee ugu dadka badan Texas. Xarunta degmada waa McKinney.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing State Data|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173619/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|archive-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref>  [[File:Collin_County_Administration_Building.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maamulka Degmada Collin'''Collin County Administration Building''']] g5ux91pvc28dlv4bmv6bfn5lxcgotgz 301198 301197 2026-07-10T00:17:19Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301198 wikitext text/x-wiki Degmada Collin waa degmo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka Texas ee Mareykanka. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah magaalada Dallas ayaa ku taal degmada. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii Mareykanka ee 2020, degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,064,465, taasoo ka dhigaysa degmada lixaad ee ugu dadka badan Texas. Xarunta degmada waa McKinney.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing State Data|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173619/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|archive-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> [[File:Collin_County_Administration_Building.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maamulka Degmada Collin'''Collin County Administration Building''']] 37hn8df1uborp7sn8qa1qp0oeee8vsx 301199 301198 2026-07-10T00:17:39Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301199 wikitext text/x-wiki Degmada Collin waa degmo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka Texas ee Mareykanka. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah magaalada Dallas ayaa ku taal degmada. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii Mareykanka ee 2020, degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,064,465, taasoo ka dhigaysa degmada lixaad ee ugu dadka badan Texas. Xarunta degmada waa McKinney.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing State Data|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173619/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|archive-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/209b08df-6c12-4483-a225-bf822e71dc5b?cache=1800</ref> [[File:Collin_County_Administration_Building.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maamulka Degmada Collin'''Collin County Administration Building''']] acl2a1fescdp1q7ymxipwca5xw6abss 301200 301199 2026-07-10T00:18:24Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301200 wikitext text/x-wiki Degmada Collin waa degmo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka Texas ee Mareykanka. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah magaalada Dallas ayaa ku taal degmada. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii Mareykanka ee 2020, degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,064,465, taasoo ka dhigaysa degmada lixaad ee ugu dadka badan Texas. Xarunta degmada waa [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing State Data|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173619/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|archive-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/209b08df-6c12-4483-a225-bf822e71dc5b?cache=1800</ref> [[File:Collin_County_Administration_Building.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maamulka Degmada Collin'''Collin County Administration Building''']] 6t0on7vxv5carynwmfla0om8ggraujv 301201 301200 2026-07-10T00:18:39Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 301201 wikitext text/x-wiki Degmada Collin waa degmo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka Texas ee Mareykanka. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah magaalada Dallas ayaa ku taal degmada. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii Mareykanka ee 2020, degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,064,460, taasoo ka dhigaysa degmada lixaad ee ugu dadka badan Texas. Xarunta degmada waa [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2020 Population and Housing State Data|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|url-status=live|access-date=August 20, 2021|website=United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812173619/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html|archive-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/209b08df-6c12-4483-a225-bf822e71dc5b?cache=1800</ref> [[File:Collin_County_Administration_Building.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maamulka Degmada Collin'''Collin County Administration Building''']] j8qs01i2pug60snuqsqhxltlftfo1z1 0 48716 301202 2026-07-10T00:20:04Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 Samee turjumidda bogga "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359484617|Collin County, Texas]]" 301202 wikitext text/x-wiki Degmada Collin waa degmo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka Texas ee Mareykanka. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah magaalada Dallas ayaa ku taal degmada. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii Mareykanka ee 2020, degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,064,465, taasoo ka dhigaysa degmada lixaad ee ugu dadka badan Texas. Xarunta degmada waa [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]]. 75rbvmecbo08325xmf43an8ycqdsdsp 0 48717 301207 2026-07-10T01:12:56Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 46409 Samee turjumidda bogga "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340735144|Texas's 61st House of Representatives district]]" 301207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Degmada 61-aad''' ee '''Aqalka Wakiillada Texas''' waxay ka kooban tahay qayb ka mid ah Degmada Collin, Texas . '''Texas House of Representatives 61st district''' Aqalka Wakiillada Texas waa aqalka hoose ee Baarlamaanka Texas oo laba aqal ah. Waxay ka kooban tahay 150 xubnood oo laga soo doorto degmooyinka hal xubin ka ah muddo laba sano ah. Ma jiraan wax xaddidaad ah oo muddo xileed ah. Aqalka wuxuu ku kulmaa Aqalka Gobolka ee Austin. 7bsilnjxpfu3o9nume451wqibji7vcr 0 48718 301249 2026-07-10T08:01:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Umchabezi.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Webiga Umchabezi oo ku yaal Siyoka.]] '''Webiga Umchabezi''' waa tributary—waa durdur yar oo quudiya laba webi oo waaweyn; [[Webiga Mzingwane|Webiga Mzingwane]] oo ku yaal [[Degmada Beitbridge]] iyo [[Degmada Gwanda]], [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Dhaamka ugu weyn ee ku yaal Umchabezi waxaa la yiraahdaa Dhaamka Makado, kaas oo biyaha u siiya waraabka ganacsiga.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fighting Poverty Through Sustainable Water Use: Proceedings of the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, November 10–14 2008, '''IV''' |author=Love, D. |author2=Khosa, S. |author3=Mul, M. |author4=Uhlenbrook, S. |author5=van der Zaag, P. |date=2008 |chapter=Modelling upstream–downstream interactions using a spreadsheet–based water balance model: two cases from the Limpopo Basin |editor1=Humphreys, E. |editor2=Bayot, R.C. |editor3=van Brakel, M. |editor4=Gichuki, F. |editor5=Svendsen, M. |editor6=Wester, P. |editor7=Huber-Lee, A. |editor8=Cook, S. |editor9=Douthwaite, B. |editor10=Hoanh, C.T. |editor11=Johnson, N. |editor12=Nguyen-Khoa, S. |editor13=Vidal, A. |editor16=MacIntyre, I. |publisher=The Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo |pages=15–21 |ISBN=978-92-990053-2-3 |url=http://www.ifwf2.org/addons/download_presentation.php?fid=1104 |access-date=5 February 2009}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord missing|Zimbabwe}} duix6h8l9v6dffm4b4am41rvsnhgpqg 0 48719 301251 2026-07-10T08:04:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Siwaze | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = Zimbabwe | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} '''Webiga Siwaze''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Insiza]]. f3vhi4dv8gfv62r4qodb0lse8w2k0ri 0 48720 301252 2026-07-10T08:06:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ncema | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = Zimbabwe | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} '''Webiga Ncema''' waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe]]. Nolosha biyaha ee webiga ayaa si xun u saameeyay meerkuriga la dhigay.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mabhena | first=Clifford | title=Mining with a ‘Vuvuzela’: reconfiguring artisanal mining in Southern Zimbabwe and its implications to rural livelihoods | journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies | volume=30 | issue=2 |year=2012| doi=10.1080/02589001.2012.664416 | page=229}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu leeyahay laba qaybood oo waaweyn, Ncema-da Sare iyo Ncema-da Hoose.<ref name=maah/> Waxa uu martigeliyaa mid ka mid ah shan dhaam oo waaweyn oo la qaadi karo oo loo dhisay in ay biyo u soo saaraan [[Bulawayo]].<ref name=maah>{{cite journal | last=Maviza | first=Auther | last2=Ahmed | first2=Fethi | title=Analysis of past and future multi-temporal land use and land cover changes in the semi-arid Upper-Mzingwane sub-catchment in the Matabeleland south province of Zimbabwe | journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing | volume=41 | issue=14 |year=2020 | doi=10.1080/01431161.2020.1731001 | page=5208}}</ref> Ncema waa tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Mzingwane]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|20|24|S|29|02|E|display=title|region:ZW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ncema River}} h4xduizfhbfpdpu8z4vp16zfnbyu16k 0 48721 301253 2026-07-10T08:10:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Shashe | image = Shashe at SIS.jpg | image_size = 240px | image_caption = Webiga Shashe oo ku yaal [[Shashi Irrigation Scheme]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_location = waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Francistown]], [[Botswana]] | mouth_location = [[Webiga Limpopo]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|462|e6m3/yr|m3/s cuft/s|abbr=out}}<ref name="Boroto">A.H.M. Görgens and R.A. Boroto. 1997</ref> | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Tati River|Webiga Tati]], [[Ramokgwebana River|Webiga Ramokgwebana]], [[Thuli River|Webiga Thuli]] }} {{location map|Botswana|caption=Goobta uu afka ka galo Webiga Shashe ee Webiga Limpopo {{coord|-22.187961|29.354769|display=inline,title}}|lat_deg=-22.187961|lon_deg=29.354769|relief=y|display=title}} '''Webiga Shashe''' (ama '''Webiga Shashi''') waa tributary muhiim ah oo dhanka bidix ka mara [[Webiga Limpopo|Webiga Limpopo]] ee dalka [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilowdaa waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Francistown|Francistown]], [[Botswana]] wuxuuna ku milmaa Webiga Limpopo meesha ay kulmaan Botswana, Zimbabwe iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>[http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Shashe.aspx Shashe Sub-basin]</ref> Isgoysku waa goobta ay ku taal [[Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area]]. == Hydrology == Shashe waa webi aad u [[ephemeral|xilliyeed]], iyadoo qulqulkiisu guud ahaan ku kooban yahay dhawr maalmood oo ka mid ah sanadka. Webigu wuxuu berkadaa 12.2% ee celceliska sanadlaha ah ee [[surface runoff|qulqulka dushiisa]] ee Dhaamka Limpopo.{{sfn|Görgens|Boroto|1997}} Tributaries-ka waaweyn ee Webiga Shashe waxaa ka mid ah [[Simukwe River|Simukwe]], [[Shashani River|Shashani]], [[Thuli River|Thuli]], [[Tati River|Tati]] iyo [[Ramokgwebana River|Ramokgwebana]]. Shashe-da hoose waa marin ciid ah, oo leh [[aquifer|aquifer-yo]] alluvial ah oo ballaaran oo ku yaal marinka webiga iyo hoosta dhulalka [[alluvial]]. Kuwan ayaa bixiya biyo loogu talagalay tiro ka mid ah qorshayaasha [[irrigation|waraabka]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Sibasa Irrigation Scheme|Sibasa]] iyo [[Shashi Irrigation Scheme|Shashi]]. [[Zambezi river#Geological changes to the course of the Zambezi|In ka badan laba milyan oo sano ka hor]], Webiga [[Zambezi River|Zambezi]] ee Sare wuxuu u qulquli jiray koonfurta iyada oo loo marayo waxa hadda ah [[Makgadikgadi Pan]] (oo hadda ah dhul-qoyan baaxad leh) ilaa Webiga Shashe ka dibna [[Webiga Limpopo|Webiga Limpopo]]. == Deegaannada == Waxaa jira buundo waddo iyo buundo tareen oo ku taal koonfurta [[Francistown|Francistown]]. Webiga Shashe-da hoose wuxuu sameeyaa xadka u dhexeeya Botswana iyo Zimbabwe waana mid aan lahayn buundo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Tuli, Zimbabwe|Tuli]], labada dhinac ee webiga waxay ku yaalaan Zimbabwe waxaana jira laba meelood oo sharci ah oo laga gudbo. Shashi waxay martaa qorshaha waraabka ee Shashi iyo [[Tuli Block]]. == Dhaamyo == [[File:Shashe River in Botswana, a highly ephemeral river.jpg|thumb|left|Webiga Shashe meesha uu ku milmo Webiga Limpopo ee Botswana]] Webiga Shashe waxaa lagu xiray meel u dhow Francistown ee [[Shashe Dam|Dhaamka Shashe]]. Ujeeddadii asalka ahayd waxay ahayd in biyo la siiyo magaalada warshadaha ee [[Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]].{{sfn|Knight|1990|p=402}} Sannadkii 1982 waxaa la ogaaday in biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah ee ceelasha maxalliga ah ee Francistown ay lahaayeen heerar sare oo nitrate ah, sidoo kalena ay ku filnaan waayeen si loo daboolo baahida dadweynaha, markaa sahayda biyaha dadweynaha ee magaaladaas waxaa loo beddelay isticmaalka biyaha ka imanaya Dhaamka Shashe.{{sfn|Schmoll|2006|p=284}} Dhaamku wuxuu sidoo kale biyo siiyaa tuulooyinka ku hareeraysan, Phoenix Mine (Tati Nickel Mining Company/Norilsk Nickel) iyo [[Mupane Gold Mine|Mupane Gold Mine]] (IAMGOLD). Hoos u sii socoshada, [[Dikgatlhong Dam|Dhaamka Dikgatlhong]] wuxuu xiray Shashe meel u dhow tuulada [[Robelela|Robelela]], waxaana la dhammaystiray Diseembar 2011.{{sfn|Modikwa|2011}} Marka uu buuxo wuxuu hayn doonaa {{convert|400000000|m3}}. Dhaamka xiga ee ugu weyn Botswana, [[Gaborone Dam|Dhaamka Gaborone]], wuxuu leeyahay awood {{convert|141000000|m3}}.{{sfn|Dikgatlhong dam - Jeffares & Green}} Dhuumaha biyaha ee ka yimaada Dhaamka Dikgatlhong ayaa ku xirmi doona [[North-South Carrier|NSC]] dhuumaha BPT1 taangiga cadaadiska ee [[Moralane|Moralane]]. NSC waxay biyaha u qaadi doontaa koonfurta ilaa [[Gaborone|Gaborone]].{{sfn|Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012|p=3}} == Sidoo kale eeg == {{commons category}} * [[Zambezi river#Geological changes to the course of the Zambezi|Isbeddellada juqraafiyeed ee koorsada Webiga Zambezi]] * [[Mathangwane|Tuulada Mathangwane]] * [[Webiga Thuli]] == Tixraac == '''Citations''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Sources''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Dikgatlhong dam - Jeffares & Green}} |url=http://www.jgi.co.za/dikgatlhong-dam |title=Dikgatlhong dam |publisher=Jeffares & Green |access-date=2012-09-21 }} *{{cite book |last=Knight |first=D.J.|title=Geotechnical Instrumentation in Practice: Purpose, Performance and Interpretation : Proceedings of the Conference Geotechnical Instrumentation in Civil Engineering Projects|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rErL_dyWbBIC&pg=PA402|access-date=2012-09-18 |date=1990-06-01|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-1515-9|chapter=The proven usefulness of instrumentation systems on varied dam projects}} *{{cite web |url = http://www.trademarksa.org/news/dikgatlhong-dam-complete-ahead-schedule |title = Dikgatlhong dam complete ahead of schedule |date = 13 December 2011 |last = Modikwa |first = Onalenna |work = Mmegi |access-date = 2012-09-21 }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012}} |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/ID107%20Paper107%20van%20der%20Walt%20M.pdf |title=BOTSWANA'S NORTH SOUTH CARRIER 2 WATER TRANSFER SCHEME |year=2012 |publisher=WISA 2012 conference |author1=B. Paya |author2=G.T. Matsiara |author3=I.J. Bettesworth |author4=M. van der Walt |author5=P. du Plessis |author6=B. Bosman |author7=D. Stephenson |author8=N. Mbayi |author9=A. Keabetswe |access-date=2012-09-22 }} *{{cite book |last=Schmoll|first=Oliver|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-Water Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArldvUKbzJwC&pg=PA284|access-date=2012-09-18 |year=2006|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154668-3|page=284}} * {{cite journal |last1=Görgens |first1=A.H.M. |last2=Boroto |first2=R.A. |year=1997 |title=River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management |journal=Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa}} {{refend}} 90c2l104bz8rc3dm86wie4z6imcacjj 301254 301253 2026-07-10T08:10:30Z Isma4l 41797 301254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Shashe | image = Shashe at SIS.jpg | image_size = 240px | image_caption = Webiga Shashe oo ku yaal [[Shashi Irrigation Scheme]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_location = waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Francistown]], [[Botswana]] | mouth_location = [[Webiga Limpopo]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|462|e6m3/yr|m3/s cuft/s|abbr=out}}<ref name="Boroto">A.H.M. Görgens and R.A. Boroto. 1997</ref> | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Tati River|Webiga Tati]], [[Ramokgwebana River|Webiga Ramokgwebana]], [[Thuli River|Webiga Thuli]] }} {{location map|Botswana|caption=Goobta uu afka ka galo Webiga Shashe ee Webiga Limpopo {{coord|-22.187961|29.354769|display=inline,title}}|lat_deg=-22.187961|lon_deg=29.354769|relief=y|display=title}} '''Webiga Shashe''' (ama '''Webiga Shashi''') waa tributary muhiim ah oo dhanka bidix ka mara [[Webiga Limpopo|Webiga Limpopo]] ee dalka [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilowdaa waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Francistown|Francistown]], [[Botswana]] wuxuuna ku milmaa Webiga Limpopo meesha ay kulmaan Botswana, Zimbabwe iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].<ref>[http://www.limpoporak.com/en/river/sub-basin+summaries/Shashe.aspx Shashe Sub-basin]</ref> Isgoysku waa goobta ay ku taal [[Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area]]. == Biyaha == Shashe waa webi aad u [[ephemeral|xilliyeed]], iyadoo qulqulkiisu guud ahaan ku kooban yahay dhawr maalmood oo ka mid ah sanadka. Webigu wuxuu berkadaa 12.2% ee celceliska sanadlaha ah ee [[surface runoff|qulqulka dushiisa]] ee Dhaamka Limpopo.{{sfn|Görgens|Boroto|1997}} Tributaries-ka waaweyn ee Webiga Shashe waxaa ka mid ah [[Simukwe River|Simukwe]], [[Shashani River|Shashani]], [[Thuli River|Thuli]], [[Tati River|Tati]] iyo [[Ramokgwebana River|Ramokgwebana]]. Shashe-da hoose waa marin ciid ah, oo leh [[aquifer|aquifer-yo]] alluvial ah oo ballaaran oo ku yaal marinka webiga iyo hoosta dhulalka [[alluvial]]. Kuwan ayaa bixiya biyo loogu talagalay tiro ka mid ah qorshayaasha [[irrigation|waraabka]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Sibasa Irrigation Scheme|Sibasa]] iyo [[Shashi Irrigation Scheme|Shashi]]. [[Zambezi river#Geological changes to the course of the Zambezi|In ka badan laba milyan oo sano ka hor]], Webiga [[Zambezi River|Zambezi]] ee Sare wuxuu u qulquli jiray koonfurta iyada oo loo marayo waxa hadda ah [[Makgadikgadi Pan]] (oo hadda ah dhul-qoyan baaxad leh) ilaa Webiga Shashe ka dibna [[Webiga Limpopo|Webiga Limpopo]]. == Deegaannada == Waxaa jira buundo waddo iyo buundo tareen oo ku taal koonfurta [[Francistown|Francistown]]. Webiga Shashe-da hoose wuxuu sameeyaa xadka u dhexeeya Botswana iyo Zimbabwe waana mid aan lahayn buundo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Tuli, Zimbabwe|Tuli]], labada dhinac ee webiga waxay ku yaalaan Zimbabwe waxaana jira laba meelood oo sharci ah oo laga gudbo. Shashi waxay martaa qorshaha waraabka ee Shashi iyo [[Tuli Block]]. == Dhaamyo == [[File:Shashe River in Botswana, a highly ephemeral river.jpg|thumb|left|Webiga Shashe meesha uu ku milmo Webiga Limpopo ee Botswana]] Webiga Shashe waxaa lagu xiray meel u dhow Francistown ee [[Shashe Dam|Dhaamka Shashe]]. Ujeeddadii asalka ahayd waxay ahayd in biyo la siiyo magaalada warshadaha ee [[Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]].{{sfn|Knight|1990|p=402}} Sannadkii 1982 waxaa la ogaaday in biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah ee ceelasha maxalliga ah ee Francistown ay lahaayeen heerar sare oo nitrate ah, sidoo kalena ay ku filnaan waayeen si loo daboolo baahida dadweynaha, markaa sahayda biyaha dadweynaha ee magaaladaas waxaa loo beddelay isticmaalka biyaha ka imanaya Dhaamka Shashe.{{sfn|Schmoll|2006|p=284}} Dhaamku wuxuu sidoo kale biyo siiyaa tuulooyinka ku hareeraysan, Phoenix Mine (Tati Nickel Mining Company/Norilsk Nickel) iyo [[Mupane Gold Mine|Mupane Gold Mine]] (IAMGOLD). Hoos u sii socoshada, [[Dikgatlhong Dam|Dhaamka Dikgatlhong]] wuxuu xiray Shashe meel u dhow tuulada [[Robelela|Robelela]], waxaana la dhammaystiray Diseembar 2011.{{sfn|Modikwa|2011}} Marka uu buuxo wuxuu hayn doonaa {{convert|400000000|m3}}. Dhaamka xiga ee ugu weyn Botswana, [[Gaborone Dam|Dhaamka Gaborone]], wuxuu leeyahay awood {{convert|141000000|m3}}.{{sfn|Dikgatlhong dam - Jeffares & Green}} Dhuumaha biyaha ee ka yimaada Dhaamka Dikgatlhong ayaa ku xirmi doona [[North-South Carrier|NSC]] dhuumaha BPT1 taangiga cadaadiska ee [[Moralane|Moralane]]. NSC waxay biyaha u qaadi doontaa koonfurta ilaa [[Gaborone|Gaborone]].{{sfn|Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012|p=3}} == Sidoo kale eeg == {{commons category}} * [[Zambezi river#Geological changes to the course of the Zambezi|Isbeddellada juqraafiyeed ee koorsada Webiga Zambezi]] * [[Mathangwane|Tuulada Mathangwane]] * [[Webiga Thuli]] == Tixraac == '''Citations''' {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} '''Sources''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Dikgatlhong dam - Jeffares & Green}} |url=http://www.jgi.co.za/dikgatlhong-dam |title=Dikgatlhong dam |publisher=Jeffares & Green |access-date=2012-09-21 }} *{{cite book |last=Knight |first=D.J.|title=Geotechnical Instrumentation in Practice: Purpose, Performance and Interpretation : Proceedings of the Conference Geotechnical Instrumentation in Civil Engineering Projects|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rErL_dyWbBIC&pg=PA402|access-date=2012-09-18 |date=1990-06-01|publisher=Thomas Telford|isbn=978-0-7277-1515-9|chapter=The proven usefulness of instrumentation systems on varied dam projects}} *{{cite web |url = http://www.trademarksa.org/news/dikgatlhong-dam-complete-ahead-schedule |title = Dikgatlhong dam complete ahead of schedule |date = 13 December 2011 |last = Modikwa |first = Onalenna |work = Mmegi |access-date = 2012-09-21 }} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Paya, Matsiara, Bettesworth, et al. 2012}} |url=http://www.ewisa.co.za/literature/files/ID107%20Paper107%20van%20der%20Walt%20M.pdf |title=BOTSWANA'S NORTH SOUTH CARRIER 2 WATER TRANSFER SCHEME |year=2012 |publisher=WISA 2012 conference |author1=B. Paya |author2=G.T. Matsiara |author3=I.J. Bettesworth |author4=M. van der Walt |author5=P. du Plessis |author6=B. Bosman |author7=D. Stephenson |author8=N. Mbayi |author9=A. Keabetswe |access-date=2012-09-22 }} *{{cite book |last=Schmoll|first=Oliver|title=Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-Water Sources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArldvUKbzJwC&pg=PA284|access-date=2012-09-18 |year=2006|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154668-3|page=284}} * {{cite journal |last1=Görgens |first1=A.H.M. |last2=Boroto |first2=R.A. |year=1997 |title=River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management |journal=Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa}} {{refend}} mp7c4ipyj5ujl0q5gnqh2l7giw4yki1 0 48722 301256 2026-07-10T08:12:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Thuli | image = Thuli River.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Webiga Thuli oo ka qulqulaya Thuli Gorge, koonfurta [[Gwanda]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_location = Matopo Mission, [[Degmada Matobo]], Zimbabwe | mouth_location = [[Webiga Shashe]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|36.0|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} qulqulka qaybta<ref name="Chibi">Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 7,910 }} '''Webiga Thuli,''' oo hore loo oran jiray '''Webiga Tuli''', waa tributary muhiim ah oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Shashe|Webiga Shashe]] ee dalka [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilowdaa meel u dhow Matopo Mission, [[Degmada Matobo]], wuxuuna ku milmaa Webiga Shashe meel u dhow tuulada [[Tuli, Zimbabwe|Tuli]]. == Hydrology == Thuli waa webi xilliyeed, oo leh qulqul sanadle ah oo hoos u dhacaya.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Madamombe, E., Twomlow, S. and van der Zaag, P. 2006. An evaluation of climate and run-off variability and associated livelihood risks in the Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. Water Institute of Southern Africa Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Durban, South Africa, May 2006.</ref> Tributaries-kiisa waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Mtshabezi River|Mtshabezi]], [[Mtshelele River|Mtshelele]], webiga Sengezane iyo [[Mwewe River|Mwewe]]. Hoosta [[Thuli-Makwe Dam|Dhaamka Thuli-Makwe]], Thuli waa marin ciid ah, oo leh [[aquifer|aquifer-yo]] alluvial ah oo ku yaal marinka webiga.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> == Magaalooyinka == Webiga Thuli ma maro wax degmooyin waaweyn ah, kaliya xarumaha ganacsiga ee soo socda: * Freda Mine * [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]] * [[Manama, Zimbabwe|Manama]] * Chelesa, Zimbabwe [Sengezane] == Buundooyinka iyo meelaha laga gudbo == [[File:Freda access.jpg|thumb|Buundada Webiga Thuli ee Freda Mine.]] Waxaa jira shan buundo oo waaweyn oo ka dul mara Webiga Mzingwane: * Buundada wadada Old Gwanda, inta u dhaxaysa Matombo Mission iyo Blanket Mine. * Buundada wadada [[Gwanda]] - [[Kezi, Zimbabwe|Kezi]], hoosta [[Thuli-Makwe Dam|Dhaamka Thuli-Makwe]]. * Buundada Elliot, oo kor ka xiga [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]]. * Buundada wadada [[Manama, Zimbabwe|Manama]] - [[Kafusi]]. * Buundada Mankonkoni ee wadada [[Tuli, Zimbabwe|Tuli]] - Kafusi. Buundadan waxaa burburiyay [[Cyclone Eline]]. Waxaa kale oo jira tiro ka mid ah meelaha lagu tallaabo iyo meelaha laga gudbo, oo ay ku jiraan: * [[Ntalale|Wadada Ntalale]], oo ay si xun u dhaawacday Cyclone Eline. * Wadada hoos marta Thuli gorge == Horumarinta == [[File:Thuli-Makwe Dam.jpg|thumb|Dhaamka Thuli-Makwe.]] Marka lagu daro tiro ka mid ah [[weir|xayndaabyada]] yaryar, waxaa jira hal dhaam oo weyn oo ku yaal Webiga Thuli: * [[Thuli–Makwe Dam|Dhaamka Thuli–Makwe]], galbeedka [[Gwanda]]. Waxay ku taallaa meel u dhow isgoyska [[Webiga Mtshelele]] waxayna siisaa biyo waraabka. [[Webiga Mtshabezi]] (tributary-ga ugu muhiimsan ee dhanka bidix) waxaa lagu xiray Mtshabezi, Sheet iyo Blanket. [[Mtshabezi Dam|Dhaamka Mtshabezi]] wuxuu kordhin doonaa sahayda biyaha ee Magaalada [[Bulawayo]], marka la dhammaystiro dhuumaha isku xiraya. Dhaamyada Sheet iyo Blanket waxay biyo siiyaan Magaalada [[Gwanda]] iyo [[Blanket, Zimbabwe|Blanket]] iyo [[Vubachikwe|Vubachikwe]] Mines. Laba goobood oo dhaam oo dheeraad ah ayaa la doortay oo hoos u sii socda: * [[Thuli–Moswa Dam|Thuli–Moswa]], halkaas oo aan wax horumar ah ka dhicin. * [[Thuli–Manyange Dam|Thuli–Manyange]], kor ka xiga Buundada Elliot, halkaas oo dhismaha si kooban loo bilaabay 2007 laakiin hadda la joojiyay.<ref name="Chibi" /> == Tixraac == {{commons category}} {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{coord|-21.8003|29.0617|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} mcqikru0hl8f9ff4lmoiccfbh9ffgta 301257 301256 2026-07-10T08:12:39Z Isma4l 41797 301257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Thuli | image = Thuli River.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Webiga Thuli oo ka qulqulaya Thuli Gorge, koonfurta [[Gwanda]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_location = Matopo Mission, [[Degmada Matobo]], Zimbabwe | mouth_location = [[Webiga Shashe]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|36.0|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} qulqulka qaybta<ref name="Chibi">Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 7,910 }} '''Webiga Thuli,''' oo hore loo oran jiray '''Webiga Tuli''', waa tributary muhiim ah oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Shashe|Webiga Shashe]] ee dalka [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waxa uu ka soo bilowdaa meel u dhow Matopo Mission, [[Degmada Matobo]], wuxuuna ku milmaa Webiga Shashe meel u dhow tuulada [[Tuli, Zimbabwe|Tuli]]. == Biyaha == Thuli waa webi xilliyeed, oo leh qulqul sanadle ah oo hoos u dhacaya.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Madamombe, E., Twomlow, S. and van der Zaag, P. 2006. An evaluation of climate and run-off variability and associated livelihood risks in the Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. Water Institute of Southern Africa Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Durban, South Africa, May 2006.</ref> Tributaries-kiisa waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Mtshabezi River|Mtshabezi]], [[Mtshelele River|Mtshelele]], webiga Sengezane iyo [[Mwewe River|Mwewe]]. Hoosta [[Thuli-Makwe Dam|Dhaamka Thuli-Makwe]], Thuli waa marin ciid ah, oo leh [[aquifer|aquifer-yo]] alluvial ah oo ku yaal marinka webiga.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> == Magaalooyinka == Webiga Thuli ma maro wax degmooyin waaweyn ah, kaliya xarumaha ganacsiga ee soo socda: * Freda Mine * [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]] * [[Manama, Zimbabwe|Manama]] * Chelesa, Zimbabwe [Sengezane] == Buundooyinka iyo meelaha laga gudbo == [[File:Freda access.jpg|thumb|Buundada Webiga Thuli ee Freda Mine.]] Waxaa jira shan buundo oo waaweyn oo ka dul mara Webiga Mzingwane: * Buundada wadada Old Gwanda, inta u dhaxaysa Matombo Mission iyo Blanket Mine. * Buundada wadada [[Gwanda]] - [[Kezi, Zimbabwe|Kezi]], hoosta [[Thuli-Makwe Dam|Dhaamka Thuli-Makwe]]. * Buundada Elliot, oo kor ka xiga [[Guyu, Zimbabwe|Guyu]]. * Buundada wadada [[Manama, Zimbabwe|Manama]] - [[Kafusi]]. * Buundada Mankonkoni ee wadada [[Tuli, Zimbabwe|Tuli]] - Kafusi. Buundadan waxaa burburiyay [[Cyclone Eline]]. Waxaa kale oo jira tiro ka mid ah meelaha lagu tallaabo iyo meelaha laga gudbo, oo ay ku jiraan: * [[Ntalale|Wadada Ntalale]], oo ay si xun u dhaawacday Cyclone Eline. * Wadada hoos marta Thuli gorge == Horumarinta == [[File:Thuli-Makwe Dam.jpg|thumb|Dhaamka Thuli-Makwe.]] Marka lagu daro tiro ka mid ah [[weir|xayndaabyada]] yaryar, waxaa jira hal dhaam oo weyn oo ku yaal Webiga Thuli: * [[Thuli–Makwe Dam|Dhaamka Thuli–Makwe]], galbeedka [[Gwanda]]. Waxay ku taallaa meel u dhow isgoyska [[Webiga Mtshelele]] waxayna siisaa biyo waraabka. [[Webiga Mtshabezi]] (tributary-ga ugu muhiimsan ee dhanka bidix) waxaa lagu xiray Mtshabezi, Sheet iyo Blanket. [[Mtshabezi Dam|Dhaamka Mtshabezi]] wuxuu kordhin doonaa sahayda biyaha ee Magaalada [[Bulawayo]], marka la dhammaystiro dhuumaha isku xiraya. Dhaamyada Sheet iyo Blanket waxay biyo siiyaan Magaalada [[Gwanda]] iyo [[Blanket, Zimbabwe|Blanket]] iyo [[Vubachikwe|Vubachikwe]] Mines. Laba goobood oo dhaam oo dheeraad ah ayaa la doortay oo hoos u sii socda: * [[Thuli–Moswa Dam|Thuli–Moswa]], halkaas oo aan wax horumar ah ka dhicin. * [[Thuli–Manyange Dam|Thuli–Manyange]], kor ka xiga Buundada Elliot, halkaas oo dhismaha si kooban loo bilaabay 2007 laakiin hadda la joojiyay.<ref name="Chibi" /> == Tixraac == {{commons category}} {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} {{coord|-21.8003|29.0617|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} od7gy4e2tif2fyl41j7jq1ojdzbc854 0 48723 301258 2026-07-10T08:14:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Mwewe''' waa tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Thuli|Webiga Thuli]] oo ku yaal [[Gobolka Matabeleland Koonfur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=mwewe |url=https://swahili_english.en-academic.com/10492/mwewe |access-date=2026-06-22 |work=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |language=en}}</ref> Isha uu ka soo bilowdo ayaa u dhow magaalada Figtree ee [[Plumtree, Zimbabwe|Plumtree]]. Wuxuu maraa xarunta ganacsiga ee Kezi. In kasta oo gobolku leeyahay xilliyo abaareed oo dheer, Mwewe wuxuu hayaa dhowr barkadood oo qoto dheer oo joogto ah. Tusaalooyinka caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Pedziba, oo ku taal meel u dhow Buurta Sibale iyo barkada Bhangwane oo qiyaastii 3 kiiloomitir u jirta meesha uu webigu ka tallaabo waddada cimilada oo dhan ee [[Maphisa]] u tagta [[Gwanda]]. Mwewe wuxuu u adeegaa tobanaan beerood oo ku yaal jidka laga bilaabo [[Plumtree, Zimbabwe|degmada Plumtree]] ilaa barta uu kaga biiro [[Tuli River|Webiga Tuli]]. Waxaa ka mid ah kuwa caanka ah ee beerta Walmer. {{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} 7nvnp7ucmx09g4hdhkcbwjeq8wtef1f 0 48724 301259 2026-07-10T08:16:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301259 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mchabezi GW.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Webiga Mtshabezi oo mara [[Gwanda]].]] [[File:Mtshabezi chemistry.png|thumb|right|150px|[[Piper diagram]] ee muunadaha biyaha ee Webiga Mtshabezi, 2006, oo muujinaya kimisteriga webiga oo ay u badan yihiin kaarboonayt. Isha xogta:<ref>{{cite web | title = Livelihood challenges posed by water quality in the Mzingwane and Thuli river catchments, Zimbabwe | last = Love | first = D. | author2 = Moyce, W. | author3 = Ravengai, S. | date = 2006 | publisher = 7th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Lilongwe, Malawi | url = http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d2607514/Love.pdf | access-date = 26 January 2009 }}</ref>]] '''Webiga Mtshabezi''' waa tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Thuli|Webiga Thuli]] oo ku yaal koonfurta [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Isha uu ka soo bilowdo Webiga Mtshabezi ayaa ku taal Matopos Hills, oo ah aag ka kooban granite kopjes iyo dooxooyin kayn ah oo bilaabma qiyaastii 35 kiiloomitir (22 mi) koonfurta Bulawayo, koonfurta Zimbabwe. Wuxuu siiyaa Dhaamka Mtshabezi kaas oo noqday dhaamkii 6-aad ee siiya biyo magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn Zimbabwe, [[Bulawayo|Bulawayo]]. == Tixraac == <references/> {{commons category}} {{coord|-21.0262|28.8487|type:river_region:ZW|format=dms|display=title}} kwrm98t7jg8zsjk9mf7umpt2kgclkca 0 48725 301260 2026-07-10T08:18:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mtshelele | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} '''Webiga Mtshelele''' waa tributary ka mid ah [[Webiga Thuli|Webiga Thuli]] oo ku yaal [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebrahim |first=Girma Y. |last2=Lautze |first2=Jonathan F. |last3=McCartney |first3=Matthew |last4=Matheswaran |first4=Karthikeyan |last5=Nyikadzino |first5=Ben |last6=Tafesse |first6=Nata T. |date=2024-10-01 |title=Beyond dams: Assessing integrated water storage in the Shashe catchment, Limpopo River Basin |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581824002623 |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |volume=55 |article-number=101913 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101913 |issn=2214-5818|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} m2c91grn6utl2mtgawd3r017osb55h3 0 48726 301261 2026-07-10T08:20:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301261 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mettawee River.jpg|alt=Webiga Mettawee oo u dhow Whitehall, NY.|thumb|Webiga Mettawee oo u dhow Whitehall, NY.]][[File:Route 149 crossing the Mettawee River in Granville, New York.jpg|thumb|right|[[New York State Route 149]] ayaa ka gudbaysa Mettawee ee Granville.]] '''Webiga Mettawee''' (mararka qaarkood loo qoro "Mettowee River"<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYVTmedia |url=https://nyvtmedia.com/2022/02/10/granville-then-now-mettowee-river-its-spelled-with-an-o/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=NYVT Media |language=en-US}}</ref>) waa [[tributary]] ka mid ah [[Lake Champlain|Harada Champlain]] oo ku yaal galbeedka [[Vermont]] iyo bariga [[New York (state)|New York]] ee dalka [[Mareykanka|Mareykanka]]. Laga soo bilaabo isha uu ka soo bilowdo dhinaca koonfureed ee [[Dorset Mountain]], Vermont, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa xagga woqooyi masaafo dhan 47 mayl, isagoo mara [[Mettawee Valley]] ee Vermont wuxuuna dhaafaa magaalada [[Granville, New York|Granville, New York]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin Harada Champlain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1999 |title=Poultney - Mettawee Watersheds (December 1999) |url=https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/documents/WSMD_mp_Poultney-Mettawee_AssessmentReport_1999.pdf |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (.gov)}}</ref> Waxa uu leeyahay dhaam biyo-qabatin ah oo dhan 167 mayl laba jibaaran, iyadoo celceliska qulqulkiisu yahay {{convert|254|cuft|m3}} ilbiriqsi kasta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Current Conditions for USGS 04280450 METTAWEE RIVER NEAR MIDDLE GRANVILLE NY |url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?cb_00060=on&cb_00065=on&format=gif_default&site_no=04280450&legacy=1&period=&begin_date=2024-11-13&end_date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=waterdata.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Surface Water data for USA: USGS Daily Statistics |url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/dvstat/?site_no=04280450&por_04280450_105875=1051061,00060,105875 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=waterdata.usgs.gov}}</ref> Webigu waa goob caan ah oo loogu talagalay raadinta [[rapids]]-ka iyo [[kayak|kayaking]]. == Taariikh == Webiga Mettawee wuxuu magaciisa ka helay [[Algonquin people|qabiilka Algonquin]] ee ku nool agagaarka webiga, in kasta oo asalkiisa rasmiga ah aan la aqoon. Soo jeedinta asalka magaca waxaa ka mid ah inuu ka yimid [[Algonquin language|luuqadda Algonquin]] oo macnaheedu yahay "ugu fog," ka soo jeedka [[Massachusett language|luuqadda Massachusett]] ee "geedka poplar," ama [[Abenaki language|luuqadda Abenaki]] ee isgoyska laba webi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bushnell |first=Mark |date=2021-08-01 |title=Then Again: Europeans obliterated most of Vermont's original place names |url=https://vtdigger.org/2021/08/01/then-again-europeans-obliterated-most-of-vermonts-original-place-names/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=VTDigger |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada New York]] *[[Liiska webiyada Vermont]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.granvillechamber.com/Mettawee%20River.html Mettawee River - Granville Area Chamber of Commerce] {{coord|43|32|02|N|73|24|12|W|type:river|display=title}} {{Vermont rivers}} {{authority control}} f5ap0fv3qnhx05snps30h2wg4u6wfuj 0 48727 301262 2026-07-10T08:23:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | mapframe = yes | source1_location = Near Kapatu, Gobolka Waqooyi | source2_location = | mouth_location = Kasololo Bay, Harada Tanganyika | discharge1_location = | source1_elevation = 1520 m | mouth_elevation = 770 m | length = 250 km | qid = Q35392125 }} '''Webiga Lufubu''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno ''Lofu'' ama ''Lovu'') ee ku yaal [[Gobolka Waqooyi, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]] ee dalka [[Zambia|Zambia]] waa tributary-ga ugu weyn ee gala dhanka koonfureed ee [[Harada Tanganyika|Harada Tanganyika]]. Webigu waa khayraad muhiim ah laakiin aan si fiican looga faa'iidaysan oo loogu talagalay qaybaha [[Dalxiiska Zambia|dalxiiska]] iyo [[Duurjoogta Zambia|duurjoogta]] ee Zambia, iyo sidoo kale kuwa Harada Tanganyika, isagoo xukuma deegaanka iyo bayoolajiyada qaybta koonfureed ee [[Nsumbu National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nsumbu]].<ref name="africageographic">{{Cite web |title=Nsumbu National Park |url=https://africageographic.com/stories/nsumbu-national-park/#:~:text=Despite%20its%20remote%20and%20wild,seamlessly%20into%20the%20natural%20landscape. |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=Africa Geographic}}</ref> Rapids-ka isla marka ay ka horreeyaan koorsadiisa hoose ayaa ka go'doomiya webiga sare harada, taasoo soo saarta noocyo kalluun oo kala duwan oo halkaas ku nool.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koblmüller, Stephan & Katongo, Cyprian & Phiri, Harris & Sturmbauer, Christian |date=2012 |title=Past Connection of the Upper Reaches of a Lake Tanganyika Tributary with the Upper Congo Drainage Suggested by Genetic Data of Riverine Cichlid Fishes. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235528774_Past_Connection_of_the_Upper_Reaches_of_a_Lake_Tanganyika_Tributary_with_the_Upper_Congo_Drainage_Suggested_by_Genetic_Data_of_Riverine_Cichlid_Fishes |journal=African Zoology |volume=47 |pages=182–186.}}</ref> == Koorsada Lufubu == === Webiga sare === [[Isha (webi)|Isha]] Lufubu waxay ku taal madal-dhuleedka waqooyi ee Zambia ee ku dhex taal [[Miombo|kaymaha miombo]] oo ay dhex maraan [[dambo]]s (dhul-qoyan). Isha waa mid ka mid ah durdurro badan oo ka soo burqada [[Drainage divide|biyo-mareenka]] ay raacdo Waddada [[Mporokoso|Mporokoso]]–[[Senga District|Senga Hill]], dhowr kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xigta Kapatu, jooggeedu yahay 1520&nbsp;m. Durdurradan ayaa u qulqula waqooyi ilaa nidaam ballaaran oo dambo iyo dhul-qoyan ah oo joogga 9°07′35″S 30°47′55″E, jooggeedu yahay 1183&nbsp;m, qiyaastii 130&nbsp;km waqooyi ka xigta Kasama (masaafada xariiq toosan). Nidaamkan dhul-qoyanka ah, kanaalka ugu weyn ee Lufubu wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeed iyada oo loo marayo meelo badan oo qalloocan, [[oxbow lake|haraha qalloocan]] iyo [[dhul-qoyan]] inta badan ka ballaaran 1&nbsp;km. Meel u dhow Mutapa oo jooggeedu yahay 1165&nbsp;m halkaas oo madal-dhuleedku u jiirro, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa buuro jilicsan iyo dooxooyin xagga waqooyi-waqooyi-bari, wuxuuna sameeyaa rapids ballaaran oo ku yaal Chimanga Falls meel u dhow Mushika, jooggeedu yahay 1141&nbsp;m. Meel u dhow bartaas Lufubu waxay gashaa Beerta Qaranka ee Nsumbu, waxayna sii wadaa dooxada cidhiidhiga ah ee dabaysha oo qoto dheer 70&nbsp;m, oo leh rapids badan, ilaa ay ka kulanto [[escarpment|dhul-jiirka]] Chansamakasa oo ay u leexato waqooyi-bari. Tani waa isla marka ay iska galaan joogga 991&nbsp;m tributary-giisa Webiga Mukotwe oo ka yimaada galbeed-kuna-xiga-waqooyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lufuba (Lufubu) River |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Nsumbu+National/@-9.30339913,30.35583038,1410.78150121a,254961.22339401d,35y,360h,0t,0r/data=CiwiJgokCYG6wuSFQTlAEYC6wuSFQTnAGZK44kGGq0pAIczcRku5ZEvAQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> '''Qaybta dhexe''' Lufubu waxay sii wadaa bari-waqooyi-bari iyadoo dhul-jiirku uu ugu dhow yahay bangigeeda waqooyi, iyadoo dhul-jiir fog uu ku yaal bangigeeda koonfureed. Qaybtan webiga, gunta dooxadu waa mid fidsan halkaas oo webigu ka qalloocan yahay dhexda dhul-qoyan leh harooyin qalloocan, oo ay dhex mushaaxayaan qaybo webi oo si degdeg ah u qulqulaya oo ku yaal gorges qalloocan. Mid ka mid ah kuwa dambe waxaa laga helaa Chika Falls (joogga 965&nbsp;m).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lufuba (Lufubu) River |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Nsumbu+National/@-8.76765328,30.38009401,1082.48080668a,70879.13698755d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CiwiJgokCYG6wuSFQTlAEYC6wuSFQTnAGZK44kGGq0pAIczcRku5ZEvAQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> '''Webiga hoose''' Kahor intaan webigu gaarin Chombe, qaybta Beerta Qaranka ee Nsumbu ee koonfurta Lufubu way dhammaataa, halkaasna ilaa Harada Tanganyika, bangiga koonfureed ee webiga hoose waxaa ku nool tuulooyin yar yar, halka bangiga waqooyi iyo dhul-jiirku ay qayb ka yihiin Beerta Qaranka. Kanaalka ugu weyn, oo ballaciisu yahay qiyaastii 50&nbsp;m, ayaa mara dhul-qoyan ballaaran 20-ka kiiloomitir ee ugu dambeeya, isagoo ku dhacaya qiyaastii 10&nbsp;m joogga, oo leh [[floodplain|dhul-daad]] ballaciisu yahay ilaa 2&nbsp;km. 6-deeda kiiloomitir ee ugu dambeeya, waqooyiga Chipasense, webigu wuxuu u leexdaa waqooyi si uu u maro gorge ballaciisu yahay 700&nbsp;m iyo qoto dheer 200&nbsp;m. Kadibna waxay furataa si ay u samaysato af-webi oo ku yaal Kasololo Bay ee harada (joogga 770&nbsp;m), oo leh dhul-qoyan 1.6&nbsp;km ballac ah oo ay ku jiraan lagoons, inta u dhaxaysa xeeb bari oo ka kooban bangi dhagax iyo ciid leh halkaas oo tuulada kalluumeysiga ee Kabyolwe ay ku taal, iyo bangi galbeed halkaas oo Kabyolwe Camp ee Beerta Qaranka ay ku taal. Bangigan wuxuu sii socdaa xagga waqooyi, ugu dambayntiina wuxuu ku dhammaadaa madax-bannaani kayn ah, Cape Chikutula, oo 100&nbsp;m ka sarreeya harada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Tanganyika Interactive Map |url=https://www.tanganyika.si/InteractiveMap/TanganyikaLocations.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Tanganyika Cichlids/Tanganyika.si}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lufuba (Lufubu) River |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Nsumbu+National/@-8.62383207,30.6465443,1055.97215617a,38451.66552182d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CiwiJgokCYG6wuSFQTlAEYC6wuSFQTnAGZK44kGGq0pAIczcRku5ZEvAQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> == Taariikh iyo degmooyin == Lufubu waxay dhex martaa dhul kayn ah oo fog oo leh dad aad u yar, mana taageerto kalluumeysi badan ama navigation marka laga reebo 20-30-ka kiiloomitir ee ugu dambeeya ee koorsadeeda, taas oo laga geli karo doon laga soo bilaabo Harada Tanganyika oo ay garanayaan bulshooyinka harada, oo ay ku jiraan Carabta Swahili ee fadhigoodu yahay Ujiji iyo Nsumbu. David Livingstone ayaa arkay afka Lufubu bishii Juun 1867 dusha sare ee dhul-jiirka koonfur-bari wuxuuna ka gudbay webiga gudaha waddadiisii sanadkaas laga soo bilaabo koonfurta Harada Tanganyika ilaa Harada Mweru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death, Volume I (of 2), 1866-1868 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16672/16672.txt |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=Project Gutenberg eBook}}</ref> 1880-meeyadii, howlgallada Ingiriiska, iyagoo raacaya Livingstone, iyo saraakiisha gumeysiga, waxay bilaabeen inay booqdaan aagga laga soo bilaabo Abercorn (Mbala) iyo Mpulungu.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Stokes |first=Roy |year=1960 |title=The Story of Sumbu |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N3/V4N3.htm |journal=The Northern Rhodesia Journal |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=209–218 |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> 1883 goob ku taal bangiga bari ee Lufubu, qiyaastii 6 km u jirta afkeeda, waxaa doortay Edward Hore iyo Alfred Swann oo ka tirsan [[London Missionary Society]] sidii goob-dhisid ku meel gaar ah si ay u soo ururiyaan ''SS'' ''Good News'', oo loogu talagalay in lagu qaado wacdiyayaasha hareeraha harada. Maraakiibtan uumi-iyo-shiraaca leh ee 54-foot ah waxaa laga soo diray Britain qaybo waxaana ahayd markabkii ugu horreeyay ee noociisa ah ee laga bilaabo Harada Tanganyika. Goobta Lufubu waxaa loo doortay qayb ahaan sababtoo ah Hore wuxuu xasuus wanaagsan ku lahaa bulshooyinka [[Lungu people|Lungu]] ee degganaa xeebaha koonfur-galbeed ee harada, iyo sababtoo ah ma uusan rabin in shaqada ay carqaladeeyaan iskahorimaadyo badan oo soo baxayay, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa lala yeeshay Carabta Swahili ee ku saabsan ganacsiga addoonta, Hore-na wuxuu u maleeyay in Mpulungu uu nugul yahay. Dhismaha wuxuu qaatay laba sano, Good News-ka waxaa la bilaabay 1885. 1945 goobtii dhismaha iyo bilaabista waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay taallo, taas oo markii dambe la geliyay diiwaanka [[National Monuments of Zambia|Taallooyinka Qaranka ee Zambia]] oo loo yaqaan 'The Good News Monument'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A map of the British Tanganyika Shore from a survey by Edward C Hore, Master Mariner |url=https://patintheworld.com/category/good-news/#jp-carousel-2887 |access-date=12 June 2026 |website=Pat in the World}}</ref> Bangiga koonfureed ee dooxada hoose, agagaarka Chipasense, bulshooyinka ayaa kalluumeysta, beera bariis iyo dalagyo kale waxayna ku beeraan kalluun barkado. Kordhinta heerka harada oo ku dhow 2&nbsp;m tan iyo 2018, beeraha qaar ayaa hadda ku jira biyaha hoostooda. == Duurjoogta iyo dalxiiska Webiga Lufubu == {{Main|Nsumbu National Park}} Webiga Lufubu waa mid caan ah oo ku yaal Afrika Dhexe oo loogu talagalay duurjoogteeda kala duwan oo ka kooban naasleyda, oo ay ku jiraan naasleyda waaweyn sida maroodiga iyo maroodiga, xamaaratada oo ay ku jiraan yaxaasyada, shimbiraha oo ay ku jiraan shimbiraha biyaha, iyo kalluunka. Isla mar ahaantaana, dhul-qoyanka ku yaal afka webiga waa qayb ka mid ah goobta [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Dhul-qoyan ee Muhiimadda Caalamiga ah. Nolosha biyaha ee Lufubu si liidata ayaa loo diiwaangeliyay, waxaana si liidata loo darsey, iyadoo leh awood weyn oo loogu talagalay helitaanka noocyada. Daraasad 2023 la sameeyay ayaa lagu ogaaday in 25 ka mid ah 37 nooc ee laga soo qaaday Lufubu ay yihiin kuwo aan la qeexin oo u gaar ah nidaamka.<ref name="africageographic"/> Laga bilaabo Juun 2026 ma jiraan hudheello ku yaal webiga oo marin keliya oo la isku halayn karo waa doon looga soo raaco webiga hoose laga soo bilaabo Nsumbu, Mpulungu, Ndole Bay Lodge ama Nkamba Bay Lodge. Xilliyadii abaarta ee hore Beerta Qaranka waxay ku shaqaynaysay qaar ka mid ah safarrada 4WD ee raadadka ilaa Chomba Camp iyo Kabyolwe Camp ee bangiga waqooyi ama bari ee webiga. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah raadadka wasakhda ah ee ka yimaada Mpulungu ay gaaraan Lukwesa iyo Chipasense ee bangiga koonfureed ee webiga hoose, lagama gudbi karo xilliga roobka, mana jiraan tas-hiilaad ama isgoysyada webiga halkaas. Ma jiro marin waddo oo la isku halayn karo oo loo maro qaybaha dhexe ama sare ee Lufubu.<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> == Soo jeedin ku saabsan dhirta korontada ee webiga == Shirkadda Lufubu Power Company ayaa soo jeedisay in la dhiso taxane ah saddex [[Hydroelectricity|dhirta korontada]] oo leh awood guud oo dhan 326&nbsp;MW oo ka yimaada [[hydraulic head|madaxda biyaha]] ee 315&nbsp;m ee Webiga Lufubu. Warshad kasta waxay ka koobnaan lahayd dhaam iyo saldhig koronto oo leh khadadka korontada ee danab sare leh. Saddexda warshadood waxay ahaan lahaayeen: # Webiga sare gabi ahaanba oo leh Beerta Qaranka ee Nsumbu # Qaybta dhexe ee webiga meel u dhow Chika Falls, sidoo kale gabi ahaanba gudaha Beerta # Webiga hoose ka hor Chomba, halkaas oo webigu yahay xadka beerta. Dhisidda waxay u baahan doontaa waddooyin in laga dhiso beerta laga yaabo inay ka yimaadaan koonfurta. Laga bilaabo Juun 2026 ma jiro qorshayaal ama jadwal lagu dhawaaqay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lufubu Hydropower Project |url=https://lufubupower.co.zm/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Lufubu Power Company}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} kf55evol452rvee5in1836popgw49ue 0 48728 301263 2026-07-10T08:41:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kalambo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = Kalambo Falls | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 =[[Gobolka Rukwa]], [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Waddan | subdivision_name2 =[[Gobolka Waqooyi, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]], [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 50 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Ufipa Plateau|Ufipa Plateau]] | source1_location = [[Zambia]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Harada Tanganyika]] | mouth_location = [[Tanzania]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|770|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = <!--{{Convert|0|sqkm|sqmi|0}}--> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kalambo''' wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka u dhexeeya [[Zambia]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Waa durdur yar oo la barbardhigo kaas oo ka soo bilowda [[Ufipa Plateau|Ufipa Plateau]] ee Gobolka [[Rukwa]], Tanzania waqooyi-bari ee [[Mbala, Zambia|Mbala]] jooggiisuna yahay qiyaastii {{convert|1800|m}} wuxuuna ku dhacaa [[Albertine Rift]], isagoo gala dhanka koonfur-bari ee [[Harada Tanganyika|Harada Tanganyika]] joogga qiyaastii {{convert|770|m}}, masaafada xariiq toosan oo kaliya qiyaastii {{convert|50|km}}.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Tani waxay sababtay sheegashadiisa ugu weyn ee caanka ah, biyaha-dhaca, [[Kalambo Falls|Kalambo Falls]], kaas oo ah biyaha-dhaca labaad ee ugu sarreeya Afrika (ka dib [[Tugela Falls|Tugela Falls]] ee Koonfur Afrika). Biyaha-dhaca hoostooda, webigu wuxuu ku socdaa gorge qoto dheer.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Goobta webigu waxaa ku jira goobo muhiim ah oo qadiimi ah. == Tixraac == * UNESCO, World Heritage Centre, [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/868/ Kalambo falls archaeological site (prehistoric settlement site)], 11/06/1997. * "Forestry." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 June 2006 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-26182>. == Xiriirinta dibadda == * {{Cite web|title=Photo Gallery: Children enjoy a swim in Kalambo River at Kapozwa Village near Lake Tanganyika in Kalambo District, Rukwa Region|year=2012|url=http://m.