Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2349 301760 275338 2026-07-11T16:38:14Z Videoiib7 46243 301760 wikitext text/x-wiki bardooddanka ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: sport) waa madadaallo waqtiga la isku dhaafiyo, marmarka qaarkoodna loo adeegsado in wax la isku baro. Waxay leedahay xeerar la raaco oo la isku ogyahay. Bardooddanaha qaarkood waa caam oo adduunka oo dhan baa laga adeegsadaa, waxaana ka mid ah kubaddaha kala duwan (kubadda cagta, kubbadda kolayga, kubadda shabagga, kubbadda gacanta); dabbaasha, orodka iwm. Waxaase jira bardooddano dhaqameedyo u gaar ah bulshooyinka qaarkood. Bardooddan soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah shaxda, [[layli goobalay]]da (leelo googabalay), riyo ka dhalista, jarta, iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Bardoodanahaas waxaa loo yaqaannaa ciyaar dhaqameedyo waxayna soomaalidu la wadaagtaa bulshooyin kale oo qaaradda afrika ka mid ah. Dhacdooyinka layaabka leh ee ciyaaraha somalida waxaa kamid ah in uu yahay wiil soomaali ah xidiga kaso muuqday kursiga keydka inta ey dhisantahay hayada bardooddanka ee FIFA, xiddigaan somaliga ah ayaa lagu magacaabaa ISAAQ ABDI MOHAMED oo ah xidig bardooddan kubada gacanta sido kalana ka qeyb galaybtartano caalami ah o ey somaliya ka qeyb gashay ISAAQ mar ey noo suura gashay inan wax weydiino arrintaa ayaa waxa uu noo sheegay inuu aaad ugu faraxsanyhy recordka sido kale uu doonaayo inuu difaacan doono inta uu janis u helayo. ==Bardooddanada Dunida== * [[FIVB]] * [[FIBA]] * [[FIFA]] * [[ICC]] [[Category:Ciyaaraha| ]] ps9pdn6o85dq0ko63r1lev66ex99r6w 0 2506 301762 300800 2026-07-11T16:54:34Z Videoiib7 46243 301762 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique | common_name = Mozambique | native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Moçambique}} | image_flag = Flag of Mozambique.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Mozambique.svg | symbol_type = Astaan | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Pátria Amada]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Dhul hooyo oo la Jeclaysan yahay"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Maputo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|57|S|32|35|E|type:city_region:MZ}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]] | regional_languages = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = u dhashay deegaanka | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |99.0% [[Demographics of Mozambique|Afrikaan]]{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Makua people|Makhuwa]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], iyo kooxaha kale ee qowmiyaddaha Afrikaanka ah.}} |0.8% [[Mestiço]] |0.1% [[Portuguese Mozambicans|Caddaan]] |0.1% kuwa kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira kuwa ka soo jeeda Aasiya}}}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=Census2017>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|title=Censo 2017 Brochura dos Resultados Definitivos do IV RGPH – Nacional|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515170335/http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | demonym = Reer Mozambique | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo xisbi-gabaray leh<ref name="SpL">{{cite SSRN|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=September 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns|url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies|location=United States|publisher=University of California San Diego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=December 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns|journal=French Politics|volume=3|issue=3|pages=323–351|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087|s2cid=73642272|quote=Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.|doi-access=free}}</ref> oo hoos timaada dawlad [[Authoritarianism|kelitalis]] ah<ref name="Nhamirre">{{cite journal|last=Nhamirre|first=Borges Joaquim Faduco|date=August 2025|title=Rigging by the state apparatus: systemic electoral fraud in Mozambique jeopardizes the credibility of democracy and creates room for political violence|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=7 |article-number=1479440 |location=Switzerland|publisher=Frontiers|doi=10.3389/fpos.2025.1479440 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Joseph|date=2024|title=25 years of electoral fraud, protected by secrecy|url=https://www.cipmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/25-years-of-electoral-fraud.pdf|journal=Centro de Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)|location=Mozambique|publisher=Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Mozambique|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Daniel Chapo]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mozambique|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maria Benvinda Levy]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]]}} | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Aqalka Jamhuuriyadda]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[National Salvation Junta|Bortuqaal]] | established_event1 = [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique-tii Bortuqiiska]] | established_date1 = 1505–1975 | established_event2 = [[Mozambican War of Independence|Dagaalkii Madaxbannaanida Mozambique]] | established_date2 = 25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974 | established_event3 = [[Lusaka Accord|La siiyay madaxbannaanida]] | established_date3 = 25 June 1975 | established_event4 = [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] | established_date4 = 25 June 1975 - 30 November 1990 | established_event5 = [[Mozambican Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye]] | established_date5 = 1977–1992 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mozambique|Constitution-ka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 21 December 2004 | area_km2 = 801,590 | area_rank = 35aad | area_sq_mi = 309,496 | percent_water = 2.2 | population_estimate = 34,881,007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|title=Mozambique Population (2024) - Worldometer|access-date=30 September 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053022/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 45aad | population_density_km2 = 43.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 113 | population_density_rank = 176aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.950 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MOZ|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mozambique)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|date=10 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125922/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=688,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,730<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 182aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.770 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 120aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $663<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183rd | Gini = 49.6 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.493 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2024|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 183aad | currency = [[Mozambican metical|Metical]] | currency_code = MZN | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+258]] | cctld = [[.mz]] | official_website = {{URL|portaldogoverno.gov.mz}} | footnotes = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 62.0% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ** 27.3% [[Catholic Church in Mozambique|Kaatoolig]] ** 16.7% [[Evangelicalism|Injiili]] ** 16.3% [[Zionist churches|Masiixiyada Sahyuuniyada]] ** 1.7% [[Anglicanism|Anglikan]] {{Tree list/end}} |19.1% [[Islam in Mozambique|Islaam]] |13.5% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |4.3% diimaha kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Traditional African religion|Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]], Yuhuudda, [[Hinduism|Hindooga]], iyo [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaaci]].}} |1.2% aan la garanayn }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.mz/web/guest/d/indicadores-socio-demograficos-mocambique-20062022|title=Indicadores sócio-demográficos Moçambique|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatistica|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> | today = }} '''Musanbiig''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|oʊ|z|æ|m|ˈ|b|iː|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Mozambique.wav}}; {{langx|pt|Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}; {{langx|ny|Mozambiki}}; {{langx|ts|Muzambhiki}}; {{langx|sw|Msumbiji}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique''',{{efn|{{lang|pt|República de Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]] kaasoo ay bari ka xigto Badweynta Hindiya, waqooyina [[Tanzania]], waqooyi-galbeedna [[Malawi]] iyo [[Zambia]], galbeedna [[Zimbabwe]], iyo [[Eswatini]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur iyo koonfur-galbeed. [[Sovereign state|Dawladda madaxabannaan]] waxaa laga sifeeyay [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], iyo [[Madagascar]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Mozambique Channel|Marinka Mozambique]] ee dhanka bari. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Maputo]]. Xilliyadii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 7aad iyo 11aad, taxane magaalooyin xeebeed Sawaaxili ah ayaa ka dhashay aaggan, kuwaas oo gacan ka geystay horumarinta [[Swahili culture|dhaqan Sawaaxili]] oo kala duwan iyo lahjad u gaar ah. Dabayaaqadii xilligii dhexe, magaalooyinkan waxaa inta badan u soo dhowaan jiray ganacsato ka timid Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, [[Egypt|Masar]], Carabta, Faaris, iyo [[India|Hindiya]].<ref>Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017</ref> Socdaalkii [[Vasco da Gama]] ee 1498 wuxuu calaamadiyay imaatinka [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska]], kuwaas oo bilaabay geeddi-socod tartiib-tartiib ah oo gumeysi iyo deegaanayn ah sannadkii 1505. Ka dib in ka badan afar qarni oo ay jirtay [[Portuguese Mozambique|maamulkii Bortuqiiska ee Mozambique]], Mozambique waxay [[Mozambican War of Independence|heshay madaxbannaani]] sannadkii 1975, iyadoo noqotay [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] waxyar ka dib. Ka dib laba sanno oo kaliya oo madaxbannaani ah, dalku wuxuu u dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo xooggan oo daba-dheeraaday [[Mozambican Civil War|kaas oo socday 1977 ilaa 1992]]. Sannadkii 1994, Mozambique waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee xisbiyada badan, tan iyo markaasna waxay ahayd [[Presidential system|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] oo xasilloon, in kasta oo ay weli wajahayso [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|gabhanno hubeysan oo heer hoose ah]] gaar ahaan gobollada ugu fog caasimadda koonfureed iyo meelaha uu Islaamku ku xooggan yahay. Mozambique waxay ku haysataa kheyraad dabiici ah oo qani ah oo aad u ballaaran. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay kalluumeysiga—inta badanna [[Mollusca|argoosatada]], [[crustacean|unonada]] iyo [[echinoderm|waxyabaha badda]]—iyo beeraha iyada oo ay jirto wershado sii kordhaya oo cuntada iyo cabitaanka, wax-soo-saarka kiimikada, aluminiumka iyo saliidda ah. Qaybta dalxiiska ayaa sii fidaysa. GDP-ga Mozambique wuxuu si weyn u koray wixii ka dambeeyay 2001, laakiin tan iyo 2014/15, waxaa la arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid isticmaalka dhabta ah ee qoysaska iyo kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid [[economic inequality|sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaalaha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research|title=The evolution of inequality in Mozambique|url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|access-date=31 March 2024|series=WIDER Working Paper|date=2022|language=en|doi=10.35188/unu-wider/2022/284-3|last1=Barletta|first1=Giulia|last2=Ibraimo|first2=Maimuna|last3=Salvucci|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Sarmento|first4=Enilde Francisco|last5=Tarp|first5=Finn|hdl=10419/273939|place=Helsinki|isbn=978-92-9267-284-3|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331195447/https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaranku wuxuu weli dhex fadhiyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna [[Least developed countries|horumarka hooseeya]] adduunka,<ref>[http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf Investing in rural people in Mozambique] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=20150427212809 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427212809/http://ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=27 April 2015 }}. ifad.org</ref> isagoo darajo hoose kaga jira [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba]], [[List of countries by Human Development Index|horumarka aadanaha]], cabirrada [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|sinnaan la'aanta]] iyo celceliska [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]].<ref name=CIA/> Dadka Mozambique oo qiyaastii ah 34,777,605 marka loo eego qiyaasaha 2024 (kor u kac 2.96% ah marka loo eego 2023) waxay ka kooban yihiin wax ka badan 2,000 oo kooxood oo qowmiyadeed waxaana si awood leh u aqlabiyad ah [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, luqadda rasmiga ah ee kaliya ee dalka waa [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]], taas oo looga hadlo meelaha magaalooyinka ah sida luqadda koowaad ama labaad inta badan, guud ahaan ahaanna ah [[lingua franca]] u dhaxeysa dhalinyarada reer Mozambique ee helay waxbarashada rasmiga ah. Luqadaha maxaliga ah ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], iyo [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]. [[Glottolog]] wuxuu taxay 46 luqadood oo looga hadlo dalka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.7 – Languages of Mozambique|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|access-date=10 January 2023|website=glottolog.org|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110141558/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah ay tahay luqadda dhegoolaha (Luqadda Dhegoolaha ee Mozambique/''Língua de sinais de Moçambique''). [[Religion in Mozambique|Diinta ugu caansan]] Mozambique waa Masiixiyadda, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro laga tiro badan yahay oo raacsan Islaamka iyo [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]]. ==Asalka magaca== Dalka waxaa loogu magac daray Moçambique Bortuqiisku ka dib [[Island of Mozambique|Jasiiradda Mozambique]], taas oo laga soo qaatay midkood [[Mussa Bin Bique]], ''Musa Al Big,'' ''Mossa Al Bique'', ''Mussa Ben Mbiki'' ama ''Mussa Ibn Malik'', oo ahaa ganacsade Carbeed oo markii ugu horreysay booqday jasiiradda ka dibna degay halkaas<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630040028/http://www.ilhademo.net/history.html History]. ilhademo.net</ref> isagoo weli noolaa markii [[Vasco da Gama]] uu soo caga dhigtay jasiiradda sannadkii 1498.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=M. D. D. Newitt|title=The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche|journal=The Journal of African History|date=1972|volume=13|issue=3|page=398|doi=10.1017/S0021853700011713|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=180586}}</ref> Jasiiradda-magaalada waxay ahayd caasimadda gumeysiga Bortuqiiska ilaa 1898, markaas oo loo raray koonfurta xagga Lourenço Marques (hadda ah [[Maputo]]). ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} pe8l05hqir5occ3sb5mt85ig6s8m2ku 301763 301762 2026-07-11T16:55:24Z Videoiib7 46243 301763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique | common_name = Mozambique | native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Moçambique}} | image_flag = Flag of Mozambique.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Mozambique.svg | symbol_type = Astaan | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Pátria Amada]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Dhul hooyo oo la Jeclaysan yahay"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Maputo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|57|S|32|35|E|type:city_region:MZ}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]] | regional_languages = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = u dhashay deegaanka | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |99.0% [[Demographics of Mozambique|Afrikaan]]{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Makua people|Makhuwa]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], iyo kooxaha kale ee qowmiyaddaha Afrikaanka ah.}} |0.8% [[Mestiço]] |0.1% [[Portuguese Mozambicans|Caddaan]] |0.1% kuwa kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira kuwa ka soo jeeda Aasiya}}}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=Census2017>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|title=Censo 2017 Brochura dos Resultados Definitivos do IV RGPH – Nacional|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515170335/http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | demonym = Reer Mozambique | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo xisbi-gabaray leh<ref name="SpL">{{cite SSRN|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=September 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns|url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies|location=United States|publisher=University of California San Diego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=December 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns|journal=French Politics|volume=3|issue=3|pages=323–351|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087|s2cid=73642272|quote=Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.|doi-access=free}}</ref> oo hoos timaada dawlad [[Authoritarianism|kelitalis]] ah<ref name="Nhamirre">{{cite journal|last=Nhamirre|first=Borges Joaquim Faduco|date=August 2025|title=Rigging by the state apparatus: systemic electoral fraud in Mozambique jeopardizes the credibility of democracy and creates room for political violence|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=7 |article-number=1479440 |location=Switzerland|publisher=Frontiers|doi=10.3389/fpos.2025.1479440 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Joseph|date=2024|title=25 years of electoral fraud, protected by secrecy|url=https://www.cipmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/25-years-of-electoral-fraud.pdf|journal=Centro de Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)|location=Mozambique|publisher=Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Mozambique|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Daniel Chapo]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mozambique|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maria Benvinda Levy]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]]}} | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Aqalka Jamhuuriyadda]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[National Salvation Junta|Bortuqaal]] | established_event1 = [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique-tii Bortuqiiska]] | established_date1 = 1505–1975 | established_event2 = [[Mozambican War of Independence|Dagaalkii Madaxbannaanida Mozambique]] | established_date2 = 25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974 | established_event3 = [[Lusaka Accord|La siiyay madaxbannaanida]] | established_date3 = 25 June 1975 | established_event4 = [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] | established_date4 = 25 June 1975 - 30 November 1990 | established_event5 = [[Mozambican Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye]] | established_date5 = 1977–1992 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mozambique|Constitution-ka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 21 December 2004 | area_km2 = 801,590 | area_rank = 35aad | area_sq_mi = 309,496 | percent_water = 2.2 | population_estimate = 34,881,007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|title=Mozambique Population (2024) - Worldometer|access-date=30 September 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053022/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 45aad | population_density_km2 = 43.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 113 | population_density_rank = 176aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.950 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MOZ|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mozambique)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|date=10 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125922/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=688,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,730<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 182aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.770 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 120aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $663<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183rd | Gini = 49.6 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.493 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2024|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 183aad | currency = [[Mozambican metical|Metical]] | currency_code = MZN | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+258]] | cctld = [[.mz]] | official_website = {{URL|portaldogoverno.gov.mz}} | footnotes = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 62.0% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ** 27.3% [[Catholic Church in Mozambique|Kaatoolig]] ** 16.7% [[Evangelicalism|Injiili]] ** 16.3% [[Zionist churches|Masiixiyada Sahyuuniyada]] ** 1.7% [[Anglicanism|Anglikan]] {{Tree list/end}} |19.1% [[Islam in Mozambique|Islaam]] |13.5% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |4.3% diimaha kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Traditional African religion|Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]], Yuhuudda, [[Hinduism|Hindooga]], iyo [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaaci]].}} |1.2% aan la garanayn }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.mz/web/guest/d/indicadores-socio-demograficos-mocambique-20062022|title=Indicadores sócio-demográficos Moçambique|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatistica|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> | today = }} '''Musanbiig''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|oʊ|z|æ|m|ˈ|b|iː|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Mozambique.wav}}; {{langx|pt|Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}; {{langx|ny|Mozambiki}}; {{langx|ts|Muzambhiki}}; {{langx|sw|Msumbiji}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Musanbiig''',{{efn|{{lang|pt|República de Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]] kaasoo ay bari ka xigto Badweynta Hindiya, waqooyina [[Tanzania]], waqooyi-galbeedna [[Malawi]] iyo [[Zambia]], galbeedna [[Zimbabwe]], iyo [[Eswatini]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur iyo koonfur-galbeed. [[Sovereign state|Dawladda madaxabannaan]] waxaa laga sifeeyay [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], iyo [[Madagascar]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Mozambique Channel|Marinka Mozambique]] ee dhanka bari. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Maputo]]. Xilliyadii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 7aad iyo 11aad, taxane magaalooyin xeebeed Sawaaxili ah ayaa ka dhashay aaggan, kuwaas oo gacan ka geystay horumarinta [[Swahili culture|dhaqan Sawaaxili]] oo kala duwan iyo lahjad u gaar ah. Dabayaaqadii xilligii dhexe, magaalooyinkan waxaa inta badan u soo dhowaan jiray ganacsato ka timid Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, [[Egypt|Masar]], Carabta, Faaris, iyo [[India|Hindiya]].<ref>Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017</ref> Socdaalkii [[Vasco da Gama]] ee 1498 wuxuu calaamadiyay imaatinka [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska]], kuwaas oo bilaabay geeddi-socod tartiib-tartiib ah oo gumeysi iyo deegaanayn ah sannadkii 1505. Ka dib in ka badan afar qarni oo ay jirtay [[Portuguese Mozambique|maamulkii Bortuqiiska ee Mozambique]], Mozambique waxay [[Mozambican War of Independence|heshay madaxbannaani]] sannadkii 1975, iyadoo noqotay [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] waxyar ka dib. Ka dib laba sanno oo kaliya oo madaxbannaani ah, dalku wuxuu u dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo xooggan oo daba-dheeraaday [[Mozambican Civil War|kaas oo socday 1977 ilaa 1992]]. Sannadkii 1994, Mozambique waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee xisbiyada badan, tan iyo markaasna waxay ahayd [[Presidential system|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] oo xasilloon, in kasta oo ay weli wajahayso [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|gabhanno hubeysan oo heer hoose ah]] gaar ahaan gobollada ugu fog caasimadda koonfureed iyo meelaha uu Islaamku ku xooggan yahay. Mozambique waxay ku haysataa kheyraad dabiici ah oo qani ah oo aad u ballaaran. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay kalluumeysiga—inta badanna [[Mollusca|argoosatada]], [[crustacean|unonada]] iyo [[echinoderm|waxyabaha badda]]—iyo beeraha iyada oo ay jirto wershado sii kordhaya oo cuntada iyo cabitaanka, wax-soo-saarka kiimikada, aluminiumka iyo saliidda ah. Qaybta dalxiiska ayaa sii fidaysa. GDP-ga Mozambique wuxuu si weyn u koray wixii ka dambeeyay 2001, laakiin tan iyo 2014/15, waxaa la arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid isticmaalka dhabta ah ee qoysaska iyo kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid [[economic inequality|sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaalaha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research|title=The evolution of inequality in Mozambique|url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|access-date=31 March 2024|series=WIDER Working Paper|date=2022|language=en|doi=10.35188/unu-wider/2022/284-3|last1=Barletta|first1=Giulia|last2=Ibraimo|first2=Maimuna|last3=Salvucci|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Sarmento|first4=Enilde Francisco|last5=Tarp|first5=Finn|hdl=10419/273939|place=Helsinki|isbn=978-92-9267-284-3|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331195447/https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaranku wuxuu weli dhex fadhiyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna [[Least developed countries|horumarka hooseeya]] adduunka,<ref>[http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf Investing in rural people in Mozambique] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=20150427212809 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427212809/http://ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=27 April 2015 }}. ifad.org</ref> isagoo darajo hoose kaga jira [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba]], [[List of countries by Human Development Index|horumarka aadanaha]], cabirrada [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|sinnaan la'aanta]] iyo celceliska [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]].<ref name=CIA/> Dadka Mozambique oo qiyaastii ah 34,777,605 marka loo eego qiyaasaha 2024 (kor u kac 2.96% ah marka loo eego 2023) waxay ka kooban yihiin wax ka badan 2,000 oo kooxood oo qowmiyadeed waxaana si awood leh u aqlabiyad ah [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, luqadda rasmiga ah ee kaliya ee dalka waa [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]], taas oo looga hadlo meelaha magaalooyinka ah sida luqadda koowaad ama labaad inta badan, guud ahaan ahaanna ah [[lingua franca]] u dhaxeysa dhalinyarada reer Mozambique ee helay waxbarashada rasmiga ah. Luqadaha maxaliga ah ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], iyo [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]. [[Glottolog]] wuxuu taxay 46 luqadood oo looga hadlo dalka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.7 – Languages of Mozambique|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|access-date=10 January 2023|website=glottolog.org|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110141558/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah ay tahay luqadda dhegoolaha (Luqadda Dhegoolaha ee Mozambique/''Língua de sinais de Moçambique''). [[Religion in Mozambique|Diinta ugu caansan]] Mozambique waa Masiixiyadda, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro laga tiro badan yahay oo raacsan Islaamka iyo [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]]. ==Asalka magaca== Dalka waxaa loogu magac daray Moçambique Bortuqiisku ka dib [[Island of Mozambique|Jasiiradda Mozambique]], taas oo laga soo qaatay midkood [[Mussa Bin Bique]], ''Musa Al Big,'' ''Mossa Al Bique'', ''Mussa Ben Mbiki'' ama ''Mussa Ibn Malik'', oo ahaa ganacsade Carbeed oo markii ugu horreysay booqday jasiiradda ka dibna degay halkaas<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630040028/http://www.ilhademo.net/history.html History]. ilhademo.net</ref> isagoo weli noolaa markii [[Vasco da Gama]] uu soo caga dhigtay jasiiradda sannadkii 1498.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=M. D. D. Newitt|title=The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche|journal=The Journal of African History|date=1972|volume=13|issue=3|page=398|doi=10.1017/S0021853700011713|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=180586}}</ref> Jasiiradda-magaalada waxay ahayd caasimadda gumeysiga Bortuqiiska ilaa 1898, markaas oo loo raray koonfurta xagga Lourenço Marques (hadda ah [[Maputo]]). ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 0y1y8rlqkjubp8ezn4txee3x8f7uhyh 4 2702 301822 295481 2026-07-12T03:37:25Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Masaxay bogga 301822 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 301838 301822 2026-07-12T03:47:12Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Shibis]] ilaa [[Wikipedia:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301822 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 3026 301957 300278 2026-07-12T10:12:53Z BARRE IBRAAHIM FAARAX 46449 301957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|right|150px]] [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]] '''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]] [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo [[Fiyena]] u dhashay ee dalka [[Awstriya]] iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka|Dagaalkii Aduunka 2aad]] iyo [[Holokost]]. Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa [[Sharcidajin|sharci-darro]]. In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Shikgrubler, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler. Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin. =Nolosha hore= Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]]. Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas. Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa. Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare. Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan. Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo [[Fiyena]]. Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka. Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo. Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Fieyna. [[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]]. Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn; laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad. Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres. Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres. Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay. Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta; geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah. Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul . =Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka= [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]] Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin "Fikirka Qaranka" ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan [[Jamhuriyadda]] Viiyemar Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha [[Jarmalka]] (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga "aan Yuhuudi ahayn" iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay [[Luuliyo]] [[29]], 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan. Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray [[Yuhuudda]], dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa [[:en:Rudolf Hess|Rudolf Hess]], duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff ===Afgambigii [[:en:Beer Hall Putsch trial|Beer Haawl]] l'fashilmay=== Sannadkii 1923, ciidamada Nazi waxay isku dayeen afgambi ka dhan ah dowladda, laakiin isku daygii wuu fashilmay wuxuuna sababay in la xiro Adolf Hitler, oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii xisbiga xilligaas. Goobta Beer Putsiih waxay ahayd isku day afgambi oo fashilmay oo ay Hitler iyo Xisbiga Nazi ku doonayeen inay xukunka kula wareegaan Bavaria iyo Jarmalka. Isku dayga ayaa bilaabmay fiidkii Noofambar 8 wuxuuna socday ilaa duhurnimadii Noofambar 9, 1923. Adolf Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u adeegsado magaca Jeneraal Erich Ludendorff sidii afgambigii, kaasoo ku dhammaaday fashil weyn iyo xariggii hoggaamiyihii Xisbiga Nazi, Adolf Hitler.[[File:242-HF-0804_001_Beginnings_of_the_Nazi_Movement_Deutscher_Tag_Coburg_14-15_Oct_1922_NSDAP_Hitlerbewegung_SA_Sturmabteilung_Graf_Alfarth_Rosenberg_Schaub_Esser_Feder_Dietrich_Weber_Alpers_etc_Swastikas_Deutschvölkisch_NARA_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Isku day lagu abaabulayo afgambi lagu qabsanayo awoodda Berlin]] ===Ryiikh-ka 3aad=== [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1202-504,_Berlin,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Hermann_Göring.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler Iyo Saaxiibkiisa Hermaan Gooriing]] Ka dib markii uu xoojiyay awooddiisa siyaasadeed sannadkii 1933, Hitler wuxuu isku dayay inuu taageero dadweyne u helo siyaasadihiisa isagoo ku qanciyay inta badan dadka Jarmalka inuu ka badbaadin doono hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee adduunka, Heshiiska Versailles, shuuciga, "Bolsheviks-ka Yuhuudda" (kuwaas oo si xun u saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa shuuciga ee u dhexeeyay labadii dagaal ee adduunka), iyo saameynta dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee kale ee "aan loo baahnayn". Naasiyiintu waxay tirtireen dhammaan mucaaradkii iyagoo adeegsanaya hab ay ugu yeereen "isku-dubaridka dhammaan nidaamyada" iyo is-dhexgalkooda hal nidaam. ===Dhisidda xulafooyin leh dhidibka=== [[File:Adolf_Hitler_en_visite_en_Italie.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler Iyo Hogaamiyihii Talyaanigi faashiistaha [[Benito Mussolini]]]] Jarmalka ayaa ka soo baxay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka isagoo guuldarro ceeb ah la kulmay, taasoo ku qasabtay inay saxiixdo Heshiiskii [[Versailles]]. Heshiiskan wuxuu Jarmalka ka qaaday mas'uuliyadda dagaalka wuxuuna ku qasbay inay magdhow siiso dadkii ay dhibaatadu soo gaartay, taasoo culays ku saartay dhaqaalaha Jarmalka iyo dadka dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u weyn. Waxay sidoo kale kor u qaadday dareen ceeb iyo rabitaan ah in la soo celiyo sharaftii lumay ee qaranka. Siyaasad ahaan, guuldarradu waxay horseeday burburkii Reich-kii Labaad iyo aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Weimar. Jamhuuriyadda Weimar waxay bilowday barnaamij dib-u-habayn qarsoodi ah, taasoo jebisay shuruudaha [[:en:Treaty of Versailles|Heshiiska Versailles]]. Barnaamij-Kaan wuxuu ahaa mid xaddidan ilaa uu xukunka qabtay Adolf Hitler 1933. Waqtigaas, barnaamijka waxaa la siiyay mudnaanta koowaad, taasoo lagama maarmaan u ahayd xoojinta xiriirka dhaqaale ee lala leeyahay waddamada hodanka ku ah agabka ceeriin ee loo baahan yahay warshadaha militariga, sida [[Shiinaha]]. Xilligii Nazi-ga ee ka horreeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa ka dhacay isbeddello badan oo ku yimid siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka, oo ay ku jiraan: Hagaajinta xiriirka [[Boland]] inkastoo Heshiiskii Versailles uu dhul Jarmal ah u dhiibay Poland, kaas oo markii dambe Jarmalka ku daray bilowgii dagaalka. Joojinta xiriirka [[Shiinaha]] iyo saxiixa Heshiiska Aksiis ee [[Jabaan]]. Gelitaanka isbahaysi lala galay [[Talyaaniga]] inkastoo ay ka baxeen xerada [[Jarmalka]] ee Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, fal loo arkay khiyaano militari iyo qodob weyn oo ka mid ah guuldarradii [[Jarmalka]]. ===[[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka|Dagaalka Aduunka ee 2aad]]=== Bishii Febraayo 1938, Hitler ugu dambeyntii wuxuu xalliyay dhibaatadii qabsatay siyaasadda Jarmalka ee ku saabsan Bariga Fog: doorashada u dhaxaysa ilaalinta isbahaysiga aan rasmiga ahayn ee Sino-Jarmalka ee laga soo bilaabo 1911 ama gelitaanka isbahaysi cusub oo lala galo [[Jabaan]]. Waqtigaas, ciidanku waxay si weyn u taageereen Jarmalka inay sii wadaan isbahaysigooda Shiinaha. Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Konstantin von Neurath iyo Wasiirka Dagaalka Werner von Blumberg, oo loogu magac daray "lobby-ga Shiinaha," waxay ahaayeen kuwo taageersan Shiinaha waxayna isku dayeen inay siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka ka jeediyaan ku lug lahaanshaha dagaal kasta oo Yurub ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Hitler wuxuu shaqada ka eryay labada wasiir horraantii 1938. Isagoo raacaya talada Wasiirkiisii Arrimaha Dibadda ee dhawaan loo magacaabay, Joachim von Ribbentrop oo si xooggan u taageersan Jabbaan, Hitler wuxuu doortay inuu soo afjaro isbahaysiga uu la leeyahay Shiinaha isagoo u hiilinaya isbahaysi uu la leeyahay Jabbaan oo awood badan oo ilbax ah. Mid ka mid ah khudbadihiisii uu u jeediyay Reichstag, Hitler wuxuu ka hadlay aqoonsiga Jarmalka ee dawladda Manchukuo. Gobol ku yaal Manchuria waxaa qabsaday Japan, kaas oo markaa ku dhaqmay madax-bannaani magac u yaal ah. Jarmalka ayaa ka tanaasulay sheegashadiisii gumaystayaashii hore ee Baasifigga.[59] Hitler wuxuu amray in la joojiyo shixnadaha hubka ee loo dirayo Shiinaha, wuxuuna dib u soo celiyay dhammaan saraakiishii Jarmalka ee ka tirsanaa ciidamada Shiinaha. Si uu uga aarguto Jarmalka oo joojiyay taageeradii uu siin jiray Shiinaha dagaalkii ka dhanka ahaa Japan, Jeneraal Chiang Kai-shek wuxuu baabi'iyay heshiisyadii dhaqaale ee u dhexeeyay Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka. Natiijo ahaan, Jarmalka waxaa laga qaaday agabkii ceeriin, sida tungsten, oo Shiinuhu hore u bixiyay. Dhammaadka isbahaysiga Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka ayaa sii xumeeyay dhibaatooyinka dib-u-habaynta Jarmalka, iyadoo hadda lagu qasbay inay ka faa'iidaysato kaydka lacagta qalaad ee xaddidan si ay u iibsato agabyada ceeriin ee suuqa furan. ===Heshiiska Muniik 1938=== [[File:Munich_conference(1938).png|thumb|Hitler oo midig jooga, [[Mussolini]] oo dhexda jooga, iyo Chamberlain oo bidixda fog jooga.]] Shirkii hal maalin socday ee ka dhacay [[München|Muniik]], oo ay ka soo qaybgaleen Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, iyo [[Mussolini]], ayaa la saxiixay Heshiiskii Muniik, kaas oo daboolay dalabaadka Hitler isla markaana dhulalka ku yaal dhulka Ardayda loogu wareejiyay Jarmalka. Maadaama [[London]] iyo [[Baariis]] ay horey u ogolaadeen fikradda ah in dhulka lagu muransan yahay lagu wareejiyo Jarmalka bartamihii [[Sebteembar]], shirku wuxuu ku qaatay hal maalin oo keliya isagoo ka hadlaya farsamooyinka sida loo fulin doono wareejinta. Shirku wuxuu sidoo kale ka hadlay tanaasulaadka yar yar ee Hitler sameyn doono: wareejinta waxay dhici doontaa toban maalmood gudahood bisha Oktoobar, iyadoo la siinayo amar caalami ah oo lagu kormeerayo geeddi-socodka, Jarmalkana wuxuu sugi doonaa ilaa laga gaaro heshiisyada [[Hungariya]] iyo [[Boland]]. Markii shirka la soo gabagabeeyay, Hitler wuxuu saxiixay Heshiis Saaxiibtinimo oo [[Jarmal]] iyo [[Ingiriis]] ah, kaas oo Chamberlain uu rajo weyn ka qabay, halka Hitler uusan tixgelin badan siinin. Inkasta oo Chamberlain uu ku qancay Shirka Munich; In kasta oo uu si been abuur ah u sheegay in shirku uu "dammaanad qaaday nabad waqtigaas," Hitler wuxuu si gudaha ah uga xanaaqay inuu "ka tanaasulo" dagaalkii uu rajeynayay inuu qaado 1938. Natiijo ahaan, Hitler wuxuu ku guuleystay ra'yi ururintii Ninka Sannadka ee joornaalka Time sannadkii 1938. ===Weerar lagu qaaday [[Boland]]=== Marka laga eego aragtida Hitler—iyadoo la tixgelinayo habkiisa ka soo horjeeda Ingiriiska—waxay ahayd lagama maarmaan in Boland lagu daro Jarmalka iyadoo ah dawlad macaamiil ah ama xitaa dawlad dhexdhexaad ah oo ku jirta khilaafkan. Hitler wuxuu aaminsanaa in gaaritaanka arrintan ay tahay baahi istiraatiiji ah, maadaama ay sugi doonto dhinaca bari ee Ryiikh-ka, iyo baahi dhaqaale, maadaama ay ka fogaan doonto saameynta xun ee go'doominta Ingiriiska. Hamiga ugu weyn ee Jarmalka wuxuu ahaa inuu Boland u beddelo dawlad macaamiil ah, laakiin bishii Maarso 1939, markii Boland ay saddex jeer diiday dalabaadka Jarmalka, Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu burburiyo Poland oo ah ujeeddada ugu weyn ee siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda Jarmalka sannadkii 1939. Abriil 3, 1939, Hitler wuxuu amray ciidamadiisa militariga inay bilaabaan diyaargarowga qorshaha loo yaqaan duullaanka Boland (Jarmal ahaan: Fall Weiss). Qorshahani wuxuu ku baaqay in duullaanka Jarmalka uu dhaco Agoosto 25, 1939. Bishii Agoosto 1939, Hitler wuxuu la hadlay taliyayaashiisa militariga qorshihiisa ugu weyn ee 1939, isagoo leh: "In la dhiso xiriir la aqbali karo oo u dhexeeya Jarmalka iyo Poland si loola dagaallamo Galbeedka." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maadaama reer Boland aysan ogolaan inay la shaqeeyaan Jarmalka si ay u sameeyaan "xiriir la aqbali karo" (oo macnaheedu yahay inay aqbalaan Boland inay noqoto dowlad dayax-gacmeed Jarmal ah), Hitler wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyay inaysan jirin wax beddel ah oo ka duwan baabi'inta Poland oo dhan. Taariikhyahan Gerhard Weinberg wuxuu sharraxay in taageerayaasha Hitler ay ku jireen qayb ka mid ah dadweynaha oo aaminsanaa burburka Boland (dareenka ka soo horjeeda Boolish ah aad buu ugu xoog badnaa ciidanka Jarmalka), laakiin waxay u janjeereen inay dagaal la galaan [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] iyo [[Faransiiska]]. Haddii tani ay ahayd qiimaha ay Jarmalku ku bixin lahaayeen burburinta Boland, markaas Hitler waxay u badan tahay inuu ku guuleystay inuu muujiyo rabitaanka dadkiisa qorshahan. Wadahadallo gaar ah oo uu la yeeshay kaaliyayaashiisa, Hitler wuxuu si joogto ah ugu tilmaamay Ingiriiska cadowga koowaad ee Jarmalka, mid ay tahay in laga adkaado. Aragtidiisa, baabi'inta Poland waxay ahayd horudhac lagama maarmaan ah si loo gaaro yoolkiisa ah inuu sugo garabka bari ee Jarmalka iyo ballaarinta Lebensraum (meesha lagu nool yahay). Isagoo aad uga xumaaday "ballanqaadka" Ingiriiska ee ah inuu ilaaliyo madaxbannaanida [[Boland]], oo lagu dhawaaqay Maarso 31, 1939, Hitler wuxuu u sheegay kaaliyayaashiisa inuu "ka dhigi doono Ingiriiska koobka qadhaadhka ah ilaa ay ka baryaan naxariis." Khudbaddiisii uu ka jeediyay Wilhelmshaven, wuxuu ku celiyay dareenkan. Heshiiskii Muniik wuxuu ku filnaa inuu burburiyo rajadii ugu dambeysay ee ka jirtay goobo ka mid ah Soofiyeedka ee "heshiis amni oo wadajir ah." Agoosto 23, 1939, [[Joseph Stalin]] wuxuu aqbalay dalabka Hitler ee heshiis aan gardarro ahayn (Heshiiskii Molotov-Ribbentrop), kaas oo qodobbadiisa qarsoon ay qeexayeen kala qaybinta Poland. Sababaha ka dambeeya doorashooyinka siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Hitler sanadkii 1939 ayaa weli ah mawduuc taariikhi ah oo aad looga dooday. Aragti, oo uu qabo taariikhyahankii Marxist Timothy Mason, ayaa ah in dhibaatada ka jirta qaab-dhismeedka dhaqaalaha dalka ay Hitler ku qasabtay inuu "u baxsado dagaalka." Aragti kale, oo uu taageeray taariikhyahankii dhaqaalaha Richard Overy, ayaa ku doodaysa in ficillada Hitler ay si weyn u saameeyeen arrimo aan dhaqaale ahayn. Taariikhyahannada ka dooday arrintan, sida William Carr, Gerhard Weinberg, iyo Ian Kershaw, waxay aaminsan yihiin in mid ka mid ah sababaha aan dhaqaale ahayn ee horseeday in Hitler uu ku degdego dagaalka ay ahayd cabsidiisa xun ee dhimashadiisa soo socota; sidaas darteed, dareenka ah inuu waqti yar u haray si uu u xaqiijiyo himilooyinkiisa. Maalmihii ugu dambeeyay ee nabadda, Hitler wuxuu ka labalabeeyey go'aankiisa ah inuu la dagaallamo quwadaha reer Galbeedka haddii loo baahdo iyo qorshayaashiisa kala duwan ee uu Ingiriisku uga ilaalinayo dagaalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Hitler waligiis kama laaban doono yoolkiisa ah inuu duullaan ku qaado Boland. Sababaha ku guuleystay in Hitler lagu qanciyo inuu dib u dhigo weerarkii qorshaysnaa ee Poland muddo gaaban laga bilaabo [[Agoosto]] 25 ilaa Sebtembar 1 waxay ahaayeen warka uu helay ee ku saabsan saxiixa isbahaysiga Anglo-Boolish Agoosto 25 si looga jawaabo heshiiska aan gardarrada ahayn ee Jarmalka iyo Ruushka (halkii uu xoojin lahaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya London iyo Warsaw sida Ribbentrop uu saadaaliyay), iyo sidoo kale warka uu ka helay [[Talyaaniga]] ee ah in [[Mussolini]] uusan u hoggaansami doonin heshiiska loo yaqaan Heshiiska Saaxiibtinimada iyo Isbahaysiga ee u dhexeeya Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga (Ingiriis: Heshiiska Birta) (Jarmal: Stahlpakt) (Talyaani: Patto d'Acciaio). Hitler wuxuu doortay inuu maalmihiisii ugu dambeeyay ee nabadda ku qaato isagoo isku dayaya inuu dhexdhexaadiyo Ingiriiska isagoo adeegsanaya "dammaanad qaad ilaalin iyo gardarro la'aan" oo uu siiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska [[Agoosto]] [[25]], 1939, ama isagoo Ribbentrop u diray Henderson qorshe nabadeed oo daqiiqaddii ugu dambeysay ah oo ay ku jirto waqti aan macquul ahayn, taasoo u oggolaanaysa inuu Ingiriiska iyo Poland ku eedeeyo inay sabab u yihiin dagaalka. Sebtembar 1, 1939, [[Jarmalka]] wuxuu ku duulay galbeedka Boland. Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska waxay ku dhawaaqeen dagaal ka dhan ah Jarmalka Sebtembar 3, laakiin ma aysan qaadin tallaabo degdeg ah si ay u dhaqan geliyaan. Hitler aad buu uga niyad jabay oo ula yaabay markii uu helay ku dhawaaqista dagaalka Ingiriiska Sebtembar 3, 1939. Wuxuu u jeestay Ribbentrop wuxuuna weydiiyay, "Maxaan sameyn doonnaa hadda?" Ribbentrop ma uusan dhihin marka laga reebo in safiirka Faransiiska, Robert koolonaade, uu maalinta dambe soo bandhigi karo ku dhawaaqista dagaalka Faransiiska ee Jarmalka. Wax yar ka dib, [[Sebtembar]] 17, ciidamada Ruushku waxay weerareen bariga [[Boland]] ===Buugga ''Halgankayga''=== [[File:Minha_Luta_-_Mein_Kampf_-_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb|Waa Buugtii ee Halgankayga ([[Af Jarmal]] ahaan: Mein Kampf)]] Halgankayga ([[Af Jarmal]]: Mein Kampf) waa buug uu qoray Adolf Hitler. Waxa uu isku daraa qaybo ka mid ah taariikh nololeedka iyo sharraxaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan aragtiyaha Nazi-ga ee Hitler. Mugga koowaad waxaa la daabacay 1925-kii, kan labaadna 1926-kii. Waxaa tafatiray Bernhard Stempfel, kaasoo la dilay [[habeenkii Mindiyaha Dheer]]. "[[Boland]] uma muuqan doonto sidii ay uga muuqatay Heshiiskii [[Versailles]]; tani waa hadalkii Nazi iyo [[Ruushka]] sidoo kale." Hitler buugiisa "Halgankayga". [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500,_Reichstag,_Begrüßung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb|Hitler oo salaamaya "Naasiga" bartamihii 1939 ka dib markii uu qabsaday Boland]] ===Weerar lagu qaaday [[Faransiiska|E'fransiiska]]=== Weerarkii Jarmalka wuxuu bilaabmay may [[10]], 1940, iyadoo baarashuut lagu soo dejiyay [[Holland]] iyo [[Beljim]]. Dejintan waxaa sameeyay Qaybta 7aad ee Cirka oo ay hoos yimaadaan Kurt Student iyo Qaybta 22aad ee Lugta oo ay hoos yimaadaan Sbooniik, oo ay taageerayaan Ciidanka Cirka ee 2aad ee hoos yimaada Albert Kesselring. In kasta oo ay si degdeg ah u weerareen Isbahaysiga, haddana Jarmalka ayaa gacanta sare helay, may 14, Nederlandays-na way is dhiibeen. Dhanka kale, kooxda Rundstedt waxay bilaabeen inay ka gudbaan Kaynta Ardennes una gudbaan Wabiga Meuse. Waxay si guul leh u dhammeeyeen hawlgalkooda, iyagoo si wax ku ool ah u kala saaray ciidamada Isbahaysiga. [[Faransiiska]] (oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Charles de Gaulle]]) waxay isku dayeen weerar rogaal celis ah [[Maajo]] [[17]] iyo [[19]], halka Ingiriisku ay bilaabeen weerar rogaal celis ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Xulafada ayaa ku guuldareystay inay dib u ururiyaan ciidamadooda. Maajo 20, ciidamada Guderian waxay gaareen Noyelles oo ku taal xeebta, sidaas darteedna waxay dhammaystireen kala-soocidda ciidamada Isbahaysiga. Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Faransiiska [[:en:Paul Reynaud|Bawl Riinowaad]] wuxuu isku dayay inuu badbaadiyo xaaladda sii xumaanaysa. 17-kii may, wuxuu la xiriiray Taliye Maaksiimy Weygand (oo ku sugnaa [[Suuriya]]) wuxuuna u magacaabay Taliyaha Guud ee Ciidamada Isbahaysiga beddelkii Gamelin. Weygand wuxuu yimid may [[19]], laakiin ma uusan haysan ul sixir ah oo uu xaaladda ku beddelo. [[File:Battle_of_france_positional.png|thumb|Qorshaha lagu weerarayo Faransiiska iyadoo la adeegsanayo "weerar hillaac ah"]] Cadaadiska Jarmalka ee saaran ciidamada Isbahaysiga ee ku hareeraysan waqooyiga ayaa sii socday, 28-kii Maajo, reer Beljimka ayaa is dhiibay ka dib markii ay si xooggan isaga caabiyeen. Ra'iisul Wasaaraha [[Ingiriiska]] [[:en:Winston Churchill|Viinstoon Shuurshiil]], oo xilka la wareegay [[10]]-kii [[Maajo]], 1940, wuxuu aaminsanaa in xalka ugu fiican uu yahay in ciidamada la daadgureeyo si looga fogaado in la qabto, isagoo ujeedkiisu yahay in ugu badnaan 20,000 oo askari la soo saaro. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xulafadu waxay qabteen raad-raac ka yimid Ciidanka Kooxda A, oo uu hoggaaminayo Rundstedt, iyagoo amray in la joojiyo weerarka. Waxaa jira dood ku saabsan in Hitler ama Rundstedt ay ahaayeen isha amarkan, laakiin waxay Isbahaysiga siisay fursad dahabi ah oo ay ku badbaadin karaan ciidamadooda. [[Juun]] [[4]], waxay ku guuleysteen inay daadgureeyaan in ka badan 338,000 oo askari. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ciidanka Koowaad ee [[Faransiiska]] nasiib uma yeelan, maada'ama askartoodu ay ku xayiran yihiin Lille. [[File:Dunkirk_1940_HU1137.jpg|thumb|Daadgureynta Dunkirk sanadkii 1940]] [[File:Winston_Churchill_during_the_General_Election_Campaign_in_1945_HU55965.