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/gallery/photovideo-gallery/photo-gallery/7819-recreation|access-date=2012-09-04}} {{Clear}} {{coord|8|24|S|31|18|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 46fpt3s9es70ebj9osumojcctw8916b 301380 301263 2026-07-10T11:48:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kalambo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = Kalambo Falls | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 =[[Gobolka Rukwa]], [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Waddan | subdivision_name2 =[[Gobolka Waqooyi, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]], [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 50 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Ufipa Plateau|Ufipa Plateau]] | source1_location = [[Zambia]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Harada Tanganyika]] | mouth_location = [[Tanzania]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|770|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = <!--{{Convert|0|sqkm|sqmi|0}}--> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kalambo''' wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka u dhexeeya [[Zambia]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Waa durdur yar oo la barbardhigo kaas oo ka soo bilowda [[Ufipa Plateau|Ufipa Plateau]] ee Gobolka [[Rukwa]], Tanzania waqooyi-bari ee [[Mbala, Zambia|Mbala]] jooggiisuna yahay qiyaastii {{convert|1800|m}} wuxuuna ku dhacaa [[Albertine Rift]], isagoo gala dhanka koonfur-bari ee [[Harada Tanganyika|Harada Tanganyika]] joogga qiyaastii {{convert|770|m}}, masaafada xariiq toosan oo kaliya qiyaastii {{convert|50|km}}.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Tani waxay sababtay sheegashadiisa ugu weyn ee caanka ah, biyaha-dhaca, [[Kalambo Falls|Kalambo Falls]], kaas oo ah biyaha-dhaca labaad ee ugu sarreeya Afrika (ka dib [[Tugela Falls|Tugela Falls]] ee Koonfur Afrika). Biyaha-dhaca hoostooda, webigu wuxuu ku socdaa gorge qoto dheer.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} Goobta webigu waxaa ku jira goobo muhiim ah oo qadiimi ah. == Tixraac == * UNESCO, World Heritage Centre, [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/868/ Kalambo falls archaeological site (prehistoric settlement site)], 11/06/1997. * "Forestry." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 17 June 2006 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-26182>. == Xiriirinta dibadda == * {{Cite web|title=Photo Gallery: Children enjoy a swim in Kalambo River at Kapozwa Village near Lake Tanganyika in Kalambo District, Rukwa Region|year=2012|url=http://m.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/gallery/photovideo-gallery/photo-gallery/7819-recreation|access-date=2012-09-04|archive-date=2012-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904233613/http://m.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/gallery/photovideo-gallery/photo-gallery/7819-recreation|url-status=dead}} {{Clear}} {{coord|8|24|S|31|18|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} s1kb6ffd5aa0gdtep403t9biswid42f 0 48729 301264 2026-07-10T08:43:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | mapframe = yes <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Luapula, Zambia|Gobolka Luapula]] | subdivision_type4 = Gobol | subdivision_name4 = [[Gobolka Waqooyi, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]] | source1_location = Meel u dhow Mukupa Kaoma, Gobolka Waqooyi | source2_location = | mouth_location = Harada Mweru | discharge1_location = | source1_elevation = 1535 m | mouth_elevation = 917 m | length = 328 km | qid = Q929874 | coordinates = {{coord|9.543448|S|29.386974|E|type:river_region:ZM|display=title}} }} '''Webiga Kalungwishi''' waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn ee gabi ahaanba ku dhex yaal [[Zambia]], ee ku yaal [[Gobolka Waqooyi, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]] iyo [[Gobolka Luapula]], waana mid caan ku ah [[Lumangwe Falls|Lumangwe Falls]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa madal-dhuleedka [[Kasama, Zambia|Kasama]]-[[Mporokoso]] wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Harada Mweru|Harada Mweru]] markaa waa qayb ka mid ah qaybaha sare ee [[Webiga Congo|Webiga Congo]]. == Koorsada Kalungwishi == === Isha iyo webiga sare === Isha Webiga Kalungwishi waa [[dambo]] (dhul-qoyan) oo jooggeedu yahay qiyaastii 1535 m ee [[Degmada Lunte]], Gobolka Waqooyi, 13 km dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ee magaalada yar ee Mukupa Kaoma. Isha waxaa loo qaadan karaa inay tahay dambada, ama [[Spring (hydrology)|isha]] ugu fog meesha uu ka baxo, ee ku taal ''mushitu'' [[riparian forest|kaynta xeebta]] ee dhinaca bari, oo joog sare oo yar leh, goobta [https://www.google.com/maps/place/9%C2%B049'49.3%22S+30%C2%B026'06.3%22E/@-9.8303667,30.4325084,1260m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d-9.8303667!4d30.4350833?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYxNi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D 9°49'49"S 30°26'06"E]. Kanaalka webigu wuxuu ka soo baxaa dambada wuxuuna u qalloocdaa dhanka galbeed iyada oo loo marayo [[floodplain|dhul-daad]] ka kooban dambos, kaynta xeebta iyo [[dhul-qoyan]], isagoo ka miiraya madal-dhuleedka qaab [[Drainage system (geomorphology)|dendritic drainage]] ah oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin [[miombo woodland|kaymaha miombo]]. Marka uu iska galaan tributary-giisa Webiga Ngona (kaas oo khariidadaha qaarkood lagu calaamadeeyay sida kanaalka ugu weyn ee Kalungwishi) wuxuu noqdaa xadka u dhexeeya Gobollada Waqooyi iyo Luapula ku dhawaad ilaa afkiisa harada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Kalungwishi River |url= https://earth.google.com/web/search/Kalungwishi+River,+Zambia/@-9.54374627,29.41597644,1155.38275599a,293441.62672852d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CogBGloSVAolMHgxOTBhN2VjOTU0NWIwZTZiOjB4NTYxZTlmM2UyZGFlMzA0YRm8LUd-sxMjwCHFCm3vCXA9QCoZS2FsdW5nd2lzaGkgUml2ZXIsIFphbWJpYRgCIAEiJgokCVS-0hxw_yHAEWpbFulFBCLAGUHxcBrwBT1AIZpUf2OJAj1AQgIIAjoDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Kanaalka ugu weyn wuxuu u ballaartaa ilaa 30 m ballac ah marka uu gaaro dhamaadka qaybta fidsan ee madal-dhuleedka, isagoo ka tegaya darafyadiisa dambo, wuxuu sameeyaa [[rapids|rapids]] iyo biyo-dhacyo hooseya marka uu u qalloocdo waqooyi-galbeed iyada oo loo marayo daldaloolooyin taxane ah oo buuro hoose ah, mid kasta oo leh joog hooseeya dhinaca kale, sida tallaabooyinka. Waxay luminaysaa 170 m oo dherer ah in ka badan 20 km oo ku yaal meel fog, aan dad ku noolayn oo si fiican u kayn ah. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Chifulu Falls Luali |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Chifulu+Falls,+Luali/@-9.74628634,29.82574544,1247.84314731a,1359.75744033d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CoIBGlQSTgokMHgxOTBhMzcwMDMwMWIyNmJmOjB4MWFkODE4NDRkOWJiODc5GYxIFFrWfSPAIaJ3KuCe0z1AKhRDaGlmdWx1IEZhbGxzLCBMdWFsaRgCIAEiJgokCeT-kwVQeiPAEY-cImzigSPAGXwf8koP1j1AIRGWStC40D1AQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> === Webiga dhexe === Dhaadhaca wuxuu ku dhammaadaa aag kale oo madal-dhuleed ah oo u dhexeeya [[Kawambwa]] iyo Mporokoso, oo leh joog celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 1220 m. Halkaas webigu wuxuu u qalloocdaa dhanka galbeed iyada oo loo marayo dhul-daad kale oo dambos iyo dhul-qoyan ah, ilaa 2 km ballac ah, laakiin leh [[Oxbow lake|harooyin qalloocan]] badan iyo kanaallo laga tagay, iyo qaybo kala firdhiyey iyo gallery-yo ''mushitu'' ah. Kalungwishi waxay marta darafka waqooyi ee nidaam dhul-qoyan oo weyn oo ku yaal aagga beeraha ee Mushota ee [[Kawambwa District|Degmada Kawambwa,]] halkaas oo jasiirado bacrin ah oo dhul qallalan oo dhex yaal dambos-ka ay taageeraan beero avocado, sonkor, shaah, galley iyo dalagyo kale. Aaggan waxaa ku yaal [[Confluence|confluences]] laba [[Tributary|tributaries]] waaweyn. Midda ugu horraysa waa Luangwa, oo ah magac-wadaag yar oo ka mid ah webiga caanka ah ee [[Gobolka Bariga, Zambia|Gobolka Bariga]]; Luangwa-gan wuxuu isha ku hayaa kaliya 10 km waqooyi-bari ee isha Kalungwishi, wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi ka hor inta uusan u leexan galbeed, iyada oo loo marayo waddan aad u la mid ah. Kaliya maahan inay ka weyn tahay Kalungwishi isgoyska, iyadoo qiyaastii 45 m ballac ah marka loo eego 30 m ballac, isha ay ku taal bari ka fog tahay waana ka dheer tahay isgoyska ka sarreeya Kalungwishi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Luangwa-Kalungwishi Confluence, Kawena, Zambia |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Luangwa-Kalungwishi+Confluence,+Kawena,+Zambia/@-9.6289403,29.5261226,1198.16929596a,831.95312618d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=Cp0BGm8SaQolMHgxOTBhNWQwMDIzNTg0MTA1OjB4MjQ5ZDk3ZjcyOWZhNjQ5ZRnaRYd2BEIjwCG9r4D4r4Y9QCouTHVhbmd3YS1LYWx1bmd3aXNoaSBDb25mbHVlbmNlLCBLYXdlbmEsIFphbWJpYRgCIAEiJgokCTBUa7JrLyPAEQjsuqeXUiPAGWw5YpDNkj1AIRJo6vQDej1AQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Tributary-ga labaad waa Webiga Pambeshe, khariidadaha qaarkood lagu calaamadeeyay sida Luena ama Luongo, webiyada isku nidaam dhul-qoyan, laakiin koonfur fog. Pambeshe wuxuu leeyahay kanaal qiyaastii 30 m ballac ah oo ku yaal dambo iyo kanaal dhul-qoyan 1‒3 km ballac ah. Isgoysyadan ka hooseeya Kalungwishi wuxuu leeyahay kanaal 70 m ballac ah iyo dhul-daad qiyaastii 800 m ballac ah. Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi ka dibna waqooyi-galbeed wuxuuna noqdaa mid si dhakhso ah u qulqulaya, oo leh rapids ku yaal Chimpempe Falls, isla marka ay ka horreeyaan booditaankiisa cajiibka ah ee 35 mitir ee '''[[Lumangwe Falls|Lumangwe Falls]]'''. Hoostaas wuxuu u qulqulaa dooxada cidhiidhiga ah oo leh dhinacyo dhaadheer, iyo in ka badan '''Kabweluma Falls''' 6 km oo kale, haddii ay samaysato xadka bari ee [[Lusenga Plain National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Lusenga Plain]]. Qaybtan webiga waxay ku taal waddan fog, oo aan dad ku noolayn. Tilmaantiisa guud waa waqooyi, oo dabayl u dhexeeya buuro ku yaal dooxada dhinaca-dhaadheer oo qoto dheer ilaa 80 m, ilaa ay ka soo degto oo ay ku taal bannaanka kaynta ee si tartiib tartiib ah u qulqulaya ee ka hooseeya dhul-jiirka kaas oo samaynta geeska waqooyi ee qaybta Kawambwa-Mporokoso ee madal-dhuleedka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Lumangwe Falls |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Lumangwe+Falls,+Chimpempe,+Zambia/@-9.5411662,29.3883419,1166.41452838a,832.15976555d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CpABGmISXAolMHgxOTBhOGE0NDE5YWEyNmY3OjB4NWY1MDE5YWYwMGQ5ODcyYhm0ZnW8ExUjwCGgKvBfamM9QCohTHVtYW5nd2UgRmFsbHMsIENoaW1wZW1wZSwgWmFtYmlhGAIgASImCiQJHKC9jxE_I8ARd3JDVvdEI8AZcwTt8MOIPUAhLXbk_5uEPUBCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Webiga Itabu wuxuu ku biiraa bari isla marka uu xadka waqooyi ee Beerta Qaranka u baxo galbeed. Biyo-dhaca ugu dambeeya ee waaweyn, '''Kundabwika Falls''', waa in yar oo kale. Dhererkeedu waa 25 m iyo ballaceedu qiyaastii 70 m, iyo gaar ahaan xilliga roobka daahyada biyuhu waa qoto dheer yihiin, labbis yihiin oo aan jabin, cajiib ah awooddeeda. Biyo-dhaca hoostooda webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa gorge leh dhinacyo dhagax ah, oo qiyaastii 2 km dherer ah. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Kundabwika Falls |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Kundabwika+Falls/@-9.21247,29.3044427,1029.51040975a,833.04298846d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=Cn8aURJLCiUweDE5YTA3OWI2N2UyY2M0ZTU6MHhlODYzODhjOGIzNjgxODA0GSLDKt7IbCLAIYUB8PTvTT1AKhBLdW5kYWJ3aWthIEZhbGxzGAIgASImCiQJBpqRiiwSI8AR_jCW6PoXI8AZ3Nxk9nVlPUAhHCzDyV5hPUBCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> === Webiga hoose, delta iyo afka === Hadda koorsadiisa hoose, iyo qulqulka iyada oo loo marayo aagga ugu dadka badan oo la beeray, webiga oo joogga 965 m wuxuu u furmaa dhul-daad leh dhul-qoyan. Meel u dhow tuulada Nkoshya wuxuu la kulmaa Mofwe oo ka imanaya waqooyi-bari, kanaal dhiiqo leh qiyaastii 700 m ballac ah isgoyska laakiin ballac isbeddelaya ilaa 3.5 km ballaaran oo kor u kaca, iyo qiyaastii 40 km dherer ah, kaas oo ku xira webiga [[Lake Mweru Wantipa|Harada Mweru Wantipa]] joog qiyaastii isku mid ah, 945 m. Mofwe maahan webi keliya laakiin wuxuu leeyahay kanaallo badan oo cidhiidhi ah waxaana laga yaabaa inuu daadad ku dhaco xilliga roobka, laakiin wuxuu u muuqdaa mid aad u qallalan, inkastoo uu ku daboolan yahay [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], [[Phragmites|''Phragmites'' reeds]], iyo sedges kale iyo caws xilliga qallalan. Marka Mweru Wantipa ay la kulanto qulqulka xilliga roobka ee wanaagsan iyo heerkeedu kor u kaco, biyaha waxay u qulqulaan koonfur-bari harada ilaa Kalungwishi, laakiin marka webigu sarreeyo oo haradu hooseeyo, qulqulka biyaha ee Mofwe wuu rogi karaa jihada, iyo Mweru Wantipa waxaa buuxinaya webiga. Tani waxay u muuqataa inay tahay furaha heerka kala duwan ee harada iyo darafyada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Nkoshya Zambia|url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Nkoshya,+Zambia/@-9.13110514,29.21847618,965.17062447a,11058.91006575d,35y,360h,0t,0r/data=Cn4aUBJKCiUweDE5YTA3MDFkNmUzNjM1MDc6MHg5NmU5N2JkZmEyOTgxZDljGbx_4rZsPyLAIdCQlm8iNz1AKg9Oa29zaHlhLCBaYW1iaWEYAiABIiYKJAkIVJWLKcUhwBGWiT5_AdUhwBlu0kWPAIU9QCEchxEs3Hk9QEICCAE6AwoBMEICCABKDQj___________8BEAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Ka dib isgoyska Mofwe, Kalungwishi waxay marta dhul-qoyan ilaa 3.5 km ballac ah ka hor inta aysan ku dhex tuujin 60-mitir daldaloolo dhul qallalan oo sarreeya oo ku taal Mununga, goobta kaliya ee labaad ee buundada ka gudubta webiga, iyo magaalada kaliya ee ku taal bangiyadeeda. Saddex meelood, mid ka sarreeya magaalada iyo laba gudaha, kanaalka webigu wuxuu u kala jabaa qaybo gaagaaban oo kanaallo dhagax badan iyo jasiirado, oo leh rapids. Laga soo bilaabo magaalada ilaa meesha uu ka bilaabmayo [[River delta|delta-giisa]], dhulka ku xiga webigu waa mid [[Agricultural land|si daran loo beeray]], iyo dabinnada kalluunka iyo shabaqyada waxaa la dhigaa bangiyada dhismayaasha oo u soo baxaya ilaa 30 m bangiyada. Rapids-ka Mununga waxay ka hortagayaan Kalungwishi, si ka duwan [[Luapula River|Luapula]], in loo isticmaalo [[Inland navigation|gaadiidka webiga]] gudaha laga soo bilaabo harada. Meelaha uu u qalloocan yahay ee delta-ga waxay ka shaqeeyaan ka hor xitaa in loo isticmaalo doomaha ilaa rapids-ka — 20 km oo webi ah ayaa daboolaya masaafada xariiq toosan oo kaliya 12 km. Aagga delta-ga dhiiqada leh waa qiyaastii 37 km² waxaana ka mid ah jasiiradaha papyrus ee sabeynaya. Geeskiisa waqooyi waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay sandspit cidhiidhi ah 7.5 km dherer ah oo leh xeeb dhinaca harada ah iyo lagoon leh dhowr jasiirado ciid ah oo gudaha ah. Xeryaha kalluumeysiga ayaa lagu dhisay sandspit-kan laakiin ururinta ugu weyn ee Mununga ee doomaha kalluumeysiga iyo guryaha la xiriira iyo ganacsiyada xeebta harada waa kaliya 6km wadada laga soo bilaabo xarunta magaalada ilaa waqooyi-galbeed. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Mununga, Zambia|url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Mununga,+Zambia/@-9.04251244,29.04948266,949.87513264a,9183.64962183d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=Cn0aTxJJCiQweDE5YTAxNGI3NWNlYWZmNWQ6MHg4YTE0OGFmOGI2ZTJlMmEZP2357ZAXIsAhMBBfgUMNPUAqD011bnVuZ2EsIFphbWJpYRgCIAEiJgokCWNisPqmMSLAETB9fTGTVCLAGd57JjI3RD1AIcLYJY2jKz1AQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Waxaa jira hal kanaal oo weyn oo dhex mara delta-ga oo ku shuba Harada Mweru joogga dusha sare ee 917 m. Qulqulka celceliska webiga waa 136 m³/s oo lagu cabbiray Kundabwika, taas oo ka dhigaysa tributary-ga labaad ee ugu weyn harada ka dib [[Luapula River|Luapula]] oo leh qulqulka celceliska 741 m³/s oo lagu cabbiray gauge-ka Kashiba. == Taariikhda hareeraha Kalungwishi == === Lunda-ha Bariga ee Mwata Kazembe === Qarnigii 19-aad Webiga Kalungwishi laga soo bilaabo agagaarka Lumangwe Falls ilaa afkiisa wuxuu ahaa xadka waqooyi-bari ee [[Eastern Lunda|Lunda-ha Bariga]] ee [[Mwata Kazembe]] kuwaas oo ku sugnaa Luapula hoose. Socotada rabay inay ka gudbaan dhulka Mwata Kazembe waxaa laga filayay inay u diraan farriin caasimaddiisa ku xigta [[Mofwe Lagoon|Mofwe Lagoon]] codsanaya oggolaansho, waxaana la kulmi doona dadka deegaanka haddii aysan samayn. Markii oggolaanshaha la siiyo, [[Village head|madaxda]] tuulada deegaanka waxay u diri doonaan orodyahanno si ay Mwata Kazembe u siiyaan wararka horumarkooda.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death, Volume I (of 2), 1866-1868 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16672/16672.txt |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=Project Gutenberg eBook}}</ref> Mwata Kazembe waxaa loo yiqiinay dunida dibadda tan iyo markii ganacsatada reer Portugal iyo addoonsatada xeebaha Atlantic iyo Indian Ocean ee koonfurta Afrika ay gudaha u galeen qarnigii 17-aad, laakiin [[Francisco de Lacerda|Lacerda]], booqdihii ugu horreeyay ee reer Portugal ee Kazembe wuxuu ka yimid koonfur-bari mana uusan gudbin Kalungwishi.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Richard |title=Zambia |publisher=Pall Mall Press |year=1965 |location=London |pages=47-49}}</ref> ===Iska horimaad la yeeshay ganacsatada addoonta iyo foolmaroodiga ee xeebaha=== [[Shirazi people|Swahili Arab]] ganacsatada [[Indian Ocean slave trade|addoonta]] iyo [[Ivory trade|foolmaroodiga]] ka yimid [[Ujiji]] iyo [[Zanzibar]], kuwaas oo ugu caansan uu ahaa [[Tippu Tip]], waxay aasaaseen saldhigyo ku yaal [[Nsumbu]] iyo meelo kale oo koonfur-galbeed Harada Tanganyika ilaa aagga Harada Mweru, waxayna ka adkaadeen taliyihiisii ugu awoodda badnaa, Chief Nsama ee [[Lungu people|dadka Tabwa]]. Qaar ka mid ah ganacsatadan ayaa u yimid aagga Kazembe waxayna sababeen iskahorimaad, markaa Mwata Kazembe Muonga Sunkutu wuxuu iyaga ka saaray waqooyiga Kalungwishi. Si kastaba ha ahaatee Mwata hore, Lukwesa Mpanga, wuxuu la saftay Tippu Tip, oo ciidankiisa ku hubaysan musket-yo weeraray Lunda ee Kalungwishi waxayna ka adkaadeen iyaga. Waxay ahayd xilliga roobka iyo Kalungwishi oo aad u barartay si [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]-ka Tippu Tip ay u gudbaan, waxay ahayd inay u socdaan kor si ay u helaan meel ay ka gudbaan, waxaana halkaas ku weeraray ciidanka Kazembe. Tippu Tip wuxuu keenay xoojin ugu dambayntiina dagaal dheeraad ah ka dib wuxuu ka adkaaday Mwata Kazembe ka dibna wuxuu u magacaabay Lukwesa Mpanga sida Mwata Kazembe.<ref name=":3" /> ===David Livingstone oo ku sugan Kalungwishi=== Safaradiisii ugu dambeeyay ee raadinta [[Nile|isha Nile]], Scottish [[missionary|hage]] [[Exploration|sahamiye]] [[David Livingstone]] wuxuu ka gudbay Kalungwishi markii ugu horreysay ee doon 12 Nofeembar 1867, meel u dhow Mununga, waddadiisii ka soo bilaabatay dhamaadka waqooyi ee Mweru ilaa kulankiisii ugu horreeyay ee Mwata Kazembe, isagoo la socda ganacsatada Swahili Arab. Wuxuu qoray in webigu yahay 60 m ballac ah oo si xoog leh u qulqulaya, inkastoo aan weli lagu buuxin xilliga roobka. Wuxuu ku sifeeyay sida kalluumeysatada ay u qabtaan kalluunka webiga iyagoo isticmaalaya [[Fishing weir|weirs]], [[Fishing net|nets]], iyo [[Fish hook|hooks]], wuxuuna taxay magacyada deegaanka ee 39 nooc oo kalluun ah oo la qabtay markii ay webiga ka soo korayaan harada. Wuxuu ku soo laabtay waddadii isku mid ahayd 11 Janaayo markii xisbigiisu uu ku toogtay maroodi 'Kalungwishi Meadows', dhul-daadka dhiiqada leh ee harada (ama dhiiqada webiga ka hor). Wuxuu soo sheegay inay arkeen zebra iyo maroodi waxaana looga digay in libaaxyada iyo shabeellada ay caadi yihiin.<ref name=":2" /> Livingstone wuxuu dib ugu noqday waqooyi Janaayo 1868 wuxuuna ku soo noqday koonfurta Kalungwishi markii saddexaad 29kii Abriil 1868 markii uu sameeyay booqashadiisii labaad ee Kazembe, ka dibna wuxuu u socday inuu sahmiyo [[Lake Bangweulu|Harada Bangweulu]]. Halkaas wuxuu ku soo laabtay waqooyiga Harada Mweru isagoo raacaya waddo waqooyi oo toos ah madal-dhuleedka Kawambwa, isagoo isku xiraya Kalungwishi ee Kabwelume Falls ee bangiga galbeedka. Wuxuu sii waday raacitaanka Kalungwishi waqooyi, isagoo xusay tirada xoolaha ciyaarta, iyo inuu ka gudbay laba jeer oo kale, markii ugu dambeysay bangiga waqooyi ee waddo la yiraahdo Masolo.<ref name=":2" /> Gudubkiisii ugu dambeeyay ee Kalungwishi wuxuu ahaa afar sano ka dib, meel u dhow isgoyska Pambeshe River, qiyaastii lix bilood ka hor dhimashadiisii Maajo 1873. Safarradiisu waxay dhiirrigeliyeen wadaaddada Ingiriiska iyo gumeystayaasha inay bilaabaan booqashada aagga tobanka sano ee soo socda.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Stokes |first=Roy |year=1960 |title=The Story of Sumbu |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N3/V4N3.htm |journal=The Northern Rhodesia Journal |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=209–218 |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> ===BSAC's Kalungwishi Boma=== [[Colonisation of Africa|Gumeysiga Afrika]] wuxuu yimid aagga markii [[British South Africa Company]] ay u dirtay [[Alfred Sharpe]] laga soo bilaabo [[British Central Africa Protectorate]] (hadda [[Malawi]]) si ay u aasaasaan [[Treaty|heshiisyo]] lala galo madaxda aagga u dhexeeya Harada Mweru iyo Tanganyika. Sharpe wuxuu ku guuleystay Chief Kazembe iyo Chief Nsama kuwaas oo saxiixay heshiisyadiisa Nofeembar 1892 beddelka ilaalinta Ingiriiska ee ka dhanka ah Swahili Arabs. Ujeedooyinka Ingiriisku waxay ahaayeen inay soo afjaraan ganacsiga addoonta, iyo inay beddelaan Carabta xakamaynta [[commerce|ganacsiga]] iyo [[sovereignty|madaxbannaanida]]. Si loo taageero heshiisyada, Sharpe iyo BSAC waxay aasaaseen [[Boma (enclosure)|bomas]] dhowr goobood oo waqooyi ah oo ay ku jiraan mid lagu magacaabo Kalungwishi ee Mununga 1894. ==[[Tourism in Zambia|Dalxiiska]] iyo Kalungwishi== Jawaarta dalxiiska ee taajka Kalungwishi waa [[Lumangwe Falls|Lumangwe Falls]]. Helitaanka iyo biyo-dhaca yar ee Kabwelume ee hoos u socda ayaa lagu hagaajiyay calaamado iyo dhisidda waddooyin iyo tallaabooyin loogu talagalay goobaha daawashada. Lumangwe waxaa sidoo kale ku yaal [[Visitor center|xarunta soo-booqdaha]]. '''Kundabwika Falls''' iyo gorge-keeda dhagaxda leh ee cajiibka ah, midda ugu fog ee saddexda biyo-dhac ee waaweyn, ma lahan wax hagaajin ah oo lagu helayo waxaana la gaaraa kaliya waddo baadiye ah oo laga yaabo inay u baahato [[Four-wheel drive|gaari 4WD ah]], waxaana laga yaabaa inay adag tahay in la daawado sababtoo ah kaynta ku hareeraysan oo cufan. Koorsada sare ee Kalungwishi waxaa ku yaal shan biyo-dhac oo yaryar oo ku yaal waddanka buuraleyda fog ee u dhexeeya 9°48'01.15"S 29°51'54.84"E iyo 9°42'19.27"S 29°47'12.54"E : Kalonde, Chibunda, Nakapoko, Chifulu, iyo Mbulomatuto Kamilisa Falls. Laga bilaabo Juun 2026 kuwani ma lahan marin waddo waxayna u taagan yihiin fursad lagu horumariyo dalxiiska mustaqbalka ee dalxiiska iyo tacaburka. '''Lusenga Plain National Park''' wuxuu ku yaal bangiga galbeedka ee webiga qaybta u dhexeysa Kabweluma iyo Kundabwika Falls, laakiin ma jiro meel laga gudbo bangiga bari ee webiga, halkaas oo biyo-dhaca laga galo, ilaa Beerta; mana jiraan waddooyin Beerta ku yaal webiga, markaa [[hiking|socodka]] waa ikhtiyaarka kaliya ee lagu gaaro webiga laga soo bilaabo Beerta. Beerta waxay gashay hoos u dhac intii lagu jiray dhowr toban sano oo dayacaad ah laakiin [[Wildlife conservation|ilaalinta duurjoogta]] iyo tas-hiilaadka booqdayaasha waa la cusboonaysiinayaa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lusenga Plains National Park |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lusenga-plains-national-park/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=Tourism Zambia}}</ref> Beerta iyo biyo-dhaca Kalungwishi, iyo sidoo kale [[Lake Bangweulu|Harada Bangweulu]], Harada Mweru, [[Mweru Wantipa National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Mweru Wantipa]] iyo [[Nsumbu National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nsumbu]] waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin qayb ka mid ah 'Northern Tourism Circuit' kaas oo Wasaaradda Dalxiiska ay higsanayso inay kor u qaaddo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2025 |title=Government strengthens Northern Circuit tourism with focus on Bangweulu Wetlands development |url=https://theagencymedia.co.zm/government-strengthens-northern-circuit-tourism-with-focus-on-bangweulu-wetlands-development/ |website=The Agency Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Parks & GMAs |url=https://www.mot.gov.zm/dnpw/?page_id=1726#:~:text=Location |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=Ministry of Tourism, Zambia}}</ref> == Soo jeedin ku saabsan korontada biyaha ee Webiga Kalungwishi == Shirkadda Lunzua Power Company ayaa soo jeedisay mashruuc, oo loo diiwaangeliyay sidii fursad maalgashi oo ay samaysay [[Southern African Development Community|SADC,]] si loo dhiso [[Hydroelectricity|dhirta korontada]] ee Kabweluma iyo Kundabwika Falls oo leh wadarta 247 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia – 247 MW Kalungwishi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=https://invest.sadc.int/opportunities/project-details/view_express_entity/34 |access-date=17 June 2026 |website=Southern African Development Community Invest in SADC}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} 9df240na5d63lcc6tm4tfqvi97wjl3c 0 48730 301265 2026-07-10T08:45:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Luapula | image = Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg | image_caption = Webiga Luapula waa qaybta dhexe ee casaanka ah. | mapframe = yes | mapframe_label = Meesha uu webiga maro | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo|DR Kongo]] | source1_location = [[Harada Bangweulu]], [[Zambia]] | mouth_location = [[Harada Mweru]] | length = 300 km (dooxada hoose) | coordinates = {{coord|9.41384|S|28.52188|E|type:river_region:ZM|display=inline,title}} }} '''Webiga Luapula''' waa webi u qulqula dhanka waqooyi ee badhtamaha Afrika, kaas oo ku dhex yaal qaybta biyaha ee [[Webiga Congo]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa dhul-qoyanada [[Harada Bangweulu]] ([[Zambia]]), kuwaas oo uu quudiyo [[Webiga Chambeshi]]. Luapula waxay u qulqushaa galbeed ka dibna waqooyi, iyada oo calaamadinaysa xadka u dhexeeya Zambia iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] ka hor inta aysan ku shubin [[Harada Mweru]]. Webigu wuxuu magaciisa bixiyaa [[Gobolka Luapula]] ee dalka Zambia. == Isha iyo webiga sare == Luapula waxay ka miirtaa [[Harada Bangweulu]] iyo dhul-qoyanadeeda kuwaas oo uu ku dhex socdo [[Webiga Chambeshi]], oo ah isha webiga Congo. Ma jiro kanaal cad oo keliya oo isku xira labada webi iyo harada, balse waa xirmo kanaallo isbedbeddela, [[harooyin qalloocan]], iyo dhul-qoyan, sida uu ogaaday sahamiyaha [[David Livingstone]]. Kanaalka si cad loogu calaamadeeyay 'Luapula' ee khariidadaha badankood u socda koonfurta Harada Bangweulu, waxaa laga arki karaa dayax-gacmeedyada sida [[Google Earth]] inay ku dhammaadaan geedo cagaaran. Hoosta dhul-qoyanada Bangweulu iyo dhul-daadka, Luapula waxay si joogto ah ugu qulqushaa qaab qaanso ah koonfur-galbeed, iyada oo u leexanaysa waqooyi-galbeed ka dibna waqooyi, iyada oo leh qaar ka mid ah [[rapids]] iyo qaybo caan ah oo biyo-dhacyo ah, [[Mambilima Falls]] oo u dhow waddada weyn. == Dooxada == Laga soo bilaabo [[Buundada Chembe]] ilaa Harada Mweru, dooxada Luapula oo dhererkeedu yahay 300 km waxay leedahay dad miyi ah oo ka badan madal-dhuleedka ay goyso ilaa qoto dheer oo dhan 500 m. Webigu wuxuu caan ku yahay dooxadan iyo [[River delta|delta-giisa]] dheer ee khafiifka ah ee soo gala Harada Mweru, oo badanaa loo yaqaan Luapula Swamps. Qaybta dadka ku badan yihiin ee dooxada waxay ka bilaabataa waqooyiga Mambilima Falls. Ujeeddooyin waxbarasho oo wax ku ool ah, Luapula-ha hoose iyo Mweru waxaa loo tixgelin karaa hal unug. Waxay ku yaalliin [[rift valley]] ama [[graben]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Mweru, kuma shubo [[Harada Tanganyika]] ee [[Albertine Rift]] balse wuxuu u maraa [[Webiga Luvua]], kaas oo jaray dooxad qoto dheer oo cidhiidhi ah si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Lualaba]], oo ah sida loo magacaabo webiga Congo ee sare. == Dhul-qoyanada == Dhul-qoyanadu waxay fidsan yihiin 100 km-ka ugu dambeeya ee webiga ka hor inta uusan gaarin harada, waxaana qayb badan oo ka mid ah ay leeyihiin ballac dhan 30 km, iyagoo daboolaya aag dhan qiyaastii 2500 km². Waxaa jira afar jasiiradood oo dad ku nool yihiin oo ka tirsan qaybta DR Kongo ee delta-ga. Zambia waxay leedahay saddex jasiiradood oo dad ku nool yihiin oo ku yaal delta-ga, oo ay ku jirto Jasiiradda Chisenga. Sidoo kale waxaa jira harooyin badan, kuwaas oo ugu weyn ay tahay [[Mofwe Lagoon]] oo dhinaca Zambia ah. Sida ka dhacda dhul-qoyanada Bangweulu, sariiro sabeynaya oo [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]] ah ayaa ka mid ah sifooyinka dhul-qoyanada, kuwaas oo badanaa xira kanaallada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kanaalka ugu weyn ee webigu ma xirmo oo wuxuu joogteeyaa ballac dhan 400 m. == Degenaanshaha dadka == Qaybaha sare iyo dhexe ee Luapula waa kuwo dadka ku yar yihiin. Khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee dooxada hoose, oo ay ku jiraan kalluumeysiga webiga, harooyinka iyo dhul-qoyanada oo leh dhul beereed bacrin ah, ayaa soo jiitay duullaan-qaadayaashii [[Eastern Lunda|Lunda]] ee [[Kazembe|Mwata Kazembe]] inay halkaas degganaadaan qiyaastii 1750. Caasimaddooda hadda waxay ku taal [[Mwansabombwe]] oo ku taal geeska delta-ga. Ganacsato [[Carab ah]] oo ka yimid [[Zanzibar]] iyo ganacsato [[Portugal|reer Portugal]] oo ka yimid [[Mozambique]] ayaa soo jiitay aagga qarniyadii 18-aad iyo 19-aad. [[David Livingstone]] wuxuu ahaa [[United Kingdom|British]]-kii ugu horreeyay ee booqda 1867. == Gaadiidka biyaha == Kahor intaan la bilaabin gaadiidka waddooyinka, dadku waxay ugu safrayeen [[Dugout (boat)|doomo]] webiga dhexdiisa inta u dhaxaysa harooyinka Bangweulu iyo Mweru. Webiga hoose ee u dhexeeya Kasenga iyo Kilwa ee Mweru ayaa hadda ah qaybta keliya ee webiga ee qaadda gaadiid doon badan, inta badanna taasi waa midda DR Kongo, halkaas oo waddooyinka ay badanaa yihiin kuwo aan la mari karin. Kasenga waxay weli ahaanaysaa dekedda keliya ee webiga. == Ka gudubka webiga == Baabuurta [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]]-ka ayaa ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee loo isticmaalo gudbinta. Ma jiro mid hadhay, inkastoo doon rakaab ah ay ka shaqeyso inta u dhaxaysa Kasenga iyo Kashiba, Zambia. Sanadkii 1983-kii waxaa la dhisay buundadii ugu horreysay ee webiga dulmarta, [[Luapula Bridge]] oo dhererkeedu yahay 2.5 km oo ku taal waddada Samfya-Serenje. Buundada labaad ee webiga, oo ah [[Chembe Bridge]] oo dhererkeedu yahay 320 m, ayaa la dhammaystiray 2008 si ay u beddesho Chembe Ferry. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Congo Pedicle]] * [[Webiga Luvua]] * [[Webiga Congo]] * [[Gobolka Katanga]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em}} {{Rivers of Zambia}} {{Authority control}} izavtvjeohqyupettn5zsxzvhit9yr0 0 48731 301267 2026-07-10T08:47:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Mbereshi''' (oo sidoo kale loo qoro loona dhawaaqo 'Mbeleshi') wuxuu ka miirtaa [[madal-dhuleedka]] waqooyi ee [[Zambia]] ee waqooyiga [[Kawambwa]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa galbeed ilaa dooxada [[Luapula|Luapula]]. Wuxuu galaa [[dhul-qoyanada]] Luapula oo u dhow [[Mofwe Lagoon]]. Wuxuu magaciisa siiyay tuulada iyo howlgalkii hore ee [[Mbereshi]] oo ku yaal meel u dhow bangigiisa koonfureed.<ref name="Chuba">Bwalya Chuba: "Mbeleshi in a history of the London Missionary Society". Pula Press, Gaborone, 2000.</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} najqklnq7ahcgm913xkdua5qoeawtlo 0 48732 301268 2026-07-10T08:48:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Chambeshi | native_name = | name_other = Webiga Chambezi | name_etymology = | nickname = | image = Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Chambeshi waa durdurka ugu fog ee bari ee casaanka ah. | image_alt = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Zambia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|11|28|S|30|21|E|region:ZM-04_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} --> | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Congo Basin]] | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Chambeshi''' (ama '''Chambezi''') ee waqooyi-bari ee [[Zambia]] waa [[durdurka]] ugu fog ee [[Webiga Congo]] (xagga dhererka) sidaas darteedna waxaa loo arkaa isha Webiga Congo. (Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka loo eego mugga biyaha, [[Webiga Lualaba]] wuxuu Congo siiyaa [[qulqul-durdur]] ka weyn.) Chambeshi wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa durdur ku yaal [[buuraha]] waqooyi-bari ee Zambia u dhow [[Harada Tanganyika]] oo jooggeedu yahay 1760 m oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Wuxuu u qulqulaa 480 km ilaa [[Bangweulu Wetlands]], kuwaas oo qayb ka ah [[Harada Bangweulu]]. Dhamaadka [[xilliga roobka]] ee Maajo, webigu wuxuu keenaa [[daad]] kaas oo dib u buuxiya dhul-qoyanada oo [[daadiya dhul-daaqsimeedka Zambezian]] ee koonfur-bari. Biyaha ka dib waxay ka soo baxaan dhul-qoyanada iyagoo ah [[Webiga Luapula]].<ref>Brian Leith (Director):"Congo", Television Documentary broadcast by British Broadcasting Corporation, London, 2001.</ref> In ka badan 100 km oo dhererkiisa ah marka uu u qulqulo bari ee [[Kasama, Zambia|Kasama]], webigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay xirmo kanaallo ah oo ku yaal dhul-qoyano qiyaastii 2 km ballac ah, oo ku yaal [[dhul-daad]] gaaraya ilaa 25 km ballac. Ka sii hooseeya, halka ay ka dul maraan [[M1 road (Zambia)|waddada Kasama–Mpika]] iyo [[TAZARA Railway|Tareenka Tazara]], kanaalka ugu weyn ee joogtada ah waa qiyaastii 100 m ballac, iyo ilaa 400 m ballac marka uu fataho.<ref>Google Earth accessed 4 February 2007</ref> {{Short description|Durdur ku yaal Zambia, oo loo arko isha Webiga Congo}} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17552 Fatahaadda Webiga Chambeshi] oo ku taal [[NASA Earth Observatory]] apk34e6pks02zjr7vkjp9xo0ek38s53 0 48733 301269 2026-07-10T08:50:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Luangwa | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Luangwa river02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Luangwa, dhamaadka koonfureed oo u dhow [[Ndevu]] | map = Luangwa.png | map_size = | map_caption = Jidka Webiga Luangwa | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Gobolka Bari]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Zambezi]] | mouth_location = u dhow [[Luangwa, Zambia|Luangwa]], [[Zambia]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Zambezi]] | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Luangwa''' waa mid ka mid ah [[Tributary|qulqullada]] waaweyn ee Webiga [[Zambezi]], waana mid ka mid ah afarta webi ee ugu waaweyn [[Zambia]]. Webigu badanaa wuu fatahaa xilliga roobka (Disembar ilaa Maarso) ka dibna wuu hoos u dhacaa xilliga abaarta. Waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn ee aan wax laga beddelin ee [[Southern Africa]] iyo 52,000 km2 oo ka kooban dooxada ku xeeran waa hoyga xayawaannada duurjoogta ah ee faraha badan. Qaybta Nsefu ee South Luangwa waxaa lagu yaqaannaa dadka shabeelka iyo duurjoogta aan la taaban.<ref>{{Cite news | url = http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature4/index.html | title = Waiting for thunder | author = Christine Eckstrom | work = [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] | date = May 2007 | accessdate = 2007-04-30 }}</ref> == Isha iyo marinka dhexe ee sare == ''Fiiro gaar ah: masaafada la sheegay waa masaafada qiyaasta toosan ee ka bilaabma isha''. Luangwa waxay ka soo bilowdaa Lilonda iyo [[Mafinga Hills]] ee waqooyi-bari Zambia jooggeedu yahay qiyaastii 1500 m, meel u dhow xadka [[Tanzania]] iyo [[Malawi]], waxayna u qulqushaa jihada koonfur-galbeed iyada oo sii marta doox ballaaran. Qiyaastii 150 km u jirta isha, waxay hoos ugu dhacday joog dhan qiyaastii 690 m waxayna noqotaa webi qalloocan oo leh [[dhul-daad]] dhowr kiiloomitir ballac ah. 300 km ee soo socda qalloocyadu way kordhaan, iyadoo ay jiraan [[oxbow lake]]-yaal badan. Meel u dhow [[Mfuwe]], joogga webigu wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa qiyaastii 520 m, dhul-daadku waa qiyaastii 10 km ballac, dooxaduna waxay gaartaa qiyaastii 100 km ballac. Xilliga abaarta qaybo ka mid ah, gaar ahaan qaybaha sare, way engegaan gabi ahaanba, iyagoo ka tagaya barkado gooni ah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gilvear|first1=David|last2=Winterbottom|first2=Sandra|last3=Sichingabula|first3=Henry|date=April 2000|title=Character of channel planform change and meander development: Luangwa River, Zambia|journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms|volume=25|issue=4|pages=421–436|doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(200004)25:4<421::aid-esp65>3.0.co;2-q|issn=0197-9337}}</ref> Qaybaha sare iyo dhexe ee dooxada waxay ka kooban yihiin [[North Luangwa National Park]] iyo [[South Luangwa National Park]]s ee [[Zambia]]. Webiga laftiisu wuxuu hoy u yahay dad badan oo [[hippopotamuses]] iyo [[crocodile]]s ah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luangwa River In Zambia|url=https://www.victoriafalls-zambiatravel-safaris.com/country-info/rivers/luangwa-river|access-date=2021-05-22|website=AfricanMecca Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref> Marka laga soo tago inuu yahay isha biyaha, oxbow lake-yaasha iyo barkaduhu waxay kordhiyaan kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ee dooxada siyaabo kale. Hippopotami-ga ku nool waxay ku quutaan dhirta dhulka habeenkii. Saxaradoodu waxay quudisaa qaar ka mid ah kalluunka waxayna bacrimisaa barkadaha, taas oo kordhisa nolosha kalluunka oo iyaduna quudisa yaxaasyada iyo shimbiraha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-12|title=Hooray for hippos|url=https://africageographic.com/stories/hooray-for-hippos/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Africa Geographic|language=en-US}}</ref> Xilliga abaarta, xayawaannada daaqsinka iyo ugaarsigoodu waxay isugu yimaadaan meel u dhow webiga iyo barkadaha, waana la arki karaa. Xilliga roobka waxay u daaqaan meelo ka fog oo si fudud ugu dhuunta koritaanka dhirta cusub. Qiyaastii 500 km dooxadu waxay cidhiidhi noqotaa qiyaastii 50 km waxaana u qaybiya buur dhabar ah laba dooxadood oo isbarbar socda. Webigu wuu yareeyaa qallooca, dhul-daadkuna wuu cidhiidhi noqdaa. Degenaanshaha ugu weyn ee Dooxada Luangwa ee Dhexe iyo Sare waa Mfuwe oo u adeegta warshadaha dalxiiska oo leh [[Mfuwe Airport|garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luangwa River In Zambia|url=https://www.victoriafalls-zambiatravel-safaris.com/country-info/rivers/luangwa-river|access-date=2021-05-22|website=AfricanMecca Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marinka hoose == Qiyaastii 600 km webigu wuxuu si kedis ah u galaa doox cidhiidhi ah oo u dhaxaysa buuro kor u kacaya qiyaastii 200 m dhulka dooxada, wuxuuna noqdaa mid ku dhow [[gorge]]. Qiyaastii 700 km marka laga bilaabo ishiisa, Luangwa waxay ku biirtaa [[tributary]]-giisa, Lukusashi, ka dib markii kan dambe uu ku biiray [[Webiga Lunsemfwa]] oo ka imanaya jihada ka soo horjeeda, wuxuuna u leexdaa koonfur iyada oo loo marayo doox cidhiidhi ah oo jiir ah. Ka dib 20 km oo keliya wuxuu ka soo baxaa buuraha una galaa dooxada ballaaran ee Zambezi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luangwa River|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/luangwa/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Zambia Tourism|language=en-US}}</ref> Qaybta hoose ee webigu waxay samaysaa xadka u dhexeeya Zambia iyo [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luangwa River|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Luangwa-River|access-date= 2021-12-04 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Rift valley == Dooxada Luangwa waa [[rift valley]] ama [[graben]] samaysa kordhin koonfur-galbeed ee [[east African Rift]]. Waxaa jira ugu yaraan 20 ilo kulul, oo ah astaamaha rift valley, oo ku yaal dooxada ama [[escarpments]]-keeda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luangwa River|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/luangwa/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Zambia Tourism|language=en-US}}</ref> == Caqabad dabiici ah == Dooxada Luangwa Rift iyo webiyada ku dhex jira waxay sameeyaan caqabad dabiici ah, oo leh cufnaan dad aad u hooseeya. Tani, jiirka dhulka, iyo jiritaanka kaydka duurjoogta ayaa sababay in aysan jirin waddooyin waaweyn oo ka gudba dooxada inta u dhaxaysa waddooyinka [[T2 road (Zambia)|Lusaka-Kabwe]] ee galbeedka iyo waddada [[Isoka|Isoka-Chisenga]] ee waqooyiga, masaafada qiyaastii 800 km. Dooxada Luangwa ee hoose waxaa ka gudba hal waddo oo keliya, [[Great East Road]] oo ku taal [[Luangwa Bridge]], qiyaastii 10 km koonfurta ka xigta isgoyska [[Luangwa-Lunsemfwa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luangwa Bridge High Resolution Stock Photography and Images - Alamy|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/luangwa-bridge.html|access-date=2021-05-22|website=www.alamy.com}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} * [https://www.nsefu.net/ "Land of Leopards in South Luangwa, Zambia"]. ''NSEFU''. Retrieved 2026-07-06. {{Authority control}} {{coord|15.57443|S|30.38887|E|type:river_region:ZM|display=title}} k9999itb5mkpjdh3k005svs8gerdggk 0 48734 301270 2026-07-10T08:53:07Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301270 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luangwa Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dooxada Luangwa oo ay ku jirto Lunsemfwa (bidixda hoose)]] '''Webiga Lunsemfwa''' waa [[tributary|qulqul]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Luangwa]] ee [[Zambia]] iyo qayb ka mid ah dooxada [[Webiga Zambezi]]. Waa [[webi]] caan ku ah [[kalluumeysiga]], kaas oo ay ku jiraan dad badan oo [[tigerfish]] iyo [[bream]] ah. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa [[madal-dhuleedka]] koonfur-dhexe ee Afrika joog dhan qiyaastii 1250 m waqooyiga [[Mkushi]] iyo koonfurta xadka [[Congo Pedicle]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhaliyo [[hydroelectric power|korontada biyaha]] macdanta [[Kabwe]] iyada oo la marayo [[Mita Hills Dam]], oo la dhisay 1950-meeyadii oo leh kayd biyo ah oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 30 km iyo ballac dhan 3 ilaa 5 km, iyo xarun kale oo koronto oo ku taal Lunsemfwa Falls. Qiyaastii 30 km ka hooseeya biyo-xireenka wuxuu galaa [[gorge|gorges]] fog oo aan la geli karin kaas oo uu ka soo jaray madal-dhuleedka ilaa geeska Dooxada Luangwa Rift oo uu ku qulqulo. Waxaa loo yaqaannaa '''Lunsemfwa Wonder Gorge''' wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay 20 km, ilaa 500 m qoto dheer iyo qiyaastii 1 km ballac xagga sare ah. Goobta laga eego oo loo yaqaanno Bell Point ayaa ka eegta isku-darka Lunsemfwa iyo qulqulkiisa Webiga Mkushi, qiyaastii 15 km oo ka mid ah gorge-ka, waxaana lagu gaari karaa waddo boodh ah. Lunsemfwa wuxuu galaa dooxada rift-ka ee Webiga Luangwa qiyaastii 40 km marka laga bilaabo dhamaadka galbeedka, halkaas oo dooxadu ay tahay qiyaastii 45 km ballac. Wuxuu u qulqulaa badhtamaha dooxada wuxuuna u leexdaa bari isagoo ah webi qalloocan oo leh oxbow lakes iyo dhul-daad dhan 1 ilaa 2 km ballac. Qiyaastii 100 km ka dib wuxuu ku biiraa Lukusashi oo ka imanaya waqooyi-bari, webiga isku-dhafka ahna wuxuu u leexdaa koonfur dhanka Webiga Luangwa. == Goobta == == Tixraac == * [http://earth.google.com Google Earth] la helay 18 Febraayo 2007. * Camerapix: Spectrum Guide to Zambia, Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. * Terracarta: Zambia, 2nd edition, International Travel Maps, Vancouver, Canada, 2000. {{Rivers of Zambia}} {{coord|14|50|S|29|15|E|region:ZM_type:river_source:dewiki|display=title}} [[Category:Webiga Lunsemfwa| ]] [[Category:Webiyada Zambia]] [[Category:Juqraafiga Gobolka Dhexe, Zambia]] dmqmkurqhxnwpuan355e4n3rhvmxcz0 0 48735 301271 2026-07-10T08:55:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301271 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luangwa Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dooxada Luangwa oo ay ku jirto Lukasashi (badhtamaha hoose)]] '''Webiga Lukasashi'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Molyneux |first=Arthur John Charles |date=February 1909 |title=On the Karroo System in Northern Rhodesia, and its Relation to the General Geology |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/abs/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1909.065.01-04.25 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London |volume=65 |issue=1–4 |pages=408–439 |doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1909.065.01-04.25|bibcode=1909QJGS...65..408M }}</ref> (oo sidoo kale loo qoro '''Lukusashi''') waa [[tributary|qulqul]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Lunsemfwa]] ee [[Zambia]]. Wuxuu maraa [[conservation area|aagagga ilaalinta]] duurjoogta ee muhiimka ah inta uu marinka ku jiro. Isku-duwayaashiisu waa 14°39'0" K iyo 30°1'0" B ee DMS (Darajooyin Daqiiqado Ilbiriqsiyo) ama -14.65 iyo 30.0167 (darajooyin tobanle). Booskiisa UTM waa SJ77 tixraaciisuna waa SD36-09. Aagga waqtiga caadiga ah ee Webiga Lukasashi waa UTC/GMT+2. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{coord|12|58|S|30|46|E|display=title|region:ZM_type:river_source:dewiki}} g6533zo42e1osisjm4dqhp8i85u7h4p 0 48736 301273 2026-07-10T08:56:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301273 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luangwa Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|300px|Dooxada [[Webiga Luangwa]] oo ay ku jirto Webiga Mulungushi (bidixda hoose)]] '''Webiga Mulungushi''' ee badhtamaha [[Zambia]] waa qulqul ka mid ah [[Webiga Lunsemfwa]] iyo qayb ka mid ah dooxada [[Webiga Zambezi]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa madal-dhuleedka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Kabwe]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur-bari ilaa [[Luangwa River#The Luangwa Rift Valley|Dooxada Luangwa Rift]] halkaas oo uu kula biiro Lunsemfwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabwe|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/towns/kabwe/|website=Zambia Tourism|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Webigu waa goobta uu ku yaal [[Mulungushi Dam]], magaciisuna wuxuu noqday calaamad u taagan madax-bannaanida Zambia iyada oo loo marayo [[Mulungushi Rock of Authority]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Rivers of Zambia}} {{coord|14.8842|S|29.1933|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} f6iq18fjj81lh0owad81jocsu1e9hp8 301274 301273 2026-07-10T08:56:57Z Isma4l 41797 301274 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luangwa Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|300px|Dooxada [[Webiga Luangwa]] oo ay ku jirto Webiga Mulungushi (bidixda hoose)]] '''Webiga Mulungushi''' ee badhtamaha [[Zambia]] waa qulqul ka mid ah [[Webiga Lunsemfwa]] iyo qayb ka mid ah dooxada [[Webiga Zambezi]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa madal-dhuleedka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Kabwe]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur-bari ilaa [[Luangwa River#The Luangwa Rift Valley|Dooxada Luangwa Rift]] halkaas oo uu kula biiro Lunsemfwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabwe|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/towns/kabwe/|website=Zambia Tourism|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Webigu waa goobta uu ku yaal [[Mulungushi Dam]], magaciisuna wuxuu noqday calaamad u taagan madax-bannaanida Zambia iyada oo loo marayo [[Mulungushi Rock of Authority]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|14.8842|S|29.1933|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} 14mwzz5yp2y03v8hp4szyg2or4nub6g 0 48737 301275 2026-07-10T08:58:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chongwe Basin OSM.svg|thumb|Webiga Chongwe oo gaduud ah.]] '''Webiga Chongwe''' waa webi ku yaal [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time + Tide Chongwe Camp in Lower Zambezi National Park, Zambia. |url=https://www.lowerzambezi.com/chongwe-river-camp.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=lowerzambezi.com |language=en}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa waqooyi bari ee caasimadda [[Lusaka]], wuxuuna barbar socdaa [[Webiga Kafue]] oo ka weyn, wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Webiga Zambezi]]. Wuxuu sameeyaa xadka galbeed ee [[Lower Zambezi National Park]].{{sfn|Lusaka City Council|Environmental Council of Zambia|2008|p=3}} == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ===Shaqooyinka la soo xigtay=== * {{cite book |author1=Golaha Magaalada Lusaka |author2=Golaha Deegaanka ee Zambia |year=2008 |title=Warbixinta Xaaladda Deegaanka ee Magaalada Lusaka |isbn=978-9982-861-01-4}} == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Zambia]] {{coord|15|42|57|S|29|20|22|E|type:river_region:ZM|display=title}} 2zvxqrcuokdbw2p51jgj1t4vcl8nze3 0 48738 301277 2026-07-10T09:01:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Kafue | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Kafue river02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Kafue, Chamufumbu, u dhow Lubungu Pontoon, Zambia | map = Kafue OSM.svg | map_size = 250px | map_caption = Dooxada Webiga Kafue | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Kitwe]], [[Mazabuka]], [[Kafue|Magaalada Kafue]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|1576|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|320|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Xadka Zambia iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo waqooyi-galbeed ee Kipushi, [[North-Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]], [[Zambia]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|11|36|S|27|12|E|type:river_region:ZM|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1350|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Zambezi]] | mouth_location = u dhow [[Chirundu, Zambia|Chirundu]], [[Southern Province, Zambia|Gobolka Koonfurta]], [[Zambia]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-15.9429|28.9143|format=dms|type:river_region:ZM|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|410|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Zambezi]] | basin_size = {{convert|155000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kafue''' oo dhererkiisu yahay 1576 km waa webiga ugu dheer ee si buuxda ugu dhex yaal [[Zambia]].<ref name="kambole">{{cite journal|last1=Kambole|first1=Michael|title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|year=2003|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=1105–1109|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031|bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K|url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kafue_2003_Managing_the.pdf|access-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Biyihiisa waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[waraabka]] iyo dhalinta [[Hydroelectricity|korontada biyaha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/|title=Webiga Kafue}}</ref> Waa [[tributary|qulqulka]] ugu weyn ee [[Zambezi]],<ref>{{Cite report |author= The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank |author-link=worldbank.org |year=2010 |title=The Zambezi River Basin A Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/Zambezi_MSIOA_-_Vol_1_-_Summary_Report.pdf}}</ref> waxaana ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn ee Zambia, waa kan ugu dhexeeya uguna [[Urban area|magaalaysan]]. In ka badan 50% ka mid ah [[Demographics of Zambia|dadka Zambia]] waxay ku nool yihiin Dooxada Webiga Kafue, kuwaas oo qiyaastii 65% ay yihiin dad magaalo.<ref name="kambole"/> Wuxuu leeyahay heer qulqul celcelis ahaan ah 320 m3/s qaybtiisa hoose, iyadoo leh kala duwanaansho xilliyeed weyn. Webigu wuxuu sannadkii 10 km3 ku shubaa [[Webiga Zambezi]].<ref name="AAAS"/> == Marinka == === Isha === Webiga Kafue wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa joog dhan 1350 m oo ku yaal [[madal-dhuleed]] siman oo ka hooseeya xadka u dhexeeya [[Zambia]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] 120 km waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Chingola]] ee [[Copperbelt Province]]. Isha Webiga Kafue waxay ku taal [[North-Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]] ee Zambia. Aaggu waa [[Miombo]] [[woodland]] oo ku taal biyaha qaybiya ee Congo-Zambezi, iyadoo leh [[dambos]] badan oo laamood leh kuwaas oo 10 ilaa 20 m ka hooseeya dhulka ugu sarreeya, iyadoo soo saaraysa [[topography]] si jilicsan u ruxmaya. Webigu wuxuu ku bilaabmaa sida dhibic ka timaada dambos qoyan (Munyanshi Swamp waa qulqul) iyo iyadoo leh jiir hoose si loo dardargeliyo qulqulka webiga, wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari si caajis ah, 50 km gudaheedna wuxuu u yeeshaa dabeecadda webi qaangaar ah. Aaggu wuxuu helaa qiyaastii 1200 mm oo roob ah xilliga roobka, kanaalka webiguna wuxuu dhawaan gaaraa 100 m ballac iyadoo leh [[dhul-daad]] dambos fluvial ah oo ballacoodu yahay 1 ilaa 2 km.<ref name="Google">[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] la helay 1 Maarso 2007.</ref> === Copperbelt === Kahor inta uusan webigu gaarin magaalooyinka [[Copperbelt]], si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu lumiyaa dhul-daadkiisa ballaaran, kanaalku wuxuu cidhiidhi ku noqdaa 30–40 m wuxuuna yareeyaa qallooca, dooxad gacmeed 40 m ama wax ka badan ka hooseeya madal-dhuleedka ku xeeran. Wuxuu u qulqulaa meel u dhow magaalooyinka Copperbelt ee [[Chililabombwe]], [[Chingola]] iyo [[Mufulira]], wuxuuna dhex maraa duleedka [[Kitwe]].<ref name="ITM">Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> Goobta caanka ah ee loo dalxiiso ee Hippo Pool ee waqooyiga Chingola ayaa loo ilaaliyay sidii [[National Monuments of Zambia|taallo qaran]]. Copperbelt-ka, biyaha waxaa laga qaadaa webiga si loo [[Irrigation|waraabiyo]] beeraha yaryar iyo [[Market gardening|beeraha suuqa]]. Kitwe wuxuu ka beddelaa jihada koonfur-galbeed wuxuuna u qulqulaa kaynta iyo aagagga dhagaxa fidsan kuwaas oo uu fataho xilliga roobka, isagoo ku sii jira kanaal qiyaastii 50 m ballac ah xilliga abaarta.<ref name="Google"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norrgren|first1=L.|last2=Pettersson|first2=U.|last3=Örn|first3=S.|last4=Bergqvist|first4=P.-A.|date=2000-04-01|title=Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=38|issue=3|pages=334–341|doi=10.1007/s002449910044|pmid=10667931|bibcode=2000ArECT..38..334N |s2cid=11407966|issn=0090-4341}}</ref> === Lukanga Swamp === {{main|Lukanga Swamp}} Webigu wuxuu mar kale horumariyaa qalloocyo adag iyo xirmo kanaallo ah oo ku yaal dhul-daad qoyan, oo leh [[Oxbow lake|oxbow lakes]] iyo lagoons. Wuxuu u qulqulaa 20 km galbeedka qaybta joogtada ah ee [[Lukanga Swamp]] oo ka buuxisa niyad-jab wareeg ah, taas oo ku qulqulata kanaal ilaa Kafue. Aagga u dhexeeya qoyanada iyo webiga waa dhul-daad marka taasi iyo aagagga ku xeeran ay fatahaan xilliga roobka, qoyanada isku-dhafan waxay ka badan yihiin 6,000 km2.<ref name="Google"/> Tani waa kii ugu horreeyay ee saddexda aag ee ugu waaweyn duurjoogta webiga, waana kan ugu yar ee la sahmiyo oo la ilaaliyo. === Kafue National Park === {{main|Kafue National Park}} Dabeecadda webigu way isbeddeshaa mar kale, maadaama uu sameeyo kanaal xilli-abaareed oo aan qalloocanayn oo leh bangiyo ciid ah iyo jasiirado. Isagoo sii wada koonfur-galbeed wuxuu galaa [[Kafue National Park]], oo ah beerta qaran ee labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, halkaas oo uu ka helo labadiisa qulqul ee ugu waaweyn, webiyada Lunga iyo Lufupa, sidoo kale waqooyiga.<ref name="ITM"/> Kafue waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-bari ee Busanga Plain, oo ah mid ka mid ah aagagga [[wildlife|duurjoogta]] ee ugu horreeya Afrika, oo loo yaqaan raxan badan oo [[cape buffalo]], [[zebra]] iyo [[antelope]]. Xilliga roobka Lufupa wuxuu fatahaa bannaanka.<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> === Itezhi-Tezhi Gap === {{main|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam}} Sida webiyada sare ee Zambezi, [[Okavango River|Okavango]] iyo [[Cuando River|Cuando]], Kafue wuxuu u qulquli jiray koonfur ilaa [[Lake Makgadikgadi]] iyo ilaa [[Limpopo River]], laakiin dhulka aaggaas ayaa la [[Tectonic uplift|kordhiyay]]. Dooxada rift-ka ayaa samaysay oo u qulqulaysay bari ilaa meesha Kafue National Park uu hadda yahay, webiga Kafue wuxuu ka nabaad-guuriyay kanaal la yiraahdo Itezhi-Tezhi Gap iyada oo loo marayo buuro qiyaastii 100 m ah, isagoo u qulqulaya bari. [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] waxaa la dhisay 1977 meesha bannaanka ah waxayna hadda samaysaa kayd biyo ah oo dhererkiisu yahay 50 km iyo ilaa 10 km ballac.<ref name="Spectrum"/> === Kafue Flats === {{main|Kafue Flats}} Sii bari, webigu wuxuu si caajis ah ugu qulqulaa bannaanka fidsan ee loo yaqaan Kafue Flats (oo hore loo yiqiin ''Butwa'' ka dib dadka [[Kafwe Twa|Twa]]) iyo markii saddexaad wuxuu horumariyaa qalloocyo adag oo ku yaal kanaallo qoyan iyo lagoons. Markan si kastaba ha ahaatee wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|dhul-daad]] weyn oo aan waddooyin ama tareenno ka gudbin, 240 km dherer iyo qiyaastii 50 km ballac,<ref name="Google"/> oo fatahay ilaa qoto dheer oo ka yar mitir xilliga roobka (qoto dheer lagoons qaar iyo aagag qoyan joogto ah), iyo engegitaanka ilaa ciid madow oo dhoobo ah xilliga abaarta. Kafue Flats waa aagga saddexaad ee ugu weyn duurjoogta webiga. Tobanaan kun oo Kafue Lechwe ah ayaa ku nool Kafue Flats waxaana loo habeeyay inay u gudbaan aagagga fatahay. Aaggani wuxuu kaloo leeyahay mid ka mid ah noocyada iyo cufnaanta ugu weyn ee shimbiraha adduunka. [[Lochinvar National Park|Lochinvar]] iyo [[Blue Lagoon National Park]]s ayaa laga dhisay bannaanka. Agagaarka [[Mazabuka]] marka webigu u dhawaado magaalada [[Kafue]], beeraha sonkorta iyo hantida kale ee waaweyn ee beeraha ayaa laga dhisay ciidda madow ee bacrinka ah waxayna isticmaalaan biyaha webiga xilliga abaarta.<ref name="Spectrum"/> === Kafue Gorge iyo Dam === [[File:Victoria Falls National Park marker.jpg|thumb|Calaamadda Beerta Qaranka ee Victoria Falls]] Kafue Flats waxay ku dhammaataa magaalada Kafue iyo halkaas, maadaama dooxada rift-ku ay sii qoto dheeraanayso, webigu wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa 550 m muddo 60 km ah iyada oo loo marayo [[Kafue Gorge]].<ref name="Google"/> Biyo-xireen labaad, [[Kafue Gorge Dam]], oo leh kayd biyo ah oo yar, ayaa dhaliya koronto. Zambezi-ga hoose (oo asal ahaan ahaa webi gooni ah) ayaa dib u dhex maray dooxooyinka rift-ka ugu dambeyntiina [[River capture|qabsaday]] Kafue. Isku-darkoodu waa qiyaastii 20 km waqooyiga [[Chirundu, Zambia|Chirundu]].<ref name="ITM"/> == Buundooyinka == === Tareenka === Fiiri [[Kafue Railway Bridge]] si aad u hesho xisaab buuxda. Waxaa la furay 1906 si loogu xiro [[Kafue]] iyo [[Mazabuka]] asal ahaanna waxaa loola jeeday inay qayb ka noqoto [[Cape to Cairo Railway]]. === Waddada === Buundada waddada ee ugu horreysay ee ka gudubta Kafue ayaa asal ahaan laga dhisay Thames ee London intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Dagaalka ka dib, waa la kala dhigdhigay waxaana la rakibay qiyaastii 9 km hoos u socota buundada tareenka. Markii hore, taraafikada waddada ayaa ka gudbi jiray webiga pontoon. [[T3 road (Zambia)|T3 road]] waxay ka gudubtaa webiga u dhexeeya [[Chililabombwe]] iyo [[Chingola]] iyo sidoo kale magaalada [[Kitwe]], labaduba waxay ku yaalliin [[Copperbelt Province]]. [[T2 road (Zambia)|T2 road]] ([[Cape to Cairo Road]]) waxay ka gudubtaa webiga 10 km koonfurta xarunta magaalada [[Kafue]]. [[Lusaka–Mongu Road]] waxay ka gudubtaa webiga ee Kafue Hook Bridge ee [[Kafue National Park]]. == Arrimaha deegaanka == === Wasakhaynta === Maadaama uu dhex maro Copperbelt Webiga Kafue wuxuu halis weyn ugu jiraa [[pollution|wasakhaynta]], ma aha oo kaliya [[Urban Waste|qashinka magaalada]] laakiin ka [[copper|naxaas]] [[mine tailings|macdanta]].<ref>[http://www.visitzambia.co.zm/lk/news/kafue_province_campaigners_consider_suing_kcm_zambian_government_over_kafue_river_pollution Visit Zambia website] : "Kafue Province Campaigners consider suing KCM, Zambian Government over Kafue River Pollution." La helay 1 Maarso 2007.</ref> Aagagga qoyan ee galbeedka Lukanga Swamp waxay caawiyaan wasakhda inay degto si webigu u noqdo mid cad dhinaca hoose. Warbixin bishii Abriil 2002 ayaa tiri: ''… qoyanada dabiiciga ah ayaa aad waxtar ugu leh xakameynta wasakhaynta biyaha ee macdanta Copperbelt … Imtixaanadu waxay muujinayaan in Kafue uu ka nadiif yahay wasakhda macdanta ee hoose ee Copperbelt.''<ref>[http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/zambmore.shtml Blacksmith Institute website: Zambia Country Report (April 2002)] la helay 1 Maarso 2007.</ref> [[Kafue Flats|Kafue flats]], dheecaanka fosfatka ee xad-dhaafka ah ee ka yimaada beeraha ganacsiga iyo Nakambala Sugar Estate waxay keeni karaan koritaanka haramaha, iyadoo hoos u dhigaysa dadka kalluunka.<ref name="AAAS">[http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/waterpop/zambia.htm American Association for the Advancement of Science website] : H N. Weza Chabwela & Wanga Mumba, "Integrating Water Conservation and Population Strategies on the Kafue Flats", Report of a Workshop on Water and Population Dynamics, Montreal, Canada, October 1996.</ref> Dheecaanka ka yimaada macdanta ee leh cadmium, lead iyo mercury ayaa burburiyay Webiga Kafue. Bixinta biyaha magaalada ayaa la hakiyay markii Webiga Kafue uu noqday buluug sababtoo ah dheecaanka slurry. Sababo la xiriira baaxaddiisa iyo goobtiisa juqraafi, dooxada Webiga Kafue waa [[ecosystem]] oo bixiya adeegyo iyo taageero bulshooyinka iyo warshadaha oo leh dano kala duwan iyo mararka qaarkood iska hor imanaya isticmaalka khayraadka webiga. 1999, [[World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) waxay bilowday wadahadal u dhexeeya Dawladda Zambia, [[ZESCO|Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation]] (ZESCO) iyo dadka deegaanka si loo soo celiyo qaab qulqul dabiici ah oo dheeraad ah oo ka yimaada sii daynta biyaha ee [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] oo laga dhisay Webiga Kafue.<ref>{{cite web|last=United|first=Nations|title=Innovations for Sustainable Development: Local case studies from Africa.|url=https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/publications/africa_casestudies/publication.pdf|publisher=United Nations|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> Mashruucan ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay horumarinta siyaasadda Dawladda Zambia ee khayraadka biyaha iyo bishii Febraayo 2010, Golaha Wasiirada ee Zambia waxay ansixiyeen siyaasad qaran oo biyo ah oo dib loo eegay oo "ujeedadeedu tahay in la horumariyo maareynta khayraadka biyaha iyadoo la dhisayo isuduwidda hay'adaha, ka qayb qaadashada hababka casriga ah ee maareynta khayraadka biyaha ee isku-dhafan iyada oo la dhimayo siyaasadda dawladda si wax looga qabto dano kala duwan oo ka dhex jira qaybta biyaha".<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Dimensions of Change in River Basins: Threats Linkages and Adaptation|url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/GCI_conference/Products/GWSP-GCI%20conference%202010%20Proceedings.pdf|publisher=Global Systems Water Project|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> ==== Burburka biyo-xireenka Tailings ==== {{Main article|2025 Sino-Metals Leach Zambia dam disaster}} 18 Febraayo 2025, [[tailings dam]] oo ay lahayd macdan naxaas ah oo ay maamulayso Sino-Metals Leach Zambia [[2025 Sino-Metals Leach Zambia dam disaster|burburtay]] ee Copperbelt Province, taas oo keentay 50 milyan oo litir oo qashin ah oo leh asiidh xoog leh, adke iyo biraha culus inay galaan qulqulka Webiga Kafue iyo kicinta xiritaanka biyaha ee [[Kitwe]].<ref name="ap_20250315_spill">{{Cite news |last1=Kille|first1=Richard |last2=Zimba |first2=Jacob |date=15 March 2025 |title=A river 'died' overnight in Zambia after an acidic waste spill at a Chinese-owned mine |url=https://apnews.com/article/mining-pollution-china-zambia-environment-93ee91d1156471aaf9a7ebd6f51333c1 |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317035516/https://apnews.com/article/mining-pollution-china-zambia-environment-93ee91d1156471aaf9a7ebd6f51333c1 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Itezhi-Tezhi iyo Kafue Gorge Dams === {{main|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam}} Kuwani waxay saameyn weyn oo xun ku yeesheen webiga.<ref name="AAAS"/> === Biyo waraabka === [[Plantation|Beeraha]] ganacsiga, gaar ahaan kuwa xuduudka la leh Kafue flats waxay qaataan tiro badan oo biyo ah waraabka. Midda ugu weyn waa Nakambala Sugar Estate, oo soo saarta in ka badan 720,000 m3 maalintii si loo waraabiyo 134.13 kilomitir labajibbaaran oo dhul ah si loo beero sonkor.<ref name="AAAS"/> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} * [http://www.visitzambia.co.zm/ Ololaha Booqo Zambia] {{Authority control}} 36d81jmunu2d51c95ph36odvlum1cjn 301379 301277 2026-07-10T11:48:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Kafue | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Kafue river02.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Kafue, Chamufumbu, u dhow Lubungu Pontoon, Zambia | map = Kafue OSM.svg | map_size = 250px | map_caption = Dooxada Webiga Kafue | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Kitwe]], [[Mazabuka]], [[Kafue|Magaalada Kafue]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|1576|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|320|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Xadka Zambia iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo waqooyi-galbeed ee Kipushi, [[North-Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]], [[Zambia]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|11|36|S|27|12|E|type:river_region:ZM|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1350|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Zambezi]] | mouth_location = u dhow [[Chirundu, Zambia|Chirundu]], [[Southern Province, Zambia|Gobolka Koonfurta]], [[Zambia]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-15.9429|28.9143|format=dms|type:river_region:ZM|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|410|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Zambezi]] | basin_size = {{convert|155000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kafue''' oo dhererkiisu yahay 1576 km waa webiga ugu dheer ee si buuxda ugu dhex yaal [[Zambia]].<ref name="kambole">{{cite journal|last1=Kambole|first1=Michael|title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|year=2003|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=1105–1109|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031|bibcode=2003PCE....28.1105K|url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kafue_2003_Managing_the.pdf|access-date=19 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Biyihiisa waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[waraabka]] iyo dhalinta [[Hydroelectricity|korontada biyaha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/|title=Webiga Kafue}}</ref> Waa [[tributary|qulqulka]] ugu weyn ee [[Zambezi]],<ref>{{Cite report |author= The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank |author-link=worldbank.org |year=2010 |title=The Zambezi River Basin A Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/Zambezi_MSIOA_-_Vol_1_-_Summary_Report.pdf}}</ref> waxaana ka mid ah webiyada ugu waaweyn ee Zambia, waa kan ugu dhexeeya uguna [[Urban area|magaalaysan]]. In ka badan 50% ka mid ah [[Demographics of Zambia|dadka Zambia]] waxay ku nool yihiin Dooxada Webiga Kafue, kuwaas oo qiyaastii 65% ay yihiin dad magaalo.<ref name="kambole"/> Wuxuu leeyahay heer qulqul celcelis ahaan ah 320 m3/s qaybtiisa hoose, iyadoo leh kala duwanaansho xilliyeed weyn. Webigu wuxuu sannadkii 10 km3 ku shubaa [[Webiga Zambezi]].<ref name="AAAS"/> == Marinka == === Isha === Webiga Kafue wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa joog dhan 1350 m oo ku yaal [[madal-dhuleed]] siman oo ka hooseeya xadka u dhexeeya [[Zambia]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] 120 km waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Chingola]] ee [[Copperbelt Province]]. Isha Webiga Kafue waxay ku taal [[North-Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]] ee Zambia. Aaggu waa [[Miombo]] [[woodland]] oo ku taal biyaha qaybiya ee Congo-Zambezi, iyadoo leh [[dambos]] badan oo laamood leh kuwaas oo 10 ilaa 20 m ka hooseeya dhulka ugu sarreeya, iyadoo soo saaraysa [[topography]] si jilicsan u ruxmaya. Webigu wuxuu ku bilaabmaa sida dhibic ka timaada dambos qoyan (Munyanshi Swamp waa qulqul) iyo iyadoo leh jiir hoose si loo dardargeliyo qulqulka webiga, wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari si caajis ah, 50 km gudaheedna wuxuu u yeeshaa dabeecadda webi qaangaar ah. Aaggu wuxuu helaa qiyaastii 1200 mm oo roob ah xilliga roobka, kanaalka webiguna wuxuu dhawaan gaaraa 100 m ballac iyadoo leh [[dhul-daad]] dambos fluvial ah oo ballacoodu yahay 1 ilaa 2 km.<ref name="Google">[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] la helay 1 Maarso 2007.</ref> === Copperbelt === Kahor inta uusan webigu gaarin magaalooyinka [[Copperbelt]], si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu lumiyaa dhul-daadkiisa ballaaran, kanaalku wuxuu cidhiidhi ku noqdaa 30–40 m wuxuuna yareeyaa qallooca, dooxad gacmeed 40 m ama wax ka badan ka hooseeya madal-dhuleedka ku xeeran. Wuxuu u qulqulaa meel u dhow magaalooyinka Copperbelt ee [[Chililabombwe]], [[Chingola]] iyo [[Mufulira]], wuxuuna dhex maraa duleedka [[Kitwe]].<ref name="ITM">Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> Goobta caanka ah ee loo dalxiiso ee Hippo Pool ee waqooyiga Chingola ayaa loo ilaaliyay sidii [[National Monuments of Zambia|taallo qaran]]. Copperbelt-ka, biyaha waxaa laga qaadaa webiga si loo [[Irrigation|waraabiyo]] beeraha yaryar iyo [[Market gardening|beeraha suuqa]]. Kitwe wuxuu ka beddelaa jihada koonfur-galbeed wuxuuna u qulqulaa kaynta iyo aagagga dhagaxa fidsan kuwaas oo uu fataho xilliga roobka, isagoo ku sii jira kanaal qiyaastii 50 m ballac ah xilliga abaarta.<ref name="Google"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norrgren|first1=L.|last2=Pettersson|first2=U.|last3=Örn|first3=S.|last4=Bergqvist|first4=P.-A.|date=2000-04-01|title=Environmental Monitoring of the Kafue River, Located in the Copperbelt, Zambia|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=38|issue=3|pages=334–341|doi=10.1007/s002449910044|pmid=10667931|bibcode=2000ArECT..38..334N |s2cid=11407966|issn=0090-4341}}</ref> === Lukanga Swamp === {{main|Lukanga Swamp}} Webigu wuxuu mar kale horumariyaa qalloocyo adag iyo xirmo kanaallo ah oo ku yaal dhul-daad qoyan, oo leh [[Oxbow lake|oxbow lakes]] iyo lagoons. Wuxuu u qulqulaa 20 km galbeedka qaybta joogtada ah ee [[Lukanga Swamp]] oo ka buuxisa niyad-jab wareeg ah, taas oo ku qulqulata kanaal ilaa Kafue. Aagga u dhexeeya qoyanada iyo webiga waa dhul-daad marka taasi iyo aagagga ku xeeran ay fatahaan xilliga roobka, qoyanada isku-dhafan waxay ka badan yihiin 6,000 km2.<ref name="Google"/> Tani waa kii ugu horreeyay ee saddexda aag ee ugu waaweyn duurjoogta webiga, waana kan ugu yar ee la sahmiyo oo la ilaaliyo. === Kafue National Park === {{main|Kafue National Park}} Dabeecadda webigu way isbeddeshaa mar kale, maadaama uu sameeyo kanaal xilli-abaareed oo aan qalloocanayn oo leh bangiyo ciid ah iyo jasiirado. Isagoo sii wada koonfur-galbeed wuxuu galaa [[Kafue National Park]], oo ah beerta qaran ee labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, halkaas oo uu ka helo labadiisa qulqul ee ugu waaweyn, webiyada Lunga iyo Lufupa, sidoo kale waqooyiga.<ref name="ITM"/> Kafue waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-bari ee Busanga Plain, oo ah mid ka mid ah aagagga [[wildlife|duurjoogta]] ee ugu horreeya Afrika, oo loo yaqaan raxan badan oo [[cape buffalo]], [[zebra]] iyo [[antelope]]. Xilliga roobka Lufupa wuxuu fatahaa bannaanka.<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> === Itezhi-Tezhi Gap === {{main|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam}} Sida webiyada sare ee Zambezi, [[Okavango River|Okavango]] iyo [[Cuando River|Cuando]], Kafue wuxuu u qulquli jiray koonfur ilaa [[Lake Makgadikgadi]] iyo ilaa [[Limpopo River]], laakiin dhulka aaggaas ayaa la [[Tectonic uplift|kordhiyay]]. Dooxada rift-ka ayaa samaysay oo u qulqulaysay bari ilaa meesha Kafue National Park uu hadda yahay, webiga Kafue wuxuu ka nabaad-guuriyay kanaal la yiraahdo Itezhi-Tezhi Gap iyada oo loo marayo buuro qiyaastii 100 m ah, isagoo u qulqulaya bari. [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] waxaa la dhisay 1977 meesha bannaanka ah waxayna hadda samaysaa kayd biyo ah oo dhererkiisu yahay 50 km iyo ilaa 10 km ballac.<ref name="Spectrum"/> === Kafue Flats === {{main|Kafue Flats}} Sii bari, webigu wuxuu si caajis ah ugu qulqulaa bannaanka fidsan ee loo yaqaan Kafue Flats (oo hore loo yiqiin ''Butwa'' ka dib dadka [[Kafwe Twa|Twa]]) iyo markii saddexaad wuxuu horumariyaa qalloocyo adag oo ku yaal kanaallo qoyan iyo lagoons. Markan si kastaba ha ahaatee wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|dhul-daad]] weyn oo aan waddooyin ama tareenno ka gudbin, 240 km dherer iyo qiyaastii 50 km ballac,<ref name="Google"/> oo fatahay ilaa qoto dheer oo ka yar mitir xilliga roobka (qoto dheer lagoons qaar iyo aagag qoyan joogto ah), iyo engegitaanka ilaa ciid madow oo dhoobo ah xilliga abaarta. Kafue Flats waa aagga saddexaad ee ugu weyn duurjoogta webiga. Tobanaan kun oo Kafue Lechwe ah ayaa ku nool Kafue Flats waxaana loo habeeyay inay u gudbaan aagagga fatahay. Aaggani wuxuu kaloo leeyahay mid ka mid ah noocyada iyo cufnaanta ugu weyn ee shimbiraha adduunka. [[Lochinvar National Park|Lochinvar]] iyo [[Blue Lagoon National Park]]s ayaa laga dhisay bannaanka. Agagaarka [[Mazabuka]] marka webigu u dhawaado magaalada [[Kafue]], beeraha sonkorta iyo hantida kale ee waaweyn ee beeraha ayaa laga dhisay ciidda madow ee bacrinka ah waxayna isticmaalaan biyaha webiga xilliga abaarta.<ref name="Spectrum"/> === Kafue Gorge iyo Dam === [[File:Victoria Falls National Park marker.jpg|thumb|Calaamadda Beerta Qaranka ee Victoria Falls]] Kafue Flats waxay ku dhammaataa magaalada Kafue iyo halkaas, maadaama dooxada rift-ku ay sii qoto dheeraanayso, webigu wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa 550 m muddo 60 km ah iyada oo loo marayo [[Kafue Gorge]].<ref name="Google"/> Biyo-xireen labaad, [[Kafue Gorge Dam]], oo leh kayd biyo ah oo yar, ayaa dhaliya koronto. Zambezi-ga hoose (oo asal ahaan ahaa webi gooni ah) ayaa dib u dhex maray dooxooyinka rift-ka ugu dambeyntiina [[River capture|qabsaday]] Kafue. Isku-darkoodu waa qiyaastii 20 km waqooyiga [[Chirundu, Zambia|Chirundu]].<ref name="ITM"/> == Buundooyinka == === Tareenka === Fiiri [[Kafue Railway Bridge]] si aad u hesho xisaab buuxda. Waxaa la furay 1906 si loogu xiro [[Kafue]] iyo [[Mazabuka]] asal ahaanna waxaa loola jeeday inay qayb ka noqoto [[Cape to Cairo Railway]]. === Waddada === Buundada waddada ee ugu horreysay ee ka gudubta Kafue ayaa asal ahaan laga dhisay Thames ee London intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Dagaalka ka dib, waa la kala dhigdhigay waxaana la rakibay qiyaastii 9 km hoos u socota buundada tareenka. Markii hore, taraafikada waddada ayaa ka gudbi jiray webiga pontoon. [[T3 road (Zambia)|T3 road]] waxay ka gudubtaa webiga u dhexeeya [[Chililabombwe]] iyo [[Chingola]] iyo sidoo kale magaalada [[Kitwe]], labaduba waxay ku yaalliin [[Copperbelt Province]]. [[T2 road (Zambia)|T2 road]] ([[Cape to Cairo Road]]) waxay ka gudubtaa webiga 10 km koonfurta xarunta magaalada [[Kafue]]. [[Lusaka–Mongu Road]] waxay ka gudubtaa webiga ee Kafue Hook Bridge ee [[Kafue National Park]]. == Arrimaha deegaanka == === Wasakhaynta === Maadaama uu dhex maro Copperbelt Webiga Kafue wuxuu halis weyn ugu jiraa [[pollution|wasakhaynta]], ma aha oo kaliya [[Urban Waste|qashinka magaalada]] laakiin ka [[copper|naxaas]] [[mine tailings|macdanta]].<ref>[http://www.visitzambia.co.zm/lk/news/kafue_province_campaigners_consider_suing_kcm_zambian_government_over_kafue_river_pollution Visit Zambia website] : "Kafue Province Campaigners consider suing KCM, Zambian Government over Kafue River Pollution." La helay 1 Maarso 2007.</ref> Aagagga qoyan ee galbeedka Lukanga Swamp waxay caawiyaan wasakhda inay degto si webigu u noqdo mid cad dhinaca hoose. Warbixin bishii Abriil 2002 ayaa tiri: ''… qoyanada dabiiciga ah ayaa aad waxtar ugu leh xakameynta wasakhaynta biyaha ee macdanta Copperbelt … Imtixaanadu waxay muujinayaan in Kafue uu ka nadiif yahay wasakhda macdanta ee hoose ee Copperbelt.''<ref>[http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/zambmore.shtml Blacksmith Institute website: Zambia Country Report (April 2002)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/zambmore.shtml |date=20071011175622 }} la helay 1 Maarso 2007.</ref> [[Kafue Flats|Kafue flats]], dheecaanka fosfatka ee xad-dhaafka ah ee ka yimaada beeraha ganacsiga iyo Nakambala Sugar Estate waxay keeni karaan koritaanka haramaha, iyadoo hoos u dhigaysa dadka kalluunka.<ref name="AAAS">[http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/waterpop/zambia.htm American Association for the Advancement of Science website] : H N. Weza Chabwela & Wanga Mumba, "Integrating Water Conservation and Population Strategies on the Kafue Flats", Report of a Workshop on Water and Population Dynamics, Montreal, Canada, October 1996.</ref> Dheecaanka ka yimaada macdanta ee leh cadmium, lead iyo mercury ayaa burburiyay Webiga Kafue. Bixinta biyaha magaalada ayaa la hakiyay markii Webiga Kafue uu noqday buluug sababtoo ah dheecaanka slurry. Sababo la xiriira baaxaddiisa iyo goobtiisa juqraafi, dooxada Webiga Kafue waa [[ecosystem]] oo bixiya adeegyo iyo taageero bulshooyinka iyo warshadaha oo leh dano kala duwan iyo mararka qaarkood iska hor imanaya isticmaalka khayraadka webiga. 1999, [[World Wildlife Fund]] (WWF) waxay bilowday wadahadal u dhexeeya Dawladda Zambia, [[ZESCO|Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation]] (ZESCO) iyo dadka deegaanka si loo soo celiyo qaab qulqul dabiici ah oo dheeraad ah oo ka yimaada sii daynta biyaha ee [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] oo laga dhisay Webiga Kafue.<ref>{{cite web|last=United|first=Nations|title=Innovations for Sustainable Development: Local case studies from Africa.|url=https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/publications/africa_casestudies/publication.pdf|publisher=United Nations|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> Mashruucan ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay horumarinta siyaasadda Dawladda Zambia ee khayraadka biyaha iyo bishii Febraayo 2010, Golaha Wasiirada ee Zambia waxay ansixiyeen siyaasad qaran oo biyo ah oo dib loo eegay oo "ujeedadeedu tahay in la horumariyo maareynta khayraadka biyaha iyadoo la dhisayo isuduwidda hay'adaha, ka qayb qaadashada hababka casriga ah ee maareynta khayraadka biyaha ee isku-dhafan iyada oo la dhimayo siyaasadda dawladda si wax looga qabto dano kala duwan oo ka dhex jira qaybta biyaha".<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Dimensions of Change in River Basins: Threats Linkages and Adaptation|url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/GCI_conference/Products/GWSP-GCI%20conference%202010%20Proceedings.pdf|publisher=Global Systems Water Project|access-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> ==== Burburka biyo-xireenka Tailings ==== {{Main article|2025 Sino-Metals Leach Zambia dam disaster}} 18 Febraayo 2025, [[tailings dam]] oo ay lahayd macdan naxaas ah oo ay maamulayso Sino-Metals Leach Zambia [[2025 Sino-Metals Leach Zambia dam disaster|burburtay]] ee Copperbelt Province, taas oo keentay 50 milyan oo litir oo qashin ah oo leh asiidh xoog leh, adke iyo biraha culus inay galaan qulqulka Webiga Kafue iyo kicinta xiritaanka biyaha ee [[Kitwe]].<ref name="ap_20250315_spill">{{Cite news |last1=Kille|first1=Richard |last2=Zimba |first2=Jacob |date=15 March 2025 |title=A river 'died' overnight in Zambia after an acidic waste spill at a Chinese-owned mine |url=https://apnews.com/article/mining-pollution-china-zambia-environment-93ee91d1156471aaf9a7ebd6f51333c1 |access-date=15 March 2025 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317035516/https://apnews.com/article/mining-pollution-china-zambia-environment-93ee91d1156471aaf9a7ebd6f51333c1 |archive-date=17 March 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Itezhi-Tezhi iyo Kafue Gorge Dams === {{main|Itezhi-Tezhi Dam}} Kuwani waxay saameyn weyn oo xun ku yeesheen webiga.<ref name="AAAS"/> === Biyo waraabka === [[Plantation|Beeraha]] ganacsiga, gaar ahaan kuwa xuduudka la leh Kafue flats waxay qaataan tiro badan oo biyo ah waraabka. Midda ugu weyn waa Nakambala Sugar Estate, oo soo saarta in ka badan 720,000 m3 maalintii si loo waraabiyo 134.13 kilomitir labajibbaaran oo dhul ah si loo beero sonkor.<ref name="AAAS"/> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} * [http://www.visitzambia.co.zm/ Ololaha Booqo Zambia] {{Authority control}} 9kl9i1re5y2k5771d6m0ffq7misyd0t 0 48739 301278 2026-07-10T09:03:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Lunga | map = Kafue OSM.svg | country = {{flag|Zambia}} | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|14|00|S|26|20|E|}} }} '''Webiga Lunga''' waa magaca laba webi oo ku yaal [[Zambia]]. Mid waa [[tributary|qulqul]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Kafue]] kan kalena waa qulqul ka mid ah [[Webiga Kabompo]], kuwaas oo labaduba ah [[Tributary|qulqullada]] [[Webiga Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue Rivers and Plains |url=http://www.jamelasafaris.co.za/kafueriversplains.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.jamelasafaris.co.za}}</ref> Waxa kale oo jira Beerta Qaranka ee West Lunga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Lunga National Park {{!}} Zambia {{!}} Wild Safari Guide |url=https://wildsafariguide.com/listing/west-lunga-national-park/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=wildsafariguide.com}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Zambia}} {{Coord|14|00|S|26|20|E|region:ZM_type:river|display=title}} b9u8yghj7dklaa3k3uuf7fypjcml8ne 0 48740 301279 2026-07-10T09:05:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Cuando | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | image = Chobe River at Kasane.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Chobe oo ku yaal [[Kasane]] | image_alt = | map = Chobe.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Dooxada Cuando | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Namibia]]|[[Zambia]]|[[Botswana]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{cvt|731|km|mi}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kwando-River |title=Webiga Kwando ee Britannica |access-date=2019-03-30 }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = [[Buurta Tembo]]<ref>R. Mepham, 1992</ref> | source1_location = [[Lutuai]], [[Gobolka Moxico]], Angola | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|13|00|08|S|19|07|16|E}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1359|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Zambezi]] | mouth_location = [[Gobolka Caprivi]], [[Namibia]] iyo [[Degmada Chobe]], [[Botswana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|18|30|08|S|23|36|58|E|region:NA|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|943|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Webiga Zambezi]] → [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | river_system = | basin_size = {{cvt|96,778|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = }} '''Webiga Cuando''' (ama '''Kwando''') waa webi ku yaal Afrikata dhexe-koonfureed oo mara [[Angola]] iyo [[Caprivi Strip]] ee Namibia una qulqula Linyanti Swamp oo ku taal xadka waqooyi ee [[Botswana]].<ref>Afrique Centre et Sud, 1996</ref> Ka hooseeya qoyanada, webiga waxaa loo yaqaannaa '''Webiga Linyanti''' iyo, dhanka bari, '''Webiga Chobe''',<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Chobe}}</ref> ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Webiga Zambezi]]. == Marinka == Webiga Cuando wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa [[madal-dhuleedka]] dhexe ee [[Angola]] oo ku taal jiirarka [[Buurta Tembo]],<ref>R. Mepham, 1992</ref> halkaas oo uu koonfur-bari uga qulqulo xadka [[Zambia]]. Marinkaas wuxuu ku socdaa xirmo kanaallo ah oo ku yaal marinka qoyan ee ballacdiisu tahay 5–10 km. Sida dhammaan webiyada Afrikata dhexe-koonfureed, qulqulkiisu wuu kala duwanaadaa xilliga roobka marka uu fataho iyo xilliga abaarta marka uu ku baaba'o qoyanada. Cuando wuxuu ku sii socdaa kanaalkiisa qoyan ee uu ka gudbo [[Caprivi Strip]] ee [[Namibia]] ka dibna wuxuu sameeyaa xadka u dhexeeya Namibia iyo Botswana iyadoo uu sii socdo koonfur-bari. Qiyaastii 10,000 sano ka hor, Cuando wuxuu ku biiray [[Webiga Okavango]] waxayna u qulquleen koonfur ilaa [[Harada Makgadikgadi]], laakiin dhulka aaggaas ayaa la [[Tectonic uplift|kordhiyay]]. Natiijo ahaan, Cuando wuxuu hadda la kulmaa dhul xoogaa ka sarreeya wuxuuna u kala jabay kanaallo iyo qoyano badan (oo loo yaqaanno Linyanti Swamp) kuwaas oo ay ku yaallaan jasiirado dhoobo ah, ku dhawaad ku baaba'aya [[Kalahari]] sida Okavango. Laakiin beddelkeeda wuxuu u weecday bari waxaana [[River capture|qabsaday]] Zambezi. Qulqulku wuxuu u leexdaa bari, weli wuxuu sameeyaa xadka [[Botswana]]. Xilliga abaarta waxaa jira kanaallo yar oo furan oo dhex mara qoyanada. Marka laga bilaabo bartaas waxaa loo yaqaannaa Linyanti, ka dib marka uu dhex maro haro xilliyeed, [[Harada Liambesi]], waxaa loo yaqaannaa Chobe. Webigu ka dib wuxuu galaa [[Zambezi]] waxyar ka sarreeya kii hore ee [[Kazungula Ferry]], oo hadda lagu beddelay [[Kazungula Bridge]]. Sannadaha uu Okavango la kulmo fatahaad wanaagsan qaar ka mid ah biyaha ayaa u baxsada bari iyadoo la raacayo kanaalka caadiga ah ee engegan ee Webiga Magwekwana (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Selinda Spillway) ilaa Linyanti Swamp, sidaas darteedna wuxuu galaa dooxada Zambezi. Dhinaca waqooyi ee Webiga Chobe waa Qoyanada Caprivi. Biyaha badan ee Cuando, Linyanti iyo Chobe ayaa ku lumay uumi-bax, sidaas darteed wax ku biirinta uu u geysto qulqulka Zambezi waa mid aad u yar marka laga reebo sannadaha uu fataho. == Duurjoogta == Nidaamka Cuando waxaa lagu yaqaannaa duurjoogtiisa. Beerta qaranka ee uu Cuando dhex maro ama uu xuduud la leeyahay waa: * [[Coutada Publica do Luiana]] (Angola) * [[Sioma Ngwezi National Park]] (Zambia) * [[Bwabwata National Park]] (Namibia) * [[Mudumu National Park]] (Namibia) * [[Nkasa Rupara National Park]] (Namibia) * [[Chobe National Park]] (Botswana) == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commonscat}} 2fwm5i2a7awyj8vr829d460zb20byoj 0 48741 301280 2026-07-10T09:07:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Luanginga | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Luanginga.png | image_caption = Luanginga River catchment | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Angola]], [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Zambezi]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} --> | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Luanginga''' waa [[webi]] ka soo bilowda [[Angola]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empowering Mothers, Nurturing Futures {{!}} UNICEF Zambia |url=https://www.unicef.org/zambia/stories/empowering-mothers-nurturing-futures |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}</ref> kaas oo ku shuba [[Zambezi]] galbeedka [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mwakikagile |first=Godfrey |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Zambia/DFVS4IixY5oC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Luanginga%20river&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover |title=Zambia: Life in an African Country |date=2010 |publisher=New Africa Press |isbn=978-9987-16-011-2 |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/36032475@N07/3642660837 Gaadiidka Webiga Luanginga] oo ku yaal [[Flickr]] * [https://zambianeye.com/dredging-of-luanginga-river-to-open-up-trade-between-kalabo-and-angola/ Dredging-ka Webiga Luanginga si loo furo ganacsiga u dhexeeya Kalabo iyo Angola] oo ku yaal ''Zambian Eye'' == Tixraac == {{Reference list}} {{coord|14|10|S|22|00|E|region:ZM_type:river_source:dewiki|display=title}} ac2rfxxkf63rl5gi6j2yw4z1u41j5q5 0 48742 301281 2026-07-10T09:10:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luena Zambia Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dooxada Webiga Luena]] '''Webiga Luena''' ee [[Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Galbeedka]] ee [[Zambia]] wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa galbeedka [[Kafue National Park]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa galbeedka isagoo maraya [[Kaoma, Zambia|Kaoma]] si uu u noqdo [[tributary|qulqul]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=adminadmin |title=Zambezi Catchment |url=https://warma.org.zm/?page_id=1555 |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=warma.org.zm |language=en-US}}</ref> Xilliga [[dry season|abaarta]], waxyar ka hooseeya [[confluence|isku-darkiisa]] qulqulkiisa xilliyeedka ah [[Webiga Luampa]], wuxuu ku dhammaadaa qoyano ama marshes ku yaal '''Luena Flats''' oo bari ka xiga [[Lukulu]]. Xilliga [[wet season|roobka]] Luena Flats way fatahaan waxayna ku qulqulaan kanaalka Ndandu ama dhul-daad u horseeda koonfur-galbeed dhanka [[Barotse Floodplain]] ee Zambezi waqooyiga [[Limulunga]] iyo [[Mongu]]. Waa dhul-daadka ugu ballaaran ee 'qulqulka' Barotse Floodplain, isagoo gaara 20 km ballac afkiisa. Xilliga abaarta, raadadka baabuurtu waxay ka gudbaan dhul-daadka Luena/Ndandu ee u dhexeeya waqooyiga iyo koonfurta, taasoo u oggolaanaysa waddo toos ah oo u dhexeeya Mongu iyo Lukulu iyo [[North-Western Province, Zambia]]. Xilliga roobka dhul-daadku waa mid aan la geli karin baabuurtuna waa inay u safraan galbeed dhanka Kaoma, ka dibna waqooyi-galbeed ee waddada Kaoma-Lukulu. Marka fatahaadu ugu sarreyso waddadani sidoo kale waxay noqotaa mid aan la geli karin guud ahaan dhul-daadka, mana jirto waddo kale oo wax ku ool ah. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|10|53|S|29|58|E|display=title|region:ZM_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} szzfkedwb4q7lstxc9op07hmkl81ghm 0 48743 301282 2026-07-10T09:12:07Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Kabompo | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Kabompo River Course.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Kabompo (gaduud) iyo qayb ka mid ah Webiga Zambezi (buluug) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[North-Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|730|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Zambezi]] | mouth_location = u dhow [[Lukulu]], [[Zambia]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Zambezi]] | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Kabompo''' waa mid ka mid ah [[tributary|qulqullada]] ugu waaweyn ee sare ee [[Webiga Zambezi]]. Wuxuu si buuxda ugu qulqulaa [[Zambia]], wuxuuna ka soo bilowdaa dhanka bari ee isha Zambezi, ee [[North-Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]].<ref>Richard Beilfuss. 2012. ''A Risky Climate for Southern African Hydro''. Berkeley, USA: International Rivers.</ref> Waxaa lagu xantaa inuu yahay webiga labaad ee ugu qoto dheer Afrika iyo mid ka mid ah shanta ugu sarreeya adduunka, in kasta oo diiwaannada la xaqiijiyay ee qoto-dheerida webiga aan weli la daabicin. == Juqraafiga == Webiga Kabompo wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed isagoo maraya [[miombo woodland]], ka dibna gobol ka fog [[Ecoregions of Zambia#Cryptosepalum dry forest|kaymaha qallalan ee Cryptosepalum]], iyadoo [[West Lunga National Park]] ay ku taal bangigiisa galbeed. Ka dib markii uu dhaafo magaalada [[Kabompo]], wuxuu horumariyaa dhul-daad qoyan oo ballacdiisu tahay ilaa 5 km. [[Kabompo Ferry]] oo ku taal marinkiisa hoose waxay qaadaa waddada weyn ee quruuruxda ah ee waqooyi-koonfur ee dhanka bari ee Zambezi. Webigu wuxuu galaa Zambezi waqooyiga magaalada [[Lukulu]], dhanka waqooyi ee [[Barotse Floodplain]]. Qulqulladiisa ugu waaweyn waa Webiga West Lunga oo ka soo qulqula waqooyiga, iyo Webiga Dongwe oo ka yimaada bari. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|13|35|00|S|24|13|50|E|region:ZM_type:river_source:dewiki|display=title}} 7tuf1imvwreiqi0y14lfxtgixj9729k 0 48744 301283 2026-07-10T09:13:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sakeji | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11.11684|S|24.32978|E|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1400|m|ft}} | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Sakeji''' waa [[tributary|qulqul]] ka mid ah [[Zambezi]]. Webigu wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa koonfurta [[Kalene Hill]] ee [[Ikelenge District]], Zambia. Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi si uu ugu biiro qaybaha sare ee Zambezi dhanka bidix. {{location map|Zambia|caption= Goobta Zambia| relief= yes| lat_deg= -11.11684| lon_deg= 24.32978}} [[Sakeji School]], oo ah iskuul hoose oo jiif ah oo ku yaal [[Ikelenge District]] ayaa ka dulaysa Webiga Sakeji, kaas oo bixiya koronto biyood waxaana u isticmaala madadaalada carruurta.{{sfn|Assembly Care Ministries}} Taayirrada biyaha ee Sakeji waxay koronto siiyaan jeneraatoor lacag ka qaada unugyada baytariyada ee iskuulka, taas oo bixisa koronto loogu talagalay nalalka. Jeneraatoorrada naaftada ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu bixiyo koronto dheeraad ah sida loo baahdo.{{sfn|Elyea|2003}} == Tixraac == {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal |url=http://simroots.sim.org/documents/SR20-2_2003fl_no.pdf |journal=Simroots |date=Dayrta 2003 |volume=20 |number=2 |title=Sakeji School |first=Dan |last=Elyea |access-date=2011-12-16}} *{{cite web |ref = {{harvid|Assembly Care Ministries}} |url = http://assemblycare.org/ministrydirectory.html?sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=74&sobi2Id=80 |title = Sakeji School (Zambia) |publisher = Assembly Care Ministries |access-date = 2011-12-16 }} {{refend}} in0tzq5d25wim1q9rnux3wm5fge7olo 0 48745 301284 2026-07-10T09:16:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Lumi''' ('''Webiga Kawimbe''') wuxuu ku yaal bariga [[Zambia]]. Isha uu ka soo bilowdo waa Kawimbe Mission oo u dhow United Church of Zambia. Webigu ma engego xilliga abaarta in kasta oo uu aad u yar yahay, laakiin farqiga heerka biyaha ee u dhexeeya xilliga roobka iyo xilliga abaarta ayaa ah mid weyn. [[Webiga Saisi]]-Lumi isku-darkoodu wuxuu dhacaa bari ka xiga [[Mbala, Zambia]].<ref name="Seegers1996">{{cite book|last=Seegers|first=Lothar|title=The fishes of the Lake Rukwa drainage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQPbAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2011|year=1996|publisher=Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika|isbn=978-90-75894-03-5|page=191}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Rivers of Zambia}} dlhkgydpi20qvsciso0eknssslal8r2 301285 301284 2026-07-10T09:16:24Z Isma4l 41797 301285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Lumi''' ('''Webiga Kawimbe''') wuxuu ku yaal bariga [[Zambia]]. Isha uu ka soo bilowdo waa Kawimbe Mission oo u dhow United Church of Zambia. Webigu ma engego xilliga abaarta in kasta oo uu aad u yar yahay, laakiin farqiga heerka biyaha ee u dhexeeya xilliga roobka iyo xilliga abaarta ayaa ah mid weyn. [[Webiga Saisi]]-Lumi isku-darkoodu wuxuu dhacaa bari ka xiga [[Mbala, Zambia]].<ref name="Seegers1996">{{cite book|last=Seegers|first=Lothar|title=The fishes of the Lake Rukwa drainage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQPbAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 October 2011|year=1996|publisher=Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika|isbn=978-90-75894-03-5|page=191}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} m7d8h9131rj6zq37eqpjjupbe1u4hv5 0 48746 301286 2026-07-10T09:19:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Kagera | native_name = | name_other = Akagera | name_etymology = | image = KageraRuvubu.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Isku-darka webiyada Kagera iyo [[Ruvubu]] oo u dhow [[Rusumo Falls]], Rwanda/Tanzania. | map = Akagera map.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda Webiga Kagera oo ku qulqula [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]]. | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 7 | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] | length = {{cvt|597|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = U dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddadii: 1971–2000){{cvt|346|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> {{cvt|184|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|540|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | source1 = [[Webiga Rukarara]] | source1_location = [[Nyamagabe District]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|2.282212|S|29.331242|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2408|m}} | source_confluence = [[Harada Rweru]] | source_confluence_location = [[Eastern Province, Rwanda|Gobolka Bariga, Rwanda]] | source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|2|21|18|S|30|22|22|E|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{cvt|1324|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]] | mouth_location = [[Kyotera District]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|0|56|41|S|31|46|36|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1134|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]] → [[Victoria Nile]] → [[White Nile]] → [[Nile|Niil]] → [[Badweynta Mediterranean]] | river_system = | basin_size = {{cvt|58,578.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> {{cvt|59,700|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Ruvuvu|Ruvuvu]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | waterfalls = [[Rusumo Falls]] }} [[File:Informal Cross-border Trade - River Kagera.jpg|thumb|Ganacsiga aan rasmiga ahayn ee xuduudaha - Webiga Kagera.]] '''Webiga Kagera''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Akagera''', ama '''Alexandra Nile''', waa webi ku yaal [[Afrikada Bari]], oo qayb ka ah qulqullada sare ee [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] isagoo wada biyo ka imanaya ishiisa ugu fog.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mohamed |first=Nader Noureldeen |chapter=Nile River Biography and its Journey from Origin to End |date=2016 |title=The Nile River |volume=56 |pages=1–32 |editor-last=Negm |editor-first=Abdelazim M. |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/698_2016_107 |access-date=2026-06-13 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/698_2016_107 |isbn=978-3-319-59086-8}}</ref><ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, {{ISBN|0486256677}}</ref>{{rp|167}} Dhererkiisu waa {{convert|597|km|abbr=on}} isagoo ka bilaabma ishiisa ku taal [[Harada Rweru]] ee Rwanda. Qaybta webiga ee la yiraahdo Kagera waxay ka bilaabataa [[Burundi]], iyadoo ka soo baxaysa Harada Rweru. Harada, wuxuu u qulqulaa bari isagoo raacaya xuduudaha Rwanda-Burundi iyo Rwanda-[[Tanzania]] ilaa uu ka gaaro isku-darka [[Webiga Ruvuvu]]. Biyaha Kagera waxaa sidaas ku bixiya laba qulqul oo waaweyn, [[Nyabarongo]] ee Rwanda, oo ku shuba Harada Rweru, iyo Ruvuvu ee Burundi. Lama oga labadan webi ka uu dheer yahay sidaas darteedna uu yahay isha ugu dambaysa ee Niilka. Isku-darka ka dib, Kagera wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi isagoo raacaya xuduudka Rwanda-Tanzania, wuxuuna maraa [[Rusumo Falls]] iyo [[Akagera National Park]]. Ka dib wuxuu u leexdaa bari, isagoo raacaya xuduudka Tanzania-[[Uganda]] wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]] ee Uganda. Sannadkii 1898, [[Richard Kandt]] wuxuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee gaara isha Kagera.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf |title=GERMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARTOGRAPHY OF SOUTH WEST AND EAST AFRICA FROM MID 19th CENTURY TO WORLD WAR I |access-date=2019-09-21 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray taariikhda waddamada uu dhex maro, gaar ahaan Rwanda. Sannadkii 1894, Jarmalka [[Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] ayaa ka tallaabay Kagera ee Rusumo Falls, isagoo calaamadeeyay xilligii gumaysiga Rwanda oo si rasmi ah u bilaabmay 1899. Sannadkii 1916, intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], Belgians-ku waxay ka adkaadeen Jarmalka, iyagoo galay Rwanda oo raacay isla waddadaas. Webigu wuxuu caan ka noqday caalamka 1994-tii markii uu qulquliyay maydadka dadkii lagu laayay [[Xasuuqii Rwanda]] ilaa Harada Victoria, taasoo keentay in xaalad degdeg ah lagu dhawaaqo meelo ka mid ah Uganda, halkaas oo maydadkaasi ay ugu dambeyntii ku soo caariyeen. == Juqraafiga == Kagera wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa Burundi wuxuuna ku shubaa Harada Victoria. Waa [[inflow (hydrology)|qulqulka]] ugu weyn ee gala harada, isagoo ku dara qiyaastii 6.4 bilyan mitir kuyuubik oo biyo ah sannadkii (qiyaastii 28 boqolkiiba [[discharge (hydrology)|qulqulka]] harada).<ref name=Rangeley /> Kagera waxaa sameeyay isku-darka [[Webiga Ruvuvu]] iyo [[Webiga Nyabarongo]], oo u dhow barta ugu waqooyi ee [[Lake Tanganyika|Harada Tanganyika]].<ref name=Dumont /> Wuxuu qayb ka sameeyaa xuduudaha Burundi–[[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]]–Tanzania, Burundi–Rwanda, iyo Tanzania–[[Uganda]]. Wuxuu magaciisa bixiyay [[Akagera National Park]] ee waqooyiga Rwanda, iyo sidoo kale [[Kagera Region]] ee Tanzania. Webiga dushiisa waxaa ku yaal [[Rusumo Falls]], oo ah meel muhiim ah oo laga gudbo oo u dhexeeya Rwanda iyo Tanzania. Wuxuu u dhow yahay magaalada [[Rusumo, Rwanda|Rusumo]]. == Kalluunka == Dooxada Webiga Kagera waxaa ka buuxa kalluun. Sannadkii 2001, waxaa jiray ugu yaraan 55 nooc oo laga yaqaan qaybta Rwanda oo keliya, tirada dhabta ahna waxay u badan tahay inay ka sarreyso.<ref name=DeVos2001>{{cite journal | author1=De Vos, L | author2=J. Snoeks | author3=D.T. van den Audenaerde | year=2001 | title=An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Rwanda (East Central Africa), With Historical Data on Introductions of Commercially Important Species | journal=Journal of East African Natural History | volume=90 | issue=1 | pages=41–68 | doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[41:AACOTF]2.0.CO;2 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Todobo nooc oo kale ayaa lagu diiwaan geliyay sahan kale.<ref>{{Citation |last=Olokotum |first=Mark |title=Fish Biodiversity Assessments for Conservation and Hydropower Developments |date=2022 |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/949cff8a-d15c-4213-86f4-3804e8f5fea8 |access-date=2025-06-14 |others=Mark Olokotum, Laban Musinguzi |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute |language=en |doi=10.15468/JS65TH}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Olokotum |first=Mark |title=Fish species observations from a monitoring survey of two Lake Victoria affluent rivers (Rivers Kagera and Sio) |date=2022 |url=https://www.gbif.org/dataset/5a53f318-2cba-42ea-ab8c-01335c2ac646 |access-date=2025-06-14 |others=Mark Olokotum, Laban Musinguzi |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute |language=en |doi=10.15468/WSXMK6}}</ref> Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira ugu yaraan 15 [[nooc oo aan la qeexin]] oo ka mid ah [[haplochromine]] cichlids oo ah [[Endemism|endemik]] u ah qaar ka mid ah harooyinka ku yaal qaybaha sare ee dooxada webiga.<ref name=Sayer2018>{{cite book | author1=Sayer, C.A. | author2=L. Máiz-Tomé | author3=W.R.T. Darwall | year=2018 | title=Freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin: Guidance for species conservation, site protection, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods | publisher=Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN | doi=10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.2.en | isbn=9782831718965 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Sababtoo ah biyo-dhacyada badan iyo qulqulada, qaybaha kala duwan ee dooxada Webiga Kagera ayaa si cad loo kala saaray, taasoo ka dhigaysa dhaqdhaqaaqa kalluunka ee u dhexeeya iyaga mid adag ama xitaa aan macquul ahayn.<ref name=DeVos2001/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berakhi|first1=Robel Ogbaghebriel|last2=Oyana|first2=Tonny J.|last3=Adu-Prah|first3=Samuel|date=2014-05-23|title=Land use and land cover change and its implications in Kagera river basin, East Africa|journal=African Geographical Review|volume=34|issue=3|pages=209–231|doi=10.1080/19376812.2014.912140|s2cid=153931262|issn=1937-6812}}</ref> Hal nooc oo la ogaa inuu ku noolaa dooxada, oo ah ''[[Labeobarbus microbarbis]]'', ayaa hadda loo tixgeliyaa inuu dabar go'ay. == Xasuuq == Intii lagu jiray [[Xasuuqii Rwanda]] ee 1994, Kagera waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qubo maydadka maadaama kumanaan ka mid ah [[Tutsi]] iyo [[Hutu]] siyaasadda dhexdhexaad ah lagu dilay bangiyada webiga.<ref name=January /> Webigu wuxuu maydadkii laayay u geeyay Harada Victoria, isagoo abuuray khatar caafimaad oo halis ah oo ka dhacday Uganda. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Webiga Ruvuvu]] - Qulqulka midig ee webiga * [[Webiga Nyabarongo]] - Qulqulka bidix ee webiga == Tixraac == === Xusuusin === {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=Rangeley>Rangeley, p. 54</ref> <ref name=Dumont>Dumont, p. 341</ref> <ref name=January>January, p. 83</ref> <ref name=NYT>{{Citation | last = Lorch | first = Donatella | title = Thousands of Rwanda Dead Wash Down to Lake Victoria | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 21 May 1994 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/21/world/thousands-of-rwanda-dead-wash-down-to-lake-victoria.html | access-date = 26 February 2010 | url-status = live }}</ref> }} === Isha === *{{Cite book | last = Dumont | first = Henri J. | title = The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | publisher = Springer | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA341 | isbn =978-1-4020-9725-6 }} *{{Cite book | last = January | first = Brendan | title = Genocide: modern crimes against humanity | publisher = Twenty-First Century Books | year = 2007 | url = https://archive.org/details/genocidemoderncr0000janu | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/genocidemoderncr0000janu/page/83 83] | isbn =978-0-7613-3421-7 }} *{{Cite book | last = Rangeley | first = Robert | title = International river basin organizations in sub-Saharan Africa | publisher = [[World Bank Publications]] | year = 1994 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-gHMB8MPOBoC&pg=PA54 | isbn = 0-8213-2871-9}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Kagera River}} *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Kagera|short=x}} eqfthhjsxwq0wqdz0aruyll22xzprsq 0 48747 301287 2026-07-10T09:22:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Lumi | image = | image_size = 300 | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = 300 | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Degmada Rombo]], [[Kilimanjaro]] | mouth_location = [[Harada Jipe]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Waddan | subdivision_name2 = [[Kenya]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|707|m|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size_km2 = 451 | river_system = Webiga Pangani | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Lumi''' (sidoo kale Lomi ama Luffu) wuxuu ku yaal [[Degmada Rombo]], [[Kilimanjaro]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Tanzania]] iyo qayb yar oo ka mid ah koonfurta [[Kenya]] ee [[Coast Province]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa dhinaca bari ee [[Mawenzi]] oo ku yaal dhinaca bari ee ([[Buurta Kilimanjaro]]), wuxuuna u qulqulaa meel aad ugu dhow Webiga Rombo oo ku dhow inay sameeyaan fargeeto. Lumi, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ilaaliyaa jihadiisa koonfureed, sidaas darteedna waxaa la dhihi karaa wuxuu matalaa marinka sare ee Ruvu, oo ah mid ka mid ah labada ilood ee ugu waaweyn ee [[Webiga Pangani]]. Wuxuu ku qulqulaa hareeraha [[Harada Chala]] iyo magaalada [[Taveta, Kenya|Taveta]] dhanka galbeed wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Harada Jipe]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf| title=WARBIXINTA SAHANKA SALDHIGGA EE HARADA JIPE| accessdate=10 December 2011}}</ref> Nooca kalluunka [[Barbus sp. 