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Winston Churchill|Viinstoon Shuurshiil]] ayuu yiri ka dib markii ay u baxsadeen Dunkirk : Waligeen is dhiibi mayno !]] ===U baxso Dunkirk=== Maalintii ugu horreysay, 7,669 oo askari oo ka tirsan Isbahaysiga ayaa la daadgureeyay, laakiin dhammaadkii maalintii siddeedaad, 338,226 ayaa la badbaadiyay iyadoo si degdeg ah loo soo abaabulay oo ka kooban in ka badan 800 oo markab. Askar badan ayaa awooday inay raacaan 39 diyaaradood oo wax burburiya Ciidanka Badda Boqortooyada, afar diyaaradood oo wax burburiya Ciidanka Badda Boqortooyada Kanada, ugu yaraan saddex diyaaradood oo wax burburiya Ciidanka Badda Faransiiska, iyo maraakiib ganacsi oo rayid ah oo kala duwan iyagoo maraya biyaha ka soo galaya dekedda. Kuwa kale waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay ka baxaan xeebaha oo ay saacado badan ku sugaan biyaha garbaha. Qaarkood waxaa maraakiibta waaweyn u wareejiyay waxa loogu yeero Dunkirk Littleships, oo ah diyaarad yar oo boqolaal maraakiib ganacsi ah, doonyo kalluumeysi, doonyo raaxo leh, doonyo, iyo doonyo badbaado ah oo laga soo diray [[Ingiriiska]]. IAF waxay lumisay 68,000 oo askari intii lagu jiray ololihii [[Faransiiska]] waxaana lagu qasbay inay ka tagaan ku dhawaad dhammaan taangiyadooda, gawaaridooda, iyo qalabkooda. Khudbaddiisii Juun 4, [[:en:Winston Churchill|Shuurshiil]] wuxuu sidoo kale xasuusiyay dalka, isagoo leh, "Waa inaan aad uga taxaddarnaa inaan tayada guusha ku tilmaamno samatabbixintan. Dagaallada laguma guuleysto daadgureynta." ===Wadada loo maro [[Baariis|Baaris]]=== [[File:Hitler,_Speer_y_Breker_en_París,_23_de_junio_de_1940.jpg|thumb|Hitler Iyo [[:en:Eiffel Tower|Munaaradda Effiel]] Sannadkii 1940-kii]] Isagoo matalaya, wuxuu dagaal ku dhawaaqay [[Ingiriiska]] iyo [[Faransiiska]] [[Juun]] [[10]], haddana ciidankiisu ma aysan gaarin guulo muhiim ah. [[14]]-kii Juun, Jarmalka waxay galeen [[Baariis]]. [[:en:French Resistance|Iska caabinta]] [[Faransiiska]] ma sii socon intaas ka dib. [[Ra'iisul Wasaare]] Riinwaad ayaa iscasilay [[Juun]] [[16]], waxaana ku xigay [[:en:General officer|Jeneraal]] caan ah [[:en:Philippe Pétain|Viilhbee Biitaan]], oo ahaa geesigii [[Dagaalkii Dunida Kowaad]]. Dowladdiisu waxay heshiiska hubka la saxiixatay [[Juun]] [[22]] kaynta kompiegiine, isla meeshii [[Jarmalka|Jarmalku]] ku saxiixay heshiiska hubka sannadkii 1918. [[Juun]] [[24]], waxay heshiis hub la saxiixdeen [[Talyaaniga]], dagaalkuna wuu joogsaday waaberigii maalintii xigtay. ===[[DAGAALKII STALINGRAD|Dagaalka Stalingrad]]=== [[File:Сталинград_-_The_City_That_Stopped_Hitler-_Heroic_Stalingrad_(1943)_фильм_смотреть_онлайн.webm|thumb|Stalingrad ee sanadkii 1943]] Weerarkii Stalingrad wuxuu bilaabmay xagaagii 1942. Jabhadda [[Jarmalka]] ee [[:en:Luftwaffe|Luftwaffe]] waxay ka horreysay imaatinka ciidamada dhulka, iyagoo fulinaya duqeymo aan kala go 'lahayn oo cirka ah oo magaalada burburiyay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay dib ugu noqotay ciidanka Jarmalka, taasoo ku qasabtay inay ka tanaasulaan xeeladoodii "[[:en:Blitzkrieg|Blitzkrieg]]", oo si weyn ugu tiirsanayd taangiyada iyo weerarrada hillaaca, oo ay ku mashquulsanaayeen dagaallo magaalo, iyagoo guri-guri iyo waddo-waddo ku dagaallamaya. [[File:A_battle-hardened_German_soldier_in_Stalingrad,_27_November_1942._(48870784182).jpg|thumb|Askari [[Jarmal]] ah oo Sigaar ku cabay Ee Magaalada Stalingrad]] Gudaha magaalada, dagaal xooggan ayaa ka dhex qarxay Wehrmakht iyo Ciidanka Cas, iyadoo aan la tixgelin khasaaraha, ha ahaato mid militari ama mid rayid ah. Magaca "Stalingrad" wuxuu dagaalka siiyay muhiimad aad u weyn oo aan caadi ahayn labadaba [[Joseph Stalin|Josebh Stalin]], oo magaciisa loogu magac daray magaalada, iyo dhiggiisa [[Jarmalka]], Adolf Hitler. Iyaga, guuldarradu waxay ahayd mid aan la malayn karin, iyadoon loo eegin kharashka. Inkasta oo [[Jarmalka|Jarmalku]] ay ku guuleysteen inay qabsadaan ku dhawaad magaalada oo dhan ka dib markii ay iska caabiyeen Soviets, haddana way ku guuldareysteen inay jabiyaan safka difaaca ee ugu dambeeya ee Ciidanka Cas, oo ciidamadoodu ay ku sugnaayeen daanta galbeed ee Wabiga Volga. Guud ahaan magaalada, dagaal xooggan ayaa ka dhex qarxay Wehrmakht iyo Ciidanka Cas, iyadoo aan loo eegin khasaaraha, ha ahaato mid militari ama mid rayid ah. [[Nofeembar]] [[19]], 1942, Soofiyeedku waxay bilaabeen olole milatari oo la yiraahdo Hawlgalka Uranus. Ciidanka Cas waxay laba weerar oo isku mar ah ku qaadeen ciidamada Roomaaniya oo ilaalinayay dhinacyada midig iyo bidix ee Ciidanka Lixaad ee Jarmalka, kuwaas oo ku xayirnaa gudaha magaalada. Ciidamadan waxaa ka badnaa dhiggooda Jarmalka waxayna si dhakhso ah u burbureen ka dib dagaallo xooggan oo ay la galeen Soofiyeedka, kuwaas oo, Noofambar 23, ku hareereeyay qiyaastii 250,000 oo askari oo ka tirsan Ciidanka Lixaad iyo Ciidanka 4aad ee banzer ee Ciidanka Afaraad ee magaalada gudaheeda. Jiilaalka, markii go'doominta la sii waday, iska caabbinta Jarmalka ayaa bilaabatay inay daciifto. Qabowga iyo gaajadu waxay waxyeello u geysteen askarta, gawaaridii iyo gaadiidkii gaashaamanna way burbureen sababo la xiriira shidaal yaraan iyo rasaas la'aan, halka weerarradii Soofiyeedku ay sii xoogeysteen, iyagoo ujeedadoodu tahay inay baabi'iyaan. Xaaladdu way ka sii dartay markii Hitler uu diiday inuu u oggolaado Ciidanka Lixaad inuu jebiyo go'doominta oo uu ka baxo Stalingrad. Wuxuu ku amray inay sii joogaan wax kasta oo kharash ah, isagoo dammaanad qaadaya sahayda sii socota iyada oo loo marayo duulista hawada, halka ciidamada kale ay bilaabeen weerar rogaal celis ah si ay u jebiyaan go'doominta oo ay dib isugu soo urursadaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qorshahani wuu fashilmay. Weerarkii Jarmalka ee ka dhanka ahaa, Hawlgalkii Duufaanta Jiilaalka, ma uusan gaarin Stalingrad, hawlgalladii diyaaradahana ma aysan keenin sahay iyo rasaas ku filan. Hawlgalladani waxay ugu dambeyntii joojiyeen gebi ahaanba ka dib markii Ciidanka Cas ay qabsadeen garoonnada diyaaradaha ee ay adeegsanayeen ciidamada Jarmalka, gudaha iyo meel u dhow magaalada. Dhammaan arrimahan waxay horseedeen burbur dhammaystiran oo ku yimid Ciidankii Lixaad ee Jarmalka, oo taliyahoodii, Friiedriiykh Bawloos, lagu qasbay inuu is dhiibo [[Febraayo]] [[2]], 1943, iyo inta badan ciidamadiisa, inkastoo qaar ay sii wadeen dagaalka ilaa laga baabi'iyay. Dagaalkii Stalingrad wuxuu keenay qiyaastii laba milyan oo dhimasho ah, taasoo ka dhigtay mid ka mid ah dagaalladii ugu dhiigga badnaa taariikhda dagaalka. Ciidanka Jarmalka waxay la kulmeen khasaaregii labaad ee ugu weynaa [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka|Dagaalkii Aduunka ee 2aad]], kaasoo door weyn ka qaatay leexinta mowjadaha Dagaalkii 2aad ee Adduunka, maadaama Naasiyiintu aysan waligood dib u helin xooggoodii hore mana aysan gaarin wax guul istaraatiiji ah oo Bariga ah. ===guuldarro burburaysa=== [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-10,_Hitler-Attentat,_20._Juli_1944.jpg|thumb|Saraakiil ka tirsan ciidamada Nazi-ga ayaa doonayay inay isku dayaan inay dilaan Hitler 25-kii Luulyo.]] [[Juun]] [[22]], 1941, saddex milyan oo askari oo [[Jarmalka|Jarmal]] ah ayaa weeraray [[Midowga Sofiyet]], iyagoo jebiyay heshiiskii aan gardarrada ahayn ee uu Hitler la saxiixday [[Joseph Stallin|Stalin]] laba sano ka hor. Sababaha ka dambeeyay duullaankii Hitler ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa weli ah mawduuc dood taariikhi ah oo aad u weyn laga qabo. Duullaankaas waxaa loogu magac daray [[:en:Operation Barbarossa|Hawlgalka Barbarossa]]. Taariikhyahanno qaar, sida Andreas Hilgruber, waxay ku doodayaan in hawlgalkani uu ahaa kaliya "dhagax tallaabo" oo ku jira "Qorshaha Tallaabooyinka" ee Hitler ([[Af Jarmal]]: Stufenplan), oo ah qorshe loogu talagalay xukunka adduunka. Hilgruber wuxuu aaminsan yahay in Hitler uu qorshahan sameeyay 1920-meeyadii. Taariikhyahanno kale, sida John Lukas, waxay ku adkeysanayaan in Hitler uusan waligiis lahayn qorshe tallaabo tallaabo ah oo loogu talagalay xukunka adduunka iyo in duullaankii Midowgii Soofiyeeti uu ahaa "tallaabo ujeedo leh" oo uu qaaday Hitler ka dib markii [[Boqortooyada Midoobay|BM]] ay diiday inay is dhiibto. Lukas wuxuu sheegay in sababta Hitler uu u sheegay duullaankii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ay ahayd in [[:en:Winston Churchill|Viinstoon Shuurshiil]] uu rajadiisa ku dhejiyay Midowgii Soofiyeeti oo ku biiray dagaalka dhinaca Xulafada. Sidaa darteed Hitler wuxuu aaminsanaa in habka kaliya ee uu ku qasbi karo Ingiriiska inay is dhiibto ay tahay in la tirtiro rajadan. Tani, Lukas wuxuu ku dooday, inay ahayd ujeeddada dhabta ah ee ka dambaysa ficillada Hitler. Marka laga eego aragtida Lukas, duullaankii Midowgii Soofiyeeti wuxuu ahaa, dhab ahaantii, tallaabo uu Hitler ka qaaday Britain si uu ugu qasbo inay raadsato nabad iyadoo burburinaysa rajadii kaliya ee ay ka lahayd guusha; dhab ahaantii, ma ahayn mid ka dhan ah Midowgii Soofiyeeti. Klaus Hildebrand wuxuu aaminsan yahay in Stalin iyo Hitler labaduba ay si madax-bannaan u qorsheynayeen inay is weeraraan 1941. Hildebrand sidoo kale wuxuu aaminsan yahay in wararka ku faafay gu'gii 1941 ee ku saabsanaa dhismaha ciidamada Soofiyeeti ee xuduudda ay Hitler ku horseedday inuu qaato qorshaha "horay u socoshada" ([[Af Jarmal]]: flucht nach vorn) (macnaheedu waa in la wajaho khatarta iyadoo la weerarayo halkii laga noqon lahaa dib u gurasho). Koox kale oo taariikhyahanno ah, oo ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaad kala duwan sida Viktor Savorov, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Nolte, iyo David Irving, waxay aaminsan yihiin in sababta rasmiga ah ee ay Jarmalku u bixiyeen duullaankii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1941 ay ahayd sababta dhabta ah ee ka dambaysay hawlgalka; taasi waa, waxay ahayd "dagaal ka hortag ah" oo Hitler uu dareemay inuu ku qasban yahay inuu galo si uu uga fogaado weerar Soofiyeeti ah oo ka hor istaagi lahaa inuu gaaro riyooyinkiisa. Weerarka waxaa la qorsheeyay Luulyo 1941. Aragtidan si weyn ayaa loo dhaleeceeyay oo loo cambaareeyay inay been tahay; taariikhyahankii Mareykanka ahaa Gerhard Weinberg wuxuu la mid dhigay taageerayaashii aragtida dagaalka kahor iyo kuwa rumaysta "sheekooyinka cirfiidnimada." Intii ay duullaankooda socdeen, ciidamada [[Jarmalka]] waxay qabsadeen dhul ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan dowladaha Baltiik, [[Belarus]], iyo [[Yukrayn]]. Waxay sidoo kale hareereeyeen oo burburiyeen ciidamo badan oo Soofiyeeti ah, kuwaas oo Stalin uu amray inaysan dib u guran. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horusocodka Jarmalka ayaa la joojiyay wax yar ka hor inta uusan gaarin [[Moskow]] [[Diseembar]] 1941 sababtoo ah jiilalkii adkaa ee [[Ruushka]] iyo [[:en:Resistance|iska caabintii]] xoogganayd ee Soofiyeeti. Duullaanku wuxuu ku guuldareystay inuu gaaro guushii degdegga ahayd ee uu Hitler qiyaasay. [[Diseembar]] 18, 1941, Heinrich Helmer, oo ahaa sarkaal ka tirsan Reichsführer-SS oo ka tirsan cutubyada sare ee Naasiga, ayaa xusuus-qorkiisa ku qoray su'aasha uu Hitler u jeediyay: "Maxaan ku sameyn doonnaa Yuhuudda [[Ruushka]]?" Jawaabta Hitler waxay ahayd: "als Partisanen auszurotten," ama "U baabi'i iyaga oo ah xubno ka mid ah ciidamada aan caadiga ahayn ee dhibaateeya ciidamada Jarmalka ee qabsaday weerarrada soo noqnoqda." Taariikhyahan-ka [[Israa'iil]] Yehuda Bauer ayaa ku doodaya in qoraalka xusuus-qorka Helmer uu yahay caddaynta ugu xooggan ee weli la helay si loo caddeeyo amarka cad ee Hitler ee ah inuu bilaabo Xasuuqii Holocaust. Ku dhawaaqista dagaalka ee Hitler ee [[Mareykanka]] [[Diseembar]] 11, 1941, waxay timid afar maalmood ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor ee Hawaii iyo lix maalmood ka dib markii ciidamada Jarmalka ee Nazi ay ku soo duuleen [[Moskow]], iyagoo wajahaya isbahaysi ay ku jiraan boqortooyadii ugu weyn adduunka, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska; awoodda warshadaha iyo dhaqaalaha ugu weyn adduunka, Mareykanka; iyo ciidanka ugu weyn adduunka, Midowga Soofiyeeti. Dhammaadkii 1942, ciidamada Jarmalka waxay la kulmeen guuldarro ba'an Dagaalkii Labaad ee [[:en:El Alamein|El Alamein]], taasoo si wax ku ool ah u soo afjartay isku daygii Hitler ee ahaa inuu qabsado [[Suez|Kanaalka Suez]] iyo [[Bariga Dhexe]]. Bishii [[Febraayo]] 1943, Dagaalkii ba'naa ee Stalingrad wuxuu keenay burburka Ciidanka 6aad ee [[Jarmalka]]. Tan waxaa ku xigay Dagaalkii weynaa ee [[Kursika Xeebta|Kursk]]. Go'aannada milatari ee Hitler ayaa noqday kuwo aan degganayn, xaaladda militariga iyo dhaqaalaha [[Jarmalka]] na way sii xumaatay. Caafimaadkiisuna sidoo kale wuu hoos u dhacay; gacantiisa bidix ayaa bilaabay inay gariirto. Ian Kershaw, oo qoray taariikh nololeedka Hitler, iyo kuwa kale waxay aaminsan yihiin in Hitler uu la ildarnaa cudurka Parkinson. Waraabowga ayaa sidoo kale looga shakisan yahay inuu ahaa sababta qaar ka mid ah calaamadaha ka soo muuqday Hitler, inkastoo caddaymaha la heli karo ee taageeraya caqiidadan ay daciif yihiin. Duullaankii Isbahaysiga ee [[:en:Sicily|Sishiilya]], Hawlgalkii Husky sanadkii 1943, wuxuu arkay [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] oo uu eryay Pietro Badoglio, kaasoo ku dhawaaqay inuu isu dhiibay Xulafada. Intii u dhaxaysay 1943 iyo 1944, ciidamada Soofiyeed-ku waxay si joogto ah dib ugu riixeen ciidamadii Hitler ee ku sugnaa Jiidda Bari. Juun 6, 1944, ciidamada Xulafada waxay ku degeen waqooyiga [[Faransiiska]], mid ka mid ah hawlgalladii ugu weynaa ee badda ku dhaca taariikhda militariga, oo loo yaqaan [[:en:Normandy Landings|Hawlgalkii Overlord]], ayaa dhacay. Dadka dhabta ah ee ciidanka [[Jarmalka]] ayaa ogaa in guuldarradu ay lama huraan tahay, qaarna waxay qorsheeyeen inay Hitler ka qaadaan awoodda. [[Luuliyo]] 1944, kalawiis voon Stauffenberg wuxuu bam ku aasay xarunta taliska Hitler, oo loo yaqaan Wolfssiihanze, ee Rastenburg, laakiin Hitler si mucjiso ah ayuu uga badbaaday. Hitler wuxuu amray aargoosi naxariis darro ah oo in ka badan 4,900 oo qof lagu dilay, mararka qaarkoodna waxaa lagu dilay gaajo xabsi keli ah oo ay ku xigto neef qabatin gaabis ah. Dhaqdhaqaaqa iska caabinta ugu weyn waa la burburiyay, inkastoo kooxo yaryar oo kala firirsan ay sii wadeen inay isku dayaan. Dhammaadkii 1944, Ciidanka Cas ayaa ku qasbay Jarmalka inay dib ugu laabtaan Yurubta Dhexe, ciidamada Isbahaysiga Galbeedna waxay ku sii socdeen Jarmalka. Hitler wuxuu ogaaday in Jarmalka uu ku guuldareystay dagaalka, laakiin wuu diiday inuu ogolaado dib u gurasho. Wuxuu rajeynayay inuu wadahadallo nabad gaar ah la galo Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska, taasoo rajo ka dhalatay geeridii Franklin D. Roosevelt Abriil 12, 1945. Madax adaygnimadii Hitler iyo tixgelin la'aanta xaqiiqooyinka militariga ayaa u saamaxday in Xasuuqii uu sii socdo. Wuxuu sidoo kale amray in gebi ahaanba la burburiyo dhammaan kaabayaasha warshadaha Jarmalka ka hor inta uusan gacanta u gelin xulafada. Wuxuu ku dooday in guuldarradii Jarmalka ee ku guuleysiga dagaalka ay la macno tahay inay lumisay xuquuqdeedii ay ku noolaan lahayd. Sidaas darteed, Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday in qaranka oo dhan uu la halaago isaga. Wuxuu ku aaminay hirgelinta siyaasadda dhulka gubtay (burburinta wax kasta oo faa'iido u yeelan kara cadowga ka hor inta uusan ka bixin dhulka) Wasiirkiisii Hubka, Albert Speer, kaasoo ka dhego adaygay amarrada taliyaha guud. ===Dhimashadiisa=== Bishii [[Abriil]] 1945, [[Midowga Sofiyet|ciidamada Soofiyeed-ka]] waxay weerareen duleedka Berlin. Hitler wuxuu isku arkay xaalad ay dadkii daba socday ku qasbeen inuu u cararo buuraha Bavarian si uu ula kulmo goobtii ugu dambeysay ee xoogga qaranka halkaas oo haraadiga ciidamadiisu ay magan galeen. Laakiin Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ku noolaado ama ku dhinto caasimadda dalkiisa. [[Abriil]] [[20]], Hitler wuxuu u dabaaldegay dhalashadiisii konton iyo lixaad ee Führerbunker, oo ku taal hoostiisa Ryiikh Shaansiilor. Taliyaha ciidanka la hareereeyay ee Briiselo, Jeneraal Hermann Niiyehoff, ayaa shukulaato u qaybiyay ciidamada la xannibay si loogu dabaaldego dhalashada [[Hogaamiyaha dhabtaa|Führer]]. [[Abriil]] [[30]], 1945, ka dib dagaal xooggan oo ka dhacay [[Baarliin]], iyadoo ciidamada Soofiyeedka ay ku jireen hal baloog ama laba baloog oo u dhow Ryiikh Shaansiilor-ka, Hitler wuxuu isdilay isagoo afka isku toogtay isagoo wata kaabsal cyanide ah. Meydkiisa, oo ay weheliso kii Eiifa Braawn - oo uu guursaday maalintii ka horreysay - ayaa la dhigay god bambo ah. Otto Juunish iyo qaar ka mid ah kaaliyayaashiisa Führerbunker ayaa shidaal ku shubay meydadka oo dab qabadsiiyay iyadoo Ciidanka Cas ay sii wadeen horumarkooda, iyagoo duqeeyay magaalada. [[May]] [[2]], [[Baarliin]] ayaa is dhiibtay. Sannadihii ka dambeeyay dagaalka, waxaa soo baxay warar is khilaafsan oo ku saabsan masiirka haraadiga Hitler. Ka dib burburkii [[Midowga Sofiyet|Midowgii Soofiyeedka]], macluumaad ayaa ka soo baxay kaydka Soofiyeedka oo tilmaamaya in haraadiga Hitler, Eiifa Braawn, Josebh Goobbiiels, xaaskiisa Magda Goobbiiels, lix carruur ah oo Goobbeiils ah, Jeneraal Hans Krebs, iyo eeyaha Hitler si qarsoodi ah loogu aasay xabaalo u dhow Rathenow ee Brandenburg. Sannadkii 1970-kii, Soofiyeedku waxay soo saareen haraagii, gubeen, dambaskana ku daadiyeen Webiga Elbe. Sida laga soo xigtay Hay'adda Amniga Federaalka ee [[Ruushka]] ([[:en:KGB|FSB]]), qayb ka mid ah madaxa aadanaha, oo lagu keydiyay kaydka FSB oo lagu soo bandhigay bandhig sannadkii 2000, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay tahay haraagii Hitler. Sii kasta ba ha ahaa tee, taariikhyahanno iyo cilmi-baarayaal badan ayaa su'aal ka keenay in jabkan uu runtii yahay Hitler. [[File:Stars_&_Stripes_&_Hitler_Dead.jpg|thumb|Cinwaanada ugu waaweyn ayaa ahaa tiri: Hitler wuu dhintay]] ===Dhaxal-kii Hitler=== Hitler, Xisbiga Naasiga, iyo saameynta Naasiga ee adduunka waxaa loo arkaa kuwo aad u anshax xun. Taariikhyahannada, faylasuufyada, iyo siyaasiyiintu waxay Naasiga ku tilmaamaan "shar" marka loo eego dhinacyada cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa diinta labadaba. Sawirka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka ee Hitler si xooggan ayaa looga cambaareeyay Galbeedka. Soo bandhigidda swastika iyo calaamadaha kale ee Naasiga waa mamnuuc [[Jarmalka]] iyo [[Awstriya]]. Diidmada Xasuuqa Yuhuudda sidoo kale waa sharci darro labada waddanba. =Tixraac= *[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''. * {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}} * {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}} * {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}} * {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}} * {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}} * {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]] [[Category:Taariikh]] g52yjw3h9p1wavzxvzotw5g69w1jpws 0 3126 301825 282093 2026-07-12T03:42:40Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Rer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 282093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Yaaqshiid | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = File:Civilian and street life behind the front line. (6242713525).jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Nolosha Waddooyinka ee Yaaqshiid | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Yaqshid District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 9.000 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|2.0333|N|45.3500|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = +252 | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} Yaqshid District ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Yaaqshiid ) waa Degmo ku taalla Koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]]. Waa mid ka mid ah Degmooyinka ugu waaweyn gudaha magaalada [[Muqdisho]] , waxay ka kooban tahay Tuulooyinka Suuq Bacaad, Juungal, Carafaad, Tuulada Towfiiq, Siinaay, Fagax, Mahad Alla, Suuqa Xoolaha, Gubta, Tawakal iyo Jaamacadaha Muqdisho ==Tixraac== [http://www.statoids.com/yso.html Degmooyinka Soomaaliya] [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Yaqshid_A3.pdf Khariidadda Maamulka Degmada Yaaqshiid] {{Commonscat}} 3u12uljwbqfkqutybycjejpqei7dcs8 0 3371 301982 282106 2026-07-12T11:28:50Z Mahad Baashalow 46467 /* */ 301982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Heliwaa | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Huriwa District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Muqdisho]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|2.0333|N|45.3500|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Heliwa District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]:Degmada, Huriwaa ) waa Degmo ku taal koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]] ee [[Soomaaliya]] iyo Waxaa ka mid ah xaafadaha waqooyi bari ee caasimadda qaranka ee [[Muqdisho]] ==Tixraac== ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Huriwa_A3.pdf Khariidadda maamulka degmada Huriwaa]{{Degmooyinka Gobolka Banaadir}} 327yfoxo7cxjaiwzmcvl0s2snmxpaej 301984 301982 2026-07-12T11:31:17Z Mahad Baashalow 46467 /* */ 301984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Hurdaa | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Huriwa District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Muqdisho]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|2.0333|N|45.3500|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Hurdaa District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]:Degmada, Huriwaa ) waa Degmo ku taal koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]] ee [[Soomaaliya]] iyo Waxaa ka mid ah xaafadaha waqooyi bari ee caasimadda qaranka ee [[Muqdisho]] ==Tixraac== ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Huriwa_A3.pdf Khariidadda maamulka degmada Huriwaa]{{Degmooyinka Gobolka Banaadir}} abo6nyhr3c78e2h8dqhqc3imc10of3b 301989 301984 2026-07-12T11:34:27Z Mahad Baashalow 46467 /* */ 301989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Heliwaa | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Huriwa District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Muqdisho]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|2.0333|N|45.3500|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Heliwaa District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]:Degmada, Heliwaa ) waa Degmo ku taal koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]] ee [[Soomaaliya]] iyo Waxaa ka mid ah xaafadaha waqooyi bari ee caasimadda qaranka ee [[Muqdisho]] ==Tixraac== ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Huriwa_A3.pdf Khariidadda maamulka degmada Huriwaa]{{Degmooyinka Gobolka Banaadir}} simtnzt41zy9x0j5j5r3z3aj0n36j4i 301990 301989 2026-07-12T11:40:37Z Mahad Baashalow 46467 /* Xiriirinta dibadda */ 301990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Heliwaa | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Huriwa District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Muqdisho]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|2.0333|N|45.3500|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Heliwaa District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]:Degmada, Heliwaa ) waa Degmo ku taal koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]] ee [[Soomaaliya]] iyo Waxaa ka mid ah xaafadaha waqooyi bari ee caasimadda qaranka ee [[Muqdisho]] ==Tixraac== ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Heliwaa_A3.pdf Khariidadda maamulka degmada Heliwaa]{{Degmooyinka Gobolka Banaadir}} sg21remt89h9lmlm75em24vvn32hicy 0 3461 301798 260436 2026-07-11T21:49:09Z Videoiib7 46243 301798 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq.svg||120px|thumb|CalankaAlqaacida]] '''Al-Qaacida''' waa [[Urur]] islaami ah oo xambaarsan fikradda jihaadka, wuxuu abuurmay 1988 ilaa 1989kii iyo horaantii 1990, wuxuu ku baaqaa Jihaad Caalami ah, haatan waxa uu ku badanyahay xarunna u ah wadanka yemem, gaar ahaan gobolada qabiilooyinka koonfurta oo ah dhul buuro leh, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan alqaacidada Awdal-Ka Carbeed. ururka ayaa hawlo badan qabsaday jihaadyo waaweyn la beegsaday yoolal murtadiin iyo mid ciidamba oo ku kala yaalla daafaha aduunka , haba ugu caansanato weerarkii 11 Sebtembar ee saraha dhaadheer ee maraykanka lagu qaaday , hogaankooda waxoo ahaa [[Usaama bin Laadin]], Al-Qaacida ayaa aaminsan mabda'saxan iyo ficilo khaldan. Waxa ay ku doodaan in ay donayaan in sare ay u qaadayan diinta balse waxay isticmalan ku takrifal awoodeed kaaso ay la beegsadaan maatada oo uu NEBIGA CALIYHI SALATU WASSALAM reebay in la laayo. Waxay daliishadaan aayado quran sax ah balse aan sidii la rabey uga soo bixin == Taariikh == Alqaacida waa urur arkakaxiso ah oo wahaab ah.Waxeena aaminsanyihiin fikrada ee ka qabaan diintooda islaamka.Al-qaacida waxa la'aasasay sanadii 1988. waxa ay kubaaqdaa [[Jihaad]] caalamiya hada waxa ay aad u dagantahay [[Yaman]] waxa ay gaysatay weeraro aad u badan oo ay ugu wayntahay weerarkii 11- sibteenbar 2001 weerarkaasi waxa uu kadanbeeyay in dawlada maraykanku ay qaado dagaal ay kumagacawday ladagaalanka argagixisada. waxa laguyaqaanaa alqaacida in ay isticmaasho weerarada isbiimaynta ah iyo weerarada ama qaraxyada iskumarka kadhaca meelo kala duwan. alqaacida waxa ay markasta ku andacootaa in ay beegsanayso goobo ay joogaan xoogag ajanabi ah oo dhulka islaamka kusoo duulay.ururka alqaacida waxa ay rabaan in caalamka islaamka ay kasameeyaan dawlad islaamiya oo fakarkooda kusocota. amaba waxa looyaqaano (khilaafa al-isklaamiya)waxa ay uragtaa alqaacida in uu jiro iskaashi amaba gaashaan buur kiristan ah oo kusoo duushay ciida islaamka waxa kale oo alqaacida ay wax caadiya u argtaa oo ay xalaashatay cidii ku dhimata qaraxyada ay gaystaan xataa hadii goobtaa dad islaam ah oo aan waxba gaysani ay kujiraan. == Jihaadkoodii Afgaanistaan == markii hore aasaasida alqaacida waxa uu ahaa ladagaalanka shuuciyadii [[Midowga Sofiyet]] oo dagaal kusooqaaday wadanka [[Afgaanistan]] waxa ay taakulo dhanwalbaleh ka helijireen [[Maraykanka]] maraykanka oo markaas u arkayay in ay tahay wax aad u fiican in lahelo dhurdurugsiga dofiyetka wax ka hortaga. isla markaas ay alqaacida kadagaalamaysay wadanka afgaanistaan waxa sii siyaaday carabta kaqaybgalaysay dagaalkaas kuwaas oo labaxay magaca (Afgaan alcarab) amaba carabtii afganistaan.kadib markii uu dhamaaday dagaalkii afganistaan xaalkii wuu isbadalay midawgii sofiyet wuu burburay. saaxiibadii shalay waxa ay noqdeen cadawga maanta alqaacidana waxa ay noqotay urur caalmiya oo jihaad raadisa oo aan ku koobnayn afganistan kaliya waxaana ka midnoqday dhmaaan carabtii ka qayb gashay dagaal sofiyetka iyo afganistan. == Mustaqbalka == Ilaah wuxuu neceb yahay rabshadaha iyo argagixisada. Ilaah wuxuu ballanqaaday inuu baabi'in doono cabsida iyo rabshadaha iyo inuu nabad ka abuuri doono dhulka. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām​—The Way to God by Submission] {{Commonscat|Al-Qaeda}} [[Category:Islaam]] guxatvf3ylx73t7dy3dcyxlegmhql39 1 3791 301827 191615 2026-07-12T03:42:41Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Talk:Rer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 191615 wikitext text/x-wiki <br /> <br /> asc ww wa idin salmay aqyarta dhamatiin dhgemadad uma oglin gumeysi iyo in nala maamulo dagmada waxeey ka dhaxeeysaa dhamaan dadka deeganka waan dad is jacel waxaan sii dhihi lahaay gacmaha is qabsada si aan u gaarno hormar iyo barwaaqo salaan kabacdi hadaan dib oogu noqono taarihkda waan sheegeesin waxba kamajiraan walaalayaal ---- laga soobilaabo arbaca rukun oo gumeesigi waagi danbe yiri halkan ayaad leedihii dadka layiraahdo galadiga sidaas ayeey tahay taarihkda hadii sikale looqeebin lahaa waxaad dhiehilaheeden kacaanka badalay ------- 95g3472zfy3wjcn66dq09lhl5iwjixd 0 3803 301799 221880 2026-07-11T21:52:53Z Videoiib7 46243 301799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Ussama Ina Laadin]] '''Usaama bin Laadin''' ({{lang-ar|أسامة بن لادن}}) Wuxuu uu dhashay ([[10]] [[Maarso]] [[1957]] - [[2]] [[Maajo]] [[2011]])([[Bakistaan]]), magaciisa oo dahmeystiran Waa Usaama Biin Muxamed bin cawad Biin laadin, waa aasaasaha iyo hogaamiyah ururka al qaacida.waa urur salafiya oo jihaadiya.oo hubaysan. waxa lagu aasaasays [[afgaanisataan]] sanad-kii [[1988]] [[Al-Qaacida]] waxaay qaaday weeraro ay ku qaaday beegsiyo milatari , iyo kuwo madanaiayaba.. == Taariikhdiisa == [[File:Six WTC SW Corner.jpg|thumb|[[New York]], 11 Sebteembar [[2001]]]] usama bin ladin waxa uu ku dhasahy magaalada [[riyaad]].ee casaimada wadanka sucuudiga carabta. waxa dhalay aabe taajir ah waa{maxamed bin ladin}.aabihii waxa uu kashaqayn jiray dhismaha iyo qandaraaska waxa uu calaaqaad aad u xoogan la lahaa reerka sucuudiga xukuma.usam.marka laeego walaalihiis oo ah dad gaadhaya.52 qof waxa uu kaga jiraa.kaalinta 17aad.waa qofkii.17aad ee uu maxamed bin ladin dhalo.binlaadin reerkiisu waxa uu kasoo jeeda xadraalmawt{yaman}waxa uu usam wax kabartay jamacad boqor cabdul casiis waxa uu kaqaatay shahaado.dhan dhaqaalaha ah.kadib waxa uu maamula shirkada aabihii uu lahaa ee qandaraaska.kadib markii uu dhintay aabihii, waxa uu usama uga tagay lacag gaadhay.900.milyon oo dolarka maraykanka ah.waxa ya lacagtaasi u suurto galisay in uu ahdaaftiisa iyo u jeedooyin kiisa fushado.oo ahaa in uu caawimo .siiyo mujaahidiintii ka dagaalamaysay afgaanistaan kuwaas oo kasoo horjeeday midawgii soofiyeeti oo kusoo duulay wadanka afgaanistaan.sanadihii 1979.iyo.1984.bin ladin waxa uu aasaasay urur dacwad eed waxa uu u bixiyay.{faaruuq}xiligaas uu bin laadin.ladagaalamayay waxa caawinayay.dhamaan maraykanka sucuuduga.iyo.bakistan.waxa uu sadexdaa dal kaaheli jiray dhamaan wixii caawn ahaa.sida kacaawinta dhanka.ciidamada iyo tababarka.ama hubsiinta.dhanka kale binladin waxa uu si toosa caawimo uga heli jiray dhanka tababarka ah.ciidamada c.i.a.ee [[maraykanka]]. [[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|Qaraxii Labadii daar ee new york]] [[File:Osama bin Laden hideout.jpg|thumb|Guriga uu ku noolaa bin laadin ee pakistaan]] kadib markii uu djamaaday dagaalkii ay mujaahiduuntu kawadeen afgaanistaa.ee ay kula dagaalamayeen midawgii sofiyeeti.ee sidoo kale uu dhamaaday dagaalkii qaboobaa.bin ladin waxa uu ku soo laabaty sucuudiga oo ahaa wadankiisa.kadib binladin kama aamusin ciidamada marykanka ee gaadhaya.kumanaanka ee dhooban dawladaha khaliijka carabta.gaar ahaan sucuudiga.taasi waxa ay sabab u ahayd in ay .isku dhacaan dawlada suciidiga oo uu muwaadin ka,ahaa binladin iyo binladin laftiisu.kadib.binladin waxa uu usafaray dhankaas suda. sanaduii.[[1996]].ayaa.waxaa laqarxiyay. magaalada khubur ee wadanka.sucuudi arabiya.islamrkaa.dawlada.sucuudiga.iyo.maraykanku.waxa.ay qaraxaa ku ee deeyeen.shiikh usama binladin.iyo ciidamadiisa. alqacida.sidoo kale.waxa qaraxyo loogaystay safaaradihii.uu maraykanku kulahaa.daar salaam iyo [[nayrobi]].taas oo ay alqaacida qirtay in ay aydu kadanbayasay.taasina waxa ay horseeday.in sidhaba ay alqaacida.iyo dawlada marayakanaku .galka.seefta ugawafda siibtaan.ilaa lagaadhay.11 [[Sebteembar]] [[2001]] oo ahayd maalintii ay alqaacida qaraxyada aan la ilaawi karain ay u gaysatay.daw;lada maraykanka kadib markii ay dumaysaya labadii dhisme ee suuwqa u haa maraykanka.halkaas oo ay ku dhinteen dad kabadan.3000 ooqof.sanadii [[1998]].binladin waxa uu u safray dhanka afgaanistaan oo ay kataliso.dalaiban ooay kamid ahaayeen rag badan oo ay dagaal soowada galeen bin ladin ama ay saaxiibo ahaayeen .dalibaan sifiican aya u soodhaweeyeen bin ladin iyo saxiibadiisii,uu kamaidka ahaa.ayman al_dawahiri oo ah isna mujaahid masri ah.kadib markii ay alqaacida qaraxyo u gaysatay dhismayaashii dhaadheeraa ee maraykanaka.ayaa.maraykankau waxa uu weerar ku qaaday afganistan xukunkiina waxa uu katuuray.daliban.lakin [[daliban]] iyo [[al-Qaacida]].taas marnamba.kuma ya liciifin awoodoodii.oo alqaacida waxa u suurto gashay.in ay gaystaan.qaraxyo kale.sida qarixii landan.iyo masrid.inkasta oo ay m araykanku kufaanaan.awooda sirdoon ay ay leeyihiin ahada ilaa iminka bin ladin mayqaban. {{Gumud}} [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Shaqsiyaad]] [[Category:Gumud]] bm92umosmjpoxj2h2z2zc7l5fzanlyb 301800 301799 2026-07-11T21:53:40Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Taariikhdiisa */ 301800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Ussama Ina Laadin]] '''Usaama bin Laadin''' ({{lang-ar|أسامة بن لادن}}) Wuxuu uu dhashay ([[10]] [[Maarso]] [[1957]] - [[2]] [[Maajo]] [[2011]])([[Bakistaan]]), magaciisa oo dahmeystiran Waa Usaama Biin Muxamed bin cawad Biin laadin, waa aasaasaha iyo hogaamiyah ururka al qaacida.waa urur salafiya oo jihaadiya.oo hubaysan. waxa lagu aasaasays [[afgaanisataan]] sanad-kii [[1988]] [[Al-Qaacida]] waxaay qaaday weeraro ay ku qaaday beegsiyo milatari , iyo kuwo madanaiayaba.. == Taariikhdiisa == [[File:Six WTC SW Corner.jpg|thumb|[[New York]], 11 Sebtembar [[2001]]]] usama bin ladin waxa uu ku dhasahy magaalada [[riyaad]].ee casaimada wadanka sucuudiga carabta. waxa dhalay aabe taajir ah waa{maxamed bin ladin}.aabihii waxa uu kashaqayn jiray dhismaha iyo qandaraaska waxa uu calaaqaad aad u xoogan la lahaa reerka sucuudiga xukuma.usam.marka laeego walaalihiis oo ah dad gaadhaya.52 qof waxa uu kaga jiraa.kaalinta 17aad.waa qofkii.17aad ee uu maxamed bin ladin dhalo.binlaadin reerkiisu waxa uu kasoo jeeda xadraalmawt{yaman}waxa uu usam wax kabartay jamacad boqor cabdul casiis waxa uu kaqaatay shahaado.dhan dhaqaalaha ah.kadib waxa uu maamula shirkada aabihii uu lahaa ee qandaraaska.kadib markii uu dhintay aabihii, waxa uu usama uga tagay lacag gaadhay.900.milyon oo dolarka maraykanka ah.waxa ya lacagtaasi u suurto galisay in uu ahdaaftiisa iyo u jeedooyin kiisa fushado.oo ahaa in uu caawimo .siiyo mujaahidiintii ka dagaalamaysay afgaanistaan kuwaas oo kasoo horjeeday midawgii soofiyeeti oo kusoo duulay wadanka afgaanistaan.sanadihii 1979.iyo.1984.bin ladin waxa uu aasaasay urur dacwad eed waxa uu u bixiyay.{faaruuq}xiligaas uu bin laadin.ladagaalamayay waxa caawinayay.dhamaan maraykanka sucuuduga.iyo.bakistan.waxa uu sadexdaa dal kaaheli jiray dhamaan wixii caawn ahaa.sida kacaawinta dhanka.ciidamada iyo tababarka.ama hubsiinta.dhanka kale binladin waxa uu si toosa caawimo uga heli jiray dhanka tababarka ah.ciidamada c.i.a.ee [[maraykanka]]. [[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|Qaraxii Labadii daar ee new york]] [[File:Osama bin Laden hideout.jpg|thumb|Guriga uu ku noolaa bin laadin ee pakistaan]] kadib markii uu djamaaday dagaalkii ay mujaahiduuntu kawadeen afgaanistaa.ee ay kula dagaalamayeen midawgii sofiyeeti.ee sidoo kale uu dhamaaday dagaalkii qaboobaa.bin ladin waxa uu ku soo laabaty sucuudiga oo ahaa wadankiisa.kadib binladin kama aamusin ciidamada marykanka ee gaadhaya.kumanaanka ee dhooban dawladaha khaliijka carabta.gaar ahaan sucuudiga.taasi waxa ay sabab u ahayd in ay .isku dhacaan dawlada suciidiga oo uu muwaadin ka,ahaa binladin iyo binladin laftiisu.kadib.binladin waxa uu usafaray dhankaas suda. sanaduii.[[1996]].ayaa.waxaa laqarxiyay. magaalada khubur ee wadanka.sucuudi arabiya.islamrkaa.dawlada.sucuudiga.iyo.maraykanku.waxa.ay qaraxaa ku ee deeyeen.shiikh usama binladin.iyo ciidamadiisa. alqacida.sidoo kale.waxa qaraxyo loogaystay safaaradihii.uu maraykanku kulahaa.daar salaam iyo [[nayrobi]].taas oo ay alqaacida qirtay in ay aydu kadanbayasay.taasina waxa ay horseeday.in sidhaba ay alqaacida.iyo dawlada marayakanaku .galka.seefta ugawafda siibtaan.ilaa lagaadhay.11 [[Sebteembar]] [[2001]] oo ahayd maalintii ay alqaacida qaraxyada aan la ilaawi karain ay u gaysatay.daw;lada maraykanka kadib markii ay dumaysaya labadii dhisme ee suuwqa u haa maraykanka.halkaas oo ay ku dhinteen dad kabadan.3000 ooqof.sanadii [[1998]].binladin waxa uu u safray dhanka afgaanistaan oo ay kataliso.dalaiban ooay kamid ahaayeen rag badan oo ay dagaal soowada galeen bin ladin ama ay saaxiibo ahaayeen .dalibaan sifiican aya u soodhaweeyeen bin ladin iyo saxiibadiisii,uu kamaidka ahaa.ayman al_dawahiri oo ah isna mujaahid masri ah.kadib markii ay alqaacida qaraxyo u gaysatay dhismayaashii dhaadheeraa ee maraykanaka.ayaa.maraykankau waxa uu weerar ku qaaday afganistan xukunkiina waxa uu katuuray.daliban.lakin [[daliban]] iyo [[al-Qaacida]].taas marnamba.kuma ya liciifin awoodoodii.oo alqaacida waxa u suurto gashay.in ay gaystaan.qaraxyo kale.sida qarixii landan.iyo masrid.inkasta oo ay m araykanku kufaanaan.awooda sirdoon ay ay leeyihiin ahada ilaa iminka bin ladin mayqaban. {{Gumud}} [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Shaqsiyaad]] [[Category:Gumud]] 1dxcjvq1ge6j6mtpfjgwv1rsami6ss5 0 4300 301761 299457 2026-07-11T16:39:32Z Videoiib7 46243 301761 wikitext text/x-wiki :{{Infobox football biography|name=Kiristiyano Ronaldo|nationalyears2=2001–2002|years5=2018–2021|caps5=98|goals5=81|clubs6=Manjistar Yuneytid|years6=2021–|caps6=30|goals6=18|nationalteam1=Burtuqaal K15|nationalyears1=2001|nationalcaps1=9|nationalgoals1=7|nationalteam2=Burtuqaal K17|nationalcaps2=7|goals4=311|nationalgoals2=5|nationalteam3=Burtuqaal K20|nationalyears3=2003|nationalcaps3=5|nationalgoals3=1|nationalteam4=Burtuqaal K21|nationalyears4=2002–2003|nationalcaps4=10|nationalgoals4=3|nationalteam5=Burtuqaal|nationalyears5=2003–|nationalcaps5=189|clubs5=Jufentus|caps4=292|image=Cristiano_Ronaldo_2018.jpg|youthyears2=1995–1997|caption=ROnaldo usafan Burtuqaal koobka aduunka 2018|fullname=Kiristiyano Ronaldo Dos Santos Afiro|birth_date=5 February 1985 (Da'da 37)|birth_place=funjaal, Madeera, [[Burtuqaal]]|height=1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)|position=werar|currentclub=manjistar yuneytid|clubnumber=7|youthclubs1=andorina|clubs1=Isbortigi B (Sporting CP B)|youthyears1=1992–1995|youthclubs2=nashinal|youthclubs3=Isbortigi (Sporting CP)|years4=2009–2018|youthyears3=1997–2002|years1=2002–2003|caps1=2|goals1=0|clubs2=Isbortigi (Sporting CP)|years2=2002–2003|caps2=25|goals2=3|clubs3=Manjistar yuneytid|years3=2003–2009|caps3=196|goals3=84|clubs4=Riyal Madrid|nationalgoals5=117}} Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro ama ''Kiiristiyaano Ronaldo Doos Santos Afiiero'' (dhashay 5 febraayo 1985 Madeira [[Portugal]]) waa ciyaaryahan bortuqiis ah,waxa uu u dhelaa kooxda [[Manjistar Yuneytid]] waana gooldhaliyahay ugu sareeya kooxda waxa uu dhaliyay goolala gaaraya 365 gool tan iyo markii uu uga soo biiray koox reer ingiriis ee [[Manchester United FC|Manchester united]] waa mid kamid ah ciyaaryahana loogu jecelyahay aduunka waana gooldhaliye halis ah waana ciyaar yahan keliya ee ilaa hada dhaliyay wax kabadan 50 gool sandkii shan xili ciyaareed , rekoorkiisa gool dhalinta ayaa aduunka ka noqday wax la yaab ah kamana daalo inuu gool dhaliyo xili walba malaha weeba u fududyihiin, waa kabtanka xulka qarankiisa ee bortaqiiska waana kan ugu safashada badan taariikhda kooxda qaranka maxamed boqortiqiiska waxana u sii dheer inuu yahay kan ugu goolasha badan , 2016 ciyaaraha qaramada yurub ayuu ku hogaamiyay qarankiisa guul taariikhi ah waxa uuna u qaaday koobkoodiii ugu horeeyay ee heer caalami ah , sandkii 2014 kadib markii uu xiriirka dalka borturqiiska u dabaal dagay sanad guuradi boqolaad ee ka soo wareegatay markii la aas aasay ayaa waxaa loogu codeeyay looguna aqoonsaday in cristiano Ronaldo yahay laacibkii ugu fiicnaa abid ee u dhashay bortaqiiska ciyaaryahan lamid ah isaga uma dhalan doono abidkood waa laacib ku fiican goolasha madaxa waxaa uuna dhulka ka boodi kara joog kasareeya ciyaryahanada ciyaara kubada basket ballka [[Manchester United FC|Cristiano Ronaldo]] xidigan ayaa lashega Inuu ka mid yahay ciyaar yahanadii aabid so mara tariikhda kubada cagta xidigan ayaa lashega inuu aabihi kasoo jeedo Brazil hoyadiina Portugal xidigan ayaa haysta shan kubadood oo dahabi iyo 4 European golden boot xidigan aya gabadha u dhashy wiilkiisa yar ee Cristiano ronaldo jr inuu lacag siyay wararka yaaa shegaya Inuu ku dhashay wacalnimo ama garac ronaldo ayaa lagu yaqaana bakhayl nimo oo jecel inuu kubada cagtiisa ku maamulo. * [[Andriy Mykolayovych Nesmaczny]] a8v356zteb9bztkqmm020lqcbw9o4q4 0 6831 301789 244574 2026-07-11T21:06:46Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Axaadiista ku saabsan furashadayda */ 301789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saaxibu bishaara Al-malik Mujaahid Al-suldaan gaazi abulfatxi muxamad labaad bin muraad labaad bin muxamad koowaad''' ([[Af-Turkigii Cusmaaniyiinta|Turkida cusmaaniyada]]: <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">صاحب بِشارۀ الملكُ المُجاهد غازى سُلطان مُحمَّد خان ثانى بن مُراد بن مُحمَّد عُثمانى</font></span>؛) oo loo yaqaan '''muxamad alfaatix, ([[Af-Turki|af-Turkiga]]: ''Fatih Sultan Mehmed'' ),''' wuxuu kan tobaad ee [[Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]] {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''muxanad alfaatix'''<br /> محمد الفاتح <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" | [[Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta|suldaanka 7aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(1)[[1444]] ilaa , [[1446]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(2)[[1451]] ilaa , [[1481]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[muraad labaad]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[ Bayazid labaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1429]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[Edirne|Adirna]] [[adirna |romali]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[Muraad labaad]] |- !hooyadii |[[khadiija huma khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |[[1481]] |- !Ku dhintay: |takfuur jaabri, [[Anatooliya|anadool]] |} waxa uu ahaa mid kamida kuwii ugu cadcadaa hogaamiyayayaashii soomaray dawladaa, waxa uu dawladii [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] xukumayay mudo kudhaw ilaa sodon sano, sanadkii 1453dii ayuu qabsaday magaalada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]], taas oo gilgishay caalamka islaamiga iyo kan [[yurub]], magaca alfaatix ayaana loo bixiyay, wuxuu saas kusoo afjaray [[imbiraadooriyada biriizanda]] oo jirtay 1400 sano, Sanadihii xigay wuxuu sii waday muxamad alfaatix furashooyinkiisa, wuxuu qabsaday dhulka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] dhulka Moora ee koonfurta [[Giriiga|gariiga]], gobolka aflaaq iyo [[Albania|albaaniya]], wuxuu jabshay [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]], midnimada [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] ayuu soo celiyay asoo ka taqalusay [[imaarada qaramaan]] iyo [[Imaarada darabazon|darabazon]], wuxuu isku dayay furashada [[talyaaniga]] lkn geerida ayaa u timid Sandkii 1481. [[File:Sarayi Album 10a.jpg|thumb|Mxamed Al-faatex]] ==Noloshiisa hore== Wuxuu ku dhashay 1429kii magaalada [[Edirne|adirna]] oo ahayd caasimada [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cusmaaniyiinta]] xiligaas <ref name="محمد فريد1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=160 - 161|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|</ref>, markuu soo koray aabihiis [[muraad labaad]] ayaa u keenay macalin bara [[Qur'aan|qur'aanka]], kadib culuumta kala duwan ayuu ka aqristay culmo badan, waxaa shiiqyaalkiis ugu caasanaa [[Aaq shamsudiin]] iyo [[axmad alkowraani]], labadaan shiiq waxay ku barbaariyeen yaraantiisa inuu yahay kan lagu sheegay [[Xadiis|xadiiska nabiga]] scw ee furan doono [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]]<ref name="المنياوي">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=المنياوي، رمزي|عنوان=[[محمد الفاتح (كتاب)|مُحمَّد الفاتح: النسر الكبير فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة ومُحقِّق البشارة النبويَّة]]|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=40 - 43|سنة=[[2011]]|ناشر=[[دار الكتاب العربي]]|</ref>, ==Qabashadiisa koowaad ee xilka== Isbahaysi xoogan oo babaa soo agaasimay ayaa soo weeraray dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], waxaa dhex maray ayaga iyo [[muraad labaad]] dagaalo adag, ugu dambeyn suldaanku wuxuu la 1444kii [[hishiiskii sakdiin]] kaa oo dhulal badan uga dagay isbahaysiga, intay socdeen dagaalada waxaa dhintay wiilkiisa calaaudiin cali <ref group> ب| مؤلف-الأخير1=Babinger|مؤلف-الأول1=Franz|وصلة مؤلف=:en:Franz Babinger|سنة=2003 | عنوان=Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı | ناشر=Oğlak Yayınevi | مكان=İstanbul | الرقم المعياري=975-329-417-4|</ref> kaas oo murugo badan kusii abuurtay [[muraad labaad]] wuxuu ka noogay xilka asigoo jecleestay inuu u go'o khalwo iyo cibaado, xilkana uga tago wiilkiis muxamad alfaatix oo jiray 14 sano <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II|عنوان=Murad II {{!}} Ottoman sultan|صحيفة=Encyclopedia Britannica|لغة=en|تاريخ الوصول=2017-01-20| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181019214111/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II |</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 95|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنامسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>. Muxamad alfaatix markii uu xilka ku farristay [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo [[Boland|booland]] ayaa yasay oo buriyay hishiiska oo la galay aabihiis wuxuuna weeraray dhulka dawlada asagoo burburiyay meelo badan, golaha hogaamiyaasha dawlada ayaa isla garteen in loo baahanyahay [[muraad labaad]], wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] ayaa u diray inuu imaado balse wuu ka diiday, markale ayuu u qoray muxamad alfaatix <blockquote> "Hadaa tahay suldaanka waa inaa ilaalisaa dhulka iyo adoomaha, hadaadan ahayna waa inaa yeeshaa hadalka suldaanka oo fulisaa amarkiis" </blockquote> markaas ayuu imaaday [[Muraad labaad]], aad ayaana loo soo dhaweeyay, ciidan gaaray 60kun ayuu qaatay <ref group="ِ">Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 143</ref><ref group="ِ">Stephen Turnbull. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. P. 32</ref> wuxuu la kulmay isbahaysiga sanadkii 1444, dagaal qaraar aynaana dhex maray, ugu dambeyn waxaa la jabiyay isbahaysiga jab xun <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=فهمي، عبدُ السلام عبد العزيز|عنوان=السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح: فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة وقاهر الرُّوم|إصدار=الخامسة|صفحة=22|سنة=</nowiki>[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1993]]م|ناشر=دار القلم|تاريخ الوصول=[[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607214955/https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|</ref> waxaana lagu dilay dagaalka [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] iyo kardinaal [[yulyaan siizaarini]], wuxuu faray suldaanka in labadood madax lagu bandhigo [[bursa]] iyo [[Edirne|adirna]], dagaalkan waxaa loo yaqaan [[dagaalkii faaraana]], waxaana ka dhashay mandiqada [[balqaan]] inay cusmaaniyiinta ku kali naqdaan iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] oo awoodeed wiiqmato, [[caalamka islaamiga]] ayaa dabaaldagyo laga sameeyay boqorka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa amray in khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ka dib minbarada lagu xuso [[muraad labaad]]. [[Muraad labaad]] markii uu ka soo laabtay dagaalka wuxuu dib ugu noqday qalwadiis. === Ka dagistiis xilka === Labo sano kadib qabashadiis xilka 1446dii [[Inkishaariyiinta|Ciidanka inkishaariyiinta]] ayaa ku sameeyay kacdoon suldaanka yar waxayna ka dalbeen [[muraad labaad]] inuu xilka kusoo noqdo, wuu ka yeelay. Muxamad alfaatix Xilka markuu ka dagay kadib wuxuu badanaa joogay [[magniisiya]], wuxuu kala qeyb galay aabihiis [[dagaalkii kosofo labaad]] oo guul ka gaaray iyo weerardii uu ku qaaday [[askandar bek]] == Qabashadiis labaad ee xilka == markuu dhintay [[muraad labaad]] sanadii 1451 waa la qariyay ilaa muxamad alfaatix oo ka yimid, wuxuuna ugu horeyn amray in meedka aabihiis loo qaado [[bursa]], halkaas oo ku duuganyihiin aabayaashii, waxaa soo gaaray safiiro ka kala socdo dawlado badan sida [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|briizanda]], [[Jamhuuriyada janawa|janawa]], [[Imaarada daraabazon|daraabazon]], iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] dhamaan wuxuu la saxiixday hishiisyo, ===Imaarada qaramaan=== Amiirka qaramaan [[Ibrahim bek]] oo ka faaideesanaya xiliga kala guurka taageerana ka helaya [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|birrizanda]] ayaa caasiyay oo weeraray dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] wuxuu isku dayay inuu soo celiyo imaaradaha [[Imaarada Karmiyaan|karmiyaan]], [[banuu aydiin]], [[munashtaa]] iyo [[saaruuqaan]] <ref name="منجم2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 456 - 457|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> Suldaan muxamad ayaa u baxay oo ka buriyay dhulkiisa, [[Ibrahim bek]] ayaa bilaabay baryo iyo inuu cafis dalbo, suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa iska cafiyay oo u celiyay imaaradihiis bishardi inuu raacsanaado dawlado oona lacago sanadla ah guto.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 102|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> == Furashada Qusdandiiniya == {{See also|furashada qusdandiiniya}} ===Axaadiista ku saabsan furashadayda=== Wuxuu ku yiri [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|rasuulka NNKH]] xadiis ay culumo badan saxiix yeeleen; <blockquote> '''لتفتحن القسطنطينية فلنعم الامير أميرها ولنعم الجيش ذلك الجيش'''<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري|البُخاري، أبو عبد الله مُحمَّد بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم الجعفي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: هاشم الندوي وآخرون|عنوان=كتابُ التاريخ الكبير|المجلد=القسم الثاني من الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة=81|ناشر=[[دائرة المعارف العثمانية|دائرة المعارف العُثمانيَّة]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[حيدر آباد]] - [[الراج البريطاني|الهند]]|مسار=https://ia600201.us.archive.org/31/items/waq15291/02_15292.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224024504/https://ia600201.us.archive.org/31/items/waq15291/02_15292.pdf|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن عبد البر|ابن عبد البر، أبو عُمر يُوسُف بن عبد الله النمري القُرطُبي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: علي مُحمَّد البجَّاوي|عنوان=الاستيعاب في معرفة الأصحاب|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=170|سنة=[[1412هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الجيل|تاريخ الوصول=[[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://shamela.ws/book/12288/171|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224024032/https://al-maktaba.org/book/12288/171|تاريخ أرشيف=[[24 ديسمبر|</ref> "'''Waxaad furan doontaan Qusdandiiniya waxaa fiicnaaday amiir amiirkeeda waxaa fiicnaaday ciidan ciidankaan",''' </blockquote> ===U diyaar garowga furashada=== [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] oo ahayd caasimada dawlada gabalkeeda sii dhacaayay ayaa waxaa dhinac kasta xigay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], waxayna ahayd magaalo leh dhufeesyo aad u adag oo taariikda muslimiinta in badan ay isku day furashadeyda balse ku guuleesan waayeen, sidoo kale magaalada waxay qiimo aad u weyn ku lahayd [[Masiixiyad|kirishtaanka]] gaar ahaan [[orthodokiska]], suldaan muxamad oo aad ugu baraarugsanaa ahmiyada magaalada ayaa xooga saaray furashadeyda, waxa uu ka ag dhisay qalcada [[romali xisaar]] soo u kontoroolo doomaha soo maraya [[boosfoor|marinka boosfoor]] <ref name="منجم4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 458 - 464|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref><ref name="نبيل5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 322 - 327|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|مكان= [[الإسكندرية|الإسكندريَّة]] - [[مصر]]|</ref> inkastoo uu imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] kasoo horjeestay dhismaha qalcada hadana suldaanka ayaa ka fareestay dhagaha <ref name="كلتي">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= كلتي، برناردين|مؤلف2= ترجمة: شُكري محمود نديم|عنوان= فتح القُسطنطينيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 74 - 75|سنة= [[1962]]|ناشر= مكتبة النهضة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]] - [[الجمهورية العراقية (1958–68)|العراق]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n89| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231057/https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n89 | </ref> Sanadkii 1452dii suldaanka wuxuu joogay [[Edirne|adirna]] asigoo aruuriyay ciidamo badan oo gaaray 80kun iyo manjaniiqyo badan sidoo kale madaafic waaweyn uu sameeyay injineer hangariyan ah <ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار= </nowiki>https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false |عنوان=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century – Hans-Henning Kortüm |سنة=2007 |تاريخ الوصول=2015-06-26|الرقم المعياري=9783050041315 |مؤلف-الأخير1=Kortum |مؤلف-الأول1=Hans-Henning |مؤلف-الأخير2=Kortüm |مؤلف-الأول2=Hans-Henning |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426061833/https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-04-26| </ref><ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار= </nowiki>https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false |عنوان=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... – Gábor Ágoston |تاريخ=2005 |تاريخ الوصول=2015-06-26|الرقم المعياري=9780521843133 |مؤلف-الأخير1=Ágoston |مؤلف-الأول1=Gábor |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426061834/https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد| الأخير = Runciman| الأول = Steven| وصلة مؤلف =:en:Steven Runciman| سنة = 1990| عنوان = The Fall of Constantinople: 1453|ناشر = Cambridge University Press| مكان = London| صفحات = 77–78| الرقم المعياري = 978-0-521-39832-9}}</ref><ref name="منجم4" /><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 79|سنة= [[2013]]|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مسار= https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book}}</ref> imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobonaad]] laftirkiisa ma fariisan wuxuu ka raadsaday gurmad dhanka dawladaha [[yurub]] balse wax saas kama helin, [[babaa nikola shanaad]] ayaa ku xujeeyay in la mideeyo kaniisadaha, taasi oo uu ogolaaday imbiraadoorka balse waxay dhalisay inay ka xanaaqaan shacabka [[biriizanda]] heer ay talyaasha dawlada qaarkood ay door bidaan ku hoos noolaashaha muslimiinta <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= كلتي، برناردين|مؤلف2= ترجمة: شُكري محمود نديم|عنوان= فتح القُسطنطينيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 78|سنة= </nowiki>[[1962]]|ناشر= مكتبة النهضة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]] - [[الجمهورية العراقية (1958–68)|العراق]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n93| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231245/https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n93 | </ref> ===Bilowga hareereenta=== Suldaan muxamad oo rabay sabab uu ku weeraro magaalada ayaa marmarsiyo ka dhigtay xad gudub ee shacabka ruum u geesteen qof Muslim ahaa, wuxuu markiiba ka xaystay ciidankiisa, markuu gaaray afafka hore ee [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] wuxuu u khudbeeyay ciidankiis wuxuuna ku dul aqriyay axaadiista kusoo aroortay furashada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] ciidanka ayaa ku dhuftay takbiir, waxayna ka hareereeyeen magaalada dhulka <ref group="ْ">Türklerin Altın Kitabı, Refik Özdek, Tercüman Yayınları - II. ve III. Cilt. sayfa 410</ref>,dhanka badana usduul ka kooban 126 doomo ayaa ka go'doomiyay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium (Campaign)|المجلد=78|الأول=David|الأخير=Nicolle|وصلة مؤلف=ديفيد نيكول|ناشر=Osprey Publishing|مكان=Oxford|</ref>Dhufeesyada magaalada ayaa waxaa ku hoobtay madaafic xoogan, waxaa gurmad ahaan u yimid doomo ka socda [[janaw|janawa]] kuwaas oo hogaaminayay [[yoxanaa justinyaani]] wuxuu xoog kusoo dhaafay ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayagoo galay magaalada <ref name="حسون">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حسُّون، عليّ|عنوان= العُثمانيُّون والبلقان|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 90|سنة= [[1406هـ]] - [[1986]]م|ناشر= المكتب الإسلامي|تاريخ الوصول= [[18 يناير|18 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.othmanyoun.w.al.blqan/page/n89| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231041/https://archive.org/details/al.othmanyoun.w.al.blqan/page/n89 | تاريخ أرشيف = 19 مارس 2020 }</ref>, silsilada xoogan oo la dhigay afka hore ee magaalada awgeed ayee doomaha cusmaaniyiinta soo gaari waayeen magaalada waxaa dheeraatay go'doominta, khaliil baashaa oo la sheego inuu hoos ula jiray [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] usoo jeediyay suldaanka inuu aqbalo hishiis uuna iska daayo furashada asigoona ku sababeeyay inaa sahal lagu furan karin hadiise dhacdo in la furto in dawladaha ree yurub dhamaan weerar aa kala har lahayn kusoo qaadi doonaan dawlada, talyaal badan ayaa ku raacay fikirkiis, waxaa galay suldaanka labalqbeen shiiqiisa [[aaq shamsudiin]] ayaa xoojiyay qalbigiisa uguna bishaareeyay in furashadu dhawdahay, suldaan muxamad oo ku fakaraya sida doomaha looga gudbin lahaa silsilada baa waxaa ku soo dhacay fikrad waali ahayd waa in la marsiiyo doomaha dhulka kadib laga soo galiyo geeska dahabiga silsilada gadaasheed, waxaa leeysku dhadhajiyay alwaaxyo badan ayadoo lagu shubay saliib sidaas ayaa loo marsiiyay 70 doomo Hal habeyn Subaxdii markii lasoo toosay waxaa kadis ku noqotay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] doomaha cusmaaniyiinta oo joogo marinka way niyad jabeen, waxayna ogaadeen in magaalada gacantooda kasii socoto, muxamad alfaatix ayaa u diray [[Qusdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]] inuu iska dhiibo magaalada uuna siin doono jasiiradaha qaar, balse imbiraadoorka ayaa ku jawaabay inuusan dhiibeen ilaa uu ka dhinto,<ref name="أوزتونا4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 136 - 142|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 مايو 2019}</ref> [[khaliil baashaa]] ayaa markii ugu dambeesay isku dayay suldaanka inuu joojiyo asagoo ku cabsi galiyay in ciidan badan oo ree yurub soo socdaan laakin suldaanka muusan dhageesan wuxuuna ogaysiiyay ciidankiis in weerarka kama dambeeska ee qaadi doonaan 29 may, weerarka ayee qaadeen ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka booday darbiga ayagoo laayay ciidankii [[biriizanda]], sedex bari ayee seef wadeen kadib amaan ayaa la siiyay dadka, waxaana loo fasaxay inay si xur ah u gutaan diintooda waxaana la waayay imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]], waxaa maalinkaas loobixiyay suldaan muxamad magaca "alfaatix" oo laga wado furte, wuxuu u badalay magaca magaalada asagoo u bixiyay "islaambuul" yacni magaalada islaamka kadib taxriif ayaa galay waxayna noqotay [[Istanbuul|Istanbul]], caasimada dawladiis ayuuna usoo wareejiyay Waxaa laga sameeyay magaalada [[qaahira]] dabaaldagyo lagu soo dhaweeyay furashada Qusdandiiniya <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ابن إياس|ابن أيَّاس، أبو البركات زين العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق مُحمَّد مُصطفى|عنوان= بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|صفحة= 316|سنة= [[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر= [[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|تاريخ الوصول= [[19 يناير|19 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/02_17750.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190609010123/https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/02_17750.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 9 يونيو 2019 }</ref><ref name="ابن تغري">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف الأتابكي اليشبقاوي الظاهري]]|عنوان= النُجُوم الزاهرة في مُلُوك مصر والقاهرة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 70 - 71|سنة= [[1383هـ]] - [[1963]]م|ناشر= [[وزارة الثقافة (مصر)|وزارة الثقافة المصريَّة]]|تاريخ الوصول= [[22 فبراير|22 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الجمهورية العربية المتحدة]]|مسار= https://ia600200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/16_159844.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200222183109/https://ia600200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/16_159844.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 22 فبراير 2020 }</ref> ==Furashooyinka xigay Qusdandiiniya== ===Furashada seerbiya=== Waxay keentay ku dhicida Qusdandiiniya gacanta muslimiinta inay cabsi xoogan soo wajahdo dawladaha yar yar dariska lahaa cusmaaniyiinta waxay usoo dagdageen inay hishiisyo la galaan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[bunduqiya]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= ديل، شارلز|مؤلف2= تعريب: أحمد عزَّت عبد الكريم وتوفيق إسكندر|عنوان= البُندُقيَّة جُمهُوريَّة أرستقراطيَّة|صفحة= 137|سنة= [[1948]]|ناشر= دار المعارف|</ref> qeysarka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] [[jureyj baraakofij]] oo horay xiligii muraad labaad dhulal uga qabsaday dawlada ayaa wuxuu dalbaday hishiis iyo inuu celiyo dhulalka lana nabadgaliyo balse suldaan ayaa dhahay waa inaa soo wareejisaa dhamaan qalcadaha, wuu diiday wuxuuna u cararay hangari suldaanka ayaa ka qabsaday dhufeesyo badan wuuna kasoo laabtay 1454tii ayuu markale suldaanka weeraray [[Seerbiya|serbiya]], qeysarka serbiya oo kaalmo kasoo waayay [[Hungary|hangari]] ayaa la saxiixday hishiis suldaanka <ref name="الرشيدي4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان=مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=161 - 164|سنة=[[2013]]|ناشر=دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] </ref> waxaa markiiba sameesmay isbahaysi kirishmis oo xoogan, laakin muxamad alfaatix maba sugin ee weerar buu ku qaaday asoo wata ciidan gaaraya 100kun, wuxuu hareereeyay [[Belgaraad|balgaraad]], waxaase laga horkeenay iska caabin daran, suldaanka ayaa ka soo laabtay, balse waxaa dhaabac oo u dhinto gaaray [[yoxanaa honyaad]] . waxaa soo gaaray suldaanka dhimashada qeysarka serbiya [[jureyj baraakofij]] iyo in [[seerbiya]] ka bilaawatay qas, wuxuu diray suldaanka ciidan [[seerbiya]] see u qabsadaan,<ref name="منجم6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=471 - 477|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر</ref><ref name="طقوش3">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=116 - 117|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|</ref> ciidankaan ayaa qabsaday badanaa [[seerbiya]] ===Furashada dhulka moora=== [[Toomaas baayuuluj]] iyo [[dimitriyoos baayuuluj]] oo la wada dhasheen imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]] ayaa ka talin jireen dhulka [[moora]] waxaana soo ka dhex galay qilaaf, waxaana ka bilaawday dhulkaas qas iyo foodo <ref name=":0">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_(Premysloides_Dynasty)|عنوان=Demetrios Palaiologos (Premysloides Dynasty)|تاريخ الوصول=2021-12-13|موقع=Alternative History|لغة=en|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213192729/https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_(Premysloides_Dynasty)|</ref> suldaan muxamad asagoo ka faaideesanaya ayaa weeraray oona qabsaday dhulkaas 1460kii, [[Dimitriyoos baayuuluj|dimitriyoos]] ayuu qabtay halka [[Toomaas baayuuluj|Toomaas]] uu u cararay [[talyaaniga]] ===Furashada daraabazoon=== imbiraadoorkii [[Imbiraadooriyada darabazon|darabazon]] yooxana afaraad komniin oo aad uga walwalsanaa guulaha cusmaaniyiinta ayaa bilaabay inuu sameeyo isbahaysi ay ku mideesanyihiin cadawga [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] suldaanka [[aaq qooyonloo]] [[oozoon xasan]] necbaa dawlada ayuu la saaxibay waxa uu ku daray gabadhiis <ref name="طقوش4">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=120 - 122|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.</ref><ref group="ِ">[[:en:Franz Babinger|Franz Babinger]], ''Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time'', translated by Ralph Manheim (Princeton: University Press, 1978), p. 185</ref>, sidoo kale amiirada [[Joorjiya (wadan)|joorjiya]], [[Armania|armiiniya]] iyo [[qaramaan]] ayuu soo daray ree galbeedka ayuu wada hadal la bilaabay ayagana balse dhimashada ayaa u timid imbiraadoorka walaalkiis daauud oo xilka kaga dambeeyay ayaa meesha kasii waday dawlada [[janawa]] oo heestay amaasira ayaa ku biirtay Suldaan muxamad ayaa weerar gaadmo ah ku qaaday [[amaasira]] asigoona la wareegay wuxuu sidoo kale qabsaday [[Imaarada Qasdamuuni|qasdamuuni]] iyo [[seynuub]] Wuxuu weeraray dhulka [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo gaarsiiyay jab weyn, [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa u leexday hishiis, wuxuuna soo diray wafdi ey ku jirto hooyadii [[saara khaatuun]], suldaan muxamad ayaa aqbalay dalabkiisa wuxuuna shardiyay inuu ka joogo taageerida [[Imbiraadooriyada Darabazon|darabazon]] Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa hareereeyay [[Imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon|daraabazoon]] imbiraadoor daauud oo ka sugaayay taageero [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa markuu ogaaday inuu la hishiiyay suldaanka tala ku cadaatay, wuxuu ka dlabay [[saara khaatuun]] inay kala hadasho suldaanka balse codsigeeda lama dhageesan, ugu dambeyn wuu is dhiibay sidaas ayeena ku dhaamtay [[imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon]]. ===Daraakoola=== Waxaa looga soo sheegtay suldaanka in [[daraakoola]] amiirka afaalaaq uu tacadiyo badan u geestay muslimiinta, wuxuuna ahaa [[daraakoola]] in xilka xoog kula wareegay 1456dii asagoo taageero ka helaaya hangari <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | المؤلفون = Academia Romana | عنوان = A History of Romanians | المجلد = IV| مكان = Bucuresti | ناشر = Editura Enciclopedica | سنة = 2012 | إصدار = الثانية|صفحة=375|</ref>. Suldaanka ayaa u diray daraakoola inuu hortiisa imaado balse [[daraakoola]] wuxuu ku marmarsiyooday in hadii uu kasoo tago dhulkiisa u gacangali doono [[hangari]], suldaanka oo rumeestay ayaa u diray [[xamza bek]] iyo [[yuunus baashaa]] inay sii ilaaliyaan amniga [[Romania|aflaaq]] intuu ka soo laabanayo daraakoola wuxuuna uga digay qayaanadiis asagoo faray hadii wax ka dareemaan inay dilaan ama soo xiraan <ref group="ِ" name="مولد تلقائيا3">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler-3.html |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608112020/http://www.exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler-3.html |حالة المسار=dead |تاريخ أرشيف=2009-06-08 |عنوان=Vlad the Impaler second rule [3&#93; |ناشر=Exploringromania.com |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Treptow |الأول=Kurt W. |سنة=2000 |عنوان=Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula |ناشر=The Center of Romanian Studies |الرقم المعياري=978-973-98392-2-8 |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف-الأخير1=Florescu |مؤلف-الأول1=Radu R. |وصلة-مؤلف1=:en:Radu Florescu |مؤلف-الأخير2=McNally |مؤلف-الأول2=Raymond T. |سنة=1989 |عنوان=Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times |ناشر=Back Bay Books |الرقم المعياري=978-0-316-28656-5 |</ref>, nasiib daro ayagoo maahsan ayuu [[daraakoola]] habeen madow weeraray asoo dilay [[xamza bek]] iyo [[yuunus baashaa]], intaas kuma sii harin ee wuxuu weeraray magaalooyinka [[Bulgariya|bulgeeriya]], suldaan muxamad oo uga xumaaday ayaa u diray fariin sidayaal, [[daraakoola]] ayaa ku amray fariin sidayaashii inay cimaamadahood dhigaan ixtiraam dartiis markii ay ka diideen wuxuu ka musmaareeyay madaxa, suldaanka oo aad uga xanaaqay ficiladiisa ayaa qaatay ciidan gaaraya 150kun 1462dii oo weeraray aflaaq <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Rezachevici |الأول=Constantin |editor-last=Treptow |editor-first=Kurt W. |عنوان=Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș |ناشر=East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press |سنة=1991 |صفحة=259|الفصل=Vlad Țepeș – Chronology and historical bibliography |</ref>, [[daraakoola]] markuu ogaaday wuxuu raacay siyaasada dhulka la gubay wuxuuna ku gambaday buuraha, <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Rezachevici |الأول=Constantin |editor-last=Treptow |editor-first=Kurt W. |عنوان=Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș |ناشر=East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press |سنة=1991 |صفحة=259|الفصل=Vlad Țepeș – Chronology and historical bibliography |</ref> ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa badiyeen dilka iyo qabsashada, [[daraakoola]] ayaa habeen madow soo weerar tagay asigoo damacsanaa dilka suldaanka<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= Radu R Florescu |مؤلف2= Raymond T. McNally|عنوان= Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times|صفحة= 147|سنة= [[2009]]|ناشر= Little, Brown|الرقم المعياري= 9780316092265|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books/about/Dracula_Prince_of_Many_Faces.html?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&redir_esc=y| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319230804/https://books.google.com.lb/books/about/Dracula_Prince_of_Many_Faces.html?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&redir_esc=y | </ref>, hase ahaatee wuu fashilmay waana la bursaday wuxuu u cararay [[Hungary|hangari]], suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa tagay [[Buqarest|bookhaarast]] oo iclaamiyay inuu raaul walaalka [[daraakoola]] uu xilka aflaaq u dhiibay. ===furashada jasiirada mideeli=== Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa diyaariyay usduul weyn soo u weeraro jasiirada [[mideeli]] oo maamuleesay janawa, sadrulacdam maxamuud baashaa <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | الأخير = Miller | الأول = William | وصلة مؤلف =:en:William Miller (historian) | الفصل = The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355–1462) | عنوان = Essays on the Latin Orient |ناشر = Cambridge University Press | مكان = Cambridge | سنة = 1921 | مسار = https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft | ref=harv |oclc = 457893641|صفحة=345| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160831235710/https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft | </ref> ayuu u xilsaaray furashadeed waxay ku garaaceen madaafic jasiirada, taliyaha heestay jaziirada ayaa is dhiibay, waxayna soo gashay gacanta dawlada ===furashada boosniya=== Boqorka [[boosniya]] [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] ayaa ku ahaa dawlada cadaw daran, suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa ka dalbaday inuu u hogaasamo dawlada uuna bixiyo jizyo balse [[Osdofaan doomaasofij|osdofaan]] oo isku halaynayay xiriirka kala dhaxeeya [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo baabaa ayaa diiday <ref name="طقوش5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 118 - 119|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> wuxuu raadsaday gurmad balse wax soo gaaray ma jirin, suldaanka ayaa soo weeraray wuxuuna iska soo hormariyay sadrulacdamka [[maxamuud baashaa]] wuxuu qabsaday dhoor dhufeesyo mardambe dhufees uu ku gambaday boqorka [[boosniya]] ayuu hareereeyay afar bari kadib waxaa ka go'ay cuntadii [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa u bandhigay inuu aamin yahay haduu is dhiibo [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] ayaa is dhiibay asaga iyo iyo walaalkiis, [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa u keenay suldaanka <ref name="منجم8">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 486 - 494|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Babinger|الأول=Franz|وصلة مؤلف=:en:Franz Babinger|عنوان=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|ناشر=Princeton University Press|مكان=USA|سنة=1992|الرقم المعياري=0-691-01078-1|صفحة=221}}</ref> Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa ka soo horjeestay amaanka la siiyay culumada ayuu ka ifto dalbay qaar ayaa iftooday inay hala ka jirin amaankaas, suldaanka ayaana amray in la dilo [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] iyo walaalkiis, waxaa uu siiyay dadka deegaanka amaan naftooda iyo diintooda <ref group="ِ">[http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ahd.html Croatia and Ottoman Empire, Ahdnama, Sultan Mehemt II<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318110046/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ahd.html |date=18 مارس 2016}}</ref><ref group="ِ">[http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_14th_issue/eihsanoglu_stevens.html Light Millennium: A Culture of Peaceful Coexistence: The Ottoman Turkish Example; by Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165849/http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_14th_issue/eihsanoglu_stevens.html |date=03 مارس 2016}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد ويب| الأخير =مُعطي| الأول =علي| تاريخ =[[25 فبراير|25 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229015639/http://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/| تاريخ أرشيف=[[29 فبراير|29 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| مسار =http://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/| عنوان =موقف الدولة العثمانية من الأقلّيات الدينية| موقع =جريدة اللِّواء| تاريخ الوصول =[[25 فبراير|25 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| ناشر= نقلًا عن كتاب «السلطان محمد الفاتح» لمؤلفه: ياووز بهادُر أوغلي، ترجمة مُصطفى حمزة ومُحمَّد حمزة، نشر دار مكتبة المعارف - ناشرون، [[بيروت]]، [[2016]]، صفحة 165 وما بعدها.}}</ref> Waxaa harsaneed furashada gobolka [[Harsenk|harsak]], suldaanka ayaa u daayay maxamuud baashaa wuuna laabtay [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa weeraray gobolkaas wuxuu qabsaday dhoor dhufeesyo, amiirka gobolka harsak osdofaan fookej ayaa u diray wiilkiis suldaanka wuxuuna dalbaday amaan, Suldaanka ayaa ka yeelay, gobolka qeyb ayuu dawlada ku daray qeybna wuu u dhaafay,wiilkiis wuxuu joogay Istanbul mar dambe ayuu islaamay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | مؤلف = [[:en:Safvet-beg Bašagić|Safvet-beg Bašagić]] | عنوان = Kratka uputa u prošlost Bosne i Hercegovine, od g. 1463–1850 | سنة = 1900 | لغة = Serbo-Croatian | مسار = https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog | صفحة = [https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog/page/n30 20]| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180322084240/https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog | </ref> ===la dagaalanka bunduqiya=== jamhuuriyada [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo aad ugu dadaaleesay ilaalashada dhaqaalaheed ayaa ku laheed xarumo badan [[moora]] iyo bada iija wxayna aad ugu baqeesay dhul balaarsiga [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] sidaas darteed ayee in badan taageetay cadawga dowalada sida [[askandar bek]] [[biriizanda]] laakin markii [[Istanbuul|qusdandiiniya]] la qabsaday waxay gashay cudur daar, sanadii 1463 waxaa soo gaaray suludaanka in [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo hangari ku hishiiyeen inay soo celiyaan dhufeesyo [[moora]] ku yiil uu hada ka hor uu dumiyay [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]], kadibna ay tartiib tartiib uaga qabsadaan dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa diray [[maxamuud baashaa]] balse wuxuu gaaray ayagoo dhiseen <ref name="منجم8"/><ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد |عنوان=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century |الأخير=Setton |الأول=Kenneth M. |سنة=1978 |ناشر=DIANE Publishing|صفحة=248|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC |الرقم المعياري=0-87169-127-2| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190511204648/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC |</ref> wuxuu la galay dagaalo badan wuxuu dumiyay dhufeesyadii asagoo qabsaday meelo kale oo badan sida [[aargoos]] iyo [[isbarda]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= ڤاتان، نيقولا|مؤلف2= إشراف روبير مانتران|مؤلف3= ترجمة [[بشير السباعي]]|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|الفصل=الفصل الثالث: صُعُود العُثمانيين|صفحة= 137|سنة= [[1993]]|ناشر= دار الفكر للدراسات والنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[5 يناير|5 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://www.dopdfwn.com/cacnoscana/scanoanya/pdf-books-org-2SS34.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200201232554/https://www.dopdfwn.com/cacnoscana/scanoanya/pdf-books-org-2SS34.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 فبراير 2020 | وصلة مكسورة</ref>, bunduqiya oo dareentay in looga adkaaday ayaa raadsatay saaxiibo imaarada [[Imaarada qramaan|qaramaan]] ayee la hadashay, balse imaarada oo ogeed dharbaaxidii hore ee kasoo gaartay muxamad alfaatix ayaa garab istaagi weesay, sidoo kale [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa ayagana iska diiday inay uga hiiliyaan dawlad gaalo ah dawlad muslim, waxay aaday [[aaq qooyonloo]] [[oozoon xasan]] oo u ciil qabay suldaanka ayaa garab siiyay<ref name="التفاعل">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= وصفي، مُحمَّد رضا|عنوان= التفاعل بين الإسلام والمسيحيَّة في إيران: العهد الصفوي (1501 - 1722م)|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 163 - 164|سنة= [[2015]]|ناشر= مركز الحضارة لِتنمية الفكر الإسلامي|الرقم المعياري= 9786144270592|تاريخ الوصول= [[3 مارس|3 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=0thSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&source=bl&ots=lbgDuB4AFs&sig=ACfU3U0Ct5ZaxAPuinGTbEMa9cZd_6KsGA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD4fXJn_7nAhUI8hQKHSkCArEQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303133327/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=0thSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&source=bl&ots=lbgDuB4AFs&sig=ACfU3U0Ct5ZaxAPuinGTbEMa9cZd_6KsGA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD4fXJn_7nAhUI8hQKHSkCArEQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ%23v%3Donepage&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false#v=snippet&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false|تاريخ أرشيف=[[3 مارس|</ref> waxaa kusoo biirtay [[Hungary|hangari]] sedexdood waxay ku hishiiyeen qaabkii ay ku qeesan lahaayeen dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ===ladagaalanka hangari=== baaba [[biyuus labaad]] ayaa weerar uu hogaaminaayo soo qaaday balse dhex buu ku dhintay baabaa ga bedelay wuu iska daayay weerarka <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ويل ديورانت|ديورانت، وِل]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: مُحمَّد بدران|عنوان= قصَّة الحضارة: النهضة|صفحة= 56 - 61|المجلد= الجُزء الثالث من المُجلَّد الخامس|ناشر= المنظمة العربية للتربية والثقافة والعلوم ودار الجيل للطبع والنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[3 مارس|3 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] و[[تونس العاصمة|تُونُس]]|مسار= https://ia801908.us.archive.org/16/items/WAQ29508_201304/05-3-20.pdf|{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611202952/https://ia801702.us.archive.org/19/items/WAQ29508_201304/05-3-20.%7C</ref>, boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] [[miitaas labaad]] ayaa qabsaday qalcada yayja suldaanka ayaa ciidankiisa qaatay soo uga ceshado mudo ayuu hareereeyay laakin ma furan, wuxuu maqlay in boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] uu weeraray maagalo kale wuu soo dhaqsaday wuxuu jabiyay ciidankii hangari boqorkooda [[miitaas labaad]] ayaa dirqis ku baxsaday, waxaa saas ku kali noqotay [[bunduqiya]] ===askader bek=== [[askandar bek]] amiirka [[Albania|albaaniya]] ayaa jabiya hihiis uu la galay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] waxa uuna weeraray dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa soo aaday 1468 waxa uu hareereeyay caasimadiis [[aaqja xisaar]] <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Franco|الأول=Demetrio|سنة=1539|عنوان=Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr|مكان=Venice|ناشر=Altobello Salkato|الرقم المعياري=99943-1-042-9|صفحة=343}}</ref> laakin wuu qabsan waayay<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Freely|الأول=John|سنة=2009|عنوان=The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire|مكان=New York|ناشر=The Overlook Press|الرقم المعياري=1-59020-248-1|</ref>, magaalooyin qaar ayuu qabsaday ciidamo ayuu dhigay wuuna laabtay, Isla sanadkaas waxaa dhintay [[askandar bek]] kadib 20 sano uu weerar kula jiray [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] wuxuuna kamid ahaa cadawyadeed daran <ref name="محمد فريد5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 172 - 178|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit |</ref> ===qaramaan=== waxaa dhintay amiirka qaramaan [[ibraahim bek]] ilmihiis biir axmad iyo isxaaq ayaana xilka isku qabsaday <ref name="محمد فريد5"/><ref group="ْ">Iorga, Nicolae (2005). ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi'', Vol 2 : 1451–1538 (translated by Nilüfer Epçeli). Yeditepe. {{ردمك</ref>, biir axmad dawlada garab weydiistay, suldaanka oo fursad u arkaayay ayaa weerary isxaaq oo buriyay waxa uuna xilka saaray biir axmad <ref name="محمد فريد5"/><ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi'' Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 256-257</ref> balse biir axmad asna wuu ku caasiyay dawlada suldaanka ayaa ku soo laabtay oo laayay dhamaan wixii taageeray, biir axmad ayaa u cararay laarinda waa looga daba tagay wuxuu ku gambaday [[oozoon xasan]] ===furashada jaziirada waabiya=== intuu ku mashquulsanaa suldaanka [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]] [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ayaa weerartay dhulka dawlada oo laaysay dad badan, suldaanka oo ka aargoosanaayo ayaa 1470kii weraray jaziirada [[waabiya]] ee hoostimaado [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]]<ref name="منجم9">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 495 - 505|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> , wuuna qabsaday, dadkii deganaa waxa uuu siiyayamaan, taasi oo dhaabac weyn gaarsiisay [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]]. ===qaramaan=== biir axmad iyo walaalkiis qaasim ayaa soo laba kacleeyeen ayagoo heleen taageero badan, suldaanka ayaa u diray sadrulacdam muxamad baashaa alruumi inuu soo dabar gooyo, muxamad baashaa oo ku caan ahaa qalbi adeega ayaa sameeyay dulmi badan dadkii ayoo dhibay guryaha ayuu ka gubay xoolahana wuu boobay, halmar ayee ku kaceen meel ayee ugu gambadeen markaasee laayeen ciidankiis, wax yar ayuu lasoo cararay, suldaan markuu ogaaday wuxuu geestay markiiba wuu dilay, waxa uu u diray [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]] isxaaq baashaa, guulo ayoona soo hooyay, biir axmad iyo qaasim ayaa u carareen [[Oozoon xasan|oozoonx asan]], waxay dawladu qabsatay magaalooyinka [[calaaiya]] iyo suleeqiya, ===ladgaalanka aaq qooyonloo=== [[yurub]] oo rajadeda ka dhigatay oozoon xasan ayaa ka shaqaysay isku dhaca oozoon xasan iyo muxamad alfaatix, [[oozoon xasan]] oo isna isla qaab weynaa kadib markuu kasoo adkaaday dawladii [[tiimuuriyiinta]] iyo dawladii [[qura qooyonloo]] ayaa yareesanaayay muxamad alfaatix, wuxuu soo diray ina adeerkiis [[yuusufja miiruzaa]] iyo waziirkiis cumar bek bin baktaash waxay weerareen dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] magaalooyin badan bee weerareen oo gubeen xoolaha boobeen <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |عنوان=The Cambridge History of Islam |المجلد=Volume 2 |محرر1-الأول=Ann Katherine Swynford |محرر1-الأخير=Lambton |محرر2-الأول=Bernard |محرر2-الأخير=Lewis |محرر3-الأول=P.M. |محرر3-الأخير=Holt |ناشر=Cambridge University Press |سنة=1985 |صفحة=299}}</ref>, waxaa sidoo kale la socday biir axmad iyo qaasim, markuu maqlay suldaanka daauud baashaa iyo shahrazaada musdafa ayuu amray iney ka hortagaan <ref name="القرماني2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف|عنوان= أخبار الدُول وآثار الأُول في التاريخ|صفحة= 310|سنة= [[1282هـ]]|ناشر= مطبعة الميرزا عبَّاس التبريزي|تاريخ الوصول= [[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]]|مسار= https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224011431/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|</ref> dagaal culus ayaa dhex maray waxaa lagu jabiyay [[aaq qoonlow]] yuusuja ayaana gacanta lagu dhigay sanadii 1473dii ayuu suldaan muxamad u amba baxay ladagaalanka [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo wata 100kun oo ciidan, [[oozoon xasan]] isna ciidankiis ayuu ula soo dhaqaaqay [[arzanjaan]], suldaanka ayaa iska sii hormariyay ciidan uu watay muraad alkhaaski belse [[oozoon xasan]] baa kamiin u dhigay oo laayay, suldaan muxamad ayaa soo dedegay labada ciidan waxay ku kulmeen meel la dhaho otloq bile, dagaal adag oo saacado qaatay kadib waxaa la jabiyay [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo ka cararay goobta kadib markii la dilay wiilkiis taliyaashiis badanaa la qabtay, waxaa la sheegaa inuu ku dhahay biir axmad "ina qaramaanoo firkaada alle ha qaribo ceeb iyo duli baa ii keentay, maxaa ii geestay ina cusmaan" [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa hishiis la galay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] kadib jabkii ka soo gaaray, waxaana loo guuriyay gabadha suldaan maxamad [[jowhar khaan khaatuun]] wiilka oozoon xasan <ref name="أوزتونا7"/><ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=Necdet|الأخير=Sakaoğlu|عنوان=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler|ناشر=Oğlak Yayıncılık|سنة=2008|الرقم المعياري=978-9-753-29623-6|صفحة=179}}</ref>, waxaa cidlo noqday amiirada [[Imaarada qaramaan|qaramaan]] biir axmad iyo qaasim, ciidan yar ayee soo qaateen waxayna weerareen [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]], suldaanka ayaa u diray waziir [[kadak axmad baashaa]] qalcadaha ee qabsadeen buu ka buriyay, qaasim wuu is dhiibay, biir amad soo u cararaayay shaam ayuu tagay halkaas uu cumrigiisa ku dhameestay<ref name="منجم10">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 507 - 517|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> ===furashada qiram=== [[Jaziirada qiram|Qiram]] waa jaziirad dhacda waqooyiga bada madow, waxaa ka talin jirtay [[qabiilka dahabiga]] oo ka mid ahayd dawladaha tataarka, dawladaas waxay u qeybsantay dawlado badan, waxaa kamid ahaa khaan qiram <ref name="القرم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 128 - 130|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> uu xaaji kiraay aasaasay 1449kii<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Vernadsky|الأول=George|سنة=1953|عنوان=The Mongols and Russia|ناشر=Yale University Press|صفحة=329}}</ref> dawlada [[janawa]] ayaa heysatay magaalooyinka [[aazuuq]] iyo [[kafa]] oo ka tirsan qiram, suldaan muxamad asigoo asbaab badan ku riixeeso wuxuu go'aansaday furashada qiram, [[kadak axmad baashaa]] ayuuna u xilsaaray arintaa, si ku haboon ayuuna u fuliyay wuxuu ka taqalusay joogista [[janawa]] ee jaziirada qiram, amiirka qiram mankaley kiraay ayaa aqbalay inuu hoos imaado dawlada, hishiis ayuuna la galay ===weerarida bagadaan=== Amiirka [[Moldofa|bagadaan]] [[osdofaan bin bugdaan]] ayaa ahaa inuu diiday daacada [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], asigoo ka faaideesanaya dagaalada suldaanka ee is daba xiriira ayuu weeraray [[Romania|Aflaaq]] amiirkeeda Raul ayuu xilka ka qaaday nin kale ayuuna saaray <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف-الأخير1=Florescu |مؤلف-الأول1=Radu R. |وصلة-مؤلف1=:en:Radu Florescu |مؤلف-الأخير2=McNally |مؤلف-الأول2=Raymond T. |سنة=1989 |عنوان=Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times |ناشر=Back Bay Books |الرقم المعياري=978-0-316-28656-5 </ref> Suldaanka ayaa u xilsaaray la dagaalankiisa [[suleymaan baashaa alqaadim]], ciidan badan ayuu la baxay 1475tii <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Mikaberidze |الأول=Alexander |وصلة مؤلف=:en:Alexander Mikaberidze |editor-last=Mikaberidze |editor-first=Alexander |عنوان=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. |ناشر=ABC-CLIO |سنة=2011 |صفحة=914 |الفصل=Vaslui-Podul, Battle of (</ref> [[Osdofaan bin bugdaan|osdofaan]] ayaa weerar gaadmo ah ku qaaday oo wax badan ka dilay ciidanka, suldaan muxamad oo ka xumaaday ayaa u soo baxay dagaalka, waxaa dhex maray asaga iyo osdofaan dagaal culus oo lagu jabshay [[Osdofaan bin bugdaan|osdofaan]], wax badan ayaana looga laayay heer loo bixiyay waadiga cad, lafaha badan ee tuban meesa darteed<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=مُحمَّد |الأول=أحمد صالح عليّ |عنوان=الأفلاق والبُغدان في العصر العُثماني |المجلد=السنة السادسة والعُشرون|العدد = العدد مئة وثلاثة|سنة= ذو الحجَّة [[1439هـ]] \ أيلول - سپتمبر [[2018]]م|صحيفة =آفاق الثقافة والتُراث| ناشر =مركز جمعة الماجد للثقافة والتُراث|صفحة= صفحة 55 - 56|تاريخ الوصول=[[8 مارس|8 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مسار=http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728.pdf |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308220126/http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728.pdf |تاريخ أرشيف=[[8 مارس|8 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308220126/http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728</ref>. ===la hishiinta Qusdandiiniya=== Suldaan muxamad oo rabay inuu culeesyada ku badiyo [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ayaa weeraro badan ku qaaday qalcadahood <ref name="منجم11">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 517 - 525|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> [[ishquudra]] ayuu go'doomiyay, [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo tabartii ka dhamaatay markay weesay dhamaan saaxiibadeed ayaa la saxiixatay hishiis dawlada, kaa oo uga dagtay dhulal badan, jizyo sanadla ah wey ogolaatay. ===Go'doominta rodos iyo furashooyinka koonfur talyaaniga=== Sandkii 1480kii muaxamd alfaatix oo in badan ku haminaayay qabsashada [[talyaaniga]] oo xililyaas dawlado badan is heesta ee ka jireen <ref name="الرشيدي6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 309 - 321|سنة= [[2013]]|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مسار= https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book}}</ref> ayaa u diray usduul oo waday [[kadak axmad baashaa]], wuxuu qabsaday jaziiradaha u dhaxeeya [[talyaaniga]] iyo [[Giriiga|gariiga]] <ref name="طقوش7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 130 - 134|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>, dhulka [[talyaaniga]] ayuu ku dagay qalcada otranto ayuu qabsaday, waxaa walwal xoogan soo food saaray dawladaha [[talyaaniga]] baabaa [[sikeskt afaraad]] ayaa ku baaqay inay hishiiyaan Isla waqtigaas suldaanka wuxuu u diray [[masiix baashaa]] qabsashada jasiirada [[roodos]] oo fardooleyda istibsaari ay heesteen,wuu weeraray mar uu ku dhawaaday furashadeed ayuu ku dhawaaqay si iskiis in ganiimada uu leeyahay kaliya suldaan, taasi oo keentay inay ciidanka niyad jabaan, guul daro ayuuna kusoo dhamaaday, suldaan maxamad ayaa canaantay [[masiix baashaa]] markuu soo laabtay. ==DHimashada suldaanka== 25 April 1481dii suldaanku ciidankiis ayuu isugu keenay wuxuu u diyaar garoobay weerar loo badinaayo inuu [[talyaaniga]] ku wajahnaa, balse jiro kadisa ayaa ku timid, wuxuuna dhintay 3 may ee sanadkaas, laba aragti ayaa ku jirto sababta uu ku dhintay, aragti qabta inuu xanuun iskiis uu u dhintay, iyo aragti qabta in la sumeeyay uuna sumeeyay dhaqtar yacquub baasha la yiraahdo asal ahaan yahuud ahaa una shaqeenaayo [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ==Wax qabadkiisa== Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa sameeyay 30kii sano uu xilka haayay wax qabad badan, wuxuu balaariyay dhulka dawlada, waxa uu dhisay dhismooyin badan, sida mdarasooyin, masaajid, suuqyo iyo isbitaalo waxaa ugu caansan dhismooyinkiis [[masjidka alfaatix]] iyo suuqa baazaar ee weyn ee ku yaalo [[Istanbuul]]<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير= |الأول= |مؤلف = |وصلة مؤلف= |المؤلفون= | تاريخ=2012 |مسار=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;tr;Mon01;28;ar |عنوان=البازار الكبير |تنسيق= |عمل= |صفحات= |ناشر=متحف بلا حدود | لغة= |تاريخ الوصول=تشرين 2012| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160319010458/http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;tr;mon01;28;ar | </ref> ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== Suldaan Maxamad alfaatix wuxuu guursaday noloshiisa dhowr naagood waxayna u dhaleen wiilal badan iyo Hal gabar *'''Amiina kulbahaar khaatuun''' *'''kulshaah khaatuun''' aslkeed waa albaaniyaan *'''Mukarama khaatuun'''asalkeed waa Abkhazi *'''Jiijik khaatuun''' qaahira baa lagu dhalay taliye mamaaliikta ah ayaa dhalay *'''Xanna khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay imbiraadoorka daraabazoon daauud komneen, suldaanka ayaa guursaday kadib qabsashada daraabazoon. *'''khadiija khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay zagaanuush baashaa *'''ilmahiis''' *'''[[Bayazid labaad]]''' amiina kulbahaar khaatuun ayaa dhashay, curudka alfaatix buu ahaa, xilka ayuuna kaga dambeeyay aabihiis. *'''musdafa''' 1474tii buu dhintay *'''[[jam suldaan]]''' walaalkii [[bayazid labaad]] ayuu xilka kula dooday markuu ka adkaan waayay [[yurub]] buu aaday talyaaniga buu ku dhintay. *'''Jawhar khaan khaatuun''' waxaa guursaday ogorli maxamed bin oozoon xasan waxay u dhashay axmad koodah ==xigasho== <references /> <references group="ْ" /> <references /> [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Category:Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Category:Boqorada islaamka]] 11iq1dj9m4ecoocm2ncufpovhjrl5jq 301790 301789 2026-07-11T21:07:56Z Videoiib7 46243 /* xigasho */ 301790 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saaxibu bishaara Al-malik Mujaahid Al-suldaan gaazi abulfatxi muxamad labaad bin muraad labaad bin muxamad koowaad''' ([[Af-Turkigii Cusmaaniyiinta|Turkida cusmaaniyada]]: <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">صاحب بِشارۀ الملكُ المُجاهد غازى سُلطان مُحمَّد خان ثانى بن مُراد بن مُحمَّد عُثمانى</font></span>؛) oo loo yaqaan '''muxamad alfaatix, ([[Af-Turki|af-Turkiga]]: ''Fatih Sultan Mehmed'' ),''' wuxuu kan tobaad ee [[Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]] {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''muxanad alfaatix'''<br /> محمد الفاتح <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" | [[Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta|suldaanka 7aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(1)[[1444]] ilaa , [[1446]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(2)[[1451]] ilaa , [[1481]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[muraad labaad]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[ Bayazid labaad]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1429]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[Edirne|Adirna]] [[adirna |romali]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[Muraad labaad]] |- !hooyadii |[[khadiija huma khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |[[1481]] |- !Ku dhintay: |takfuur jaabri, [[Anatooliya|anadool]] |} waxa uu ahaa mid kamida kuwii ugu cadcadaa hogaamiyayayaashii soomaray dawladaa, waxa uu dawladii [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] xukumayay mudo kudhaw ilaa sodon sano, sanadkii 1453dii ayuu qabsaday magaalada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]], taas oo gilgishay caalamka islaamiga iyo kan [[yurub]], magaca alfaatix ayaana loo bixiyay, wuxuu saas kusoo afjaray [[imbiraadooriyada biriizanda]] oo jirtay 1400 sano, Sanadihii xigay wuxuu sii waday muxamad alfaatix furashooyinkiisa, wuxuu qabsaday dhulka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] dhulka Moora ee koonfurta [[Giriiga|gariiga]], gobolka aflaaq iyo [[Albania|albaaniya]], wuxuu jabshay [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]], midnimada [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] ayuu soo celiyay asoo ka taqalusay [[imaarada qaramaan]] iyo [[Imaarada darabazon|darabazon]], wuxuu isku dayay furashada [[talyaaniga]] lkn geerida ayaa u timid Sandkii 1481. [[File:Sarayi Album 10a.jpg|thumb|Mxamed Al-faatex]] ==Noloshiisa hore== Wuxuu ku dhashay 1429kii magaalada [[Edirne|adirna]] oo ahayd caasimada [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cusmaaniyiinta]] xiligaas <ref name="محمد فريد1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان=تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار=العاشرة|صفحة=160 - 161|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة=[[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق=pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|</ref>, markuu soo koray aabihiis [[muraad labaad]] ayaa u keenay macalin bara [[Qur'aan|qur'aanka]], kadib culuumta kala duwan ayuu ka aqristay culmo badan, waxaa shiiqyaalkiis ugu caasanaa [[Aaq shamsudiin]] iyo [[axmad alkowraani]], labadaan shiiq waxay ku barbaariyeen yaraantiisa inuu yahay kan lagu sheegay [[Xadiis|xadiiska nabiga]] scw ee furan doono [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]]<ref name="المنياوي">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=المنياوي، رمزي|عنوان=[[محمد الفاتح (كتاب)|مُحمَّد الفاتح: النسر الكبير فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة ومُحقِّق البشارة النبويَّة]]|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=40 - 43|سنة=[[2011]]|ناشر=[[دار الكتاب العربي]]|</ref>, ==Qabashadiisa koowaad ee xilka== Isbahaysi xoogan oo babaa soo agaasimay ayaa soo weeraray dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], waxaa dhex maray ayaga iyo [[muraad labaad]] dagaalo adag, ugu dambeyn suldaanku wuxuu la 1444kii [[hishiiskii sakdiin]] kaa oo dhulal badan uga dagay isbahaysiga, intay socdeen dagaalada waxaa dhintay wiilkiisa calaaudiin cali <ref group> ب| مؤلف-الأخير1=Babinger|مؤلف-الأول1=Franz|وصلة مؤلف=:en:Franz Babinger|سنة=2003 | عنوان=Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Zamanı | ناشر=Oğlak Yayınevi | مكان=İstanbul | الرقم المعياري=975-329-417-4|</ref> kaas oo murugo badan kusii abuurtay [[muraad labaad]] wuxuu ka noogay xilka asigoo jecleestay inuu u go'o khalwo iyo cibaado, xilkana uga tago wiilkiis muxamad alfaatix oo jiray 14 sano <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II|عنوان=Murad II {{!}} Ottoman sultan|صحيفة=Encyclopedia Britannica|لغة=en|تاريخ الوصول=2017-01-20| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181019214111/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II |</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 95|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنامسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>. Muxamad alfaatix markii uu xilka ku farristay [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo [[Boland|booland]] ayaa yasay oo buriyay hishiiska oo la galay aabihiis wuxuuna weeraray dhulka dawlada asagoo burburiyay meelo badan, golaha hogaamiyaasha dawlada ayaa isla garteen in loo baahanyahay [[muraad labaad]], wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] ayaa u diray inuu imaado balse wuu ka diiday, markale ayuu u qoray muxamad alfaatix <blockquote> "Hadaa tahay suldaanka waa inaa ilaalisaa dhulka iyo adoomaha, hadaadan ahayna waa inaa yeeshaa hadalka suldaanka oo fulisaa amarkiis" </blockquote> markaas ayuu imaaday [[Muraad labaad]], aad ayaana loo soo dhaweeyay, ciidan gaaray 60kun ayuu qaatay <ref group="ِ">Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 143</ref><ref group="ِ">Stephen Turnbull. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. P. 32</ref> wuxuu la kulmay isbahaysiga sanadkii 1444, dagaal qaraar aynaana dhex maray, ugu dambeyn waxaa la jabiyay isbahaysiga jab xun <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=فهمي، عبدُ السلام عبد العزيز|عنوان=السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح: فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة وقاهر الرُّوم|إصدار=الخامسة|صفحة=22|سنة=</nowiki>[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1993]]م|ناشر=دار القلم|تاريخ الوصول=[[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607214955/https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|</ref> waxaana lagu dilay dagaalka [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] iyo kardinaal [[yulyaan siizaarini]], wuxuu faray suldaanka in labadood madax lagu bandhigo [[bursa]] iyo [[Edirne|adirna]], dagaalkan waxaa loo yaqaan [[dagaalkii faaraana]], waxaana ka dhashay mandiqada [[balqaan]] inay cusmaaniyiinta ku kali naqdaan iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] oo awoodeed wiiqmato, [[caalamka islaamiga]] ayaa dabaaldagyo laga sameeyay boqorka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa amray in khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ka dib minbarada lagu xuso [[muraad labaad]]. [[Muraad labaad]] markii uu ka soo laabtay dagaalka wuxuu dib ugu noqday qalwadiis. === Ka dagistiis xilka === Labo sano kadib qabashadiis xilka 1446dii [[Inkishaariyiinta|Ciidanka inkishaariyiinta]] ayaa ku sameeyay kacdoon suldaanka yar waxayna ka dalbeen [[muraad labaad]] inuu xilka kusoo noqdo, wuu ka yeelay. Muxamad alfaatix Xilka markuu ka dagay kadib wuxuu badanaa joogay [[magniisiya]], wuxuu kala qeyb galay aabihiis [[dagaalkii kosofo labaad]] oo guul ka gaaray iyo weerardii uu ku qaaday [[askandar bek]] == Qabashadiis labaad ee xilka == markuu dhintay [[muraad labaad]] sanadii 1451 waa la qariyay ilaa muxamad alfaatix oo ka yimid, wuxuuna ugu horeyn amray in meedka aabihiis loo qaado [[bursa]], halkaas oo ku duuganyihiin aabayaashii, waxaa soo gaaray safiiro ka kala socdo dawlado badan sida [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|briizanda]], [[Jamhuuriyada janawa|janawa]], [[Imaarada daraabazon|daraabazon]], iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] dhamaan wuxuu la saxiixday hishiisyo, ===Imaarada qaramaan=== Amiirka qaramaan [[Ibrahim bek]] oo ka faaideesanaya xiliga kala guurka taageerana ka helaya [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|birrizanda]] ayaa caasiyay oo weeraray dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] wuxuu isku dayay inuu soo celiyo imaaradaha [[Imaarada Karmiyaan|karmiyaan]], [[banuu aydiin]], [[munashtaa]] iyo [[saaruuqaan]] <ref name="منجم2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 456 - 457|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> Suldaan muxamad ayaa u baxay oo ka buriyay dhulkiisa, [[Ibrahim bek]] ayaa bilaabay baryo iyo inuu cafis dalbo, suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa iska cafiyay oo u celiyay imaaradihiis bishardi inuu raacsanaado dawlado oona lacago sanadla ah guto.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 102|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> == Furashada Qusdandiiniya == {{See also|furashada qusdandiiniya}} ===Axaadiista ku saabsan furashadayda=== Wuxuu ku yiri [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|rasuulka NNKH]] xadiis ay culumo badan saxiix yeeleen; <blockquote> '''لتفتحن القسطنطينية فلنعم الامير أميرها ولنعم الجيش ذلك الجيش'''<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[محمد بن إسماعيل البخاري|البُخاري، أبو عبد الله مُحمَّد بن إسماعيل بن إبراهيم الجعفي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: هاشم الندوي وآخرون|عنوان=كتابُ التاريخ الكبير|المجلد=القسم الثاني من الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة=81|ناشر=[[دائرة المعارف العثمانية|دائرة المعارف العُثمانيَّة]]|تاريخ الوصول=[[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[حيدر آباد]] - [[الراج البريطاني|الهند]]|مسار=https://ia600201.us.archive.org/31/items/waq15291/02_15292.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224024504/https://ia600201.us.archive.org/31/items/waq15291/02_15292.pdf|</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن عبد البر|ابن عبد البر، أبو عُمر يُوسُف بن عبد الله النمري القُرطُبي]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: علي مُحمَّد البجَّاوي|عنوان=الاستيعاب في معرفة الأصحاب|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=170|سنة=[[1412هـ]] - [[1992]]م|ناشر=دار الجيل|تاريخ الوصول=[[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://shamela.ws/book/12288/171|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224024032/https://al-maktaba.org/book/12288/171|تاريخ أرشيف=[[24 ديسمبر|</ref> "'''Waxaad furan doontaan Qusdandiiniya waxaa fiicnaaday amiir amiirkeeda waxaa fiicnaaday ciidan ciidankaan",''' </blockquote> ===U diyaar garowga furashada=== [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] oo ahayd caasimada dawlada gabalkeeda sii dhacaayay ayaa waxaa dhinac kasta xigay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], waxayna ahayd magaalo leh dhufeesyo aad u adag oo taariikda muslimiinta in badan ay isku day furashadeyda balse ku guuleesan waayeen, sidoo kale magaalada waxay qiimo aad u weyn ku lahayd [[Masiixiyad|kirishtaanka]] gaar ahaan [[orthodokiska]], suldaan muxamad oo aad ugu baraarugsanaa ahmiyada magaalada ayaa xooga saaray furashadeyda, waxa uu ka ag dhisay qalcada [[romali xisaar]] soo u kontoroolo doomaha soo maraya [[boosfoor|marinka boosfoor]] <ref name="منجم4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 458 - 464|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref><ref name="نبيل5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 322 - 327|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|مكان= [[الإسكندرية|الإسكندريَّة]] - [[مصر]]|</ref> inkastoo uu imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] kasoo horjeestay dhismaha qalcada hadana suldaanka ayaa ka fareestay dhagaha <ref name="كلتي">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= كلتي، برناردين|مؤلف2= ترجمة: شُكري محمود نديم|عنوان= فتح القُسطنطينيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 74 - 75|سنة= [[1962]]|ناشر= مكتبة النهضة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]] - [[الجمهورية العراقية (1958–68)|العراق]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n89| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231057/https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n89 | </ref> Sanadkii 1452dii suldaanka wuxuu joogay [[Edirne|adirna]] asigoo aruuriyay ciidamo badan oo gaaray 80kun iyo manjaniiqyo badan sidoo kale madaafic waaweyn uu sameeyay injineer hangariyan ah <ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار= </nowiki>https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false |عنوان=Transcultural Wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century – Hans-Henning Kortüm |سنة=2007 |تاريخ الوصول=2015-06-26|الرقم المعياري=9783050041315 |مؤلف-الأخير1=Kortum |مؤلف-الأول1=Hans-Henning |مؤلف-الأخير2=Kortüm |مؤلف-الأول2=Hans-Henning |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426061833/https://books.google.com/?id=ZGYJgY9bdqsC&pg=PA234&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-04-26| </ref><ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مسار= </nowiki>https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false |عنوان=Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman ... – Gábor Ágoston |تاريخ=2005 |تاريخ الوصول=2015-06-26|الرقم المعياري=9780521843133 |مؤلف-الأخير1=Ágoston |مؤلف-الأول1=Gábor |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200426061834/https://books.google.com/?id=dNqzjfWABSAC&pg=PA43&dq=orban+Hungarian+constantinople+1453#v=onepage&q=orban%20Hungarian%20constantinople%201453&f=false|</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد| الأخير = Runciman| الأول = Steven| وصلة مؤلف =:en:Steven Runciman| سنة = 1990| عنوان = The Fall of Constantinople: 1453|ناشر = Cambridge University Press| مكان = London| صفحات = 77–78| الرقم المعياري = 978-0-521-39832-9}}</ref><ref name="منجم4" /><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 79|سنة= [[2013]]|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مسار= https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book}}</ref> imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobonaad]] laftirkiisa ma fariisan wuxuu ka raadsaday gurmad dhanka dawladaha [[yurub]] balse wax saas kama helin, [[babaa nikola shanaad]] ayaa ku xujeeyay in la mideeyo kaniisadaha, taasi oo uu ogolaaday imbiraadoorka balse waxay dhalisay inay ka xanaaqaan shacabka [[biriizanda]] heer ay talyaasha dawlada qaarkood ay door bidaan ku hoos noolaashaha muslimiinta <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= كلتي، برناردين|مؤلف2= ترجمة: شُكري محمود نديم|عنوان= فتح القُسطنطينيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 78|سنة= </nowiki>[[1962]]|ناشر= مكتبة النهضة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]] - [[الجمهورية العراقية (1958–68)|العراق]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n93| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231245/https://archive.org/details/fath.al.qostntinya1/page/n93 | </ref> ===Bilowga hareereenta=== Suldaan muxamad oo rabay sabab uu ku weeraro magaalada ayaa marmarsiyo ka dhigtay xad gudub ee shacabka ruum u geesteen qof Muslim ahaa, wuxuu markiiba ka xaystay ciidankiisa, markuu gaaray afafka hore ee [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] wuxuu u khudbeeyay ciidankiis wuxuuna ku dul aqriyay axaadiista kusoo aroortay furashada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] ciidanka ayaa ku dhuftay takbiir, waxayna ka hareereeyeen magaalada dhulka <ref group="ْ">Türklerin Altın Kitabı, Refik Özdek, Tercüman Yayınları - II. ve III. Cilt. sayfa 410</ref>,dhanka badana usduul ka kooban 126 doomo ayaa ka go'doomiyay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=Constantinople 1453: The End of Byzantium (Campaign)|المجلد=78|الأول=David|الأخير=Nicolle|وصلة مؤلف=ديفيد نيكول|ناشر=Osprey Publishing|مكان=Oxford|</ref>Dhufeesyada magaalada ayaa waxaa ku hoobtay madaafic xoogan, waxaa gurmad ahaan u yimid doomo ka socda [[janaw|janawa]] kuwaas oo hogaaminayay [[yoxanaa justinyaani]] wuxuu xoog kusoo dhaafay ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayagoo galay magaalada <ref name="حسون">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حسُّون، عليّ|عنوان= العُثمانيُّون والبلقان|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 90|سنة= [[1406هـ]] - [[1986]]م|ناشر= المكتب الإسلامي|تاريخ الوصول= [[18 يناير|18 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.othmanyoun.w.al.blqan/page/n89| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319231041/https://archive.org/details/al.othmanyoun.w.al.blqan/page/n89 | تاريخ أرشيف = 19 مارس 2020 }</ref>, silsilada xoogan oo la dhigay afka hore ee magaalada awgeed ayee doomaha cusmaaniyiinta soo gaari waayeen magaalada waxaa dheeraatay go'doominta, khaliil baashaa oo la sheego inuu hoos ula jiray [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] usoo jeediyay suldaanka inuu aqbalo hishiis uuna iska daayo furashada asigoona ku sababeeyay inaa sahal lagu furan karin hadiise dhacdo in la furto in dawladaha ree yurub dhamaan weerar aa kala har lahayn kusoo qaadi doonaan dawlada, talyaal badan ayaa ku raacay fikirkiis, waxaa galay suldaanka labalqbeen shiiqiisa [[aaq shamsudiin]] ayaa xoojiyay qalbigiisa uguna bishaareeyay in furashadu dhawdahay, suldaan muxamad oo ku fakaraya sida doomaha looga gudbin lahaa silsilada baa waxaa ku soo dhacay fikrad waali ahayd waa in la marsiiyo doomaha dhulka kadib laga soo galiyo geeska dahabiga silsilada gadaasheed, waxaa leeysku dhadhajiyay alwaaxyo badan ayadoo lagu shubay saliib sidaas ayaa loo marsiiyay 70 doomo Hal habeyn Subaxdii markii lasoo toosay waxaa kadis ku noqotay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] doomaha cusmaaniyiinta oo joogo marinka way niyad jabeen, waxayna ogaadeen in magaalada gacantooda kasii socoto, muxamad alfaatix ayaa u diray [[Qusdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]] inuu iska dhiibo magaalada uuna siin doono jasiiradaha qaar, balse imbiraadoorka ayaa ku jawaabay inuusan dhiibeen ilaa uu ka dhinto,<ref name="أوزتونا4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 136 - 142|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 مايو 2019}</ref> [[khaliil baashaa]] ayaa markii ugu dambeesay isku dayay suldaanka inuu joojiyo asagoo ku cabsi galiyay in ciidan badan oo ree yurub soo socdaan laakin suldaanka muusan dhageesan wuxuuna ogaysiiyay ciidankiis in weerarka kama dambeeska ee qaadi doonaan 29 may, weerarka ayee qaadeen ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka booday darbiga ayagoo laayay ciidankii [[biriizanda]], sedex bari ayee seef wadeen kadib amaan ayaa la siiyay dadka, waxaana loo fasaxay inay si xur ah u gutaan diintooda waxaana la waayay imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]], waxaa maalinkaas loobixiyay suldaan muxamad magaca "alfaatix" oo laga wado furte, wuxuu u badalay magaca magaalada asagoo u bixiyay "islaambuul" yacni magaalada islaamka kadib taxriif ayaa galay waxayna noqotay [[Istanbuul|Istanbul]], caasimada dawladiis ayuuna usoo wareejiyay Waxaa laga sameeyay magaalada [[qaahira]] dabaaldagyo lagu soo dhaweeyay furashada Qusdandiiniya <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ابن إياس|ابن أيَّاس، أبو البركات زين العابدين مُحمَّد بن أحمد الحنفي الناصري القاهري]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق مُحمَّد مُصطفى|عنوان= بدائع الزُهُور في وقائع الدُهُور|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|صفحة= 316|سنة= [[1404هـ]] - [[1984]]م|ناشر= [[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|تاريخ الوصول= [[19 يناير|19 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/02_17750.