'Pangani'|''Barbus'' sp. 'Pangani']] waxaa laga helay oo keliya ilaha N'joro ee webiga, kuwaas oo ku yaal dooxada sare ee [[Webiga Pangani]]. == Maareynta dhul-qoyan == Inta badan biyaha laga qaato Lumi waa qaybta dhex marta Kenya.<ref name="ProgrammeInitiative2003">{{cite book |author1=IUCN Eastern Africa Programme |title=Dooxada Pangani: falanqaynta xaaladda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 |accessdate=9 October 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0760-0 |pages=34–}}</ref> Ka dib dhismaha dhowr biyo-xireen oo ku yaal dhinaca Kenya ee Lumi, iyo iyada oo ay jireen dhowr xilli oo roobabku yaraayeen, engegista Harada Jipe waxay noqotay walaac, taas oo u baahatay barnaamijyo maareynta dhul-qoyan.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=Buugga dhul-qoyanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=855–}}</ref> Intii u dhaxaysay 2004–2006, [[United Nations Development Programme]] GEF Small Grants Programme iyo Barnaamijka Ilaalinta Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha ee Midowga Yurub waxay dhammaystireen mashruuc nadiifin ah iyo dib-u-soo-celinta marinkii asalka ahaa ee webiga.<ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{cite web|url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html|title=Dib-u-dhiska Nidaamka Deegaanka ee Harada Jipe: Xasilinta Bangiyada Webiga Lumi iyo Dib-u-dhiska Kanaallada Waraabka (KEN-GEF-04-020)|date=2006 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme|accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Rivers of Tanzania}} {{coord|3|32|44|S|37|45|17|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river}} fak9tw5fmuprhipfoena38c1pbxzkm0 301393 301287 2026-07-10T11:56:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Lumi | image = | image_size = 300 | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = 300 | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Degmada Rombo]], [[Kilimanjaro]] | mouth_location = [[Harada Jipe]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Waddan | subdivision_name2 = [[Kenya]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|707|m|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size_km2 = 451 | river_system = Webiga Pangani | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Lumi''' (sidoo kale Lomi ama Luffu) wuxuu ku yaal [[Degmada Rombo]], [[Kilimanjaro]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Tanzania]] iyo qayb yar oo ka mid ah koonfurta [[Kenya]] ee [[Coast Province]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa dhinaca bari ee [[Mawenzi]] oo ku yaal dhinaca bari ee ([[Buurta Kilimanjaro]]), wuxuuna u qulqulaa meel aad ugu dhow Webiga Rombo oo ku dhow inay sameeyaan fargeeto. Lumi, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ilaaliyaa jihadiisa koonfureed, sidaas darteedna waxaa la dhihi karaa wuxuu matalaa marinka sare ee Ruvu, oo ah mid ka mid ah labada ilood ee ugu waaweyn ee [[Webiga Pangani]]. Wuxuu ku qulqulaa hareeraha [[Harada Chala]] iyo magaalada [[Taveta, Kenya|Taveta]] dhanka galbeed wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Harada Jipe]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf| title=WARBIXINTA SAHANKA SALDHIGGA EE HARADA JIPE| accessdate=10 December 2011| archive-date=22 Bisha Lixaad 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060622132023/http://www.esfconsultants.org/images/downloads/20060128_ESF_LakeJipeCaseStudy_BaselineSurvey.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> Nooca kalluunka [[Barbus sp. 'Pangani'|''Barbus'' sp. 'Pangani']] waxaa laga helay oo keliya ilaha N'joro ee webiga, kuwaas oo ku yaal dooxada sare ee [[Webiga Pangani]]. == Maareynta dhul-qoyan == Inta badan biyaha laga qaato Lumi waa qaybta dhex marta Kenya.<ref name="ProgrammeInitiative2003">{{cite book |author1=IUCN Eastern Africa Programme |title=Dooxada Pangani: falanqaynta xaaladda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&pg=PA34 |accessdate=9 October 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0760-0 |pages=34–}}</ref> Ka dib dhismaha dhowr biyo-xireen oo ku yaal dhinaca Kenya ee Lumi, iyo iyada oo ay jireen dhowr xilli oo roobabku yaraayeen, engegista Harada Jipe waxay noqotay walaac, taas oo u baahatay barnaamijyo maareynta dhul-qoyan.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=Buugga dhul-qoyanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA855|accessdate=9 October 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=855–}}</ref> Intii u dhaxaysay 2004–2006, [[United Nations Development Programme]] GEF Small Grants Programme iyo Barnaamijka Ilaalinta Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha ee Midowga Yurub waxay dhammaystireen mashruuc nadiifin ah iyo dib-u-soo-celinta marinkii asalka ahaa ee webiga.<ref name="sgp.undp.org2006">{{cite web|url=http://sgp.undp.org/web/projects/7731/rehabilitation_of_lake_jipe_ecosystem_river_lumi_banks_stabilization_and_rehabilitation_of_irrigatio.html|title=Dib-u-dhiska Nidaamka Deegaanka ee Harada Jipe: Xasilinta Bangiyada Webiga Lumi iyo Dib-u-dhiska Kanaallada Waraabka (KEN-GEF-04-020)|date=2006 |publisher=GEF Small Grants Programme|accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Rivers of Tanzania}} {{coord|3|32|44|S|37|45|17|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river}} 146tzi9lterr3licpcvyfjpvmucnkkf 0 48748 301288 2026-07-10T09:24:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Malagarasi | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Malagarasi OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5|15|23|S|29|48|6|E|region:TZ|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]] | subdivision_type2 = Waddan | subdivision_name2 = [[Tanzania]] | location = | length = {{convert|475|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{convert|130,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | river_system = [[Webiga Congo]] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Malagarasi''' waa webi ku yaal galbeedka [[Tanzania]], kaas oo mara [[Gobolka Kigoma]], inkasta oo mid ka mid ah wabi-gacmeedyadiisu ay ka yimaadaan koonfur-bari [[Burundi]]. Webigu wuxuu kaloo sameeyaa xadka galbeedka [[Gobolka Tabora]], xadka koonfureed ee [[Gobolka Kagera]] iyo xadka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Gobolka Geita]]. Waa webiga labaad ee ugu dheer Tanzania marka laga reebo [[Webiga Rufiji|Rufiji]]—[[Webiga Great Ruaha|Great Ruaha]], wuxuuna leeyahay biyaha ugu badan ee ka soo qulqula webi kasta oo ku shuba [[Harada Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> '''Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi''' waxaa loo asteeyay inay yihiin goob [[Heshiiska Ramsar|Ramsar]]. Qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa u bixiyay Malagarasi naanaysta ah "webiga ruuxyada xun". == Juqraafi == Malagarasi waa webiga labaad ee ugu dheer Tanzania, oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|475|km}}.<ref name="KisanganiBobb2010">{{cite book|last1=Kisangani|first1=Emizet F.|last2=Bobb|first2=F. Scott|title=Qaamuuska Taariikhiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA299|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2|page=299}}</ref><ref name="(Company)1992">{{cite book|author=Elf-Aquitaine (Company)|title=Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3QcAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=Société nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production)}}</ref> Isha webigu waxay u dhowdahay xadka Tanzania iyo Burundi.<ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf|title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika|author1=Shick, Kate |author2=Flaccus, Kathy |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> {{convert|80|km}} ee ugu horreeya webiga waxay sameeyaan xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya Tanzania iyo [[Burundi]]. Dhowr wabi-gacmeed oo ka yimid buuraleyda Burundi ayaa ku biira bangigiisa midig. Ka dib isku-darka uu la yeeshay Webiga Lumpungu, Malagarasi wuxuu galaa Tanzania, wuxuu sameeyaa wareeg wuxuuna ku shubaa dhinaca bari ee Harada Tanganyika qiyaastii {{convert|25|miles}} koonfur ka xigta [[Kigoma]], meel u dhow [[Ilagala]].<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title= Khariidadaha|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah ilaha ugu waaweyn ee harada. [[Webiga Moyowosi]] waa wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn, oo ay weheliso wabi-gacmeedkeeda [[Webiga Nikongo]];<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|title=Tusaha Dhul-qoyanka Afrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA244|accessdate=28 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=244–}}</ref> wabi-gacmeedyada kale waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Ugalla]], [[Webiga Gombe]], [[Webiga Ruchugi]], [[Webiga Lumpungu]],<ref name="BrownlieBurns1979">{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA748|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=748}}</ref> iyo [[Webiga Nguya]]. Waxaa lagu gartaa webi durdur hooseeya,<ref name="KlerkxImanackunov2003">{{cite book|last1=Klerkx|first1=J.|last2=Imanackunov|first2=Beishen|title=Harada Issyk-Kul: Deegaankeeda Dabiiciga ah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA231|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0900-6|pages=231–}}</ref> iyo dheecaankeedu wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar [[biotope]]: meelaha dhiiqada leh, marinada webiga, webi qulqula oo leh dhowr durdurro dhexdhexaad ah, iyo delta weyn oo laba-laab ah.<ref name="Thieme2005">{{cite book|last=Thieme|first=Michele L.|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA197|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-365-9|pages=197–}}</ref> Qulqulka webigu wuxuu u kala duwanaadaa si weyn inta u dhaxaysa xilliyada roobka iyo abaarta ee sannadlaha ah, mararka qaarkoodna wuxuu u nugul yahay daadad ama wuxuu u dhimmaa durdur yar; qulqulka waxaa sidoo kale saameeya beeraha maxalliga ah iyo jarista dhirta kuwaas oo kordhiya heerka sediments-ka gudaha webiga.<ref name="geoariz"/> Magaalada [[Mberagule]], qulqulka webiga waxaa lagu qiyaasay 6.9 kiiloomitir kuyuubik sannadkii.<ref name="geoariz"/> Qiyaastii {{convert|80|km}} laga bilaabo afka, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa dhul-qoyanka Moyowosi, oo ah aag "dhiiqo ballaaran iyo daadad" iyo "khiyaamo dhiiqo leh".<ref name="KamukalaCrafter1993">{{cite book|last1=Kamukala|first1=G. L.|last2=Crafter|first2=S. A.|title=Dhul-qoyanka Tanzania: Warbixinnada Seminaarka Dhul-qoyanka Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbLsJa81gpgC&pg=PA34|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1993|publisher=IUCN Wetlands Programme|isbn=978-2-8317-0185-1|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Lambrecht1991">{{cite book|last=Lambrecht|first=Frank L.|title=In the Shade of an Acacia Tree: Memoirs of a Health Officer in Africa, 1945-1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TWftBeiEFEC&pg=PA217|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-194-1|page=217}}</ref> Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Dodoma Belt]], aag juqraafi ah oo ka kooban dhagaxyada crystalline ee Precambrian ee Archaean iyo Proterozoic.<ref name="geoariz"/> === Qulqulka Biyaha === Iyada oo leh aag basin ah {{convert|130,000|km2}}, Malagarasi waxay leedahay biyaha ugu badan ee dhammaan webiyada ku shuba [[Harada Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> Biyaha Malagarasi waxay ka kooban yihiin 30% wadarta guud ee aagga biyaha ee Harada Tanganyika.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Biyaha Malagarasi waxaa xuduud la leh waqooyiga aagga biyaha ee [[Harada Victoria]], bari waxaa xuduud la leh [[basin xiran]] ee [[Southern Eastern Rift]], koonfurta waxaa xuduud la leh basin xiran ee [[Harada Rukwa]], iyo bari waxaa xuduud la leh Harada Tanganyika.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> Inta badan basin-ku waa [[Central Zambezian miombo woodlands|kaynta miombo]], iyada oo ''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]'' iyo ''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]'' ay yihiin geedaha ugu badan.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> Waxaa jira aagag ballaaran oo [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|daaqsin daadad ah]] oo ku yaal basin-ka dhexe ee Malagarasi-Moyowosi, iyo agagaarka Webiga Ugalla ee koonfur-galbeed.<ref>"Zambezian Flooded Grasslands". WWF ecoregion profile, accessed 18 September 2019. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0907]</ref> == Taariikh == Sida uu sheegay khabiirka deegaanka [[Rosemary Lowe-McConnell]], "Malagarasi iyo [[Webiga Rungwa]] waxaa loo qaataa inay yihiin meelaha ay ka bilowdaan nidaamka [[Webiga Congo|Zaire]] ee ka hor [[Great Rift Valley (fikradda juqraafiyeed)|rift]]".<ref name="Lévêque1997">{{cite book|last=Lévêque|first=C.|title=Dhaqdhaqaaqa Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha iyo Ilaalinta: Kalluunka Biyaha Macaan ee Afrika Kulul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA107|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57033-6|pages=107–}}</ref> Malagarasi waxay ka horraysaa Harada Tanganyika waxayna ahayd waqtiyadii ka hor [[Great Rift Valley (fikradda juqraafiyeed)|rift]] wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Congo]] ee dhinaca galbeed. Harada Tanganyika ayaa tan iyo markaas la sheegay inay "la kulantay labadaba gudbid iyo dib-u-gurguurasho, iyada oo dhigaysa sediments cusub, beddelaysa delta, iyo beddelidda marinka webiga".<ref name="geoariz"/> Taariikhdeeda, heerka harada ayaa si weyn isu beddelay inta u dhaxaysa {{convert|100|iyo|200|m}}; xisaabaadka taariikhiga ah ee dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad waxay muujinayaan inay ahayd qiyaastii {{convert|10|m}} ka sarreeya sidii ay maanta tahay.<ref name="geoariz"/> == Dhaqan == Qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa u bixiyay Malagarasi naanaysta ah "webiga ruuxyada xun".<ref name="Grant2011">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Richard|title=Crazy River: Exploration and Folly in East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivN5wQTCNt4C&pg=PA339|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=25 October 2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-5414-4|pages=339–}}</ref> Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, [[Vinza people|dadka Wavinza]], kuwaas oo maamuli jiray adeegga [[ferry]] ee webiga ee bangiga bidix, ayaa iska ilaaliyay is-dhexgalka [[Nyamwezi people|dadka Wanyamwezi]] sababtoo ah caqabadda dabiiciga ah ee ay samaysay Malagarasi.<ref name="Anthropological1883">{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8|accessdate=4 June 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1883|publisher=Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=8–}}</ref> Sidoo kale bangiga kale waxay ahaayeen Wangoni (Watutu Zulus).<ref name="Newman2010">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtCt8aECfu0C&pg=PA105|accessdate=4 June 2012|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-287-1|pages=105–}}</ref> [[Henry Morton Stanley]], oo u arkay [[missionary|missionaries]] inay muhiim u yihiin "geedi-socodka ilbaxnimada" [[Afrika]], wuxuu sheegay in missionaries ay raaci karaan Malagarasi oo ay ka qaybqaadan karaan "dalxiisyada diin-u-beddelka ee [[Uvinza]], Uha, iyo Ugala".<ref name="Newman2004">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C&pg=PA81|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-597-2|pages=81–}}</ref> == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Noocyada geedaha ee basin-ka Malagarasi waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'', ''[[Bridelia micrantha]]'', ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', ''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]'', ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'', ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'', ''[[Isoberlinia]]'' spp., ''[[Khaya senegalensis]]'', ''[[Parkia filicoidea]]'', ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'', ''[[Syzygium cordatum]]'', iyo ''[[Syzygium owariense]]''.<ref name="HughesHughes1992"/> Cows-ka ugu caansan ee daaqsinka dooxada waa noocyo ka mid ah ''[[Hyparrhenia]]'', ''[[Themeda]]'', iyo ''[[Echinochloa]]''.<ref name="Society1980">{{cite book|author=Tanzania Society|title=Tanzania notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDVzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1980|publisher=Tanzania Society|pages=96–100}}</ref> [[Malagarasi sardine]] (''Mesobola spinifer'') waa mid ku nool webiga oo keliya.<ref name="Seegers2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11597|title=Mesobola spinifer (Bailey & Matthes, 1971) Malagarasi sardine |last=Seegers|first=L. |date=November 15, 2011|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> Malagarasi waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah oo ka dhaca basin-ka Webiga Congo laakiin aan ka dhicin Harada Tanganyika.<ref name="HughesHughes1992" /> Giant freshwater [[Mbu pufferfish]], si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku dhacaan labadaba Central iyo Upper Zaire Basin iyo Webiga Malagarasi.<ref name="Davies1986">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Bryan Robert|title=The Ecology of River Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA218|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=31 July 1986|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-6193-540-7|page=218}}</ref> == Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi == Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi waxay ku yaalliin bartamaha basin-ka, oo joogga 1200 mitir ah isgoyska Malagarasi ee Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, iyo webiyada kale ee wabi-gacmeedyada. Dhul-qoyanka waxaa ku jira {{convert|250,000|ha}} oo ah harooyinka xilliga abaarta iyo biyo furan oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka Sagara iyo Nyamagoma, iyo {{convert|200,000|ha}} oo ah dhiiqo papyrus oo joogto ah. Daaqsinka daadadku ay saameeyaan ee ku yaal daadka hareeraha waxay u kala duwanaadaan xilli ahaan iyo roobabka sannadlaha ah, waxayna dabooli karaan ilaa {{convert|1.5|e6ha}}.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Dhiiqooyinka papyrus waxaa ku badan sedge ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' iyo cawska ''[[Oryza barthii]]''. Daaqsinka daadadku saameeyaan waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Hyparrhenia rufa]]'' iyo ''[[Echinochloa pyramidalis]]'', iyada oo ''Hyparrhenia'' ay ku badan tahay meelaha ugu yar ee daadku gaaro, ''Echinochloa'' oo ku badan meelaha inta badan daadadku gaaraan, iyo ''[[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]]'' oo ugu dhow dhul-qoyanka joogtada ah.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Meelaha dhexe iyo kuwa sare ee Webiga Ugalla waxaa ka mid ah daadad xilliyeed dhererkoodu yahay {{convert|120|km}} iyo ballacoodu yahay {{convert|50|km}}. Daadadku waxay taageeraan daaqsin ballaaran, oo ay ku badan yihiin cawska ''[[Echinochloa haploclada]], [[Themeda triandra]], [[Setaria]] spp., [[Andropogon]] spp., [[Eragrostis]] spp., [[Digitaria]] spp''., iyo ''[[Sporobolus]]'' spp. Daadadku waxaa ka mid ah geedo kala firirsan oo ay ku jiraan ''[[Combretum fragrans]], [[Combretum obovatum|C. obovatum]]'' iyo ''[[Combretum purpureiflorum|C. purpureiflorum]]'', hawdka timirta ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'', iyo qaybo yaryar oo kayn ah oo ku yaal buuraha waaweyn ee quraanjada.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Xayawaanka nugul oo khatarta ku jira ee dhul-qoyanka waxaa ka mid ah [[Shoebill]] (''Balaeniceps rex''), [[Wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus''), [[African bush elephant]] ''(Loxodonta africana)'', [[Sitatunga]] (''Tragalephus spekii'') iyo [[Central African slender-snouted crocodile]] (''Mecistops leptorhynchus''). Dhul-qoyanka waa hoy u ah 50 nooc oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Dark stonebasher]] (''Pollimyrus nigricans'') iyo noocyo kala duwan oo khatar ku jira, endemik ah, iyo noocyo cunto ah.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref><ref name="ramsar.org" /> [[Waterbuck]] (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus'') iyo [[hippopotamus]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') ayaa ku badan dhul-qoyanka.<ref name="Society1980"/> Walaac ayaa laga muujiyay ugaarsiga hippo-ga ee basin-ka webiga by [[dadka Wanyahosa]], kuwaas oo doorbida hilibka marka loo eego kalluunka.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=Tanganyika Society|title=Tanganyika notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QutBAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1963|publisher=Tanganyika Society|page=210}}</ref> == Aagagga la ilaaliyo == Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi waxay noqdeen goob loo asteeyay [[Heshiiska Ramsar|Ramsar]] bishii Abriil 13, 2000.<ref name="wetlands.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001)|publisher=Wetlands International|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> Waa goobtii ugu horreysay ee Ramsar ee dalka. Iyada oo leh {{convert|35000|km2}} waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu weyn Ramsar ee adduunka.<ref name="ramsar.org">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA|title=Mashruuca Maareynta Joogtada ah iyo Midaysan ee Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS)|date=March 2007|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/friel/tags/malagarasi/ Sawirro ku saabsan flickr] 8gveelmc0ldwb4dn4gmnmo5tbg4nqrr 301395 301288 2026-07-10T11:56:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Malagarasi | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Malagarasi OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5|15|23|S|29|48|6|E|region:TZ|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]] | subdivision_type2 = Waddan | subdivision_name2 = [[Tanzania]] | location = | length = {{convert|475|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{convert|130,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | river_system = [[Webiga Congo]] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Malagarasi''' waa webi ku yaal galbeedka [[Tanzania]], kaas oo mara [[Gobolka Kigoma]], inkasta oo mid ka mid ah wabi-gacmeedyadiisu ay ka yimaadaan koonfur-bari [[Burundi]]. Webigu wuxuu kaloo sameeyaa xadka galbeedka [[Gobolka Tabora]], xadka koonfureed ee [[Gobolka Kagera]] iyo xadka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Gobolka Geita]]. Waa webiga labaad ee ugu dheer Tanzania marka laga reebo [[Webiga Rufiji|Rufiji]]—[[Webiga Great Ruaha|Great Ruaha]], wuxuuna leeyahay biyaha ugu badan ee ka soo qulqula webi kasta oo ku shuba [[Harada Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> '''Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi''' waxaa loo asteeyay inay yihiin goob [[Heshiiska Ramsar|Ramsar]]. Qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa u bixiyay Malagarasi naanaysta ah "webiga ruuxyada xun". == Juqraafi == Malagarasi waa webiga labaad ee ugu dheer Tanzania, oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|475|km}}.<ref name="KisanganiBobb2010">{{cite book|last1=Kisangani|first1=Emizet F.|last2=Bobb|first2=F. Scott|title=Qaamuuska Taariikhiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA299|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2|page=299}}</ref><ref name="(Company)1992">{{cite book|author=Elf-Aquitaine (Company)|title=Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3QcAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=Société nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production)}}</ref> Isha webigu waxay u dhowdahay xadka Tanzania iyo Burundi.<ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf|title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika|author1=Shick, Kate|author2=Flaccus, Kathy|publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]|accessdate=30 May 2012|archive-date=14 Bisha Sideedaad 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814155954/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{convert|80|km}} ee ugu horreeya webiga waxay sameeyaan xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya Tanzania iyo [[Burundi]]. Dhowr wabi-gacmeed oo ka yimid buuraleyda Burundi ayaa ku biira bangigiisa midig. Ka dib isku-darka uu la yeeshay Webiga Lumpungu, Malagarasi wuxuu galaa Tanzania, wuxuu sameeyaa wareeg wuxuuna ku shubaa dhinaca bari ee Harada Tanganyika qiyaastii {{convert|25|miles}} koonfur ka xigta [[Kigoma]], meel u dhow [[Ilagala]].<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title= Khariidadaha|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah ilaha ugu waaweyn ee harada. [[Webiga Moyowosi]] waa wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn, oo ay weheliso wabi-gacmeedkeeda [[Webiga Nikongo]];<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|title=Tusaha Dhul-qoyanka Afrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA244|accessdate=28 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=244–}}</ref> wabi-gacmeedyada kale waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Ugalla]], [[Webiga Gombe]], [[Webiga Ruchugi]], [[Webiga Lumpungu]],<ref name="BrownlieBurns1979">{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA748|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=748}}</ref> iyo [[Webiga Nguya]]. Waxaa lagu gartaa webi durdur hooseeya,<ref name="KlerkxImanackunov2003">{{cite book|last1=Klerkx|first1=J.|last2=Imanackunov|first2=Beishen|title=Harada Issyk-Kul: Deegaankeeda Dabiiciga ah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA231|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0900-6|pages=231–}}</ref> iyo dheecaankeedu wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar [[biotope]]: meelaha dhiiqada leh, marinada webiga, webi qulqula oo leh dhowr durdurro dhexdhexaad ah, iyo delta weyn oo laba-laab ah.<ref name="Thieme2005">{{cite book|last=Thieme|first=Michele L.|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA197|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-365-9|pages=197–}}</ref> Qulqulka webigu wuxuu u kala duwanaadaa si weyn inta u dhaxaysa xilliyada roobka iyo abaarta ee sannadlaha ah, mararka qaarkoodna wuxuu u nugul yahay daadad ama wuxuu u dhimmaa durdur yar; qulqulka waxaa sidoo kale saameeya beeraha maxalliga ah iyo jarista dhirta kuwaas oo kordhiya heerka sediments-ka gudaha webiga.<ref name="geoariz"/> Magaalada [[Mberagule]], qulqulka webiga waxaa lagu qiyaasay 6.9 kiiloomitir kuyuubik sannadkii.<ref name="geoariz"/> Qiyaastii {{convert|80|km}} laga bilaabo afka, webigu wuxuu dhex maraa dhul-qoyanka Moyowosi, oo ah aag "dhiiqo ballaaran iyo daadad" iyo "khiyaamo dhiiqo leh".<ref name="KamukalaCrafter1993">{{cite book|last1=Kamukala|first1=G. L.|last2=Crafter|first2=S. A.|title=Dhul-qoyanka Tanzania: Warbixinnada Seminaarka Dhul-qoyanka Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbLsJa81gpgC&pg=PA34|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1993|publisher=IUCN Wetlands Programme|isbn=978-2-8317-0185-1|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Lambrecht1991">{{cite book|last=Lambrecht|first=Frank L.|title=In the Shade of an Acacia Tree: Memoirs of a Health Officer in Africa, 1945-1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TWftBeiEFEC&pg=PA217|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-194-1|page=217}}</ref> Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Dodoma Belt]], aag juqraafi ah oo ka kooban dhagaxyada crystalline ee Precambrian ee Archaean iyo Proterozoic.<ref name="geoariz"/> === Qulqulka Biyaha === Iyada oo leh aag basin ah {{convert|130,000|km2}}, Malagarasi waxay leedahay biyaha ugu badan ee dhammaan webiyada ku shuba [[Harada Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> Biyaha Malagarasi waxay ka kooban yihiin 30% wadarta guud ee aagga biyaha ee Harada Tanganyika.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Biyaha Malagarasi waxaa xuduud la leh waqooyiga aagga biyaha ee [[Harada Victoria]], bari waxaa xuduud la leh [[basin xiran]] ee [[Southern Eastern Rift]], koonfurta waxaa xuduud la leh basin xiran ee [[Harada Rukwa]], iyo bari waxaa xuduud la leh Harada Tanganyika.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> Inta badan basin-ku waa [[Central Zambezian miombo woodlands|kaynta miombo]], iyada oo ''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]'' iyo ''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]'' ay yihiin geedaha ugu badan.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> Waxaa jira aagag ballaaran oo [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|daaqsin daadad ah]] oo ku yaal basin-ka dhexe ee Malagarasi-Moyowosi, iyo agagaarka Webiga Ugalla ee koonfur-galbeed.<ref>"Zambezian Flooded Grasslands". WWF ecoregion profile, accessed 18 September 2019. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0907]</ref> == Taariikh == Sida uu sheegay khabiirka deegaanka [[Rosemary Lowe-McConnell]], "Malagarasi iyo [[Webiga Rungwa]] waxaa loo qaataa inay yihiin meelaha ay ka bilowdaan nidaamka [[Webiga Congo|Zaire]] ee ka hor [[Great Rift Valley (fikradda juqraafiyeed)|rift]]".<ref name="Lévêque1997">{{cite book|last=Lévêque|first=C.|title=Dhaqdhaqaaqa Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha iyo Ilaalinta: Kalluunka Biyaha Macaan ee Afrika Kulul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA107|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57033-6|pages=107–}}</ref> Malagarasi waxay ka horraysaa Harada Tanganyika waxayna ahayd waqtiyadii ka hor [[Great Rift Valley (fikradda juqraafiyeed)|rift]] wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Congo]] ee dhinaca galbeed. Harada Tanganyika ayaa tan iyo markaas la sheegay inay "la kulantay labadaba gudbid iyo dib-u-gurguurasho, iyada oo dhigaysa sediments cusub, beddelaysa delta, iyo beddelidda marinka webiga".<ref name="geoariz"/> Taariikhdeeda, heerka harada ayaa si weyn isu beddelay inta u dhaxaysa {{convert|100|iyo|200|m}}; xisaabaadka taariikhiga ah ee dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad waxay muujinayaan inay ahayd qiyaastii {{convert|10|m}} ka sarreeya sidii ay maanta tahay.<ref name="geoariz"/> == Dhaqan == Qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa u bixiyay Malagarasi naanaysta ah "webiga ruuxyada xun".<ref name="Grant2011">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Richard|title=Crazy River: Exploration and Folly in East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivN5wQTCNt4C&pg=PA339|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=25 October 2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-5414-4|pages=339–}}</ref> Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, [[Vinza people|dadka Wavinza]], kuwaas oo maamuli jiray adeegga [[ferry]] ee webiga ee bangiga bidix, ayaa iska ilaaliyay is-dhexgalka [[Nyamwezi people|dadka Wanyamwezi]] sababtoo ah caqabadda dabiiciga ah ee ay samaysay Malagarasi.<ref name="Anthropological1883">{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8|accessdate=4 June 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1883|publisher=Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=8–}}</ref> Sidoo kale bangiga kale waxay ahaayeen Wangoni (Watutu Zulus).<ref name="Newman2010">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtCt8aECfu0C&pg=PA105|accessdate=4 June 2012|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-287-1|pages=105–}}</ref> [[Henry Morton Stanley]], oo u arkay [[missionary|missionaries]] inay muhiim u yihiin "geedi-socodka ilbaxnimada" [[Afrika]], wuxuu sheegay in missionaries ay raaci karaan Malagarasi oo ay ka qaybqaadan karaan "dalxiisyada diin-u-beddelka ee [[Uvinza]], Uha, iyo Ugala".<ref name="Newman2004">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C&pg=PA81|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-597-2|pages=81–}}</ref> == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Noocyada geedaha ee basin-ka Malagarasi waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'', ''[[Bridelia micrantha]]'', ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', ''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]'', ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'', ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'', ''[[Isoberlinia]]'' spp., ''[[Khaya senegalensis]]'', ''[[Parkia filicoidea]]'', ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'', ''[[Syzygium cordatum]]'', iyo ''[[Syzygium owariense]]''.<ref name="HughesHughes1992"/> Cows-ka ugu caansan ee daaqsinka dooxada waa noocyo ka mid ah ''[[Hyparrhenia]]'', ''[[Themeda]]'', iyo ''[[Echinochloa]]''.<ref name="Society1980">{{cite book|author=Tanzania Society|title=Tanzania notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDVzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1980|publisher=Tanzania Society|pages=96–100}}</ref> [[Malagarasi sardine]] (''Mesobola spinifer'') waa mid ku nool webiga oo keliya.<ref name="Seegers2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11597|title=Mesobola spinifer (Bailey & Matthes, 1971) Malagarasi sardine |last=Seegers|first=L. |date=November 15, 2011|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> Malagarasi waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah oo ka dhaca basin-ka Webiga Congo laakiin aan ka dhicin Harada Tanganyika.<ref name="HughesHughes1992" /> Giant freshwater [[Mbu pufferfish]], si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku dhacaan labadaba Central iyo Upper Zaire Basin iyo Webiga Malagarasi.<ref name="Davies1986">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Bryan Robert|title=The Ecology of River Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA218|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=31 July 1986|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-6193-540-7|page=218}}</ref> == Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi == Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi waxay ku yaalliin bartamaha basin-ka, oo joogga 1200 mitir ah isgoyska Malagarasi ee Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, iyo webiyada kale ee wabi-gacmeedyada. Dhul-qoyanka waxaa ku jira {{convert|250,000|ha}} oo ah harooyinka xilliga abaarta iyo biyo furan oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka Sagara iyo Nyamagoma, iyo {{convert|200,000|ha}} oo ah dhiiqo papyrus oo joogto ah. Daaqsinka daadadku ay saameeyaan ee ku yaal daadka hareeraha waxay u kala duwanaadaan xilli ahaan iyo roobabka sannadlaha ah, waxayna dabooli karaan ilaa {{convert|1.5|e6ha}}.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Dhiiqooyinka papyrus waxaa ku badan sedge ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' iyo cawska ''[[Oryza barthii]]''. Daaqsinka daadadku saameeyaan waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Hyparrhenia rufa]]'' iyo ''[[Echinochloa pyramidalis]]'', iyada oo ''Hyparrhenia'' ay ku badan tahay meelaha ugu yar ee daadku gaaro, ''Echinochloa'' oo ku badan meelaha inta badan daadadku gaaraan, iyo ''[[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]]'' oo ugu dhow dhul-qoyanka joogtada ah.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Meelaha dhexe iyo kuwa sare ee Webiga Ugalla waxaa ka mid ah daadad xilliyeed dhererkoodu yahay {{convert|120|km}} iyo ballacoodu yahay {{convert|50|km}}. Daadadku waxay taageeraan daaqsin ballaaran, oo ay ku badan yihiin cawska ''[[Echinochloa haploclada]], [[Themeda triandra]], [[Setaria]] spp., [[Andropogon]] spp., [[Eragrostis]] spp., [[Digitaria]] spp''., iyo ''[[Sporobolus]]'' spp. Daadadku waxaa ka mid ah geedo kala firirsan oo ay ku jiraan ''[[Combretum fragrans]], [[Combretum obovatum|C. obovatum]]'' iyo ''[[Combretum purpureiflorum|C. purpureiflorum]]'', hawdka timirta ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'', iyo qaybo yaryar oo kayn ah oo ku yaal buuraha waaweyn ee quraanjada.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Xayawaanka nugul oo khatarta ku jira ee dhul-qoyanka waxaa ka mid ah [[Shoebill]] (''Balaeniceps rex''), [[Wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus''), [[African bush elephant]] ''(Loxodonta africana)'', [[Sitatunga]] (''Tragalephus spekii'') iyo [[Central African slender-snouted crocodile]] (''Mecistops leptorhynchus''). Dhul-qoyanka waa hoy u ah 50 nooc oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Dark stonebasher]] (''Pollimyrus nigricans'') iyo noocyo kala duwan oo khatar ku jira, endemik ah, iyo noocyo cunto ah.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref><ref name="ramsar.org" /> [[Waterbuck]] (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus'') iyo [[hippopotamus]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') ayaa ku badan dhul-qoyanka.<ref name="Society1980"/> Walaac ayaa laga muujiyay ugaarsiga hippo-ga ee basin-ka webiga by [[dadka Wanyahosa]], kuwaas oo doorbida hilibka marka loo eego kalluunka.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=Tanganyika Society|title=Tanganyika notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QutBAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1963|publisher=Tanganyika Society|page=210}}</ref> == Aagagga la ilaaliyo == Dhul-qoyanka Malagarasi-Muyovozi waxay noqdeen goob loo asteeyay [[Heshiiska Ramsar|Ramsar]] bishii Abriil 13, 2000.<ref name="wetlands.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001)|publisher=Wetlands International|accessdate=2 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Waa goobtii ugu horreysay ee Ramsar ee dalka. Iyada oo leh {{convert|35000|km2}} waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu weyn Ramsar ee adduunka.<ref name="ramsar.org">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA|title=Mashruuca Maareynta Joogtada ah iyo Midaysan ee Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS)|date=March 2007|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/friel/tags/malagarasi/ Sawirro ku saabsan flickr] 1axxog3h69y2anwlf9fwwfjm52uoeuw 0 48749 301289 2026-07-10T09:26:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Manonga | image = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Tanzania relief location map.svg | map_alt = Khariidadda gargaarka ee Tanzania | map_caption = Khariidadda gargaarka ee Tanzania | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Harada Kitangiri]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tabora|Tabora]] | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Singida|Singida]] | subdivision_type4 = Gobol | subdivision_name4 = [[Gobolka Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1039|m|ft|abbr=on}} ka sarreeya heerka badda | mouth_elevation = <!--??? ka sarreeya heerka badda???--> | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Manonga''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Manyonga''', waa webi ku yaal inta u dhaxaysa [[Gobolka Tabora]] iyo [[Gobolka Shinyanga]], [[Tanzania]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bari ilaa [[Harada Kitangiri]]. Inta lagu jiro [[xilliga abaarta]], laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Noofambar, Webiga Manonga wuu engegaa gabi ahaanba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Terry |last2=Mbago |first2=Michael L. |last3=Msuya |first3=Charles |date=June 1997 |title=TANZANIA: Goobaha cusub ee qadiimiga ah ee Dooxada Manonga, waqooyiga-dhexe ee Tanzania |journal=Nyame Akuma: The Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists |issue=47 |pages=53 and 58 |format=PDF |url=http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/47_ch10.pdf }} [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Odd8j2lwtLwJ:cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/47_ch10.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjdA313S9eRJFUvASEagwJa48bf2IDb3PIidbOG8Cp2xpnoThlKe2l36KagZdr7qxvWjAIIt6ky68J9fF7X-B4X6iJDIPdZimMmIpNyI7oeBZwuN8P6oQg_7q6smZu9bnoUKdke&sig=AHIEtbSabV7QHZyfq_C0NA2GSXG2URLORA Google Quick View].</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|4|08|S|34|12|E|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}} pwhw82tfproh478c5z70r8td60bg2cw 301396 301289 2026-07-10T11:56:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Manonga | image = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Tanzania relief location map.svg | map_alt = Khariidadda gargaarka ee Tanzania | map_caption = Khariidadda gargaarka ee Tanzania | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Harada Kitangiri]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tabora|Tabora]] | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Singida|Singida]] | subdivision_type4 = Gobol | subdivision_name4 = [[Gobolka Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1039|m|ft|abbr=on}} ka sarreeya heerka badda | mouth_elevation = <!--??? ka sarreeya heerka badda???--> | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Manonga''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Manyonga''', waa webi ku yaal inta u dhaxaysa [[Gobolka Tabora]] iyo [[Gobolka Shinyanga]], [[Tanzania]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bari ilaa [[Harada Kitangiri]]. Inta lagu jiro [[xilliga abaarta]], laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Noofambar, Webiga Manonga wuu engegaa gabi ahaanba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=Terry |last2=Mbago |first2=Michael L. |last3=Msuya |first3=Charles |date=June 1997 |title=TANZANIA: Goobaha cusub ee qadiimiga ah ee Dooxada Manonga, waqooyiga-dhexe ee Tanzania |journal=Nyame Akuma: The Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists |issue=47 |pages=53 and 58 |format=PDF |url=http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/47_ch10.pdf |access-date=2026-07-10 |archive-date=2006-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206222216/http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/47_ch10.pdf |url-status=dead }} [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Odd8j2lwtLwJ:cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/47_ch10.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjdA313S9eRJFUvASEagwJa48bf2IDb3PIidbOG8Cp2xpnoThlKe2l36KagZdr7qxvWjAIIt6ky68J9fF7X-B4X6iJDIPdZimMmIpNyI7oeBZwuN8P6oQg_7q6smZu9bnoUKdke&sig=AHIEtbSabV7QHZyfq_C0NA2GSXG2URLORA Google Quick View].</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|4|08|S|34|12|E|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}} bz711v1qpxum41cwgf673um5vvpnvzq 0 48750 301290 2026-07-10T09:28:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mara | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mara River Massai Mara.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Mara ee Kenya | map = Lake Victoria Basin in Kenia OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Mara (hoos) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Kenya]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmo | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Narok]] | subdivision_type3 = Waddan | subdivision_name3 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type4 = Gobol | subdivision_name4 = [[Gobolka Mara]] | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|395|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waddada Biyaha}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddadii: 1960–2000){{cvt|41.7|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE">[ http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/NILE/The%20Nile%20Basin%20Water%20Resources%20Atlas-Chapter%206_0.pdf](PDF; 10,77&nbsp; MB)</ref><ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Webiga Nile|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = ''Mau escarpment'' | source1_location = [[Degmada Narok]], [[Kenya]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation= {{cvt|3000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Harada Victoria]] | mouth_location = [[Gobolka Mara]], [[Tanzania]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|1|30|50|S|33|55|56|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = [[Harada Victoria]] → [[Victoria Nile]] → [[Albert Nile]] → [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Badda Mediterranean]] | river_system = [[Webiga Nile]] | basin_size = {{cvt|13,393|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE">[ http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/NILE/The%20Nile%20Basin%20Water%20Resources%20Atlas-Chapter%206_0.pdf](PDF; 10,77&nbsp; MB)</ref> | tributaries_left = Amala, Talek, Sand, Somoche | tributaries_right = Nyangores, Thigithe | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Buundooyinka ku yaal xadka Kenya iyo Tanzania]] [[File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo iyo weylkeeda, Webiga Mara, Kenya]] '''Webiga Mara''' waa [[webi]] ka bilaawda qulqulka [[Degmada Narok]] ee [[Kenya]] kuna dhammaada [[Gobolka Mara]] ee [[Tanzania]]. Wuxuu ku yaal jidka socdaalka ee [[ungulates]] ee nidaamka deegaanka [[Maasai Mara]]/[[Serengeti National Park|Serengeti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidaamka Deegaanka Serengeti {{!}} Maamulka {{!}} Jaamacadda Vancouver Island {{!}} Kanada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}</ref> == Qulqulka Webiga == Biyaha webiga Mara waxay daboolaan dusha sare oo ah {{cvt|13,504|km2}}, taas oo ku dhowaad 65% ay ku yaallaan Kenya iyo 35% gudaha Tanzania.<ref>Jim K. Kairu, "Qorshaha Waxqabadka Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha ee Maamulka Joogtada ah: Basin-ka Webiga Mara" (WWF, 2008)</ref> Laga soo bilaabo ilahiisa ku yaal buuraleyda Kenya, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa ilaa {{cvt|395|km}} wuxuuna ka soo bilowdaa [[Mau Escarpment]] wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Harada Victoria]]. Basin-ka waxaa loo qaybin karaa qiyaastii afar unug oo isticmaalka dhulka iyo/ama maamulka ah. == Gobollada Mara == {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}} Mau Escarpment: Webiga Mara wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa dhiiqada Napuiyapi (2932&nbsp;m), iyada oo wabi-gacmeedyada waaweyn ee joogtada ah ay yihiin Amala iyo Nyangores, kuwaas oo ka soo qulqula galbeedka Mau Escarpment. Qaybtan basin-ka waxay taageertaa kaymaha, [[beerashada yar-yar]] (ka yar 10 acres) iyo beeraha dhexdhexaadka ah (badanaa beeraha shaaha ilaa 40 acres). Daaqsimeedka Kenya: Aaggan, webiyada Amala iyo Nyangores waxay ka soo qulqulaan Mau Escarpment waxayna ku kulmaan si ay u sameeyaan Webiga Mara. Webigu wuxuu markaas u sii qulqulaa daaqsimeedka savannah ee u furan oo inta badan ay maamulaan [[dadka Maasai]] kooxaha xoolo-dhaqatada ah oo loo isticmaalo daaqsiin xoolaha iyo beerashada yar iyo mid weyn (in ka badan 40 acres). Basin-ka afar wabi-gacmeed oo muhiim ah oo u qulqula Mara (webiyada Talek, Engare, Sand, iyo Engito) ayaa sidoo kale ku yaal aaggan, oo ay weheliso meelo sare sida [[Loita Hills]]. Aagagga la ilaaliyo: Ugu dambeyntii webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa [[Masai Mara National Reserve]] oo caan ku ah adduunka, halkaas oo uu kula kulmo saddex ka mid ah afarta wabi-gacmeed ee la sheegay. Xadka Kenya iyo Tanzania, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa [[Serengeti National Park]] waxaana ku biira wabi-gacmeedka afraad ee weyn: Webiga Sand (ama Longaianiet). Beero-xayawaanadan dhaqdhaqaaqa bini'aadamka waxaa lagu xaddiday daawashada duurjoogta. Dhanka hoose ee Gobolka Mara Tanzania: Ka dib markii Webiga Mara uu ka soo baxo [[Ikorongo Game Reserve]] (oo xuduud la leh Serengeti National Park) wuxuu si xoog leh ugu qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi. Goobta uu webigu mar kale ugu qulqulo dhanka koonfur-galbeed marin-weynaha ayaa ku lumiya durdurro kala duwan, kuwaas oo quudiya [[Mara Wetland|Mara Wetlands]] ee dhanka hoose. Durdurradan iyo dhul-qoyanka waxay sii socdaan ilaa {{cvt|70|km}} dhanka hoose. Qaybtan basin-ka dadka iyo cufnaanta xoolaha ayaa sarreeya iyo [[beerashada xoolaha]] ee yar-yar ayaa ah isticmaalka ugu weyn ee dhulka. Basin-ka Webiga Mara waa mid ka mid ah tobanka [[basin]] ee quudiya [[Harada Victoria]] sidaas darteedna wuxuu si shaqo iyo deegaan ahaanba ula xiriiraa hawlaha dhaqaale-bulsho ee Harada Victoria iyo dhinaca [[Webiga Nile]]. == Joogga iyo kala duwanaanshaha == {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}} [[Altitude|Joogga]] ee basin-ka wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 2,932 m hareeraha ilaha ku yaal Mau Escarpment ilaa 1,134 m hareeraha Harada Victoria. Qadarka roobku wuxuu u kala duwan yahay iyadoo loo eegayo jooggyadan. Mau Escarpment wuxuu helaa roobabka ugu badan oo leh celcelis roob sanadle ah oo u dhexeeya 1,000 iyo 1,750&nbsp;mm. Daaqsimeedka savannah ee dhexe ee gudbo xadka waxay helaan celcelis u dhexeeya 900 iyo 1,000&nbsp;mm, iyo [[Loita Hills]] ee hoose ee Kenya iyo aagga hareeraha Harada Victoria kaliya ilaa 700 iyo 850&nbsp;mm roob sanadkii. Intaas waxaa u dheer kala duwanaanshaha roobka ee booska, gobolka waxaa sidoo kale lagu yaqaanaa kala duwanaanshaha roobka ee waqtiga, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in aagagga kala duwan ay dhammaantood helaan xaddi kala duwan oo roob ah sanadka oo dhan. Xilliyada roobku waa laba-habood, iyada oo roobabka dhaadheer ay bilaabmaan bartamaha Maarso ilaa Juun iyadoo ugu sarreysa Abriil, halka roobabka gaagaaban ay dhacaan inta u dhaxaysa Sebtembar iyo Disembar. [[File:Masai Mara River aerial.jpg|thumb|Webiga Mara ee Degmada Narok]] == Saamaynta Mara == Webigu waa il muhiim u ah xoolaha daaqaya ee gudaha kaydka. In kasta oo xilliga abaarta ay inta badan u muuqan karto mid gacmeed, waxay u barari kartaa ilaa laba jeer cabbirkeeda caadiga ah ka dib roobab culus. Tani waxay abuuri kartaa durdurro webiga, kuwaas oo keeni kara cunto yari ubadka ugaarsada ee aan ka gudbi karin webiga si ay u ugaarsadaan.[https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?353152/Healthy-Mara-river-is-critical-to-Kenya-and-Tanzania][https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620060155/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf |date=2024-06-20 }} == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Nile|Webiga Nile]] * [[Webiga Nzoia]] * [[Webiga Yala]] * [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]] * [[Serengeti National Park]] * [[Gobolka Mara]] * [[Degmada Narok]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html gabepalacio.com: Dalxiiska dalwaddiga ee Webiga Mara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html |date=2020-05-18 }} (wuxuu u baahan yahay QuickTime plugin) * [http://www.maratriangle.org Mara Triangle] Webiga Mara wuxuu qeexayaa xuduudaha Mara Triangle ee Masai Mara * [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti] Webiga Mara wuxuu ka qulqulaa Masai Mara ilaa Serengeti {{Authority control}} 6uas5mu6dq02ickpdt4wqk7it0x0dtx 301397 301290 2026-07-10T11:56:53Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 301397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mara | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mara River Massai Mara.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Mara ee Kenya | map = Lake Victoria Basin in Kenia OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Mara (hoos) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Kenya]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmo | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Narok]] | subdivision_type3 = Waddan | subdivision_name3 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type4 = Gobol | subdivision_name4 = [[Gobolka Mara]] | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|395|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waddada Biyaha}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddadii: 1960–2000){{cvt|41.7|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE">[ http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/NILE/The%20Nile%20Basin%20Water%20Resources%20Atlas-Chapter%206_0.pdf](PDF; 10,77&nbsp; MB)</ref><ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Webiga Nile|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = ''Mau escarpment'' | source1_location = [[Degmada Narok]], [[Kenya]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation= {{cvt|3000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Harada Victoria]] | mouth_location = [[Gobolka Mara]], [[Tanzania]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|1|30|50|S|33|55|56|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = [[Harada Victoria]] → [[Victoria Nile]] → [[Albert Nile]] → [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Badda Mediterranean]] | river_system = [[Webiga Nile]] | basin_size = {{cvt|13,393|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE"/> | tributaries_left = Amala, Talek, Sand, Somoche | tributaries_right = Nyangores, Thigithe | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Buundooyinka ku yaal xadka Kenya iyo Tanzania]] [[File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo iyo weylkeeda, Webiga Mara, Kenya]] '''Webiga Mara''' waa [[webi]] ka bilaawda qulqulka [[Degmada Narok]] ee [[Kenya]] kuna dhammaada [[Gobolka Mara]] ee [[Tanzania]]. Wuxuu ku yaal jidka socdaalka ee [[ungulates]] ee nidaamka deegaanka [[Maasai Mara]]/[[Serengeti National Park|Serengeti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidaamka Deegaanka Serengeti {{!