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190609010123/https://ia800300.us.archive.org/20/items/WAQ17749/02_17750.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 9 يونيو 2019 }</ref><ref name="ابن تغري">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ابن تغري|ابن تغري بردي، أبو المحاسن جمالُ الدين يُوسُف الأتابكي اليشبقاوي الظاهري]]|عنوان= النُجُوم الزاهرة في مُلُوك مصر والقاهرة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 70 - 71|سنة= [[1383هـ]] - [[1963]]م|ناشر= [[وزارة الثقافة (مصر)|وزارة الثقافة المصريَّة]]|تاريخ الوصول= [[22 فبراير|22 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الجمهورية العربية المتحدة]]|مسار= https://ia600200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/16_159844.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200222183109/https://ia600200.us.archive.org/24/items/FP159836/16_159844.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 22 فبراير 2020 }</ref> ==Furashooyinka xigay Qusdandiiniya== ===Furashada seerbiya=== Waxay keentay ku dhicida Qusdandiiniya gacanta muslimiinta inay cabsi xoogan soo wajahdo dawladaha yar yar dariska lahaa cusmaaniyiinta waxay usoo dagdageen inay hishiisyo la galaan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[bunduqiya]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= ديل، شارلز|مؤلف2= تعريب: أحمد عزَّت عبد الكريم وتوفيق إسكندر|عنوان= البُندُقيَّة جُمهُوريَّة أرستقراطيَّة|صفحة= 137|سنة= [[1948]]|ناشر= دار المعارف|</ref> qeysarka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] [[jureyj baraakofij]] oo horay xiligii muraad labaad dhulal uga qabsaday dawlada ayaa wuxuu dalbaday hishiis iyo inuu celiyo dhulalka lana nabadgaliyo balse suldaan ayaa dhahay waa inaa soo wareejisaa dhamaan qalcadaha, wuu diiday wuxuuna u cararay hangari suldaanka ayaa ka qabsaday dhufeesyo badan wuuna kasoo laabtay 1454tii ayuu markale suldaanka weeraray [[Seerbiya|serbiya]], qeysarka serbiya oo kaalmo kasoo waayay [[Hungary|hangari]] ayaa la saxiixday hishiis suldaanka <ref name="الرشيدي4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان=مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار=الثانية|صفحة=161 - 164|سنة=[[2013]]|ناشر=دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] </ref> waxaa markiiba sameesmay isbahaysi kirishmis oo xoogan, laakin muxamad alfaatix maba sugin ee weerar buu ku qaaday asoo wata ciidan gaaraya 100kun, wuxuu hareereeyay [[Belgaraad|balgaraad]], waxaase laga horkeenay iska caabin daran, suldaanka ayaa ka soo laabtay, balse waxaa dhaabac oo u dhinto gaaray [[yoxanaa honyaad]] . waxaa soo gaaray suldaanka dhimashada qeysarka serbiya [[jureyj baraakofij]] iyo in [[seerbiya]] ka bilaawatay qas, wuxuu diray suldaanka ciidan [[seerbiya]] see u qabsadaan,<ref name="منجم6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2=دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان=كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة=471 - 477|سنة=[[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر=دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر</ref><ref name="طقوش3">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=116 - 117|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|</ref> ciidankaan ayaa qabsaday badanaa [[seerbiya]] ===Furashada dhulka moora=== [[Toomaas baayuuluj]] iyo [[dimitriyoos baayuuluj]] oo la wada dhasheen imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] [[qosdandiin kow iyo tobanaad]] ayaa ka talin jireen dhulka [[moora]] waxaana soo ka dhex galay qilaaf, waxaana ka bilaawday dhulkaas qas iyo foodo <ref name=":0">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_(Premysloides_Dynasty)|عنوان=Demetrios Palaiologos (Premysloides Dynasty)|تاريخ الوصول=2021-12-13|موقع=Alternative History|لغة=en|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213192729/https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_(Premysloides_Dynasty)|</ref> suldaan muxamad asagoo ka faaideesanaya ayaa weeraray oona qabsaday dhulkaas 1460kii, [[Dimitriyoos baayuuluj|dimitriyoos]] ayuu qabtay halka [[Toomaas baayuuluj|Toomaas]] uu u cararay [[talyaaniga]] ===Furashada daraabazoon=== imbiraadoorkii [[Imbiraadooriyada darabazon|darabazon]] yooxana afaraad komniin oo aad uga walwalsanaa guulaha cusmaaniyiinta ayaa bilaabay inuu sameeyo isbahaysi ay ku mideesanyihiin cadawga [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] suldaanka [[aaq qooyonloo]] [[oozoon xasan]] necbaa dawlada ayuu la saaxibay waxa uu ku daray gabadhiis <ref name="طقوش4">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=120 - 122|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.</ref><ref group="ِ">[[:en:Franz Babinger|Franz Babinger]], ''Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time'', translated by Ralph Manheim (Princeton: University Press, 1978), p. 185</ref>, sidoo kale amiirada [[Joorjiya (wadan)|joorjiya]], [[Armania|armiiniya]] iyo [[qaramaan]] ayuu soo daray ree galbeedka ayuu wada hadal la bilaabay ayagana balse dhimashada ayaa u timid imbiraadoorka walaalkiis daauud oo xilka kaga dambeeyay ayaa meesha kasii waday dawlada [[janawa]] oo heestay amaasira ayaa ku biirtay Suldaan muxamad ayaa weerar gaadmo ah ku qaaday [[amaasira]] asigoona la wareegay wuxuu sidoo kale qabsaday [[Imaarada Qasdamuuni|qasdamuuni]] iyo [[seynuub]] Wuxuu weeraray dhulka [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo gaarsiiyay jab weyn, [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa u leexday hishiis, wuxuuna soo diray wafdi ey ku jirto hooyadii [[saara khaatuun]], suldaan muxamad ayaa aqbalay dalabkiisa wuxuuna shardiyay inuu ka joogo taageerida [[Imbiraadooriyada Darabazon|darabazon]] Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa hareereeyay [[Imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon|daraabazoon]] imbiraadoor daauud oo ka sugaayay taageero [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa markuu ogaaday inuu la hishiiyay suldaanka tala ku cadaatay, wuxuu ka dlabay [[saara khaatuun]] inay kala hadasho suldaanka balse codsigeeda lama dhageesan, ugu dambeyn wuu is dhiibay sidaas ayeena ku dhaamtay [[imbiraadooriyada daraabazoon]]. ===Daraakoola=== Waxaa looga soo sheegtay suldaanka in [[daraakoola]] amiirka afaalaaq uu tacadiyo badan u geestay muslimiinta, wuxuuna ahaa [[daraakoola]] in xilka xoog kula wareegay 1456dii asagoo taageero ka helaaya hangari <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | المؤلفون = Academia Romana | عنوان = A History of Romanians | المجلد = IV| مكان = Bucuresti | ناشر = Editura Enciclopedica | سنة = 2012 | إصدار = الثانية|صفحة=375|</ref>. Suldaanka ayaa u diray daraakoola inuu hortiisa imaado balse [[daraakoola]] wuxuu ku marmarsiyooday in hadii uu kasoo tago dhulkiisa u gacangali doono [[hangari]], suldaanka oo rumeestay ayaa u diray [[xamza bek]] iyo [[yuunus baashaa]] inay sii ilaaliyaan amniga [[Romania|aflaaq]] intuu ka soo laabanayo daraakoola wuxuuna uga digay qayaanadiis asagoo faray hadii wax ka dareemaan inay dilaan ama soo xiraan <ref group="ِ" name="مولد تلقائيا3">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler-3.html |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608112020/http://www.exploringromania.com/vlad-the-impaler-3.html |حالة المسار=dead |تاريخ أرشيف=2009-06-08 |عنوان=Vlad the Impaler second rule [3&#93; |ناشر=Exploringromania.com |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Treptow |الأول=Kurt W. |سنة=2000 |عنوان=Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula |ناشر=The Center of Romanian Studies |الرقم المعياري=978-973-98392-2-8 |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف-الأخير1=Florescu |مؤلف-الأول1=Radu R. |وصلة-مؤلف1=:en:Radu Florescu |مؤلف-الأخير2=McNally |مؤلف-الأول2=Raymond T. |سنة=1989 |عنوان=Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times |ناشر=Back Bay Books |الرقم المعياري=978-0-316-28656-5 |</ref>, nasiib daro ayagoo maahsan ayuu [[daraakoola]] habeen madow weeraray asoo dilay [[xamza bek]] iyo [[yuunus baashaa]], intaas kuma sii harin ee wuxuu weeraray magaalooyinka [[Bulgariya|bulgeeriya]], suldaan muxamad oo uga xumaaday ayaa u diray fariin sidayaal, [[daraakoola]] ayaa ku amray fariin sidayaashii inay cimaamadahood dhigaan ixtiraam dartiis markii ay ka diideen wuxuu ka musmaareeyay madaxa, suldaanka oo aad uga xanaaqay ficiladiisa ayaa qaatay ciidan gaaraya 150kun 1462dii oo weeraray aflaaq <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Rezachevici |الأول=Constantin |editor-last=Treptow |editor-first=Kurt W. |عنوان=Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș |ناشر=East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press |سنة=1991 |صفحة=259|الفصل=Vlad Țepeș – Chronology and historical bibliography |</ref>, [[daraakoola]] markuu ogaaday wuxuu raacay siyaasada dhulka la gubay wuxuuna ku gambaday buuraha, <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Rezachevici |الأول=Constantin |editor-last=Treptow |editor-first=Kurt W. |عنوان=Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș |ناشر=East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press |سنة=1991 |صفحة=259|الفصل=Vlad Țepeș – Chronology and historical bibliography |</ref> ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta ayaa badiyeen dilka iyo qabsashada, [[daraakoola]] ayaa habeen madow soo weerar tagay asigoo damacsanaa dilka suldaanka<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= Radu R Florescu |مؤلف2= Raymond T. McNally|عنوان= Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times|صفحة= 147|سنة= [[2009]]|ناشر= Little, Brown|الرقم المعياري= 9780316092265|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books/about/Dracula_Prince_of_Many_Faces.html?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&redir_esc=y| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200319230804/https://books.google.com.lb/books/about/Dracula_Prince_of_Many_Faces.html?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&redir_esc=y | </ref>, hase ahaatee wuu fashilmay waana la bursaday wuxuu u cararay [[Hungary|hangari]], suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa tagay [[Buqarest|bookhaarast]] oo iclaamiyay inuu raaul walaalka [[daraakoola]] uu xilka aflaaq u dhiibay. ===furashada jasiirada mideeli=== Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa diyaariyay usduul weyn soo u weeraro jasiirada [[mideeli]] oo maamuleesay janawa, sadrulacdam maxamuud baashaa <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | الأخير = Miller | الأول = William | وصلة مؤلف =:en:William Miller (historian) | الفصل = The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355–1462) | عنوان = Essays on the Latin Orient |ناشر = Cambridge University Press | مكان = Cambridge | سنة = 1921 | مسار = https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft | ref=harv |oclc = 457893641|صفحة=345| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160831235710/https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft | </ref> ayuu u xilsaaray furashadeed waxay ku garaaceen madaafic jasiirada, taliyaha heestay jaziirada ayaa is dhiibay, waxayna soo gashay gacanta dawlada ===furashada boosniya=== Boqorka [[boosniya]] [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] ayaa ku ahaa dawlada cadaw daran, suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa ka dalbaday inuu u hogaasamo dawlada uuna bixiyo jizyo balse [[Osdofaan doomaasofij|osdofaan]] oo isku halaynayay xiriirka kala dhaxeeya [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo baabaa ayaa diiday <ref name="طقوش5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 118 - 119|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> wuxuu raadsaday gurmad balse wax soo gaaray ma jirin, suldaanka ayaa soo weeraray wuxuuna iska soo hormariyay sadrulacdamka [[maxamuud baashaa]] wuxuu qabsaday dhoor dhufeesyo mardambe dhufees uu ku gambaday boqorka [[boosniya]] ayuu hareereeyay afar bari kadib waxaa ka go'ay cuntadii [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa u bandhigay inuu aamin yahay haduu is dhiibo [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] ayaa is dhiibay asaga iyo iyo walaalkiis, [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa u keenay suldaanka <ref name="منجم8">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 486 - 494|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Babinger|الأول=Franz|وصلة مؤلف=:en:Franz Babinger|عنوان=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|ناشر=Princeton University Press|مكان=USA|سنة=1992|الرقم المعياري=0-691-01078-1|صفحة=221}}</ref> Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa ka soo horjeestay amaanka la siiyay culumada ayuu ka ifto dalbay qaar ayaa iftooday inay hala ka jirin amaankaas, suldaanka ayaana amray in la dilo [[osdofaan doomaasofij]] iyo walaalkiis, waxaa uu siiyay dadka deegaanka amaan naftooda iyo diintooda <ref group="ِ">[http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ahd.html Croatia and Ottoman Empire, Ahdnama, Sultan Mehemt II<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318110046/http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/ahd.html |date=18 مارس 2016}}</ref><ref group="ِ">[http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_14th_issue/eihsanoglu_stevens.html Light Millennium: A Culture of Peaceful Coexistence: The Ottoman Turkish Example; by Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165849/http://www.lightmillennium.org/2004_14th_issue/eihsanoglu_stevens.html |date=03 مارس 2016}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد ويب| الأخير =مُعطي| الأول =علي| تاريخ =[[25 فبراير|25 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229015639/http://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/| تاريخ أرشيف=[[29 فبراير|29 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| مسار =http://aliwaa.com.lb/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9/| عنوان =موقف الدولة العثمانية من الأقلّيات الدينية| موقع =جريدة اللِّواء| تاريخ الوصول =[[25 فبراير|25 شُباط (فبراير)]] [[2020]]م| ناشر= نقلًا عن كتاب «السلطان محمد الفاتح» لمؤلفه: ياووز بهادُر أوغلي، ترجمة مُصطفى حمزة ومُحمَّد حمزة، نشر دار مكتبة المعارف - ناشرون، [[بيروت]]، [[2016]]، صفحة 165 وما بعدها.}}</ref> Waxaa harsaneed furashada gobolka [[Harsenk|harsak]], suldaanka ayaa u daayay maxamuud baashaa wuuna laabtay [[maxamuud baashaa]] ayaa weeraray gobolkaas wuxuu qabsaday dhoor dhufeesyo, amiirka gobolka harsak osdofaan fookej ayaa u diray wiilkiis suldaanka wuxuuna dalbaday amaan, Suldaanka ayaa ka yeelay, gobolka qeyb ayuu dawlada ku daray qeybna wuu u dhaafay,wiilkiis wuxuu joogay Istanbul mar dambe ayuu islaamay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب | مؤلف = [[:en:Safvet-beg Bašagić|Safvet-beg Bašagić]] | عنوان = Kratka uputa u prošlost Bosne i Hercegovine, od g. 1463–1850 | سنة = 1900 | لغة = Serbo-Croatian | مسار = https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog | صفحة = [https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog/page/n30 20]| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180322084240/https://archive.org/details/kratkauputaupro00bagoog | </ref> ===la dagaalanka bunduqiya=== jamhuuriyada [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo aad ugu dadaaleesay ilaalashada dhaqaalaheed ayaa ku laheed xarumo badan [[moora]] iyo bada iija wxayna aad ugu baqeesay dhul balaarsiga [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] sidaas darteed ayee in badan taageetay cadawga dowalada sida [[askandar bek]] [[biriizanda]] laakin markii [[Istanbuul|qusdandiiniya]] la qabsaday waxay gashay cudur daar, sanadii 1463 waxaa soo gaaray suludaanka in [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] iyo hangari ku hishiiyeen inay soo celiyaan dhufeesyo [[moora]] ku yiil uu hada ka hor uu dumiyay [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]], kadibna ay tartiib tartiib uaga qabsadaan dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa diray [[maxamuud baashaa]] balse wuxuu gaaray ayagoo dhiseen <ref name="منجم8"/><ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد |عنوان=The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century |الأخير=Setton |الأول=Kenneth M. |سنة=1978 |ناشر=DIANE Publishing|صفحة=248|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC |الرقم المعياري=0-87169-127-2| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190511204648/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC |</ref> wuxuu la galay dagaalo badan wuxuu dumiyay dhufeesyadii asagoo qabsaday meelo kale oo badan sida [[aargoos]] iyo [[isbarda]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= ڤاتان، نيقولا|مؤلف2= إشراف روبير مانتران|مؤلف3= ترجمة [[بشير السباعي]]|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= الأولى|الفصل=الفصل الثالث: صُعُود العُثمانيين|صفحة= 137|سنة= [[1993]]|ناشر= دار الفكر للدراسات والنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[5 يناير|5 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://www.dopdfwn.com/cacnoscana/scanoanya/pdf-books-org-2SS34.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20200201232554/https://www.dopdfwn.com/cacnoscana/scanoanya/pdf-books-org-2SS34.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 فبراير 2020 | وصلة مكسورة</ref>, bunduqiya oo dareentay in looga adkaaday ayaa raadsatay saaxiibo imaarada [[Imaarada qramaan|qaramaan]] ayee la hadashay, balse imaarada oo ogeed dharbaaxidii hore ee kasoo gaartay muxamad alfaatix ayaa garab istaagi weesay, sidoo kale [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa ayagana iska diiday inay uga hiiliyaan dawlad gaalo ah dawlad muslim, waxay aaday [[aaq qooyonloo]] [[oozoon xasan]] oo u ciil qabay suldaanka ayaa garab siiyay<ref name="التفاعل">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= وصفي، مُحمَّد رضا|عنوان= التفاعل بين الإسلام والمسيحيَّة في إيران: العهد الصفوي (1501 - 1722م)|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 163 - 164|سنة= [[2015]]|ناشر= مركز الحضارة لِتنمية الفكر الإسلامي|الرقم المعياري= 9786144270592|تاريخ الوصول= [[3 مارس|3 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=0thSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&source=bl&ots=lbgDuB4AFs&sig=ACfU3U0Ct5ZaxAPuinGTbEMa9cZd_6KsGA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD4fXJn_7nAhUI8hQKHSkCArEQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303133327/https://books.google.com.lb/books?id=0thSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&source=bl&ots=lbgDuB4AFs&sig=ACfU3U0Ct5ZaxAPuinGTbEMa9cZd_6KsGA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD4fXJn_7nAhUI8hQKHSkCArEQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ%23v%3Donepage&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false#v=snippet&q=%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86&f=false|تاريخ أرشيف=[[3 مارس|</ref> waxaa kusoo biirtay [[Hungary|hangari]] sedexdood waxay ku hishiiyeen qaabkii ay ku qeesan lahaayeen dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ===ladagaalanka hangari=== baaba [[biyuus labaad]] ayaa weerar uu hogaaminaayo soo qaaday balse dhex buu ku dhintay baabaa ga bedelay wuu iska daayay weerarka <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[ويل ديورانت|ديورانت، وِل]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: مُحمَّد بدران|عنوان= قصَّة الحضارة: النهضة|صفحة= 56 - 61|المجلد= الجُزء الثالث من المُجلَّد الخامس|ناشر= المنظمة العربية للتربية والثقافة والعلوم ودار الجيل للطبع والنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[3 مارس|3 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] و[[تونس العاصمة|تُونُس]]|مسار= https://ia801908.us.archive.org/16/items/WAQ29508_201304/05-3-20.pdf|{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611202952/https://ia801702.us.archive.org/19/items/WAQ29508_201304/05-3-20.%7C</ref>, boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] [[miitaas labaad]] ayaa qabsaday qalcada yayja suldaanka ayaa ciidankiisa qaatay soo uga ceshado mudo ayuu hareereeyay laakin ma furan, wuxuu maqlay in boqorka [[Hungary|hangari]] uu weeraray maagalo kale wuu soo dhaqsaday wuxuu jabiyay ciidankii hangari boqorkooda [[miitaas labaad]] ayaa dirqis ku baxsaday, waxaa saas ku kali noqotay [[bunduqiya]] ===askader bek=== [[askandar bek]] amiirka [[Albania|albaaniya]] ayaa jabiya hihiis uu la galay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] waxa uuna weeraray dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa soo aaday 1468 waxa uu hareereeyay caasimadiis [[aaqja xisaar]] <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Franco|الأول=Demetrio|سنة=1539|عنوان=Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr|مكان=Venice|ناشر=Altobello Salkato|الرقم المعياري=99943-1-042-9|صفحة=343}}</ref> laakin wuu qabsan waayay<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Freely|الأول=John|سنة=2009|عنوان=The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire|مكان=New York|ناشر=The Overlook Press|الرقم المعياري=1-59020-248-1|</ref>, magaalooyin qaar ayuu qabsaday ciidamo ayuu dhigay wuuna laabtay, Isla sanadkaas waxaa dhintay [[askandar bek]] kadib 20 sano uu weerar kula jiray [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] wuxuuna kamid ahaa cadawyadeed daran <ref name="محمد فريد5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 172 - 178|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit |</ref> ===qaramaan=== waxaa dhintay amiirka qaramaan [[ibraahim bek]] ilmihiis biir axmad iyo isxaaq ayaana xilka isku qabsaday <ref name="محمد فريد5"/><ref group="ْ">Iorga, Nicolae (2005). ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi'', Vol 2 : 1451–1538 (translated by Nilüfer Epçeli). Yeditepe. {{ردمك</ref>, biir axmad dawlada garab weydiistay, suldaanka oo fursad u arkaayay ayaa weerary isxaaq oo buriyay waxa uuna xilka saaray biir axmad <ref name="محمد فريد5"/><ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi'' Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 256-257</ref> balse biir axmad asna wuu ku caasiyay dawlada suldaanka ayaa ku soo laabtay oo laayay dhamaan wixii taageeray, biir axmad ayaa u cararay laarinda waa looga daba tagay wuxuu ku gambaday [[oozoon xasan]] ===furashada jaziirada waabiya=== intuu ku mashquulsanaa suldaanka [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]] [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ayaa weerartay dhulka dawlada oo laaysay dad badan, suldaanka oo ka aargoosanaayo ayaa 1470kii weraray jaziirada [[waabiya]] ee hoostimaado [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]]<ref name="منجم9">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 495 - 505|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> , wuuna qabsaday, dadkii deganaa waxa uuu siiyayamaan, taasi oo dhaabac weyn gaarsiisay [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]]. ===qaramaan=== biir axmad iyo walaalkiis qaasim ayaa soo laba kacleeyeen ayagoo heleen taageero badan, suldaanka ayaa u diray sadrulacdam muxamad baashaa alruumi inuu soo dabar gooyo, muxamad baashaa oo ku caan ahaa qalbi adeega ayaa sameeyay dulmi badan dadkii ayoo dhibay guryaha ayuu ka gubay xoolahana wuu boobay, halmar ayee ku kaceen meel ayee ugu gambadeen markaasee laayeen ciidankiis, wax yar ayuu lasoo cararay, suldaan markuu ogaaday wuxuu geestay markiiba wuu dilay, waxa uu u diray [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]] isxaaq baashaa, guulo ayoona soo hooyay, biir axmad iyo qaasim ayaa u carareen [[Oozoon xasan|oozoonx asan]], waxay dawladu qabsatay magaalooyinka [[calaaiya]] iyo suleeqiya, ===ladgaalanka aaq qooyonloo=== [[yurub]] oo rajadeda ka dhigatay oozoon xasan ayaa ka shaqaysay isku dhaca oozoon xasan iyo muxamad alfaatix, [[oozoon xasan]] oo isna isla qaab weynaa kadib markuu kasoo adkaaday dawladii [[tiimuuriyiinta]] iyo dawladii [[qura qooyonloo]] ayaa yareesanaayay muxamad alfaatix, wuxuu soo diray ina adeerkiis [[yuusufja miiruzaa]] iyo waziirkiis cumar bek bin baktaash waxay weerareen dhulka [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] magaalooyin badan bee weerareen oo gubeen xoolaha boobeen <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |عنوان=The Cambridge History of Islam |المجلد=Volume 2 |محرر1-الأول=Ann Katherine Swynford |محرر1-الأخير=Lambton |محرر2-الأول=Bernard |محرر2-الأخير=Lewis |محرر3-الأول=P.M. |محرر3-الأخير=Holt |ناشر=Cambridge University Press |سنة=1985 |صفحة=299}}</ref>, waxaa sidoo kale la socday biir axmad iyo qaasim, markuu maqlay suldaanka daauud baashaa iyo shahrazaada musdafa ayuu amray iney ka hortagaan <ref name="القرماني2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= القرماني، أحمد بن يُوسُف|عنوان= أخبار الدُول وآثار الأُول في التاريخ|صفحة= 310|سنة= [[1282هـ]]|ناشر= مطبعة الميرزا عبَّاس التبريزي|تاريخ الوصول= [[24 ديسمبر|24 كانون الأوَّل (ديسمبر)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بغداد]]|مسار= https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224011431/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/ar/f/fa/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|</ref> dagaal culus ayaa dhex maray waxaa lagu jabiyay [[aaq qoonlow]] yuusuja ayaana gacanta lagu dhigay sanadii 1473dii ayuu suldaan muxamad u amba baxay ladagaalanka [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo wata 100kun oo ciidan, [[oozoon xasan]] isna ciidankiis ayuu ula soo dhaqaaqay [[arzanjaan]], suldaanka ayaa iska sii hormariyay ciidan uu watay muraad alkhaaski belse [[oozoon xasan]] baa kamiin u dhigay oo laayay, suldaan muxamad ayaa soo dedegay labada ciidan waxay ku kulmeen meel la dhaho otloq bile, dagaal adag oo saacado qaatay kadib waxaa la jabiyay [[oozoon xasan]] asigoo ka cararay goobta kadib markii la dilay wiilkiis taliyaashiis badanaa la qabtay, waxaa la sheegaa inuu ku dhahay biir axmad "ina qaramaanoo firkaada alle ha qaribo ceeb iyo duli baa ii keentay, maxaa ii geestay ina cusmaan" [[oozoon xasan]] ayaa hishiis la galay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] kadib jabkii ka soo gaaray, waxaana loo guuriyay gabadha suldaan maxamad [[jowhar khaan khaatuun]] wiilka oozoon xasan <ref name="أوزتونا7"/><ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأول=Necdet|الأخير=Sakaoğlu|عنوان=Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler|ناشر=Oğlak Yayıncılık|سنة=2008|الرقم المعياري=978-9-753-29623-6|صفحة=179}}</ref>, waxaa cidlo noqday amiirada [[Imaarada qaramaan|qaramaan]] biir axmad iyo qaasim, ciidan yar ayee soo qaateen waxayna weerareen [[Imaarada Qaramaan|qaramaan]], suldaanka ayaa u diray waziir [[kadak axmad baashaa]] qalcadaha ee qabsadeen buu ka buriyay, qaasim wuu is dhiibay, biir amad soo u cararaayay shaam ayuu tagay halkaas uu cumrigiisa ku dhameestay<ref name="منجم10">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 507 - 517|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> ===furashada qiram=== [[Jaziirada qiram|Qiram]] waa jaziirad dhacda waqooyiga bada madow, waxaa ka talin jirtay [[qabiilka dahabiga]] oo ka mid ahayd dawladaha tataarka, dawladaas waxay u qeybsantay dawlado badan, waxaa kamid ahaa khaan qiram <ref name="القرم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 128 - 130|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> uu xaaji kiraay aasaasay 1449kii<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Vernadsky|الأول=George|سنة=1953|عنوان=The Mongols and Russia|ناشر=Yale University Press|صفحة=329}}</ref> dawlada [[janawa]] ayaa heysatay magaalooyinka [[aazuuq]] iyo [[kafa]] oo ka tirsan qiram, suldaan muxamad asigoo asbaab badan ku riixeeso wuxuu go'aansaday furashada qiram, [[kadak axmad baashaa]] ayuuna u xilsaaray arintaa, si ku haboon ayuuna u fuliyay wuxuu ka taqalusay joogista [[janawa]] ee jaziirada qiram, amiirka qiram mankaley kiraay ayaa aqbalay inuu hoos imaado dawlada, hishiis ayuuna la galay ===weerarida bagadaan=== Amiirka [[Moldofa|bagadaan]] [[osdofaan bin bugdaan]] ayaa ahaa inuu diiday daacada [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]], asigoo ka faaideesanaya dagaalada suldaanka ee is daba xiriira ayuu weeraray [[Romania|Aflaaq]] amiirkeeda Raul ayuu xilka ka qaaday nin kale ayuuna saaray <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف-الأخير1=Florescu |مؤلف-الأول1=Radu R. |وصلة-مؤلف1=:en:Radu Florescu |مؤلف-الأخير2=McNally |مؤلف-الأول2=Raymond T. |سنة=1989 |عنوان=Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times |ناشر=Back Bay Books |الرقم المعياري=978-0-316-28656-5 </ref> Suldaanka ayaa u xilsaaray la dagaalankiisa [[suleymaan baashaa alqaadim]], ciidan badan ayuu la baxay 1475tii <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأخير=Mikaberidze |الأول=Alexander |وصلة مؤلف=:en:Alexander Mikaberidze |editor-last=Mikaberidze |editor-first=Alexander |عنوان=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. |ناشر=ABC-CLIO |سنة=2011 |صفحة=914 |الفصل=Vaslui-Podul, Battle of (</ref> [[Osdofaan bin bugdaan|osdofaan]] ayaa weerar gaadmo ah ku qaaday oo wax badan ka dilay ciidanka, suldaan muxamad oo ka xumaaday ayaa u soo baxay dagaalka, waxaa dhex maray asaga iyo osdofaan dagaal culus oo lagu jabshay [[Osdofaan bin bugdaan|osdofaan]], wax badan ayaana looga laayay heer loo bixiyay waadiga cad, lafaha badan ee tuban meesa darteed<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=مُحمَّد |الأول=أحمد صالح عليّ |عنوان=الأفلاق والبُغدان في العصر العُثماني |المجلد=السنة السادسة والعُشرون|العدد = العدد مئة وثلاثة|سنة= ذو الحجَّة [[1439هـ]] \ أيلول - سپتمبر [[2018]]م|صحيفة =آفاق الثقافة والتُراث| ناشر =مركز جمعة الماجد للثقافة والتُراث|صفحة= صفحة 55 - 56|تاريخ الوصول=[[8 مارس|8 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م|مسار=http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728.pdf |مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308220126/http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728.pdf |تاريخ أرشيف=[[8 مارس|8 آذار (مارس)]] [[2020]]م}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308220126/http://mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/52c41f7e-bee8-4948-942f-a258c6d7a728</ref>. ===la hishiinta Qusdandiiniya=== Suldaan muxamad oo rabay inuu culeesyada ku badiyo [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ayaa weeraro badan ku qaaday qalcadahood <ref name="منجم11">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 517 - 525|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> [[ishquudra]] ayuu go'doomiyay, [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] oo tabartii ka dhamaatay markay weesay dhamaan saaxiibadeed ayaa la saxiixatay hishiis dawlada, kaa oo uga dagtay dhulal badan, jizyo sanadla ah wey ogolaatay. ===Go'doominta rodos iyo furashooyinka koonfur talyaaniga=== Sandkii 1480kii muaxamd alfaatix oo in badan ku haminaayay qabsashada [[talyaaniga]] oo xililyaas dawlado badan is heesta ee ka jireen <ref name="الرشيدي6">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 309 - 321|سنة= [[2013]]|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة|تاريخ الوصول= [[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106222623/https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book|تاريخ أرشيف=[[6 يناير|6 كانون الثاني (يناير)]] [[2020]]م|مسار= https://download-islamic-religion-pdf-ebooks.com/28788-free-book}}</ref> ayaa u diray usduul oo waday [[kadak axmad baashaa]], wuxuu qabsaday jaziiradaha u dhaxeeya [[talyaaniga]] iyo [[Giriiga|gariiga]] <ref name="طقوش7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 130 - 134|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref>, dhulka [[talyaaniga]] ayuu ku dagay qalcada otranto ayuu qabsaday, waxaa walwal xoogan soo food saaray dawladaha [[talyaaniga]] baabaa [[sikeskt afaraad]] ayaa ku baaqay inay hishiiyaan Isla waqtigaas suldaanka wuxuu u diray [[masiix baashaa]] qabsashada jasiirada [[roodos]] oo fardooleyda istibsaari ay heesteen,wuu weeraray mar uu ku dhawaaday furashadeed ayuu ku dhawaaqay si iskiis in ganiimada uu leeyahay kaliya suldaan, taasi oo keentay inay ciidanka niyad jabaan, guul daro ayuuna kusoo dhamaaday, suldaan maxamad ayaa canaantay [[masiix baashaa]] markuu soo laabtay. ==DHimashada suldaanka== 25 April 1481dii suldaanku ciidankiis ayuu isugu keenay wuxuu u diyaar garoobay weerar loo badinaayo inuu [[talyaaniga]] ku wajahnaa, balse jiro kadisa ayaa ku timid, wuxuuna dhintay 3 may ee sanadkaas, laba aragti ayaa ku jirto sababta uu ku dhintay, aragti qabta inuu xanuun iskiis uu u dhintay, iyo aragti qabta in la sumeeyay uuna sumeeyay dhaqtar yacquub baasha la yiraahdo asal ahaan yahuud ahaa una shaqeenaayo [[Jamhuuriyada Bunduqiya|bunduqiya]] ==Wax qabadkiisa== Suldaan muxamad alfaatix ayaa sameeyay 30kii sano uu xilka haayay wax qabad badan, wuxuu balaariyay dhulka dawlada, waxa uu dhisay dhismooyin badan, sida mdarasooyin, masaajid, suuqyo iyo isbitaalo waxaa ugu caansan dhismooyinkiis [[masjidka alfaatix]] iyo suuqa baazaar ee weyn ee ku yaalo [[Istanbuul]]<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير= |الأول= |مؤلف = |وصلة مؤلف= |المؤلفون= | تاريخ=2012 |مسار=http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;tr;Mon01;28;ar |عنوان=البازار الكبير |تنسيق= |عمل= |صفحات= |ناشر=متحف بلا حدود | لغة= |تاريخ الوصول=تشرين 2012| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160319010458/http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;tr;mon01;28;ar | </ref> ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== Suldaan Maxamad alfaatix wuxuu guursaday noloshiisa dhowr naagood waxayna u dhaleen wiilal badan iyo Hal gabar *'''Amiina kulbahaar khaatuun''' *'''kulshaah khaatuun''' aslkeed waa albaaniyaan *'''Mukarama khaatuun'''asalkeed waa Abkhazi *'''Jiijik khaatuun''' qaahira baa lagu dhalay taliye mamaaliikta ah ayaa dhalay *'''Xanna khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay imbiraadoorka daraabazoon daauud komneen, suldaanka ayaa guursaday kadib qabsashada daraabazoon. *'''khadiija khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay zagaanuush baashaa *'''ilmahiis''' *'''[[Bayazid labaad]]''' amiina kulbahaar khaatuun ayaa dhashay, curudka alfaatix buu ahaa, xilka ayuuna kaga dambeeyay aabihiis. *'''musdafa''' 1474tii buu dhintay *'''[[jam suldaan]]''' walaalkii [[bayazid labaad]] ayuu xilka kula dooday markuu ka adkaan waayay [[yurub]] buu aaday talyaaniga buu ku dhintay. *'''Jawhar khaan khaatuun''' waxaa guursaday ogorli maxamed bin oozoon xasan waxay u dhashay axmad koodah ==Xigasho== <references /> <references group="ْ" /> <references /> [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Category:Boqorada cusmaaniyiinta]] [[Category:Boqorada islaamka]] i6pk5rchowe5m83g0ziucqmab1v9bif 5 8808 301840 98519 2026-07-12T03:47:13Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Shibis]] ilaa [[Wikipedia talk:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 98519 wikitext text/x-wiki shibis markaad ka timaado ee aad aadayso xeebti liido halked maraysaa akhyaarey 9mxd081du2eeyh6qwn4olwrku8tovu4 0 8990 301801 157726 2026-07-12T00:31:11Z Videoiib7 46243 301801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Franck_Ribery_2019_(cropped).jpg|thumb]] Franck Ribéry (French ku dhawaaqid) ​[fʁɑ̃k ʁi.be.ʁi]) (dhashay 7 April [[1983]]) waa ciyaaryahan u ciyaara naadiga kubada cagta [[FC Bayern München|Bayern Münchenee]] horyaalka [[Bundesliga]] iyo xulka qaran fransiika waxaana uu ka cayaaraa garabka bixix wuxuuna caan ku yahay xawaaraha iyo carada ka muuqata wajigiisa waxaa lagu tiriyaa ciyaar yahannada caalamka ugu dheereeyo uguna kubad jiidista fiican iyo kontoroolka kubada ilaa markuu ku soo biiray naadiga Bayern waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay ciyaar yahanka ugu fiican dalka faransiiska ee jiilka hada u ciyaal xulka qaranka fransiiska laacibkii hore ee qaranka [[faransiiska]] [[Zinedine Zidane]], ayaa ku tilmaamay Ribéry dahabka ciyaartoyda qaranka faransiiska Ribéry shaqadiisa ciyaaraha waxa uu soo ku bilaabay yaraan [[1989]] naadi yar oo ka disnaa xaafadiisa oo la gu magacaabo (Conti Boulogne) 7 jir markuu noqday ayuu u baqoolay dhanka naadiga weyn ee [[Lille]] waxa uu ku sii nagaaday naadiga ilaa 3 sano kadib dhib soo kala dhax galay assaga iyo naadiga buu kaga tagay wuxuu ku biiray naadiga US Boulogne,sanadii [[1999]] [[Category:Ciyaaraha]] c53dh4twr38h4yg285dnyzz9dxujoon 0 12288 301802 268416 2026-07-12T00:55:06Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Taariikhda Ogsajiinta */ 301802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox oxygen}} '''Ogsajiin''' «'''O₂'''» ([[Ingiriis]]: Oxygen) waa [[curiye]] kimikeed uu astaankiisuna yahay [[8]] [[Tiro atam|tirada atam]] kiisuna tahay [[8]], taasina waxay u dhigantaa inay bu'diisu haysato 8 [[borotoon]]. Tirada [[Niyutaroon|niyuutaroon]]-nadu waxay ku xirantahay [[Isotope|aysotoob:]] kan aysotoobka dagani wuxuu leeyahay 8, 9, ama 10 niyuutaroon. Ogsajiinku wuxuu ka tirsan yahay ururka-chalcogan marka la fiirsho tusaha kalgalka, kuwaas oo ah [[Bir Ma Ahe|birma-ahe]] [[Falgal|falgal sarreeya,]] iyo ogsidheeye u nugul la samaynta ogsaydh curiyaasha iyo [[Isku dhis|iskudhisyada]] kale. Markii la eego [[Cuf|cufka]], ogsijiinku waa curiyaha saddex-aad ee ugu badan koonka, goortii laga reebo [[Haaydarojiin|haydarojiin]] iyo [[Hiliyaam|hiiliyam]]. Beegaalka heerkul iyo cadaadis, labo atam ayaa is-gunta oo sameeya ogsijiin-labaale (dioxygen), kaas oo ah [[neef]] (gas) aan [[midab]] iyo ur toonna lahayn oo la yiraahdo neef laba atamle (diatomic gas) oo leh naaneysta (formula) O₂. Ogsijiin- labo atamle (diatomic oxygen) wuxuu ka kooban yahay 20.8% ee gibilka dhulka. Madaama ay iskudhisyadiisa ay ka midyihiin ogsiidhyo, [[Oogo (dhul)|oogada dhulka]] badhkeed ayaa ka sameysan curiyaha. ==Taariikhda Ogsajiinta== Tan iyo xilligii Dhagaxa, gubashada waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu faa'iidada badan aadanaha taariikhda oo dhan, isla markaana ka mid ah kuwa ugu qarsoon. Faylasuufyo iyo saynisyahano badan, laga soo bilaabo Xilligii [[Giriiga]] iyo ka dib, Sida Fiilo ee [[Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin|Bisantiinyiintu], ilaa khubaro iyo kiimikooyin Muslimiin ah oo qarniyadii dhexe ahaa, ayaa isku dayay inay sharaxaan dhacdadan, iyagoo bixinaya fasiraado kala duwan. Dabka waxaa loo arkay mid ka mid ah afar walxood oo dhaqameed ah, sida laga soo xigtay fahamka baahsan ee caalamka waqtigaas, oo ka kooban Caalamka. = Atomka Ogsajiinta = = Isticmaalka Ogsajiinta = [[File:O-TableImage.svg|thumb|Oxygen]] '''Oxygen''' Waxa uu ka mid yahay qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee kimikada waxaana loo soo gaabiyaa xarafka ah "O" Atam kiisuna waa 8 waana gaaska aduunka ugu badan. =Tixraac= {{commons|Category:Oxygen}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Kimisteri]] [[Category:Curiye]] [[Category:Falgal]] [[Category:Isku dhis]] [[Category:Neef]] [[Category:Neefta Halogen]] 64n95fqj3mqw44txy9gtwvfysvzdcu4 301803 301802 2026-07-12T00:55:56Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Taariikhda Ogsajiinta */ 301803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox oxygen}} '''Ogsajiin''' «'''O₂'''» ([[Ingiriis]]: Oxygen) waa [[curiye]] kimikeed uu astaankiisuna yahay [[8]] [[Tiro atam|tirada atam]] kiisuna tahay [[8]], taasina waxay u dhigantaa inay bu'diisu haysato 8 [[borotoon]]. Tirada [[Niyutaroon|niyuutaroon]]-nadu waxay ku xirantahay [[Isotope|aysotoob:]] kan aysotoobka dagani wuxuu leeyahay 8, 9, ama 10 niyuutaroon. Ogsajiinku wuxuu ka tirsan yahay ururka-chalcogan marka la fiirsho tusaha kalgalka, kuwaas oo ah [[Bir Ma Ahe|birma-ahe]] [[Falgal|falgal sarreeya,]] iyo ogsidheeye u nugul la samaynta ogsaydh curiyaasha iyo [[Isku dhis|iskudhisyada]] kale. Markii la eego [[Cuf|cufka]], ogsijiinku waa curiyaha saddex-aad ee ugu badan koonka, goortii laga reebo [[Haaydarojiin|haydarojiin]] iyo [[Hiliyaam|hiiliyam]]. Beegaalka heerkul iyo cadaadis, labo atam ayaa is-gunta oo sameeya ogsijiin-labaale (dioxygen), kaas oo ah [[neef]] (gas) aan [[midab]] iyo ur toonna lahayn oo la yiraahdo neef laba atamle (diatomic gas) oo leh naaneysta (formula) O₂. Ogsijiin- labo atamle (diatomic oxygen) wuxuu ka kooban yahay 20.8% ee gibilka dhulka. Madaama ay iskudhisyadiisa ay ka midyihiin ogsiidhyo, [[Oogo (dhul)|oogada dhulka]] badhkeed ayaa ka sameysan curiyaha. ==Taariikhda Ogsajiinta== Tan iyo xilligii Dhagaxa, gubashada waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu faa'iidada badan aadanaha taariikhda oo dhan, isla markaana ka mid ah kuwa ugu qarsoon. Faylasuufyo iyo saynisyahano badan, laga soo bilaabo Xilligii [[Giriiga]] iyo ka dib, Sida Fiilo ee [[Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin|Bisantiinyiintu]], ilaa khubaro iyo kiimikooyin Muslimiin ah oo qarniyadii dhexe ahaa, ayaa isku dayay inay sharaxaan dhacdadan, iyagoo bixinaya fasiraado kala duwan. Dabka waxaa loo arkay mid ka mid ah afar walxood oo dhaqameed ah, sida laga soo xigtay fahamka baahsan ee caalamka waqtigaas, oo ka kooban Caalamka. = Atomka Ogsajiinta = = Isticmaalka Ogsajiinta = [[File:O-TableImage.svg|thumb|Oxygen]] '''Oxygen''' Waxa uu ka mid yahay qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee kimikada waxaana loo soo gaabiyaa xarafka ah "O" Atam kiisuna waa 8 waana gaaska aduunka ugu badan. =Tixraac= {{commons|Category:Oxygen}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Kimisteri]] [[Category:Curiye]] [[Category:Falgal]] [[Category:Isku dhis]] [[Category:Neef]] [[Category:Neefta Halogen]] 2equz91f7bbsro6yotb0p9mkrgvliv1 10 16101 301774 301484 2026-07-11T18:44:00Z ~2026-34988-39 46219 301774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name=Abyoone |title=[[Abyoone]] |state=collapsed |listclass=hlist |style=clear:none; width:70%;min-width:40em |list1={{Navbox|child |title=[[0 (tiro)|0]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|zero|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *&nbsp;[[0 (tiro)|0]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[1 (tiro)|1]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[2 (tiro)|2]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[3 (tiro)|3]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[4 (tiro)|4]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[5 (tiro)|5]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[6 (tiro)|6]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[7 (tiro)|7]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[8 (tiro)|8]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[9 (tiro)|9]] |list2= *[[10 (tiro)|10]] *'''[[11 (tiro)|11]]''' *[[12 (tiro)|12]] *'''[[13 (tiro)|13]]''' *[[14 (tiro)|14]] *[[15 (tiro)|15]] *[[16 (tiro)|16]] *'''[[17 (tiro)|17]]''' *[[18 (tiro)|18]] *'''[[19 (tiro)|19]]''' |list3= *[[20 (tiro)|20]] *[[21 (tiro)|21]] *[[22 (tiro)|22]] *'''[[23 (tiro)|23]]''' *[[24 (tiro)|24]] *[[25 (tiro)|25]] *[[26 (tiro)|26]] *[[27 (tiro)|27]] *[[28 (tiro)|28]] *'''[[29 (tiro)|29]]''' |list4= *[[30 (tiro)|30]] *'''[[31 (tiro)|31]]''' *[[32 (tiro)|32]] *[[33 (tiro)|33]] *[[34 (tiro)|34]] *[[35 (tiro)|35]] *[[36 (tiro)|36]] *'''[[37 (tiro)|37]]''' *[[38 (tiro)|38]] *[[39 (tiro)|39]] |list5= *[[40 (tiro)|40]] *'''[[41 (tiro)|41]]''' *[[42 (tiro)|42]] *'''[[43 (tiro)|43]]''' *[[44 (tiro)|44]] *[[45 (tiro)|45]] *[[46 (tiro)|46]] *'''[[47 (tiro)|47]]''' *[[48 (tiro)|48]] *[[49 (tiro)|49]] |list6= *[[50 (tiro)|50]] *[[51 (tiro)|51]] *[[52 (tiro)|52]] *'''[[53 (tiro)|53]]''' *[[54 (tiro)|54]] *[[55 (tiro)|55]] *[[56 (tiro)|56]] *[[57 (tiro)|57]] *[[58 (tiro)|58]] *'''[[59 (tiro)|59]]''' |list7= *[[60 (tiro)|60]] *'''[[61 (tiro)|61]]''' *[[62 (tiro)|62]] *[[63 (tiro)|63]] *[[64 (tiro)|64]] *[[65 (tiro)|65]] *[[66 (tiro)|66]] *'''[[67 (tiro)|67]]''' *[[68 (tiro)|68]] *[[69 (tiro)|69]] |list8= *[[70 (tiro)|70]] *'''[[71 (tiro)|71]]''' *[[72 (tiro)|72]] *'''[[73 (tiro)|73]]''' *[[74 (tiro)|74]] *[[75 (tiro)|75]] *[[76 (tiro)|76]] *[[77 (tiro)|77]] *[[78 (tiro)|78]] *'''[[79 (tiro)|79]]''' |list9= *[[80 (tiro)|80]] *[[81 (tiro)|81]] *[[82 (tiro)|82]] *'''[[83 (tiro)|83]]''' *[[84 (tiro)|84]] *[[85 (tiro)|85]] *[[86 (tiro)|86]] *[[87 (tiro)|87]] *[[88 (tiro)|88]] *'''[[89 (tiro)|89]]''' |list10= *[[90 (tiro)|90]] *[[91 (tiro)|91]] *[[92 (tiro)|92]] *[[93 (tiro)|93]] *[[94 (tiro)|94]] *[[95 (tiro)|95]] *[[96 (tiro)|96]] *'''[[97 (tiro)|97]]''' *[[98 (tiro)|98]] *[[99 (tiro)|99]] }} |list2={{Navbox|child |title=[[100 (tiro)|100]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|1|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[100 (tiro)|100]] *'''[[101 (tiro)|101]]''' *[[102 (tiro)|102]] *'''[[103 (tiro)|103]]''' *[[104 (tiro)|104]] *[[105 (tiro)|105]] *[[106 (tiro)|106]] *'''[[107 (tiro)|107]]''' *[[108 (tiro)|108]] *'''[[109 (tiro)|109]]''' |list2= *[[110 (tiro)|110]] *[[111 (tiro)|111]] *[[112 (tiro)|112]] *'''[[113 (tiro)|113]]''' *[[114 (tiro)|114]] *[[115 (tiro)|115]] *[[116 (tiro)|116]] *[[117 (tiro)|117]] *[[118 (tiro)|118]] *[[119 (tiro)|119]] |list3= *[[120 (tiro)|120]] *[[121 (tiro)|121]] *[[122 (tiro)|122]] *[[123 (tiro)|123]] *[[124 (tiro)|124]] *[[125 (tiro)|125]] *[[126 (tiro)|126]] *'''[[127 (tiro)|127]]''' *[[128 (tiro)|128]] *[[129 (tiro)|129]] |list4= *[[130 (tiro)|130]] *'''[[131 (tiro)|131]]''' *[[132 (tiro)|132]] *[[133 (tiro)|133]] *[[134 (tiro)|134]] *[[135 (tiro)|135]] *[[136 (tiro)|136]] *'''[[137 (tiro)|137]]''' *[[138 (tiro)|138]] *'''[[139 (tiro)|139]]''' |list5= *[[140 (tiro)|140]] *[[141 (tiro)|141]] *[[142 (tiro)|142]] *[[143 (tiro)|143]] *[[144 (tiro)|144]] *[[145 (tiro)|145]] *[[146 (tiro)|146]] *[[147 (tiro)|147]] *[[148 (tiro)|148]] *'''[[149 (tiro)|149]]''' |list6= *[[150 (tiro)|150]] *'''[[151 (tiro)|151]]''' *[[152 (tiro)|152]] *[[153 (tiro)|153]] *[[154 (tiro)|154]] *[[155 (tiro)|155]] *[[156 (tiro)|156]] *'''[[157 (tiro)|157]]''' *[[158 (tiro)|158]] *[[159 (tiro)|159]] |list7= *[[160 (tiro)|160]] *[[161 (tiro)|161]] *[[162 (tiro)|162]] *'''[[163 (tiro)|163]]''' *[[164 (tiro)|164]] *[[165 (tiro)|165]] *[[166 (tiro)|166]] *'''[[167 (tiro)|167]]''' *[[168 (tiro)|168]] *[[169 (tiro)|169]] |list8= *[[170 (tiro)|170]] *[[171 (tiro)|171]] *[[172 (tiro)|172]] *'''[[173 (tiro)|173]]''' *[[174 (tiro)|174]] *[[175 (tiro)|175]] *[[176 (tiro)|176]] *[[177 (tiro)|177]] *[[178 (tiro)|178]] *'''[[179 (tiro)|179]]''' |list9= *[[180 (tiro)|180]] *'''[[181 (tiro)|181]]''' *[[182 (tiro)|182]] *[[183 (tiro)|183]] *[[184 (tiro)|184]] *[[185 (tiro)|185]] *[[186 (tiro)|186]] *[[187 (tiro)|187]] *[[188 (tiro)|188]] *[[189 (tiro)|189]] |list10= *[[190 (tiro)|190]] *'''[[191 (tiro)|191]]''' *[[192 (tiro)|192]] *'''[[193 (tiro)|193]]''' *[[194 (tiro)|194]] *[[195 (tiro)|195]] *[[196 (tiro)|196]] *'''[[197 (tiro)|197]]''' *[[198 (tiro)|198]] *'''[[199 (tiro)|199]]''' }} |list3={{Navbox|child |title=[[200 (tiro)|200]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|2|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[200 (tiro)|200]] *[[201 (tiro)|201]] *[[202 (tiro)|202]] *[[203 (tiro)|203]] *[[204 (tiro)|204]] *[[205 (tiro)|205]] *[[206 (tiro)|206]] *[[207 (tiro)|207]] *[[208 (tiro)|208]] *[[209 (tiro)|209]] |list2= *[[210 (tiro)|210]] *'''[[211 (tiro)|211]]''' *[[212 (tiro)|212]] *[[213 (tiro)|213]] *[[214 (tiro)|214]] *[[215 (tiro)|215]] *[[216 (tiro)|216]] *[[217 (tiro)|217]] *[[218 (tiro)|218]] *[[219 (tiro)|219]] |list3= *[[220 (tiro)|220]] *[[221 (tiro)|221]] *[[222 (tiro)|222]] *'''[[223 (tiro)|223]]''' *[[224 (tiro)|224]] *[[225 (tiro)|225]] *[[226 (tiro)|226]] *'''[[227 (tiro)|227]]''' *[[228 (tiro)|228]] *'''[[229 (tiro)|229]]''' |list4= *[[230 (tiro)|230]] *[[231 (tiro)|231]] *[[232 (tiro)|232]] *'''[[233 (tiro)|233]]''' *[[234 (tiro)|234]] *[[235 (tiro)|235]] *[[236 (tiro)|236]] *[[237 (tiro)|237]] *[[238 (tiro)|238]] *'''[[239 (tiro)|239]]''' |list5= *[[240 (tiro)|240]] *'''[[241 (tiro)|241]]''' *[[242 (tiro)|242]] *[[243 (tiro)|243]] *[[244 (tiro)|244]] *[[245 (tiro)|245]] *[[246 (tiro)|246]] *[[247 (tiro)|247]] *[[248 (tiro)|248]] *[[249 (tiro)|249]] |list6= *[[250 (tiro)|250]] *'''[[251 (tiro)|251]]''' *[[252 (tiro)|252]] *[[253 (tiro)|253]] *[[254 (tiro)|254]] *[[255 (tiro)|255]] *[[256 (tiro)|256]] *'''[[257 (tiro)|257]]''' *[[258 (tiro)|258]] *[[259 (tiro)|259]] |list7= *[[260 (tiro)|260]] *[[261 (tiro)|261]] *[[262 (tiro)|262]] *'''[[263 (tiro)|263]]''' *[[264 (tiro)|264]] *[[265 (tiro)|265]] *[[266 (tiro)|266]] *[[267 (tiro)|267]] *[[268 (tiro)|268]] *'''[[269 (tiro)|269]]''' |list8= *[[270 (tiro)|270]] *'''[[271 (tiro)|271]]''' *[[272 (tiro)|272]] *[[273 (tiro)|273]] *[[274 (tiro)|274]] *[[275 (tiro)|275]] *[[276 (tiro)|276]] *'''[[277 (tiro)|277]]''' *[[278 (tiro)|278]] *[[279 (tiro)|279]] |list9= *[[280 (tiro)|280]] *'''[[281 (tiro)|281]]''' *[[282 (tiro)|282]] *'''[[283 (tiro)|283]]''' *[[284 (tiro)|284]] *[[285 (tiro)|285]] *[[286 (tiro)|286]] *[[287 (tiro)|287]] *[[288 (tiro)|288]] *[[289 (tiro)|289]] |list10= *[[290 (tiro)|290]] *[[291 (tiro)|291]] *[[292 (tiro)|292]] *'''[[293 (tiro)|293]]''' *[[294 (tiro)|294]] *[[295 (tiro)|295]] *[[296 (tiro)|296]] *[[297 (tiro)|297]] *[[298 (tiro)|298]] *[[299 (tiro)|299]] }} |list4={{Navbox|child |title=[[300 (tiro)|300]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|3|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[300 (tiro)|300]] *[[301 (tiro)|301]] *[[302 (tiro)|302]] *[[303 (tiro)|303]] *[[304 (tiro)|304]] *[[305 (tiro)|305]] *[[306 (tiro)|306]] *'''[[307 (tiro)|307]]''' *[[308 (tiro)|308]] *[[309 (tiro)|309]] |list2= *[[310 (tiro)|310]] *'''[[311 (tiro)|311]]''' *[[312 (tiro)|312]] *'''[[313 (tiro)|313]]''' *[[314 (tiro)|314]] *[[315 (tiro)|315]] *[[316 (tiro)|316]] *'''[[317 (tiro)|317]]''' *[[318 (tiro)|318]] *[[319 (tiro)|319]] |list3= *[[320 (tiro)|320]] *[[321 (tiro)|321]] *[[322 (tiro)|322]] *[[323 (tiro)|323]] *[[324 (tiro)|324]] *[[325 (tiro)|325]] *[[326 (tiro)|326]] *[[327 (tiro)|327]] *[[328 (tiro)|328]] *[[329 (tiro)|329]] |list4= *[[330 (tiro)|330]] *'''[[331 (tiro)|331]] *[[332 (tiro)|332]] *[[333 (tiro)|333]] *[[334 (tiro)|334]] *[[335 (tiro)|335]] *[[336 (tiro)|336]] *'''[[337 (tiro)|337]]''' *[[338 (tiro)|338]] *[[339 (tiro)|339]] |list5= *[[340 (tiro)|340]] *[[341 (tiro)|341]] *[[342 (tiro)|342]] *[[343 (tiro)|343]] *[[344 (tiro)|344]] *[[345 (tiro)|345]] *[[346 (tiro)|346]] *'''[[347 (tiro)|347]]''' *[[348 (tiro)|348]] *'''[[349 (tiro)|349]]''' |list6= *[[350 (tiro)|350]] *[[351 (tiro)|351]] *[[352 (tiro)|352]] *'''[[353 (tiro)|353]]''' *[[354 (tiro)|354]] *[[355 (tiro)|355]] *[[356 (tiro)|356]] *[[357 (tiro)|357]] *[[358 (tiro)|358]] *'''[[359 (tiro)|359]]''' |list7= *[[360 (tiro)|360]] *[[361 (tiro)|361]] *[[362 (tiro)|362]] *[[363 (tiro)|363]] *[[364 (tiro)|364]] *[[365 (tiro)|365]] *[[366 (tiro)|366]] *'''[[367 (tiro)|367]]''' *[[368 (tiro)|368]] *[[369 (tiro)|369]] |list8= *[[370 (tiro)|370]] *[[371 (tiro)|371]] *[[372 (tiro)|372]] *'''[[373 (tiro)|373]]''' *[[374 (tiro)|374]] *[[375 (tiro)|375]] *[[376 (tiro)|376]] *[[377 (tiro)|377]] *[[378 (tiro)|378]] *'''[[379 (tiro)|379]]''' |list9= *[[380 (tiro)|380]] *[[381 (tiro)|381]] *[[382 (tiro)|382]] *'''[[383 (tiro)|383]]''' *[[384 (tiro)|384]] *[[385 (tiro)|385]] *[[386 (tiro)|386]] *[[387 (tiro)|387]] *[[388 (tiro)|388]] *'''[[389 (tiro)|389]]''' |list10= *[[390 (tiro)|390]] *[[391 (tiro)|391]] *[[392 (tiro)|392]] *[[393 (tiro)|393]] *[[394 (tiro)|394]] *[[395 (tiro)|395]] *[[396 (tiro)|396]] *'''[[397 (tiro)|397]]''' *[[398 (tiro)|398]] *[[399 (tiro)|399]] }} |list5={{Navbox|child |title=[[400 (tiro)|400]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|4|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[400 (tiro)|400]] *'''[[401 (tiro)|401]]''' *[[402 (tiro)|402]] *[[403 (tiro)|403]] *[[404 (tiro)|404]] *[[405 (tiro)|405]] *[[406 (tiro)|406]] *[[407 (tiro)|407]] *[[408 (tiro)|408]] *'''[[409 (tiro)|409]]''' |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list6={{Navbox|child |title=[[500 (tiro)|500]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|5|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list7={{Navbox|child |title=[[600 (tiro)|600]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|6|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list8={{Navbox|child |title=[[700 (tiro)|700]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|7|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list9={{Navbox|child |title=[[800 (tiro)|800]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|8|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list10={{Navbox|child |title=[[900 (tiro)|900]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|9|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |below=Tirooyinka qoraalkooda la waaweyneeyay waa [[Tiro mutuxan|tirooyin mutuxan]]}} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} [[Category:Tusmo xisaab]] </noinclude> md6sknmz3h9po3ot39x4og57nhtxwaw 0 17202 301793 221682 2026-07-11T21:28:39Z Videoiib7 46243 301793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Islaam}} ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan jihaadka ay aaminsan yihiin [[dad]]ka [[Islaam]]ka ah.'' '''Jihaad''' ([[ingiriis]]: jihad; [[carabi]]: جهاد‎ "jihād") waa erey lagu isticmaalo [[diin]]ta [[Islaam]]ka taasi oo u taagan dagaal naf, xoolo, dhaqaale, fikir, wakhti, hiil iyo hoo la bixid ah si loo difaaco mabaadii'da iyo jiritaanka diinta Islaamka ah. Sida meelo badan oo [[kitaab]]ka [[Quraan]]ka ah ku xusan jihaadku waa mid waajib ku ah dhamaan dadka [[muslim]]iinta ah in kastoo lagu kala badan yahay waajibaadkaasi. Sida caadiga ah waxaa jira dhowr nooc oo jihaad ah, waxaa ka mid ah: *Jihaad dagaal: waa mid khasab ku ah qof kasta oo muslim ah, qaangaadh ah, hub qaadi kara oo dagaal geli kara. *Jihaadka dhaqaalaha: dadka qaniga ah ee wax heysta waxaa waajib ku ah ineey ku bixiyaan jihaadka qeyb ka mid ah xoolohooga. Waxaa intaas dheer in qofkaas laga rabo inuu isla markaa ka qeyb qaato dagaalka nafsi ahaan. *Jihaadka nafta: waa marka qofka laga rabo inuu naftiisa ku khasbo waajibaadka diiniga ah ee saaran si uu u fuliyo amarada shaqsi ahaaneed. Guud ahaan, jihaadku waa dagaal naf huris ah oo loo galayo sidii loo fulin lahaa ama loo dhowri lahaa mabaadii'da diinta Islaamka. Taas macneheedu ma ahan in lala dagaalamayo dhamaan qof kasta oon aaminsanahay diinta Islaamka. Laakiin waa ilaalinta iyo difaaca diinta oo kali ah. Jihaadku waa waajibaad saaran dhamaan muslimiinta si loo ilaaliyo jiritaanka, sumcada iyo karaamada diinta Islaamka. ===Macnaha ereyga=== ==Taariikh== {{Template:Dagaaladii Islaamka}} Jihaadku wuxuu bilaabmey wakhtiyadii ugu horeeyay ee soo ifbaxa iyo fiditaanka diinta Islaamka. Wakhtiyadaasi oo dadka Muslimiinta ahaa u dagaalamayeen si ay u helaan xoriyad, nabadgelyo iyo amni dadkii ay la noolaayeen. Dagaaladaasi ugu horeeyay waxaa ka mid ah [[Dagaalkii Beder]], [[Dagaalkii Uxud]], [[Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada]], [[Dagaalkii Kheybar]], [[Dagaalkii Xunayn]], [[Dagaalkii Tabuk]] iyo kuwo kale oo ka dambeeyay. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām​—The Way to God by Submission] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Islaam]] t0mt4cuhojdbk9nx26jqew23qnh2imo 301794 301793 2026-07-11T21:32:16Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Macnaha ereyga */ 301794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Islaam}} ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan jihaadka ay aaminsan yihiin [[dad]]ka [[Islaam]]ka ah.'' '''Jihaad''' ([[ingiriis]]: jihad; [[carabi]]: جهاد‎ "jihād") waa erey lagu isticmaalo [[diin]]ta [[Islaam]]ka taasi oo u taagan dagaal naf, xoolo, dhaqaale, fikir, wakhti, hiil iyo hoo la bixid ah si loo difaaco mabaadii'da iyo jiritaanka diinta Islaamka ah. Sida meelo badan oo [[kitaab]]ka [[Quraan]]ka ah ku xusan jihaadku waa mid waajib ku ah dhamaan dadka [[muslim]]iinta ah in kastoo lagu kala badan yahay waajibaadkaasi. Sida caadiga ah waxaa jira dhowr nooc oo jihaad ah, waxaa ka mid ah: *Jihaad dagaal: waa mid khasab ku ah qof kasta oo muslim ah, qaangaadh ah, hub qaadi kara oo dagaal geli kara. *Jihaadka dhaqaalaha: dadka qaniga ah ee wax heysta waxaa waajib ku ah ineey ku bixiyaan jihaadka qeyb ka mid ah xoolohooga. Waxaa intaas dheer in qofkaas laga rabo inuu isla markaa ka qeyb qaato dagaalka nafsi ahaan. *Jihaadka nafta: waa marka qofka laga rabo inuu naftiisa ku khasbo waajibaadka diiniga ah ee saaran si uu u fuliyo amarada shaqsi ahaaneed. Guud ahaan, jihaadku waa dagaal naf huris ah oo loo galayo sidii loo fulin lahaa ama loo dhowri lahaa mabaadii'da diinta Islaamka. Taas macneheedu ma ahan in lala dagaalamayo dhamaan qof kasta oon aaminsanahay diinta Islaamka. Laakiin waa ilaalinta iyo difaaca diinta oo kali ah. Jihaadku waa waajibaad saaran dhamaan muslimiinta si loo ilaaliyo jiritaanka, sumcada iyo karaamada diinta Islaamka. ===Macnaha ereyga=== Ereyga Jihad (Jihlaad) wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa [[Carabi|Af Carabi]] : (الجهاد), wuxuuna macnihiisu yahay dadaal, halgan, ama u hurid naftaada iyo awoodaada xaqiijinta yool ama arrin wanaagsan.Diinta Islaamka dhexdeeda, Jihadu ma aha oo kaliya dagaal, balse waxay leedahay macnayaal ballaaran oo kala ah . ==Taariikh== {{Template:Dagaaladii Islaamka}} Jihaadku wuxuu bilaabmey wakhtiyadii ugu horeeyay ee soo ifbaxa iyo fiditaanka diinta Islaamka. Wakhtiyadaasi oo dadka Muslimiinta ahaa u dagaalamayeen si ay u helaan xoriyad, nabadgelyo iyo amni dadkii ay la noolaayeen. Dagaaladaasi ugu horeeyay waxaa ka mid ah [[Dagaalkii Beder]], [[Dagaalkii Uxud]], [[Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada]], [[Dagaalkii Kheybar]], [[Dagaalkii Xunayn]], [[Dagaalkii Tabuk]] iyo kuwo kale oo ka dambeeyay. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām​—The Way to God by Submission] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Islaam]] fpz67o8c4brdgqf0bn6w4pn8orynu8o 301795 301794 2026-07-11T21:34:04Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Macnaha ereyga */ 301795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Islaam}} ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan jihaadka ay aaminsan yihiin [[dad]]ka [[Islaam]]ka ah.'' '''Jihaad''' ([[ingiriis]]: jihad; [[carabi]]: جهاد‎ "jihād") waa erey lagu isticmaalo [[diin]]ta [[Islaam]]ka taasi oo u taagan dagaal naf, xoolo, dhaqaale, fikir, wakhti, hiil iyo hoo la bixid ah si loo difaaco mabaadii'da iyo jiritaanka diinta Islaamka ah. Sida meelo badan oo [[kitaab]]ka [[Quraan]]ka ah ku xusan jihaadku waa mid waajib ku ah dhamaan dadka [[muslim]]iinta ah in kastoo lagu kala badan yahay waajibaadkaasi. Sida caadiga ah waxaa jira dhowr nooc oo jihaad ah, waxaa ka mid ah: *Jihaad dagaal: waa mid khasab ku ah qof kasta oo muslim ah, qaangaadh ah, hub qaadi kara oo dagaal geli kara. *Jihaadka dhaqaalaha: dadka qaniga ah ee wax heysta waxaa waajib ku ah ineey ku bixiyaan jihaadka qeyb ka mid ah xoolohooga. Waxaa intaas dheer in qofkaas laga rabo inuu isla markaa ka qeyb qaato dagaalka nafsi ahaan. *Jihaadka nafta: waa marka qofka laga rabo inuu naftiisa ku khasbo waajibaadka diiniga ah ee saaran si uu u fuliyo amarada shaqsi ahaaneed. Guud ahaan, jihaadku waa dagaal naf huris ah oo loo galayo sidii loo fulin lahaa ama loo dhowri lahaa mabaadii'da diinta Islaamka. Taas macneheedu ma ahan in lala dagaalamayo dhamaan qof kasta oon aaminsanahay diinta Islaamka. Laakiin waa ilaalinta iyo difaaca diinta oo kali ah. Jihaadku waa waajibaad saaran dhamaan muslimiinta si loo ilaaliyo jiritaanka, sumcada iyo karaamada diinta Islaamka. ===Macnaha ereyga=== Ereyga Jihad (Jihlaad) wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa [[Carabi|Af Carabi]] : (الجهاد), wuxuna sheegay macnihiisu yahay dadaal, halgan, ama u hurid naftaada iyo awoodaada xaqiijinta yool ama arrin wanaagsan Diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] dhexdeeda, Jihadu ma aha oo kaliya dagaal, balse waxay leedahay macnayaal ballaaran oo kala ah . ==Taariikh== {{Template:Dagaaladii Islaamka}} Jihaadku wuxuu bilaabmey wakhtiyadii ugu horeeyay ee soo ifbaxa iyo fiditaanka diinta Islaamka. Wakhtiyadaasi oo dadka Muslimiinta ahaa u dagaalamayeen si ay u helaan xoriyad, nabadgelyo iyo amni dadkii ay la noolaayeen. Dagaaladaasi ugu horeeyay waxaa ka mid ah [[Dagaalkii Beder]], [[Dagaalkii Uxud]], [[Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada]], [[Dagaalkii Kheybar]], [[Dagaalkii Xunayn]], [[Dagaalkii Tabuk]] iyo kuwo kale oo ka dambeeyay. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām​—The Way to God by Submission] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Islaam]] ftq7h31z6643krgdjplmgjha7lde4tp 301796 301795 2026-07-11T21:36:00Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Macnaha ereyga */ 301796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Islaam}} ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan jihaadka ay aaminsan yihiin [[dad]]ka [[Islaam]]ka ah.'' '''Jihaad''' ([[ingiriis]]: jihad; [[carabi]]: جهاد‎ "jihād") waa erey lagu isticmaalo [[diin]]ta [[Islaam]]ka taasi oo u taagan dagaal naf, xoolo, dhaqaale, fikir, wakhti, hiil iyo hoo la bixid ah si loo difaaco mabaadii'da iyo jiritaanka diinta Islaamka ah. Sida meelo badan oo [[kitaab]]ka [[Quraan]]ka ah ku xusan jihaadku waa mid waajib ku ah dhamaan dadka [[muslim]]iinta ah in kastoo lagu kala badan yahay waajibaadkaasi. Sida caadiga ah waxaa jira dhowr nooc oo jihaad ah, waxaa ka mid ah: *Jihaad dagaal: waa mid khasab ku ah qof kasta oo muslim ah, qaangaadh ah, hub qaadi kara oo dagaal geli kara. *Jihaadka dhaqaalaha: dadka qaniga ah ee wax heysta waxaa waajib ku ah ineey ku bixiyaan jihaadka qeyb ka mid ah xoolohooga. Waxaa intaas dheer in qofkaas laga rabo inuu isla markaa ka qeyb qaato dagaalka nafsi ahaan. *Jihaadka nafta: waa marka qofka laga rabo inuu naftiisa ku khasbo waajibaadka diiniga ah ee saaran si uu u fuliyo amarada shaqsi ahaaneed. Guud ahaan, jihaadku waa dagaal naf huris ah oo loo galayo sidii loo fulin lahaa ama loo dhowri lahaa mabaadii'da diinta Islaamka. Taas macneheedu ma ahan in lala dagaalamayo dhamaan qof kasta oon aaminsanahay diinta Islaamka. Laakiin waa ilaalinta iyo difaaca diinta oo kali ah. Jihaadku waa waajibaad saaran dhamaan muslimiinta si loo ilaaliyo jiritaanka, sumcada iyo karaamada diinta Islaamka. ===Macnaha ereyga=== Ereyga Jihad (Jihlaad) wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa [[Carabi|Af Carabi]] : (الجهاد), wuxuna sheegay macnihiisu yahay dadaal, halgan, ama u hurid naftaada iyo awoodaada xaqiijinta yool ama arrin wanaagsan Diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] dhexdeeda, Jihadu ma aha oo kaliya dagaal, balse waxay leedahay macnayaal ballaaran oo kala ah . ==Aayadaha ku boorinaya "jihaadka"== ==Taariikh== {{Template:Dagaaladii Islaamka}} Jihaadku wuxuu bilaabmey wakhtiyadii ugu horeeyay ee soo ifbaxa iyo fiditaanka diinta Islaamka. Wakhtiyadaasi oo dadka Muslimiinta ahaa u dagaalamayeen si ay u helaan xoriyad, nabadgelyo iyo amni dadkii ay la noolaayeen. Dagaaladaasi ugu horeeyay waxaa ka mid ah [[Dagaalkii Beder]], [[Dagaalkii Uxud]], [[Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada]], [[Dagaalkii Kheybar]], [[Dagaalkii Xunayn]], [[Dagaalkii Tabuk]] iyo kuwo kale oo ka dambeeyay. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām​—The Way to God by Submission] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Islaam]] 7btzjzhjbt03et64frctfbttposm7xx 301797 301796 2026-07-11T21:47:20Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Aayadaha ku boorinaya "jihaadka" */ 301797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Islaam}} ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan jihaadka ay aaminsan yihiin [[dad]]ka [[Islaam]]ka ah.'' '''Jihaad''' ([[ingiriis]]: jihad; [[carabi]]: جهاد‎ "jihād") waa erey lagu isticmaalo [[diin]]ta [[Islaam]]ka taasi oo u taagan dagaal naf, xoolo, dhaqaale, fikir, wakhti, hiil iyo hoo la bixid ah si loo difaaco mabaadii'da iyo jiritaanka diinta Islaamka ah. Sida meelo badan oo [[kitaab]]ka [[Quraan]]ka ah ku xusan jihaadku waa mid waajib ku ah dhamaan dadka [[muslim]]iinta ah in kastoo lagu kala badan yahay waajibaadkaasi. Sida caadiga ah waxaa jira dhowr nooc oo jihaad ah, waxaa ka mid ah: *Jihaad dagaal: waa mid khasab ku ah qof kasta oo muslim ah, qaangaadh ah, hub qaadi kara oo dagaal geli kara. *Jihaadka dhaqaalaha: dadka qaniga ah ee wax heysta waxaa waajib ku ah ineey ku bixiyaan jihaadka qeyb ka mid ah xoolohooga. Waxaa intaas dheer in qofkaas laga rabo inuu isla markaa ka qeyb qaato dagaalka nafsi ahaan. *Jihaadka nafta: waa marka qofka laga rabo inuu naftiisa ku khasbo waajibaadka diiniga ah ee saaran si uu u fuliyo amarada shaqsi ahaaneed. Guud ahaan, jihaadku waa dagaal naf huris ah oo loo galayo sidii loo fulin lahaa ama loo dhowri lahaa mabaadii'da diinta Islaamka. Taas macneheedu ma ahan in lala dagaalamayo dhamaan qof kasta oon aaminsanahay diinta Islaamka. Laakiin waa ilaalinta iyo difaaca diinta oo kali ah. Jihaadku waa waajibaad saaran dhamaan muslimiinta si loo ilaaliyo jiritaanka, sumcada iyo karaamada diinta Islaamka. ===Macnaha ereyga=== Ereyga Jihad (Jihlaad) wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa [[Carabi|Af Carabi]] : (الجهاد), wuxuna sheegay macnihiisu yahay dadaal, halgan, ama u hurid naftaada iyo awoodaada xaqiijinta yool ama arrin wanaagsan Diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] dhexdeeda, Jihadu ma aha oo kaliya dagaal, balse waxay leedahay macnayaal ballaaran oo kala ah . ==Aayadaha ku boorinaya "jihaadka"== "'Kuwa Eebbe ((Alle)) iyo rasuulkiisa rumeeyay sharcigiisana ku camalfalayow, ma idin tusiyaa ganacsi wayn oo idinka badbaadinaya cadaab xanuun Badan Waana inaad daa'intaan rumaynta Eebe (Alle) iyo rasuulkiisa; dariiqa Allana aad ku jihaaddaan Sii Waxaa aad haysataan ee naf iyo maalba ah aad ugu gargaartaan diintiisa, sidaa ayaa idinkaga khayr badan ganacsiga adduun, haddii aad tihiin kuwo kala garanaya waxa dhibka leh iyo waxa nafciga leh, ee arrinkaas sameeya''' (Suurada As-Saf A 10-11) ==Taariikh== {{Template:Dagaaladii Islaamka}} Jihaadku wuxuu bilaabmey wakhtiyadii ugu horeeyay ee soo ifbaxa iyo fiditaanka diinta Islaamka. Wakhtiyadaasi oo dadka Muslimiinta ahaa u dagaalamayeen si ay u helaan xoriyad, nabadgelyo iyo amni dadkii ay la noolaayeen. Dagaaladaasi ugu horeeyay waxaa ka mid ah [[Dagaalkii Beder]], [[Dagaalkii Uxud]], [[Dagaalkii Dhufeysyada]], [[Dagaalkii Kheybar]], [[Dagaalkii Xunayn]], [[Dagaalkii Tabuk]] iyo kuwo kale oo ka dambeeyay. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām​—The Way to God by Submission] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Islaam]] enfbmkr13f5m0fe6xkzfspl3yqs97v3 0 17597 301950 279952 2026-07-12T10:00:22Z BARRE IBRAAHIM FAARAX 46449 Wax ka badal 301950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jamaal Cali Xuseen''' wuxuu ku dhashay gobolka Maroodijeex caasimadiisa magaalada Hargaysa, Waqooyi Galbeed ee Wadanka '''Somaliland''' Sanadkii '''1965.''' Jamaal Cali Xuseen waa Aqoonyahan ku takhasuusay cilmiga dhaqaalaha iyo ganacsiga, waxaana uu wax kusoo bartay jaamacada '''Harvard University'''  ee dalka Maraykanka kadib qalinjabitii jamacada. Jamaal Cali Xuseen Waxa uu kasoo shaqeeyay bangiyo caalamiya oo waawayn kuwaas oo ka midyihiin bangiga wayn ee '''Citi Bank''' kaas oo uu ka gaadhay inuu noqdo Maareeye guud ama '''Chief Executive Officer.''' Imikana waa siyaasi si mug wayn uga dhex leh Siyaasada Somaliland. == Intii Hore ee Noloshiisa == Jamaal Cali Xuseen wuxuu ku dhashay kunasoo Barbaaray Magaalada Hargeysa , isagoo isla magaalada Hargeysa ka bilaabay waxbarashadiisii aasaasiga ahayd ilaa waxbarashadiisa heer Dugsi Sare, isagoona ka baxay dugsiga sare ee '''Faarax Oomaar''' Magaalda Hargeysah, Sidoo kale, Jamaal Cali Xuseen yaraantiisi wuxuu jeclaa ciyaaraha ama Sorts-ka, gaar ahaan Kubada kolayga, cagta iyo walaiba kubada Teniska Miiska ('''Table Tennis''') kaas oo uu ka gaadhay ilaa heerka ciyaarihii Gobolada ee Jmahuriyadii Sommaliya, isagoona usaftay Somaliland. === <u>Waxbarashadiisii Sare ee Heer Jaamacadeed</u> === kadib markuu Jamaal cali Xuseen Ka qalin Jabiyay Dugsiga sare, waxa uu ka bilaabay waxbarashadiisii sare Maxadkii ama college-kii barashada xisaabadka iyo Dhaqaalaha ee '''Sidam''' oo ku yaalay magaalada '''Muqdisho,''' Halkaas oo uu ka qaatay shahaadadii darajada koowaad ee cilmiga xisaabaadka '''(Degree in BA Accounting), i'''sagoo ahaa ardaygii ugu sareeyay jamacada, isla sanadkaana waxa loo qaatay inuu Bare ama Macalin ka noqdo isla jamacadaas. == '''Waxbarashadiisii Harvard University''' == Dabayaaqadii sanadihii sideetamaadkii, Jamal Cali Xuseen wuxuu ugu guuray wadanka Maraykanka, isagoo halkaa markuu mudo joogayna ku guulaystay deeq waxbarasho '''(scholarship)''' jaamacada Harrvard University.''' halkaas oo uu ka diyaariyay shahadada caalamiga ee loo yaqaano '''CPA (CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT), oo macnaheduna tahay xissaab yahankii la aqoonsaday,''' taas oo aanu haysan qof Somali ah ama Africaba ku ah naadir iyo dhif.''' jabcouiaa049ct8n81rlmd7sz84227t 10 20963 301781 296733 2026-07-11T19:39:55Z Muuse8 36079 301781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Beelaha Soomaalida | title = [[Qabiilada Soomaalida#Beelaha|Beelaha Soomaalida]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | listclass = hlist **laandheere | group1=[[Dir]] | list1= *[[Ciise (qabiil)|Ciise]] *[[Gadabuursi]] *[[Surre (beel)|Surre]] *[[Akhiso |Akisho ]] *[[Dir|Dabrube]] *[[Biyomaal]] *[[Bajamaal]] *[[Gurgure]] *[[Garre]] *[[Wardey]] *[[Quraanyow]] *[[Gaadsan]] *[[Isaaq]] | group2= [[Isaaq]] | list2= *[[Haber Awal|Haber Awal]] *[[Habar Yoonis|Habar Yoonis]] *[[Toljecle]] *[[Ayub]] *[[Habar Jeclo|Habar Jeclo]] *[[Arap|Arap]] *[[Ciidagale|Ciidagale]] | group3=[[Hawiye|Hawiye]] | list3 = *[[Abgaal]] *[[Madarkicis|Habar Gidir]] *[[Shiikhaal|Shiikhaal]] *[[Duduble|Duduble]] *[[Ujejeen|Ujejeen]] *[[Baadicade|Baadicade]] *[[Xawaadle|Xawaadle]] *[[Murursade|Murursade]] *[[Wacdan|Wacdan]] *[[Gaaljecel]] | group4= [[Daarood]] | list4 = *[[Majeerteen|Majeerteen]] *[[Dishiishe|Dishiishe]] *[[Warsangali|Warsagali]] *[[Reer Darawiish]] *[[Ogadeen |Ogaden]] *[[Mareexaan]] **[[Awrtable|Awrtable]] *[[Leelkase|Leelkase]] | group5 = [[Raxanweyn]] | list5 = *[[Macalinweyne]] *[[Hadama]] *[[Joron]] *[[Harin]] *[[Elaay]] *[[Luwaay]] *[[Jilible]] *[[Gasarkude]] *[[Gelidle]] *[[Hubeer]] *[[Leesaan]] *[[Boqol hore]] *[[Gawaweyn]] *[[Helidi]] *[[Haraaw]] *[[Yantaar]] | group6 = [[Samaale|Beelaha kale]] | list6 = *[[Garjante gardheere samaale|Gardhere]] *[[Ajuran (clans)|Ajuuraan]] *[[Gormale]] *[[Tuni]] *[[Garjante]] *[[Kidir Karanle]] *[[Dagoodi]] *[[Gaaljecel]] *[[Masare]] *[[Irdho]] *[[Dabare]] *[[Xawaadle]] | group7 = Beelaha Tiro-Yar! / beel tirasaqiir | list7 = *[[R.shabeele]] *[[Hintire]] *[[Shiidle]] *[[Makane]] *[[Mushunguli]] *[[Eyle]] *[[Jeenoole]] *[[Majindo]] *[[Mayasa]] *[[Makuwa]] *[[Mayawo]] *[[Milima]] *[[Wardaay]] *[[Baajuun]] *[[Shanshi]] *[[Gobron]] *[[Daami]] *[[Moorshe]] *[[Yibir]] *[[Tumaal]] *[[Gelidi]] *[[Bagadi]] *[[Jiido]] *[[Gaameedle]] *[[Gamuudi]] *[[Gudbane]] *[[Bafadal]] *[[Carab Saalax]] *[[Galgale]] }}<noinclude> {{doc|content= }} <br />{{collapsible option}} </noinclude> [[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]] [[Category:Macluumaadka Soomaaliya]] m484uce5hxdidt8wn115dyd12b5kn0a 0 21172 301766 300928 2026-07-11T18:07:17Z ~2026-39275-16 46457 /* */ 301766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group| |group = Dishiishe <br> دشيشي |image =[[File:Ugaaska Dishiishe.jpg|thumb|Ugaas Xasan Ugaas Yaasin]] |region1 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Oman}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}} |region5 = |region6 = |langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] iyo [[Af-Carabi]] |rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]] |related-c = [[Gabtaanle]], [[Majeerteen]], [[Warsangali]], [[Tiinle]], [[Ogaadeen]], ,[[Mareexaan]], [[Reer-Darawiish]] iyo beelaha kale ee [[Daarood]] |caption=Ugaaska guud ee beelweynta Dishiishe}} '''Dishiishe''' ({{lang-en|''Dishiishe''}}, [[Carabi]] دشيشى) ; sidoo kale loo qoro '''Dashiishe''', '''Dishishe''', Waa [[Beelaha Soomaalida|qabiil]] Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beelaha [[Harti]] ee beelwaynta [[Daarood]], waxayna ka mid yihiin laf hoosaadka '''Axmed Yusuf Harti.''' Waxayna wada dhasheen beelaha Gabtaanle, Tiinle iyo Maganlabe,Waxay beeshu Degtaa Gobolada [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]], [[Sanaag]] Iyo [[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada hoose]] ee [[Soomaaliya]].Sidoo kale waxay degaan dalka [[Cumaan]] gaar ahaan gobolka Dhofar. Dishiishe waxay soohdin la leeyihiin Dhanka Bari Cali Saleebaan iyo Cali Jibrahil, dhanka Galbeedna Warsangeli, dhanka koonfur Cismaan Maxamuud. Waana Beel aad loogu qadariyo deegaanada [[Boosaaso]] iyo Hareeraheeda oo ah Degaanka ay Taariikh ahaan Degaan. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}</ref> ==Hordhac== '''Dishiishe''' waa beel ka mid ah beelaha [[Harti]] ee [[Daarood]] kana sii ah [[Harti|Mooracase]], Qabiilkaan waxuu ku badanyahay woqooyiga gaar ahaan gobolada [[Bari]] & [[Sanaag]], degaano ka mid ah dalalka [[Carabta|Cumaan]] iyo [[Yemen|Yemen]]. Waxay dhalasho wadaag yihiin beelaha [[Majeerteen]], [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]], [[Reer-Darawiish]], iyo beelo kale, oo dhamaan wada Ah ilmo [[Harti]], Koombe, kablalax, [[Daarood]].<ref>Soda laga soo xigtay Waayeelka , waxgaradka iyo soo jireenka Qabaa'ilkaa</ref> Beeshaani waxay leedahay Ugaastooyo soo jireen ah oo maamuli jirtay deegaanada beeshu degto, sidoo kale beeshaani waxay gundhig u tahay Horumarka dhaqaale, Ilbaxnimo iyo Amni ee ka hana qaaday gobolada Waqooyi Bari soomaaliya wixii ka dambeeyay Burburkii dowladii dhexe ee dalka, Waana beel bulshooyinka Soomaaliyeed ku soo dhoweysay deegaanadeeda oo ay ugu horayso Magaalada [[Boosaaso]]. [[File:48tirrryuco91.jpg|thumb|Boosaaso 1926]] [[File:Somalia_tribes1977.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Khariidad Muujinaysa qayb ahaan sida ay u kala degaan qabaa'ilka Soomaalida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/somalia.html|title=Somalia Maps - Perry–Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online|author=|date=|website=www.lib.utexas.edu|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref>]] ==Abtirsi== *Axmad Harti '''(''Mooracase'')''' Wuxuu dhalay Ismaaciil oo ay ka Farcameen #Wacaysle Ismaaciil '''( Tiinle )''' #Cabdalle Ismaaciil '''( Gabtaanle)''' #Nuux Ismaaciil '''( Maganlabe)''' #Abdiraxman Maxamed Maxamuud Ismaaciil '''(Dishiishe )''' *Maxamuud Ismaaciil '''( Miyirwaq )''' Isna wuxuu dhalay Maxamed o sii dhalay Cabdiraxmaan '''(''Dishiishe'')''' oo ay ka farcameen #Ismaaciil Cabdiraxmaan (Meecaad) #Cabdalle Cabdiraxmaan(''Makadoor'')''' * Cabdalle Cabdiraxmaan #Isxaaq Cabdalle '''( Reer Boqor )''' #Cabdikariim Cabdalle *Cabdikariim Cabdalle #Sakeriye Cabdikariim '''( Reer Sakeriye)''' #Maxamuud Cabdikariim '''( Fiqi Case )''' *Ismaaciil Cabdiraxmaan #'''Saciid Ismaaciil''' #'''Yoonis Ismaaciil''' #Maxamed Ismaaciil (Ugaar) *Ugaar Ismaaciil #'''Cabdalle Ugaar''' #'''Cabdikariim Ugaar''' #'''Cabdibaasid Ugaar<br />''' *Cabdalle Ugaar wuxu dhalay Xuseen ('''Xuseen Cabdalle)''' *Cabdikariim Ugaar Wuxuu dhalay Isxaaq oo ay ka farcameen #Maxamed Isxaaq #Saleebaan Isxaaq #Axmed Isxaaq '''(''Reer Ugaas)'''''<br /> #Xasan Ugaas Axmed #Cali Ugaas Axmed'''('' Mugdi '')''' #Qaasim Ugaas Axmed'''( Ooga cadde '')''''' #Nuux Ugaas Axmed *Cabdibaasid Ugaar wuxu dhalay Xaaji-Jibriil oo ka farcameen # Macaawiye Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Macaawiye)''' #Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Cartan)''' # Ahmed Cartan ('''Ahmed Cartan''') # '''Cismaan Cartan''', o ka farcameen; # Cise Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Saalax Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Rooble Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Maxamed Cise Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Maxamed Ciise''') # Faahiye Saalax Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Faahiye''') # Rooble Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Gabdoon Rooble ('''Reer Gabdoon''') # Isxaaq Rooble ('''Rer Isxaaq''') # Saalax Rooble ('''Saalax Rooble''') # Muuse Maxamuud Rooble ('''Reer Muuse''') '''Guud ahaan Dishiishe wa 10 Beelood o kala ah:''' # '''Reer Boqor''' # '''Reer Sekeriye''' # '''Reer Fiqi''' # '''Yonis''' # '''Siciid Ismaciil''' # '''Xuseen Cabdalle''' # '''Reer Ugaas''' # '''Saleebaan''' # '''Maxamed Isxaaq''' # '''Reer Xaaji-Jibriil''' Tixraac: Buugga Taxa-taran, Qore: Maxamuud Bile Dubbe <code>https://web.archive.org/web/20200719225452/http://www.biyokulule.com/taxataranMooro.htm</code> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Soomaali|Beelaha Soomaalida]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Beelaha Soomaalida}} {{Commons|Category:Darod}} [[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]] [[Category:Soomaali]] [[Category:Dadka Soomaaliga]] [[Category:Macluumaadka Soomaaliya]] Buugga Taxa-taran. Qore ( Maxamuud Bile Dubbe Mareegta: Biyokulule.com ( https://web.archive.org/web/20200719225452/http://www.biyokulule.com/taxataranMooro.htm ) 0a2pimmai460w1e0czeennu1lzz0lha 301767 301766 2026-07-11T18:14:13Z ~2026-39275-16 46457 /* Abtirsi */ 301767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group| |group = Dishiishe <br> دشيشي |image =[[File:Ugaaska Dishiishe.jpg|thumb|Ugaas Xasan Ugaas Yaasin]] |region1 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Oman}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}} |region5 = |region6 = |langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] iyo [[Af-Carabi]] |rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]] |related-c = [[Gabtaanle]], [[Majeerteen]], [[Warsangali]], [[Tiinle]], [[Ogaadeen]], ,[[Mareexaan]], [[Reer-Darawiish]] iyo beelaha kale ee [[Daarood]] |caption=Ugaaska guud ee beelweynta Dishiishe}} '''Dishiishe''' ({{lang-en|''Dishiishe''}}, [[Carabi]] دشيشى) ; sidoo kale loo qoro '''Dashiishe''', '''Dishishe''', Waa [[Beelaha Soomaalida|qabiil]] Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beelaha [[Harti]] ee beelwaynta [[Daarood]], waxayna ka mid yihiin laf hoosaadka '''Axmed Yusuf Harti.''' Waxayna wada dhasheen beelaha Gabtaanle, Tiinle iyo Maganlabe,Waxay beeshu Degtaa Gobolada [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]], [[Sanaag]] Iyo [[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada hoose]] ee [[Soomaaliya]].Sidoo kale waxay degaan dalka [[Cumaan]] gaar ahaan gobolka Dhofar. Dishiishe waxay soohdin la leeyihiin Dhanka Bari Cali Saleebaan iyo Cali Jibrahil, dhanka Galbeedna Warsangeli, dhanka koonfur Cismaan Maxamuud. Waana Beel aad loogu qadariyo deegaanada [[Boosaaso]] iyo Hareeraheeda oo ah Degaanka ay Taariikh ahaan Degaan. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}</ref> ==Hordhac== '''Dishiishe''' waa beel ka mid ah beelaha [[Harti]] ee [[Daarood]] kana sii ah [[Harti|Mooracase]], Qabiilkaan waxuu ku badanyahay woqooyiga gaar ahaan gobolada [[Bari]] & [[Sanaag]], degaano ka mid ah dalalka [[Carabta|Cumaan]] iyo [[Yemen|Yemen]]. Waxay dhalasho wadaag yihiin beelaha [[Majeerteen]], [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]], [[Reer-Darawiish]], iyo beelo kale, oo dhamaan wada Ah ilmo [[Harti]], Koombe, kablalax, [[Daarood]].<ref>Soda laga soo xigtay Waayeelka , waxgaradka iyo soo jireenka Qabaa'ilkaa</ref> Beeshaani waxay leedahay Ugaastooyo soo jireen ah oo maamuli jirtay deegaanada beeshu degto, sidoo kale beeshaani waxay gundhig u tahay Horumarka dhaqaale, Ilbaxnimo iyo Amni ee ka hana qaaday gobolada Waqooyi Bari soomaaliya wixii ka dambeeyay Burburkii dowladii dhexe ee dalka, Waana beel bulshooyinka Soomaaliyeed ku soo dhoweysay deegaanadeeda oo ay ugu horayso Magaalada [[Boosaaso]]. [[File:48tirrryuco91.jpg|thumb|Boosaaso 1926]] [[File:Somalia_tribes1977.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Khariidad Muujinaysa qayb ahaan sida ay u kala degaan qabaa'ilka Soomaalida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/somalia.html|title=Somalia Maps - Perry–Castañeda Map Collection - UT Library Online|author=|date=|website=www.lib.utexas.edu|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref>]] ==Abtirsi== *Yusuf Harti (Bahmajerteen) wuxu dhalay, *1. Maxamed Yusuf, o dhalay Aawe iyo Wabeeneye. *2. Maxamud Yusuf o dhalay Hinjiye iyo Kooye. *3. Axmad Yusuf, Wuxuu dhalay Ismaaciil oo ay ka Farcameen #Wacaysle Ismaaciil '''( Tiinle )''' #Cabdalle Ismaaciil '''( Gabtaanle)''' #Nuux Ismaaciil '''( Maganlabe)''' #Abdiraxman Maxamed Maxamuud Ismaaciil '''(Dishiishe )''' *Maxamuud Ismaaciil '''( Miyirwaq )''' Isna wuxuu dhalay Maxamed o sii dhalay Cabdiraxmaan '''(''Dishiishe'')''' oo ay ka farcameen #Ismaaciil Cabdiraxmaan (Meecaad) #Cabdalle Cabdiraxmaan(''Makadoor'')''' * Cabdalle Cabdiraxmaan #Isxaaq Cabdalle '''( Reer Boqor )''' #Cabdikariim Cabdalle *Cabdikariim Cabdalle #Sakeriye Cabdikariim '''( Reer Sakeriye)''' #Maxamuud Cabdikariim '''( Fiqi Case )''' *Ismaaciil Cabdiraxmaan #'''Saciid Ismaaciil''' #'''Yoonis Ismaaciil''' #Maxamed Ismaaciil (Ugaar) *Ugaar Ismaaciil #'''Cabdalle Ugaar''' #'''Cabdikariim Ugaar''' #'''Cabdibaasid Ugaar<br />''' *Cabdalle Ugaar wuxu dhalay Xuseen ('''Xuseen Cabdalle)''' *Cabdikariim Ugaar Wuxuu dhalay Isxaaq oo ay ka farcameen #Maxamed Isxaaq #Saleebaan Isxaaq #Axmed Isxaaq '''(''Reer Ugaas)'''''<br /> #Xasan Ugaas Axmed #Cali Ugaas Axmed'''('' Mugdi '')''' #Qaasim Ugaas Axmed'''( Ooga cadde '')''''' #Nuux Ugaas Axmed *Cabdibaasid Ugaar wuxu dhalay Xaaji-Jibriil oo ka farcameen # Macaawiye Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Macaawiye)''' #Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Cartan)''' # Ahmed Cartan ('''Ahmed Cartan''') # '''Cismaan Cartan''', o ka farcameen; # Cise Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Saalax Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Rooble Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Maxamed Cise Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Maxamed Ciise''') # Faahiye Saalax Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil ('''Reer Faahiye''') # Rooble Cismaan Cartan Xaaji-Jibriil # Gabdoon Rooble ('''Reer Gabdoon''') # Isxaaq Rooble ('''Rer Isxaaq''') # Saalax Rooble ('''Saalax Rooble''') # Muuse Maxamuud Rooble ('''Reer Muuse''') '''Guud ahaan Dishiishe wa 10 Beelood o kala ah:''' # '''Reer Boqor''' # '''Reer Sekeriye''' # '''Reer Fiqi''' # '''Yonis''' # '''Siciid Ismaciil''' # '''Xuseen Cabdalle''' # '''Reer Ugaas''' # '''Saleebaan''' # '''Maxamed Isxaaq''' # '''Reer Xaaji-Jibriil''' Tixraac: Buugga Taxa-taran, Qore: Maxamuud Bile Dubbe <code>https://web.archive.org/web/20200719225452/http://www.biyokulule.com/taxataranMooro.htm</code> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Soomaali|Beelaha Soomaalida]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Beelaha Soomaalida}} {{Commons|Category:Darod}} [[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]] [[Category:Soomaali]] [[Category:Dadka Soomaaliga]] [[Category:Macluumaadka Soomaaliya]] Buugga Taxa-taran. Qore ( Maxamuud Bile Dubbe Mareegta: Biyokulule.com ( https://web.archive.org/web/20200719225452/http://www.biyokulule.com/taxataranMooro.htm ) s6wphd5ll74qq63paj7kamc6vc1ctdt 2 28422 301768 206401 2026-07-11T18:14:43Z Dabayl 12159 /* */ 301768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User page}} <div style="border:2px solid #2a4b8d; background:#f8f9fa; padding:15px; border-radius:8px;"> <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#2a4b8d;"> 👋 Ku soo dhawoow bogga isticmaaleha '''Dabayl''' </div> Waxan ku noolahay [[burco]] [[togdheer]] Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia ah oo xiiseeya: * 📚 Taariikh * 🌍 juquraafiga * 🕌 Diinta Islaamka * ⚽ dhaqanada kala duwan Ku soo dhawoow boggayga! </div> == Luqadaha == *{{#babel:so-N|en-3|ar-2}} == Waxaan ka shaqeeyaa == * Horumarinta maqaalada af-Soomaaliga. * Saxidda khaladaadka. * Turjumaadda maqaalada. == Xiriir == * [[Special:Contributions/Dabayl|Wax-ka-beddelladayda]] * [[Special:Log/Dabayl|Diiwaannadayda]] ---- ''Mahadsanid booqashada boggayga.'' avjt39unwsmxpm7pqvxpl1tqy9n4ugu 301769 301768 2026-07-11T18:17:44Z Dabayl 12159 /* */ 301769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User page}} <div style="border:2px solid #2a4b8d; background:#f8f9fa; padding:15px; border-radius:8px;"> <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#2a4b8d;"> 👋 Ku soo dhawoow bogga isticmaaleha '''Dabayl''' </div> Magacacaygu waa haykal azuuz [cabdicasiis farxaan) Waxan ku noolahay [[burco]] [[togdheer]] Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia ah oo xiiseeya: * 📚 Taariikh * 🌍 juquraafiga * 🕌 Diinta Islaamka * ⚽ dhaqanada kala duwan Ku soo dhawoow boggayga! </div> == Luqadaha == *{{#babel:so-N|en-3|ar-2}} == Waxaan ka shaqeeyaa == * Horumarinta maqaalada af-Soomaaliga. * Saxidda khaladaadka. * Turjumaadda maqaalada. == Xiriir == * [[Special:Contributions/Dabayl|Wax-ka-beddelladayda]] * [[Special:Log/Dabayl|Diiwaannadayda]] ---- ''Mahadsanid booqashada boggayga.'' qmztdgpo9rjoiqh4x9u5y6xue5b75pw 301770 301769 2026-07-11T18:22:46Z Dabayl 12159 /* */ 301770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User page}} <div style="border:2px solid #2a4b8d; background:#f8f9fa; padding:15px; border-radius:8px;"> <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#2a4b8d;"> 👋 Ku soo dhawoow bogga isticmaaleha '''Dabayl''' </div> =={{User Muslim}}== Magacacaygu waa haykal azuuz [cabdicasiis farxaan) Waxan ku noolahay [[burco]] [[togdheer]] Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia ah oo xiiseeya: * 📚 Taariikh * 🌍 juquraafiga * 🕌 Diinta Islaamka * ⚽ dhaqanada kala duwan Ku soo dhawoow boggayga! </div> == Luqadaha == *{{#babel:so-N|en-3|ar-2}} == Waxaan ka shaqeeyaa == * Horumarinta maqaalada af-Soomaaliga. * Saxidda khaladaadka. * Turjumaadda maqaalada. == Xiriir == * [[Special:Contributions/Dabayl|Wax-ka-beddelladayda]] * [[Special:Log/Dabayl|Diiwaannadayda]] ---- ''Mahadsanid booqashada boggayga.'' j3vtzg923i8et0q8j0fi6s3ocrjc9x3 301771 301770 2026-07-11T18:29:46Z Dabayl 12159 /* Isticmaalahan waa Muslim. */ 301771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User page}} <div style="border:2px solid #2a4b8d; background:#f8f9fa; padding:15px; border-radius:8px;"> <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#2a4b8d;"> 👋 Ku soo dhawoow bogga isticmaaleha '''Dabayl''' </div> =={{User Muslim}}== =={{User somali}}== =={{Userbox |id=🌍 |id-c=#2E86C1 |info=Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia oo xiiseeya af-Soomaaliga. |info-c=#F8F9F9 }}== Magacacaygu waa haykal azuuz [cabdicasiis farxaan) Waxan ku noolahay [[burco]] [[togdheer]] Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia ah oo xiiseeya: * 📚 Taariikh * 🌍 juquraafiga * 🕌 Diinta Islaamka * ⚽ dhaqanada kala duwan Ku soo dhawoow boggayga! </div> == Luqadaha == *{{#babel:so-N|en-3|ar-2}} == Waxaan ka shaqeeyaa == * Horumarinta maqaalada af-Soomaaliga. * Saxidda khaladaadka. * Turjumaadda maqaalada. == Xiriir == * [[Special:Contributions/Dabayl|Wax-ka-beddelladayda]] * [[Special:Log/Dabayl|Diiwaannadayda]] ---- ''Mahadsanid booqashada boggayga.'' 1g8asnosqa6uwup9o7c01ch3jhmkexp 301905 301771 2026-07-12T08:30:02Z Dabayl 12159 /* Luqadaha */ 301905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User page}} <div style="border:2px solid #2a4b8d; background:#f8f9fa; padding:15px; border-radius:8px;"> <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#2a4b8d;"> 👋 Ku soo dhawoow bogga isticmaaleha '''Dabayl''' </div> =={{User Muslim}}== =={{User somali}}== =={{Userbox |id=🌍 |id-c=#2E86C1 |info=Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia oo xiiseeya af-Soomaaliga. |info-c=#F8F9F9 }}== Magacacaygu waa haykal azuuz [cabdicasiis farxaan) Waxan ku noolahay [[burco]] [[togdheer]] Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia ah oo xiiseeya: * 📚 Taariikh * 🌍 juquraafiga * 🕌 Diinta Islaamka * ⚽ dhaqanada kala duwan Ku soo dhawoow boggayga! </div> == Luqadaha == *{{#cabdicasiis:so-N|en-3|ar-2}} == Waxaan ka shaqeeyaa == * Horumarinta maqaalada af-Soomaaliga. * Saxidda khaladaadka. * Turjumaadda maqaalada. == Xiriir == * [[Special:Contributions/Dabayl|Wax-ka-beddelladayda]] * [[Special:Log/Dabayl|Diiwaannadayda]] ---- ''Mahadsanid booqashada boggayga.'' o5bks8p7i4mib3sq7hv6mxj7rc7f9es 301906 301905 2026-07-12T08:30:27Z Dabayl 12159 /* Luqadaha */ 301906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User page}} <div style="border:2px solid #2a4b8d; background:#f8f9fa; padding:15px; border-radius:8px;"> <div style="font-size:180%; font-weight:bold; color:#2a4b8d;"> 👋 Ku soo dhawoow bogga isticmaaleha '''Dabayl''' </div> =={{User Muslim}}== =={{User somali}}== =={{Userbox |id=🌍 |id-c=#2E86C1 |info=Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia oo xiiseeya af-Soomaaliga. |info-c=#F8F9F9 }}== Magacacaygu waa haykal azuuz [cabdicasiis farxaan) Waxan ku noolahay [[burco]] [[togdheer]] Waxaan ahay tafatire Wikipedia ah oo xiiseeya: * 📚 Taariikh * 🌍 juquraafiga * 🕌 Diinta Islaamka * ⚽ dhaqanada kala duwan Ku soo dhawoow boggayga! </div> == Luqadaha == *{{#babel:so-N|en-3|ar-2}} == Waxaan ka shaqeeyaa == * Horumarinta maqaalada af-Soomaaliga. * Saxidda khaladaadka. * Turjumaadda maqaalada. == Xiriir == * [[Special:Contributions/Dabayl|Wax-ka-beddelladayda]] * [[Special:Log/Dabayl|Diiwaannadayda]] ---- ''Mahadsanid booqashada boggayga.'' 1g8asnosqa6uwup9o7c01ch3jhmkexp 0 36370 301791 246531 2026-07-11T21:09:36Z Videoiib7 46243 301791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sultan_Gazi_Murad_Han_II_-_السلطان_الغازي_مراد_خان_الثاني.jpg|thumb]] '''kheyrul muluuk al suldaan al gaazi abul kheyraat mucizu diin sayaajul muslimiin muraad labaad bin muxamad bin bayazid''' (turkida cusmaaniyada:<span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">خيرُ المُلُوك غازى سُلطان مُراد خان ثانى بن مُحمَّد بن بايزيد عُثمانى</font></span>؛) waxaa loo yaqaan sidoo kale '''khuwaaja muraad ('''turkida cusmaaniyada <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">خوجۀ مُراد</font></span>؛) waa kan lixaaaad ee boqorada cusmaaniyiinta waxaa dhalay {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''muraad labaad'''<br /> مراد الثاني <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 6aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(1)[[1421]] ilaa , [[1444]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(2)[[1446]] ilaa , [[1451]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[muxamad koowaad]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1403]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[amaasiya]] [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[muxamad koowaad]] |- !hooyadii |[[amiina khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |1451 |- !Ku dhintay: |[[Edirne|adirna]], [[Romalil|romali]] |} wuxuu qabtay xilka aabihiis markoo dhintay, waxa uuna caan ku ahaa siyaaseenta cadawgiis, intuu xilka haayay wuxuu ku dadaalay inuu dawlada ku soo celiyo heerkii ee joogtay xiligii [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]]<ref name="مغبغب">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[حيدر بن أحمد الشهابي|الشهابي، حيدر بن أحمد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: [[نعوم مغبغب|نعُّوم مُغبغب]]|عنوان=الغُرر الحسان في تواريخ حوادث الأزمان|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=526 - 527|سنة=[[1900]]|ناشر=مطبعة السلام|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]]|مسار=https://ia802508.us.archive.org/zipview.php?zip=/24/items/OldBooks-43/26_OldBooks-43.zip&file=26%20OldBooks-43%2F%D0%B2%D0%AF%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%B6%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%AA%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B9%20%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B9%20%D0%AA%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%B7%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%AF%D0%B0%D1%8F.pdf|مسار{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523020347/https://ia802508.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=%2F24%2Fitems%2FOldBooks-43%2F26_OldBooks-43.zip&file=26%20OldBooks-43%2F%D0%B2%D0%AF%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%B6%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%AA%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B9%20%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B9%20%D0%AA%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%B7%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%AF%D0%B0%D1%8F.pdf&ext=%7C</ref><ref name="طقوش1">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=100|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - </ref>, 1422kii wuxuu hareereeyay [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] asoo ku ciqaabaya sii deyntooda adeerkiis musdafa wuxuu qabsaday dhamaan imaaradaha turkida, suldaan muraad labaad wiilkiis calaaudiin oo dhintay iyo jab ka soo gaaray isbahaysi kirishmiska ah ayuu la murugooday, xilka ayuuna uga dagay wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] wuxuuna u go'ay cibaado, Wiilka ayee fududeesteen qaska ayaa sii batay waxaa yimid isbahaysi kirishmiska oo xoog leh suldaan muraad labaad ayaa mar kale xilka ku soo noqoday asigoo jabiyay isbahaysiga, wuxuu bilaabay qas wadayaasha inuu ka daba tago asagoo ku jiro ayoo dhintay 1451dii ==Noloshiisa hore== [[Muraad labaad]] waxaa lagu dhalay [[amaasiya]] 1403<ref name="منجم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 396|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> hooyadii waa leysku khilaaf sanyahay laakiin waxaa xoog badan inay ahayd [[amiina khaatuun]] oo uu dhalay amiirka [[dilqaadir]] [[shacbaan suuli]] <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد ويب| مسار = https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1277/sultan-ii-murad-han.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1277/sultan-ii-murad-han.html |date=20120417172426 }} | عنوان = Sultan Mehmed I Han | تاريخ الوصول = 13 April 2011 | ناشر= [[وزارة الثقافة والسياحة (تركيا)|Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.]]| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20120417172426/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1277/sultan-ii-murad-han.html |</ref> yaraantiisa waxa oo ku qaatay [[amaasiya]], markuu weynaaday wuxuu tagay [[bursa]] halkaas oo wax ku bartay 1415kii waxaa loo magacaabay waaliga [[romali]], soo ugu tababarto maamulka, xilkaas uu haayay 6 sano, wuxuu ka qeyb qaatay dagaalada shiiq [[badru diin]] oo ahaa shiiq fasaad waday oo dawlada la dagaalay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حرب، مُحمَّد|عنوان= العُثمانيُّون في التاريخ والحضارة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 109 - 110|سنة= </nowiki>[[1414 هـ|1414هـ]] - [[1994]]م|ناشر= المركز المصري للدراسات العُثمانيَّة وبُحُوث العالم التُركي|تاريخ الوصول= [[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/OttomansHarb| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010540/https://archive.org/details/OttomansHarb |</ref>. ==Qabashadiis xilka== Suldaan muxamad wuxuu ahaa inuu u dardaarmay xilka muraad koowaad, Wuxuuna ka digay haduu dhinto muraad oo imaan in la shaaciyo dhimashadiisa <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[علي الصلابي|الصلَّابي، علي مُحمَّد]] |عنوان= فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح|صفحة= 74|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار التوزيع والنشر الإسلاميَّة|الرقم المعياري= 9772656698|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217013534/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar |</ref> markuu dhintay 1421kii sadrulacdamka iyo waziir [[ibrahim basha jandarli]] ayaa qariyeen dhimashadiisa waxay faafiyeen inuu xanuunsan yahay <ref name="وفاة السلطان">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 152|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[13 مايو|13 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit |</ref> afartan barikadib ayuu soo gaaray muraad markaas ayaa la aasaasay suldaanka Sanadkii 1421dii hogaamiyaasha dawlada iyo waziirada ayaa kula mubaayacoodeyn muraad [[bursa]] <ref name="نيقولا">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = ڤاتان|الأول = نيقولا|مؤلف2=تعريب بشير السباعي|سنة = [[1993]]|عنوان = صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر= دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان = [[القاهرة]]-[[مصر]]|إصدار=الأولى|المجلد=الجزء الأوَّل|</ref> wuxuuna jiray xilligaas 18 sano, beecada agteed caalimka [[amiir suldaan]] ayaa u xiray seefta [[cusmaan gaazi]] taas oo dhaqan u naqatay salaadiintii ka dambeesay . ===Kacdoonkii musdafa === Suldaan muraad oo ku haminaayay soocelinta dawlada, mideynta dhulkeeda, aasaasida ciidan xoogan iyo dhaqaalo sugan ayaa hishiis la galay [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo [[janawa]] sidoo kale wuxuu ka dalbaday imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] inuu cusbooneysiiyo hishiiska oo la galay aabihiis kaa oo dhigayay inuu weerarin [[biriizanda]] imbiraadoorkana uu haayo musdafa, wafdi ka socda imbiraadoorka ayaa yimid, hampalyeen kadib wuxuu dalbaday inuu heysto amiir maxamuud iyo yuusuf si loo cusbooneysiiyo hishiiska, waxa oona ku goodiyay inuu soo daynaya musdafa hadaa la aqbalin dalabkiisa, laakin suldaan muraad wuu diiday, markiiba waxay fasaxeen musdafa iyo [[juneyd bek]] ,<ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye Tarihi'' Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 86-88</ref> imbiraadoorka ayaana ku taageeray toban doomo <ref name="سالم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 30|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة والعُلُوم|الرقم المعياري= 977278145X|تاريخ الوصول= [[11 مايو|11 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%84%D9%80-%D8%A3%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190510211151/https://www.noor-book.com/كتاب-السلطان-محمد-الفاتح-لـ-أد-محمد-سالم-الرشيدي-pdf |</ref>, waxaa sidoo kale taageeray imaaradaha turkida, wuxuu qabsaday [[galiilobi]] iyo [[seeruuz]]. Suldaan muraad wuxuu diray [[bayazid baashaa alamaasiil]] iyo ciidan badan, markii uu dagaalku bilaawday ciidankii waxay aadeen musdafa, [[Bayazid baashaa alamaasiili|bayazidna]] waa la dilay. Musdafa oo aad usii awoodeestay ayaa soo aaday [[Anatooliya|anadool]], wuxuu kasoo talaabay marinka [[dardaniil]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 257|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|مكان= [[الإسكندرية|الإسكندريَّة]] - [[مصر]]|المجلد= الجُزء الأوَّل}}</ref><ref group="">Sakaoğlu, Necdet, (1999) ''Bu Mülkün Sultanları'', İstanbul:Oğlak say.70</ref> , suldaan muraad ayaa ka horyimid asoo wata ciidan 120kun gaaraya, waxaa dhacday in musdafa iyo imbiraadoor [[emanawel labaad]] uu khilaaf soo kala dhex galo, suldaan muraad wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasad muxamad bek mikail ayuu diray soo ciidanka uga leexiyo asna wuu ku guuleestay, musdafa ayaa u cararay [[galiilobi]] waa lagu hareereeyay wuu kasii cararay adirna ayuu tagay wuxuu sii aaday [[Romania|aflaaq]], muraad ayaa daba kacay oo soo qabtay, <ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye Tarihi'' Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 92-96</ref><ref group="ْ">Joseph von Hammer: ''Osmanlı Tarihi'' Vol I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. p 74-78</ref> waxaa la dhahaa ciidankiis qaar ayaa qiyaaneen oo muraad u dhiibeen, suldaan muraad wuxuu xukmiyay in la dilo oo darbiga [[Edirne|adirna]] lagu waro <ref name="منجم4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 404|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> . ===hareereenta Qusdandiiniya=== Musdafa markii laga adkaaday imbiraadoorkii biriizanda [[emanawel labaad]] oo dareensanaa inlagu soo socdo ayaa bilaabay cudurdaarasho hase yeeshee suldaanka dheg jelq uma siin, bishii juun 1422kii ayuu weeraray Qusdandiiniya asigoo hareereeyay wuxuu watay ciidan gaaraya 50kun<ref name="أوزتونا2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 121|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf |</ref> iyo madaafic aad u weyn oo loo yaqiin madaaficda shaahiin <ref group="ِ">Stephen Turnbull, ''[https://ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S759X~ser=FOR The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453] {{Wayback|url=https://ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S759X~ser=FOR |date=20070927003322 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003322/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S759X~ser=FOR |date=2007-09-27 }}'', [[:en:Osprey Publishing|Osprey Publishing]], {{ردمك|1-84176-759-X}}.</ref> hareereenta waxay socotay afar bilood magaalada in laqabsado ayee ku dhawaatay waxaa babaadiyay kacdoonkii musdafa yare ===kacdoonkii Musdafa yare=== Musdafa yare wuxuu ahaa walaalka suldaan muraad waxaa tababari jiray [[ilyaas bek]], tababarhiisa ayaa soo dirdiray, waxaana ku taageeray amiirada [[karmiyaan]] iyo [[qaramaan]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حليم بك، إبراهيم|عنوان= كتاب التُحفة الحليميَّة في تاريخ الدولة العليَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 56 - 57|سنة= [[1323 هـ|1323هـ]] - [[1905]]م|ناشر= مطبعة ديوان عُمُوم الأوقاف|تاريخ الوصول= [[16 مايو|16 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|الدولة العُثمانيَّة]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n63| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040835/https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n63 | </ref> sidoo kale imbiraadoorka [[biriizanda]] ayaa isna ku booriyay caasinta muraad soo u mashquuliyo suldaanka, musdafa yare wuxuu helay ciidamo badan wuxuuna weeraray [[bursa]] <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = Imber | الأول = Colin | وصلة مؤلف= | عنوان=The Ottoman Empire: 1300-1481 |مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIppAAAAMAAJ |سنة=1990 |ناشر=Isis |isbn=978-975-428-015-9 | صفحة=95| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20140101062855/http://books.google.com/books?id=lIppAAAAMAAJ |</ref> wuu qabsan waayay wuxuu aaday izniik wuu go'doomiyay, suldaan muraad ayaa si hoosa ugu diray tababare [[ilyaas bek]] inuu siinayo balan qaad haduu mashquuliyo walaalkiis intuu ka imanayo, talyaha izniik wuxuu u diray inuu dhiibo magaalada, sidii ayee yeeleen, musdafa yare izniik ayuu soo galay halkaas oo ku mashquuliyay [[ilyaas bek]], amiirada karmiyaan iyo qaramaan oo dareen galay ayaa ka dalbaday musdafa yare inuu isaga tago magaalada laakin wuu ka diiday, suldaanka ayaa soo gaaray ciidankii musdafa yare ayaa ka la haaday, [[ilyaas bek-]] musdafa yare ayuu u dhiibay suldaanka, wuxuuna faray ceeji in lagu dilo waana 1423dii<ref name="منجم5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 405 - 407|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref><ref group="ْ">Joseph von Hammer: ''Osmanlı Tarihi'' Vol I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. pp 79-80</ref><ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye Tarihi ''Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 97-98</ref> ===imaaradaha turkida=== Imaaradaha turkida ayaa intuu ku mashquul sanaa suldaanka adeerkiis iyo walaalkiis ka soo ceshadeen dawlada dhulal badan, suldaan muraad ayaa weerary [[cizudiin asfandiyar]] amiirka [[qasdamuuni]] oo ku xad gudbay dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa jabiyay cizudiin wuu cararay mar dambe ayaa amaan la siiyay wuxuuna u hogaasamay cusmaaniyiinta asigoo ku daray gabadhiis khadiija suldaanka, <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Stanford J. Shaw|عنوان=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808|مسار= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|تاريخ الوصول=1 يونيو 2013|تاريخ=29 October 1976|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29163-7|صفحة=45|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200405143730/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-04-05|</ref>. Imaarada [[qaramaan]] ayuu u jeestay, waxaa dhacday amiirka [[qaramaan]] [[naasirudiin muxamad]] inuu ku dhintay dagaal oo ku qaaday magaalada andaaliya oo raacsan cusmaaniyiinta <ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi'' Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 249-252</ref>, waxaana xilka kaga daba maray walaalkiis calaaudiin cali,labada wiil ee [[naasirudiin muxamad]] Ibrahim iyo ciisa ayaa magan galay suldaan muraad labaad waxayna dalbadeen waxay guursadeen labo gabar oo la dhasheen suldaanka, muraad labaad ayaa caawiyay oo Ibrahim u dhiibay xilka imaarada wuxuuna kasoo ceshaday dhulkii ay imaarada horay oga qabsatay dawlada <ref name="طقوش3">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 88|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 28 أبريل 2019 }}</ref>, ciisana [[romali]] ayuu gobol uga dhiibay, halka calaaudiin ee xilka laga qaaday uu u dhiibay [[soofiyaa]]. [[Jueyd bek]] oo in badan ku caasiyay dawlada lana cafiyay ayaa dib u qabsaday imaaradaha [[banuu aydiin]] <ref name="محمد فريد2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 154|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit |</ref> fitno badan ayuu huriyay suldaanka oo markaan go'aansaday inuu dabargooyo ayaa u diray caruuj bek balse dhax buu ku dhintay wuxuu ku bedelay xamza bek oo la dhashay [[bayazid baashaa alamasiili]] iyo khalil yakhshi oo isna qaraabo la ahaay, way weerareen waxay qabteen walaalka juneyd iyo wiilkiis way xereen, halka juneyd uu ka cararay izmiir, wuxuu ku gabday dhufees bada agtiis ah <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| editor-last = Magoulias | editor-first = Harry | عنوان = Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University | ناشر = Wayne State University Press | مكان = Detroit | سنة = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-8143-1540-8 | صفحات=166–167}}</ref> , gurmad ayuuna weydiistay [[bunduqiya]] balse [[xamza bek]] ayaa dhaqso ku soo gaaray, [[juneyd bek]] markuu quustay wuu is dhiibay asoo sahrdistay inaa la taaban xamza iyo khaliil markay qabteen way dileen ayagoo ugu aargudanaya [[bayazid baashaa alamaasiili]], suldaankana wuxuu faray in la dilo wiilkiis iyo walaalkiis<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| editor-last = Magoulias | editor-first = Harry | عنوان = Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University | ناشر = Wayne State University Press | مكان = Detroit | سنة = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-8143-1540-8 | صفحات=169}}</ref>, wuxuuna ka dhigay dhulka banuu aydiin gobol sidoo kale banuu manashtaa oo soo noqdeyn ayagana dhulkooda gobol buu ka dhigay ===biriizanda=== Waxaa dhintay imbiraadoor [[emanawel labaad]] xilkana wiilkiis yooxana 8aad ayaa fuulay, suldaan muraad labaad oo ka faaideestay daciifnimadood ayaa qabsaday magaalada [[muuduuna]] <ref name="رستم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أسد رستم|رُستم، أسد بن جبرائيل]]|عنوان= الروم في سياستهم وحضارتهم ودينهم وثقافتهم وصلاتهم بالعرب|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 279|سنة= [[1956]]|ناشر= دار المكشوف|تاريخ الوصول= [[20 مايو|20 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|المجلد = الجُزء الثاني|مسار= https://archive.org/stream/al.roum.fi.syasthim/al.roum.fi.syasthim02#page/n279/mode/2up| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040849/https://archive.org/stream/al.roum.fi.syasthim/al.roum.fi.syasthim02 |</ref> imbiraadoorka oo ogaaday inuu iska caabin karin ayaa ogolaaday inuu hoos imaado dawlada hishiis ayuu la galay muraad labaad kaa oo uga dagay dhamaan dhufeesyada ee [[biriizanda]] lahayd <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، الميرالآي إسماعيل بن عبد الله]]|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة= 33|سنة= 1988|</ref> jizyana wuu aqbalay. Waxaa la dhashay imbiraadoorka andronikos oo amiir ka ahaa [[salaaniik]] wuxuuna ahaa nimaan heysan kalsoonida dadka rayidka <ref name="نبيل5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 273 - 275|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|</ref>, markay arkeen dadka inay difaaci karin magaaladood waxay u dhiibeen [[bunduqiya]] suldaan muraad labaad ayaa ka xanaaqay arintan, wuxuuna weeraray magaalada, bunduqiya ayaa u dirtay ergay suldaanka see u wada hadlaan balse ergaygii ayuu xabsay wuxuuna u qoray [[bunduqiya]] "magaaladaan waa xaqeey awoowyaahey baan ka dhaxlay, awowgey bayazid baa seef uga furtay ruum, idinka laatiin talyaani baa tihiin xaa nii keenay dhulkaan uga baxa rabitaankiin hadii kale anaa nii imaanayo" <ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب| editor-last = Magoulias | editor-first = Harry | عنوان = Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University | ناشر = Wayne State University Press | مكان = Detroit | سنة = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-8143-1540-8 |</nowiki></ref> meelo badan oo [[bunduqiya]] leydahay ayee cusmaaniyiinta burburiyeen <ref name="أوزتونا2" /><ref name="نيقولا3">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = ڤاتان|الأول = نيقولا|مؤلف2=تعريب بشير السباعي|سنة = [[1993]]|عنوان = صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر= دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان = [[القاهرة]]-[[مصر]]|إصدار=الأولى|المجلد=الجزء الأوَّل</ref> , balse muranka ka dhex dhashay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] ee ku saabsan [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] iyo [[Romania|aflaaq]] ayaa siiyay[[bunduqiya]] fursad ===weerarada balqaan=== [[Sikesmond]] boqorka hangari ahna imbiraadoorka rooman muqadaska ayaa bilaabay inuu ku dirdiro boqorada kirishmiska dawlada [[daraakoola]] oo ahaa amiirka aflaaq ayaa weeraro badan ku qaaday dhulka cusmaaniyiinta, feyruz bek ilaaliyaha xuduudkaas ayaa weeraray oo wax badan ka dilay, markiiba wuxuu ogaaday [[daraakoola]] inuu iska dhicin karin cusmaaniyiinta, wuuna hogaansamay, suldaan muraad ayaana cafiyay. Hadana qeyserkii serbiya osdofaan bin laazaar ayaa buriyay hishiiskoo kula jiray dawlada tan iyo xiligii bayazid, wuxuu qabtay taliyaha xuduudka "daloo baashaa", suldaanka ayaa u diray sanaan baashaa, wuxuu weeraray dhulka serbiya meelo badan buu qabsaday ee ka mid tahay [[alaaja xisaar]], taasi oo keentay inuu hogaasamo qeysarka wuxuuna ka dagay qeybo kamid ah dhulkiisa suldaan muraad ayaana cafiyay. Albaaniya imaarada kastaryooti amiirkeed yoxanaa kaastaryoo ayaa la saftay [[bunduqiya]]<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد| الأول = John Van Antwerp | الأخير = Fine | عنوان = The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest | ناشر = University of Michigan Press | سنة = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-472-08260-5 | مسار = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC|صفحة=515| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513071413/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد |الأخير=Elsie |الأول=Robert |وصلة مؤلف= Robert Elsie |عنوان= Historical dictionary of Albania |مسار=https://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-albania/oclc/454375231&referer=brief_results |تاريخ الوصول= 4 February 2012 |سنة=2010 |ناشر=Scarecrow Press |مكان=Lanham |isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3 |oclc=454375231 |صفحة=399 |الفصل= Independent Albania (1912–1944) |مسار الفصل=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNpRmITzJgwC&pg=PA479&dq=statute+of+albania+in+1912&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kK05T_nyI5PV4QScuqWhCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=senate&f=false |اقتباس= The young Iskander also participated in military campaigns against the Christians, for which his father was obliged to beg the pardon of Venetian senate in 1428| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190526010752/https://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-albania/oclc/454375231&referer=brief_results |</ref>, wuxuuna ka dalbaday inay saacidaan, suldaanka ciisa bek ayuu u diray, wuxuu weeraray yooxana kastaryoo wuuna jabshay wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu hogaansamo asna wuu sii socday ciisa bek [[laakonya]] ayuu qabsaday Waxaa dhintay osdofaan bin laazaar 1427dii, sikesmond oo ka faaideesanaya ayaa qabsaday balgaraad, muraad labaad ayaa kaga jawaabay inuu ku darsaday aalaaja xisaar iyo niish, weerarada markuu ku batay buu ku qasbanaaday inuu la saxiido hishiis nabadeed mudadiisu tahay sedex sano iyo in wabiga duuna uu xuduuka noqdo <ref name="محمد فريد2" /><ref name="طقوش5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 90|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> , dhanka kale qeysarka cusub ee serbiya jureyj baraakofij ayaa u hogaasamay dawlada, gabadhiis ayuuna ku daray muraad labaad dhul badan wuu uga dagay. ===imaarada karmiyaan=== Yacquub bek amiirka karmiyaan markuu dhintay 1428 wuxuuna ahaa inuu dardaarmay in imaarada la siiyo muraad labaad <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= سعد الدين أفندي، خواجه مُحمَّد|عنوان= تاج التواريخ|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة= 341|سنة= [[1862]] - [[1863]]|ناشر= طبعخانۀ عامره|مكان= [[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|لغة= [[لغة تركية عثمانية|التُركيَّة العُثمانيَّة]]}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حليم بك، إبراهيم|عنوان= كتاب التُحفة الحليميَّة في تاريخ الدولة العليَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 57|سنة= [[1323 هـ|1323هـ]] - [[1905]]م|ناشر= مطبعة ديوان عُمُوم الأوقاف|تاريخ الوصول= [[26 مايو|26 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|الدولة العُثمانيَّة]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120351/https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65 | </ref><ref group="ْ">[http://www.turkishstudies.net/sayilar/sayi16/yakubo%C4%9Flucevdet1352.pdf GERMĐYANOĞULLARI MUHĐTĐNDE: AHĐLER VE ZAVĐYELERĐ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/sayilar/sayi16/yakubo%C4%9Flucevdet1352.pdf |date=20160304105154 }}. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU. {{أيقونة تركية}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105154/http://www.turkishstudies.net/sayilar/sayi16/yakuboğlucevdet1352.pdf |date=04 مارس 2016}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref> sidaas ayee kusoo dhamaatay imaaradaan ===Soo cesashada salaaniik=== Markale salaaniik ayuu u soo jeestay go'doomin adag buu galiyay, isla waqtigaas waxaa dhacday dadkii magaalada inay u bagi waayeen qaabkii ee bunduqiya usduulka bunduqiya ayaa la burburiyay, 29 Marso 1430kii ayaa la qabsaday magaalada waxaana laga helay qaniimo badan <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 418 - 419|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> , wuxuuna u soo raray dad badan oo muslimiina magaalada <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = Vacalopoulos | الأول = Apostolos E. | عنوان = History of Macedonia 1354–1833 | translator = Peter Megann | ناشر = [[:en:Institute for Balkan Studies (Greece)|Institute for Balkan Studies]] | مكان = Thessaloniki | سنة = 1973 | مسار = http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/av/ | oclc = 220583971 | صفحة=108–111| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160423103654/http://www.promacedonia.org/en/av/ |</ref> , si ay u ilaashato bunduqiya waxa u hararay waxay la gashay dawlada hishiis oo ku aqoonsatay salaaniik. ===Imaarada iibruus=== Imaarada ibruus ayaa waxaa ka bilaawday dagaalo sokeeya dadka eegaanka oo ku dhibtooday ayee u direen inay siinayaan magaalada haduusan wax u geysaneen wuuna aqbay, si nabada ayee magaalada ugu soo gacan gashay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حليم بك، إبراهيم|عنوان= كتاب التُحفة الحليميَّة في تاريخ الدولة العليَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 58|سنة= [[1323 هـ|1323هـ]] - [[1905]]م|ناشر= مطبعة ديوان عُمُوم الأوقاف|تاريخ الوصول= [[29 مايو|29 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|الدولة العُثمانيَّة]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120351/https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65 | </ref> ،<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف-الأخير1=Soustal|مؤلف-الأول1=Peter|مؤلف-الأخير2=Koder|مؤلف-الأول2=Johannes|عنوان=Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia|ناشر=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|مكان=Vienna|سنة=1981|isbn=978-3-7001-0399-8|مسار= https://books.google.com/books?id=6fx-QgAACAAJ|لغة=German|صفحة=75{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 166|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200405143731/https://books.google.com/books?id=6fx-QgAACAAJ%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2020-04-05| وصلة مكسورة = yes</ref>. ===La dagaalanka hangari=== [[Sikesmond]] oo wali quusan ayaa soo dirdiray hadan [[Romania|aflaaq]], [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] sidoo kale amiirka qaramaan ayuu hoos kala hadlay, muraad ayaa u diray cali bek [[Hungary|hangari]], markuu gaaray ciidankiis oo kala maqan ayaa weerar kadis lagu soo qaaday wax badan baa laga dilay cali bek wuu soo laabtay Muraadlabaad oo ciidan badan aruursaday soo uga aar guto hangari ayaa maqlay [[Ibrahim bek]] amiirka [[qaramaan]] inuu caasiyay, isla waqtigaas hadana amiirka [[seerbiya]] inuu caasiyay oona ku biiray [[sikesmond]] ayagoo sameeyay fasaad badan suldaanka ayaa u diray [[sanaan baashaa]] wuxuuna ku guuleestay inuu jabiyo oo wabiga [[duuna]] dhaafsiyo. 1435tii ayuu muraad labaad yimid [[Anatooliya|anadool]] ciidan badan asagoo wata wuxuuna qabsaday dhamaan dhulka qaramaan xitaa caasimada [[Konya|qoonya]], Ibrahim bek ayaana cararay, xaaskiis [[ilcaada]] oo la dhalatay suldaanka ayaa ka codsantay walaalkeed inuu u celiyo dhulkiisa, asna wuu aqbalay wuxuuna ku xujeeyay Wiilka Ibrahim bek inuu heysto. Amiirada [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] iyo [[Romania|aflaaq]] oo arkeen inay iska dhicin karin [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ayaa hogaameen mar kale, waxaa sidaas ku kaliyoobay [[Hungary|hangari]], cusmaaniyiinta ayaa weerareen oo khasaaro badan gaarsiiyeen, waxaa dhacday inuu dhintay [[sikesmond]] waxaana badalay Albert labaad wuxuu la xariiray amiirada [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] iyo [[Roomaaniya|aflaaq]], suldaan muraad markuu maqlay wuxuu ka dalbaday qeysarka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] inuu dhiibo qalcada samandariya, qeysarka ayaana diiday suldaanka ayaa hareereeyay qalcada, waxaana ka cararay qeysar [[jureerj baraakofij]] <ref name="منجم8">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 428 - 429|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref name="نبيل7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 284 - 286|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|مكان= [[الإسكندرية|الإسكندريَّة]] - [[مصر]]|المجلد= الجُزء الأوَّل}}</ref> sedex bil kadib wuu qabsaday qalcada <ref name="نبيل7" /><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= برجاوي، سعيد أحمد|عنوان= الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة: تاريخها السياسي والعسكري|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 66|سنة= [[1993]]|ناشر= الأهليَّة لِلنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[2 يونيو|2 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n65| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215113057/https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n65 |</ref> , amiirka aflaaq [[daraakoola]] ayaa is dhiibay asaga iyo labadiis canug suldaanka ayaana xiray, Albert labaad markuu maqlay in la qabsaday [[samandariya]] ciidan badan ayuu ku yimid cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka hortageen oo jab xun gaarsiiyeen, dagaal loo bixiyay "taka dabruu". Waxaa dhintay Albert labaad 1439kii [[Hungary|hangari]] waxaa ka dhex bilaawday dagaalo muraad labaad oo ka faaideesanaya ayaa hareereeyay [[Belgaraad|balgaraad]] <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|عنوان=Belgrad-ı Dârü'l-Cihad |الأول=Selim |الأخير=Aslantaş |صحيفة=Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi |سنة=2011 |العدد=15. sayı |issn=1305-5992|صفحة=19}}</ref> inkastoo mudo ay qaadatay hadna laguma guuleysan qabsashada magaalada. Waxaa xilka hangari ku guuleestay boqorka boolaan [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] wuxuuna bilaabay weerar saliibi inuu soo qaado waxaa ku wehliyay yooxana honyaad aflaaq ayee soo galeen cusmaaniyiinta ayeena jabiyeen dhowr jeer ayagoo gaarsiiyay khasaaro badan, waxaa la socday qeysarka serbiya [[jureyj baraakofij]] <ref name="سرهنك1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، الميرالآي إسماعيل بن عبد الله]]|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة= 35|سنة= 1988|ناشر= دار الفكر الحديث|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref name="برجاوي1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= برجاوي، سعيد أحمد|عنوان= الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة: تاريخها السياسي والعسكري|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 67|سنة= [[1993]]|ناشر= الأهليَّة لِلنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[2 يونيو|2 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n67| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191220100616/https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n67 | تاريخ أرشيف = 20 ديسمبر 2019 }}</ref><ref name="منجم10">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 431 - 436|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> waxay soo aadeen soofiyaa, way soo laabteen muraad labaad ayaa ciidan is daba diray kamiin ayee u dhigeen weyna jabiyeen waxay qabsadeen [[soofiyaa]] iyo bulgeeriya oo dhan, dhowr mar markii la jabiyay cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu la galay suldaanka hishiiskii sakdiin, kaa oo dawlada ku siisay aflaaq hangari [[daraakoola]] ayaana lagu celiyay, serbiya iyo bushtaaqna madaxbaanaani gudaha ayee siisay dawlada, 10 sano hishiisna way kala saxiixdeen, muraad labaad ayaa ku dhaartay quraanka inuu jabineen hishiiska, halka flaadislaaf sedexaad oo ku dhaartay injiilka. Intii weeradaan socdeen amiirka [[qarmaan]] [[Ibrahim bek]] ayaa gadaal ka weeraray dawlada asagoo qabsaday magaalooyin badan suldaanka ayaa soo aaday markuu gaaray [[Konya|qoonya]] wuxuu ogaaday inuu cararay Ibrahim bek, wuxuuna soo diray xaaskiisa si ay suldaanka ugala hadasho, markale ayuu cafiyay, Ibrahim bek ayaa ku dhaartay inuu mar dambe weerareen [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ===ka degistiisa xilka=== Muraad labaad oo aa uga Muraad labaad oo aad uga murugeesnaa guuldarooyinka soo gaaray ayaa waxaa ugu sii darsaday dhimashada wiilkiis weyn caaludiin cali wuxuuna go'aansaday 1444kii inuu xilka uga tago wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] oo xiligaas yaraa <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II|عنوان=Murad II {{!}} Ottoman sultan|صحيفة=Encyclopedia Britannica|لغة=en|تاريخ الوصول=2017-01-20| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181019214111/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II |</ref><ref name="طقوش9">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 95|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> wuxuuna rabaaday inuu u go'o cibaado. ==Dagaalkii faaraanaa iyo ku laabashadiis xilka== kardinaal [[yulyaan siizaarini]] iyo baabaa ayaa u sheegay [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] inuu ka bixi karo dhaartiisa maadaama uu la galay muslimiin, waxayna ku booriyeen inuu weeraro cusmaaniyiinta asagoo ka faaideesanaya katagista muraad labaad xilka, arinkaas oo keentay inuu ka baxo hishiiska ayadoo konton bari lee kasoo wareegatay , wuxuuna weeraray dhulka dawlada asagoo burburiyay meelo badan, golaha hogaamiyaasha dawlada ayaa isla garteen in loo baahanyahay muraad labaad, wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] ayaa u diray inuu imaado balse wuu ka diiday, markale ayuu u qoray muxamad alfaatix "hadaa tahay suldaanka waa inaa ilaalisaa dhulka iyo adoomaha, hadaadan ahayn waa inaa yeeshaa hadalka suldaanka oo fulsaa amarkiis" markaas ayuu imaaday Muraad labaad, aad ayaana loo soo dhaweeyay, ciidan gaaray 60kun ayuu qaatay <ref group="ِ">Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 143</ref><ref group="ِ">Stephen Turnbull. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. P. 32</ref> wuxuu la kulmay isbahaysiga sanadkii 1444, dagaal qaraar aynaana dhex maray, ugu dambeyn waxaa la jabiyay isbahaysiga jab xun <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=فهمي، عبدُ السلام عبد العزيز|عنوان=السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح: فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة وقاهر الرُّوم|إصدار=الخامسة|صفحة=22|سنة=[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1993]]م|ناشر=دار القلم|تاريخ الوصول=[[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607214955/https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|</ref> waxaana lagu dilay dagaalka [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] iyo kardinaal [[yulyaan siizaarini]], wuxuu faray suldaanka in labadood madax lagu bandhigo [[bursa]] iyo [[Edirne|adirna]], dagaalkan waxaa loo yaqaan [[dagaalkii faaraana]], waxaana ka dhashay mandiqada [[balqaan]] inay cusmaaniyiinta ku kali naqdaan iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] oo awoodeed wiiqmato, caalamka islaamiga ayaa dabaaldagyo laga sameeyay boqorka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa amray in khilaafka cusmaaniyiinta ka dib la xuso muraad labaad. Muraad labaad markii uu ka soo laabtay dagaalka wuxuu ku laabtay qalwadiis. ===kulaabashadiis xilka=== Ciidanka [[inkishaariyiinta]] ayaa ku sameeyay kacdoon suldaanka yar waxayna ka dalbeen muraad labaad inuu xilka kusoo noqdo, wuu ka yeelay labo sano ka dib 1446dii ayuu xilka kusoo laabtay Amiir Qusdandiin oo walaal la ahaa imbiraadoorka biriizanda ayaa intee dawladu mashquul sanayd ka qabsaday meelo badan suldaan muraad ayaa weeraray 1446dii wuxuuna kasoo celiyay meelihii uu qabsaday amiir Qusdandiina wuxuu u hogaasamay xukunka dawlada. ===fitnada askandar bek=== wuxuu ahaa [[askandar bek]] inuu ka ridoobay islaamka, kacdoon ayuuna ku sameeyay dawlada 1444kii, meelo badan oo [[albaniya]] ka tirsan ayuuna qabsaday dagaalo badan ayaana dhex maray dawlada, ciidamo badan oo loo dirayna wuu jabiyay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Francione|الأول=Gennaro|سنة=2003|عنوان=Skenderbeu: Një hero modern|ناشر=Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri"|لغة=الألبانيَّة|isbn=978-99927-38-75-7|</ref> <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Frashëri|الأول=Kristo|عنوان=The history of Albania: a brief survey|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMKAQAAIAAJ|سنة=1964|ناشر=s.n.|OCLC=1738885|صفحة=72|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220100559/https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMKAQAAIAAJ|</ref> , suldaan muraad ayaa ku duulay magaalada aaqja xisaar ayuu ka qabsaday, [[askandar bek]] ayaa cararay, suldaankuna ma sii daba galin sababo laxariira [[Hungary|hangari]] oo soo noqotay ===dagaalkii kosofo ee labaad=== [[Yooxana honyaad]] ayaa noqday maamulaha hangari maadama boqorka cusub uu yaraa, wuxuu weerar ku qaaday seerbiya sidoo kale isbahaysi xoogan ayuu sameestay meelo badan ayuu qabsaday kosofo ayuu imaaday Muraad labaad ayaa si deg deg ah ciidan gaaraya 60kun <ref group="ِ">Bennett, ''The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare'', p. 182 "Hunyadi led 24,000 - 30,000 men including 10,000 Wallachians, but should have waited to join Scanderbeg's troops before confronting Murad's force of 40,000."</ref><ref group="ِ">Sedlar, ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages'', p. 248.</ref>la yimid dagaal sedex bari socday ayaa dhex maray oo lagu jabshay [[yooxana honyaad]] <ref name="أوزتونا7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 127 - 130|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf |</ref> asigoo ka cararay goobta. Mar kele [[askandar bek]] ayuu ku rogaal celiyay suldaanka [[aaqja xisaar]] ayuu hareereeyay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=Skënderbeu, një hero modern : (Hero multimedial) |الأول=Gennaro |الأخير=Francione |سنة=2006 |عنوان مترجم=Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia) |محرر1-الأول=Donika|صفحة=88 |محرر1-الأخير=Aliaj |آخرون=Translated by Tasim Aliaj |isbn=99927-38-75-8 |مكان=[[تيرانا]] |ناشر=Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri" |سنة النشر الأصلية=2003 |مسار=http://www.bksh.al/adlib/scripts/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=books&OPAC_URL=/adlib/expert/index_al.html&LANGUAGE=1&%250=33427&LIMIT=50 |لغة=الألبانيَّة| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004625/http://www.bksh.al/adlib/scripts/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=books&OPAC_URL=/adlib/expert/index_al.html&LANGUAGE=1&%0=33427&LIMIT=50 |</ref> mudo kadib wuu iska noqday suldaanka asoo rabo markale inuu usoo noqdo. ==Dhimashadiisa == Waxaa la dhahaa muraad labaad mar asoo kasoo laabtay dalxiis oo ku tagay keymaha iyo beeraha ayaa waxaa ka hor imaaday shiiq suufi ahaa wuu eegay wuxuuna ku dhahay "suldaankanow wey soo dhamaatay aduunyada u diyaar garow aakhiro iyo safarkeed una tooba keen alla una naqo" suldaanka ayaa aad ugu saamoobay ayaa marqaati galiyay inuu alla u toobad keenay markuu yimid adirna xanuun saaid baa qabtay ilaa uu ka dhintay sanadkii 1451dii ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== *'''yini khaatuun''' *'''khadiija xaliima khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay [[cizudiin asfandiyar bek]] amiirka qasdamuuni *'''maara khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay [[juryj baraakofij]] qeysarka serbiya *'''khadiija huma khaatuun '''Ilmahiisa''' *'''axmad shilbi''' *'''calaaudiin cali''' dhaxal suge ayuu ahaa sanadkii 1443 ayuu dhintay *'''[[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]]''' waxaa dhashay khadiija huma khaatuun aabihiis ayuu xilka kaga dambeeyay *'''orkhan shilbi''' *'''xasan shilbi''' *'''arqonde khaatuun''' *'''shahrazaada khaatuun''' *'''faaduma khaatuun''' *'''khadiija khaatuun''' ==Xigasho== <references /> <references group="ِ" /> iymo8tx7g5yy3ygw20cu6io8s8z7zge 301792 301791 2026-07-11T21:10:02Z Videoiib7 46243 301792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sultan_Gazi_Murad_Han_II_-_السلطان_الغازي_مراد_خان_الثاني.jpg|thumb]] '''kheyrul muluuk al suldaan al gaazi abul kheyraat mucizu diin sayaajul muslimiin muraad labaad bin muxamad bin bayazid''' (turkida cusmaaniyada:<span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">خيرُ المُلُوك غازى سُلطان مُراد خان ثانى بن مُحمَّد بن بايزيد عُثمانى</font></span>؛) waxaa loo yaqaan sidoo kale '''khuwaaja muraad ('''turkida cusmaaniyada <span style="font-family: Arabic Typesetting; font-size:22px ">خوجۀ مُراد</font></span>؛) waa kan lixaaaad ee boqorada cusmaaniyiinta waxaa dhalay {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''muraad labaad'''<br /> مراد الثاني <br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #c1cdc1; text-align: center;" |[[ suldaanka 6aad ee cusmaaniyiinta]] |- |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |mudada xukunkiisa |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(1)[[1421]] ilaa , [[1444]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |(2)[[1446]] ilaa , [[1451]] |- !Xil kaga horeeyay: |[[muxamad koowaad]] . |- !Xil kaga danbeeyay |[[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]]. |- !Dhashay: |[[1403]] |- !Ku dhashay: |[[amaasiya]] [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !Dhalasho: |[[Dawlada Cosmaniya|dawlada cosmaniya]] |- !aabihiis |[[muxamad koowaad]] |- !hooyadii |[[amiina khaatuun]] |- !Dhintay: |1451 |- !Ku dhintay: |[[Edirne|adirna]], [[Romalil|romali]] |} wuxuu qabtay xilka aabihiis markoo dhintay, waxa uuna caan ku ahaa siyaaseenta cadawgiis, intuu xilka haayay wuxuu ku dadaalay inuu dawlada ku soo celiyo heerkii ee joogtay xiligii [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]]<ref name="مغبغب">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[حيدر بن أحمد الشهابي|الشهابي، حيدر بن أحمد]]|مؤلف2=تحقيق: [[نعوم مغبغب|نعُّوم مُغبغب]]|عنوان=الغُرر الحسان في تواريخ حوادث الأزمان|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|إصدار=الأولى|صفحة=526 - 527|سنة=[[1900]]|ناشر=مطبعة السلام|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]]|مسار=https://ia802508.us.archive.org/zipview.php?zip=/24/items/OldBooks-43/26_OldBooks-43.zip&file=26%20OldBooks-43%2F%D0%B2%D0%AF%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%B6%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%AA%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B9%20%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B9%20%D0%AA%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%B7%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%AF%D0%B0%D1%8F.pdf|مسار{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523020347/https://ia802508.us.archive.org/view_archive.php?archive=%2F24%2Fitems%2FOldBooks-43%2F26_OldBooks-43.zip&file=26%20OldBooks-43%2F%D0%B2%D0%AF%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%B6%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%AA%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B9%20%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B9%20%D0%AA%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%B7%20%D0%AF%D1%89%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%AF%D0%B0%D1%8F.pdf&ext=%7C</ref><ref name="طقوش1">{{استشهاد بكتاب||مؤلف1=[[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان=تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار=الثالثة|صفحة=100|سنة=[[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر=دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري=9789953184432|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[بيروت]] - </ref>, 1422kii wuxuu hareereeyay [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] asoo ku ciqaabaya sii deyntooda adeerkiis musdafa wuxuu qabsaday dhamaan imaaradaha turkida, suldaan muraad labaad wiilkiis calaaudiin oo dhintay iyo jab ka soo gaaray isbahaysi kirishmiska ah ayuu la murugooday, xilka ayuuna uga dagay wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] wuxuuna u go'ay cibaado, Wiilka ayee fududeesteen qaska ayaa sii batay waxaa yimid isbahaysi kirishmiska oo xoog leh suldaan muraad labaad ayaa mar kale xilka ku soo noqoday asigoo jabiyay isbahaysiga, wuxuu bilaabay qas wadayaasha inuu ka daba tago asagoo ku jiro ayoo dhintay 1451dii ==Noloshiisa hore== [[Muraad labaad]] waxaa lagu dhalay [[amaasiya]] 1403<ref name="منجم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 396|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref> hooyadii waa leysku khilaaf sanyahay laakiin waxaa xoog badan inay ahayd [[amiina khaatuun]] oo uu dhalay amiirka [[dilqaadir]] [[shacbaan suuli]] <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد ويب| مسار = https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1277/sultan-ii-murad-han.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1277/sultan-ii-murad-han.html |date=20120417172426 }} | عنوان = Sultan Mehmed I Han | تاريخ الوصول = 13 April 2011 | ناشر= [[وزارة الثقافة والسياحة (تركيا)|Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism.]]| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20120417172426/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-1277/sultan-ii-murad-han.html |</ref> yaraantiisa waxa oo ku qaatay [[amaasiya]], markuu weynaaday wuxuu tagay [[bursa]] halkaas oo wax ku bartay 1415kii waxaa loo magacaabay waaliga [[romali]], soo ugu tababarto maamulka, xilkaas uu haayay 6 sano, wuxuu ka qeyb qaatay dagaalada shiiq [[badru diin]] oo ahaa shiiq fasaad waday oo dawlada la dagaalay <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حرب، مُحمَّد|عنوان= العُثمانيُّون في التاريخ والحضارة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 109 - 110|سنة= </nowiki>[[1414 هـ|1414هـ]] - [[1994]]م|ناشر= المركز المصري للدراسات العُثمانيَّة وبُحُوث العالم التُركي|تاريخ الوصول= [[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2018]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/OttomansHarb| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217010540/https://archive.org/details/OttomansHarb |</ref>. ==Qabashadiis xilka== Suldaan muxamad wuxuu ahaa inuu u dardaarmay xilka muraad koowaad, Wuxuuna ka digay haduu dhinto muraad oo imaan in la shaaciyo dhimashadiisa <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[علي الصلابي|الصلَّابي، علي مُحمَّد]] |عنوان= فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح|صفحة= 74|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار التوزيع والنشر الإسلاميَّة|الرقم المعياري= 9772656698|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217013534/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://download-pdf-ebooks.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-5226.pdf&hl=ar |</ref> markuu dhintay 1421kii sadrulacdamka iyo waziir [[ibrahim basha jandarli]] ayaa qariyeen dhimashadiisa waxay faafiyeen inuu xanuunsan yahay <ref name="وفاة السلطان">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 152|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[13 مايو|13 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2018]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit |</ref> afartan barikadib ayuu soo gaaray muraad markaas ayaa la aasaasay suldaanka Sanadkii 1421dii hogaamiyaasha dawlada iyo waziirada ayaa kula mubaayacoodeyn muraad [[bursa]] <ref name="نيقولا">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = ڤاتان|الأول = نيقولا|مؤلف2=تعريب بشير السباعي|سنة = [[1993]]|عنوان = صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر= دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان = [[القاهرة]]-[[مصر]]|إصدار=الأولى|المجلد=الجزء الأوَّل|</ref> wuxuuna jiray xilligaas 18 sano, beecada agteed caalimka [[amiir suldaan]] ayaa u xiray seefta [[cusmaan gaazi]] taas oo dhaqan u naqatay salaadiintii ka dambeesay . ===Kacdoonkii musdafa === Suldaan muraad oo ku haminaayay soocelinta dawlada, mideynta dhulkeeda, aasaasida ciidan xoogan iyo dhaqaalo sugan ayaa hishiis la galay [[Hungary|hangari]] iyo [[janawa]] sidoo kale wuxuu ka dalbaday imbiraadoorkii [[biriizanda]] inuu cusbooneysiiyo hishiiska oo la galay aabihiis kaa oo dhigayay inuu weerarin [[biriizanda]] imbiraadoorkana uu haayo musdafa, wafdi ka socda imbiraadoorka ayaa yimid, hampalyeen kadib wuxuu dalbaday inuu heysto amiir maxamuud iyo yuusuf si loo cusbooneysiiyo hishiiska, waxa oona ku goodiyay inuu soo daynaya musdafa hadaa la aqbalin dalabkiisa, laakin suldaan muraad wuu diiday, markiiba waxay fasaxeen musdafa iyo [[juneyd bek]] ,<ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye Tarihi'' Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 86-88</ref> imbiraadoorka ayaana ku taageeray toban doomo <ref name="سالم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= الرشيدي، سالم|عنوان= السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح|إصدار= الثانية|صفحة= 30|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار البشير لِلثقافة والعُلُوم|الرقم المعياري= 977278145X|تاريخ الوصول= [[11 مايو|11 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار= https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%84%D9%80-%D8%A3%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190510211151/https://www.noor-book.com/كتاب-السلطان-محمد-الفاتح-لـ-أد-محمد-سالم-الرشيدي-pdf |</ref>, waxaa sidoo kale taageeray imaaradaha turkida, wuxuu qabsaday [[galiilobi]] iyo [[seeruuz]]. Suldaan muraad wuxuu diray [[bayazid baashaa alamaasiil]] iyo ciidan badan, markii uu dagaalku bilaawday ciidankii waxay aadeen musdafa, [[Bayazid baashaa alamaasiili|bayazidna]] waa la dilay. Musdafa oo aad usii awoodeestay ayaa soo aaday [[Anatooliya|anadool]], wuxuu kasoo talaabay marinka [[dardaniil]]<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 257|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|مكان= [[الإسكندرية|الإسكندريَّة]] - [[مصر]]|المجلد= الجُزء الأوَّل}}</ref><ref group="">Sakaoğlu, Necdet, (1999) ''Bu Mülkün Sultanları'', İstanbul:Oğlak say.70</ref> , suldaan muraad ayaa ka horyimid asoo wata ciidan 120kun gaaraya, waxaa dhacday in musdafa iyo imbiraadoor [[emanawel labaad]] uu khilaaf soo kala dhex galo, suldaan muraad wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasad muxamad bek mikail ayuu diray soo ciidanka uga leexiyo asna wuu ku guuleestay, musdafa ayaa u cararay [[galiilobi]] waa lagu hareereeyay wuu kasii cararay adirna ayuu tagay wuxuu sii aaday [[Romania|aflaaq]], muraad ayaa daba kacay oo soo qabtay, <ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye Tarihi'' Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 92-96</ref><ref group="ْ">Joseph von Hammer: ''Osmanlı Tarihi'' Vol I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. p 74-78</ref> waxaa la dhahaa ciidankiis qaar ayaa qiyaaneen oo muraad u dhiibeen, suldaan muraad wuxuu xukmiyay in la dilo oo darbiga [[Edirne|adirna]] lagu waro <ref name="منجم4">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 404|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|</ref> . ===hareereenta Qusdandiiniya=== Musdafa markii laga adkaaday imbiraadoorkii biriizanda [[emanawel labaad]] oo dareensanaa inlagu soo socdo ayaa bilaabay cudurdaarasho hase yeeshee suldaanka dheg jelq uma siin, bishii juun 1422kii ayuu weeraray Qusdandiiniya asigoo hareereeyay wuxuu watay ciidan gaaraya 50kun<ref name="أوزتونا2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 121|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf |</ref> iyo madaafic aad u weyn oo loo yaqiin madaaficda shaahiin <ref group="ِ">Stephen Turnbull, ''[https://ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S759X~ser=FOR The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453] {{Wayback|url=https://ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S759X~ser=FOR |date=20070927003322 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003322/http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S759X~ser=FOR |date=2007-09-27 }}'', [[:en:Osprey Publishing|Osprey Publishing]], {{ردمك|1-84176-759-X}}.</ref> hareereenta waxay socotay afar bilood magaalada in laqabsado ayee ku dhawaatay waxaa babaadiyay kacdoonkii musdafa yare ===kacdoonkii Musdafa yare=== Musdafa yare wuxuu ahaa walaalka suldaan muraad waxaa tababari jiray [[ilyaas bek]], tababarhiisa ayaa soo dirdiray, waxaana ku taageeray amiirada [[karmiyaan]] iyo [[qaramaan]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حليم بك، إبراهيم|عنوان= كتاب التُحفة الحليميَّة في تاريخ الدولة العليَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 56 - 57|سنة= [[1323 هـ|1323هـ]] - [[1905]]م|ناشر= مطبعة ديوان عُمُوم الأوقاف|تاريخ الوصول= [[16 مايو|16 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|الدولة العُثمانيَّة]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n63| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040835/https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n63 | </ref> sidoo kale imbiraadoorka [[biriizanda]] ayaa isna ku booriyay caasinta muraad soo u mashquuliyo suldaanka, musdafa yare wuxuu helay ciidamo badan wuxuuna weeraray [[bursa]] <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = Imber | الأول = Colin | وصلة مؤلف= | عنوان=The Ottoman Empire: 1300-1481 |مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIppAAAAMAAJ |سنة=1990 |ناشر=Isis |isbn=978-975-428-015-9 | صفحة=95| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20140101062855/http://books.google.com/books?id=lIppAAAAMAAJ |</ref> wuu qabsan waayay wuxuu aaday izniik wuu go'doomiyay, suldaan muraad ayaa si hoosa ugu diray tababare [[ilyaas bek]] inuu siinayo balan qaad haduu mashquuliyo walaalkiis intuu ka imanayo, talyaha izniik wuxuu u diray inuu dhiibo magaalada, sidii ayee yeeleen, musdafa yare izniik ayuu soo galay halkaas oo ku mashquuliyay [[ilyaas bek]], amiirada karmiyaan iyo qaramaan oo dareen galay ayaa ka dalbaday musdafa yare inuu isaga tago magaalada laakin wuu ka diiday, suldaanka ayaa soo gaaray ciidankii musdafa yare ayaa ka la haaday, [[ilyaas bek-]] musdafa yare ayuu u dhiibay suldaanka, wuxuuna faray ceeji in lagu dilo waana 1423dii<ref name="منجم5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 405 - 407|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref><ref group="ْ">Joseph von Hammer: ''Osmanlı Tarihi'' Vol I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. pp 79-80</ref><ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye Tarihi ''Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 97-98</ref> ===imaaradaha turkida=== Imaaradaha turkida ayaa intuu ku mashquul sanaa suldaanka adeerkiis iyo walaalkiis ka soo ceshadeen dawlada dhulal badan, suldaan muraad ayaa weerary [[cizudiin asfandiyar]] amiirka [[qasdamuuni]] oo ku xad gudbay dhulka dawlada, suldaanka ayaa jabiyay cizudiin wuu cararay mar dambe ayaa amaan la siiyay wuxuuna u hogaasamay cusmaaniyiinta asigoo ku daray gabadhiis khadiija suldaanka, <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف=Stanford J. Shaw|عنوان=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808|مسار= https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|تاريخ الوصول=1 يونيو 2013|تاريخ=29 October 1976|ناشر=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29163-7|صفحة=45|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200405143730/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA121|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-04-05|</ref>. Imaarada [[qaramaan]] ayuu u jeestay, waxaa dhacday amiirka [[qaramaan]] [[naasirudiin muxamad]] inuu ku dhintay dagaal oo ku qaaday magaalada andaaliya oo raacsan cusmaaniyiinta <ref group="ْ">Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi'' Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 249-252</ref>, waxaana xilka kaga daba maray walaalkiis calaaudiin cali,labada wiil ee [[naasirudiin muxamad]] Ibrahim iyo ciisa ayaa magan galay suldaan muraad labaad waxayna dalbadeen waxay guursadeen labo gabar oo la dhasheen suldaanka, muraad labaad ayaa caawiyay oo Ibrahim u dhiibay xilka imaarada wuxuuna kasoo ceshaday dhulkii ay imaarada horay oga qabsatay dawlada <ref name="طقوش3">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 88|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 28 أبريل 2019 }}</ref>, ciisana [[romali]] ayuu gobol uga dhiibay, halka calaaudiin ee xilka laga qaaday uu u dhiibay [[soofiyaa]]. [[Jueyd bek]] oo in badan ku caasiyay dawlada lana cafiyay ayaa dib u qabsaday imaaradaha [[banuu aydiin]] <ref name="محمد فريد2">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد فريد|فريد بك، مُحمَّد]]|مؤلف2= تحقيق: الدُكتور إحسان حقّي|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العليَّة العُثمانيَّة|إصدار= العاشرة|صفحة= 154|مسار=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit|سنة= [[1427 هـ|1427هـ]] - [[2006]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|تنسيق= pdf|تاريخ الوصول=[[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190509154112/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BwSf_0bx00XdUEl6UHJ3VTJ1N2s/edit |</ref> fitno badan ayuu huriyay suldaanka oo markaan go'aansaday inuu dabargooyo ayaa u diray caruuj bek balse dhax buu ku dhintay wuxuu ku bedelay xamza bek oo la dhashay [[bayazid baashaa alamasiili]] iyo khalil yakhshi oo isna qaraabo la ahaay, way weerareen waxay qabteen walaalka juneyd iyo wiilkiis way xereen, halka juneyd uu ka cararay izmiir, wuxuu ku gabday dhufees bada agtiis ah <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| editor-last = Magoulias | editor-first = Harry | عنوان = Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University | ناشر = Wayne State University Press | مكان = Detroit | سنة = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-8143-1540-8 | صفحات=166–167}}</ref> , gurmad ayuuna weydiistay [[bunduqiya]] balse [[xamza bek]] ayaa dhaqso ku soo gaaray, [[juneyd bek]] markuu quustay wuu is dhiibay asoo sahrdistay inaa la taaban xamza iyo khaliil markay qabteen way dileen ayagoo ugu aargudanaya [[bayazid baashaa alamaasiili]], suldaankana wuxuu faray in la dilo wiilkiis iyo walaalkiis<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| editor-last = Magoulias | editor-first = Harry | عنوان = Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University | ناشر = Wayne State University Press | مكان = Detroit | سنة = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-8143-1540-8 | صفحات=169}}</ref>, wuxuuna ka dhigay dhulka banuu aydiin gobol sidoo kale banuu manashtaa oo soo noqdeyn ayagana dhulkooda gobol buu ka dhigay ===biriizanda=== Waxaa dhintay imbiraadoor [[emanawel labaad]] xilkana wiilkiis yooxana 8aad ayaa fuulay, suldaan muraad labaad oo ka faaideestay daciifnimadood ayaa qabsaday magaalada [[muuduuna]] <ref name="رستم">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أسد رستم|رُستم، أسد بن جبرائيل]]|عنوان= الروم في سياستهم وحضارتهم ودينهم وثقافتهم وصلاتهم بالعرب|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 279|سنة= [[1956]]|ناشر= دار المكشوف|تاريخ الوصول= [[20 مايو|20 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|المجلد = الجُزء الثاني|مسار= https://archive.org/stream/al.roum.fi.syasthim/al.roum.fi.syasthim02#page/n279/mode/2up| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040849/https://archive.org/stream/al.roum.fi.syasthim/al.roum.fi.syasthim02 |</ref> imbiraadoorka oo ogaaday inuu iska caabin karin ayaa ogolaaday inuu hoos imaado dawlada hishiis ayuu la galay muraad labaad kaa oo uga dagay dhamaan dhufeesyada ee [[biriizanda]] lahayd <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، الميرالآي إسماعيل بن عبد الله]]|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة= 33|سنة= 1988|</ref> jizyana wuu aqbalay. Waxaa la dhashay imbiraadoorka andronikos oo amiir ka ahaa [[salaaniik]] wuxuuna ahaa nimaan heysan kalsoonida dadka rayidka <ref name="نبيل5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 273 - 275|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|</ref>, markay arkeen dadka inay difaaci karin magaaladood waxay u dhiibeen [[bunduqiya]] suldaan muraad labaad ayaa ka xanaaqay arintan, wuxuuna weeraray magaalada, bunduqiya ayaa u dirtay ergay suldaanka see u wada hadlaan balse ergaygii ayuu xabsay wuxuuna u qoray [[bunduqiya]] "magaaladaan waa xaqeey awoowyaahey baan ka dhaxlay, awowgey bayazid baa seef uga furtay ruum, idinka laatiin talyaani baa tihiin xaa nii keenay dhulkaan uga baxa rabitaankiin hadii kale anaa nii imaanayo" <ref group="ِ"><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب| editor-last = Magoulias | editor-first = Harry | عنوان = Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University | ناشر = Wayne State University Press | مكان = Detroit | سنة = 1975 | isbn = 978-0-8143-1540-8 |</nowiki></ref> meelo badan oo [[bunduqiya]] leydahay ayee cusmaaniyiinta burburiyeen <ref name="أوزتونا2" /><ref name="نيقولا3">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = ڤاتان|الأول = نيقولا|مؤلف2=تعريب بشير السباعي|سنة = [[1993]]|عنوان = صعود العثمانيين، فصل في كتاب تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|ناشر= دار الفكر للدراسات|مكان = [[القاهرة]]-[[مصر]]|إصدار=الأولى|المجلد=الجزء الأوَّل</ref> , balse muranka ka dhex dhashay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] ee ku saabsan [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] iyo [[Romania|aflaaq]] ayaa siiyay[[bunduqiya]] fursad ===weerarada balqaan=== [[Sikesmond]] boqorka hangari ahna imbiraadoorka rooman muqadaska ayaa bilaabay inuu ku dirdiro boqorada kirishmiska dawlada [[daraakoola]] oo ahaa amiirka aflaaq ayaa weeraro badan ku qaaday dhulka cusmaaniyiinta, feyruz bek ilaaliyaha xuduudkaas ayaa weeraray oo wax badan ka dilay, markiiba wuxuu ogaaday [[daraakoola]] inuu iska dhicin karin cusmaaniyiinta, wuuna hogaansamay, suldaan muraad ayaana cafiyay. Hadana qeyserkii serbiya osdofaan bin laazaar ayaa buriyay hishiiskoo kula jiray dawlada tan iyo xiligii bayazid, wuxuu qabtay taliyaha xuduudka "daloo baashaa", suldaanka ayaa u diray sanaan baashaa, wuxuu weeraray dhulka serbiya meelo badan buu qabsaday ee ka mid tahay [[alaaja xisaar]], taasi oo keentay inuu hogaasamo qeysarka wuxuuna ka dagay qeybo kamid ah dhulkiisa suldaan muraad ayaana cafiyay. Albaaniya imaarada kastaryooti amiirkeed yoxanaa kaastaryoo ayaa la saftay [[bunduqiya]]<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد| الأول = John Van Antwerp | الأخير = Fine | عنوان = The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest | ناشر = University of Michigan Press | سنة = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-472-08260-5 | مسار = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC|صفحة=515| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190513071413/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC |</ref><ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد |الأخير=Elsie |الأول=Robert |وصلة مؤلف= Robert Elsie |عنوان= Historical dictionary of Albania |مسار=https://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-albania/oclc/454375231&referer=brief_results |تاريخ الوصول= 4 February 2012 |سنة=2010 |ناشر=Scarecrow Press |مكان=Lanham |isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3 |oclc=454375231 |صفحة=399 |الفصل= Independent Albania (1912–1944) |مسار الفصل=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNpRmITzJgwC&pg=PA479&dq=statute+of+albania+in+1912&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kK05T_nyI5PV4QScuqWhCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=senate&f=false |اقتباس= The young Iskander also participated in military campaigns against the Christians, for which his father was obliged to beg the pardon of Venetian senate in 1428| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190526010752/https://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-albania/oclc/454375231&referer=brief_results |</ref>, wuxuuna ka dalbaday inay saacidaan, suldaanka ciisa bek ayuu u diray, wuxuu weeraray yooxana kastaryoo wuuna jabshay wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu hogaansamo asna wuu sii socday ciisa bek [[laakonya]] ayuu qabsaday Waxaa dhintay osdofaan bin laazaar 1427dii, sikesmond oo ka faaideesanaya ayaa qabsaday balgaraad, muraad labaad ayaa kaga jawaabay inuu ku darsaday aalaaja xisaar iyo niish, weerarada markuu ku batay buu ku qasbanaaday inuu la saxiido hishiis nabadeed mudadiisu tahay sedex sano iyo in wabiga duuna uu xuduuka noqdo <ref name="محمد فريد2" /><ref name="طقوش5">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 90|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> , dhanka kale qeysarka cusub ee serbiya jureyj baraakofij ayaa u hogaasamay dawlada, gabadhiis ayuuna ku daray muraad labaad dhul badan wuu uga dagay. ===imaarada karmiyaan=== Yacquub bek amiirka karmiyaan markuu dhintay 1428 wuxuuna ahaa inuu dardaarmay in imaarada la siiyo muraad labaad <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= سعد الدين أفندي، خواجه مُحمَّد|عنوان= تاج التواريخ|المجلد=الجُزء الأوَّل|صفحة= 341|سنة= [[1862]] - [[1863]]|ناشر= طبعخانۀ عامره|مكان= [[إسطنبول|إستانبول]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|دولت عليَّة عثمانيه]]|لغة= [[لغة تركية عثمانية|التُركيَّة العُثمانيَّة]]}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حليم بك، إبراهيم|عنوان= كتاب التُحفة الحليميَّة في تاريخ الدولة العليَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 57|سنة= [[1323 هـ|1323هـ]] - [[1905]]م|ناشر= مطبعة ديوان عُمُوم الأوقاف|تاريخ الوصول= [[26 مايو|26 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|الدولة العُثمانيَّة]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120351/https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65 | </ref><ref group="ْ">[http://www.turkishstudies.net/sayilar/sayi16/yakubo%C4%9Flucevdet1352.pdf GERMĐYANOĞULLARI MUHĐTĐNDE: AHĐLER VE ZAVĐYELERĐ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/sayilar/sayi16/yakubo%C4%9Flucevdet1352.pdf |date=20160304105154 }}. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU. {{أيقونة تركية}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105154/http://www.turkishstudies.net/sayilar/sayi16/yakuboğlucevdet1352.pdf |date=04 مارس 2016}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-08-02|bot=JarBot}}</ref> sidaas ayee kusoo dhamaatay imaaradaan ===Soo cesashada salaaniik=== Markale salaaniik ayuu u soo jeestay go'doomin adag buu galiyay, isla waqtigaas waxaa dhacday dadkii magaalada inay u bagi waayeen qaabkii ee bunduqiya usduulka bunduqiya ayaa la burburiyay, 29 Marso 1430kii ayaa la qabsaday magaalada waxaana laga helay qaniimo badan <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 418 - 419|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> , wuxuuna u soo raray dad badan oo muslimiina magaalada <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب| الأخير = Vacalopoulos | الأول = Apostolos E. | عنوان = History of Macedonia 1354–1833 | translator = Peter Megann | ناشر = [[:en:Institute for Balkan Studies (Greece)|Institute for Balkan Studies]] | مكان = Thessaloniki | سنة = 1973 | مسار = http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/av/ | oclc = 220583971 | صفحة=108–111| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20160423103654/http://www.promacedonia.org/en/av/ |</ref> , si ay u ilaashato bunduqiya waxa u hararay waxay la gashay dawlada hishiis oo ku aqoonsatay salaaniik. ===Imaarada iibruus=== Imaarada ibruus ayaa waxaa ka bilaawday dagaalo sokeeya dadka eegaanka oo ku dhibtooday ayee u direen inay siinayaan magaalada haduusan wax u geysaneen wuuna aqbay, si nabada ayee magaalada ugu soo gacan gashay <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= حليم بك، إبراهيم|عنوان= كتاب التُحفة الحليميَّة في تاريخ الدولة العليَّة|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 58|سنة= [[1323 هـ|1323هـ]] - [[1905]]م|ناشر= مطبعة ديوان عُمُوم الأوقاف|تاريخ الوصول= [[29 مايو|29 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[القاهرة]] - [[الخديوية المصرية|الخديويَّة المصريَّة]] - [[الدولة العثمانية|الدولة العُثمانيَّة]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120351/https://archive.org/details/al.tohfah.al.halimya/page/n65 | </ref> ،<ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف-الأخير1=Soustal|مؤلف-الأول1=Peter|مؤلف-الأخير2=Koder|مؤلف-الأول2=Johannes|عنوان=Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia|ناشر=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|مكان=Vienna|سنة=1981|isbn=978-3-7001-0399-8|مسار= https://books.google.com/books?id=6fx-QgAACAAJ|لغة=German|صفحة=75{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 166|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200405143731/https://books.google.com/books?id=6fx-QgAACAAJ%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2020-04-05| وصلة مكسورة = yes</ref>. ===La dagaalanka hangari=== [[Sikesmond]] oo wali quusan ayaa soo dirdiray hadan [[Romania|aflaaq]], [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] sidoo kale amiirka qaramaan ayuu hoos kala hadlay, muraad ayaa u diray cali bek [[Hungary|hangari]], markuu gaaray ciidankiis oo kala maqan ayaa weerar kadis lagu soo qaaday wax badan baa laga dilay cali bek wuu soo laabtay Muraadlabaad oo ciidan badan aruursaday soo uga aar guto hangari ayaa maqlay [[Ibrahim bek]] amiirka [[qaramaan]] inuu caasiyay, isla waqtigaas hadana amiirka [[seerbiya]] inuu caasiyay oona ku biiray [[sikesmond]] ayagoo sameeyay fasaad badan suldaanka ayaa u diray [[sanaan baashaa]] wuxuuna ku guuleestay inuu jabiyo oo wabiga [[duuna]] dhaafsiyo. 