}} Maamulka {{!}} Jaamacadda Vancouver Island {{!}} Kanada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca |archive-date=2025-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805160014/https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Qulqulka Webiga == Biyaha webiga Mara waxay daboolaan dusha sare oo ah {{cvt|13,504|km2}}, taas oo ku dhowaad 65% ay ku yaallaan Kenya iyo 35% gudaha Tanzania.<ref>Jim K. Kairu, "Qorshaha Waxqabadka Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha ee Maamulka Joogtada ah: Basin-ka Webiga Mara" (WWF, 2008)</ref> Laga soo bilaabo ilahiisa ku yaal buuraleyda Kenya, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa ilaa {{cvt|395|km}} wuxuuna ka soo bilowdaa [[Mau Escarpment]] wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Harada Victoria]]. Basin-ka waxaa loo qaybin karaa qiyaastii afar unug oo isticmaalka dhulka iyo/ama maamulka ah. == Gobollada Mara == {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}} Mau Escarpment: Webiga Mara wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa dhiiqada Napuiyapi (2932&nbsp;m), iyada oo wabi-gacmeedyada waaweyn ee joogtada ah ay yihiin Amala iyo Nyangores, kuwaas oo ka soo qulqula galbeedka Mau Escarpment. Qaybtan basin-ka waxay taageertaa kaymaha, [[beerashada yar-yar]] (ka yar 10 acres) iyo beeraha dhexdhexaadka ah (badanaa beeraha shaaha ilaa 40 acres). Daaqsimeedka Kenya: Aaggan, webiyada Amala iyo Nyangores waxay ka soo qulqulaan Mau Escarpment waxayna ku kulmaan si ay u sameeyaan Webiga Mara. Webigu wuxuu markaas u sii qulqulaa daaqsimeedka savannah ee u furan oo inta badan ay maamulaan [[dadka Maasai]] kooxaha xoolo-dhaqatada ah oo loo isticmaalo daaqsiin xoolaha iyo beerashada yar iyo mid weyn (in ka badan 40 acres). Basin-ka afar wabi-gacmeed oo muhiim ah oo u qulqula Mara (webiyada Talek, Engare, Sand, iyo Engito) ayaa sidoo kale ku yaal aaggan, oo ay weheliso meelo sare sida [[Loita Hills]]. Aagagga la ilaaliyo: Ugu dambeyntii webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa [[Masai Mara National Reserve]] oo caan ku ah adduunka, halkaas oo uu kula kulmo saddex ka mid ah afarta wabi-gacmeed ee la sheegay. Xadka Kenya iyo Tanzania, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa [[Serengeti National Park]] waxaana ku biira wabi-gacmeedka afraad ee weyn: Webiga Sand (ama Longaianiet). Beero-xayawaanadan dhaqdhaqaaqa bini'aadamka waxaa lagu xaddiday daawashada duurjoogta. Dhanka hoose ee Gobolka Mara Tanzania: Ka dib markii Webiga Mara uu ka soo baxo [[Ikorongo Game Reserve]] (oo xuduud la leh Serengeti National Park) wuxuu si xoog leh ugu qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi. Goobta uu webigu mar kale ugu qulqulo dhanka koonfur-galbeed marin-weynaha ayaa ku lumiya durdurro kala duwan, kuwaas oo quudiya [[Mara Wetland|Mara Wetlands]] ee dhanka hoose. Durdurradan iyo dhul-qoyanka waxay sii socdaan ilaa {{cvt|70|km}} dhanka hoose. Qaybtan basin-ka dadka iyo cufnaanta xoolaha ayaa sarreeya iyo [[beerashada xoolaha]] ee yar-yar ayaa ah isticmaalka ugu weyn ee dhulka. Basin-ka Webiga Mara waa mid ka mid ah tobanka [[basin]] ee quudiya [[Harada Victoria]] sidaas darteedna wuxuu si shaqo iyo deegaan ahaanba ula xiriiraa hawlaha dhaqaale-bulsho ee Harada Victoria iyo dhinaca [[Webiga Nile]]. == Joogga iyo kala duwanaanshaha == {{Unreferenced section|date=May 2021}} [[Altitude|Joogga]] ee basin-ka wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 2,932 m hareeraha ilaha ku yaal Mau Escarpment ilaa 1,134 m hareeraha Harada Victoria. Qadarka roobku wuxuu u kala duwan yahay iyadoo loo eegayo jooggyadan. Mau Escarpment wuxuu helaa roobabka ugu badan oo leh celcelis roob sanadle ah oo u dhexeeya 1,000 iyo 1,750&nbsp;mm. Daaqsimeedka savannah ee dhexe ee gudbo xadka waxay helaan celcelis u dhexeeya 900 iyo 1,000&nbsp;mm, iyo [[Loita Hills]] ee hoose ee Kenya iyo aagga hareeraha Harada Victoria kaliya ilaa 700 iyo 850&nbsp;mm roob sanadkii. Intaas waxaa u dheer kala duwanaanshaha roobka ee booska, gobolka waxaa sidoo kale lagu yaqaanaa kala duwanaanshaha roobka ee waqtiga, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in aagagga kala duwan ay dhammaantood helaan xaddi kala duwan oo roob ah sanadka oo dhan. Xilliyada roobku waa laba-habood, iyada oo roobabka dhaadheer ay bilaabmaan bartamaha Maarso ilaa Juun iyadoo ugu sarreysa Abriil, halka roobabka gaagaaban ay dhacaan inta u dhaxaysa Sebtembar iyo Disembar. [[File:Masai Mara River aerial.jpg|thumb|Webiga Mara ee Degmada Narok]] == Saamaynta Mara == Webigu waa il muhiim u ah xoolaha daaqaya ee gudaha kaydka. In kasta oo xilliga abaarta ay inta badan u muuqan karto mid gacmeed, waxay u barari kartaa ilaa laba jeer cabbirkeeda caadiga ah ka dib roobab culus. Tani waxay abuuri kartaa durdurro webiga, kuwaas oo keeni kara cunto yari ubadka ugaarsada ee aan ka gudbi karin webiga si ay u ugaarsadaan.[https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?353152/Healthy-Mara-river-is-critical-to-Kenya-and-Tanzania][https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf] {{Wayback|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf |date=20240620060155 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620060155/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf |date=2024-06-20 }} == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Nile|Webiga Nile]] * [[Webiga Nzoia]] * [[Webiga Yala]] * [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]] * [[Serengeti National Park]] * [[Gobolka Mara]] * [[Degmada Narok]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html gabepalacio.com: Dalxiiska dalwaddiga ee Webiga Mara] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html |date=20200518203348 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html |date=2020-05-18 }} (wuxuu u baahan yahay QuickTime plugin) * [http://www.maratriangle.org Mara Triangle] Webiga Mara wuxuu qeexayaa xuduudaha Mara Triangle ee Masai Mara * [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti] Webiga Mara wuxuu ka qulqulaa Masai Mara ilaa Serengeti {{Authority control}} 8lq9j08ju89pi22hizaf4t03yp2h72s 0 48751 301291 2026-07-10T09:32:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name =Webiga Pangani | native_name = {{native name|sw|Mto Pangani}} | image =Pangani River in Bushiri Ward.jpg | image_size = 250 | image_alt = | image_caption = Webiga Pangani ee degmada [[Bushiri]]. | map = Panganirivermap.png | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_caption = Khariidadda Webiga Pangani | source1_location = [[Golaha Degmada Arusha, Arusha|Degmada Arusha]], [[Gobolka Arusha]] | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] oo ku taal magaalada [[Pangani]], [[Degmada Pangani]], [[Gobolka Tanga]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Tanzania}} | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tanga]], [[Gobolka Arusha]], [[Gobolka Manyara]], [[Gobolka Kilimanjaro]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo | subdivision_name3 = [[Golaha Degmada Arusha]], [[Degmada Meru, Arusha|Degmada Meru]], [[Golaha Magaalada Arusha, Arusha|Golaha Magaalada Arusha]], [[Degmada Hai, Kilimanjaro|Degmada Hai]], [[Degmada Moshi, Kilimanjaro|Degmada Moshi]], [[Degmada Mwanga, Kilimanjaro|Degmada Mwanga]], [[Degmada Same, Kilimanjaro|Degmada Same]], [[Degmada Korogwe, Tanga|Degmada Korogwe]], [[Golaha Magaalada Korogwe, Tanga|Magaalada Korogwe]], [[Degmada Muheza, Tanga|Degmada Muheza]], [[Degmada Pangani]], | length = 500km | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|27|m3/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|43650|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&q=River+Mkomazi+tansania&pg=PA1 |title=Pangani basin: a situation analysis |year=2003 |isbn=9782831707600 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> | river_system = | tributaries_left = [[Mkomazi, Pangani|Mkomazi]]; [[Luengera]] | tributaries_right = Lumoromo; Fukda; Mkalami }} [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-157-47.jpg|thumb|Qorshaha Korontada Biyaha ee Pangani]] '''Webiga Pangani''' (''Mto Pangani'', af [[Af-Sawaaxili|Sawaaxili]]), (sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Luffu''' iyo '''Jipe Ruvu''', gaar ahaan ilaha hore, iyo malaha mar hore loo yaqaan '''Rhaptus''') waa webi weyn oo ku yaal waqooyi-bari [[Tanzania]]. Waxay leedahay laba ilood oo waaweyn:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |title=Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon |access-date=2011-12-10 }}</ref> [[Ruvu Jipe River|Ruvu]], oo u kacda sidii [[Webiga Lumi, Tanzania|Lumi]] oo ku taal [[Kilimanjaro]], oo marta [[Harada Jipe]], oo ku shubta [[Kaydka Nyumba ya Mungu]], iyo [[Webiga Kikuletwa]], oo ka yimaada galbeedka oo inta badan ay quudiyaan webiyada [[Buurta Meru (Tanzania)|Buurta Meru]] ee [[Gobolka Arusha]], kaas oo sidoo kale gala Kaydka Nyumba ya Mungu ee [[Gobolka Kilimanjaro]]. Isla markii ay ka baxdo kaydka, durdurku wuxuu noqdaa Pangani-da ugu weyn, kaas oo ku shuba [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Gobolka Tanga]] magaalada dekedda ah ee Tangan ee [[Pangani]].<ref name="INTELLIGENCER1852">{{cite book|title=THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCER|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhYFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA93|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Hadda waa qayb ka mid ah hantida guud.|year=1852|pages=93–}}</ref> Inta badan dhererkeeda webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa xuduudaha gobolka ee [[Gobolka Kilimanjaro]] iyo [[Gobolka Manyara]], ka hor inta uusan u qulqulin [[Gobolka Tanga]], oo ka kooban 68 MW Pangani Power Station iyo [[Pangani Falls Dam]]. Waxaa jira dhowr jasiiradood oo dad ku nool yihiin gudaha webiga. Webigu wuxuu ka buuxaa yaxaas; hippopotami-ga ayaa ku yar qaybihiisa hoose. == Eraybixinta == Isha ugu weyn ee Pangani waxay ka soo jeedaa Kilimanjaro, halkaas oo ay tahay [[Webiga Lumi, Tanzania|Webiga Lumi]]. Harada Jipe waxaa loo tixgelin karaa inay tahay meel dib u celin ah oo Lumi ah.<ref name="Meyer1891">{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Hans|title=Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro|url=https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog|access-date=11 October 2011 |year=1891|publisher=G. Philip & son|pages=[https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog/page/n431 321]–}}</ref> Harada Jipe hoosteeda iyo biyo-dhaca korkooda, webiga waxaa loogu yeeraa "Ruvu".<ref name="BritainShaw1875">{{cite journal |last=New |first=Charles |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |title=Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318 |year=1875 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=317–323|doi=10.2307/1799979|jstor=1799979 }}</ref> Markii hore koorsada ugu weyn ee dhinaca badda waxaa loo bixiyay "Ruvu" iyo "Pangani".<ref>fiiri khariidadda [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_500k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6590061-mombasa-sb-37-2.jpg Sheet SB 37/2, Series Y401, by War Office 1946] ee 1946 iyo khariidaddan 1960 [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_250k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6595692-lushoto-sb-37-2.jpg Sheet SB-37-2 Series Y503, Edition 1-TSD, Published by the Survey Division, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Water, Tanganyika 1960], labaduba waxay muujinayaan "Pangani ama Webiga Ruvu" magac ahaan</ref> Maalmahan taas waxaa loo dejiyay "Pangani" laga bilaabo kaydka Nyumba ya Mungu ilaa Badweynta. Inkasta oo [[Sawaaxili (luuqad)|Sawaaxiliga]] ay ugu yeeraan "''Pangani''" (macnaheedu yahay qaybi ama habeeyo),<ref name="Hodd2002" /> waxaa loogu yeeraa "''Luffu''" by [[Wasambara]] (kuwa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda aagga Nderema, oo ku yaal saddexda buur ee xeebta u dhow) iyo [[Luuqada Zigua|Zigua]] (oo ku nool jasiiradaha webiga).<ref name="INTELLIGENCER1852" /><ref name="BritainShaw1875" /> Ku dhawaad dhammaan maamuladu waxay isku raaceen in webiga "Rhaptus" ee [[Ptolemy]]'s [[topography|topographical]] khariidadaha uu yahay Pangani ee khariidadaha casriga ah.<ref name="Proceedings1891">{{cite book|author=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain)|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv4QAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA524|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Hadda waa qayb ka mid ah hantida guud.|year=1891|publisher=Edward Stanford|pages=524–}}</ref> == Juqraafi == Pangani waa {{convert|500|km}} dhererkeedu yahay.<ref name="iwmnet.eu">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin|title=Pangani Basin|publisher=IWMNet|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> ; Isha Hal il oo ka mid ah webiga ayaa ka soo kacda Kilimanjaro, qiyaastii {{convert|120|mi}} badda. Waxaa loo yaqaanaa Lumi aaggan, koorsadeedu waxay martaa Harada Jipe. Midda kale waxay ku taal Buurta Meru ee galbeedka waxaana loo yaqaan [[Webiga Kikuletwa|Kikuletwa]]. Sida dhammaan webiyada Afrika, qoto-dheerideedu way kala duwan tahay xilliga. Webigu waa kii ugu sarreeyay qiyaastii Maajo iyo kii ugu hooseeyay qiyaastii Oktoobar. Isha kale waa [[Webiga Saunyi]] oo ku taal [[Degmada Kilindi, Tanga|Degmada Kilindi]]. [[File:Bushiri Pangani District.jpg|thumb|Webiga Pangani oo dhex mara degmada Bushiri ee Degmada Pangani]] ; Qaybta dhexe Waa loo mari karaa doomaha yaryar inta u dhaxaysa harada iyo [[Ludwig von Höhnel|Höhnel Cataracts]], oo ah taxane durdurro ah.<ref name="Lewin1924">{{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Evans|title=Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajWmBSO_vH8C|access-date=11 October 2011|edition=Hadda waa qayb ka mid ah hantida guud.|year=1924|publisher=Clarendon press|page=108}}</ref> Höhnel Cataracts hoosteeda, waxay leedahay wabi-gacmeedyo badan, iyo jasiirado badan oo ay tuulooyin ku yaalliin. Durdurku wuxuu ugu xoog badan yahay [[Koleni]] korkiisa, 5 mayl gudahood ee biyo-dhaca Pangani, halkaas oo webigu uu cidhiidhi yahay. Qaybtan looma mari karo masaafad aad u fog iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay biyo-dhaca, kuwaas oo qiyaastii {{convert|30|mi}} u jira afka. Qiyaastii {{convert|4|mi}} afka, [[dhiiqo mangrove]] oo cufan ayaa daboolaya dhulka siman ee u dhexeeya buuraha labada dhinac. Aaggan, meel u dhow Teufelsfelsen, waxaa jira dhul sare, aag bacrin ah, iyo [[Masai Steppe]] oo qallalan.<ref name="iwmnet.eu" /> Bangigan waxaa ku yaal Buurta Kovu Kovu, {{convert|360|ft}} dhererkeedu yahay, halka bangiga koonfureed uu yahay buur {{convert|400|ft}} sare leh. [[Pombwe]], oo ah mid ka mid ah tuulooyinka waaweyn ee webiga, waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|1|mi}} galbeedka Kovu Kovu. Pombwe korkiisa, timirta saliidda ee Galbeedka Afrika way kortaa, halka Pombwe hoostiisa, geedaha ay inta badan yihiin areca iyo qumbaha.<ref name="AfricaPilot1916">{{cite book|author=United States. Hydrographic Office|title=Africa Pilot: South and east coasts of Africa from Cape of Good Hope to Ras Hafun|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Hadda waa qayb ka mid ah hantida guud.|year=1916|publisher=Hydrographic office under the authority of the secretary of the navy|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ/page/n402 392]–}}</ref> Tuulada Lemkuna iyo tuulada yari ee Ngage waxay ku yaalliin bangiga galbeedka webiga, halka Mvungwe iyo Meserani ay ku yaalliin bangiga bari.<ref name="Catchment ">{{cite book|title=Catchment ecosystems and downstream water : the value of water resources in the Pangani basin, Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmHvdkVNLEgC&pg=PA34|access-date=11 October 2011|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-955-8177-49-5|pages=34–}}</ref> ; Afka Afka wuxuu ku yaal {{convert|52|km}} koonfurta [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].<ref name="Hodd2002">{{cite book|last=Hodd|first=Michael|title=East Africa handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCFrdRKB8hYC&pg=PA383|access-date=11 October 2011|date=22 March 2002|isbn=978-1-900949-65-1|pages=383–}}</ref> Webigu waa hir-biyo-socod masaafad dhan {{convert|22|mi}} laga bilaabo laga soo galo.<ref name="AfricaPilot1916" /> Dhinaca koonfureed ee laga soo galo waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay buur toosan oo loo yaqaan Bweni, qiyaastii {{convert|200|ft}} sare; waxaa jira tuulo isku magac ah, Bweni, oo halkan ku taal. Dhinaca waqooyi ee laga soo galo waa xeeb carro leh oo fidsan oo ka soo bilaabata madaxa gacanka. Waxaa jira dhowr tuulo oo ku yaal laga soo galo, laba dhinaca waqooyi iyo laba dhinaca koonfureed. Taariikh ahaan, magaalada [[Pangani]], oo ku taal bangiga bidix ee webiga, waxay caan ku ahayd qandhooyinka.<ref name="Africapilot1878" /> [[Estuary]]-giisa, oo ku taal magaalada Pangani, webigu waa qiyaastii {{convert|600|ft}} ballac ah, iyo {{convert|12|-|15|ft}} qoto dheer. ; Wabi-gacmeedyada Dhowr wabi-gacmeed oo ka yimaada [[Buuraha Pare]], [[Buuraha Usambara]] iyo duurjoogta [[Wasegiia]] ayaa ku biira Pangani koorsadiisa. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau iyo Mnyusi.<ref name="Journal1959">{{cite book|title=Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xLAQAAIAAJ|access-date=8 October 2011|year=1959|publisher=Staples and Staples, Ltd.|page=40}}</ref> == Hydrometry == Celceliska qulqulka billaha ah ee Pangani oo lagu cabbiray saldhigga biyaha ee [[Korogwe]] Estate, qiyaastii 110&nbsp;km kor ka xigta afka m³ / s (1959–77).<ref name="GRDC">[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1289200.html GRDC - Pangani ee Korogwe]</ref> Qulqulka Pangani wuxuu kiciyaa waqti-ku-tiirsanaan, sida inta badan webiyada gobolka. <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:280 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:40 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:Janaayo bar:Fév text:Febraayo bar:Mar text:Maarso bar:Avr text:Abriil bar:Mai text:Maajo bar:Jun text:Juun bar:Jul text:Juulaay bar:Aoû text:Agoosto bar:Sep text:Sebt. bar:Oct text:Okt. bar:Nov text:Noof. bar:Déc text:Dis. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 29 bar:Fév from:0 till: 22 bar:Mar from:0 till: 23 bar:Avr from:0 till: 33 bar:Mai from:0 till: 39 bar:Jun from:0 till: 33 bar:Jul from:0 till: 28 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 25 bar:Sep from:0 till: 21 bar:Oct from:0 till: 21 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 23 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 22 fontsize:S text: 22 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 39 fontsize:S text: 39 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 28 fontsize:S text: 28 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Basin-ka Pangani == Basin-ka Pangani (PB) waa mid ka mid ah sagaalka basin ee biyaha ee Tanzania. Isaga oo ka fidsan dhulalka sare ee waqooyiga ilaa xeebta waqooyi-bari ee Tanzania, PB waa qiyaastii {{convert|56300|km2}} cabbirkeedu, kaas oo {{convert|4880|km2}} uu ku jiro gudaha Kenya.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bhatt | first1=Yogesh Chandra | last2=Bossio | first2=Deborah | last3=Enfors | first3=E. | last4=Gordon | first4=L. | last5=Kongo | first5=V. | last6=Kosgei | first6=J. R. | last7=Makurira | first7=H. | last8=Masuki | first8=K. | last9=Mul | first9=M. | last10=Tumbo | first10=S. D. | title=Smallholder system innovations in integrated watershed management (SSI): Strategies of water for food and environmental security in drought-prone tropical and subtropical agro-ecosystems | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9qZIXK-XtIC&pg=PA10 | access-date=8 October 2011 | year=2006 | publisher=[[Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Maareynta Biyaha]] | isbn=978-92-9090-634-6 | page=10}}</ref> Shan wabi-gacmeed ayaa ka kooban basin-ka: Webiga Pangani ({{convert|43650|km2}}), [[Webiga Umba (Tanzania)|Webiga Umba]] ({{convert|8070|km2}}), [[Webiga Msangazi]] ({{convert|5030|km2}}), [[Webiga Zigi]], iyo [[Webiga Mkulumuzi]] oo lagu daray webiyada kale ee xeebta ({{convert|2080|km2}}).<ref name="MiniGrids">{{cite web | url=http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 | title=Pangani Basin Water Board | publisher=Mini Grids Information Portal | access-date=1 July 2018 }}</ref> Dhammaantood waxay ku shubaan Badweynta Hindiya.<ref name="PBWB"/> [[Guddiga Biyaha ee Pangani Basin]] (PBWB) waxaa la aasaasay bishii Luulyo 1991 iyadoo la raacayo Xeerka Isticmaalka Biyaha (Xakamaynta iyo Nidaaminta) No. 42 ee 1974. Xarunteedu waxay ku taal degmada [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] ee Gobolka Kilimanjaro. Labadeeda xafiis ee kale waxay ku yaallaan [[Arusha]] iyo [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].<ref name="PBWB">{{cite web | url=http://www.panganibasin.com/ | title=Pangani Basin | publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board | access-date=9 October 2011 }}</ref> PBWB waxay ka kooban tahay toban xirfadlayaal oo ka socda hay'adaha dadweynaha iyo qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay LGAs, UWSAs, iyo guddiyo kale.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Nidaamka webiga ayaa cadaadis ku jira sababtoo ah isticmaalka biyaha ee is khilaafsan iyo guud ahaan qorshaynta xad-dhaafka ah ee biyaha. Beeraley badan ayaa ku tiirsan webiga waraabka. Mashaariicda biyo-xireennada ee webiga agtiisa ayaa hoos u dhigay qulqulka webiga laga bilaabo dhowr boqol oo mitir kuyuubik ilbiriqsi ilaa in ka yar {{convert|40|m3/s}}. Tani waxay saamaysay bulshooyinka xeebaha, kuwaas oo arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid dadka kalluunka iyo soo gelitaanka biyaha cusbada leh<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web | url=http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/water/wp_where_we_work/wp_our_work_projects/wp_our_work_pan/ | title=Pangani River Basin | publisher=[[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ilaalinta Dabeecadda]] | access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref> Sannadkii 2002, [[Mashruuca Maareynta Basin-ka Webiga Pangani]] waxaa la aasaasay si loo maareeyo khayraadka biyaha ee basin-ka. Waxay ka heshaa caawimo farsamo [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ilaalinta Dabeecadda]] (IUCN), [[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation]], [[GIZ German Development Organisation]] iyo ururka aan dawliga ahayn ee deegaanka [[PAMOJA]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Mashruucu wuxuu sidoo kale ka helaa lacag dawladda Tanzania, IUCN, [[Guddiga Yurub]], iyo [[Global Environment Facility]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]].<ref name="IUCN"/> == Ganacsi == Waxaa jira ganacsi wanaagsan halkan, dhows-ka oo rarta oo soo dejinaya webiga. Dalagyada waxaa loo keenaa webiga, ugu horrayn on rafts ka samaysan Moale timirta, kuwaas oo markaas la jebiyey oo noqda maqaallo ganacsi. Sannadkii 1878, dalagga ugu badan ee laga beero bangiyada webiga ayaa la sheegay inuu yahay sonkor.<ref name="Africapilot1878">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Hydrographic Office|title=Africa pilot: South and east coasts of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Guardafui, including the islands in Mozambique Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Hadda waa qayb ka mid ah hantida guud.|year=1878|publisher=Printed for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog/page/n339 327], 328–}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist|2}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HlrMnhN16wo/TJpJQSLfKTI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/B093LT_qbUs/s1600/eamap.jpg Khariidadda muujinaysa webiga] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405214734/http://www.svt.ntnu.no/geo/Forskning/Pangani/Bilder/Pang_medium_ok.gif Khariidadda muujinaysa basin-ka webiga] {{Coord|5|26|S|38|58|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} sb1aol8gxbdz4byk0cc64zlsuvwsg3c 0 48752 301292 2026-07-10T09:34:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Rufiji | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = SelousSandRivers.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Rufiji ee Selous | map = Rufiji River basin map.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda basin-ka qulqulka Webiga Rufiji. Basin-ka goonida ah ee Lake Sulunga waxaa lagu muujiyey cagaar. | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Pwani]] | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Morogoro]] | subdivision_type4 = Gobol | subdivision_name4 = [[Gobolka Iringa]] | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Webiga Great Ruaha]] | source1_location = [[Tanzania]] | source1_coordinates= <!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline}}--> | source1_elevation = | source2 = [[Webiga Kilombero]] | source2_location = [[Gobolka Morogoro]] | source2_coordinates= | source2_elevation = | source3 = [[Webiga Luwegu]] | source3_location = [[Gobolka Morogoro]] | source3_coordinates= | source3_elevation = | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Gobolka Pwani]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7|46|26|S|39|21|50|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{Convert|177429|sqkm|sqmi|0}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Rufiji''' wuxuu gebi ahaanba ku yaal [[Tanzania]]. Waa webiga ugu weyn uguna dheer dalka, waxaana sameeyay isku biiritaanka [[Webiga Kilombero|Kilombero]] iyo webiga Luwegu. Wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|600|km|mi}}, iyada oo isha ay ku taal koonfur-galbeed Tanzania, wuxuuna ku dhammaadaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]], ka soo horjeedka [[Jasiiradda Mafia]], ee [[Gobolka Pwani]]. Wabi-gacmeedkiisa ugu weyn waa [[Webiga Great Ruaha]]. Waxaa loo mari karaa doomaha qiyaastii {{convert|100|km|mi}}. Webiga Rufiji wuxuu qiyaastii {{convert|200|km|mi}} koonfur ka xigaa [[Dar es Salaam]]. [[River delta|Delta-ga webiga]] wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[kaynta mangrove]] ee ugu weyn bariga Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576989/Snoussi_2007_Downstream_and.pdf |title="Downstream and Coastal Impacts of Damming and Water Abstraction in Africa", ''Environmental Management'', authored by Maria Snoussi, Johnson Kitheka, Yohanna Shaghude, Alioune Kane, Russell Arthurton, Martin Le Tissier, and Hassan Virji, 2007, volume 39, page 589 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> == Taariikh == Laan ka mid ah [[jidadka badda]] ee qadiimiga ah ayaa hoos u martay xeebta Bariga Afrika oo loo yaqaan "Azania" by Giriigga iyo Roomaanka qarnigii 1-aad CE sida lagu sharraxay [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] (iyo, malaha, {{lang-zh|澤散|Zesan}} qarnigii 3-aad by Shiinaha),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |title=The Peoples of the West |translator=Hill, John E. |date=September 2004 |work=from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 |publisher=[[Jaamacadda Washington]] |access-date=2009-04-18}}</ref> ugu yaraan ilaa dekedda loo yaqaan Roomaanka sida [[Rhapta]], kaas oo malaha ku yaal delta-ga Webiga Rufiji ee [[Tanzania]] casriga ah.<ref>"The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." Felix A. Chami. In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp. 93-104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}.</ref> Intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], laga soo bilaabo Oktoobar 1914 ilaa Luulyo 1915, delta-ga webiga wuxuu ahaa goobta [[Dagaalkii Rufiji Delta|hawlgallada badda ee dheer]]. Kuwani waxay ahaayeen isku daygii, iyo guushii dambe, ee [[Royal Navy]] si ay u dhexdhexaadiyaan oo u burburiyaan markabkii dagaalka ee Jarmalka [[SMS Königsberg (1905)|''Königsberg'']]. == Basin == Basin-ka qabashada ee nidaamka Webiga Rufiji waa {{Convert|177429|sqkm|sqmi|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Arvidson, Anders|title=Initial Assessment of Socioeconomic and Environmental Risks and Opportunities of Large-scale Biofuels Production in the Rufiji District|date=May 2009|publisher=SEKAB BioEnergy (T) Ltd|page=23|url=http://www.tabef.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Risk-Assessment-of-SEKABscluster-approach-in-Rufiji-District-2805091.pdf|display-authors=etal|access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="3" style="margin-left: 3em;" style="margin-right: 3em;" |+ Aagga qabashada Basin-ka Rufiji |- ! scope="col" | Webiga ! scope="col" | Aagga<br>km² ! scope="col" | Boqolkiiba<br>aagga ! scope="col" | Boqolkiiba<br>qulqulka |- ! scope="row" | Great Ruaha |align="right"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;83,970 |align="right"| 47 |align="right"| 15 |- ! scope="row" | Kilombero |align="right"| 39,990 |align="right"| 23 |align="right"| 62 |- ! scope="row" | Luwegu |align="right"| 26,300 |align="right"| 15 |align="right"| 18 |- ! scope="row" | Rufiji (webiga hoose) |align="right"| 27,160 |align="right"| 15 |align="right"| 5 |- |- ! scope="row" | Wadarta |align="right"| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;177,429 |align="right"| 100 |align="right"| 100 |} == Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha == {{Main|Julius Nyerere Hydropower Station}} Madaxweynaha Tanzania [[John Magufuli]] ayaa ansixiyay dhismaha biyo-xireen muran dhaliyay<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hoag |first1=Heather J. |last2=Öhman |first2=May-Britt |year=2008 |title=Turning water into power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania's Rufiji River Basin, 1945-1985 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=624–651 |doi=10.1353/tech.0.0061 |pmid=18831291 |s2cid=27222691}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Siderius |first1=Christian |display-authors=etal |year=2021 |chapter=Chapter 6: High Stakes Decisions Under Uncertainty: Dams, Development and Climate Change in the Rufiji River Basin |editor1-last=Conway |editor1-first=Declan |editor2-last=Vincent |editor2-first=Katharine |title=Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |publisher=Palgrave Macmillian |pages=93–113 |isbn=978-3-030-61159-0 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6_6 |s2cid=234340454}}</ref> cusub iyo [[saldhig koronto]] oo ku yaal webiga ee Stiegler's Gorge.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tanzania to Construct Hydropower Plant on National Reserve |newspaper=[[Voice of America]] |date=July 26, 2019}}</ref> Saldhigga korontada ayaa la filayaa inuu bixiyo 2,100 megawatts oo koronto ah, oo ka badan saddex jeer korontada biyaha ee Tanzania hadda jirta oo ah 562 megawatts.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tairo |first=Apolinari |date=July 26, 2019 |title=Tanzania launches Rufiji power plant |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]]}}</ref> Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa bilaabmay July 26, 2019, waxaana la filayaa inuu diyaar noqdo 2022.<ref name="Takouleu">{{Cite news|last=Takouleu |first=Jean Marie |date=24 July 2019 |title=Stiegler's Gorge dam construction begins on July 26 |publisher=Afrik 21}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Rufiji River Selous Game Reserve.jpg|Qorraxda oo daruuraha dhex-maraysa oo ku taal webiga. File:Rufiji River, Selous.jpg|Webiga Rufiji ee [[Selous Game Reserve]]. File:ElefantenAmRufiji.jpg|Maroodiyaal ku taal webiga. File:Along the Rufiji River in Selous Game Reserve (3) (28420159914).jpg|Bangiga webiga </gallery> == Muhiimadda Deegaanka == Webiga Rufiji waa webiga ugu weyn Tanzania marka loo eego aagga basin-ka wuxuuna sameeyaa Rufiji Delta oo ballaaran ka hor inta uusan gelin Badweynta Hindiya. Delta-ga wuxuu ka kooban yahay mid ka mid ah kaymaha mangrove ee ugu weyn ee joogtada ah ee bariga Afrika wuxuuna bixiyaa hoy dad badan oo kalluun, shimbir, xamaarato, iyo noocyo naasley ah.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nagelkerken |first=I. |year=2018 |title=The changing hydro-ecological dynamics of rivers and deltas of the Western Indian Ocean |journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2017.09.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Rufiji Basin Integrated Water Resources Management and Development Plan |year=2015 |publisher=Wasaaradda Biyaha, Tanzania}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu keenaa biyo macaan, fadhiid, iyo nafaqooyin oo taageera kalluumeysiga xeebaha iyo nidaamyada deegaanka mangrove. Fatahaadda xilliyeedka ayaa sidoo kale taageerta beeraha daadadka waxayna dib u buuxisaa dhul-qoyan basin-ka hoose oo dhan.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nagelkerken |first=I. |year=2018 |title=The changing hydro-ecological dynamics of rivers and deltas of the Western Indian Ocean |journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2017.09.004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McClain |first=M. E. |year=2013 |title=Ecohydrology of tropical rivers |journal=Hydrological Processes}}</ref> Horumarinta korontada biyaha ee basin-ka Rufiji ee sare, oo ay ku jirto Mashruuca Korontada Biyaha ee Julius Nyerere, ayaa dhalisay dood ku saabsan saameynta suurtagalka ah ee nidaamyada qulqulka ee hoos u dhaca, gaadiidka fadhiidka, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, iyo daacadnimada deegaanka ee Rufiji Delta.<ref>{{cite report |title=Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Julius Nyerere Hydropower Project |year=2019 |publisher=Dawladda Tanzania}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Winemiller |first=K. O. |year=2016 |title=Balancing hydropower and biodiversity in tropical rivers |journal=Science |volume=351 |issue=6269 |pages=128–129 |doi=10.1126/science.aac7082}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == * [[Felix A. Chami|Chami, F. A.]] 1999. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland." ''Azania'' Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp.&nbsp;1–10. * Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Panchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." In: ''Society for Arabian Studies Monographs 2 Trade and Travel in the Red Sea Region''. Proceedings of Red Sea Project I held in the British Museum October 2002, pp.&nbsp;93–104. Edited by Paul Lunde and Alexandra Porter. {{ISBN|1-84171-622-7}}. * Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In: ''The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire''. Oxford: University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1}} * Ray, Himanshu Prabha, ed. 1999. ''Archaeology of Seafaring: The Indian Ocean in the Ancient Period''. Pragati Publications, Delhi. == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Khariidadda basin-ka Webiga Rufiji ee Water Resources eAtlas] 0tf9plz6dpm1macvattvz5r0uhxcd9a 0 48753 301293 2026-07-10T09:36:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ruvubu | image_caption = Ruvubu oo ku taal meesha ay isugu tagaan Kagera sida laga arkay Rwanda. Ruvubu waxay ka timaadaa bidixda sawirka. | map = Kagera catchment OSM.svg | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|2|23|23|S|30|46|52|E|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1322|m}} | other_name = Rurubu, Ruvuvu | subdivision_type1 = Waddamo | length = {{cvt|313.8|km}}<ref name="HydroATLAS">{{Cite journal |last=Linke |first=Simon |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Ouellet Dallaire |first3=Camille |last4=Ariwi |first4=Joseph |last5=Grill |first5=Günther |last6=Anand |first6=Mira |last7=Beames |first7=Penny |last8=Burchard-Levine |first8=Vicente |last9=Maxwell |first9=Sally |last10=Moidu |first10=Hana |last11=Tan |first11=Florence |last12=Thieme |first12=Michele |date=2019-12-09 |title=Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0300-6 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6901482 |pmid=31819059}}</ref> | mouth = [[Webiga Kagera]] | discharge1_max = {{cvt|239.876|m3|adj=ri1|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|100.707|m3|adj=ri1|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_min = {{cvt|23.799|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroATLAS" /> | progression = [[Webiga Kagera|Kagera]] → [[Harada Victoria]] → [[Niilka Cad]] → [[Niilka]] → [[Badda Miduun]] | basin_size = {{cvt|12230.3|km2|adj=ri0|sigfig=4}}<ref name="HydroATLAS" /> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Kinyankuru|Kinyankuru]], [[Webiga Ndurumu (Ruvubu)|Ndurumu]], [[Webiga Kavuruga|Kavurugu]], [[Webiga Cizanye|Cizanye]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Mubarazi|Mubarazi]], [[Webiga Ruvyironza|Ruvyironza]], [[Webiga Nyabaha|Nyabaha]], [[Webiga Kayongozi|Kayongozi]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]] | source1 = Webiga Nyagasumira | source1_location = [[Gobolka Gitega|Gitega]], Burundi | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2030|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|-3.684350|29.808489}} | mouth_location = [[Gobolka Kagera]], Tanzania | basin_population = 4,055,031 (2016)<ref>{{Citation |last=Center For International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia University |title=Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Count |date=2016 |url=https://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-population-count |access-date=2025-06-20 |publisher=Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) |doi=10.7927/H4X63JVC}}</ref> }} '''Webiga Ruvubu''' (sidoo kale loo qoro '''Rurubu''' iyo '''Ruvuvu''') waa webi ku yaal bartamaha Afrika kaas oo biyahiisu ay ka yimaadaan qaybta ugu fog, koonfureed ee [[Nile]] [[Drainage basin|basin]]. Wuxuu leeyahay dherer guud oo dhan {{convert|416|km|mi|abbr=off}} iyo basin qulqulaya oo dhan {{convert|14,000|km2|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} Wuxuu ka soo kacay waqooyiga [[Burundi]], meel u dhow magaalada [[Kayanza]] ka dibna wuxuu u sameeyaa qaanso koonfureed iyada oo loo marayo Burundi, isagoo ku biiraya [[Webiga Ruvyironza]] meel u dhow [[Gitega]]. Halkaas ayuu u socdaa waqooyi-bari, isaga oo maraya [[Beerta Qaranka ee Ruvubu]], ilaa xadka [[Tanzania]]. Ka dib marka la dhaafo xadka, Ruvubu wuxuu si sax ah ugu gudbaa Tanzania, ka hor inta uusan ku biirin [[Webiga Kagera]] oo ku yaal xadka Tanzania–[[Rwanda]] qiyaastii {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} kor u qaadista [[Biyo-dhaca Rusumo]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=((The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica))|title=Ruvubu River|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=5 April 2025|access-date=3 July 2025|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruvubu-River}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Nzeyimana|first=Lazare|title=Rusumo Dam-Social Challenge in Kagera River Basin: Participation of Affected People|date=August 2003|institution=Linköping University|degree=MSc|id=diva2 22853|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A22853&dswid=932|access-date=3 July 2025|via=Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet|location=Linköping, Sweden}}</ref>{{rp|17}} Ruvubu waxay magaceeda ka heshaa ereyga [[Af-Kirundi]] ee loogu talagalay [[dibi-biyood]], imvubu, sababtoo ah webigu waa hoyga dadweyne ballaaran oo dibi-biyood ah.<ref>{{cite book |author=INECN |year=1990 |title=La Preservation de Notre Patrimoine Naturel |publisher=Les Presses Lavigerie, Bujumbura}}</ref> == Koorsada == Webiga Ruvubu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Congo-Nile ridge]] at Ngoga, oo dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|2,300|m}}. Wuxuu ka qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed ilaa koonfur-bari ilaa [[Mugera]], halkaasna, wuxuu qaataa jihada waqooyi-bari. Wuxuu u qulqulaa {{convert|285|km}} iyada oo loo marayo Burundi, wuxuuna miiraa inta badan qaybta Burundi ee watershed-ka Nile. Watershed-kiisu wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|10,200|km2}} wuxuuna daboolayaa bartamaha Burundi.{{sfn|Projet de developpement local pour l’emploi|pp=25–26}} Wabi-gacmeedyada labada bangi waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Kinyankuru]], [[Webiga Ndurumu (Ruvubu)|Webiga Ndurumu]], [[Webiga Nyakigezi]], [[Webiga Nkoma]], [[Webiga Mubarazi]], [[Webiga Ruvyironza]], [[Webiga Nyabaha]] iyo [[Webiga Kayongozi]].{{sfn|Projet de developpement local pour l’emploi|pp=25–26}} Inta badan webiyadan waxay isha ku hayaan Congo Nile ridge. Ruvubu wuxuu maraa [[Buyenzi, natural region|Buyenzi]], [[Kirimiro natural region|Kirimiro]] iyo [[Bweru natural region|Bweru]] gobollada dabiiciga ah. Ruvubu marshes badankood waa daadad waxayna ku dhex jiraan qulqulo joogto ah.{{sfn|Igirukwishaka|Bararunyeretse|Habonayo|Bangirinama|2023|p=48}} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2023-09/plantes-envahissantes%20-Ruvubu-Jean%20Bosco-et-al-2023.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-30 |last1=Igirukwishaka |first1=J.B. |last2=Bararunyeretse |first2=P. |last3=Habonayo |first3=R. |last4=Bangirinama |first4=F. |title=Contribution à la caractérisation des plantes envahissantes des marais de la rivière Ruvubu |language=fr |journal=Bulletin Scientifique sur l'Environnement et la Biodiversité |date=6 September 2023}} *{{citation |location=Bujumbura |date=November 2019 |ref={{harvid|Projet de developpement local pour l’emploi}} |title=Projet de developpement local pour l'emploi |publisher=Agence Burundaise pour la realisation des travaux d’interet public |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/164831576045405829/pdf/Evaluation-de-lImpact-Environnemental-et-Social-pour-la-Construction-du-Centre-de-Sante-de-Nyakeru-dans-la-Province-de-Gitega-du-Centre-de-Sante-de-Nyamabuye-dans-la-Province-de-Kirundo-et-du-Centre-de-Sante-de-Cagizo-dans-la-Province-de-Muyinga.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-30 |language=fr }} {{refend}} hpvbobzy9x0e3ikcyc67a19a8ykovh0 0 48754 301294 2026-07-10T09:38:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ruvuma | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Rovuma | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = Ruvuma oo la arkay intii lagu guda jiray [[David Livingstone|Livingstone]]'s [[duulaankii labaad ee Zambesi]] | map = Ruvuma River basin map.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda basin-ka qulqulka Webiga Ruvuma. | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]], [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|998|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1979–2015){{cvt|55.94|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|2,286.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> (Muddada: 1982–2013){{cvt|890.8|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="gwb">[http://gwb-ccaw.re.kr/upload/board/mz/mozambique_manage_vol02_201804.pdf Horumarinta Qorshaha Guud ee Maareynta Khayraadka Biyaha ee Mozambique] (PDF; 10,0&nbsp;MB)</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Gobolka Ruvuma]], Tanzania | source1_coordinates= {{coord|10|45|00|S|35|40|00|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10|28|28|S|40|26|13|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Rovuma | basin_size = {{cvt|154,727.4|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="gwb">[http://gwb-ccaw.re.kr/upload/board/mz/mozambique_manage_vol02_201804.pdf Horumarinta Qorshaha Guud ee Maareynta Khayraadka Biyaha ee Mozambique] (PDF; 10,0&nbsp;MB)</ref> ilaa {{cvt|155,316.4|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> | tributaries_left = Mlongasi, Likonde, Muhawesi, Lumesule, Mbangala | tributaries_right = Messinge, Lucheringo, Chinlezi, [[Webiga Lugenda|Lugenda]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Ruvuma''', oo hore loogu yaqaanay '''Webiga Rovuma''', waa webi ku yaal gobolka [[Harada Waaweyn ee Afrika]]. Inta badan koorsadiisa, waxay samaysaa xadka u dhexeeya [[Tanzania]] iyo [[Mozambique]]. Webigu waa {{cvt|998|km|mi|abbr=on}} dherer, oo leh [[basin qulqulaya]] oo qiyaastii ~{{cvt|155,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} ah. Celceliska sanadlaha ah ee [[qulqulka (haydroloji)]] waa {{cvt|475|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|2,286|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} afkiisa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBJPAAAAMAAJ |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |date=2003 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=978-92-808-1077-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> == Qulqulka == Celceliska iyo qulqulka ugu badan ee Webiga Rovuma ({{coord|11|9|53.9532|S|39|15|37.8072|E}}):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River">{{cite journal|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147470651200112X|title=Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River|volume=50-52|pages=14–23|last1=M.R.|first1=Minihane|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2012.09.003|year=2012}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! VIC moodelaysan (1999–2008) ! MFR qulqulka lagu qiyaasay (1999–2008) ! UNH-GRDC muddada taariikhiga ah (1957–1999) |- | colspan="3" |Celceliska qulqulka |- |{{cvt|1,864|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |{{cvt|1,866|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |{{cvt|1,838|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |- | colspan="3" |Qulqulka ugu badan |- |{{cvt|22,365|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |{{cvt|22,630|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |{{cvt|22,053|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |} Celceliska qulqulka billaha ah ee Webiga Rovuma ({{coord|11|9|53.9532|S|39|15|37.8072|E}}), UNH-GRDC muddada taariikhiga ah (1957–1999):<ref name="Evaluation of streamflow estimates for the Rovuma River"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Bisha ! Qulqulka (m³/s) |- |JAN |3,340 |- |FEB |4,040 |- |MAR |5,390 |- |APR |3,880 |- |MAY |1,780 |- |JUN |780 |- |JUL |350 |- |AUG |160 |- |SEP |50 |- |OCT |80 |- |NOV |270 |- |DEC |1,940 |} == Wabi-gacmeedyada == Wabi-gacmeedyada ugu waaweyn ee Webiga Rovuma:<ref name="Ceantral East Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=101&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central East Coast}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Wabi-gacmeedka bidixda ! Wabi-gacmeedka midigta ! Dhererka (km) ! Cabbirka basin-ka (km²) ! Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Rovuma'' |''760'' |''155,316.4'' |''1,773'' |- |Kitama | |70 |1,065.8 |12.3 |- | |Matiu |100 |1,920.1 |26.1 |- |Mwiti | |80 |994.2 |14 |- | |Ninga |100 |1,572.8 |19.8 |- |Miesi | rowspan="2" | |80 |946.7 |12.5 |- |Mbangala |160 |3 598.2 |44.4 |- | |[[Webiga Lugenda|Lugenda]] |650 |60,990.4 |752.1 |- |Lukwika | |100 |1,331.5 |16.3 |- | |Manjesi |90 |1,084.2 |16.3 |- |Lumesule | rowspan="4" | |180 |2,342.8 |28.9 |- |Muhuwesi |240 |10,319.6 |137.3 |- |Mzinieva |100 |1,285.4 |22.5 |- |Chimovero | |638.3 |11.2 |- | |Licombe |60 |975.7 |16 |- |Lukembule | | |1,234.6 |21.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Chiluezi | |3,544.9 |55.1 |- |Lopele | |763.1 |13.3 |- |Luvingo | |80 |592.4 |10.3 |- | |Ludimilé | |1,129.4 |20.7 |- |Sasawara | rowspan="2" | |90 |2,322.8 |37.3 |- |Msangesi |120 |1,614.1 |23.8 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lipapa | |753.5 |14.2 |- |Lussanhando | |2,863.2 |51.9 |- |Lucheringo |250 |9,288.1 |200.5 |- |Lualece |60 |611.9 |11 |- |Miongosi | rowspan="3" | |50 |964.3 |11.6 |- |Likonde |150 |5,914.8 |61.2 |- |Mlongasi |100 |960.8 |11.9 |- | |Messinge |238 |7,525.4 |174.8 |- |Lunyere | |190 |6,210.1 |78.7 |} == Dulmar == Webiga hoose ee Ruvuma waxaa sameeyay isgoyska {{nowrap|11° 25′ S, 38° 31′ E}} ee laba laamood oo muhiimad siman leh, kuwaas oo ka dheer, [[Webiga Lujenda|Lujenda]], wuxuu ka yimaadaa koonfur-galbeed, kan kale, oo weli sita magaca Ruvuma, galbeedka. Isha ay ku taal waa madal dusha sare ah, {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} sare, isla markiiba bari ka xigta [[Harada Nyasa]], at {{nowrap|10° 45′ S, 35° 40′ E}}, iyada oo madaxa-qulqulka uu socdo marka hore xagga galbeed ka hor inta uusan u leexan koonfur iyo bari. Koorsadiisa bari, Ruvuma wuxuu u socdaa meel u dhow salka buuraha ee [[sandstone]] [[madal]] oo ku taal waqooyiga, kaas oo jihadaas durdurrada, kuwaas oo iska jaray kanaalo qoto dheer oo ku yaal cidhifka madasha, waxay dhammaantood leeyihiin koorsooyin gaaban. Bangiga ka soo horjeeda Ruvuma wuxuu helayaa, marka laga reebo Lujenda, [[Webiga Msinje]] iyo [[Webiga Luchulingo]], oo ku qulqulaya dooxooyin ballaaran oo ka socda koonfur ilaa waqooyi. Lujenda wuxuu ka kacaa meel u dhow [[Harada Chilwa]], ee [[Harada Chiuta]] yar ({{convert|1700|ft|abbr=on|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[qulqul]]-ta koonfurta tan waxaa laga soocay Chilwa kaliya by buur cidhiidhi ah oo qoryo leh. Durdurka ka soo baxa Chiuta wuxuu maraa dooxada qulqulaya ee ku taal Harada cidhiidhiga ah ee Amaramba, taas oo Lujenda River ay ugu dambeyntii ka soo baxdo sida durdur {{convert|80|yd}} ballac ah. Hoos u dhaca wuu ku kala duwan yahay ballaca, isagoo ku jira qaybo badan oo qoryo leh [[jasiirado]] kuwaas oo kor u kaca heerka fatahaadda, oo badanaa la deggan yahay. Webigu waa mid la dhex mari karo meelo badan xilliga [[xilliga qalalan]]. Afkiisa wuxuu ku saabsan yahay {{convert|1|mi|km|1}} ballac. Ruvuma hoose, oo badanaa ah {{convert|1/2|mi|km|1}} ballac laakiin guud ahaan gacmeed, wuxuu ku qulqulaa dooxada qulqulaya oo ay ku wareegsan yihiin buuraha madasha oo ay ku jiraan dhowr [[backwater (river)|backwater]] yar oo webiga ah. Afka wuxuu ku yaal meel u dhow {{nowrap|10° 28′ S, 40° 30′ E}}, xadka u dhow xeebta oo ay samaysay barbar-dhaca {{nowrap|10° 40′ S}}. Dhererka Ruvuma waa qiyaastii {{convert|500|mi|km}}. == Buundada == Buundada loo yaqaan [[Buundada Midnimada]] ee ka gudubta webiga u dhexeeya Mozambique iyo Tanzania ayaa la soo jeediyay horraantii 1975, in kasta oo dhismihiisu bilaabmay, mashruuca waxaa laga tagay sababtoo ah lacag la'aan. Sannadkii 2002 labada dawladood ee qaranka ayaa sameeyay heshiis rasmi ah si ay u dhisaan buundada cusub oo 600 mitir ah oo ka gudubta webiga, tanina waxaa ugu dambeyntii lagu furay munaasabad 25 May 2010. Buundada waxay ku taal Negomano, {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} gudaha iyo {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} ka fog wadada ugu dhow ee Mozambique. Goobta waxaa lagu heshiiyey inta u dhaxaysa Madaxweyneyaasha [[Samora Machel|Machel]] iyo [[Julius Nyerere|Nyerere]] sababtoo ah tani waxay ahayd goobtii ugu horreysay ee soo gelitaanka Mozambique by [[Frelimo]] ciidamada [[Dagaalkii Xorriyadda Mozambique]] on 25 September 1964. Negomano waxay sidoo kale ahayd goobtii ay ciidamada Jarmalku kaga gudbeen webiga Rovuma 25 November 1917.<ref>Paice, Edward, 2008, ''Tip & Run,'' Phoenix, p. 339 {{ISBN|978-0753823491}}</ref> Dhagaxyadii ugu horreeyay ee aasaasiga ah ayaa la dhigay dhinacyada Tanzania iyo Mozambique 10 October 2005. Dhismaha waxaa la dhammaystiray horraantii 2010 wuxuuna ku kacay US$28 milyan. Waxay ahaan jirtay suurtogal in laga gudbo webiga iyada oo la raacayo rafts (oo ku yaal dhinaca Tanzania) oo qaadi kara 3 jeeps. Doonidu waxay degtay 2008 lamana beddelin. Biyo yar oo webiga mararka qaarkood waa la dhex mari karaa 4-wheel drive wanaagsan. Buundada yar oo loo yaqaan Unity Two ayaa sidoo kale la dhammaystiray 2007 ee Rovuma sare oo u dhow Matchedge ee [[Gobolka Niassa]]. == Xusuusin == {{reflist}} == Tixraac == {{EB1911|wstitle=Rovuma|volume=23|page=782}} {{Commons}} 0vwngwlgsr4zzy8qecnphj1cuwy8h2o 0 48755 301295 2026-07-10T09:40:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ruvyironza | name_native = {{native name|fr|Rivière Ruvyironza}} | name_other = Luvironza | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], Tanzania | length = {{convert|182.4|km|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Afka{{sfn|Linke|Lehner|Ouellet Dallaire|Ariwi|2019}} | discharge1_min = {{cvt|4.579|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|21.946|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|45.116|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}} | source1 = [[Buuraha Kikizi]] | source1_location = [[Burundi]] | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|-3.91297|29.83960|format=dms}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2145|m}} | mouth = [[Webiga Ruvuvu]] | mouth_location = [[Gobolka Kagera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-3.34391|29.99238|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1417|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Ruvubu|Ruvubu]] → [[Webiga Kagera|Kagera]] → [[Harada Victoria]] → [[Niilka Cad]] → [[Niil]] → [[Badda Midhiyeed]] | river_system = | basin_size = {{cvt|2023.7|km2}}{{sfn|Linke|Lehner|Ouellet Dallaire|Ariwi|2019}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | basin_population = 792,296 (2016){{sfn|CIESIN 2016}} }} '''Webiga Ruvyironza (ama Luvironza)''' ({{langx|fr|rivière Ruvyironza}}) waa webi ku yaal Burundi, waana wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn ee [[Webiga Ruvubu]]. Isha biyahiisu waa halka ugu fog ee laga helo [[Niil]] marka loo eego dhererka webiga laga bilaabo afka Niil. == Koorsada == Ruvyironza wuxuu ka soo go'aa bariga [[Gobolka Bururi]] galbeedka [[Buurta Kikizi]] ({{convert|2145|m}}).{{sfn|Relation: Ruvyironza (5392957)}} Wuxuu ka sameysmaa meel u dhow [[Kiryama]] iyo isgoyska RIG6 / RP83, halkaas oo wabi-gacmeedyadiisa Nyabuyugi iyo Kibazwa ay ku midoobaan.