1435tii ayuu muraad labaad yimid [[Anatooliya|anadool]] ciidan badan asagoo wata wuxuuna qabsaday dhamaan dhulka qaramaan xitaa caasimada [[Konya|qoonya]], Ibrahim bek ayaana cararay, xaaskiis [[ilcaada]] oo la dhalatay suldaanka ayaa ka codsantay walaalkeed inuu u celiyo dhulkiisa, asna wuu aqbalay wuxuuna ku xujeeyay Wiilka Ibrahim bek inuu heysto. Amiirada [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] iyo [[Romania|aflaaq]] oo arkeen inay iska dhicin karin [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ayaa hogaameen mar kale, waxaa sidaas ku kaliyoobay [[Hungary|hangari]], cusmaaniyiinta ayaa weerareen oo khasaaro badan gaarsiiyeen, waxaa dhacday inuu dhintay [[sikesmond]] waxaana badalay Albert labaad wuxuu la xariiray amiirada [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] iyo [[Roomaaniya|aflaaq]], suldaan muraad markuu maqlay wuxuu ka dalbaday qeysarka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] inuu dhiibo qalcada samandariya, qeysarka ayaana diiday suldaanka ayaa hareereeyay qalcada, waxaana ka cararay qeysar [[jureerj baraakofij]] <ref name="منجم8">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 428 - 429|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref name="نبيل7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= عليّ، عبدُ الله نبيل|عنوان= الدولة العُثمانيَّة: الدُستور، الإستخلاف والتمكين، سلاطين الدولة العُثمانيَّة، عهد الفوضى|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 284 - 286|سنة= [[2018]]|ناشر= مُؤسسة شباب الجامعة|الرقم المعياري= 9789772123315|مكان= [[الإسكندرية|الإسكندريَّة]] - [[مصر]]|المجلد= الجُزء الأوَّل}}</ref> sedex bil kadib wuu qabsaday qalcada <ref name="نبيل7" /><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= برجاوي، سعيد أحمد|عنوان= الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة: تاريخها السياسي والعسكري|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 66|سنة= [[1993]]|ناشر= الأهليَّة لِلنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[2 يونيو|2 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n65| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191215113057/https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n65 |</ref> , amiirka aflaaq [[daraakoola]] ayaa is dhiibay asaga iyo labadiis canug suldaanka ayaana xiray, Albert labaad markuu maqlay in la qabsaday [[samandariya]] ciidan badan ayuu ku yimid cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka hortageen oo jab xun gaarsiiyeen, dagaal loo bixiyay "taka dabruu". Waxaa dhintay Albert labaad 1439kii [[Hungary|hangari]] waxaa ka dhex bilaawday dagaalo muraad labaad oo ka faaideesanaya ayaa hareereeyay [[Belgaraad|balgaraad]] <ref group="ْ">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|عنوان=Belgrad-ı Dârü'l-Cihad |الأول=Selim |الأخير=Aslantaş |صحيفة=Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi |سنة=2011 |العدد=15. sayı |issn=1305-5992|صفحة=19}}</ref> inkastoo mudo ay qaadatay hadna laguma guuleysan qabsashada magaalada. Waxaa xilka hangari ku guuleestay boqorka boolaan [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] wuxuuna bilaabay weerar saliibi inuu soo qaado waxaa ku wehliyay yooxana honyaad aflaaq ayee soo galeen cusmaaniyiinta ayeena jabiyeen dhowr jeer ayagoo gaarsiiyay khasaaro badan, waxaa la socday qeysarka serbiya [[jureyj baraakofij]] <ref name="سرهنك1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[إسماعيل سرهنك|سرهنك، الميرالآي إسماعيل بن عبد الله]]|عنوان= تاريخ الدولة العُثمانيَّة|صفحة= 35|سنة= 1988|ناشر= دار الفكر الحديث|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]}}</ref><ref name="برجاوي1">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= برجاوي، سعيد أحمد|عنوان= الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة: تاريخها السياسي والعسكري|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 67|سنة= [[1993]]|ناشر= الأهليَّة لِلنشر والتوزيع|تاريخ الوصول= [[2 يونيو|2 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار= https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n67| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20191220100616/https://archive.org/details/al.imbratorya.al.othmanya/page/n67 | تاريخ أرشيف = 20 ديسمبر 2019 }}</ref><ref name="منجم10">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[أحمد منجم باشي|مُنجِّم باشي، أحمد بن لُطف الله السلانيكي الرُّومي المولوي الصدِّيقي]]|مؤلف2= دراسة وتحقيق: د. غسَّان بن عليّ الرمَّال|عنوان= كتاب جامع الدُول: قسم سلاطين آل عُثمان إلى سنة 1083هـ|صفحة= 431 - 436|سنة= [[1430 هـ|1430هـ]] - [[2009]]م|ناشر= دار الشفق لِلطباعة والنشر|</ref> waxay soo aadeen soofiyaa, way soo laabteen muraad labaad ayaa ciidan is daba diray kamiin ayee u dhigeen weyna jabiyeen waxay qabsadeen [[soofiyaa]] iyo bulgeeriya oo dhan, dhowr mar markii la jabiyay cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu la galay suldaanka hishiiskii sakdiin, kaa oo dawlada ku siisay aflaaq hangari [[daraakoola]] ayaana lagu celiyay, serbiya iyo bushtaaqna madaxbaanaani gudaha ayee siisay dawlada, 10 sano hishiisna way kala saxiixdeen, muraad labaad ayaa ku dhaartay quraanka inuu jabineen hishiiska, halka flaadislaaf sedexaad oo ku dhaartay injiilka. Intii weeradaan socdeen amiirka [[qarmaan]] [[Ibrahim bek]] ayaa gadaal ka weeraray dawlada asagoo qabsaday magaalooyin badan suldaanka ayaa soo aaday markuu gaaray [[Konya|qoonya]] wuxuu ogaaday inuu cararay Ibrahim bek, wuxuuna soo diray xaaskiisa si ay suldaanka ugala hadasho, markale ayuu cafiyay, Ibrahim bek ayaa ku dhaartay inuu mar dambe weerareen [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|cusmaaniyiinta]] ===ka degistiisa xilka=== Muraad labaad oo aa uga Muraad labaad oo aad uga murugeesnaa guuldarooyinka soo gaaray ayaa waxaa ugu sii darsaday dhimashada wiilkiis weyn caaludiin cali wuxuuna go'aansaday 1444kii inuu xilka uga tago wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] oo xiligaas yaraa <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بخبر|مسار=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II|عنوان=Murad II {{!}} Ottoman sultan|صحيفة=Encyclopedia Britannica|لغة=en|تاريخ الوصول=2017-01-20| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181019214111/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II |</ref><ref name="طقوش9">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[محمد سهيل طقوش|طقّوش، مُحمَّد سُهيل]]|عنوان= تاريخ العثمانيين: من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة|إصدار= الثالثة|صفحة= 95|سنة= [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] - [[2013]]م|ناشر= دار النفائس|الرقم المعياري= 9789953184432||تاريخ الوصول= [[28 أبريل|28 نيسان (أبريل)]] [[2019]]م|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190428194857/https://ia600309.us.archive.org/19/items/ottn_hist7/ottoman.pdf |</ref> wuxuuna rabaaday inuu u go'o cibaado. ==Dagaalkii faaraanaa iyo ku laabashadiis xilka== kardinaal [[yulyaan siizaarini]] iyo baabaa ayaa u sheegay [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] inuu ka bixi karo dhaartiisa maadaama uu la galay muslimiin, waxayna ku booriyeen inuu weeraro cusmaaniyiinta asagoo ka faaideesanaya katagista muraad labaad xilka, arinkaas oo keentay inuu ka baxo hishiiska ayadoo konton bari lee kasoo wareegatay , wuxuuna weeraray dhulka dawlada asagoo burburiyay meelo badan, golaha hogaamiyaasha dawlada ayaa isla garteen in loo baahanyahay muraad labaad, wiilkiis [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] ayaa u diray inuu imaado balse wuu ka diiday, markale ayuu u qoray muxamad alfaatix "hadaa tahay suldaanka waa inaa ilaalisaa dhulka iyo adoomaha, hadaadan ahayn waa inaa yeeshaa hadalka suldaanka oo fulsaa amarkiis" markaas ayuu imaaday Muraad labaad, aad ayaana loo soo dhaweeyay, ciidan gaaray 60kun ayuu qaatay <ref group="ِ">Frank Tallett, D. J. B. Trim. European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 143</ref><ref group="ِ">Stephen Turnbull. The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2014. P. 32</ref> wuxuu la kulmay isbahaysiga sanadkii 1444, dagaal qaraar aynaana dhex maray, ugu dambeyn waxaa la jabiyay isbahaysiga jab xun <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=فهمي، عبدُ السلام عبد العزيز|عنوان=السُلطان مُحمَّد الفاتح: فاتح القُسطنطينيَّة وقاهر الرُّوم|إصدار=الخامسة|صفحة=22|سنة=[[1413 هـ|1413هـ]] - [[1993]]م|ناشر=دار القلم|تاريخ الوصول=[[7 يونيو|7 حُزيران (يونيو)]] [[2019]]م|مكان=[[دمشق]] - [[سوريا]]|مسار=https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607214955/https://ia801603.us.archive.org/33/items/WAQ57678s/57678s.pdf|</ref> waxaana lagu dilay dagaalka [[falaadislaaf sedexaad]] iyo kardinaal [[yulyaan siizaarini]], wuxuu faray suldaanka in labadood madax lagu bandhigo [[bursa]] iyo [[Edirne|adirna]], dagaalkan waxaa loo yaqaan [[dagaalkii faaraana]], waxaana ka dhashay mandiqada [[balqaan]] inay cusmaaniyiinta ku kali naqdaan iyo [[Hungary|hangari]] oo awoodeed wiiqmato, caalamka islaamiga ayaa dabaaldagyo laga sameeyay boqorka [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayaa amray in khilaafka cusmaaniyiinta ka dib la xuso muraad labaad. Muraad labaad markii uu ka soo laabtay dagaalka wuxuu ku laabtay qalwadiis. ===kulaabashadiis xilka=== Ciidanka [[inkishaariyiinta]] ayaa ku sameeyay kacdoon suldaanka yar waxayna ka dalbeen muraad labaad inuu xilka kusoo noqdo, wuu ka yeelay labo sano ka dib 1446dii ayuu xilka kusoo laabtay Amiir Qusdandiin oo walaal la ahaa imbiraadoorka biriizanda ayaa intee dawladu mashquul sanayd ka qabsaday meelo badan suldaan muraad ayaa weeraray 1446dii wuxuuna kasoo celiyay meelihii uu qabsaday amiir Qusdandiina wuxuu u hogaasamay xukunka dawlada. ===fitnada askandar bek=== wuxuu ahaa [[askandar bek]] inuu ka ridoobay islaamka, kacdoon ayuuna ku sameeyay dawlada 1444kii, meelo badan oo [[albaniya]] ka tirsan ayuuna qabsaday dagaalo badan ayaana dhex maray dawlada, ciidamo badan oo loo dirayna wuu jabiyay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Francione|الأول=Gennaro|سنة=2003|عنوان=Skenderbeu: Një hero modern|ناشر=Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri"|لغة=الألبانيَّة|isbn=978-99927-38-75-7|</ref> <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد|الأخير=Frashëri|الأول=Kristo|عنوان=The history of Albania: a brief survey|مسار=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMKAQAAIAAJ|سنة=1964|ناشر=s.n.|OCLC=1738885|صفحة=72|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220100559/https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMKAQAAIAAJ|</ref> , suldaan muraad ayaa ku duulay magaalada aaqja xisaar ayuu ka qabsaday, [[askandar bek]] ayaa cararay, suldaankuna ma sii daba galin sababo laxariira [[Hungary|hangari]] oo soo noqotay ===dagaalkii kosofo ee labaad=== [[Yooxana honyaad]] ayaa noqday maamulaha hangari maadama boqorka cusub uu yaraa, wuxuu weerar ku qaaday seerbiya sidoo kale isbahaysi xoogan ayuu sameestay meelo badan ayuu qabsaday kosofo ayuu imaaday Muraad labaad ayaa si deg deg ah ciidan gaaraya 60kun <ref group="ِ">Bennett, ''The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare'', p. 182 "Hunyadi led 24,000 - 30,000 men including 10,000 Wallachians, but should have waited to join Scanderbeg's troops before confronting Murad's force of 40,000."</ref><ref group="ِ">Sedlar, ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages'', p. 248.</ref>la yimid dagaal sedex bari socday ayaa dhex maray oo lagu jabshay [[yooxana honyaad]] <ref name="أوزتونا7">{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1= [[يلماز أوزتونا|أوزتونا، يلماز]]|مؤلف2= ترجمة: عدنان محمود سلمان|عنوان= موسوعة تاريخ الإمبراطوريَّة العُثمانيَّة السياسي والعسكري والحضاري|المجلد=المُجلَّد الأوَّل|إصدار= الأولى|صفحة= 127 - 130|سنة= [[1431 هـ|1431هـ]] - [[2010]]م|ناشر= الدار العربيَّة للموسوعات|مكان= [[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia902908.us.archive.org/12/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf|تاريخ{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الوصول=[[1 مايو|1 أيَّار (مايو)]] [[2019]]م| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501184423/https://ia801904.us.archive.org/17/items/waq76579/01_76579.pdf |</ref> asigoo ka cararay goobta. Mar kele [[askandar bek]] ayuu ku rogaal celiyay suldaanka [[aaqja xisaar]] ayuu hareereeyay <ref group="ِ">{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=Skënderbeu, një hero modern : (Hero multimedial) |الأول=Gennaro |الأخير=Francione |سنة=2006 |عنوان مترجم=Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia) |محرر1-الأول=Donika|صفحة=88 |محرر1-الأخير=Aliaj |آخرون=Translated by Tasim Aliaj |isbn=99927-38-75-8 |مكان=[[تيرانا]] |ناشر=Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri" |سنة النشر الأصلية=2003 |مسار=http://www.bksh.al/adlib/scripts/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=books&OPAC_URL=/adlib/expert/index_al.html&LANGUAGE=1&%250=33427&LIMIT=50 |لغة=الألبانيَّة| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004625/http://www.bksh.al/adlib/scripts/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=books&OPAC_URL=/adlib/expert/index_al.html&LANGUAGE=1&%0=33427&LIMIT=50 |</ref> mudo kadib wuu iska noqday suldaanka asoo rabo markale inuu usoo noqdo. ==Dhimashadiisa == Waxaa la dhahaa muraad labaad mar asoo kasoo laabtay dalxiis oo ku tagay keymaha iyo beeraha ayaa waxaa ka hor imaaday shiiq suufi ahaa wuu eegay wuxuuna ku dhahay "suldaankanow wey soo dhamaatay aduunyada u diyaar garow aakhiro iyo safarkeed una tooba keen alla una naqo" suldaanka ayaa aad ugu saamoobay ayaa marqaati galiyay inuu alla u toobad keenay markuu yimid adirna xanuun saaid baa qabtay ilaa uu ka dhintay sanadkii 1451dii ==xaasaskiisa iyo ilmihiisa== *'''yini khaatuun''' *'''khadiija xaliima khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay [[cizudiin asfandiyar bek]] amiirka qasdamuuni *'''maara khaatuun''' waxaa dhalay [[juryj baraakofij]] qeysarka serbiya *'''khadiija huma khaatuun '''Ilmahiisa''' *'''axmad shilbi''' *'''calaaudiin cali''' dhaxal suge ayuu ahaa sanadkii 1443 ayuu dhintay *'''[[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]]''' waxaa dhashay khadiija huma khaatuun aabihiis ayuu xilka kaga dambeeyay *'''orkhan shilbi''' *'''xasan shilbi''' *'''arqonde khaatuun''' *'''shahrazaada khaatuun''' *'''faaduma khaatuun''' *'''khadiija khaatuun''' ==Xigasho== <references /> <references group="ِ" /> ff4r8w9nh0rarkx10hl8aff6ckl8282 0 38007 301750 273529 2026-07-11T13:48:39Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Astaamaha */ 301750 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ChatGPT''' (oo loo soo gaabiyo '''''Chat''' '''G'''enerative '''P'''re-trained '''T'''ransformer'') waa [[sheeko bot]]. Waxaa furay [[OpenAI]] bishii Noofambar 2022.<ref>Roose, K. (2022) The brilliance and weirdness of chatgpt, ''The New York Times''. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html (Accessed: March 17, 2023).</ref> Barnaamijka waxaa lagu dhisay dusha sare ee qoyska OpenAI ee [[GPT-3.5]] ee noocyada luqadaha waaweyn. Barnaamijka waxaa lagu dhisay dusha sare ee qoyska OpenAI ee GPT-3.5 ee noocyada luqadaha waaweyn. Waxaa si fiican loo habeeyey iyadoo la kormeerayo iyo farsamooyinka barashada xoojinta labadaba. {{infobox | title = {{FULLPAGENAME}} | image = [[File:ChatGPT logo.svg|thumb|center|200px]] | label1 = Soo-saareyaal | data1 = [[OpenAI]] | label2 = Siideynta ugu horreysa | data2 = Noofembar 30, 2022; 3 bilood ka hor | label3 = Nooca | data3 = AI, chatbot | label4 = Mareegta | data4 = Shatiga | label5 = Websedyada | data5 = [https://chat.openai.com chat.openai.com] }} ChatGPT waxaa la bilaabay Noofembar 2022 waxayna gaartay in ka badan 100 milyan isticmaale Janaayo 2023, laakiin saxnaanteeda aan sinnayn waxay ahayd cillad weyn.<ref>Ropek, L. (2022) CHATGPT is too popular for its own good, ''Gizmodo''. https://gizmodo.com/chatgpt-down-ai-chatbot-1-million-users-1849866029 (Accessed: March 17, 2023).</ref><ref>CHATGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch (2023) ''The Guardian''. ''Guardian News and Media''. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app (Accessed: March 17, 2023).</ref><ref>Vincent, James (5 December 2022). [https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers "AI-generated answers temporarily banned on coding Q&A site Stack Overflow"]</ref><ref>"[https://aitoolstoknow.com/ai-tools/chatgpt-4/ How to use Chatgpt?]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''AI Tools To Know''.</ref> ==Astaamaha== ChatGPT wuxuu leeyahay tirooyin badan oo kala duwan oo uu si wanaagsan u adeegsado waxyaabaha qoraalka ee la xiriira dabeecad natiijada ah, sida fahamka luqadda, dhaqdhaqaaqa tifaftirka ah, qorshe cilmiyeed, taageero luqadda kala duwan, fahamka xiriirka xalaynta ah, kala saaridda shaqeeynta, falanqaynta hadal, kor u kacaya macluumaadka, iyo waxyaabaha kale. Waxaa la baran doonaa kuwaas oo dhamaystiran macluumaadka hal-abuurka ah, iyo qalabka uu leeyahay inuu fahamo maana iyo xiriirka ereyada iyo sentensiyada.<ref>''Wordlex''. (2021, September 1). Microsoft launches new Bing chatbot: Use it like this! Retrieved March 18, 2023, from https://wordlex.org/technology/microsoft-launches-new-bing-chatgpt-use-it-like-this/ {{Wayback|url=https://wordlex.org/technology/microsoft-launches-new-bing-chatgpt-use-it-like-this/ |date=20230320184206 }}</ref> ==Bilowga == ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ===Mareeg kale=== * [https://velcono.com/chat-gpt/ Earn Money form Chat GPT] {{Wayback|url=https://velcono.com/chat-gpt/ |date=20230315190429 }} [[Category:Barnaamij]] [[Category:Barnaamijka]] [[Category:Software]] rdsf5eds1qrdkp82qdwor0p50xq6lfr 301751 301750 2026-07-11T13:52:24Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Bilowga */ 301751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ChatGPT''' (oo loo soo gaabiyo '''''Chat''' '''G'''enerative '''P'''re-trained '''T'''ransformer'') waa [[sheeko bot]]. Waxaa furay [[OpenAI]] bishii Noofambar 2022.<ref>Roose, K. (2022) The brilliance and weirdness of chatgpt, ''The New York Times''. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html (Accessed: March 17, 2023).</ref> Barnaamijka waxaa lagu dhisay dusha sare ee qoyska OpenAI ee [[GPT-3.5]] ee noocyada luqadaha waaweyn. Barnaamijka waxaa lagu dhisay dusha sare ee qoyska OpenAI ee GPT-3.5 ee noocyada luqadaha waaweyn. Waxaa si fiican loo habeeyey iyadoo la kormeerayo iyo farsamooyinka barashada xoojinta labadaba. {{infobox | title = {{FULLPAGENAME}} | image = [[File:ChatGPT logo.svg|thumb|center|200px]] | label1 = Soo-saareyaal | data1 = [[OpenAI]] | label2 = Siideynta ugu horreysa | data2 = Noofembar 30, 2022; 3 bilood ka hor | label3 = Nooca | data3 = AI, chatbot | label4 = Mareegta | data4 = Shatiga | label5 = Websedyada | data5 = [https://chat.openai.com chat.openai.com] }} ChatGPT waxaa la bilaabay Noofembar 2022 waxayna gaartay in ka badan 100 milyan isticmaale Janaayo 2023, laakiin saxnaanteeda aan sinnayn waxay ahayd cillad weyn.<ref>Ropek, L. (2022) CHATGPT is too popular for its own good, ''Gizmodo''. https://gizmodo.com/chatgpt-down-ai-chatbot-1-million-users-1849866029 (Accessed: March 17, 2023).</ref><ref>CHATGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch (2023) ''The Guardian''. ''Guardian News and Media''. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app (Accessed: March 17, 2023).</ref><ref>Vincent, James (5 December 2022). [https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers "AI-generated answers temporarily banned on coding Q&A site Stack Overflow"]</ref><ref>"[https://aitoolstoknow.com/ai-tools/chatgpt-4/ How to use Chatgpt?]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''AI Tools To Know''.</ref> ==Astaamaha== ChatGPT wuxuu leeyahay tirooyin badan oo kala duwan oo uu si wanaagsan u adeegsado waxyaabaha qoraalka ee la xiriira dabeecad natiijada ah, sida fahamka luqadda, dhaqdhaqaaqa tifaftirka ah, qorshe cilmiyeed, taageero luqadda kala duwan, fahamka xiriirka xalaynta ah, kala saaridda shaqeeynta, falanqaynta hadal, kor u kacaya macluumaadka, iyo waxyaabaha kale. Waxaa la baran doonaa kuwaas oo dhamaystiran macluumaadka hal-abuurka ah, iyo qalabka uu leeyahay inuu fahamo maana iyo xiriirka ereyada iyo sentensiyada.<ref>''Wordlex''. (2021, September 1). Microsoft launches new Bing chatbot: Use it like this! Retrieved March 18, 2023, from https://wordlex.org/technology/microsoft-launches-new-bing-chatgpt-use-it-like-this/ {{Wayback|url=https://wordlex.org/technology/microsoft-launches-new-bing-chatgpt-use-it-like-this/ |date=20230320184206 }}</ref> ==Bilowga == [[File:ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg|thumb|Dalalka Loo Isticmaalay ChatGPT]] ChatGBT waxaa la bilaabay Noofambar 30, 2022, OpenAI – San Francisco, oo ah abuurayaasha DAL-E iyo WhisperAI. Adeeggan waxaa markii hore loo soo bandhigay dadweynaha bilaash, iyadoo la qorsheeyay in laga faa'iidaysto dambe. Diseembar 4, 2022, ChatGBT waxay lahayd in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaale. Janaayo 2023, ChatGBT waxay gaartay in ka badan 100 milyan oo isticmaale, taasoo ka dhigaysa abka fariimaha macaamiisha ee ugu kobaca badan ilaa maanta. CNBC ayaa ku warantay Diseembar 15, 2022, in adeeggu wali la kulmayo cillado marmar ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, nooca bilaashka ah ee adeeggu wuu gaabnaa. Inta lagu jiro muddada hawlgalka, waqtiyada jawaab celintu waxay caadi ahaan ka dhakhso badnaayeen shan ilbiriqsi Janaayo 2023. Adeeggu wuxuu si fiican ugu shaqeeyaa Ingiriisiga laakiin sidoo kale wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu ku shaqeeyo luqado kale, isagoo leh heerar kala duwan oo guul ah. Si ka duwan horumarro kale oo heer sare ah oo dhawaanahan laga sameeyay sirdoonka macmalka ah, laga bilaabo Diseembar 2022, ma jiro wax tilmaamaya warqad farsamo oo rasmi ah oo dib loo eegay oo ku saabsan ChatGPT. Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi-baaraha martida u ah OpenAI Scott Aronson, OpenAI waxay ka shaqeyneysaa qalab lagu calaamadeeyo nidaamyada qoraalka soo saara si dijitaal ah si loola dagaallamo jilayaasha xun iyadoo adeegyadeeda loo adeegsanayo xatooyada tacliinta ama spam. Shirkaddu waxay ka digaysaa in qalabkan, oo loo yaqaan AI Classifier (qoraalka AI soo saaray), uu u badan yahay inuu soo saaro kala-soocid badan oo khaldan, mararka qaarkoodna kalsooni xad dhaaf ah. Hal tusaale oo lagu soo xigtay The Atlantic ayaa muujiyay in markii la siiyay khadadka furitaanka ee Genesis, barnaamijku uu soo gabagabeeyay in ay u badan tahay inuu soo saaray AI. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ===Mareeg kale=== * [https://velcono.com/chat-gpt/ Earn Money form Chat GPT] {{Wayback|url=https://velcono.com/chat-gpt/ |date=20230315190429 }} [[Category:Barnaamij]] [[Category:Barnaamijka]] [[Category:Software]] s0swe20xmdx8cuyp2mfi4xgde3cq20t 0 39797 301764 301513 2026-07-11T17:15:23Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Clan tree */ 301764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. ==Distribution== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road (Wadada Madaarka Egal)'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Wa'eys Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Salah Mohamed *************Osman Salah **************Abokor Osman ***************Hassan Abokor ****************Muuse Hassan ****************Laqshe Hassan ****************Basiralle Hassan ****************Dhimbil Hassan *****************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) ******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) ******************Musa Mohamed *******************Farah Muuse *******************Adawe Muuse *******************Aden Muuse *****************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ******************Abdalle Muse *******************Muse Abdalle ********************Mahamoud Muuse *********************Shirdon Mohamoud *********************Hildiid Mohamoud **********************Ali Hildiid **********************Geedi Hildiid **********************Hersi Hildiid ********************Abdalleh Muuse *********************Jibirl Abdalle **********************Kalil Jibirl ***********************Hersi Kalil ***********************Egal Kalil ***********************Wais Kalil ***********************Ali kalil ************************Said Ali ************************Koshin Ali ************************Arale Ali ************************Osman Ali ************************Guled Ali ************************Amare Ali ************************Boqorreh Ali **********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ***********************Aden Mohamed ************************Benin Aden ************************Nour Aden ************************Ali Aden ************************Adan Aden **********************Abdi Jibril ***********************Ali Abdi ************************Mumin Ali ************************Naleye Ali ************************Hussein Ali *************************Abdalle Hussien *************************Mohamed Hussien *************************Nour Hussein *************************Jama Hussien **************************Hassan Jama **************************Aden Jama **************************Guled Jama ***************************Abdalle Guled ***************************Mohamed Guled ***************************Hassan Guled ***********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ************************Ismail Nour ************************Hersi Nour ************************Gabal Nour ************************Mohamed Nour ***********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ************************Naleye Benin ************************Ahmed Benin ************************Hersi Benin ************************Warfa Benin ************************Samter Benin ************************Abdi Benin ************************Fatah Benin ************************Aden Benin ************************Dirie Benin ************************Farah Benin ************************Dahir Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Guled Benin ************************Shirwa Benin ************************Abane Benin ************************Abdille Benin ************************Yusuf Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Roble Benin ************************Osman Benin ***********************Abdille Abdi ************************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) *************************Ismail Gallab *************************Asker Gallab ***********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ************************Gulled Eiye ************************Sharmake Eiye ***********************Mohamed Abdille ************************Ahmed Mohamed *************************Samter Ahmed *************************Ziyad Ahmed *************************Mayle Ahmed *************************Elmi Ahmed *************************Warfa Ahmed *************************Geedi Ahmed *************************Amanle Ahmed *************************Food Ahmed *************************Roble Ahmed *************************Ainanshe Ahmed *************************Wais Ahmed *************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **************************Ismail Dhible **************************Barre Dhible *************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Osman Abdi **********************Ismail Abdi **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Farah Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politiciancurrent mayor of Hargeisa city * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 73pu3nk1wc0gao0p9g7s0jpv34f2c9r 301977 301764 2026-07-12T11:20:17Z ~2026-39386-42 46464 /* Clan tree */ 301977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. ==Distribution== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road (Wadada Madaarka Egal)'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Wa'eys Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Salah Mohamed *************Osman Salah **************Abokor Osman ***************Hassan Abokor ****************Muuse Hassan ****************Laqshe Hassan ****************Basiralle Hassan ****************Dhimbil Hassan *****************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) ******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) ******************Musa Mohamed *******************Farah Muuse *******************Adawe Muuse *******************Aden Muuse *****************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ******************Abdalle Muse *******************Muse Abdalle ********************Mahamoud Muuse *********************Shirdon Mohamoud **********************Hamud Shirdon **********************Jama Shirdon **********************Geele Shirdon *********************Hildiid Mohamoud **********************Ali Hildiid **********************Geedi Hildiid **********************Hersi Hildiid ********************Abdalleh Muuse *********************Jibirl Abdalle **********************Kalil Jibirl ***********************Hersi Kalil ***********************Egal Kalil ***********************Wais Kalil ***********************Ali kalil ************************Said Ali ************************Koshin Ali ************************Arale Ali ************************Osman Ali ************************Guled Ali ************************Amare Ali ************************Boqorreh Ali **********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ***********************Aden Mohamed ************************Benin Aden ************************Nour Aden ************************Ali Aden ************************Adan Aden **********************Abdi Jibril ***********************Ali Abdi ************************Mumin Ali ************************Naleye Ali ************************Hussein Ali *************************Abdalle Hussien *************************Mohamed Hussien *************************Nour Hussein *************************Jama Hussien **************************Hassan Jama **************************Aden Jama **************************Guled Jama ***************************Abdalle Guled ***************************Mohamed Guled ***************************Hassan Guled ***********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ************************Ismail Nour ************************Hersi Nour ************************Gabal Nour ************************Mohamed Nour ***********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ************************Naleye Benin ************************Ahmed Benin ************************Hersi Benin ************************Warfa Benin ************************Samter Benin ************************Abdi Benin ************************Fatah Benin ************************Aden Benin ************************Dirie Benin ************************Farah Benin ************************Dahir Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Guled Benin ************************Shirwa Benin ************************Abane Benin ************************Abdille Benin ************************Yusuf Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Roble Benin ************************Osman Benin ***********************Abdille Abdi ************************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) *************************Ismail Gallab *************************Asker Gallab ***********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ************************Gulled Eiye ************************Sharmake Eiye ***********************Mohamed Abdille ************************Ahmed Mohamed *************************Samter Ahmed *************************Ziyad Ahmed *************************Mayle Ahmed *************************Elmi Ahmed *************************Warfa Ahmed *************************Geedi Ahmed *************************Amanle Ahmed *************************Food Ahmed *************************Roble Ahmed *************************Ainanshe Ahmed *************************Wais Ahmed *************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **************************Ismail Dhible **************************Barre Dhible *************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Osman Abdi **********************Ismail Abdi **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Farah Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politiciancurrent mayor of Hargeisa city * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} lvj9b0ai5gb9hqbcqjd8329djsw3h12 301992 301977 2026-07-12T11:45:50Z ~2026-39386-42 46464 /* Clan tree */ 301992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. ==Distribution== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road (Wadada Madaarka Egal)'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Wa'eys Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Salah Mohamed *************Osman Salah **************Abokor Osman ***************Hassan Abokor ****************Muuse Hassan ****************Laqshe Hassan ****************Basiralle Hassan ****************Dhimbil Hassan *****************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) ******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) ******************Musa Mohamed *******************Farah Muuse *******************Adawe Muuse *******************Aden Muuse *****************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ******************Abdalle Muse *******************Muse Abdalle ********************Mahamoud Muuse *********************Shirdon Mohamoud **********************Hamud Shirdon **********************Jama Shirdon **********************Geele Shirdon *********************Hildiid Mohamoud **********************Ali Hildiid **********************Osman Hildiid **********************Geedi Hildiid **********************Hersi Hildiid ********************Abdalleh Muuse *********************Jibirl Abdalle **********************Kalil Jibirl ***********************Hersi Kalil ***********************Egal Kalil ***********************Wais Kalil ***********************Ali kalil ************************Said Ali ************************Koshin Ali ************************Arale Ali ************************Osman Ali ************************Guled Ali ************************Amare Ali ************************Boqorreh Ali **********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ***********************Aden Mohamed ************************Benin Aden ************************Nour Aden ************************Ali Aden ************************Adan Aden **********************Abdi Jibril ***********************Ali Abdi ************************Mumin Ali ************************Naleye Ali ************************Hussein Ali *************************Abdalle Hussien *************************Mohamed Hussien *************************Nour Hussein *************************Jama Hussien **************************Hassan Jama **************************Aden Jama **************************Guled Jama ***************************Abdalle Guled ***************************Mohamed Guled ***************************Hassan Guled ***********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ************************Ismail Nour ************************Hersi Nour ************************Gabal Nour ************************Mohamed Nour ***********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ************************Naleye Benin ************************Ahmed Benin ************************Hersi Benin ************************Warfa Benin ************************Samter Benin ************************Abdi Benin ************************Fatah Benin ************************Aden Benin ************************Dirie Benin ************************Farah Benin ************************Dahir Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Guled Benin ************************Shirwa Benin ************************Abane Benin ************************Abdille Benin ************************Yusuf Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Roble Benin ************************Osman Benin ***********************Abdille Abdi ************************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) *************************Ismail Gallab *************************Asker Gallab ***********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ************************Gulled Eiye ************************Sharmake Eiye ***********************Mohamed Abdille ************************Ahmed Mohamed *************************Samter Ahmed *************************Ziyad Ahmed *************************Mayle Ahmed *************************Elmi Ahmed *************************Warfa Ahmed *************************Geedi Ahmed *************************Amanle Ahmed *************************Food Ahmed *************************Roble Ahmed *************************Ainanshe Ahmed *************************Wais Ahmed *************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **************************Ismail Dhible **************************Barre Dhible *************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Osman Abdi **********************Ismail Abdi **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Farah Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politiciancurrent mayor of Hargeisa city * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} m3v1zfz4lc0wwp3iyktx10lulusnf1p 0 41488 301737 273937 2026-07-11T12:31:31Z CabdiMajied 41353 تغيير كامل للكلمة بسبب خطأ كبير 301737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Penis asiatischer Elefant.JPG|thumb|Guska ama cisalka maroodiga]] [[File:Papio hamadryas-adult penis-Lisbon 07.JPG|thumb|Guska ama cisalka daanyeerka]] [[File:Hung like a... (3389649295).jpg|thumb|guska ama cisalka fardaha]] [[File:Donkey penis.jpg|thumb|guska ama cisalka dameerka]] '''gus'' ([[ingiriis]]; animal penis) waa xubinta taranka ee xayawaano lab ah. Xubinta taranka labka xayawaanka (gcisal ama guska) waa qayb jirka ka mid ah oo laga helo inta badan xayawaanka labka ah, waxayna door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa taranka. Waxaa loo adeegsadaa in shahwada lagu geliyo jirka dhedigga inta lagu jiro galmada, taasoo keeni karta dhalashada xoolo yar yar. Gusku wuu ka duwanaan karaa xayawaanka noocyadooda kala duwan—mararka qaar wuu sahlan yahay, mararka kalena wuu adag yahay. Tusaale ahaan, guska eeygu wuu ka duwan yahay kan faraska ama kan dolphins-ka. Inkasta oo ay kala duwan yihiin, shaqada ugu weyn ayaa ah mid isku mid ah: in shahwada labka la geeyo si ukunta dhedigga loo bacrimiyo. Tani waa qayb dabiici ah oo ka mid ah sida xayawaanku noocyadooda u sii wadaan. [[Category:Saxaax]] dtjtx0989qzb8sd4f9rhds87kd92tp2 0 41696 301746 299395 2026-07-11T13:04:49Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Clan tree */ 301746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac | | group = Eidagale <br> عيدَ جلي | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region2={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c =Isaaq and Other,clan. }} '''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud-Eidagalle) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxa ay rasmi ahaan u deggaan Gobollada Maroodijeex iyo Togdheer ee Somaliland iyo Dalka Ethiopia. ==Baahsanaanta== Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin dalka ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor,iyo Awaare. Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo si wayn looyaqaano loona ixtiraamo, laguna magaacabo Isahakia.<ref>Waal, Alexander De (1993). "Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63"</ref><ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. <nowiki>ISBN 9781315308173</nowiki>.</ref> ==Tariikhda (History)== ===Xiliyadii Dhexe (Medieval period) === Taariikh ahaan, beesha Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd beelihii ka qayb galay dagaalladii lagu qaaday boqortooyadii Xabashida waxayna hoos tagi jireen [https://so.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanadii_Cadal Saldanaddii Adal]. Waxay si gaar ah ugu xusan yihiin buugga ''Futuh al-Habash'' (Futuxul Xabash) oo lagu tilmaamay in beelahaasi yihiin ''Habar Magaadle''. Habar Magaadle waxaa laga soo saaray halyeeygii taariikhiga ahaa ee Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen, oo ahaa gacanta midig ee Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Ciidagale—gaar ahaan beesha [[Abokor muuse|Abokor Muse]]—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo, taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha , gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada Herar. Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen Magalada zelia.</blockquote>jifo kale oo muhiim ah oo ka tirsana laanta Cabdiraxmaan Muuse, kaasoo ka qayb qaatay dagaladii Axmed Gurey , waxaa lagu nanaysaa Gashaanbuur oo ah Hussein Abokor Matan, oo ah geesiyadii ka qaybqaatay dagalkii iyo difaciiba Axmarada ee Axmed Gurey . Cilmibaare I. M. Lewis wuxuu xusay in jiray laba Axmed Gurey oo la isku khalday: <blockquote>Buuggu wuxuu tilmaamayaa laba Axmed oo loogu yeero ‘midig-la’. Mid waxaa lagu magacaabaa "Axmed Gurey Soomaali", oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay Axmed Gurey Xuseen, hogaamiye ka tirsanaa Habar Magaadle. Midka kalena waxaa loogu yeeraa “Iimaam Axmed”. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in labadaas Axmed la isku khalday oo laga dhigay hal halyeey oo kali ah.<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). *Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982*. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782845864924.</ref></blockquote> Qabriga Sheekh Aw Barkhadle oo u dhexeeya [[Berbera]] iyo [[Hargeysa]] wuxuu ahaa goob barakeysan oo beelaha ''Isaaq'' iyo Eidagalleh ay u adeegsadeen dhaarista, heshiisiinta iyo xallinta khilaafaadka. Beesha Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah hogaamiyeyaasha dhaqanka, ayaa door muhiim ah ka qaadatay maamulka goobtan barakeysan.Gaar ahaan, goobtan waxaa miisaan weyn ku lahaa Salaadiinta iyo Ugaasyada dhaqanka. Beelaha si gaar ah uga qayb qaatay ilaalinta sharafta iyo shaqada goobta barakeysan ee Aw Barkhadle waxaa ka mid ahayd beesha Ciidagale. Ciidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen geesinimadooda dagaal iyo hibadooda suugaaneed, waxayna sidoo kale hayeen xilka qiimaha badan ee ah dhexdhexaadiyeyaal iyo ilaalinayaal dhaqanka xeerka Soomaalida. Odayaasha la qadariyo ee beesha ayaa inta badan guddoomin jiray dhaarista heshiisyada iyo xallinta muranada lagu qabto Aw Barkhadle, si loo ilaaliyo heshiisyada loona sugo nabadda iyo wada noolaanshaha bulshada <blockquote>Marka la kulmo arrin adag oo saameynaysa beelaha Isaaq , waxaa la keenaa waraaq si gaar ah loo ilaaliyo oo yaalla qabriga, kuna saxiixan yahay Bilaal, addoonkii Khaliifadii hore. Dhaaro cusub ayaa lagu kala qaadayaa. Sannadkii 1846, waxa la keenay Berbera oo ay wateen beesha Ciidagale, halkaas oo beelaha Aala Axmed iyo Aala Yuusuf ku dhaarteen inay nabad ku noolaadaan.<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref></blockquote>Eidagale waxay si dhaqameed u lahaayeen doorka hoggaaminta gudaha iyo nabadeynta khilaafaadka, iyagoo lagu yaqaan xigmadda iyo kartida suugaanta. Xeer-beegti iyo gabyaa caan ah ayaa kasoo jeeda, waxaana ay adeegsadaan xeer-Soomaaliyeed, dood furan iyo gabayo si ay u xalliyaan ismaandhaafka. Duqeyda beesha waxay inta badan ahaayeen garsoorayaal dhexdhexaad ah marka ay colaado ka dhex qarxaan beelaha walaalaha ah. Aw Barkhadle ayaa mar walba ahayd goobta ugu sarreysa ee dhaar iyo heshiis lagu sameeyo. Hoggaamiyeyaasha Eidagale ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaari jiray dhexdhexaadinta khilaafaadka u dhexeeya beelaha—iyagoo noqday kuwa isku xira kooxaha is haya oo nabad ka dhex abuura. Mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu barakeysan ee heshiisyada nabadeed lagu gaari jiray wuxuu ahaa quduuska Aw Barkhadle, oo ku yaalla inta u dhexeysa Berbera iyo Hargeysa. Halkaas ayaa lagu dhaaran jiray, iyadoo la isticmaalayo agab quduus ah, waxaana lagu xoojin jiray heshiisyo nabadeed oo waara—taasoo muujinaysa kaalinta ay Eidagale ku lahaayeen ilaalinta dhaqanka iyo sharciga.<blockquote>Xilliyada khatarta dibadda ah, sida soo galootiga gumaysiga ama dagaallada beelaha, Eidagale waxay si degdeg ah isu abaabuli jireen una midoobi jireen difaaca dhulkooda, iyagoo noqda ilaalayaasha deegaankooda. Dhaqankaas qotoda dheer ee hoggaaminta iyo dhexdhexaadinta waxaa si muuqata u matalayey halyeyaal sida Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria, kaasoo saameyn weyn ku lahaa dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad—wuxuuna astaan u ahaa sii socoshada awoodda Eidagale ee xagga maamulka dhaqanka iyo dhexdhexaadinta beelaha.</blockquote> Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad, Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria wuxuu ka soo dhex baxay isagoo noqday mid ka mid ah madax-dhaqameedyadii ugu magaca dheeraa beesha Isaaq, gaar ahaan beesha Eidagale. Waxaa si weyn loogu xusuustaa xikmaddiisa iyo kartidiisa dhexdhexaadin, wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta xeerka Soomaalida, iyo maareynta xiriirka lala lahaa gumaystihii Ingiriiska. Hoggaamintiisu waxay xoojisay nidaamka dhaqameed xilli ay jireen isbeddello siyaasadeed oo waaweyn. Maanta, dhaxalkiisii hoggaamineed si weyn ayaa looga xurmeynayaa guud ahaan Somaliland. Eidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, waxaana weeraradoodii xoogga badnaa ay gaadhi jireen laga bilaabo xeebta ilaa gudaha dalka. Sida uu sheegay Carlos Swayne, oo dhex maray Somaliland dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, Eidagale waxay ka mid ahaayeen beelaha ugu jecel weerarada: <blockquote>“Beelaha ku dhow xeebta waqooyi ee ugu jecel weerarada waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin Habr Awal, Eidagale, iyo Habr Gerhajis.”<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.</ref></blockquote> Marka laga soo tago xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, Eidagale sidoo kale waxay caan ku yihiin fasahaaddooda suugaanta dhaqanka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan gabayga. Waxay soo saareen gabayaaal caan ah sida Xasan Tarabi iyo Elmi Boodhari. Taariikh ahaan, Eidagale waxaa beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed u aqoonsanaayeen khubaro suugaanta gabayga:<ref>Diriye, p. 75.</ref> <blockquote> “Beelaha Soomaaliyeed dhexdeeda, Eidagale waxaa lagu yaqaan khubarnimada tirinta gabayada. Hal gabyaa oo ka tirsan Eidagale laga yaabee inuusan ka heer sarreyn gabyaa wanaagsan oo beel kale ah, laakiin Eidagale waxay u muuqdaan inay gabyaaal badan ka jiraan marka loo eego beelaha kale. ‘Haddii aad halkaan keento boqol nin oo Eidagale ah,’ ayuu ii sheegay Hersi Jaamac, ‘oo aad waydiiso kee gabaygiisa tirin kara, sagaashan iyo shan baa tirin kara. Inta kale weli way baranayaan.’”<ref>Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref></blockquote> [[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|250px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref>]] Qarnigyo badan, beesha Eidagale waxay door muhiim ah ku lahayd ganacsigii geela ee fog ee Soomaaliyeed. Ganacsatada Eidagale waxay ka soo heli jireen agabyo kala duwan gobolka Soomaalida ee dhulka hadda loo yaqaan Itoobiya, sida xoolaha, malmalka (acacia gum), muxurta (myrrh), iyo subagga, kuwaas oo markii dambe loo dhoofin jiray Koonfurta Carabta. Ganacsatada karavaanka ee Eidagale waxay aasaaseen xarumo ganacsi oo muhiim ah gudaha dalka, kuwaas oo ay ka mid tahay magaalada casriga ah ee Hargeysa, taasoo la aasaasay qarnigii 19aad, kana ahayd meel isgoys ah oo u dhexeysa Berbera iyo gudaha Soomaalida.Hargeysa waxaa asal ahaan loo aasaasay bartamaha qarnigii 19aad si ay u noqoto xarun karavaan oo xiriirisa Berbera iyo gudaha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}</ref><ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.</ref> Qayb dhownaata oo laga qaaday khariidaddii 1885 ee ay daabacday Royal Geographical Society ayaa si cad u muujinaysa joogitaanka dhuleed ee beesha Eidagale. Khariidaddu waxay calaamadaynaysaa magaalada Hargeysa (oo ku qoran ''Harrer-es-Sagheer''), iyadoo beesha Eidagale loogu yeedhay ''Eed-a-galleh'' kuna muujisan inay deggan yihiin gudaha iyo nawaaxiga deegaankaas. Buuraleyda Naasa Hablood, oo khariidadda lagu qoray ''Nas Hubla'', sidoo kale waa lagu sawiray, taasoo xoojinaysa isku xirka juqraafiyeed iyo dhaqan ee beesha Eidagale ee gobolkaasi.<ref>Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Eidagale waxaa si weyn loogu yaqaannaa xirfaddooda suugaanta, gaar ahaan gabayga, kaas oo kaalin weyn ku leh aqoonsigooda iyo dhaqankooda. Waxaa lagu tiriyaa dad xigmadda iyo hadal-fasahaadda ku caan baxay, iyagoo gabayga u adeegsada sidii ay u xafidi lahaayeen taariikhda, u gudbin lahaayeen qiimaha bulsheed, una xallin lahaayeen khilaafaadka. Waxaa hadal caan ah oo laga dhex maqlo odhanaya: "Nin aan gabayn karin weli ma dhalan." Tani waxay muujinaysaa sida gabaygu uga yahay laf-dhabar aqoonta iyo wada-noolaanshaha bulshada Eidagale.</blockquote> Marka laga soo tago hidda-sugaaneedkooda, beesha Eidagale waxay sidoo kale caan ku yihiin xirfadda xoolo-dhaqatada, gaar ahaan dhaqashada geela, oo ah tiirka ugu weyn ee dhaqaalahooda iyo noloshooda reer guuraanimada. Geelu wuxuu leeyahay qiimo weyn, wuxuuna astaan u yahay hanti, sharaf, iyo adkaysi. Khibraddooda dheer ee ku saabsan dhaqashada iyo daryeelka geela waxay ka tarjumaysaa aqoon jiilal badan soo jirtay, taasoo ka dhigaysa dad si heer sare ah u yaqaan sida loo ilaaliyo loona kobciyo xoolaha. Isku dhafka suugaantooda afka ah iyo xirfaddooda xoolo-dhaqatada ayaa ah labada tiir ee ugu waaweyn ee dhaxalka dhaqameed ee beesha Eidagale—waa hiddo soo jireen ah oo qoto dheer leh, taasoo weli si xooggan u qeexaysa aqoonsigooda jiilba jiil. An image illustrating 19th-century trade: Beesha Eidagale waxay si weyn ugaga qayb qaadatay ganacsiga guud ee geela iyo agabka dabiiciga ah ee gobolka. Karavaannadii ka yimid gudaha gudaha ayaa halkan ku degi jiray, iyagoo ka ganacsan jiray muxur, malmal, subag iyo xoolo, taasoo Berbera ka dhigtay xarun ganacsi oo istiraatiiji ah oo u xiriiriya gudaha iyo suuqyada caalamiga ah. <blockquote>Soomaalida beesha Eidagale ayaa ka yimaada Ogaadeen iyagoo wata baallo, muxur, malmal, ari, lo’, iyo subag; beddelkeedna waxay ka qaataan dhar jumlo ah. Xilligiiba afar jeer ayay safarradan samaynayaan. Ma joogaan wax ka badan hal bil, intay joogaanna waxay la deggan yihiin reerahooda, cunadoodana waxay ku cunaan makhbaza, ama goobaha cuntada lagu wada cuno.<ref>Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia*. Cengage Gale. p. 41.</ref></blockquote> ==Saltanate == Saldanadda Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd nidaamyadii ugu faca weynaa ee dhaqanka iyo hoggaanka bulshada ee ka jiray beesha Eidagele. Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah jilibyada waaweyn ee beesha, waxay lahayd hoggaan u gaar ah oo ku dhisnaa xeer, garsoor, iyo midnimo bulsho, kuwaas oo muddo qarniyo ah hagayay bulshada.Nidaamka Saldanaddu wuxuu ku shaqayn jiray hab-dhaqan Soomaaliyeed oo salka ku haya odaynimo, garaad, iyo wada-tashi. Suldaanada iyo ugaasyadu waxay ahaayeen dad lagu yaqaan caqli, hal-adayg, iyo karti hoggaamineed, kana shaqeeya ilaalinta nabadda, xallinta khilaafaadka, iyo u doodista xuquuqda beesha. Saldanadda fawaynta ahayd ee qarniyo badan talinta soo haysay, ayaa asalkeedu dib ugu laabtaa qarnigii 17-aad, xilligii uu aasaasay ''Suldaan Guleed Cabdi Ciise o ah Abdirahman Muuse'' — ''oo ahaa suldaanka guud ee beesha Isaaq''. Muddo dheer ayay saldanaddani ahayd tiir dhexe oo hoggaan, xeer iyo xasillooni u horseeda bulshada, waxaana magaceedu ku dhex lahaa sharaf, maamuus iyo miisaan dhaqan oo aan weli libdhin. Sidoo kale, hogaanka Abokor Muuse—oo ka tirsan faracyada waaweyn ee beesha Ciidagale—waxay leeyihiin taariikh dheer oo ku ladhan hoggaamin, halgan bulsho iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Qarnigii 15-aad iyo 16-aad, qaybo badan oo ka mid ah geedka qabiilka ayaa loo xusaa boqorro iyo ''ugaasyo'' ka soo jeeda Reerah iyo Qabiilada beesha Abokor Muuse, ku waas oo door muuqda ku lahaa difaaca bulshada, hagidda dhaqanka iyo ilaalinta nidaamka beesha. ==Clan tree== A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.<ref name="survey 147">Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.