{{sfn|Bururi USDMA}} Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed ilaa xadka [[Gobolka Gitega]]. Waxa uu raacaa qayb ka mid ah xadka u dhexeeya labadan gobol, ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa Gobolka Gitega ilaa xadka [[Gobolka Mwaro]], waxaana uu raacaa xadka Mwaro-Gitega dhinaca waqooyi ka hor inta uusan u leexan bari oo uu mar kale ka gudbo Gobolka Gitega ilaa uu ka gaaro afkiisa [[Webiga Ruvubu]].{{sfn|Relation: Ruvyironza (5392957)}} Badankooda webiyada ku yaal qaybta Niil ee Burundi waxay ku qulqulaan Ruvubu ama wabi-gacmeedkiisa ugu weyn, Ruvyironza.{{sfn|Document d’orientation strategique|p=11}} == Isha Niil == Webiga Luvironza waa isha Niil macnaha ah in uu ku yaal basin-ka Niil, iyo masaafada webiga laga bilaabo ishiisa ilaa afka Niil waa {{convert|6671|km}}, taas oo ka dheer masaafada laga helo wixii kale ee il-biyood ah.{{sfn|River Nile Geocities}}{{efn|[[Niilka Buluugga ah]] ayaa biyaha ugu badan ka soo qaada Niil marka loo eego Niilka Cad. Habka kor u kacaya ee ka yimaada afka Niil, mar walba raacaya laamaha qulqulka ugu badan leh, waxay bixin doontaa il ku taal Itoobiya.{{sfn|Vijverberg|Sibbing|Dejen|2009|pp=163ff}} }} Waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Ruvubu]], oo ah wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Kagera]], kaas oo ku qulqula [[Harada Victoria]]. Halkaas, webigu wuxuu qaataa magacyo kala duwan marka uu waqooyi u qulqulo: [[Niilka Victoria]], [[Niilka Albert]], [[Bahr al Jabal (webi)|Bahr al Jabal]], [[Niilka Cad]] iyo waqooyiga Khartoum [[Niil]].{{sfn|Nile Encarta}}{{sfn|River Nile Geocities}} == Deegaanka == Hareeraha Ruvyironza sare waa inta badan savannah.{{sfn|nasalandcover}} Deegaanku waa mid dadku aad u deggan yihiin, iyadoo 239 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibaaran ay joogeen ilaa 2016.{{sfn|nasapop}} Celceliska heerkulka sanadlaha ah ee deegaanka waa {{convert|20|C}}. Bisha ugu kulul waa Sebtembar, marka celceliska heerkulku yahay {{convert|23|C}}, kan ugu qabow waa Abriil, oo leh {{convert|18|C}}.{{sfn|nasa}} Celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah waa {{convert|1,137|mm}}. Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Diseembar, oo leh celcelis ahaan {{convert|199|mm}} oo roob ah, kan ugu qalalan waa Luulyo, oo leh {{convert|1|mm}} oo roob ah.{{sfn|nasarain}} Nyabiraba ee bartamaha Gobolka Gitega Ruvyironza wuxuu leeyahay basin qulqulaya oo ah {{convert|728|km2}}, oo leh celcelis qulqul ah {{convert|10|m3/s}}. Roobabka sanadlaha ah waa {{convert|1209|mm}} iyo celceliska heerkulku waa {{convert|17.8|C}}.{{sfn|Ntungumburanye|Nindamutsa|2018|p=34}} Sharciyada ku saabsan aagagga biyaha ee dadweynaha laguma ixtiraamo mid ka mid ah biyaha Ruvubu, laakiin gaar ahaan Ruvyironza. Tani waxay keentaa in inta badan ay dhacaan burburin (landslides) oo ku yimaada bangiyada webiga ee aan la ilaalin.{{sfn|Document d’orientation strategique|p=42}} == Dhul-qoyan == Basin-ka Ruvyironza wuxuu ka kooban yahay {{convert|8425|ha}} oo dhul-qoyan ah, kuwaas oo {{convert|7310|ha}}, ama 87%, laga faa'iidaystay beeraha ilaa 1998.{{sfn|Schema directeur d’amenagement|p=20}} Ruvyironza wuxuu ku qulqulaa xadka bari ee [[Degmada Gishubi]] ee Gitega, isagoo ka soocaya [[Degmada Makebuko]]. Webiga Kanyangwa wuxuu dhex maraa Gishubi si uu uga soo biiro galbeedka (bidix). Dhul-qoyanka labadan webi ayaa loo isticmaalaa beerashada sanadka oo dhan. Ciidda qaybtan webiga ka mid ah ma aha mid aad u bacrin ah, beeralayduna waa inay isticmaalaan bacrimiye.{{sfn|Presentation de la Commune Gishubi}} Diseembar 2015 roobab mahiigaan ah oo ka da'ay [[Degmada Mutaho]], Gobolka Gitega, ayaa burburiyay beeraha ku yaal dhul-qoyanka webiyada Ruvubu iyo Ruvyironza. Dalagyo ay ka mid yihiin digir, galley iyo baradho macaan oo hore loo beeray ayaa lumay.{{sfn|Des champs dévastés}} Abriil 2024 fatahaado ba'an oo ka dhacay dooxada Webiga Ruvyironza ayaa burburiyay dhowr hektar oo dalag ah [[Degmada Nyabihanga]], Gobolka Mwaro. Buundada isku xirta Degmada Nyabihanga iyo [[Degmada Gitega]] ayaa halis ugu jirtay inay dunto.{{sfn|Ndabashinze|2024}} == Korontada biyaha == Xarunta korontada ee Ruvyironza waxay ku taal Gobolka Gitega, waqooyi-bari ee magaalada [[Gitega]], iyadoo u jeedda [[Gobolka Karuzi]] oo ka tallaabsanaya [[Webiga Ruvubu]]. Waxaa quudiya kanaal u socda koonfurta oo ka yimaada biyo-xireen ku yaal Webiga Ruvyironza oo u dhow afkiisa Webiga Ruvubu. Wuxuu ku shubaa Webiga Ruvubu.{{sfn|Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga}} Warshadda Ruvyironza, oo ay leedahay [[REGIDESO Burundi]], ayaa la dhisay 1980/1984.{{sfn|Nsabimana|2022|p=40}} Korontada waxaa bixiya saddex matoor oo ah 425 KW, kuwaas oo bixiya 1275 KW marka dhammaantood ay shaqaynayaan, ama 850 KW marka laba kaliya ay shaqaynayaan.{{sfn|Ruvyironza Energypedia}} Warbixin 2012 ay soo saartay Wasaaradda Tamarta iyo Macdanta ayaa sheegtay in horumarinta suurtagalka ah ee Ruvyironza (Luvi 047, 039, 012) ay awood u yeelan karaan inay bixiyaan 21.2MW.{{sfn|Investment opportunities in renewable energy|p=37}} == Xusuusin == {{notes}} == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Burundi]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist |25em}} == Isha == {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/search?query=Centrale%20hydroelectrique%20Rushanga#map=18/-3.34734/29.98530 |accessdate=2024-08-15 |title=Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Centrale hydroélectrique Rushanga}} }} *{{Citation |ref={{harvid|CIESIN 2016}} |last=Center For International Earth Science Information Network-CIESIN-Columbia University |title=Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Count |date=2016 |url=https://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-population-count |access-date=2025-06-20 |publisher=Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) |doi=10.7927/H4X63JVC}} *{{citation |url=https://isanganiro.org/2015/10/12/des-champs-devastes-par-les-pluies-torrentielles-a-mutaho/ |accessdate=2024-09-06 |language=fr |title=Des champs dévastés par les pluies torrentielles à Mutaho |work=Isanganiro |date=10 December 2015 |ref={{harvid|Des champs dévastés}} }} *{{citation |url=https://ifdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Dorientation-strategique-damenagement-des-bassins-versants-et-de-lutte-antierosive.pdf |title=Document d'orientation strategique d'amenagement des bassins versants et de lutte antierosive |accessdate=2024-09-06 |language=fr |publisher=Ministere de l’environnement, de l’agriculture et de l’elevage |location=Gitega |date=March 2022 |ref={{harvid|Document d’orientation strategique}} }} *{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31 |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012 |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }} *{{citation |last1=Linke |first1=Simon |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Ouellet Dallaire |first3=Camille |last4=Ariwi |first4=Joseph |last5=Grill |first5=Günther |last6=Anand |first6=Mira |last7=Beames |first7=Penny |last8=Burchard-Levine |first8=Vicente |last9=Maxwell |first9=Sally |last10=Moidu |first10=Hana |last11=Tan |first11=Florence |last12=Thieme |first12=Michele |date=2019-12-09 |title=Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0300-6 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6901482 |pmid=31819059}} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |accessdate=30 January 2016 |ref={{harvid|nasapop}} |publisher=NASA/SEDAC |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209064446/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |archivedate=9 February 2016}} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |accessdate=30 January 2016 |ref={{harvid|nasa}} |publisher=NASA |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511075542/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |archivedate=11 May 2020}} *{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014 |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - 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Shinyanga Region Map, Weather and Photos - Tanzania: stream - Lat:-3.98333 and Long:34.3833 |url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/tanzania/tanzania_(general)/_semuriver/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=www.getamap.net}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|3|59|S|34|23|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} bdc406kgniuprn7a89cie7ouozv14o0 0 48757 301306 2026-07-10T10:10:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Songwe | native_name ={{native name|sw|Mto Songwe}} | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Lake Malawie Tanzania OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Songwe (bidix sare) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Malawi]] | subdivision_type2 = Waddan | subdivision_name2 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Songwe]] | subdivision_type4 = Waddan | subdivision_name4 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = <!--{{convert|0|km|mi|abbr=on}}--> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline}}--> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Harada Nyasa]] | mouth_coordinates = <!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline,title}}--> | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = <!--{{Convert|0|sqkm|sqmi|0}}--> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Songwe''' waa wabi sameeya [[Xadka Malawi-Tanzania|xadka caalamiga ah]] ee u dhexeeya [[Malawi]] iyo [[Gobolka Songwe]], [[Tanzania]]. Gobolka Songwe ee dalka Tanzania ayaa loogu magac daray webiga. Isha biyaha ee Songwe waa meesha ay ku kulmaan xuduudaha Malawi, Tanzania, iyo [[Zambia]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari si uu ugu shubo [[Harada Nyasa]]. Koorsada dhexe waxay ka soocdaa [[Buuraha Misuku]] ee Malawi iyo [[Buuraha Umalila]] ee Gobolka Songwe ee Tanzania. Koorsada hoose waxay dhex martaa [[Degmada Kyela|Bannaanka Kyela]], oo ah dhul-hoosaad barwaaqo ah oo ku yaal waqooyi-galbeed ee Harada Malawi, dooxada [[Dooxada Weyn ee Afrika]]. Bannaanka Kyela waxaa si xoog leh looga beeraa bariiska iyo dalagyo kale.<ref>Racaud, Sylvain, and Francois Bart (2017). ''Rural-Urban Dynamics in the East African Mountains''. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2017.</ref> == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://allafrica.com/stories/201207240037.html Tanzania, Malawi oo fulinaya Qorshaha Basin-ka Webiga Songwe] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|9.7186|S|33.9383|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} rz94zku8lp9r1lltn27ysngx2chok9w 0 48758 301307 2026-07-10T10:13:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Tarangire | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Tarangine (208).jpg | image_size = | image_caption =Webiga Tarangire oo ku yaal Beerta Qaranka ee Tarangire, Tanzania. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Tanzania|Gobol]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Manyara]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Gobollada Tanzania|Gobol]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Dodoma]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Degmada Babati]] | source1_location = [[Gobolka Manyara]], [[Tanzania]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source2 = [[Buuraha Irangi]], [[Degmada Kondoa]] | source2_location = [[Gobolka Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]] | source2_coordinates= | source2_elevation = | source3 = [[Isgarashinka Irangi]], [[Degmada Kondoa]] | source3_location = [[Gobolka Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]] | source3_coordinates= | source3_elevation = | mouth = [[Harada Burunge]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Tarangire''' waa wabi sanad laha ah oo ku yaal bartamaha [[Gobolka Manyara]] ee laanta bari ee [[Dooxada Weyn ee Afrika|Dooxada Rift ee Afrika]], gudaha waqooyiga [[Tanzania]]. == Koorsada == Isha biyaha ee Webiga Tarangire waxay ku yaallaan buuraleyda iyo isgarashinnada [[Degmada Babati]] ee [[Gobolka Manyara]] iyo [[Degmada Kondoa]] ee [[Gobolka Dodoma]], inta badan Buuraha Irangi iyo [[Isgarashinka]] Irangi ee Degmada Kondoa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lamprey|first=H. F.|date=1963|title=The Tarangire Game Reserve|journal=Tanganyika Notes and Records|volume=60| pages = 10–22}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu ka kacaa Buuraha Wasi, wuxuuna hoos ugu dhacaa Isgarashinka bari ee Kondoa. Wuxuu u qulqulaa bari ilaa Chubi halkaas oo uu u leexdo waqooyi si uu u maro [[Beerta Qaranka ee Tarangire]]. Ka dib wuxuu u leexdaa galbeed ka dibna koonfur, ka hor inta uusan ku dhammaan [[afka webiga]] ee [[Harada Burunge]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gereta|first=Emmanuel|last2=Meing’ataki|first2=Godwell Elias Ole|last3=Mduma|first3=Simon|last4=Wolanski|first4=Eric|title=The role of wetlands in wildlife migration in the Tarangire ecosystem, Tanzania|journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=285–299|doi=10.1007/s11273-005-3499-2|issn=0923-4861|year=2004}}</ref> == Deegaanka == Inta badan isha biyaha ee Webiga Tarangire ee aagga Buuraha Irangi ayaa ah kaymo leh geedaha deegaanka [[Kaymaha Miombo]] iyo dhir hooseed, kuwaas oo loo qoondeeyay ilaalinta gudaha kaydka kaymaha ee Salanka, Bereko, iyo Isabe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rmportal.net/framelib/USFS_Tanzania_Kondoa_August2006.pdf |title=Charnley, S. and Overton, R., 2006. United States Forest Service–African Wildlife Foundation Collaboration Technical Assistance for Forest Management Planning in the Tarangire River Headwaters, Kondoa District, Tanzania. |access-date=2016-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xaalufinta kaymaha ee beeraha iyo xumaanshaha kaymaha ee Buuraha Irangi iyo dhinaca Isgarashinka Irangi ayaa gacan ka geysanaya hoos u dhaca shaqada basin-ka Webiga Tarangire iyo [[dib-u-buuxinta xididada biyaha]].<ref name=":2" /></ref> Qulqulka Webiga Tarangire waa mid aad u xilliyeysan oo ku kala duwan sanadba sanadka kale. Xilliga roobka, roobabka ka da'a Buuraha Irangi iyo dhammaan basin-ka waxay keenaan qulqul sarreeya oo leh kor u kac degdeg ah iyo hoos u dhac ku yimaada heerka biyaha. Roobabku waxay da'aan ku dhowaad bisha Nofeembar–Jenawari iyo Maarso–Maajo. Waa mid aad u kala duwan, iyadoo celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah ee guud ay yihiin {{convert|656|mm|in}} (isku-beddelka coefficient = 36.4%, kala duwanaansho 313–1,322).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foley|first=Charles A. H.|last2=Faust|first2=Lisa J.|date=2010-04-01|title=Rapid population growth in an elephant Loxodonta africana population recovering from poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania|journal=Oryx|volume=44|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1017/S0030605309990706|issn=1365-3008|doi-access=free}}</ref> Qulqulka webiga xilliga abaarta waa mid gaabis ah (qiyaastii 0.005 mitir kuyuubik ilbiriqsi kasta) oo si joogto ah hoos ugu dhacaya maadaama biyaha laga soo daayo dhoobada, ilaa meelo dhaadheer oo ka mid ah sariirta webiga ay noqdaan kuwo qallalan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Webiga Tarangire waa isha ugu weyn ee biyaha macaan ee [[xoolaha soo hayaama]] iyo xayawaanka kale ee [[Nidaamka Deegaanka ee Tarangire]] inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta sanadlaha ah.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Harada Manyara]] — ''haradii hore ee aagga''. * [[Nidaamka Deegaanka ee Tarangire]] — ''sidoo kale loo yaqaan Masai Steppe + Nidaamka Deegaanka ee Tarangire-Manyara''. == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em}} {{coord|3|50|S|36|00|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} oombjasx2fio9uongqd5k7rm7bf87zw 0 48759 301308 2026-07-10T10:16:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Umba | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Umba OSM.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmo | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tanga]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo | subdivision_name3 = [[Degmada Mkinga, Tanga|Mkinga]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Waddan]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Kenya]] | subdivision_type5 = Gobol | subdivision_name5 = [[Degmada Kwale]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Buuraha Usambara]], [[Degmada Lushoto, Tanga|Lushoto]], [[Gobolka Tanga]] ee [[Tanzania]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Mayomboni]] ee [[Kanaalka Pemba]], [[Tanzania]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4|40|50|S|39|12|48|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|7130|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = Mglumi; Bombo | tributaries_right = Mbalamu | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Umba''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Umba}}) wuxuu ku yaal waqooyi-bari [[Tanzania]] ee [[Degmada Lushoto, Tanga|Lushoto]] iyo [[Degmada Mkinga, Tanga|Mkinga]] ee [[Gobolka Tanga]]. Wuxuu ka kacaa kaynta Schageiu (Shagayu) ee galbeedka [[Buuraha Usambara]] ee Lushoto joog ahaan 2,000 m wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhinaca woqooyi ee buuraleyda ilaa bariga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=umba|title=Deutsches Koloniallexikon 1920, SCHNEE, H.(Buchstabe: Umba)|access-date=2011-04-17}}</ref> Meesha [[Lelwa]] ayuu ku shubaa [[Webiga Mbalamu]], oo ka yimaada xagga woqooyi ee Buuraha Usambara, iyo [[Webiga Mglumi]] oo ku shubma Umba. Wax yar ka hor inta uusan Umba ku shubin [[Badweynta Hindiya]], wuxuu ka gudbaa xadka [[Kenya]]. Afka webiga laftiisa ayaa calaamadeeya barta ugu bari ee xadka u dhexeeya Tanzania iyo Kenya, taas oo inta badan loo sameeyay xariiq toosan oo loo jihayey waqooyi-galbeed dhanka [[Harada Victoria]] qarnigii 19-aad. Qaybaha sare ee webiga bartamihii 1960-meeyadii ayaa laga helay kayd qani ah oo dhagaxyo qaali ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Yaquutka Umba|yaquut]] iyo [[Almandine|spessartine]]. Sidoo kale webiga waxaa ku yaal [[Kaydka Xayawaanka ee Webiga Umba]], oo ah kayd xayawaan oo ay ku jiraan [[Kaydka Xayawaanka ee Mkomazi]], qiyaastii 2,600 km². == Hidrometry == Qulqulka webiga waxaa la daawaday muddo 40 sano ah (1963–2003) ee Mbuta, oo ah magaalo ku taal qiyaastii 40 km ka sarreeya afka webiga. Celceliska qulqulka billaha ah ee webiga Umba ee xarunta hidroloojiga ee Mbuta (ee m³ / s) (loo xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo xogta muddo 30 sano ah, 1954–84)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf | title=Unknown}}</ref> <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:60 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:Jenawari bar:Fév text:Febraayo bar:Mar text:Maarso bar:Avr text:Abriil bar:Mai text:Maajo bar:Jun text:Juun bar:Jul text:Luulyo bar:Aoû text:Ogosto bar:Sep text:Sebtembar bar:Oct text:Oktoobar bar:Nov text:Nofeembar bar:Déc text:Diseembar PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 45 bar:Fév from:0 till: 10 bar:Mar from:0 till: 5 bar:Avr from:0 till: 8 bar:Mai from:0 till: 7 bar:Jun from:0 till: 4 bar:Jul from:0 till: 2 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 1 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1 bar:Oct from:0 till: 2 bar:Nov from:0 till: 3 bar:Déc from:0 till: 18 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 45 fontsize:S text: 45 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 10 fontsize:S text: 10 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 5 fontsize:S text: 5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 8 fontsize:S text: 8 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 4 fontsize:S text: 4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 3 fontsize:S text: 3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Juqraafiga Tanzania]] * [[Dooxada Umba]] * [[Yaquutka Umba]] 2ozaz844r1t2lu3zyl39gu8bj80ip7o 0 48760 301309 2026-07-10T10:18:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Wami | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Wami River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Spice Islands-Zanzibar highlighted-fr.svg | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Pwani]] | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Gobolka Morogoro]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|60.6|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Gobolka Morogoro]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Saadani]] ee [[Badweynta Hindiya]], [[Gobolka Pwani]], Tanzania | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|6|7|S|38|49|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|43946|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = Mkata | tributaries_right = Lukigura; Mjonga; Chogoati | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Wami''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Gobolka Pwani]], Tanzania. Isha biyaha ee Wami iyo wabi-gacmeedyadiisa waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Buuraha Eastern Arc]] ee [[Gobolka Morogoro]]. Webigu wuxuu markaas u qulqulaa waqooyi-bari isagoo maraya Gobolka Pwani si uu ugu shubo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] galbeedka jasiiradda [[Zanzibar]]. Wami wuxuu qulquliyaa baaxad dhan 43,946&nbsp;km².<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wami/ruvu basin water office-Location map |url=http://wamiruvubasin.com/location.html |website=wamiruvubasin.com}}</ref> Baaxadda biyaha waxay u fidsan tahay afar gobol oo deegaan ah. [[Kaymaha xeebta ee Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane]] waxay ku fidsan yihiin xeebta Badweynta Hindiya. Gudaha gudaha, [[Kaymaha miombo]] iyo dhul-daaqsimeedyada xilliyada qaarkood fatahaaduhu saameeyaan ayaa daboolaya bannaannada baaxadda dhexe. Bannaannadan waxaa ku xaddidan dhanka waqooyi-galbeed buuraha [[Buuraha Rubeho|Rubeho]], [[Buuraha Ukaguru|Ukakuru]], [[Buuraha Nguru|Nguru]], iyo [[Buuraha Nguu|Nguu]], kuwaas oo ah qaar ka mid ah safafka Eastern Arc. Buuraha Eastern Arc waxay qabtaan dabeylo qoyan oo ka imanaya Badweynta Hindiya, waxayna helaan roobab ka badan kuwa bannaannada ku xeeran. Roobabka badankoodu waxay da'aan xilliga roobka ee Nofeembar ilaa Maajo, in kasta oo ceeryaamo iyo roobab fudud ay ka dhacaan meelaha sare xilliga abaaraha. Dhinacyada bari iyo koonfur ee buuraha ee dabayshu hayso ayaa hela roobab ka badan jiirarka waqooyi iyo galbeed. Roobabkan ayaa taageera [[Kaymaha Eastern Arc|kaymaha buuraleyda]] iyo sidoo kale wabiyaasha iyo durdurrada Wami.<ref>"Eastern Arc forests". ''World Wildlife Fund'' ecoregion profile. Accessed 10 September 2019. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0109]</ref> Kaymaha Eastern Arc waxay muhiim u yihiin labadaba ilaalinta iyo dhexdhexaadinta qulqulka wabiyaasha.<ref>Ngana, James, Florence Mahay, and Katharine Cross (2010). ''The Wami Basin: A Situation Analysis.'' IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Programme, 2010. xviii + 92 pp.</ref> Webiga xilliyeedka [[Webiga Kinyasangwe]] wuxuu ku fidsan yahay galbeedka buuraha Eastern Arc ilaa [[Dodoma]], isagoo qulqulinaya qaybta koonfureed ee [[Maasai Steppe]] oo ahayd mid engegan, taas oo ku taal [[hooska roobka]] ee Buuraha Eastern Arc.<ref>Ngana, James, Florence Mahay, and Katharine Cross (2010). ''The Wami Basin: A Situation Analysis.'' IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Programme, 2010. xviii + 92 pp.</ref> Kaliya ka dib markii uu ka baxo basin-ka [[Webiga Mkata]] ee ku yaal cirifka waqooyi ee [[Beerta Qaranka ee Mikumi]] ayuu magaciisu noqonayaa Wami.<ref>{{Google books |id=VLjafeXa3gMC |page=247 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands }}</ref> Sababo la xiriira [[xaalufinta kaymaha]] iyo isbeddelka cimilada ee gobolka, qulqulka biyuhu wuu yaraaday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalugendo |first=Praxeda Paul |title=Impact of Climate Variability on Groundwater in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=http://www.gwclim.org/presentations/session5/kalugendo.pdf |url-status=usurped}}</ref> Meel u dhow afkiisa, Webiga Wami wuxuu sameeyaa xadka koonfureed ee [[Beerta Qaranka ee Saadani]], oo ah beerta qaran ee kaliya ee xeebta ku taal ee Tanzania. == Hidrometry == Qulqulka webiga waxaa la daawaday muddo 30 sano ah (1954–84) magaalada Mandera oo qiyaastii 50 km ka sarreysa afka webiga. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee Mandera intii lagu jiray muddadan wuxuu ahaa 60.6 m³ / s oo ay quudiyeen aag ku dhow 82% ee guud ahaan baaxadda qulqulka webiga. <div class="center"> '''Celceliska qulqulka billaha ah ee webiga Wami ee xarunta hidroloojiga ee Mandera (ee m³ / s )'''<br /> (Loo xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo xogta muddo 30 sano ah, 1954–84)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=A profile of the Wami River Sub-Basin |url=https://www.crc.uri.edu/download/wami_profile_tagged_final_Nov08.pdf |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=crc.uri.edu}}</ref> <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:220 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:Jenawari bar:Fév text:Febraayo bar:Mar text:Maarso bar:Avr text:Abriil bar:Mai text:Maajo bar:Jun text:Juun bar:Jul text:Luulyo bar:Aoû text:Ogosto bar:Sep text:Sebtembar bar:Oct text:Oktoobar bar:Nov text:Nofeembar bar:Déc text:Diseembar PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 60 bar:Fév from:0 till: 52 bar:Mar from:0 till: 70 bar:Avr from:0 till: 210 bar:Mai from:0 till: 150 bar:Jun from:0 till: 50 bar:Jul from:0 till: 25 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 20 bar:Sep from:0 till: 18 bar:Oct from:0 till: 15 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 50 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 60 fontsize:S text: 60 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 52 fontsize:S text: 52 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 70 fontsize:S text: 70 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 210 fontsize:S text: 210 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 150 fontsize:S text: 150 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 20 fontsize:S text: 20 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 15 fontsize:S text: 15 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> </div> == Sawirro == <gallery class="center" widths="145px"> The National Archives UK - CO 1069-164-22.jpg|Furitaanka [[Wami Bridge|Mandera Bridge]] Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0596, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kissanke, Wami-Fluss.jpg|Webiga Wami intii u dhaxeysay 1906 iyo 1918 ee Kissanke Wami River 2012.jpg|2012 File:Река Вами (Танзания).jpg|Hippopotamus amphibius </gallery> == Tixraac == <references/> {{Commons}} poqsoti98frbmsouf6eft0wtoaimc3a 0 48761 301310 2026-07-10T10:21:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Wembere | name_native = {{native name|rim |Mto Wembere}} | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Singida]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = <!--{{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}}--> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Webiga Nyahua]] | source1_location = [[Tanzania]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source2 = [[Webiga Wamba]] | source2_location = [[Tanzania]] | source2_coordinates= | source2_elevation = | source3 = [[Webiga Mapiringa]] | source3_location = [[Tanzania]] | source3_coordinates= | source3_elevation = | mouth = [[Harada Kitangiri]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = <!--{{convert|0|sqkm|sqmi|0}}--> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Wembere''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyi-galbeed [[Gobolka Singida]], [[Tanzania]]. Waxa uu ka soo jeedaa dhul buuraley ah oo ku yaal bartamaha Tanzania, isagoo ku shubma [[Harada Kitangiri]]. Webigu waa qayb ka mid ah basin-ka [[Harada Eyasi]]. Wuxuu taageeraa nidaam deegaan oo ka kooban [[dhul-daaqsimeed fatahaaduhu saameeyaan]] oo ku yaal bannaanka fatahaadaha. == Sharaxaad == Webiga Wembere wuxuu ka soo jeedaa dhul buuraley ah oo ku yaal bartamaha Tanzania 6.0º koonfur, wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi isagoo maraya laan ka mid ah [[Dooxada Eastern Rift]]. Wabi-gacmeedkiisa, Webiga Nyahua, wuxuu sameeyaa bannaanka fatahaadda xilliyeed ee dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|60|km|mi}} iyo ballaciisuna yahay {{convert|1|-|5|km|mi}}, kaas oo daboolaya {{cvt|11,000|ha|mi2}}. Ka dib markii Nyahua ay ku biirto Wembere xagga waqooyi-galbeed, Wembere wuxuu dhex maraa bannaanka fatahaadda oo ka ballaaran kaas oo dhererkiisu yahay {{cvt|105|km|mi}} iyo ballaciisuna gaarayo {{cvt|20|km|mi}}, wuxuuna daboolayaa {{cvt|140,000|ha|mi2}}.<ref name="Hughes1992">{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |title=A directory of African wetlands: with a chapter on Madagascar |last2=Hughes |first2=J. S. |date=1992 |publisher=IUCN [u.a.] |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |location=Glan |access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref>{{rp|253}} Wabi-gacmeedyada kale waa Wamba, oo ka soo biira waqooyi-bari, Mwaru, oo ka soo biira bariga, iyo Mapiringa, oo ka soo biira galbeedka. Bannaanka fatahaaduhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[dhul-daaqsimeed fatahaaduhu saameeyaan ee Zambezian]], oo fatahaaduhu saameeyaan xilliga roobka, waxaana dhex mara kanaallo biyo-mareenno ah. Kaymaha [[Vachellia seyal|acacia cas]] iyo [[Vachellia drepanolobium|whistling thorn]] ayaa geesaha u ah qaybta fatahaaduhu saameeyaan ee bannaanka.<ref>BirdLife International (2019) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wembere steppe. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/09/2019.</ref> Ka sarreeya bannaanka fatahaadda, dhinaca bari ee basin-ka ayaa ah inta badan [[kaymaha miombo ee bartamaha Zambezian]], halka dhinaca galbeedka, oo loo yaqaan Wembere Steppe, uu yahay [[kaymaha iyo duurka Acacia-Commiphora]]. Hoosta bannaanka fatahaadda, webigu wuxuu u leexdaa waqooyi-bari wuxuuna ku shubmaa dhinaca koonfureed ee [[Harada Kitangiri]]. Harada Kitangiri waxay ku shubtaa [[Harada Eyasi]] iyada oo loo sii marayo [[Webiga Sibiti]].<ref name="Hughes1992"/>{{rp|253}} == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|4|10|S|34|11|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 9b0dcpp4qsr0blal7eo8eg2v09gsqn9 0 48762 301311 2026-07-10T10:23:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name =Webiga Zigi | image = Sigi river view 2.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Webiga Sigi ee Degmada Mnyanzini, Mkinga | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Buuraha Usambara]], [[Degmada Muheza]], [[Tanzania]] | source1_coordinates= <!--{{coord|0|0|0|S|0|0|0|E|display=inline}}--> | source1_elevation = 2,290 m | mouth_location = [[Degmada Mzizma]], [[Degmada Tanga]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania]] | location = | length = {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = [[Musi, Tansania|Musi]] | tributaries_right = [[Kihuhui]] }} '''Webiga Zigi''' oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Sigi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Sigi}}), waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Gobolka Tanga]] ee [[Tanzania]]. Webiga wuxuu ka soo kacaa kaydka dabiiciga ah ee Amani ee bariga [[Buuraha Usambara]] ee [[Degmada Muheza]], si sax ahna buuraha Handei, isagoo joog ah 1130 mitir wuxuuna u qulqulaa 100&nbsp;km masaafo dheer oo leh isbeddello badan oo dhanka jihada ah ilaa afkiisa 40&nbsp;km waqooyi ka xiga magaalada [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]] ee [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Wabi-gacmeedyadiisa waa Kihuhui (oo ka yimaada koonfur) iyo Musi (oo ka yimaada waqooyi). [[File:Sigi River 2.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka Webiga Sigi ee Degmada Mnyanzini, Mkinga]] == Hidrometrie == Celceliska qulqulka billaha ah ee Zigi oo lagu cabbiray xarunta hidroloojiga ee Lanconi Estate, qiyaastii 10&nbsp;km ka sarreysa [[Mabayani Dam]] ee m³ / s (1957 - 1990).<ref name="TFW">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwra.org/congress/2008/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf|title=Temporal Flow Variations: A Challenge for Water Management in Tanzania| publisher=Department of Water Resources Engineering, Dar Es Salaam| access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> Qulqulka Zigi wuxuu kiciyaa waqti ku-xiran, sida wabiyaasha badankood ee gobolka. <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:30 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:Jenawari bar:Fév text:Febraayo bar:Mar text:Maarso bar:Avr text:Abriil bar:Mai text:Maajo bar:Jun text:Juun bar:Jul text:Luulyo bar:Aoû text:Ogosto bar:Sep text:Sebtembar bar:Oct text:Oktoobar bar:Nov text:Nofeembar bar:Déc text:Diseembar PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 6 bar:Fév from:0 till: 3 bar:Mar from:0 till: 2 bar:Avr from:0 till: 5 bar:Mai from:0 till: 17 bar:Jun from:0 till: 21 bar:Jul from:0 till: 6 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 4 bar:Sep from:0 till: 3 bar:Oct from:0 till: 4 bar:Nov from:0 till: 12 bar:Déc from:0 till: 14 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 6 fontsize:S text: 6 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 3 fontsize:S text: 3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 5 fontsize:S text: 5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 17 fontsize:S text: 17 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 6 fontsize:S text: 6 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 4 fontsize:S text: 4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 3 fontsize:S text: 3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 4 fontsize:S text: 4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 12 fontsize:S text: 12 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 14 fontsize:S text: 14 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|5|2|6|S|39|6|1|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river}} oj30gak56l0zs923qqj404ch3syr3ck 0 48763 301313 2026-07-10T10:25:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301313 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Mkulumuzi''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Gobolka Tanga]], [[Tanzania]]. Webigu wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Gacanka Tanga]] ee [[Kanaalka Pemba]]. Waa qayb ka mid ah basin-ka [[Webiga Pangani]].<ref name="PBWB">{{cite web|url=http://www.panganibasin.com/|title=Pangani Basin|publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board|accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>Marean, Curtis W., and John J. Shea. "Archaeological reconnaissance of the Mkulumuzi and Sigi river valleys, Tanga District, Tanzania." Nyame akuma 45 (1996): 72-81.</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} bh91pcs7mzpxfj2pqdy76l5qqx3rq4o 0 48764 301314 2026-07-10T10:28:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ngalamu | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map =Ngalamu River.png | map_size =360px | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique]], [[Malawi]] | progression = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Ngalamu''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Mozambique]] iyo [[Malawi]], kaas oo ku yaal galbeedka [[Harada Amaramba]]. Wuxuu ku yaal {{coord|14|24|0|S|35|41|0|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-501223&fid=4227&c=mozambique |title=Ngalamu River: Mozambique|publisher=[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=October 11, 2010}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} nz6y0bj4i7df0kknu5cs142t3m33nrp 0 48765 301315 2026-07-10T10:29:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Shire | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Shiré, Chire | name_etymology = [[Af-Chewa|Chewa]] ''chiri'', "banna taagan"<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29778127|title=Shire, Shirwak and Nyasa |author=Price, T.|year=1966|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=19|issue=1|pages=15-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historyofmalawi.com/?p=872|title=The Mighty Shire River – History Of Malawi}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Shire fluss nsanje.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Shire oo u dhow [[Nsanje]], Malawi | map = Shire (rivière).png | map_size = 280px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|402|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = 486 m3/s | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Harada Malawi]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|14|25|25|S|35|14|10|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|474|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Zambezi|Zambezi]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|17|41|36|S|35|18|55|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Shire''' waa webiga ugu weyn [[Malawi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html|title=The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor|date=December 20, 2010}}</ref> Waa marin-biyoodka kaliya ee ka baxa [[Harada Malawi]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa webiga [[Zambezi]] ee dalka [[Mozambique]]. Dhererkiisu waa {{convert|402|km|mi}}. Webiga Shire ee sare wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa Harada Malawi wuxuuna socdaa qiyaastii {{convert|12|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} ka hor inta uusan gelin [[Harada Malombe]] oo ah haro gacmeed. Ka dib wuxuu ka daadaa Harada Malombe wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur isagoo maraya [[Beerta Qaranka ee Liwonde]] halkaas oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro badan oo naasleyda biyaha (hippo) ah oo ku baahsan xeebaha. Inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Matope]] iyo [[Chikwawa]], webiga dhexe wuxuu hoos u dhacaa qiyaastii {{convert|1300|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} isagoo mara taxane biyo-dhacyo iyo dooxooyin ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kapachira Falls]]. Labo biyo-xireen oo korontada laga dhaliyo ayaa laga dhisay webiga Shire waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Blantyre]]. Ka baxsan [[Chikwawa]], webiga hoose wuxuu u leexdaa koonfur-bari wuxuuna galaa bannaanka hooseeya ee Mozambique. Wabi-gacmeedkiisa ugu weyn uguna waara, [[Webiga Ruo]], wuxuu ku biiraa Shire meel u dhow magaalada [[Chiromo]] ee Malawi. Biyaha dhoobada leh ayaa mara aag weyn oo biyo fadhiisin ah oo loo yaqaan [[Elephant Marsh]] ka hor inta aysan gaarin kulanka webiga [[Zambezi]] ee koonfurta magaalada [[Sena, Mozambique]]. Sannadkii 1859, safarkii labaad ee [[David Livingstone]] ee [[Zambezi]] ayaa u safray webiga Shire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|title=Malawi|date=2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781784770143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQueDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|page=9|language=en}}</ref> Dooxada webiga waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka [[Dooxada Weyn ee Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |title=Live Search Maps |access-date=2007-08-09}}</ref> [[File:Ferry over Shire River in Mozambique.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Dooni ay ku gudbayaan Webiga Shire ee Mozambique]] {{clear|left}} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} m1hz4hjbfbhvi1k9i9ydwyzpl0pdz85 0 48766 301316 2026-07-10T10:34:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ruo | name_other = Rio Ruo | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] | pushpin_map = Malawi | pushpin_map_size = 150 | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu kaga biro Webiga Shire magaalada Chiromo, Malawi | source1 = [[Mulanje Massif]], [[Malawi]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|15|56|59|S| 35|35|37|E}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Chiromo]], Malawi | mouth_location = [[Webiga Shire]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|16|33|00|S| 35|08|00|E|display=inline,title}} | river_system = [[Zambezi]] | basin_size = {{Convert|4900|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | waterfalls = [[Zoa Falls]] }} '''Webiga Ruo''' waa [[wabi-gacmeedka]] ugu weyn ee [[Webiga Shire]] ee koonfurta [[Malawi]] iyo [[Mozambique]]. Wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Mulanje Massif]] (Malawi) wuxuuna sameeyaa {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} xadka [[Malawi-Mozambique]]. Wuxuu ku biiraa Webiga Shire meesha [[Chiromo]].<ref name=Britannica/> Biyo-mareenka Webiga Ruo waxaa ka mid ah jiirarka koonfureed ee [[Mulanje]] Massif iyo [[Shire Highlands]] ee Malawi. Wabi-gacmeedkiisa ugu weyn waa Webiga Thuchila (ama [[Webiga Tuchila]]), kaas oo qulquliya jiirarka koonfur-galbeed ee Mulanje iyo jiirarka koonfur-bari ee [[Shire Highlands]] iyo [[bannaanka Thuchila]] ee u dhexeeya. Kulanka Ruo iyo Thuchila wuxuu u dhow yahay [[Sandama]]. Ruo iyo wabi-gacmeedyada dhinaca bidix ee bangigiisa ayaa sidoo kale qulquliya qayb ka mid ah [[Degmada Milange]] ee dalka deriska la ah ee Mozambique. [[Zoa Falls]] (16°18'27"S 35°17'10"E) waxay leedahay hoos u dhac 60-mitir ah, waxayna si wax ku ool ah u go'doomisaa dadka kalluunka ee ku nool qaybta sare ee biyo-mareenka Ruo kuwa ka yimaada qaybta hoose ee wabiyaasha [[Zambezi]] iyo [[Webiga Shire|Shire]].<ref>Tweddle, Denis. "Mulanje". ''Freshwater Ecoregions of the World''. Accessed 17 August 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/562].</ref> [[Shire Highlands Railway]] waxay raacdaa koorsada hoose ee Ruo inta u dhaxaysa Sandama iyo Chiromo. == Rahda Ruo River screeching frog == Rahda ''[[Arthroleptis francei]]'' ayaa markii ugu horreysay laga soo ururiyay meel u dhow Webiga Ruo oo ku yaal jiirarka Mulanje Massif. Mid ka mid ah magacyadeeda caadiga ah waa Ruo River screeching frog.<ref name=Frost/> Magaceeda kale ee caadiga ah, France's squeaker,<ref name=Frost/> iyo sidoo kale [[magaceeda gaarka ah (xoolaha)|magaceeda gaarka ah]] ''francei'' waxay wataan taariikh murugo leh. [[Mr. F. H. France]] wuxuu ahaa sarkaal dhalinyaro ah oo kaynta ah kaas oo ku geeriyooday isku dayga uu ku gudbayay Webiga Ruo meel u dhow halkaas oo ''Arthroleptis francei'' markii ugu horreysay laga soo ururiyay. [[Arthur Loveridge]], saynisyahankii [[sharaxaadda noocyada|sharaxay]] noocan, ayaa u bixiyay magaca France si "magaciisa loogu xiro kaymaha uu doonayay inuu ku ilaaliyo buurta uu aad u jeclaa."<ref name="Loveridge 1953"/> In kasta oo ay xiriir la leedahay webiga iyada oo loo marayo taariikhdeeda iyo magacaabiddeeda, rahdan waa nooc dhulka ku nool oo ku nool caleenta qudhuntay.<ref name=IUCN/> == Tixraac == {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruo-River |title=Ruo River |date=20 July 1998 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> <ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Arthroleptidae/Arthroleptinae/Arthroleptis/Arthroleptis-francei |title=''Arthroleptis francei'' Loveridge, 1953 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = ''Arthroleptis francei'' | volume= 2016 | article-number = e.T54371A77165298 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T54371A77165298.en }}</ref> <ref name="Loveridge 1953">{{cite journal |last1=Loveridge |first1=A. |year=1953 |title=Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. IV. Amphibians from Nyasaland and Tete |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=110 |pages=325–406 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/8015 }}</ref> }} cl30qa6qy12menfoqeqinjtzqeitbi4 0 48767 301317 2026-07-10T10:37:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Lilongwe | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Lilongwe.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Malawi]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 200 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Harada Malawi]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Lilongwe'''<ref>{{cite web |title=UNA Rivers: Lilongwe - ICLEI |url=https://cbc.iclei.org/una-rivers-lilongwe/ |website=cbc.iclei.org |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref> waa [[wabi]] ku yaal [[Malawi]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Lilongwe]], oo ah caasimadda dalka. Webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 200 km, wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Harada Malawi]]. Wuxuu ka soo jeedaa Kaydka Kaynta ee Dzalanyama, oo u dhexeeya xadka degmooyinka Lilongwe iyo [[Dedza]]. Webiga Lilongwe waa isha ugu weyn ee biyaha dadka deggan magaalada Lilongwe. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|13|47|S|34|25|E|display=title|region:MW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 46ut7puvcsltjn04cnlklprhy2j4lry 0 48768 301318 2026-07-10T10:39:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bua.jpg|330px|thumb|right]] Webiga Bua waa wabi weyn oo ku yaal Malawi kaas oo ka soo qulqula Dedza Highlands koonfurta ka hor inta uusan u leexan inuu ugu dambeyntii u socdo si barbar socda [[Webiga Dwangwa]] iyadoo labaduba ay ku shubmaan Harada Malawi. Webigu wuxuu biyo u siiyaa waraabka iyo nidaam deegaan oo kala duwan. Webiga Bua wuxuu dhex maraa Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Nkhotakota.<ref>[http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12184529.pdf Republic of Malawi ministry of agriculture, irrigation and water development (MoAIWD) - Project for national water resources master plan in the republic of Malawi]</ref> == Koorsada == [[File:Shire Basin OSM.png|thumb|330px|Webiga Bua (bartamaha bidix)]] Webigu wuxuu ka soo kacaa qiyaastii 80 kiiloomitir galbeedka [[Lilongwe]] xadka uu la wadaago [[Zambia]] ee [[Mchinji Forest Reserve]]. Wuxuu marka hore u qulqulaa qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir koonfur-bari, ka dibna in ka badan 100 kiiloomitir waqooyi-waqooyi-bari iyo 120 kiiloomitir oo kale oo waqooyi-bari ku dhowaad barbar socda koonfurta [[Webiga Dwangwa]]. Wuxuu ka gudbaa [[Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve]] si uu ugu qulqulo [[Harada Malawi]] ee Bua Point, 17 kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xiga [[Nkhotakota]].<ref>[http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/23597/dissertation_laisi_e.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Development of a flood-frequency model for the river basins of the central region of Malawi as tool for engineering design and disaster preparedness in flood-prone areas]</ref> == Ganacsiga == Webiyada Bua, Dwangwa, [[Webiga Lilongwe|Lilongwe]], Lufilya, [[Webiga North Rukuru|North Rukuru]], [[Webiga Songwe|Songwe]], [[Webiga South Rukuru|South Rukuru]] ayaa dhammaantood leh awood kalluumeysi oo gaaraysa 15,000 oo tan sannadkii, sida ay sheegtay FAO. Inta u dhaxaysa 4,000 iyo 17,000 oo tan ayaa la qabtaa. == Dalxiiska == Bua waxay leedahay qaar ka mid ah biyo-dhacyo cajiib ah waxayna caan ku tahay kalluumeysatada dhexdeeda kalluunka [[Lake salmon|Mpasa]], oo ah nooc ka mid ah salmon-ka.<ref>[https://ruforum.org/sites/default/files/Matsimbe,%20M.%20et%20al..pdf Fish diversity of two major inlet rivers of Lake Malawi: Spatial and temporal change]</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Malawi}} {{coord|13|39|S|32|51|E|display=title|region:MW_type:river_source:GNS-dewiki}} hvgoz0wk791pf272gziikuzhl6qyj2t 0 48769 301319 2026-07-10T10:41:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301319 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Shire Basin OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Dwangwa (bartamaha bidix)]] '''Webiga Dwangwa''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Malawi]], kaas oo ku shubma [[Harada Malawi]]. Isha uu ka soo bilaabo waa [[Beerta Qaranka ee Kasungu]], oo ku taal [[bannaanka dhexe ee Malawi]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-bari isagoo ka imanaya bannaankan isagoo dhex mara doox qadiimi ah. Afka webiga ayaa ka soo baxa doox dhawaan la qoday, wuxuuna galaa harada.<ref name="EB" /> Sidoo kale wuxuu dhex maraa [[Bana Swamp]]. Dhererkiisu waa qiyaastii 100 mayl (160&nbsp;km).<ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031645/Dwangwa-River Dwangwa River] Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed November 2006</ref> Webiga waxaa loo isticmaalaa labadaba [[waraabka]] iyo dhalinta [[korontada biyaha]].<ref>[http://www.worldpumps.com/business_news/articles/300806_denorco.htmlDenorco sends axial flow pumps to Malawi] World Pumps, 2005. Accessed November 2006</ref> Waa wabi kalluumeysi, waxaana webiga laga helaa [[kalluunka badda/haleyga]].<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/T0473E/T0473E05.htm Source Book for the inland fishery resources of Africa, volume 1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accessed November 2006</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Malawi}} {{coord|12|31|S|34|12|E|display=title|region:MW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} sxhatxxwytlfltgef5k19m3u63hp920 0 48770 301320 2026-07-10T10:43:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Waqooyiga Rukuru''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Malawi]]. [[File:Shire Basin OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Webiga North Rukuru (bidixda sare)]] Wuxuu ka soo kacaa [[Nyika Plateau]] ka dibna qiyaastii 100 km ka dib wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Harada Malawi]] meel u dhow [[Karonga]]. Webigu wuxuu wadaa biyo sannadka oo dhan. Webigu wuxuu qulquliyaa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu roobka badan Malawi, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan 1140 mm oo roob ah sannadkii. == Dalxiiska iyo ganacsiga == Kaydka yuraaniyaamka ayaa ku yaal [[Kayelekera mine|Kayelekera]] oo ku taal Basin-ka Northern Rukuru, oo ah basin Karoo ah, waxaana lagu qiyaasay inuu ka kooban yahay qiyaastii 11,500 oo tan oo yuraaniyaam ah waxaana laga qodayay macdan laga soo saaro 2009 ilaa 2014.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/international/malawi/mineral_potential_of_malawi_3.pdf | title=Karoo and post-Karoo (coal, uranium, industrial minerals and gemstones) | work=Mineral Potential of Malawi | date=2009 | accessdate=2025-02-25 | language=en | format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ir.paladinenergy.com.au/FormBuilder/DocumentDownload.ashx?item=qeST7KVftUOabxBArSF2rw&Preview=1 | title=Paladin Energy Ltd Annual Report 2013 | accessdate=2025-02-25 | language=en | format=PDF}}</ref> Webiyada [[Webiga Bua|Bua]], [[Webiga Dwangwa|Dangwa]], [[Webiga Lilongwe|Lilongwe]], [[Webiga Lufilya|Lufilya]], North Rukuru, [[Webiga Songwe|Songwe]], [[Webiga South Rukuru|South Rukuru]] ayaa dhammaantood leh awood kalluumeysi oo gaaraysa 15,000 oo tan sannadkii, sida ay sheegtay [[Ururka Cunnada iyo Beeraha|FAO]]. Inta u dhaxaysa 4,000 iyo 17,000 oo tan ayaa la qabtaa. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Malawi}} {{coord|9|54|S|33|56|E|display=title|region:MW_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 9ohhenlm3taac81wfm9chbhy5w76r34 0 48771 301321 2026-07-10T10:46:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301321 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Côté Est de la rivière Kara 4.jpg|thumb|Webiga Kara oo dhex mara magaalada [[Kara, Togo|Kara]].]] [[File:Map of rivers of Togo OSM.png|thumb|Koorsada webiga Kara ee Togo (Bartamaha)]] '''Webiga Kara''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Togo]] iyo [[Benin]] waana wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Oti]]. Wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Donga Department]] ee Benin wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed isagoo maraya [[Gobolka Kara]] ee Togo, oo ay ku jirto magaalada [[Kara, Togo|Kara]], isagoo ku shubma Webiga Oti ee xadka Togo iyo [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet17-6th-ed.jpg |title=Sheet 17: Lagos |series=Series 2201 |scale=1:2,000,000 |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center |date=April 1973}}</ref> Mashruuca Horumarinta Beeraha ee Dooxada Webiga Kara ayaa ka socda dooxada webiga, kaas oo ilaalinaya qiyaastii 300 oo kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref name="Farnham1997">{{cite book|last=Farnham|first=Dana A.|title=Plows, Prosperity, and Cooperation at Agbassa: The Change from Hoes to Plows on a Government-Sponsored Land Settlement Project in Northern Togo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VopCPFLdjj4C&pg=PA39|accessdate=30 April 2012|date=1 June 1997|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|isbn=978-0-945636-98-4|page=39}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|10.022|0.410|display=title}} cm1j7783r75hinl5j8z7wev06vh2oql 0 48772 301322 2026-07-10T10:50:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301322 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mono river in Grand-Popo, Benin.jpg|thumb|Aagga afka Webiga Mono ee [[Grand-Popo]], Benin.]] [[File:Map of rivers of Togo OSM.png|thumb|Togo oo leh [[Webiga Oti]] (waqooyi) iyo Webiga Mono (koonfur)]] '''Webiga Mono''' waa wabiga ugu weyn ee bariga [[Togo]]. Wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wuxuuna qulquliyaa biyo-mareen dhan qiyaastii {{convert|20,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, wuxuu ka soo kacaa inta u dhaxaysa magaalada [[Sokodé]] iyo xadka uu la wadaago [[Benin]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur. Qaybta koonfureed ee webiga ee u dhow afkiisa, wuxuu sameeyaa [[xadka caalamiga ah]] ee u dhexeeya Togo iyo Benin. Webigu wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Gacanka Benin]] isagoo sii mara nidaam ballaaran oo [[biyo milix leh]] ah oo ka kooban [[lagoon]]yo iyo [[haro]]oyin, oo ay ku jirto [[Harada Togo]].<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of the World |last=Philip's |year=1994 |publisher=Reed International |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=101 }}</ref> Qaybta webiga ee ugu dhow afkiisa ayaa kaliya ah mid la mari karo. Inta badan biyo-mareenka webiga ee ku yaal bannaanka sare ayaa loo [[beerashada]] [[galeyda]], [[yam|yam-ka]], [[bariiska]], [[cudbiga]] iyo [[cassava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mono-River |title=Mono River |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> Webiga waxaa laga dhisay biyo-xireen qiyaastii {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jira afkiisa oo lagu magacaabo [[Nangbeto Dam]], kaas oo ahaa iskaashi u dhexeeya Benin iyo Togo oo la dhammaystiray 1987. Daraasado ayaa soo wariyay faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo ka dhashay biyo-xireenka, oo ay ku jiraan dalxiiska iyo kalluumeysiga ee harada gadaashiisa ku taal. Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa barakiciyay inta u dhaxaysa 7,600 iyo 10,000 oo qof, si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadaha ayaa tilmaamaya inuu si weyn wax uga beddelay bay'ada nidaamka lagoon-ka ee afka webiga isagoo dhimay isbeddellada xilliyeedka dabiiciga ah ee qulqulka webiga. Mashruuc biyo-xireen labaad, [[Adjarala Dam]], ayaa la soo jeediyay in laga dhiso webiga inta u dhaxaysa Nangbeto iyo afka webiga intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii<ref name=ADBG>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/multinational-nangbeto-hydroelectric-dam-benin-togo-9679/ |title=Multinational: Nangbeto Hydroelectric Dam (Benin/Togo) |date=15 January 2014 |publisher=African Development Bank Group |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> laakiin ma helin maalgelin ilaa 2017 markii [[China-Africa Development Fund]] ay ogolaatay inay taageerto mashruuca.<ref>''Togo First'', Togo: CAD Fund to support new development projects, Tuesday, 11 September 2018 19:08, https://www.togofirst.com/en/investments/1109-1578-togo-cad-fund-to-support-new-development-projects</ref> Dhismaha biyo-xireenku waa qayb ka mid ah qorshaha dawladda ee lagu kordhinayo awoodda dhalinta korontada ee gudaha Benin oo laga dhigayo 20 ilaa 70% maadaama inta badan korontada Togo iyo Benin ay hadda u baahan tahay in laga keeno [[Akosombo Dam]] ee Ghana.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = 112 | isbn =978-1-85743-698-3 }}</ref> Qiyaastii {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} u jira afkiisa, waxaa jira lix taxane oo biyo-dhacyo ah. Tan ka hooseysa, webigu wuxuu noqdaa mid gaabis u socda wuxuuna maraa bannaanka fatahaadda ee qoyan, waxaana jira aag weyn oo dhul qoyan ah oo isku xiran labada Togo iyo Benin. Aaggan wuxuu leeyahay koritaan hodan ah oo cawska iyo dacartada ah, waxaana webiga laga helaa [[manatee]], [[yaxaasyada]] iyo [[naasleyda biyaha (hippopotamus)]].<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |page=443}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} *Adam, K.S (1991). Les impacts environnementaux du barrage du Nangbeto. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081230132654/http://www2.geo.ulg.ac.be/geoecotrop/ ''Geo-Eco-Trop''] 13(1-4):103-112. *Thomas, Kevin (2002). Development projects and involuntary population displacement: The World Bank's attempt to correct past failures. ''Population Research and Policy Review'' 21(4):339-349. {{Rivers of Togo}} {{coord|6.2959|N|1.9299|E|dim:1000_region:TG-M/BJ-MO_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=title}} hc712exqhj8zqxt542qna4kdt74qp90 0 48773 301323 2026-07-10T10:52:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ouémé | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Webiga Weme | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Oueme River Cotonou Atlantic.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Oueme meel uu kaga shubmo Badweynta Atlantic ee [[Cotonou, Benin]]. | map = Oueme OSM.png | map_size = 250 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = Benin | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|510|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = {{convert|0|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|170|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=Oueme /> | discharge1_max = {{convert|1175|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|465|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Gacanka Guinea]] | mouth_location = [[Cotonou]], [[Benin]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|6|21|11|N|2|26|39|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|46990|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=Oueme>{{cite web |url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1733600.html |title=Oueme Basin |access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Ouémé''', sidoo kale loo higgaadiyo '''Weme''' ([[Af-Yoruba]]: Odò Ofe, luuqadaha Gbe: Weme) waa [[wabi]] ku yaal [[Benin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ouémé River {{!}} river, Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oueme-River |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo kacaa [[Buuraha Atakora]], dhererkiisuna waa qiyaastii {{convert|510|km}}. Wuxuu maraa magaalooyinka Carnotville iyo Ouémé ilaa uu gaaro [[River delta|delta]] weyn oo ku taal [[Gacanka Guinea]] meel u dhow magaalada [[dekadda]] ee Cotonou. Wabi-gacmeedyada ugu waaweyn waa [[Webiga Okpara]] iyo [[Webiga Alpouro]]. == Sharaxaada == Webiga Ouémé waa wabiga ugu weyn ee Jamhuuriyadda Benin. Wuxuu ku yaallaa inta u dhaxaysa 6° 30° iyo 10° latitude waqooyi iyo 0° 52 'iyo 3° 05' longitude bari (Oba S. Alain 2018). Wuxuu ka gudbaa dhawr aagagga beeraha iyo deegaanka ah wuxuuna quudiyaa hoos u dhaca, nidaamka lagoon ee ‘'Lake Nokoué-lagoon of Porto-Novo'’ iyada oo loo marayo aagga Delta. Delta-da hoose ee Ouémé, waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa latitude 6° 33'N iyo 8° 15 'iyo meridians 1° 50' iyo 2° 00 ' (Zinsou et al., 2016). Delta-da hoose ee Ouémé waxay bilaabataa ka dib degmada Adjohoun ee waaxda Ouémé waxayna ku dhammaataa wejiga koonfureed halkaas oo webigu ku shubmo nidaamka lagoon ‘'Nokoué-Porto-Novo'’ (Lalèyè et al., 2004). Nooca cimilada subequatorial, waxaa lagu gartaa laba xilli-roobaad iyo laba xilli-abaarood. Dhanka kale, nidaamkeeda hidroloojiga ah wuxuu ku xiran yahay cimilada Sudan (waqooyiga Benin) oo leh muddo biyo yar oo caadiyan socota toddobo bilood (Nofeembar ilaa Juun) iyo xilli fatahaad (Julaay ilaa Oktoobar) (Lalèyè, 1995). Sameynta dhirta ee aagga ku yaal waxaa lagu gartaa swamps ay ku nool yihiin dhir sabbeeya oo ay ku badan yihiin water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), water lily (Nymphaea lotus), water lettuce (Pistoia stratiotes) iyo lemna (Lemna pairciostata). Waxa kale oo jira kaymo marsh ah oo aan horumarin, oo ay ku badan yihiin Raphia palm (Raphia hookeri) iyo geedka saliidda (Elaeis guineensis). Qaybta dooxada ee ay biyuhu dabooleen waa mid aad u wax soo saar leh oo kalluunka ah (Zinsou et al., 2016). == Sidoo kale fiiri == * [[Liiska webiyada Benin]] == Tixraac == {{Commons category|Oueme River}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oueme}} lmkbesest0t7ralcvvipzuyl2ofeb9v 0 48774 301324 2026-07-10T10:53:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Zou | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Oueme OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Nidaamka [[Webiga Ouémé]] oo uu ku jiro Zou (koonfur galbeed) | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Benin | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afku ku yaalo | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Benin]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} --> | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Webiga Ouémé]] | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Zou''' waa [[wabi]] ku yaal koonfur-galbeedka [[Benin]].<ref name="Benin">{{cite book|last=Butler|first=Stuart|title=Benin|year=2006|pages=3|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]], The Globe Pequot Press, [[Guilford, Connecticut]]}}</ref> Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Webiga Ouémé]]. Xeebaha webiga waxaa qayb ahaan ku nool dadka [[Mahi]] meel u dhow xadka [[Togo]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} db33i5ovugmpj3w0pnhrl0zdir6j6qb 0 48775 301325 2026-07-10T10:55:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Alpouro | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Benin | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afku ku yaalo | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Benin]] | subdivision_type2 = Waaxda | subdivision_name2 = [[Borgou Department|Borgou]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|9.534|2.339|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Webiga Ouémé]] | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Alpouro''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Waaxda Borgou]], [[Benin]].<ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref> Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Webiga Ouémé]] oo ku yaal [[Ouémé-Supérieur Classified Forest]] koonfurta [[Bori, Benin|Bori]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ekzv202tpe0bhap2qjp6unw24q0p98w 0 48776 301326 2026-07-10T10:56:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Niger Tributaries from Benin OSM.png|thumb|Waqooyiga Benin oo uu Bouli ku yaalo koonfurta bartamaha]] '''Webiga Bouli''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Benin]]. Waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Sota]],<ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref> isha uu ka soo bilaabo waxay ku taallaa waqooyiga [[Ina, Benin|Ina]] ee [[Waaxda Borgou]] webiguna wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-bari, isagoo la kulma Sota meel u dhow [[Bensékou]] ee [[Waaxda Alibori]].<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet17-6th-ed.jpg |title=Sheet 17: Lagos |series=Series 2201 |scale=1:2,000,000 |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center |date=April 1973}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|10.917|3.205|display=title}} jvzstzxrpsdcqe2uhttk8ttxb8mhlxh 0 48777 301327 2026-07-10T10:58:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River Niger Tributaries from Benin OSM.png|thumb|Waqooyiga Benin oo uu Tassine ku yaalo koonfurta]] '''Webiga Tassiné''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyi-bari [[Benin]]. Waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Sota]].<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet17-6th-ed.jpg |title=Sheet 17: Lagos |series=Series 2201 |scale=1:2,000,000 |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center |date=April 1973}}</ref><ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|10.696|3.231|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tassine River}} rkeycj3pzgj62t84e8smwfi9p1shnob 0 48778 301328 2026-07-10T10:59:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301328 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Pako''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Waaxda Alibori]], [[Benin]]. Waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Alibori]].<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet17-6th-ed.jpg |title=Sheet 17: Lagos |series=Series 2201 |scale=1:2,000,000 |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center |date=April 1973}}</ref><ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|11.941|3.029|display=title}} [[Category:Webiyada Benin]] [[Category:Waaxda Alibori]] {{Benin-river-stub}} {{Short description|Webi ku yaal Benin}} '''Webiga Pako''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Waaxda Alibori]], [[Benin]]. Waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Alibori]].<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet17-6th-ed.jpg |title=Sheet 17: Lagos |series=Series 2201 |scale=1:2,000,000 |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center |date=April 1973}}</ref><ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|11.941|3.029|display=title}} ryptngcj31pvl68zurb5mxncwm8cey4 301329 301328 2026-07-10T11:00:45Z Isma4l 41797 301329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Pako''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Waaxda Alibori]], [[Benin]]. Waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Alibori]].<ref>{{cite map |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/africa/txu-oclc-6589746-sheet17-6th-ed.jpg |title=Sheet 17: Lagos |series=Series 2201 |scale=1:2,000,000 |publisher=Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center |date=April 1973}}</ref><ref>Rand McNally, ''The New International Atlas'', 1993.</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} gfw0vvxnpve2o529wefbphbziz2n0ki 0 48779 301330 2026-07-10T11:03:59Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Mano | image = Liberia Mano River.png | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Webiga Mano | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Guinea Highlands]], [[Sierra Leone]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Sierra Leone]]|[[Liberia]]}} | length_km = 320 | length_ref = <ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg =(Xilliga: 1979–2015) {{cvt|11.22|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}} (Xilliga: 1971–2000) {{cvt|369.8|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="North Africa-West Coast"/> | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlantic]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|6|55|15|N|11|30|21|W|region:SL-S_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} | river_system= Webiga Mano | tributaries_left= | tributaries_right= | basin_size_km2 = 7,634 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29}}</ref> }} '''Webiga Mano''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Guinea Highlands]] ee [[Liberia]] wuxuuna qayb ka yahay [[xadka Liberia-Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mano-River|title=Mano River {{!}} river, West Africa|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en}}</ref> Degmooyinka uu webigu dhex maro waxaa ka mid ah aagga [[Parrot's Beak (Guinea)|Parrot's Beak]] ee [[Guinea]], [[Lofa County]] ee Liberia iyo [[Kono District|Kono]] iyo [[Kailahun District]] ee Sierra Leone. Macdanta [[dheeman]]-ta waa warshad weyn oo ku taal aaggan. Xakamaynta hantida aagga iyo xasillooni darrada dawladaha qaranka ee dhammaan saddexda waddan ayaa horseeday taxane iskahorimaadyo rabshado wata oo ay ku lug leeyihiin degmooyinkan 1990-meeyadii (Fiiri [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Sierra Leone]], [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Liberia]], [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Liberia]]). Liberia iyo Sierra Leone waxay aasaaseen [[Mano River Union]] 1973.<ref name="Declaration">{{cite web|url=http://wits.worldbank.org/GPTAD/PDF/archive/MRU.pdf|title=No. 13608 (Mano River Declaration)|publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> Guinea waxay ku biirtay 1980. Waxaa dib loo hawlgeliyay 2004 sidii urur kastam iyo dhaqaale; Côte d'Ivoire waxay ku biirtay 2008.<ref name="ADBG">{{cite web|url=http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-kf0-019/|title=MANO River Union Capacity Building and Technical Assistance for Institutional Strengthening|publisher=[[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]]}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 39rn7ew4skd4ea0i7r3ocsydt4mzd0c 0 48780 301331 2026-07-10T11:05:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Lofa | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = [[Macenta Prefecture]] ee [[Guinea]] | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlantic]] koonfurta [[Robertsport]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|6|34|26|N|11|3|38|W|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Guinea]] iyo [[Liberia]] | length_km = 410 | source1_elevation = {{cvt|940|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg=(Xilliga: 1979–2015) {{cvt|18.63|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins}}</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 10,446 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins}}</ref> }} '''Lofa''' ama '''Loffa''' waa wabi ay [[isha]] biyihiisu ka soo bilaabmaan bariga [[Guinea]] waqooyi-bari ee [[Macenta]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed isagoo maraya waqooyi-bari ee [[Liberia]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Badweynta Atlantic|Badweynta Atlantic ee Waqooyi]].<ref name=map>(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|title=Liberia Physical Map|work=Worldometers|accessdate=24 June 2020}}.<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|title=Liberia Political Map|work=OnTheWorldMap|accessdate=24 June 2020}}.</ref> Taariikh ahaan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanay '''Webiga Little Cape Mount'''.<ref name="expl">{{cite book | title = African-American Exploration in West Africa: Four Nineteenth-century Diaries |author1=Sims, James L. |author2=Seymour, George L. |author3=Anderson, Benjamin J. K. |author4=Fairhead, James | isbn = 0-253-34194-9|publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] |year = 2003 | page = 375}}</ref> [[Webiga Lawa]] wuxuu galaa Webiga Lofa ee [[Lofa County]] ee Liberia.<ref name=map/> Noocyada asaliga ah ee ku nool waxaa ka mid ah [[pygmy hippopotamus]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/14/100542377.pdf | title = At last New York has a pair of pygmy hippos | date = July 14, 1912 | accessdate = 2009-01-12 | format = PDF | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Dhowr ka mid ah [[macdan qodista dheemanka]] ayaa la siiyay xaq loogu qodo hareeraha Webiga Lofa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1960-meeyadii.<ref name="diamonds">{{cite book | title = West African Diamonds | author = Greenhalgh, Peter | isbn = 0-7190-1763-7 | pages = 72–73 | year = 1985 | publisher = Manchester University Press}}</ref> == Qoraal == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} pv1k86ivgnags28wsjzbhh1fri6u7dj 0 48781 301333 2026-07-10T11:08:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Lawa''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]] oo ku yaal {{Coord|7.81623|N|9.98556|W}}. Webiga, oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|100|km|mi|0}}, wuxuu ka soo jeedaa bariga [[Guinea]] koonfurta [[Macenta]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Liberia]], halkaas oo uu kaga biiro [[Webiga Lofa]] ee [[Lofa County]].<ref>(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|title=Liberia Physical Map|work=Worldometers|accessdate=24 June 2020}}.<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|title=Liberia Political Map|work=OnTheWorldMap|accessdate=24 June 2020}}.</ref> == Qoraal == {{reflist}} eq3sopgv4x3xgoiyu23f1kki6ds1ogm 0 48782 301334 2026-07-10T11:10:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Saint Paul | image = Saint Paul River Location Map.svg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = Goobta Webiga Saint Paul | map = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Guinea Highlands]], [[Guinea]] | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlantic]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{ubl|[[Guinea]]|[[Liberia]]}} | length_km = 485 | source1_elevation = {{cvt|960|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_elevation ={{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg=(Xilliga: 1979–2015) {{cvt|35.51|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29}}</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 20,317 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="River Basins"/> }} '''Webiga Saint Paul''' waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka [[Afrika]]. [[Isha]] biyihiisu waxay ku yaalliin koonfur-bari ee [[Guinea]]. Qaybtiisa sare ee Guinea waxaa loo yaqaannaa '''Webiga Diani''' ama '''Webiga Niandi''', waxayna qayb ka tahay xadka u dhexeeya Guinea iyo [[Liberia]]. Waxaa dadka maxalliga ah ee [[Gola]] ee Liberia u yaqaannaan '''Du'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn|first1= Elwood D.|last2=Beyan|first2=Amos J.|last3=Burrowes|first3=Carl Patrick|date=2000|title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC|language=English |page=287}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu markaa soo galaa Liberia qiyaastii {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} waqooyi ka xiga [[Gbarnga]] wuxuuna ka gudbaa Liberia jihada koonfur-galbeed. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Atlantic]] ee [[Cape Mesurado]] ee [[Monrovia]] meel u dhow [[Bushrod Island]], isagoo kala qaybiya Monrovia iyo xaafaddeeda Brewerville. == Taariikh == Webiga waxaa magacaabay xiddigiyayaal [[Boortaqiis]] ah qarnigii 15-aad, kuwaas oo markii ugu horreysay arkay webiga maalinta [[Paul the Apostle|St. Paul]]'s [[feast day]]. Webigu wuxuu muhiim u noqday [[ganacsiga addoonta]]: [[Robert Bostock (merchant)|Robert Bostock]] ayaa aasaasay [[Factory (trading post)|xarun]] halkan. Sababtoo ah carradu ku xeeran [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]] waxay ahayd mid liidata iyo xeebaha oo lagu daboolay kaymo cufan, dad badan oo [[African-American]] ah oo u soo haajiray Liberia qarnigii 19-aad waxay u guureen meel u dhow Webiga St. Paul, halkaas oo ay ka heleen dhul ku habboon beeraha.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam004.html Library Of Congress, "Personal Stories and ACS New Directions"]</ref> Halkaas ayay ka aasaaseen degsiimooyin yaryar. Sidoo kale, howlwadeennada Lutheran-ka ee Mareykanka waxay sameeyeen [[Muhlenberg Mission]] oo ku taal webiga dhinaciisa, halkaas oo ay carruurta ku baraan tacliin kala duwan, xirfadaha farsamada/beeraha (gaar ahaan beerashada bunka), iyo catechism. [[David A. Day (missionary)|David A. Day]] ayaa keenay markab uumi ah webiga si loogu isticmaalo ganacsiga iyo safarka. Ardaydii dugsiga ayaa dhistay.<ref>Harold Vink Whetstone, Lutheran Mission in Liberia, (Board of Foreign Missions of the United Lutheran Church in America, 1955), pp. 24-51; George Scholl, D.D., "David A. Day," in Missionary Heroes of the Lutheran Church, ed. Luther B. Wolf (Lutheran Publication Society, 1911), pp. 199-219.</ref> == Sidoo kale fiiri == *[[Mount Coffee Hydropower Project]] '''Guud ahaan:''' * [[Liiska webiyada Liberia]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064933/Saint-Paul-River Encyclopædia Britannica entry] {{coord|6|25|N|10|43|W|display=title}} 8ervp5xjg1ce2gkbu1gurp0jucj0dn8 0 48783 301336 2026-07-10T11:11:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mesurado River (6831730706).jpg|thumb|300px|Webiga Mesurado ee Monrovia.]] '''Webiga Mesurado''' waa [[wabi]] ku yaal [[Liberia]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa caasimadda [[Monrovia]] waxaana ka gudba [[Gabriel Tucker Bridge|People's Bridge]], oo la dhisay 1970-meeyadii.<ref>[http://www.micat.gov.lr/content.php?sub=National%20Museum&?related=Culture Wasaaradda Warfaafinta ee Dawladda Jamhuuriyadda Liberia] Retrieved on May 4, 2008</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040923122910/http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_monmaps2.htm Khariidadaha Monrovia iyo webiga Mesurado] {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6.3176|-10.798|region:LR_type:river|display=title}} 8ipl2fipu3p1ivxz91eg1skhuhi9hf6 0 48784 301337 2026-07-10T11:14:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Farmington | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | pushpin_map = Liberia | pushpin_map_alt = Khariidad muujinaysa afka Webiga Farmington | pushpin_map_caption= Afka Webiga Farmington ee Liberia <!---------------------- BASIN --> | river_system = | progression = | source1_location = Bong Range | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlantic ee Waqooyi]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|6.1308|N|10.3703|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | altitude_difference= | basin_size = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Liberia]] | subdivision_type3 = Magaalooyinka | subdivision_name3 = [[Harbel]] | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = <!---------------------- PHYSIOGNOMY --> | length = {{convert|120|km|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- FEATURES --> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Junk]] (laakiin fiiri qoraalka) | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = Korontada biyaha | custom_data = [[Firestone hydroelectric power station]] | extra = }} '''Webiga Farmington''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Liberia]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Atlantic]] meel u dhow magaalada [[Marshall, Liberia|Marshall]].<ref name=Britannica/> Webiga Farmington, [[Webiga Junk]], iyo [[Webiga Gbage]] waxay ku kulmaan meel u dhow xeebta Atlantic si ay u sameeyaan [[estuary]].<ref name=Britannica/> Ilaha qaar ayaa soo jeedinaya in webiga gaara badda uu yahay Webiga Farmington, halka Webiga Junk uu yahay wabi-gacmeedkiisa.<ref name="Dunn et al. 2000"/> Ilaha kale, oo inta badan ka da' weyn, ayaa soo jeedinaya lidkeeda.<ref name=Britannica-1911/><ref name="Büttikofer"/> [[Firestone Natural Rubber Company]] ayaa aasaastay beero caag ah oo ku yaal Webiga Farmington 1926. Shirkaddu waxay dhistay [[Firestone hydroelectric power station]], oo la dhammaystiray 1942, si ay ugu adeegto beerta iyo warshadaha la xidhiidha.<ref name="Church 1969"/> Sannadihii dambe, shirkadda ayaa lagu eedeeyay inay wasakhaysay webiga.<ref name=BBC/> [[File:ASC Leiden - F. van der Kraaij Collection - 14 - 44 - The broad Farmington River - Firestone Plantation, Harbel, Margibi County (then Marshall County), Liberia - 1977-1978.tif|thumb|left|Webiga Farmington oo ku yaal meel u dhow Firestone Plantation, Harbel, Margibi County (markaas Marshall County), Liberia, 1977-1978.]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=BBC>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Liberia rubber pollution denied |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6615715.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=2 May 2007 |access-date=17 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Farmington-River |title=Farmington River |date=20 June 1998 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name=Britannica-1911>{{cite web |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Farmington-River |title=Liberia |date= |work=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Büttikofer">{{cite journal |last1=Büttikofer |first1=J. |year=1889 |title=Zoological researches in Liberia. Fourth list of Birds |journal=Notes from the Leyden Museum |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=113–138 |url=http://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai:naturalis.nl:509230 |author-link=Johann Büttikofer}}</ref> <ref name="Church 1969">{{cite journal|last1=Church|first1=R. J. H.|title=The Firestone Rubber Plantations in Liberia|journal=Geography|date=1969|volume=54|issue=4|pages=430–437 |jstor=40567142}}</ref> <ref name="Dunn et al. 2000">{{cite book|last1=Dunn|first1=Elwood D. |last2=Beyan|first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes|first3=Carl Patrick |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC&pg=PA115|date=20 December 2000|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-5931-0|page=115}}</ref> }} {{Authority control}} d9bsfhea1cdmlo7dv7pzyvhx1apueki 0 48785 301339 2026-07-10T11:16:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Saint John | image = | image_size = 300px | image_caption = | map = Liberia St John River.png | map_caption = Khariidadda webiga | source1_location = [[Guinea Highlands]] | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlantic ee Waqooyi]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{ubl|[[Guinea]]|[[Liberia]]}} | length = {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}&nbsp;ka sarreeya [[heerka badda]] | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg = (Xilliga: 1979–2015) {{cvt|27.27|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29}}</ref> | discharge2_location = [[Baila, Liberia|Baila]] | discharge2_avg = {{convert|136.06|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{cvt|16,157|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins"/> }} '''Webiga Saint John''' waa mid ka mid ah lixda [[wabi]] ee ugu waaweyn waddanka [[Galbeedka Afrika]] ee [[Liberia]]. Iyadoo isha biyihiisu ay ka soo bilaabmaan waddanka deriska ah ee [[Guinea]], webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa guud ahaan koonfur-galbeed isagoo sii maraya Liberia wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Atlantic]] ee Bassa Cove meel u dhow [[Edina, Liberia|Edina]] ee [[Grand Bassa County]]. Webigan oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|282|km|mi|abbr=on}} wuxuu leeyahay [[berked-mareen]] daboolaysa {{convert|16,157|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="River Basins"/> == Qulqulka == [[Isha]] biyihiisu waxay ku yaalliin [[Nimba Range]] ee [[Guinea Highlands]] ee waddanka [[Guinea]] waxayna u qulqulaan koonfur xagga xadka Liberia.<ref name=eb>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/517385/Saint-John-River Saint John River.] (2008). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> Meel u dhow Yalata, Guinea wuxuu bilaabaa inuu sameeyo xadka u dhexeeya Guinea iyo [[Bong County]] ee Liberia.<ref name="map">{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&ll=6.219743,-9.75174&spn=0.660757,1.757813&t=h&z=10|title=Liberia|publisher=Google Maps|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> Isagoo u qulqulaya guud ahaan koonfur, wuxuu sameeyaa xudduud caalami ah oo dhan ku dhowaad 9.6 km (6 mayl).<ref name="map"/> Niatande, Liberia, wuxuu la kulmaa [[Webiga Mani]] wuxuuna galaa Liberia, isagoo sameeya xadka u dhexeeya degmooyinka Bong iyo [[Nimba County|Nimba]].<ref name="map"/> Webigu wuxuu markaa u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed qiyaastii {{convert|15|mi|km}} ka hor inta uusan u weecan koonfur-bari masaafo dhan {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=on}}.<ref name="map"/> Meel u dhow Zahn wuxuu qaataa [[Webiga Yah]] ee yar, wuxuuna mar kale u weecdaa koonfur-galbeed.<ref name="map"/> Ka dib qiyaastii {{convert|15|mi|km}} wuxuu bilaabaa inuu sameeyo xadka u dhexeeya degmooyinka Bong iyo [[Grand Bassa County|Grand Bassa]] wuxuuna u weecdaa galbeed qiyaastii 16 km (10 mayl).<ref name="map"/> Webigu wuxuu markaa sii wadaa koonfur-galbeed, ka dib qiyaastii {{convert|30|mi|km}} wuxuu galaa Grand Bassa County.<ref name="map"/> Ka dib qiyaastii {{convert|8|mi|km}} wuxuu u weecdaa koonfur masaafo dhan {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} ka dibna wuxuu dib ugu qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed qiyaastii 16 km (10 mayl).<ref name="map"/> Meel u dhow Shoigabli wuxuu u weecdaa koonfur qiyaastii {{convert|9|mi|km}} halkaas oo uu ka gudbo [[Mount Finley (Liberia)|Mount Finley]] wuxuuna u weecdaa xagga galbeedka wuxuuna u qulqulaa guud ahaan koonfur-galbeed 14.5 km (9 mayl) kale.<ref name="map"/> Inta u dhaxaysa Zoblum iyo Alfabli Saint John wuu sii ballaaraa wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed qiyaastii {{convert|3|mi|km}} ka hor inta uusan u weecan galbeedka hal mayl ilaa Hartford.<ref name="map"/> Webigu wuxuu markaa u quusaa koonfur-galbeed 10.5-ka km (6.5 mayl) ee ugu dambeeya.<ref name="map"/> Halkaas ayuu kala kulmaa webiyada Mechlin iyo Benson iyadoo uu ku shubmayo Badweynta Atlantic meel u dhow [[Edina, Liberia|Edina]] iyo [[Buchanan, Liberia|Buchanan]].<ref name=eb/> == Faahfaahin == Berked-mareenka webigu wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|14762|km2|mi2}} oo ku kala yaal Liberia iyo Guinea.<ref name=undp>[http://www.lr.undp.org/State%20of%20the%20environment%20report%20final.pdf Warbixintii ugu horreysay ee Xaaladda Deegaanka ee Liberia – 2006.] United Nations Development Programme. 2006, p. 37.</ref> Isagoo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|175|mi|km}}, waa mid ka mid ah lixda wabi ee ugu waaweyn ama muhiimka ah ee Liberia.<ref name=eb/><ref name=undp/> Waxaa dalka ka jira wadar ahaan 16 wabi oo kaliya.<ref>Wiles, David L. [http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/meetings/application/pdf/20050419wiles.pdf Coastal Zone Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Liberia.] Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia. 2005.</ref> Celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee St. John waa {{convert|136.06|m3/s|abbr=on|lk=on}} sida lagu cabbiray saldhigga gudaha ee Baila.<ref name="discharge">{{cite web|url=http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=256&filenum=2183|title=Liberia; Baila; St. John|date=October 24, 2008|work=Global River Discharge Database}}</ref> Xilliga roobka bisha Oktoobar, qulqulka celcelis ahaan waa {{convert|233.49|m3/s|abbr=on|lk=on}}, halka Febraayo xilliga abaaraha qulqulku celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|18.95|m3/s|abbr=on|lk=on}} isla goobtaas.<ref name="discharge"/> Afka webigu wuxuu qiyaastii {{convert|60|mi|km}} koonfur iyo bari ka xigaa afka [[Webiga Saint Paul]] ee u dhow [[Monrovia]].<ref name=book>Stockwell, G. S., and J. W. Lugenbeel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zj8UAAAAIAAJ&dq=St.%20John%20River%20liberia&pg=PA12 ''The Republic of Liberia: Its Geography, Climate, Soil and Productions With a History of Its Early Settlement''.] Barnes, 1868, p. 12.</ref> Isagoo u qulqulaya guud ahaan koonfur-galbeed ilaa badda wuxuu ka kooban yahay meelo mararka qaarkood ay ka jiraan xawaare sare iyo [[biyo-dhac]].<ref name=eb/> Meel u dhow badda webigu wuxuu gaaraa meeshii ugu ballaarnayd oo ah ilaa {{convert|1|mi|km}} ballac ah waana goobta Factory Island, oo ah tan ugu weyn jasiiradaha badan ee webiga ku yaal.<ref name=book/> Webigu magaciisa wuxuu ka helay [[Baarayaasha Boortaqiiska]] qarnigii 15-aad kuwaas oo arkay afka webiga maalinta [[Nativity of St. John the Baptist|St. John's feast day]].<ref name=eb/> === Nolosha biyaha === Webiga Saint John wuxuu leeyahay noocyo kala duwan oo nolol biyood ah oo ku dhex jira iyo hareeraha xeebaha inta uu webigu dherersan yahay. Noocyada waxaa ka mid ah [[Slender-snouted Crocodile]] qaybaha gudaha ee marin-biyoodka.<ref name=jstor>Kofron, Christopher P. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2559729 Status and Habitats of the Three African Crocodiles in Liberia], ''Journal of Tropical Ecology'', Vol. 8, No. 3 (Aug., 1992), pp. 265&ndash;273. Cambridge University Press</ref> Waxaa webiga ku jira ugu yaraan 65 nooc oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan noocyada [[Mastacembelidae]], [[Barbus|Barbus eburneensis]], [[Chrysichthys|Chrysichthys johnelsi]], [[Killifish]], [[Electric catfish]], [[Nile perch]], iyo [[Tilapia]] iyo kuwo kale.<ref>[http://fish.mongabay.com/data/ecosystems/Saint%20John.htm Fish Species in Saint John.] Fishbase.org.</ref> Shimbiruhu waxay sidoo kale u isticmaalaan xeebaha iyo jasiiradaha webiga goobo ay ku buulkooda dhistaan, oo ay ku jiraan Three-cusped Pangolin, Palaearctic, [[Sandpipers]], Greenshanks, Little Ringed Plover, iyo Water Chevrotain oo ku yaal aagga Kpatawee Wetlands ee Bong County.<ref name=ramsar>[http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.liberia_four_new.htm Liberia names four new Ramsar sites.] Ramsar.</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|5|55|30|N|10|04|15|W|type:landmark|display=title}} ooa9o7alam05skeb5snyekczjp0h8e8 0 48786 301340 2026-07-10T11:18:07Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Cestos | image = Liberia Cestos River.png | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Webiga Cestos ee Liberia | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Nimba Range]], Guinea | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Côte d'Ivoire]]|[[Liberia]]}} | length_km = 476 | length_ref = <ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg =(Xilliga: 1979–2015) {{cvt|18.35|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins}}</ref> | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlantic]] | mouth_coordinates = | river_system= Webiga Cestos | tributaries_left= | tributaries_right= | basin_size_km2 = 12,723 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins}}</ref> }} '''Webiga Cestos''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno wabiga '''Nuon''' ama '''Nipoué''',<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_rivers.htm| title=Liberia Waterways| publisher=The Liberian Connection| accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref> waa wabi ka soo kaca [[Nimba Range]] ee [[Guinea]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur xagga xadka [[Ivory Coast]], ka dibna koonfur-galbeed isagoo sii maraa [[kaymo roobaad]] oo ku yaal Liberia ilaa uu ku shubo [[gacan]] ku taal [[Badweynta Atlantic]] halkaas oo ay ku taallo magaalada [[Cestos]]. [[Pygmy hippopotamus]]-ka ayaa lagu yaqaannaa inay ku noolaadaan dhulka hareeraha webiga.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|title=Wetlands International Ramsar Sites Information Service: Liberia|url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/LIBERIA.pdf|accessdate=2008-08-02}}</ref> Wuxuu sameeyaa saddex meelood oo meel waqooyiga xudduudda caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya Liberia iyo Ivory Coast. Intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Liberia]], qaybta webiga ee u dhow magaalada [[Cestos]] waxay ahayd gobol hormuud u ahaa cuntada iyo soo saarista macdanta ee [[National Patriotic Front of Liberia]].<ref>"Rivercess Falls to Allied Forces". ''Monrovia Daily News'', 1993-05-10, 1/6.</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|5|27|N|9|34|W|display=title|region:LR_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 1ljkutwj2143ec8mlod6g0fpthtbuwy 0 48787 301341 2026-07-10T11:20:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sinoe | image = BÜTTIKOFER(1890) 1.50 Sinoe - Map.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Sinoe <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Liberia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afku ku yaalo | pushpin_map_alt = | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Sinoe Bay]], [[Badweynta Atlantic]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Liberia]] | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} '''Webiga Sinoe''' waa [[wabi]] ku yaal [[Liberia]] oo ku yaal [[Sinoe County]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Atlantic]] bari ka xiga [[Greenville, Liberia|Greenville]] halkaas oo ah {{coord|4|59|37|N|9|02|12|W|}}.<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.mapplanet.com/?do=loc&country=LI&adm1=10&loc=4270038 | title = Sinoe River | access-date = 2008-08-02 | publisher = MapPlanet }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu sameeyaa xadka galbeedka ee [[Sapo National Park]].<ref> {{cite book |author1=Riley, Laura |author2=William Riley |name-list-style=amp | title = Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC |quote=Sapo National Park. | access-date = 2008-08-02 | year = 2005 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | location = [[Princeton, New Jersey]] | isbn = 978-0-691-12219-9 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC/page/n93 92] }}</ref><ref> {{cite web | url = http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/lbr61869.pdf | title = An Act for the extension of the Sapo National Park | access-date = 2007-12-11 | date = 2003-10-24 | format = [[PDF]] | publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} demjsmyr7zh4sm8ubujmbvl408tf3yl 0 48788 301342 2026-07-10T11:22:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Cavalla | name_other = Cavally, Youbou, Diougou | image = Cavally.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = File:Liberia Cavally River.png | map_alt = | map_caption = Webiga Cavalla wuxuu qulqulaa aagagga xuduudaha ee [[Ivory Coast]] iyo [[Liberia]]. | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Gulf of Guinea]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Ivory Coast]]|[[Liberia]]}} | location = | etymology = | length = {{convert|515|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg = (Xilliga: 1979–2015) {{cvt|37.61|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29}}</ref> | basin_size = {{cvt|29,495|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins"/> | river_system = Webiga Cavalla | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Cavalla''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Cavally''', '''Youbou''' iyo '''Diougou''') waa wabi ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]], kaas oo ka soo kaca waqooyiga [[Mont Nimba]] ee [[Guinea]], kuna qulqula [[Ivory Coast]] kuna laabta xadka Ivory Coast. Wuxuu ku dhammaadaa [[Gulf of Guinea]], oo ku yaal {{convert|21|km|abbr=on|sp=us}} bari ka xiga [[Harper, Liberia]]. Wuxuu sameeyaa laba-saddex meelood oo koonfurta ah ee [[Guinea–Liberia border|xudduudda caalamiga ah]] ee u dhexeeya Liberia iyo Ivory Coast. Wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|515|km|mi|sp=us}}, waana wabiga ugu dheer Liberia.<ref name="eowg">{{cite book|last=Bateman|first=Graham|author2=Victoria Egan |author3=Fiona Gold |author4=Philip Gardner |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|location=New York|year=2000|isbn=1-56619-291-9|page=161}}</ref> Magaca waxaa laga soo qaatay [[Cavalla (disambiguation)|cavalla]] [[horse mackerel]] oo laga helo afkiisa.<ref>{{Britannica|100547}}</ref> Waa hoyga nooca dhaladka ah ee ''[[Chiloglanis normani]]''. == Tixraac == {{Reflist|2}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|4|22|N|7|32|W|display=title|type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 1kpqesny86le3b8xwul1mmxsgpxsk0l 0 48789 301345 2026-07-10T11:24:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Karakoro''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Rivière Karakoro'') waa wabi-gacmeed xilliyeed yar oo ka tirsan [[Webiga Senegal]] kaas oo qayb ka ah [[xadka Mali–Mauritania]]. Isha webigu waxay ku taallaa waqooyi-bari ee [[Kiffa]] ee [[Mauritania]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur xagga gobolka [[Sahel]] ee fidsan ee koonfurta Mauritania, isagoo ka tallaaba dhowr godad oo gacmeed ah, ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Webiga Senegal dhanka bidix dhowr kiiloomitir ka dib magaalada yar ee Mali ee [[Ambidédi|Ambidedi]].<ref name=hycos>{{citation|title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d’observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) |publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS) |url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf |year=2007 |language=French |page=4 |url-status=dead}}.</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord| 14|43|20|N|12|03|14|W|display=title|type:river}} 2cfny8bqiorw3ftkuphei54v7wms14c 0 48790 301348 2026-07-10T11:26:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Kolinbiné''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Rivière Kolinbiné'') waa wabi ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka soo jeedaa koonfurta [[Mauritania]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur, isagoo sameeya qayb ka mid ah [[xadka caalamiga ah]] ee u dhexeeya Mauritania iyo [[Mali]].<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 406–415}}</ref> Gudaha Mali, wuxuu ku biiraa [[Webiga Sénégal]] 5 km kor ka xiga magaalada [[Kayes]]. Webigu wuxuu maraa dhowr godad oo gacmeed ah oo biyo ka buuxsamaan inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka oo gaaban (Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar). Kan ugu weyn kuwan waa Harada Magui oo fidsan ku dhowaad 30 km jihada waqooyi-koonfur. Haradu waxay ku taallaa 55 km waqooyi-bari ee Kayes ee {{Coord|14|47|N|11|5|W}}. Webigu wuxuu kaloo buuxiyaa Harada Doro oo ku taalla 34 km bari-waqooyi-bari ee Kayes, waqooyiga waddada weyn ee RN1 ee {{Coord|14|30|45|N|11|7|20|W}}. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Coord| 14|25|37|N|11|23|17|W|display=title|region:ML_type:river}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kolinbine River}} h7twbkyanq3mmzhv7g6cukdkgntqsyg 0 48791 301350 2026-07-10T11:28:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bafing | name_native = | name_other = {{native name|fr|Rivière Bafing}} | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Pirogue Bozo sur le Bafing.jpeg | image_size = | image_caption = Muuqaalka webiga Bafing oo laga arkay Bozo Pirogue | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Mali | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afku ku yaalo Mali | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Mali]], [[Guinea]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|350|miles}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Fonta Djallon | source1_location = Foranruel, Guinea | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|10.395|-12.135|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|750|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Senegal]] | mouth_location = [[Bafoulabé]], Mali | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|13.813|-10.828|format=dms|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|83|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Webiga Senegal]] | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:10.34748W 13.10430N.png|thumb|[[Harada Manantali]] oo ay ku taal [[Manantali Dam]] iyo Webiga Bafing]] [[File:PARK(1800) p317 Die hängende Brücke über den Bafing.jpg|thumbnail|Buundo sudhan oo ku taal Bafing (la daabacay 1800)]] '''Webiga Bafing''' (Manding: "webiga madow", Af-Faransiis: ''Rivière Bafing'')<ref name="CamaraO'Toole2013">{{cite book|author1=Mohamed Saliou Camara|author2=Thomas O'Toole|author3=Janice E. Baker|title=Historical Dictionary of Guinea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfcKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7969-0|page=38}}</ref> waa marin-biyoodka sare iyo kan ugu weyn [[wabi-gacmeedka]] [[Webiga Senegal]] kaas oo dhex mara [[Guinea]] iyo [[Mali]] wuxuuna dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|350|miles}}. == Qulqulka == Fouta Djallon ee Guinea waa [[isha]] Webiga Bafing,<ref name="KnaapNations1994">{{cite book|author1=M. van der Knaap|author2=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=Status of Fish Stocks and Fisheries of Thirteen Medium-sized African Reservoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wl4nd5K52FIC&pg=RA1-PA19|year=1994|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-103581-8|page=19}}</ref> {{convert|30|miles}} waqooyi ka xiga [[Mamou]].<ref name="CamaraO'Toole2013"/> Wuxuu u qulqulaa qiyaastii {{convert|350|miles}}<ref name="Company1980">{{cite book|author=Rand McNally and Company|title=Rand McNally Encyclopedia of World Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vZWAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Rand McNally|page=9}}</ref> wuxuuna ku biiraa [[Webiga Bakoy]] si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Senegal]] ee galbeedka Afrika.<ref name=omvs>{{citation | title=Caractéristiques physiques du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | language=French | accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citation | last= Maïga | first= Mahamadou | title=Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal: de la Traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré | publisher= L'Harmattan | year=1995 | language=French | page=14 footnotes 4, 5 }}.</ref> Webiga Bafing waa wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn ee Webiga Senegal, wuxuuna ka qayb qaataa ku dhawaad kala bar guud ahaan mugga biyaha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Development Anthropology Network: Bulletin of the Institute for Development Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzA9AAAAYAAJ|year=1982|publisher=The Institute for Development Anthropology|page=10}}</ref> Bafing wuxuu sameeyaa qayb ka mid ah [[xadka caalamiga ah]] ee u dhexeeya Guinea iyo Mali.<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 310–13}}</ref> == Waraabka == Daadadka ka yimaada Webiga Bafing ee hareeraha Webiga Senegal ayaa dhaqan ahaan loo isticmaali jiray hab lagu taageero beeraha maxalliga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[abaar]] dhacday 1970-meeyadii ayaa keentay in la dhiso biyo-xireenno labada Webiga Bafing iyo Webiga Senegal. [[Manantali Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manantali]], oo la dhammaystiray 1987,<ref name="Kornfeld2020">{{cite book|author=Itzchak Kornfeld|title=Mega-Dams and Indigenous Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_3LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|date=31 January 2020|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-78643-549-1|page=109}}</ref> wuxuu ku yaallaa Webiga Bafing {{convert|90|km}} kor ka xiga Bafoulabé. Waxay samaysaa harada macmalka ah ee ugu weyn Mali, [[Harada Manantali]]. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu hayaa {{convert|11.3|km3|cumi}} oo biyo ah kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu xoojiyo matoorrada inta lagu jiro xilliga abaaraha. Natiijo ahaan, xoogga daadka ugu badan ee biyo-xireenka hoostiisa ayaa la dhimay laakiin inta lagu jiro xilliga abaaraha, qulqul u dhexeeya {{convert|150|m3/s|cuyd/s|abbr=in}} iyo {{convert|200|m3/s|cuyd/s|abbr=in}} ayaa la ilaaliyaa.<ref>{{citation | title=Étude des impacts environnementaux du projet d’aménagement de Félou | year=2006 | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (O.M.V.S.) | url=https://www.eib.org/attachments/pipeline/1527_eia_fr.pdf | language=French | page=63 }}.</ref> == Deegaanka == Waxaa laga yaabaa inay jirto dad [[chimpanzee]] ah oo muhiim ah oo ku nool aagga bari ee Webiga Bafing.<ref name="Kormos2003">{{cite book|author=Rebecca Kormos|title=West African Chimpanzees: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2003-059.pdf|year=2003|publisher=IUCN|page=48}}</ref> [[blue-headed bee-eater]] (''merops muelleri'') ayaa sidoo kale laga arkay kaynta ku taal webiga koonfurta [[Manding Mountains]].<ref name="Fry2010">{{cite book|author=C. Hilary Fry|title=The Bee-Eaters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoQ9aIbU48MC&pg=PA47|date=30 September 2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-3687-4|page=47}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} svmdnfkxrlbfwpe0r4gelcp98yyikj9 0 48792 301352 2026-07-10T11:30:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Baoulé | image = Senegalrivermap.png | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Khariidadda webiga Senegal ee biyo-qabashada | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Webiga Bakoy]] u dhow [[Toukoto]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|32|58|N|9|54|35|W|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = Mali | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|750|m|ft|sp=us}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = [[Webiga Senegal]] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Baoulé''' ({{langx|fr|Fleuve Baoulé}}, oo ka yimid [[Afafka Manding|Manding]] oo macnaheedu yahay "Webiga Cas") waa [[webiyada Mali|wabi]] ku yaal [[Mali]] ee [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa il ku taal galbeedka [[Bamako]] ilaa [[Webiga Bakoy|Bakoy]] oo ka hooseeya [[Toukoto]] wuxuuna qayb ka yahay biyo-mareenka [[Webiga Senegal|Senegal]].<ref name="omvs">{{citation | title=Caractéristiques physiques du fleuve Sénégal | url=http://www.omvs.org/fr/fleuve/physique.php | publisher=Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal | language=French | accessdate=2 June 2012}}.</ref><ref name="Maïga">{{citation | last= Maïga | first= Mahamadou | title=Le bassin du fleuve Sénégal: de la Traite négrière au développement sous-régional autocentré | publisher= L'Harmattan | year=1995 | language=French | page=14 footnotes 4, 5 }}.</ref> Afafka [[Afafka Manding|Manding]], Baoulé macnaheedu waa 'webi cas', [[Webiga Bakoye|Bakoye]] 'webi cad' iyo [[Webiga Bafing|Bafing]] 'webi madow'.<ref name="omvs"/><ref name="Maïga"/> == Juqraafi == Isha Baoulé waxay ku taallaa buuraha 120 kiiloomitir koonfur-galbeed ka xiga Bamako oo u dhow xadka Guinea. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi in ka badan 200 oo kiiloomitir, ka dibna wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka galbeed, isagoo sameeya meel wareegsan oo ballaaran, ka dibna wareeg weyn oo waqooyi ah. Inta lagu jiro fidsanaantan, wuxuu ka dhigan yahay xadka waqooyi ee [[Boucle du Baoulé National Park]]. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee Baoule waxay u qulqushaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed. Wuxuu gaaraa Bakoye dhanka bidix ee webiga, qiyaastii laba iyo toban kiiloomitir ka hooseeya Toukoto, isagoo ku dhawaad labanlaabaya qulqulkiisa. Wadarta dhererkiisu waa qiyaastii 500 oo kiiloomitir. Laguma safrin karo doonyo. == Qulqulka == Qulqulka celceliska bille, oo la socday muddo 39 sano ah (1952-1990) xarun ka soo horjeedda magaalada yar ee Bougouda ee isgoyska Bakoy-Baoule, wuxuu ahaa {{convert|64|m3|cuft}} bedka biyaha oo qiyaastii ahaa {{convert|65000|km2|sqft}}.<ref>Tirooyinka waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo lagu salaynayo cabbirada laga qaaday Bakoye ee Toukoto [http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1112340.html GRDC - Le Bakoye à Toukoto] iyo Oualia[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1112320.html GRDC - Le Bakoye à Oualia], kor iyo hoos siday u kala horreeyaan isgoyska.</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist|2}} {{Commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baloue River}} gnrk29i90y6fb9i3apbf0r64qzc2wln 0 48793 301356 2026-07-10T11:32:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Azawagh Niger BMNG.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Dooxada '''Azawagh''' iyo muuqaallada juqraafiyeed ee ku xeeran, sida laga arkay hawada. Khadadka jaalaha ah waxay muujinayaan xuduudaha caalamiga ah]] [[Image:Niger river map.PNG|thumb|upright=1.25|Azawagh waxay samaysaa qaybaha woqooyi-bari ee [[Webiga Niger|Biyo-qabashada Webiga Niger]], in kastoo maanta Webiga Azawagh uu muddo dheer ahaa mid engegan, aaggana waxaa inta badan quudiya webiyo xilliyeed hoostooda mara]] '''Azawagh''' (magaca kale ''Azaouagh'' ama ''Azawak'') waa [[dooxada qaabdhismeedka|doox]] engegan oo daboolaysa waxa maanta ah woqooyi-galbeedka [[Niger]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah woqooyi-bari ee [[Mali]] iyo koonfurta [[Algeria]].<ref>Paris (1995): p. 250.</ref> Azawagh waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay dhul-bannaaneed [[Sahel]] iyo [[Sahara]] ah, waxayna leedahay dad u badan [[Tuareg]], iyadoo ay jiraan tiro yar oo ku hadla [[Carabi]] iyo [[Wodaabe]], iyo qulqul dhawaan yimid oo [[Hausa]] iyo [[Zarma]] ah. == Magaca == Ereyga [[Afafka Tuareg|Tuareg]] ee ''azawaɣ'' macnihiisu waa "savannah".<ref>{{Cite document |first=Hans |last=Ritter |title=Wörterbuch zur Sprache und Kultur der Twareg |publisher=Harassowitz Verlag |year=2009 |page=227 }}</ref> [[Azawad]], oo ah erey loo isticmaalo qaybta woqooyiga Mali ee ay sheegteen dhaqdhaqaaqa fallaagada Tuareg ee [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay musuqmaasuq Carabi ah oo ka yimid "Azawagh".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2AMAAAAYAAJ&q=azawad&pg=PA198 |title=Annotations to The history and description of Africa, by Leo Africanus |author=Robert Brown |year=1896 |publisher=The Hakulyt Society |access-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Azawagh waxay tilmaamaysaa [[dooxada qaabdhismeedka|doox]] engegan, oo hore u qaadi jirtay wabi-gacmeedka woqooyi ee [[Webiga Niger]], webiga Azawagh, oo loo yaqaan [[Dallol Bosso]] oo aad u koonfurta. Webiga, oo socday qiyaastii {{convert|1,600|km|mi}} xilliyadii hore, wuu engegay ka dib [[African humid period|Neolithic Subpluvial]] wuxuuna abuuray doox dhan {{convert|420,000|km2|mi2}}. Dooxadeeda, oo aqoonyahannada juqraafiyaddu ugu yeeraan [[Iullemmeden Basin]], waxaa xuduud la leh [[Hoggar Mountains]] iyo dhulka buuraleyda ah ee woqooyiga, [[Aïr Mountains]] oo dhanka bari ah, iyo [[Adrar des Ifoghas]] oo dhanka galbeed ah.<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228">Paris (1995), p. 228.</ref> [[Dhagaxa-hoose]] ee gobolka waa [[Cretaceous]]/[[Paleocene]] [[limestone]] iyo [[dhoobo]], kaas oo ay jarteen nabaad-guurka ayna dabooleen [[Aeolian processes|ciidda dabayshu keento]] xilligii [[Late Pleistocene|Upper Pleistocene]].<ref>Paris (1995), p. 229-30.</ref> Marka la eego dhinaca deegaanka, dooxada Azawagh waxaa loo qaybiyaa, laga bilaabo woqooyi ilaa koonfur, aagga Saharian, Sahelian iyo aagga woqooyiga [[Sudan (gobol)|Sudanese]] (oo loola jeedo gobolka juqraafiyeed).<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228"/> Dalka Niger, Azawagh guud ahaan waxaa ku jira magaalooyinka [[Abalak|Abalagh]] (Abalak), In Tibaraden ([[Tchintabaraden|Tchin-Tabaraden]]), Tiliya, [[In-Gall|In Gal]] iyo [[Tabalaq]], oo ah tuulo ku taal harada keliya ee gobolka. == Taariikhda == Degganaanshaha aadanaha ee Azawagh waxaa lagu taariikhdeeyay ilaa 4500 BCE, iyadoo caddaymo muujinaya dhaqashada xoolaha ay bilaabatay 3200 BCE.<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228"/> Laga soo bilaabo xilligan ilaa ku dhawaad 1500 BCE, gobolku wuxuu kaloo taageeray xayawaanno waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan [[waterbuck]], [[Hippopotamus|hippopotami]], iyo [[Elephant|maroodiyaal]].<ref>Paris (1995), p. 247.</ref> Caddaynta shaqada naxaasta ayaa laga helay [[Tekebrine]] oo taariikhaysan 1600 BCE. Waqtigan agagaarkiisa, xaaladaha cimiladu way sii xumaadeen, dadkii [[Sudan (gobol)|Sudanese]] ee gobolka waxaa beddelay [[Berbers]] kuwaas oo dhisay [[Tumulus|tumuli]].<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228"/> [[Islam|Diinta Islaamka]] waxay gaartay buuraha galbeedka Aïr iyadoo loo sii marayo koonfur-galbeed Libya qarnigii siddeedaad.<ref>Paris (1995), p. 238.</ref> Gobolka waxaa qabsaday oo gumaystay Faransiiska horraantii qarnigii labaatanaad.<ref name="Popenoe 2003, p. 15">Popenoe (2003), p. 15.</ref> Ka dib dhaqdhaqaaqyadii madax-bannaanida ee [[Algerian War|Algeria]], [[History of Mali|Mali]], iyo [[History of Niger|Niger]], iyo bixitaankii u dhigma ee Faransiiska, gobolku wuxuu u qaybsamay saddexdan waddan. Intii lagu jiray 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii, taxane abaarro ah ayaa ku qasbay tiro sii kordhaysa oo dadka reer guuraaga ah ee gobolka inay galaan tuulooyin iyo magaalooyin.<ref>Popenoe (2003), p. 17.</ref> Abaaruhu waxay sidoo kale kiciyeen [[Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)|fallaagow]] ay sameeyeen dadka Tuareg ee gobolka, iyadoo kooxo ay ka mid yihiin [[Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak]] iyo [[Temoust Liberation Front|Front for the Liberation of Tamoust]] ay ka soo horjeesteen dawladda Niger, halka [[Arab Islamic Front of Azawad]], [[People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad|Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], [[Revolutionary Liberation Army of Azawad]], iyo [[Popular Liberation Front of Azawad]] ay ka soo horjeesteen dawladda Mali.<ref name="Popenoe 2003, p. 15"/> == Dadka == In kasta oo ay la egtahay cabbirka Austria, qaybta Niger ee Azawagh waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu ahayd 85,000 oo keliya laga bilaabo 2003.<ref>Popenoe (2003), p. 13.</ref> Aagga waxaa u badan dadka [[Tuareg people|Kel Tamashek]], iyo sidoo kale qabaa'illo reer guuraa ah oo Carab ah oo ay ka mid yihiin kuwa ku hadla [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniyya]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Azawagh Arabs]], waa in aan lagu khaldin [[Diffa Arabs]] ee Niger).<ref>Popenoe (2003), p. 16-17.</ref> Azawagh waa xarunta [[Iwellemmedan people|Iwellemeden Kel Denneg]] Federation.<ref name="Decalo1997">{{Cite book |last=Decalo |first=Samuel |title=Historical Dictionary of the Niger (3rd ed.) |page=184 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Boston & Folkestone |year=1997 |isbn=0810831368}}</ref> Gobolku wuxuu kaloo leeyahay dad reer guuraa ah oo [[Wodaabe]] [[Fula people|Fulani]] ah iyo tiro yar oo muhiim ah oo [[Ikelan|Bouzou]] ah, kuwaas oo hore u ahaa qolo addoon Tuareg ah. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, tiro ka mid ah [[Hausa people|Hausa]] iyo [[Zarma people|Zarma]] ayaa ku degay gobolka, inta badan iyagoo ah saraakiil dawladeed iyo ganacsato.<ref name="Popenoe 2003, p. 15" /> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Niger Basin Authority]] *[[Sahara pump theory]] *[[African humid period|Neolithic Subpluvial]] *[[Prehistoric North Africa|Prehistoric Central North Africa]] *[[Azawagh Arabs]] == Tixraac == ;Footnotes {{Reflist|30em}} ;Bibliography {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book |title=Feeding Desire: Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People |last=Popenoe |first=Rebecca |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0415280966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crzkwZwAyUgC |access-date=3 April 2012|ref={{SfnRef|Popenoe, 2003}}}} *{{cite news |title=L Bassin de I'Azawagh : peuplements et civilisations, du néolithique à l'arrivée de l'islam |last=Paris |first=François |work=Milieux, sociétés et archéologues |publisher=Karthala |year=1995 |language=fr |url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_03_04/42071.pdf |access-date=3 April 2012|ref={{SfnRef|Paris, 1995}}}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|type:event|format=dms|display=title}} r85ucd2tvrp036mvkv4s634dmu1zg29 0 48794 301358 2026-07-10T11:33:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vallée de l'Ahzar''' ({{coor|15|41|N|3|51|E}}) waa [[wadi]] (wabi engegan) ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Inta badan socodkiisa, wadigan wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya [[Mali]] iyo [[Niger]]. Wuxuu kala saaraa [[Ménaka Region]] ee Mali iyo gobollada [[Tahoua Region|Tahoua]] iyo [[Tillabéri Region]] ee dalka Niger.<ref name = "gn2461224">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=2461224|name=vallee%20de%20l'ahzar}} Vallée de l'Ahzar] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2014-10-01; database download in 2016-10-22</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vallee de l'Ahzar}} am1jitzqecapwtseggs1zx92e8u26ke 301362 301358 2026-07-10T11:36:55Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu qoraalka ku badalay "#REDIRECT [Dooxada Ahzar]]" 301362 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [Dooxada Ahzar]] sm12fy9ytazvcrtbr0m8gwpa7oaroam 301363 301362 2026-07-10T11:37:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301363 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dooxada Ahzar]] ew9mkvgjyvenhtarx75ig92xu6iav45 10 48795 301360 2026-07-10T11:35:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301360 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Coord]] 01r8efu2w1mzs6w2vao2zrtvwgytvk4 0 48796 301366 2026-07-10T11:40:30Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301366 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|right|thumb|280px|Nidaamka Webiga Bani.]] [[File:Bani 4.83783W 13.39309N.jpg|right|thumb|280px|Sawir dayax-gacmeed oo ka mid ah Bani. Magaalada [[San, Mali|San]] waxay dhanka koonfur ka xigtaa webiga meel u dhow xarunta sawirka. Biyo-xireenka Talo wuxuu u dhow yahay geeska dhinaca bidix.]] <!-- Bani River flow--> {{image frame|width=280|content= Webiga Bani ee Douna <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:280 height:200 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:15 top:5 right:5 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:250 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:500 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:12 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 128 bar:Feb from:0 till: 72 bar:Mar from:0 till: 41 bar:Apr from:0 till: 25 bar:May from:0 till: 23 bar:Jun from:0 till: 38 bar:Jul from:0 till: 150 bar:Aug from:0 till: 895 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1941 bar:Oct from:0 till: 1768 bar:Nov from:0 till: 796 bar:Dec from:0 till: 275 </timeline> | caption = Celceliska qulqulka bille (m³/s) ee saldhigga biyaha ee Douna muddadii 1922–1994.<ref name=douna>Saldhigga Biyaha ee Douna wuxuu ku yaallaa {{Coord|13.213853|-5.903105}} oo u dhow buundada ka gudubta webiga ee qaada waddada weyn ee RN6 ee ka timaadda [[Ségou]] una socota [[Bla, Mali|Bla]].</ref><ref>Xogta laga helay [http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1134300.html UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0].</ref> }} '''Webiga Bani''' waa [[wabi-gacmeedka]] ugu weyn ee [[Webiga Niger]] ee dalka [[Mali]].<ref>Bani macnaheedu waa "webi yar" oo ku qoran [[Afafka Mande]]. {{citation | last=Delafosse | year=1912 | first=Maurice |title=Haut-Sénégal-Niger. Volume 1 Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues | url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103554s/f80.image |publisher=Émile Larose |location=Paris | language=French | page=69}}.</ref> Webigu wuxuu ka samaysmaa [[is-goyska]] webiyada {{ill|Webiga Baoulé (Bani River)|lt=Baoulé|fr|Baoulé (Bani)}} iyo [[Webiga Bagoe|Bagoé]] qiyaastii {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} bari ka xiga [[Bamako]] wuxuuna ku biiraa Niger meel u dhow [[Mopti]]. Dhererkiisu waa qiyaastii {{convert|1100|km|mi|abbr=on}}. == Juqraafiga == Webiga Bani wuxuu leeyahay saddex wabi-gacmeed oo waaweyn: Baoulé oo ka soo kaca meel u dhow [[Odienné]] ee Côte d'Ivoire oo mara koonfurta [[Bougouni]], [[Webiga Bagoé]] oo ka soo kaca meel u dhow [[Boundiali]] ee [[Côte d'Ivoire]] iyo Banifing-Lotio oo ka miira gobolka ku hareeraysan [[Sikasso]]. <!-- iyadoo si qaldan khariidadda IGN 1:200000 ay u leedahay ugu yaraan 3 webi oo ku yaal koonfurta Mali oo la yiraahdo Banifing --> [[Biyo-qabashada]] ee ka sarreeya Douna waxay leedahay bed dhan {{convert|102,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, 85% oo ka mid ah waxay ku taal koonfurta Mali iyo 15% waqooyiga Côte d'Ivoire. Roobabka sannadlaha ah way ku kala duwan yihiin qaybaha biyo-qabashada iyadoo aagga koonfureed ee Côte d'Ivoire ay helaan {{convert|1500|mm|in|abbr=on}} sannadkii halka aagga waqooyi ee ku wareegsan Douna<ref name=douna /> ay helaan {{convert|700|mm|in|abbr=on}} oo keliya.{{sfn|Golitzen|2005|p=81 Map 11}}{{sfn|Zwarts|van Beukering|Kone|Wymenga|2005|p=18 Fig. 2.3}}{{sfn| Mahé|2009|p=706 Fig. 1}} Muddadii 1965-1995 celceliska roobabka sannadlaha ah ee biyaha waxaa ahaa {{convert|1100|mm|in|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Mahé|2009}} Roobabku waa xilliyeed iyadoo roobabka intooda badan ay da'aan inta u dhaxaysa Maajo iyo Oktoobar. Roobabka ugu badan waxay dhacaan bisha Agoosto. Qulqulka Webiga Bani sidoo kale waa mid aad u xilliyeed, iyadoo qulqulka ugu badan uu dhacayo dhammaadka Sebtembar iyo qulqul aad u yar inta u dhaxaysa Febraayo iyo Juun. Webigu wuxuu galaa [[Inland Niger Delta]] waqooyiga [[San, Mali|San]] ka dibna roobabka sannadlaha ah webiga ayaa fataha (ereyga Faransiiska ''crue'' ayaa mararka qaarkood la isticmaalaa) wuxuuna qariyaa bannaanka webiga. Waxaa jira kala duwanaansho weyn oo sannadle ah oo ku saabsan roobabka iyo, natiijo ahaan, tirada biyaha ku qulqulaya webiga. Abaartii bilaabatay horraantii 1970-meeyadii ayaa horseeday hoos u dhac aad u weyn oo ku yimid qulqulka ilaa waqtigan xaadirka ah mugga ayaa weli aad uga hooseeya kuwii la arkay 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii. Hoos u dhaca qulqulka webiga ayaa aad uga weynaa hoos u dhaca roobabka. Celceliska roobabka ee 1981-1989 wuxuu ahaa 20% ka yar kii 1961-1970 halka qulqulka webiga uu hoos u dhacay 75%. Saamaynta roobabka yaraaday waxay ahayd mid aan aad u xad-dhaaf ahayn wabi-gacmeedyada kale ee Niger. Isla muddadaas, biyo-qabashada ee Upper Niger waxay la kulmeen 20% hoos u dhac la mid ah roobabka laakiin akhrinta saldhigga [[Koulikoro]] ayaa hoos u dhacay 50% oo keliya oo ka mid ah qiyamkii hore.{{sfn|Golitzen|2005|p=92 Table A2.4}} Sababo la xiriira yaraanta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa, xitaa sannad leh roobab badan, qulqulka Webiga Bani waa ka yar yahay kii tobanka sano ee qoyan ee 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii.{{sfn| Mahé|2009}} == Biyo-xireenka Talo == Sanadkii 2006, Biyo-xireenka Talo waxaa loo dhisay in lagu waraabiyo qaybo ka mid ah [[bannaanka webiga]] koonfurta webiga meel u dhow magaalada [[San, Mali|San]]. Kahor dhismaha biyo-xireenka, aagaggan waxaa si buuxda u fatahay oo keliya sannado aad u qoyan, kii ugu dambeeyay ee dhacay wuxuu ahaa 1967. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu ku yaallaa {{convert|43|km|mi|abbr=on}} galbeedka San, {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=on}} hoos ka xiga Douna iyo {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}} kor ka xiga [[Djenné]].<ref>Biyo-xireenku wuxuu ku yaallaa {{coord|13.2774|-5.2929}}.</ref> Biyo-xireenku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii xiridda biyaha oo kale iyadoo biyuhu ay ka qulquli karaan korka derbiga haynta. Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa ahaa mid aad looga dooday.{{sfn| Meierotto|2009}} [[Qiimaynta saamaynta deegaanka]] oo ay soo saartay [[African Development Bank]]<ref>{{citation | publisher=African Development Fund | year=1997 | title= Moyen Bani plains development program: Summary of the environmental impact assessment | url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-97-21-EN-ESPS-003677523.PDF }}</ref> ayaa loo dhaliilay inaanay si buuxda u tixgelin saamaynta biyaha ee hoos u dhaca biyo-xireenka.{{sfn|Fisher|Meierotto|Russel|2001}} Derbiga hayntu waa {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|295|m|ft|abbr=on}} dhererkiisu yahay, isagoo abuuraya kayd awood u leh inuu hayo {{convert|0.18|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} oo biyo ah. Muggani wuxuu matalaa 1.3% ee celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee webiga (muddadii 1952-2002 celceliska qulqulka wuxuu ahaa {{convert|13.4|km3|mi3|abbr=on}}.<ref>Qulqulka {{convert|1|m3|ft3|abbr=on}} wuxuu u dhigmaa {{convert|0.0316|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} sannadkii. {{convert|424|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} wuxuu u dhigmaa {{convert|13.4|km3|mi3|abbr=on}}/y</ref><ref name=dnh>{{citation|year=2006 |publisher=République du Mali, Ministère des Mines, de l’énergie et de l’eau: Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique |title=Politique Nationale de l'eau |url=http://www.dnh-mali.org/V1/IMG/Politique_Nationale_de_l_eau.pdf |accessdate=27 Feb 2010}}</ref> Qulqulka hoose ee {{convert|10|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} ayaa lagu ilaalin karaa xilliga abaaraha iyadoo la furayo iridda biyaha. Macluumaadka la daabacay kama cadda inta qulqulka guud ee loo leexin doono waraabka iyo, biyaha la leexiyay, inta dib ugu qulquli doonta webiga. Saamaynta hoos u dhaca ee biyo-xireenka ayaa noqon doonta in la daahiyo imaatinka fatahaadda sannadlaha ah iyo in la yareeyo xooggeeda. == Biyo-xireenka Djenné == Bishii Maajo 2009, African Development Bank waxay ansixisay maalgelinta biyo-xireen/waraabin lagu dhisayo Bani meel u dhow Soala, tuulo ku taal {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfurta Djenné.<ref>Tuulada Saola waxay ku taal dhanka bidix ee Bani ee {{coord| 13.79824|-4.531775}}</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2009 | title= Mali: 33.6 billion FCFA and an additional 76.2 billion FCFA for the development of irrigation | url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-events/article/mali-33-6-billion-fcfa-and-an-additional-76-2-billion-fcfa-for-the-development-of-irrigation-4736/ | publisher= African Development Bank | accessdate=4 Mar 2010}}</ref> Biyo-xireenku waa hal cunsur oo ka mid ah barnaamij 6-sano ah oo dhan US$66 milyan oo sidoo kale ka mid ah dhismaha biyo-xireen ku yaal [[Webiga Sankarani]] meel u dhow Kourouba iyo kordhinta aagga ay waraabiso biyo-xireenka Talo. Biyo-xireenka Djenné ee la soo jeediyay ayaa hayn doona {{convert|0.3|km3|mi3|abbr=on}} oo biyo ah, in ka badan biyo-xireenka Talo.<ref>{{citation | year=2008 | title= Mali: Irrigation Development Programme - Phase I, Summary Environmental and Social Impact Assessment | publisher= African Development Bank | url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-2008-181-EN-MALI-IRRIGATION-DEVELOPMENT-PROGRAMME-PHASE-I-ESIAS.PDF | accessdate=4 Mar 2010 }}</ref> Waxay oggolaan doontaa "fatahaadda la xakameeyo" ee 14,000 ha ee bannaanka Pondori (dhanka bidix ee webiga koonfurta Djenné) si loogu oggolaado beerista bariiska iyo waraabinta 5000 ha oo dheeri ah oo loogu talagalay koritaanka 'cawska sabeynaya' (''[[Echinochloa stagnina]]'' oo maxalliga loogu yaqaan ''bourgou'') ee quudinta xoolaha. Saamaynta biyo-xireennada ee fatahaadda Inland Niger Delta ee hoos u dhaca Mopti ayaa la filayaa inay noqdaan kuwo dhexdhexaad ah,{{sfn|Zwarts|van Beukering|Kone|Wymenga|2005|p=38}} maadaama qulqulka Bani uu yahay kaliya saddex meelood meel ka mid ah Niger: muddadii 1952-2002 celceliska qulqulka Douna wuxuu ahaa {{convert|424|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} marka la barbar dhigo {{convert|1280|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} ee Niger ee [[Koulikoro]].<ref name=dnh/> {{Image frame|width=600|align=center|content= <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# #>Data up to 1980 from http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Mali/1mi%60ba~3.htm Zwarts et al for data 1981-1989 who cites Mahé et al. (1997) (not in refs?) For 91-97 used data from World bank report page 104 which cites Olivry et al 1998. Annual figs run from May to April http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/4602114-1206643460526/Niger_River_Basin_Vision_Sustainable_Management.pdf using Descroix 2009 fig 9 for 1990 <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) id:darkblue value:rgb(0.2,0.2,0.7) ImageSize = width:600 height:270 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:20 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:1000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:100 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= #>Define bars with labels under <# bar:51 text:1951 bar:52 bar:53 bar:54 bar:55 bar:56 bar:57 bar:58 bar:59 bar:60 text:1960 bar:61 bar:62 bar:63 bar:64 bar:65 bar:66 bar:67 bar:68 bar:69 bar:70 text:1970 bar:71 bar:72 bar:73 bar:74 bar:75 bar:76 bar:77 bar:78 bar:79 bar:80 text:1980 bar:81 bar:82 bar:83 bar:84 bar:85 bar:86 bar:87 bar:88 bar:89 bar:90 text:1990 bar:91 bar:92 bar:93 bar:94 bar:95 bar:96 bar:97 # bar:98 # bar:99 # bar:00 text:2000 # bar:01 # bar:03 # bar:04 PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:6 align:left bar:51 from:0 till: 791 bar:52 from:0 till: 825 bar:53 from:0 till: 834 bar:54 from:0 till: 906 bar:55 from:0 till: 854 bar:56 from:0 till: 561 bar:57 from:0 till: 794 bar:58 from:0 till: 791 bar:59 from:0 till: 612 bar:60 from:0 till: 613 color:darkblue bar:61 from:0 till: 642 bar:62 from:0 till: 552 bar:63 from:0 till: 516 bar:64 from:0 till: 827 bar:65 from:0 till: 596 bar:66 from:0 till: 548 bar:67 from:0 till: 737 bar:68 from:0 till: 466 bar:69 from:0 till: 538 bar:70 from:0 till: 526 color:darkblue bar:71 from:0 till: 363 bar:72 from:0 till: 174 bar:73 from:0 till: 162 bar:74 from:0 till: 311 bar:75 from:0 till: 357 bar:76 from:0 till: 241 bar:77 from:0 till: 167 bar:78 from:0 till: 217 bar:79 from:0 till: 257 bar:80 from:0 till: 214 color:darkblue bar:81 from:0 till: 295 bar:82 from:0 till: 164 bar:83 from:0 till: 70.7 bar:84 from:0 till: 113 bar:85 from:0 till: 175 bar:86 from:0 till: 145 bar:87 from:0 till: 135 bar:88 from:0 till: 179 bar:89 from:0 till: 186 bar:90 from:0 till: 168 color:darkblue # Using Descroix 2009 fig 9 bar:91 from:0 till: 190 # Descroix 2009 fig 9 gives 188 bar:92 from:0 till: 139 # Descroix 2009 fig 9 gives 139 bar:93 from:0 till: 135 # Descroix 2009 fig 9 gives 135 bar:94 from:0 till: 459 # Descroix 2009 fig 9 gives 462 bar:95 from:0 till: 224 # Descroix 2009 fig 9 gives 226 bar:96 from:0 till: 200 # Descroix 2009 fig 9 gives 202 bar:97 from:0 till: 202 # Descroix 2009 fig 9 gives 202 </timeline> | caption = Celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee Webiga Bani (m³/s) ee saldhigga biyaha ee Douna<ref>Xogta laga helay ilo dhowr ah. Wixii 1951-1980 laga soo qaatay {{citation |publisher=Unesco International Hydrological Programme |title=Hydrographic data for Douna, Mali 1922-1980 |url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/AFRICA/Mali/1mi%60ba~3.htm |accessdate=26 Feb 2010 }}. Wixii 1981-1989 laga soo qaatay {{harvnb|Zwarts|van Beukering|Kone|Wymenga|2005|p=271 Table I.1}}. Wixii 1990 laga soo qaatay {{harvnb|Descroix|2009|p=98 Fig. 9}}. Wixii 1991-1997 laga soo qaatay {{harvnb|Golitzen |2005| p=50 Table 3.6}}.</ref> }} == Qoraalo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Tixraac == *{{citation | last=Descroix | first=L. | year=2009 | title= Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis | journal= [[Journal of Hydrology]] | volume=375 | issue=1–2 | pages=90–102 | doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.012 | bibcode=2009JHyd..375...90D |display-authors=etal}}. *{{citation|last1=Fisher |first1=William |last2=Meierotto |first2=Lisa |last3=Russel |first3=Ryan |year=2001 |title=The Talo Dam Project: Projet de Mise en Valeur Des Plaines Du Moyen Bani |publisher=Clark University |url=http://www.djenneinitiative.org/pdfs/clark_en.pdf }}. Bogagga 30–31 waxay ka kooban yihiin miis taariikhaysan 2003 oo uu diyaariyay J.R. Patenaude, kaas oo bixinaya qiyamka qulqulka biyaha ee sannad celcelis ah (oo loo malaynayo inuu yahay 125 m³/s ama 3.9 km³/y). *{{citation | editor-last=Golitzen | editor-first=Katherin George| year=2005 |title=The Niger River Basin: A vision for sustainable management | publisher=World Bank | place=Washington, DC. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/4602114-1206643460526/Niger_River_Basin_Vision_Sustainable_Management.pdf }}. *{{citation | last=Mahé | first=Gil | year=2009 | title= Surface/groundwater interactions in the Bani and Nakambe rivers, tributaries of the Niger and Volta basins, West Africa | journal= Hydrological Sciences Journal| volume=54 | issue=4 | pages=704–712 | doi= 10.1623/hysj.54.4.704| bibcode=2009HydSJ..54..704M }}. *{{citation | last=Meierotto | first=Lisa | year=2009 | title=The uneven geographies of transnational advocacy: The case of the Talo Dam | journal=Journal of Environmental Management | volume=90 | issue=Suppl. 3 | pages=S279–S285 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.024 | url=http://rivers.bee.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/meierotto_2008.pdf | accessdate=23 Apr 2013 | pmid=19008033 | bibcode=2009JEnvM..90S.279M }}. *{{citation | editor1-last=Zwarts | editor1-first=Leo | editor2-last=van Beukering | editor2-first=Pieter | editor3-last=Kone | editor3-first=Bakary | editor4-last=Wymenga | editor4-first=Eddy | year=2005 | title=The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin | publisher=Altenburg & Wymenga | place=Veenwouden, the Netherlands | isbn=90-807150-6-9 | url=http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | accessdate=2011-02-14 }}. Sidoo kale lagu daabacay Faransiis cinwaankiisu yahay "Le Niger: une Artère vitale. Gestion efficace de l’eau dans le bassin du Haut Niger". == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232417/http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/safari/VisuAlbum.asp?ALBUMID=DOUN01 Sawirrada Webiga Bani ee Douna.] {{Niger River}} {{coord|14|29|N|4|12|W|display=title|region:ML_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} 6crgnmz3dya6d6r4qpjmx99816r2jql 0 48797 301368 2026-07-10T11:42:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301368 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|right|thumb|280px|Nidaamka Webiga Bani.]] '''Webiga Banifing''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Wuxuu maraa [[Mali]] iyo qayb yar oo ka mid ah [[Burkina Faso]], isagoo qayb ka ah xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya labada dal. Waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Bani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=M. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Hydrology_and_Water_Resources_of_Africa/MmjjBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Banifing%20River&pg=PA305&printsec=frontcover |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2006-04-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-306-48065-2 |pages=305 |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraac == <references /> {{Rivers of Burkina Faso}} {{Coord|12|22|7.3|N|6|8|40.8|W|display=title}} hp4mor36kd0s1tkjr2dh35jintmphyr 0 48798 301369 2026-07-10T11:43:43Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301369 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bani OSM.png|right|thumb|280px|Nidaamka Webiga Bani.]] '''Webiga Bagoé''' waa [[wabi-gacmeed]] ka tirsan [[Webiga Bani]] ee [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Wuxuu maraa waqooyiga [[Ivory Coast]] iyo koonfurta [[Mali]] wuxuuna qayb ka yahay [[xadka]] u dhexeeya labada waddan.<ref name="Brownlie, I. ">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|last=Brownlie|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages= 371–74}}</ref> Wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn waa [[Webiga Banifing]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{coord|9.567778|-6.980833|type:_region:|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bagoe River}} caykws5fkfwcc0l4nk4qngahccrnwfb 0 48799 301375 2026-07-10T11:45:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Kankélaba''' waa [[wabi-gacmeed]] ka tirsan [[Webiga Bagoé]] ee [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Wuxuu maraa waqooyi-galbeedka [[Ivory Coast]] iyo koonfurta [[Mali]] wuxuuna qayb ka yahay xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhexeeya labada waddan. Koonfurta Mali wuxuu ku biiraa [[Webiga Bagoé]]. == Tixraac == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kankelaba River}} f098qp23is68ha0t577y1vlkwv53uth 0 48800 301378 2026-07-10T11:47:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Sankarani-Fié | designation1_date = 17 January 2002 | designation1_number = 1167<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankarani-Fié|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1167|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} [[File:Upper Niger Guinea OSM klein.png|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Niger ee sare ee Guinea iyo Sankarani (midig)]] [[File:Sankarani river map.png|thumb|right|180px]] '''Webiga Sankarani''' (Faransiis: ''Fleuve Sankarani'') waa wabi-gacmeedka [[Webiga Niger]].<ref name="AndersenGolitzen">{{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Inger |last2=Golitzen |first2=Katherin George |title=The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DQj7Zpv-IwkC |access-date=25 November 2016 |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=9780821362044 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DQj7Zpv-IwkC/page/n30 13], 33–34}}</ref> Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo ka yimid [[Guinea Highlands]] ee [[Fouta Djallon]] ee dalka [[Guinea]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sankarani River {{!}} river, western Africa|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sankarani-River|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=R. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&q=sankarani+river+from+north+to+south+guinea&pg=PA374|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|date=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|language=en}}</ref> wuxuu ka gudbaa xadka koonfurta [[Mali]], halkaas oo uu kaga biiro Niger qiyaastii {{convert|40|km}} kor ka xiga [[Bamako]],<ref name="AndersenGolitzen"/> oo ah caasimadda Mali. Wuxuu qayb ka yahay xudduudaha [[Guinea–Ivory Coast border|Ivory Coast-Guinea]] iyo [[Guinea–Mali border]].<ref name="Hughes">{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA376 |access-date=25 November 2016 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=9782880329495 |pages=374, 376}}</ref> Biyo-qabashada Webiga Sankarani, oo dhaqan ahaan aad ugu habboon dalagyada iyo hodan ku ah birta iyo dahabka, waxay dabooshaa qiyaastii {{convert|35500|km2}}, laba-meelood oo meel ka mid ah waxay ku taal Guinea, halkaas oo ay ku biiraan saddex [[Wabi-gacmeed|wabi-gacmeed]]: [[Webiga Kourai|Kourai]], [[Webiga Yeremou|Yeremou]] iyo [[Webiga Dion|Dion]].<ref name="AndersenGolitzen"/><ref name="Hughes"/> Dalka Mali, wuxuu ku biiraa [[Webiga Niger]] kor ka xiga Bamako meel u dhow tuulada [[Kourouba]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-2008-181-EN-MALI-IRRIGATION-DEVELOPMENT-PROGRAMME-PHASE-I-ESIAS.PDF |title=Irrigation Development Programme - Phase I |publisher=[[African Development Bank]] Group}}</ref> Dhismaha [[Biyo-xireenka Sélingué]] wuxuu bilaabmay 1980, iyada oo ujeedadu ahayd in Bamako lagu siiyo koronto;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Evaluation-Reports-_Shared-With-OPEV_/06004242-EN-MALI-SELINGUE-DAM.PDF |title=Mali: Selingue Dam Project: Project Performance Evaluation Report (PPER) |author=B. Askofare |date=6 June 1988 |publisher=African Development Bank Group}}</ref><ref name=KDS>{{cite book |last1=Koenig |first1=Dolores |last2=Diarra |first2=Tiéman |last3=Sow |first3=Moussa |title=Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=728lx7XRofcC&pg=PA119 |year=1998 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472108947 |pages=119–123}}</ref> waxaa la daahfuray 13 Diseembar 1982.<ref name=HDoM>{{cite book|last1=Imperato|first1=Pascal James|last2=Imperato|first2=Gavin H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71|access-date=25 November 2016|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864023|pages=xl, 105}}</ref> Isaga iyo warshadda [[Koronto-biyood|hydroelectric]] ee la socota waxay ka koobnaayeen mashruucii horumarineed ee ugu weynaa taariikhda Mali ilaa wakhtigaas.<ref name=HDoM/> Warshaddu waxay awood u leedahay inay soo saarto 44.8 milyan oo kilowatt-saacadood oo [[koronto]] ah.<ref name=HDoM/> Mashruuc [[waraabin]] ah ayaa sidoo kale la hirgeliyay, markii hore si loogu magdhabo dadka ay ahayd in la raro; wuxuu daboolay {{convert|1200|ha}}, oo loo qaybiyay 1943 qof oo haysta dhul,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gwiwestafrica.org/en/countries/mali |title=Mali: Water for agriculture (2013-17) |publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]]}}</ref> ama {{convert|60000|ha}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/W4347E/w4347e0i.htm |title=The Niger River basin |author= Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations}}</ref> Sankanarni waxay leedahay [[bannaanka fatahaadda]] oo aan joogto ahayn oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|170|km}} gudaha [[Guinea]].<ref name="Hughes"/> Xeebaha webiga waxay taageeraan [[gallery forest]], in kasta oo kaydka Selingue Dam uu daboolay qaar badan oo ka mid ah.<ref name=KDS/> Sannadkii 2008, in ka badan kun kalluumaysato ah ayaa qabsaday "inta u dhaxaysa 400 iyo 1000 kg/maalintii xilliga ugu sarreeya iyo 10 ilaa 50 kg/maalintii xilliga hooseeya (Maarso ilaa Maajo)" qaybta webiga ee u dhaxaysa biyo-xireenka iyo isgoyska Niger.<ref>{{citation | editor-last=Golitzen | editor-first=Katherin George| year=2005 |title=The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management | publisher=World Bank | place=Washington, DC. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWAT/Resources/4602114-1206643460526/Niger_River_Basin_Vision_Sustainable_Management.pdf | isbn=0-8213-6203-8 }}</ref> Markii uu ugu sarreeyay awooddiisa, laga soo bilaabo qarniyadii 13-aad ilaa 16-aad CE, caasimadda [[Mali Empire]] ee qadiimiga ah ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay ahayd [[Niani, Mali Empire|Niani]], oo ku taal xeebaha Sankarani.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |last2=Oliver|first2=Roland |title=The Cambridge History of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03fage |url-access=registration |access-date=25 November 2016 |year=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521209816 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory03fage/page/378 378]}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist|30em}} {{coord|12|00|15|N|8|18|46|W|region:ML_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} j9682eq4zdb959z15fv46lhu15wivjj 0 48801 301383 2026-07-10T11:50:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Gorgol | native_name = | image = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Mauritania#Africa | source1_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | mouth_location = [[Webiga Senegal]] | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Mauritania]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Gorgol''' waa [[wabi]] ku yaal koonfurta [[Mauritania]] kaas oo ah [[wabi-gacmeed]] ka tirsan [[Webiga Senegal]]. Webiga waxaa sameeyay is-goyska Gorgol Noir (194&nbsp;km oo dherer ah), iyo Gorgol Blanc (345&nbsp;km oo dherer ah). Gorgol wuxuu ku biiraa Webiga Senegal meesha la yiraahdo [[Kaédi]].<ref name=hycos>{{citation|title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d’observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) |publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS) |url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf |year=2007 |language=French |page=5 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165424/http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-28 }}.</ref> Biyo-qabashada webigu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa [[Dhaqaalaha Mauritania|dhaqaalaha Mauritania]] taas oo ay fududeeyeen maalgashiyadii 1970-meeyadii.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Mauritania-AGRICULTURE.html Nations Encyclopedia], Retrieved June 11, 2008</ref><ref>Jobin, William R., Negrón-Aponte, Henry and Michelson, Edward H., 1976,<br>[http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/587 Schistosomiasis in the Gorgol Valley of Mauritania], Human Ecology Division, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Caparra Heights Station, Puerto Rico and Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Retrieved on June 11, 2008</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 56yy1p6znff3z9xt7jrnkfxnbq40yap 301385 301383 2026-07-10T11:50:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Gorgol | native_name = | image = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Mauritania | source1_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_location = [[Webiga Senegal]] | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Mauritania]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Gorgol''' waa [[wabi]] ku yaal koonfurta [[Mauritania]] kaas oo ah [[wabi-gacmeed]] ka tirsan [[Webiga Senegal]]. Webiga waxaa sameeyay is-goyska Gorgol Noir (194&nbsp;km oo dherer ah), iyo Gorgol Blanc (345&nbsp;km oo dherer ah). Gorgol wuxuu ku biiraa Webiga Senegal meesha la yiraahdo [[Kaédi]].<ref name=hycos>{{citation|title=SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d’observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) |publisher=Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS) |url=http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf |year=2007 |language=French |page=5 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228165424/http://www.whycos.org/IMG/pdf/Senegal_HYCOS_september_2007.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-28 }}.</ref> Biyo-qabashada webigu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa [[Dhaqaalaha Mauritania|dhaqaalaha Mauritania]] taas oo ay fududeeyeen maalgashiyadii 1970-meeyadii.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Mauritania-AGRICULTURE.html Nations Encyclopedia], Retrieved June 11, 2008</ref><ref>Jobin, William R., Negrón-Aponte, Henry and Michelson, Edward H., 1976,<br>[http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/587 Schistosomiasis in the Gorgol Valley of Mauritania], Human Ecology Division, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Caparra Heights Station, Puerto Rico and Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, Retrieved on June 11, 2008</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} o3ycjanigzypngrceejsi3x50c79was 0 48802 301390 2026-07-10T11:54:30Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Chiloango | native_name = {{langx|pt|Rio Hi}} | name_other = Webiga Kakongo, Webiga Louango, Webiga Shiloango, Rio Hi | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Shiloango OSM.png | image_caption = Biyo-qabashada Webiga Chiloango | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], [[Angola]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow [[Cacongo (municipality)|Caconga]], Angola | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|5|12|15.85|S|12|8|0.25|E}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Chiloango'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351893774E0440003BA962ED3|Chiloango River (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> ({{langx|pt|Rio Chiluango<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351883774E0440003BA962ED3|Chiluango, Rio (Approved - Angola)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref>}}, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Kakongo''',<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351853774E0440003BA962ED3|Kakongo River (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> '''Louango''',<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351873774E0440003BA962ED3|Louango (Approved - Congo, Republic of the)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> '''Shiloango'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351863774E0440003BA962ED3|Shiloango (Approved - Congo, Democratic Republic of the)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref> iyo '''Rio Hi'''<ref>{{GEOnet2|32FA881351843774E0440003BA962ED3|Hi, Rio (Variant)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]</ref>) waa [[wabi]] ku yaal galbeedka [[Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxay samaysaa qaybta ugu galbeed ee [[xadka]] u dhexeeya [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], ka dibna waxay samaysaa qiyaastii kala badh [[xadka]] u dhexeeya DRC iyo [[Cabinda (gobol)|Cabinda]], [[Angola]]<ref>''International Boundary Study No. 105 – October 15, 1970: Angola (Cabinda) – Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) Boundary'' The Geographer, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. State Department, Washington, D.C.</ref> isagoo maraya koonfurta magaalada [[Necuto]]. Webigu wuxuu markaas kala qaybiyaa Cabinda, taas oo ka dhigaysa wabiga ugu muhiimsan gobolka.<ref>Frenken, Karen (1997) ''Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach'' (FAO Land and Water Bulletin 4) Land and Water Development Division of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Rome. Italy, "Table 71 Rivers and discharges", {{ISBN|92-5-103966-6}}</ref> Wuxuu galaa [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] waqooyiga magaalada [[Cacongo]].<ref>National Geographic Atlas of the World: Revised Sixth Edition, [[National Geographic Society]], 1992</ref><ref>United States. Hydrographic Office (1916) ''Africa Pilot: The southewest coast of Africa from Cape Palmas to the Cape of Good Hope, including the islands of St. Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, and neighboring islands'' Hydrographic Office, Washington, D.C., volume 1, page 346 {{OCLC|62355097}}</ref> == Qoraalo == {{Reflist}} {{coord|5|11|41|S|12|7|48|E|display=title}} eu3rkcrii93nr7b4nofwrjdj9n8tlpt 0 48803 301394 2026-07-10T11:56:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Inkisi | name_other = {{langx|sw|Mto Inkisi}} | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Zongo, Province du Bas-Congo, RD Congo. Une vue sur les superbes chutes de Zongo sur la rivière Inkisi, dont les eaux bouillonnantes plongent d’une hauteur de 65 mètres. (19213974360).jpg | image_caption = Zongo Falls oo ku taal webiga Inkisi | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = #Democratic Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Kongo]] | mouth_location = [[Zongo, Kongo Central DRC|Zongo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|4|45|50.76|S|14|52|8.73|E}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Inkisi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Inkisi}}, [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Rivière Inkisi'') waa kii ugu dambeeyay (ugu dhow afka webiga) ee [[wabi-gacmeedyada]] waaweyn ee [[Webiga Kongo]] ee weyn, isagoo ah wabi-gacmeedka ugu horreeya ee bangiga koonfureed (dhinaca bidix), oo ku yaal Galbeedka Bartamaha Afrika.<ref>{{cite book |title=Research on Hydropower Development and Delivery in Congo River |date=April 6, 2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811534287 |page=14}}</ref> Degmada Zongo waxay ku taal meel u dhow [[is-goyska]] [[Webiga Kongo]], halkaas oo uu ku yaallo [[warshad koronto-biyood]] iyo buundada.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Saul |editor1-first=Bernard |title=The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: A to G |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=1682}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Portal|Afrika}} 5kdaq8172vgjskacwoujgkls62asl82 0 48804 301401 2026-07-10T11:58:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kwango | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Rio Cuango<br>Rivière Kwango<br>Kwango Rivier<br>Quango | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Tazua.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Tazua Falls oo ku taal Webiga Kwango ee Angola | map = Kwango River entering Kasai River NASA.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Khariidadda dayax-gacmeedka NASA oo muujinaysa Webiga Kwango oo ku biiraya Webiga Kasai | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1100|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Bandundu (magaalo)|Bandundu]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg ={{convert|3299|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = | source1 = [[Cacolo|Alto Chicapa]] | source1_location = [[Angola]], Angola | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1647|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Bandundu, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo|Bandundu]] kuna biira [[Webiga Kasai]] ee [[Biyo-qabashada Webiga Kongo]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3|14.666|S|17|22.416|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Cuango, Angola|Cuango]] | basin_size = {{convert|263500|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Cuango''' ama '''Kwango''' ({{langx|pt|Rio Cuango}}; {{langx|fr|Rivière Kwango}}; {{langx|nl|Kwango Rivier}}) waa wabi [[xuduud-ka-gudub]] ah oo ku yaal [[Angola]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo]]. Waa wabi-gacmeedka ugu weyn ee dhinaca bidix ee [[Webiga Kasai]] ee [[Biyo-qabashada Webiga Kongo]].<ref name=Brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River.|title= Kwango River|access-date= 24 January 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=Great>{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River|title= Kwango|access-date= 24 January 2011|publisher= The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> Wuxuu maraa [[Malanje]] oo ku taal Angola. Biyo-qabashada Webiga Kwango waxay leedahay kheyraad badan oo dheeman ah oo ku jira Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster ee [[Gobolka Lunda Norte]], kuwaas oo laga helay marin-biyoodka ugu weyn ee wabiga iyo dhulka fidsan ee bannaannada fatahaaddiisa.<ref name=Project>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html|title=Kwango River Project|access-date=24 January 2011|publisher=BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L.}}</ref> Qarnigii 19-aad, Webiga Kwango waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanay '''Quango''', gaar ahaan shuqullada sahamiyaha [[David Livingstone]].<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |url=https://livingstoneonline.org/in-his-own-words/missionary-travels-manuscript/glossary-key-terms-in-the-missionary-travels-manuscript |title=Glossary of Key Terms in the Missionary Travels Manuscript |first=Justin D. |last=Livingstone |date=2019 |work=Livingstone Online |accessdate=6 April 2025 }}</ref> == Taariikh == Boqortooyadii Rund, oo ballaaratay si ay u noqoto [[Boqortooyadii Lunda|Lunda Empire]], waxay ku fidisay dhul ka bilaabma Webiga Kwango ilaa [[Webiga Luapula]]. Xukumaheedu waxay ka qaybqaateen [[Addoonsiga Afrika|ka ganacsiga addoonta]].<ref name="Ogot1992">{{cite book|author=Bethwell A. Ogot|title=Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAQbp7aLpZkC&pg=PA601|access-date=24 January 2011|date=July 1992|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101711-7|pages=580, 601, 605}}</ref> Ballaarinta Lunda ee dooxada waxay kor u qaadday dhaxal siyaasadeed iyo dhaqan oo guud iyadoo sidoo kale kor u qaadday ka ganacsiga addoonta, taas oo sharraxaysa cufnaanta dadka oo hooseeya inta u dhaxaysa wabiyada Kwango iyo [[Webiga Kwilu|Kwilu]].<ref name="Ogot1992, p.607">Ogot, p.607</ref> [[Angola Bortuqiis|Boortaqiisku]] waxay gumaysteen dooxada Webiga Kwango waxayna xoog ku qaateen [[Boqortooyadii Kasanje|Boqortooyadii Kasanje]].<ref =history>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/angola |title=Angola |access-date=25 January 2011 |publisher=History.com |url-status=dead}}</ref> Webiga Kwango wuxuu ku hoos jiray saxiixa heshiis Boortaqiis ah oo ka dhacay [[Lisbon]] 25 May 1891, iyo Baaqii 24 March 1894.<ref name="BrownlieBurns1979">{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African boundaries: a legal and diplomatic encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA492|access-date=25 January 2011|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=492}}</ref> [[Cuango, Angola|Cuango]], oo ku taal [[Gobolka Lunda Norte]] ee gudaha Dooxada Webiga Cuango, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay "muddaca dheemanka ee waqooyi-bari Angola", oo ah aagga ugu dheemanka badan Angola. Magaaladu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Angola]], maadaama labada Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola ([[UNITA]]) iyo ciidamada dowladda ay isku dayeen inay qabsadaan oo ay haystaan magaalada. UNITA waxay magaalada u dhiibtay dowladda 30 September 1997, taas oo qayb ka ah [[Hab-maamuuska Lusaka]].<ref name="JamesBroadhead2004">{{cite book|first1=W. Martin |last1=James|first2=Susan Herlin |last2=Broadhead|title=Historical dictionary of Angola|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000jame|url-access=registration |access-date=25 January 2011|year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4940-2|pages=41–}}</ref> == Juqraafi == {{stack|[[File:Kwango River.png|thumb|350px|Khariidadda biyo-qabashada Webiga Kwango.]]}} Cuango wuxuu ka soo jeedaa buuraleyda [[Cacolo|Alto Chicapa]] ee [[Gobollada Angola|gobolka Angola]] ee [[Lunda Sul]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur-waqooyi-galbeed, isagoo ka gudbaya xadka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo, wuxuuna ku biiraa [[Webiga Kasai]] meel u dhow magaalada [[Bandundu (magaalo)|Bandundo]]. Intaas ka dib, wuxuu ku shubaa [[Webiga Kongo]].<ref name="JamesBroadhead2004"/> Isagoo ka soo kacaya [[Lunda plateau]], wabigu wuxuu sameeyaa doox qoto dheer. Webiga Kwango waa {{Convert|1100|km}} dhererkiisu yahay ilaa is-goyska uu la leeyahay Webiga Kongo, kaas oo {{Convert|855|km}} ka mid ah uu ku yaal Angola.<ref name=Brit/><ref name=Great/> Wabigu wuxuu daadiyaa aag biyo-qabasho oo dhan {{Convert|263500|km2}}. Wabi-gacmeedyada bangiga midig waa wabiyada Wamba iyo Kwilu.<ref name=Free/> === Maraakiibta === Cuango wuxuu leeyahay tiro dhicis iyo biyo-xireenno ah.<ref name=Free>{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River|title=Kwango |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> Maraakiibta inta badan waxaa lagu gaaraa qaybaha hoose ee wabiga, oo dhererkoodu yahay {{convert|307|km}} laga bilaabo afkiisa ilaa biyo-xireennada Kingushi. Maraakiibta qayb ahaan sidoo kale waa suurtagal qaybaha dhexe ee wabiga inta u dhaxaysa Kingushi iyo dhicitaanka Franz Josef masaafad dhan {{convert|300|km}}.<ref name=Free/> === Kheyraadka biyaha === Qulqulka xilliga ba'an ee wabiga wuxuu dhacaa inta lagu jiro bisha Agoosto. Qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee celceliska ah ee qaybaha hoose ee wabiga waa {{Convert|2700|m3/s|spell=us}}<ref name=Free/> == Dhaqan == Dooxada wabiga waxaa ku nool [[Dadka Yaka|Yaka]], [[Dadka Suku|Suku]], [[Dadka Mbala|Mbala]], iyo kooxaha qabiilka [[Dadka Pende|Pende]]. Xirfadahooda farsamo waxaa lagu arki karaa qaabka xardhan ee maaskaro ee qaababka joomatari ee tirooyinka, iyo walxo kale oo xardhan.<ref name=Kwango>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River.|title=Kwango River|access-date=24 January 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> == Dhaqaale == Iyadoo wabiga loo isticmaalo [[kalluumaysiga]],<ref name=Free/> dooxada waxaa loo horumariyay ilaa heer ay bixiso beeraha maciishadda oo kaliya. Waxa xusid mudan taariikh ahaan waa [[saliidda timirta]] iyo wax soo saarka caagga.<ref name="FishFish2001">{{cite book|last1=Fish|first1=Bruce|last2=Fish|first2=Becky Durost|title=The Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qxA7unER3MC&pg=PA14|access-date=25 January 2011|date=May 2001|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-6198-5|page=14}}</ref><ref name="Heintze2008">{{cite book|last=Heintze|first=Beatrix|title=Angola on the move: transport routes, communications and history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkEN9mvNbRQC&pg=PA85|access-date=25 January 2011|year=2008|publisher=Verlag Otto Lembeck|isbn=978-3-87476-553-4|page=85}}</ref> Hawsha ugu weyn ee dhaqaale iyo dakhliga [[Angola|Dawladda Angola]] waxaa laga helaa soo saarista dheemanka ee dooxada. Biyo-qabashada wabiga waxay leedahay il hodan ah oo dheeman ah oo ku taal Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster ee Gobolka Lunda Norte, kaas oo laga helay marin-biyoodka ugu weyn ee wabiga iyo dhulka fidsan ee bannaannada fatahaaddiisa. Gobollada Lunda Norte iyo Lunda Sul ee dooxada wabiga waxay xisaabiyaan tirada ugu badan ee miinooyinka dheemanka ee dooxada iyo Angola.<ref name=Dockstock>{{Cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/49105357/De-Beers-diamonds-and-Angola-developing-an-understanding-of|title=De Beers, diamonds and Angola developing an understanding |pages=37–39|access-date=24 January 2011|publisher= Dockstock – Documents for Special Business and Professionals}}</ref> Ogolaanshaha sahaminta ayaa la siiyay BRC, oo ku fidsan aag {{convert|2150|km}} u dhexeeya Tembo iyo Kasonga Lunda oo ku taal qaybta Webiga Kwango ee qiyaastii {{convert|185|km}}.<ref name="Project"/> Sida waafaqsan shatiga macdanta ee ay haysato Soiadale de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (SDM), aagagga wax soo saarka waa kuwo ku yaal leexinta Wabiga Tazua iyo Ginge ee Cuango.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infomine.com/index/pr/Pa145202.PDF|page=8|title= Technical Review Of Diamond Concessions On The Cuango River, Northern Angola|publisher= A C A Howe International Limited|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/locindex-T0.html|title=Alphabetical Locality Index – T |publisher=mindat.org|quote= Tazua Mine, Luzamba, Cuango City Council, Lunda Norte Province, Angola}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist|2}} io4uqtrljxksgcx5pxj3yuvygdfwvd4