</ref> *Daoud(Eidagalle) **[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] ***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal) ***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) ***Urkurag Mohamed ****Ali Urkurag *****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali *****Mahamoud Ali *****Ahmed Ali *****Ismail Ali ******Ali Ismail *******Osman Ali (Rer Osman) *******Jama Ali *******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw) *******Yonis Ali *******Ileiye Ali *******Hagga Ali *******Nuh Ali ********Ali Nuh *******Aden Ali ********Guled Aden ********Ali Aden *******Roble Ali (Rer Rooble) ********Hassan Roble *********Jibril Hassan **********Aden Jibril **********Mohamed Jibril *********Deria Hassan **********Mohamed Deria **********Hussein Deria ********Ali Roble *********Warfa Ali *********Farah Ali **********Hassan Farah *********Abdalle Ali *******Abdalle Ali ********Geedi Abdalle (Rer Geedi) ********Mohamed Abdalle (Rer Mohamed) **Abokor Daoud ***Bilaal Abokor ****Mohamed Bilal *****Egal Mohamed *****Hassan Mohamed *****Farah Mohamed *****Yusuf Mohamed *****Wais Mohamed *****Roble Mohamed *****Egal Mohamed *****Abdi Mohamed ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Mohamed Aden ******Hassan Abdi *****Abdalle Mohamed ******Samter Abdalle ******Hussein Abdalle ******Abane Abdalle ******Mohamed Abdalle ******Wais Abdalle ******Hasan Abdalle ***Isse Abokor ****Dualeh Isse *****Musa Dualeh *****Mohamed Dualeh *****Deria Duleh *****Egal Dualeh *****Essa Dualeh *****Roble Dualeh *****Samter Duleh *****Farah Dualeh ****Hassan Isse *****Afi Hassan *****Hujale Hassan *****Abar Hassan *****Yusuf Hassan *****Shire Hassan *****Mohamed Hassan *****Warfa Hassan *****Barre Hassan *****Egal Hassan *****Mohamed Hassan ***Abokor Muuse ****Saleiban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Aralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Waisleh Osman **************Mahamoud Wais **************Arralleh Wais **************Hussein wais **************Saleiban Wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arreh Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Hassan Abokor ***********Muuse Hassan ***********Laqshe Hassan ***********Basiralle Hassan ***********Dhimbil Hassan ************Mohammed Dhimbil *************Musa Mohamed **************Adawe Muuse ***************Absiye Adawe ***************Allamagn Adawe ***************Yusuf Adawe ***************Liban Adawe ***************Roble Adawe ***************Osman Adawe ***************Egal Adawe ***************Wais Adawe **************Aden Muuse ***************Had Adan ***************Roble Aden ***************Abane Aden ***************Ali Aden ***************Wais Aden ***************Burale Aden ***************Geedi Aden ***************Boqorre Aden ****************Sugulle Boqore ****************Liban Boqorre ****************Warfa Boqorre ****************Koshin Boqorre ****************Shiekhdon Boqorre *************Mucawiye Mohamed **************Samter Muawiye **************Ali Muawiye *************Fatah Mohamed **************Awarre Fatah **************Mohamed Fatah **************Hassan Fatah **************Cisman fatah *************Gled (Wardon) Mohamed **************Hussein Guled **************Egal Guled **************Yusuf Guled **************Roble Guled **************Abdi Guled **************Elmi Guled **************Samter Guled ************Muuse Dhimbil *************Mahamoud Muuse **************Shirdon Mohamoud ***************Hamud Shirdon ***************Suldan Shirdon ***************Geele Shirdon ***************Osman Shirdon ***************Egal Shirdon ***************Mohamed Shirdon ***************Yusuf Shirdon **************Hildiid Mohamoud ***************Ali Hildiid ***************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) ****************Odawa Geedi *****************Odawa Odawa *****************Mahamoud Odawa ****************Geele Geedi ****************Nour(Shire) Geedi ****************Haji Dirie Geedi ****************Samter Geedi ****************Ahmed Geedi ****************Ali Geedi ****************Roble Geedi ***************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ****************Ali Hersi ****************Guled Hersi ****************Egal Hersi ****************Aden Hersi ****************Mahamoud Hersi ****************Fahiye Hersi *****************Roble Fahiye ******************Elmi Roble ******************Jama Elmi ******************Ali Elmi *****************Rage Roble *****************Elmi Rage ******************Wais Rage ******************Geedi Rage ******************Hersi Rage *************Abdalleh Muuse **************Jibirl Abdalle ***************Siad Jibril ****************Wais Siad ****************Abdalle Siad ***************Kalil Jibirl ***************Ali kalil ****************Said Ali ****************Koshin Ali ****************Boqorreh Ali ***************Saeed Jibril ****************Abdi Said *****************Abdalle Abdi *****************Roble Abdi ***************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ****************Wais Aden ****************Benin Aden ****************Nur Aden ****************Muse Aden ****************Samter Aden ****************Abdalle Aden ****************Jama Aden ****************Eileie Adan ****************Barre Aden ****************Ibrahim Aden ****************Khalaf Aden ****************Ali Aden ****************Adan Aden *****************Ahmed Aden *****************Eiye Aden ***************Abdi Jibril ****************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *****************Abdalle Ali ******************Musa Abdalle *****************Hussein Ali *****************Jama Hussien *****************Nour Hussein *****************Farah Hussien *****************Wa'ays Hussein *****************Hersi Hussien ******************Muhumad Hersi ******************Abdi Hersi ******************Ali Hersi ******************Aidid Hersi *****************Mumin Ali ******************Egal Mumin ******************Jama Mumin ******************Urmah Mumin *******************Dhible Urmah *******************Ismail Urmah *****************Naleye Ali ******************Jama Naleye ******************Dualeh Naleye ******************Warfa Naleye ******************Abdi Naleye ******************Egal Naleye ******************Arralleh Egal *******************Elmi Aralleh *******************Aw-Jama Arralleh ****************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *****************Ismail Nour ******************Gabal Ismail ******************Abdi Ismail ******************Barre Ismail *****************Hersi Nour ******************Hugur Hersi ******************Osman Hersi ******************Bacalul Hersi ******************Ali Hersi ******************Aden Hersi *****************Gabal Nour *****************Mohamed Nour ******************Mohamed Omar *******************Hussein Mohamed ********************Wais Husien ********************Hujale Husien ********************Dirie Husien *******************Sharmake Mohamed ********************Roble Sharmake ********************Nour Sharmake ********************Jama Sharmake *********************Hudale Jama *********************Yasin Jama *******************Allale Mohamed ********************Egal Allale *********************Hassan Egal **********************Omar Hassan **********************Ahmed Hassan ****************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *****************Naleye Benin *****************Ahmed Benin *****************Hersi Benin *****************Warfa Benin *****************Samter Benin *****************Abdi Benin *****************Fatah Benin *****************Dirie Benin *****************Osman Benin ****************Abdille Abdi *****************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ******************Ismail Gallab ******************Asker Gallab ******************Dahir Gallab ******************Wais Gallab ******************Ali Gallab ******************Jama Gallab ******************Roble Gallab ******************Abdi Gallab ******************Yusuf Gallab ******************Farah Gallab *****************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ******************Gulled Eiye *******************Deria Guled ********************Abokor Deria ********************Osman Derie ********************Khalaf Derie *******************Kalil Guled ********************Farah kalil ********************Ali Kalil ********************Hassan Kalil ********************Osman Kalil ********************Aden Kalil ******************Sharmake Eiye *******************Barre Sharmake *******************Omar Sharmake *******************Hager Sharmake ********************Farah Hager ********************Geedi Hagar ********************Adan Hagar ********************Boqorre Hagar ********************Elmi Hagar *****************Mohamed Abdille ******************Ahmed Mohamed *******************Samter Ahmed *******************Ziyad Ahmed *******************Mayle Ahmed *******************Geedi Ahmed *******************Amanle Ahmed *******************Food Ahmed *******************Dhible Ahmed ********************Ismail Dhible ********************Egal Dhible *******************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) ********************Cadad Ali ********************Deria Ali ********************Egal Ali ********************Jibril Ali ********************kalil Ali *********************Magan kalil *********************Deria Kalil *********************Abdi kalil *********************Aden kalil *********************Yusuf kalil *******************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) ********************Derie Gubadleh *********************Ismail Derie *********************Gubtame Derie *********************Nour Derie *********************Mohamoud Derie *********************Omar Derie *********************Dualeh Derie *********************Hussein Derie *********************Wa'ays Derie *********************Yusuf Derie ********************Boqorre Gubdleh *********************Hersi Boqorre *********************Ali Boqorre *********************Abdille Boqorre *********************Hirad Boqorre *********************Asker Boqorre *********************Mohamed Boqorre *********************Aw Hassan Boqorre *********************Ismail Boqorre *********************Shire Boqorre *********************Hashi Boqorre *********************Mohamoud (Bahnan) Boqorre ************Ahmed Dhimbil *************Musa Ahmed *************Waisleh Ahmed *************Osman Ahmed *************Liban Ahmed *************Abdi Liban **************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ***************Aden Ismail ***************Iman Ismail ***************Bulale Ismail ***************Geedi Ismail ***************Idiris Ismail ***************Yusuf Ismail ***************Koshin Ismail ***************Hersi Ismail ***************Shirwac Ismail ***************Said Ismail **************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) ***************Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarer) ****************Nour Sarar ****************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ****************Farah Sarar ****************Yusuf Sarar ****************Dualeh Sarar ****************Elmi Sarar ***************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed ****************Koshin Ahmed ****************Samter Ahmed ****************Uballe Ahmed ****************Hurie (Egal) Ahmed ****************Waraf Ahmed ****************Karie Ahmed ****************Mohamed Ahmed **********Aden Abokor ***********( Aden Mohamed) ************Issa Aden ************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) *************Abdi Awal **************Had Abdi **************Nour Abdi **************Ahmed Abdi **************Liban Abdi **************Omar Abdi **************Aden Abdi **************Geedi Abdi **************Ibrahim Abdi **************Mohamoud Abdi *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan ***************Aden Ladon ****************Herar Ladon ****************Jama Ladon ****************Ali Ladon ****************Fahiye Ladon **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago) ***************Ahmed Abdalle ***************Halas Ahmed ****************Osman Halas ****************Samter Halas ****************Egal Ahmed *****************Wais Egal *****************Madar Egal ****************Geedi Ahmed *****************Samter Geedi *****************Mohamed Geedi *****************Dalal Geedi *****************Fatah Geedi *****************Waisleh Geedi *****************Allamagan Geedi ******************Guled Allamagan ******************Egal Allamagan *****************Hode Geedi ******************Farah Hode ******************Yusuf Hode ******************Geele Geedi *****************Ahmed Geele ******************Dahir Geele ******************Nour Geele *****************Ali Geedi ******************Osman Ali ******************Hassan Ali ******************Abdalle Ali ******************Yusuf Ali ******************Aden Ali ***Abdirahman Muuse ****Yonis Abdiraham *****Aden Yonis *****Ismail Yonis *****Ugadh Yonis *****Mohamed Yonis ****Abdalle Abdirahman *****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) ******Gadid Mohamed ******Abdalle Mohamed ******Loge Mohamed ****Ibrahim Abdalle *****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul) *****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri) ******Burale Abdi ******Geedi Abdi ******Aden Abdi ******Hersi Abdi *****Abokor Ibrahim ******Idileh Abokor (Rer Iidleh) *******Ismail Iidle *******Bare Iidle ******Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur) *******Roble Matan *******Hamud Matan *******Aden Matan *******Damal Aden ********Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon) ********Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) ********Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) ********Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) ********Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar) ********Essa Dhamal *********Aden Isse *********Warfa Isse *********Guled Isse *********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan) *********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse) *********Abdi Isse **********Mohamed Abdi **********Farah Abdi **********Eiye Abdi **********Aninanshe Abdi **********Amare Abdi **********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi **********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi **********Wais Abdi **********Rage Abdi **********Abdalle Abdi **********Aden Abdi **********Abdi Bari (Abdi Bari) **********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed) ==Notable figures== * Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – was a prominent Somali Scholar, vocalist, poet, and military leader. * Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF. * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. * Hassan Guure Jamac * Abwaan Dheeg * Idiris Haji Cisman Gurey * Siyasi Ali Mohamed Ibrahim (Ali Sanyare) * Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA) * Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership. * Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer * Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal) *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed , a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964 * Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq * Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007 * Jama Asker –Activist And Politician * Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal * Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist * Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate. * Abdi Bidhaan Dahir – Journalist * Abwan Muse Ali Farur * Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia * Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia * Bihi Egeh –Minister of Finance of Somalia * Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012 * Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city * Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==References== pi3l02jtdmk4rgy2ko5xt4fk9shkvld 0 47386 301976 298941 2026-07-12T11:17:34Z ~2026-39386-42 46464 /* Abtirsiin */ 301976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Rer Mohamoud | native_name = | regions = [[Hargeysa]] | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale }} Beesha '''Rer Mohamoud''' ({{lang-so|Mohamoud Muse}}, {{lang-en|Maxamuud Muuse}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Maxamuud Muuse Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Mohamoud Muuse waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Rer Mahamoud waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Mohamoud Muuse **Shirdon Mohamoud (Rer Shirdon) ***Hamud Shirdon ***Jama Shirdon ***Geele Shirdon **Hildiid Mohamoud ***Ali Hildiid ***Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) ****Odawa Geedi ****Wais Geedi ****Dalal Geedi ****Mohamed Geedi ****Ali Geedi ****Roble Geedi ****Farah Geedi ****Dahir Geedi ****Guled Geedi ****Musa Geedi ****Yonis geedi ****Warfa geedi *****Odawa Odawa *****Mahamoud Odawa ****Geele Geedi ****Mohamed Geedi ****Nour Geedi ****Dirie Geedi ****Shire Geedi ****Samter Geedi ****Aden Geedi ****Egal Geedi ****Ahmed Geedi ****Ali Geedi ****Wais Geedi ****Roble Geedi ***Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ****Ali Hersi ****Guled Hersi ****Shire Geedi ****Egal Hersi ****Aden Hersi ****Samter Hersi ****Osman Hersi ****Aden Hersi ****Mahamoud Hersi ****Yusuf Hersi ****Mohamed Hersi ****Deria Hersi ****Barre Hersi ****Said Hersi ****Osman Hersi ****Fahiye Hersi ****Omar Hersi ****Roble Fahiye ****Elmi Roble *****Jama Elmi *****Ali Elmi ****Rage Roble *****Elmi Rage *****Wais Rage ****Geedi Roble *****Aden Geedi *****Hersi Geedi {{tree list/end}} ==References=== hvmmfcafyf813fwaxtuj00mcgsrmq0m 0 47547 301765 301587 2026-07-11T17:22:02Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Abtirsiin */ 301765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Eratareya}}|region3={{flagcountry|Turkey}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama ***********Abdalle Guled ***********Mohamed Guled ***********Hassan Guled *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ***Hassan Jama ***Aden Jama ***Guled Jama **Abdalle Guled **Mohamed Guled **Hassan Guled ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== aipmeqb0s2ml57ae3raq64880q2i64k 301978 301765 2026-07-12T11:22:19Z ~2026-39386-42 46464 /* Abtirsiin */ 301978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Eratareya}}|region3={{flagcountry|Turkey}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama ***********Abdalle Guled ***********Mohamed Guled ***********Hassan Guled *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud ******Hamud Shirdon *****Jama Shirdon *****Geele Shirdon *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ***Hassan Jama ***Aden Jama ***Guled Jama **Abdalle Guled **Mohamed Guled **Hassan Guled ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== 35m5gvbsw34xowanuqhygbblgj1pmt4 301979 301978 2026-07-12T11:23:02Z ~2026-39386-42 46464 /* Abtirsiin */ 301979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Eratareya}}|region3={{flagcountry|Turkey}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama ***********Abdalle Guled ***********Mohamed Guled ***********Hassan Guled *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud ******Hamud Shirdon ******Jama Shirdon ******Geele Shirdon *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ***Hassan Jama ***Aden Jama ***Guled Jama **Abdalle Guled **Mohamed Guled **Hassan Guled ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== cde5fh20zv5fhonotreypxumzt8ofsn 301991 301979 2026-07-12T11:43:01Z ~2026-39386-42 46464 /* Abtirsiin */ 301991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Eratareya}}|region3={{flagcountry|Turkey}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien **********Hassan Jama **********Aden Jama **********Guled Jama ***********Abdalle Guled ***********Mohamed Guled ***********Hassan Guled *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud ******Hamud Shirdon ******Jama Shirdon ******Geele Shirdon *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Osman Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ***Hassan Jama ***Aden Jama ***Guled Jama **Abdalle Guled **Mohamed Guled **Hassan Guled ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== 892ej0lhmednzn0jd5ez1zdg3yj7ik2 0 47613 301854 298768 2026-07-12T03:51:51Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Sii toosintii ku socotay [[Shibis]] ayaa laga saaray 301854 wikitext text/x-wiki Hhhhhhhhhhhh 1f9oq3c3xownzacogz7767a9785lp9j 301855 301854 2026-07-12T03:52:25Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 /* */ 301855 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 48715 301818 301512 2026-07-12T03:34:47Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{db-author}} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" |- class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Degmada Collin, Texas</div> |- class="ib-settlement-caption" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category"> [[County (United States)|Degmada]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Collin_county_tx_courthouse.jpg|270x270px|The Collin County Courthouse in McKinney]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee McKinney </div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" | |} Collin County waa xarunta fadhiga dowlada countyga maamul goboleedka ismaamulka Texas. Sida ay waaxda tiro koobta dowlada Maraykanku sheegtay countyga waxaa ku dhaqan dad kor u dhaafaya 1,064,460. Iyo sidoo kale midka  43aad ee ugu dadka badan wadanka Maraykanaka. [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] waa deegaanka Collin County. Magaalada Plano waa deegaanka ugu weeyn ee Collin County.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Gannett, Henry|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ|title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States|publisher=Govt. Print. Off.|year=1905|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n85 87]}}</ref> dlk4sl90epwkbpvnj6ngg86sb7qbb7i 301819 301818 2026-07-12T03:35:00Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301819 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" |- class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Degmada Collin, Texas</div> |- class="ib-settlement-caption" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category"> [[County (United States)|Degmada]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Collin_county_tx_courthouse.jpg|270x270px|The Collin County Courthouse in McKinney]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Maxkamadda Degmada Collin ee McKinney </div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" | |} Collin County waa xarunta fadhiga dowlada countyga maamul goboleedka ismaamulka Texas. Sida ay waaxda tiro koobta dowlada Maraykanku sheegtay countyga waxaa ku dhaqan dad kor u dhaafaya 1,064,460. Iyo sidoo kale midka  43aad ee ugu dadka badan wadanka Maraykanaka. [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] waa deegaanka Collin County. Magaalada Plano waa deegaanka ugu weeyn ee Collin County.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Gannett, Henry|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ|title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States|publisher=Govt. Print. Off.|year=1905|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n85 87]}}</ref> 7qj2t0aykqr4eapxbtofwjujtx1d6qu 0 48846 301723 301710 2026-07-11T12:04:08Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Magaca */ 301723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aar (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayeen awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado faracaas iyo beesha ka soo faracday ee Aarsame. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aar (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxa ay sheegaan inay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen dhulka [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabad ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} k9qhbb0heaq57ns1dofgby8cqobj8yi 301724 301723 2026-07-11T12:04:47Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayeen awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado faracaas iyo beesha ka soo faracday ee Aarsame. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aar (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxa ay sheegaan inay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen dhulka [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabad ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ihbpn1gstzw6bgyaiv7srp4jjd0qkss 301726 301724 2026-07-11T12:07:06Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Magaca */ 301726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aar (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxa ay sheegaan inay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen dhulka [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabad ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 8c455f4ve4y3sct35f2apudwmilkmnm 301728 301726 2026-07-11T12:08:10Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Abtirsiin */ 301728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxa ay sheegaan inay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen dhulka [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabad ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 41vdoqxl88gtglp4hdqopi2ypwse9a0 301757 301728 2026-07-11T16:08:57Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxa ay sheegaan in awoowayaashooda ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen dhulka [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabad ilaalinta iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 845fahdt3859sqh0sd4ovqvze9amoxk 301758 301757 2026-07-11T16:10:46Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo ee beesha, Aarsame waxa ay sheegaan in awoowayaashooda ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen dhulka [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} n1oerds9x6i1byxiv0wlkj0no9wh2d0 301759 301758 2026-07-11T16:12:55Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Taariikh */ 301759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo ee beesha, Aarsame waxa ay sheegaan in awoowayaashooda ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen, dhulka [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 7icujotg46b9w22w7xezc1ppztxztft 301772 301759 2026-07-11T18:39:48Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin ".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} h1v0i0xygs7p1fq2lh5l3nwahv5dig8 301773 301772 2026-07-11T18:42:44Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Taariikh */ 301773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} otjycsptyqs1i9o19dp518wspq37kcd 301775 301773 2026-07-11T19:15:42Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Qabiilka Aarsame ee ku nool Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} n68xtj0jodl15jgicktwfi086bkvl4a 301776 301775 2026-07-11T19:16:04Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku nool Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox tribe | name = Aarsame<br>{{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} {{native_name|en|Arsame}} | image = | caption = | ethnicity = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | descended = Aaroow (Aarsame) | parent_tribe = Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow) | branches = * '''Jiwid''' * '''Hanle''' | population = | religion = [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni]]ga) | language = [[Af-Soomaali]]; taariikh ahaan waxaa la sheegaa inay jirtay luqad kale oo dabar go'day | type = Beel Soomaaliyeed | location = [[File:Somali State original flag.jpg|25px]] [[Soomaali Galbeed]] <br> {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Soomaaliya]]<br> {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kiinya]] | demonym = Aarsame, آرسامي }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} jafiz1z4ctobu6gn7e96ugsg5wrvkzk 301777 301776 2026-07-11T19:29:50Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku nool Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame<br> {{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagcountry|Itoobiya}} | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]] ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} mo10f6a1q8qb5fpwxl2pj72rnwhqabl 301778 301777 2026-07-11T19:31:00Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku nool Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame<br> {{native_name|ar|آرسامي}} | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagcountry|Itoobiya}} | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ddwx42wcvdgvoil7yits093mc945rsv 301779 301778 2026-07-11T19:31:59Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku nool Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagcountry|Itoobiya}} | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 4y9hxgkpytvz1bh4x662oq2kyhd3mw6 301780 301779 2026-07-11T19:34:35Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku nool Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 7phbmq5ll6p8n7v0q3ccovlijtdbf1w 301782 301780 2026-07-11T19:47:32Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]]. ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} jirf9aps8yq56naqq9hz9vj2qnnwdza 301783 301782 2026-07-11T19:50:21Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Taariikh */ 301783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaalida Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} qx6k0clgmzy2eu5xpq7d2mr1z7wp50r 301784 301783 2026-07-11T19:51:36Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka [[Godeey]] (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} j7oc5jiubnpb6b9ieoymn91lfq7lvwe 301785 301784 2026-07-11T19:51:50Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay degganaayeen. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 2yaefxeizgjaiky2f8svysv77x1d33a 301786 301785 2026-07-11T19:52:36Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} m0lrimgkw5prafxlqx83bpk3ng4p2kl 301787 301786 2026-07-11T19:53:13Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Abtirsiin */ 301787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} fnr9wnrsmw5oqb6fs9m8e27fof0cc3s 301788 301787 2026-07-11T20:05:31Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan Reer Muuse, kuwaas oo ka tirsan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow). Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 9p92ryc0n8k5ce9mmhkplqd9856m2zx 301804 301788 2026-07-12T02:49:01Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa farac ka tirsan '''Reer Muuse''', kuwaas oo ka tirsan '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow) ee beelaha '''Reer Shabeelle'''. Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} inqasvvgt5zg38p3npfyo7gi5cs5imr 301805 301804 2026-07-12T02:52:12Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa beel ka tirsan beelweynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow) ee beelaha '''Reer Shabeelle'''. Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} cxyrym1r022os3fl6ag3gof5gveazow 301806 301805 2026-07-12T02:56:26Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee ku degta Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed, oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow) ee beelaha '''Reer Shabeelle'''. Beesha Aarsame waxay inta badan deggen tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Waxa kale oo xubno ka tirsan beesha laga helaa [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} kv1fo4008691tyfptfst2241ko0sem0 301807 301806 2026-07-12T03:06:41Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Reer Muuse]], [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka loo yaqaan '''Reer Shabeelle'''. Beesha Aarsame waxay taariikh ahaan deggan tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} inte0zuhwktfw40ickgjvga9niqpf6f 301808 301807 2026-07-12T03:07:51Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka loo yaqaan '''Reer Shabeelle'''. Beesha Aarsame waxay taariikh ahaan deggan tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Reer Muuse]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 8ef6kjhvktn4eo4reypq9xz02s15hj6 301812 301808 2026-07-12T03:14:07Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Sidoo kale eeg */ 301812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: '''Arsame''', [[Af-Carabi]]: '''آرسامي''') waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka loo yaqaan '''Reer Shabeelle'''. Beesha Aarsame waxay taariikh ahaan deggan tahay hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan magaalada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} a16e22uk80l216cfusl0hh5i9v89qmi 301813 301812 2026-07-12T03:29:25Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 5hx397c0gr7dozeewl44ugeo9kytpol 301815 301813 2026-07-12T03:32:12Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Dulmar== Aarsame waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka taariikh ahaan degganaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Beesha waxay saldhig ku leedahay degmada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]], halkaas oo beerashada iyo dhaqashada xooluhu ay laf-dhabar u yihiin nolosha bulshada. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale deggan qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Qallaafo]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 8ocq2bhr6biuowc7w5k7h6iwnjbigh9 301816 301815 2026-07-12T03:33:16Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 301816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Dulmar== Aarsame waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka taariikh ahaan degganaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Beesha waxay saldhig ku leedahay degmada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]], halkaas oo beerashada iyo dhaqashada xooluhu ay laf-dhabar u yihiin nolosha bulshada. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale deggan qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Webi Shabeelle]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Qallaafo]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ctez9hwcjw2w9frvzz2kgtt1sccqph2 301817 301816 2026-07-12T03:33:56Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* Sidoo kale eeg */ 301817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Dulmar== Aarsame waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka taariikh ahaan degganaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Beesha waxay saldhig ku leedahay degmada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]], halkaas oo beerashada iyo dhaqashada xooluhu ay laf-dhabar u yihiin nolosha bulshada. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale deggan qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Webi Shabeelle]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Jigjiga]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 1qzkrr4bbh9d5vyrbl2tg93piu1dcrp 301861 301817 2026-07-12T04:03:08Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] |pop1 = |pop2 = |pop3 = }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Dulmar== Aarsame waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka taariikh ahaan degganaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Beesha waxay saldhig ku leedahay degmada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]], halkaas oo beerashada iyo dhaqashada xooluhu ay laf-dhabar u yihiin nolosha bulshada. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale deggan qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Webi Shabeelle]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Jigjiga]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} nvkpx14s98fmnckytz2zcz8k51uz91q 301862 301861 2026-07-12T04:03:42Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = [[Reer Geedoow]], [[Soomaalida]] |pop1 = |pop2 = |pop3 = }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Dulmar== Aarsame waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka taariikh ahaan degganaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Beesha waxay saldhig ku leedahay degmada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]], halkaas oo beerashada iyo dhaqashada xooluhu ay laf-dhabar u yihiin nolosha bulshada. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale deggan qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Webi Shabeelle]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Jigjiga]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ruuk3z3ocdyokvc9jlzwz0fe5rqf4uq 301864 301862 2026-07-12T04:05:36Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta [[Itoobiya]], [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]ga) | related = [[Reer Geedoow]], [[Soomaalida]] |pop1 = |pop2 = |pop3 = }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Dulmar== Aarsame waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka taariikh ahaan degganaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Beesha waxay saldhig ku leedahay degmada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]], halkaas oo beerashada iyo dhaqashada xooluhu ay laf-dhabar u yihiin nolosha bulshada. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale deggan qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Webi Shabeelle]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Jigjiga]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} h3dv0vvz3s8vp1jp0sa248161mt8p8q 301867 301864 2026-07-12T04:07:45Z ABDIQANI MUSE AYUB 46379 /* */ 301867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Beesha Aarsame ee degta Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Aarsame | image = | caption = | poptime = | region1 = {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Itoobiya]] | region2 = {{flagcountry|Soomaaliya}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Kiinya}} | langs = [[Af-Soomaali]] | rels = [[Islaam]]ka ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]yiin) | related = Reer Geedoow, [[Soomaalida]] |pop1 = |pop2 = |pop3 = }} '''Aarsame''' ([[Af-Ingiriis]]: ''Arsame'', [[Af-Carabi]]: ''آرسامي'') waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Soomaaliyeed ee inta badan deggan [[Soomaali Galbeed]], iyadoo sidoo kale laga helo qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Kiinya]]. ==Dulmar== Aarsame waa beel Soomaaliyeed oo ka tirsan beel-weynta '''Reer Geedoow''' (Rer Gedow), kana mid ah bulshooyinka taariikh ahaan degganaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]]. Beesha waxay saldhig ku leedahay degmada [[Qallaafo]] iyo deegaannada ku xeeran ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]], halkaas oo beerashada iyo dhaqashada xooluhu ay laf-dhabar u yihiin nolosha bulshada. Xubno ka tirsan beesha ayaa sidoo kale deggan qaybo ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], gaar ahaan gobollada [[Hiiraan]], [[Shabeellaha Dhexe]], [[Shabeellaha Hoose]], magaalada [[Muqdisho]] iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah [[Kiinya]]. ==Magaca== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka lagu kala gudbiyo, magaca '''Aarsame''' waxaa lala xiriiriyaa awoowe '''Aaroow Aw-Raamey''', oo ah awoowaha ay beeshu ku abtirsato. Sida ay sheegayaan hiddaha iyo xusuusta bulshada, faraca ka soo farcamay awoowahaas ayaa magaca '''Aarsame''' ugu yeeri jiray, iyagoo muujinaya xushmad iyo maamuus ay u hayaan awoowgood. Muddo kadib, magacaasi wuxuu noqday magaca guud ee lagu aqoonsado beesha ka soo faracantay ee '''Aarsame'''. ==Abtirsiin== Sida ku xusan abtirsiinta lagu kala gudbiyo taariikhda afka ('''Oral history'''), Aarsame wuxuu ka tirsan yahay silsiladdan abtirsiineed: {{Tree list}} * Axmad ** Geedoow *** Aaroow **** Gabiible ***** Muuse ****** Aw Raamey ******* Aaroow (Aarsame) {{Tree list/end}} Sida ku xusan hiddaha abtirsiinta ee beesha, Aarsame waxaa ka farcama laba laamood oo waaweyn oo kala ah '''Jiwid''' iyo '''Hanle''', kuwaas oo u sii kala baxa laamo hoose. ==Taariikh== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay rumaysan yihiin in awoowayaashoodu ay asal ahaan ka soo haajireen [[Suudaan]] ka hor intii aysan degin hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], gaar ahaan deegaannada ku teedsan [[Webi Shabeelle]] ee [[Soomaali Galbeed]]. Qoraallo cilmiyeed ayaa sidoo kale xusay jiritaanka bulshooyin asal ahaan ka yimid [[Suudaan]] oo ku noolaa hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ee agagaarka Godeey (Gode). Lionel M. Bender wuxuu qoray in D. W. McClure, Sr. uu sheegay joogitaanka muhaajiriin [[Suudaan]]i ah oo halkaas degganaa, kuwaas oo lagu sheegay inay ku hadli jireen luqad aan [[Af-Soomaali]] aheyn, balse si cad aan loo kala saarin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender |first=M. Lionel |title=The Ethiopian Nilo-Saharans |publisher=Artistic Printers |location=Addis Ababa |year=1975 }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay muddo dheer degganaayeen hareeraha [[Webiga Shabeelle]], halkaas oo ay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Taariikhda afka ee beesha ayaa sidoo kale sheegaysa in Aarsame ay lahaayeen nidaam hoggaan dhaqameed oo maamuli jiray arrimaha bulshada, xallinta khilaafaadka, nabadda iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Sida ay sheegaan xubnaha beesha, maanta ma jiro hoggaan dhaqameed oo ay si wadajir ah ugu mideysan yihiin. Sida ku xusan hiddaha iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waxay ka qayb qaadan jireen nidaamyadii dhaqameed iyo maamul ee ka jiray deegaannada ay deggaan. ==Deegaanka== Sida ku cad daraasaddii Ahmed Yusuf Farah (1995), deegaanka Bur Adde ee Gobolka Gode waxaa deggan Reer Geedoow (Rer Gedow), Cali-Maad (Ali Mad) iyo beelo kale.<ref>{{Cite report |last=Farah |first=Ahmed Yusuf |title=Permanent Agricultural Settlements Along the Webi Shabelle River in Gode Zone of the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State |year=1995 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, deegaannada dhaqanka ee Aarsame waxay ku yaallaan Bur Cadde (Bur Adde), waxaana ka mid ah: * Kurtumaaleey * Balada-Aamin * Arjac * Buula-Malis * Yaasiin-Laawe * Isma-Rabo * Dhuun-Gal * Maroodiley ==Dhaqaalaha== Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqaalaha Aarsame wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay: * Beerashada dalagyada kala duwan * Dhaqashada xoolaha sida lo'da, ariga iyo idaha * Ganacsiga la xiriira wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyo xoolaha * Ganacsiyada yaryar Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee beesha, [[Webiga Shabeelle]] ayaa door weyn ka qaata beeraha iyo hab-nololeedka bulshada. ==Diinta== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, Aarsame waa bulsho ku dhaqanta [[Islaam]]ka, gaar ahaan mad-habka [[Sunni]]ga. Diintu waxay door muhiim ah ku leedahay nolosha bulshada, iyadoo qayb ka ah qiyamka iyo dhaqanka ay bulshadu ku dhaqanto. <ref>Braukämper, Ulrich (2003): ''Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Collected Essays'', ''Göttinger Studien zur Ethnologie'' 9, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-5671-7}} (p. 15, 137)</ref> ==Dhaqanka== Sida ku xusan dhaqanka iyo taariikhda afka ee beesha, dhaqanka Aarsame wuxuu ku dhisan yahay qiyamka Soomaaliyeed iyo mabaadi'da [[Islaam]]ka. Waxaa ka mid ah qiyamka iyo dhaqamada lagu garto: * Ixtiraamka waayeelka iyo haweenka * Xushmeynta culimada * Marti-soorka * Iskaashiga bulshada * Wada-tashiga * Xallinta khilaafaadka * Ilaalinta nabadda * Deris wanaagga ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Soomaaliya]] * [[Soomaali Galbeed]] * [[Soomaalida]] * [[Af-Soomaali]] * [[Jigjiga]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 7a8tqxxzuv5c174a4cr8e9dhlvzp6x9 0 48850 301749 301586 2026-07-11T13:48:12Z Armadillo Jack 46447 DELETE EXTRA INFO 301749 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celina''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} sil- nə ) waa magaalo ku taal degmooyinka Collin iyo Denton ee gobolka Texas. Celina waa magaalada gigabit-ka 1aad ee Gobolka Texas waxaana aqoonsaday Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Texas. Sannadkii 2017, Celina waxay meel marisay sharci magaalada gigabit ah, kaas oo ahaa hindise cusub oo lagu siinayo dhammaan guryaha la deggan yahay xawaaraha internetka ee fiber-ka, gigabit-ka. Laga bilaabo 2021, qiyaastii 9,300 oo guri ayaa leh internet fiber ah oo xawaare sare leh, dadka deegaankana waxay leeyihiin shabakad fiber saafi ah oo leh isticmaal xog aan xadidnayn iyo xawaare dhan 1,000 megabits ilbiriqsikiiba.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 18, 2024}}</ref> [[File:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|Wadada Waqooyiga Louisiana ee Celina, 2013]][https://www.celina-tx.gov/] [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina celina-tx.gov'''] jc5cy38kjtsoij4ihjtx1akmduthfr6 301752 301749 2026-07-11T16:01:57Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301752 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celina''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} sil- nə ) waa magaalo ku taal degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin]] iyo [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|Denton]] ee gobolka [[Texas]]. Celina waa magaalada gigabit-ka 1aad ee Gobolka Texas waxaana aqoonsaday Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Texas. Sannadkii 2017, Celina waxay meel marisay sharci magaalada gigabit ah, kaas oo ahaa hindise cusub oo lagu siinayo dhammaan guryaha la deggan yahay xawaaraha internetka ee fiber-ka, gigabit-ka. Laga bilaabo 2021, qiyaastii 9,300 oo guri ayaa leh internet fiber ah oo xawaare sare leh, dadka deegaankana waxay leeyihiin shabakad fiber saafi ah oo leh isticmaal xog aan xadidnayn iyo xawaare dhan 1,000 megabits ilbiriqsikiiba.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 18, 2024}}</ref> [[File:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|Wadada Waqooyiga Louisiana ee Celina, 2013]][https://www.celina-tx.gov/] [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina celina-tx.gov'''] 12hpldeuy6jpbuna3op89ziuz4cxmai 301753 301752 2026-07-11T16:02:42Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301753 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celina''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} sil- nə ) waa magaalo ku taal degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin]] iyo [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|Denton]] ee gobolka [[Texas]]. Celina waa magaalada gigabit-ka 1aad ee Gobolka Texas waxaana aqoonsaday Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Texas. Sannadkii 2017, Celina waxay meel marisay sharci magaalada gigabit ah, kaas oo ahaa hindise cusub oo lagu siinayo dhammaan guryaha la deggan yahay xawaaraha internetka ee fiber-ka, [[:en:Bit|gigabit]]-ka. Laga bilaabo 2021, qiyaastii 9,300 oo guri ayaa leh internet fiber ah oo xawaare sare leh, dadka deegaankana waxay leeyihiin shabakad fiber saafi ah oo leh isticmaal xog aan xadidnayn iyo xawaare dhan 1,000 megabits ilbiriqsikiiba.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 18, 2024}}</ref> [[File:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|Wadada Waqooyiga Louisiana ee Celina, 2013]][https://www.celina-tx.gov/] [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina celina-tx.gov'''] 95mflzstthjrnaihms0viv9s3emhwv1 301754 301753 2026-07-11T16:03:25Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301754 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celina''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} sil- nə ) waa magaalo ku taal degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin]] iyo [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|Denton]] ee gobolka [[Texas]]. Celina waa magaalada gigabit-ka 1aad ee Gobolka Texas waxaana aqoonsaday Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Texas. Sannadkii 2017, Celina waxay meel marisay sharci magaalada gigabit ah, kaas oo ahaa hindise cusub oo lagu siinayo dhammaan guryaha la deggan yahay xawaaraha internetka ee fiber-ka, [[:en:Bit|gigabit]]-ka. Laga bilaabo 2021, qiyaastii 9,300 oo guri ayaa leh [[:en:Fiber-optic_communication|internet fiber]] ah oo xawaare sare leh, dadka deegaankana waxay leeyihiin shabakad fiber saafi ah oo leh isticmaal xog aan xadidnayn iyo xawaare dhan 1,000 megabits ilbiriqsikiiba.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 18, 2024}}</ref> [[File:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|Wadada Waqooyiga Louisiana ee Celina, 2013]][https://www.celina-tx.gov/] [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina celina-tx.gov'''] 1zxwtccog44zvhxkztl8neweo5clkk5 301755 301754 2026-07-11T16:03:43Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301755 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celina''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} sil- nə ) waa magaalo ku taal degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin]] iyo [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|Denton]] ee gobolka [[Texas]]. Celina waa magaalada gigabit-ka 1aad ee Gobolka Texas waxaana aqoonsaday [[Guddoomiyaha Gobolka]] Texas. Sannadkii 2017, Celina waxay meel marisay sharci magaalada gigabit ah, kaas oo ahaa hindise cusub oo lagu siinayo dhammaan guryaha la deggan yahay xawaaraha internetka ee fiber-ka, [[:en:Bit|gigabit]]-ka. Laga bilaabo 2021, qiyaastii 9,300 oo guri ayaa leh [[:en:Fiber-optic_communication|internet fiber]] ah oo xawaare sare leh, dadka deegaankana waxay leeyihiin shabakad fiber saafi ah oo leh isticmaal xog aan xadidnayn iyo xawaare dhan 1,000 megabits ilbiriqsikiiba.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 18, 2024}}</ref> [[File:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|Wadada Waqooyiga Louisiana ee Celina, 2013]][https://www.celina-tx.gov/] [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina celina-tx.gov'''] 1clxetni1xtyvrflfay9blhkw00cxxm 301756 301755 2026-07-11T16:04:36Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301756 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Celina''' {{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə}} sil- nə ) waa magaalo ku taal degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin]] iyo [[:en:Denton_County,_Texas|Denton]] ee gobolka [[Texas]]. Celina waa magaalada gigabit-ka 1aad ee Gobolka Texas waxaana aqoonsaday [[Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Texas]]. Sannadkii 2017, Celina waxay meel marisay sharci magaalada gigabit ah, kaas oo ahaa hindise cusub oo lagu siinayo dhammaan guryaha la deggan yahay xawaaraha internetka ee fiber-ka, [[:en:Bit|gigabit]]-ka. Laga bilaabo 2021, qiyaastii 9,300 oo guri ayaa leh [[:en:Fiber-optic_communication|internet fiber]] ah oo xawaare sare leh, dadka deegaankana waxay leeyihiin shabakad fiber saafi ah oo leh isticmaal xog aan xadidnayn iyo xawaare dhan 1,000 megabits ilbiriqsikiiba.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Celina_city,_Texas?g=160XX00US4813684|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 18, 2024}}</ref> [[File:Celina,_Texas_(2013).jpg|left|thumb|Wadada Waqooyiga Louisiana ee Celina, 2013]][https://www.celina-tx.gov/] [https://www.celina-tx.gov/ '''City of Celina celina-tx.gov'''] g8wpzfe0b8epivwhvfhvucqdlya5lms 0 48951 301721 2026-07-11T12:00:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Mandrare''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rijeka-Mandrare.png | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar (Mandrare wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]]). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Anosy]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name5 = [[Mahaly]], [[Amboasary Sud]], [[Berenty]], [[Mahaly]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 270 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Beampingaratra massif]] meel u dhow buurta [[Trafonaomby]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Anosy]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|10|26|S|46|26|00|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Amboasary Sud]] | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 12435 | basin_size_ref = <ref name=LC>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm|title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY|website=countrystudies.us|publisher=U. S. Library of Congress|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Manambovo|Manambovo]] (ka sarreeya [[Mahaly]]), [[Webiga Mananara (Anosy)|Mananara]] (ka sarreeya [[Amboasary Sud]]) | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Andratina|Andratina]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''''Mandrare ''''' waa wabi ku yaal gobolka [[Anosy]] ee koonfurta [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]] meel u dhow [[Amboasary Sud]]. Wuxuu qallalaa bilaha qaarkood ee sanadka.<ref name=LC/> Sanadkii 1957, meel u dhow [[Amboasary Sud]] waxaa la dhisay buundo bir ah oo dhererkeedu yahay 414m, taas oo ay naqshadeeyeen Anciens Ets [[Eiffel (company)|Eiffel]]. == Eeg sidoo kale == *[[Liiska wabiyaasha Madagascar]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} otadkzja8tjbhqt4n43ub8o30hdfbnn 0 48952 301722 2026-07-11T12:02:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mangoky delta.jpg|thumb|300px|Webiga Mangoky oo laga arkay hawada, Noofambar 1989 <br>(koonfurta ayaa xagga sare ku taal) ([http://www.nasa.gov NASA])]] '''Webiga Mangoky''' waa wabi dhererkiisu yahay 564-kilomitir (350 mi) oo ku yaal [[Madagascar]] ee gobollada [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] iyo [[Anosy]]. Waxa sameeya [[Mananantanana]] iyo [[Matsiatra]]. Wabi kale oo muhiim ah oo ku soo biira waa [[Webiga Zomandao|Zomandao]]. Wuxuu ka soo fulaa [[Central Highlands (Madagascar)|Central Highlands]] ee [[Madagascar]] bari ka xigta magaalada [[Fianarantsoa]]. Wabigu wuxuu guud ahaan u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed isagoo ka soo baxaya dhul-sareedka, wuxuu ka gudbaa kordhinta koonfureed ee [[Bemaraha Plateau]], wuxuu gaaraa bannaanka xeebta iyo delta-giisa, wuxuuna galaa [[Kanaalka Mozambique]] waqooyiga magaalada [[Morombe]] meel u dhow {{coord|21.316667|S|43.533333|E|display=inline,title}}. Inta badan Madagascar waxay la kulantay [[jarista dhirta]] oo daran intii lagu jiray 40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, taas oo inta badan ka dhalatay dhaqamada [[slash-and-burn]] ee dadka asaliga ah. Khasaarahan dhirtu wuxuu keenay [[nabaad-guurka ciidda]] oo xad-dhaaf ah oo ka dhaca wabiga Mangoky, sida ay caddaynayaan [[sandbar]]-yo badan oo ku dhex yaal marinka wabiga. [[Harada Ihotry]] oo ay ka buuxaan dhoobo iyo midab cagaaran-brown ah ayaa si cad looga arki karaa koonfurta wabiga. Inta u dhaxaysa harada iyo xeebta waxaa ku yaal aag weyn oo cad oo ciid ah oo ay ku dhex yaalliin balliyo dhoobo leh. Qaybta koonfureed ee delta-da waxaa ku badan jasiirado caqabad ah iyo samayska candhuufta. Taas beddelkeeda, qaybta waqooyi ee delta-da oo la ilaaliyo waxaa ku badan marinno mowjado ah iyo [[mangrove]] qoyan. [[File:Mangoky Basin OSM.png|thumb|Bassin-ka Mangoky]] == Buundada == Qorshaha buundada wabiga Mangoky ee [[Route nationale 9 (Madagascar)|RN 9]] wuxuu bilaabmay 2020. Waxay noqon doontaa buundada ugu dheer Madagascar oo dhererkeedu yahay 880 m.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le plus long pont de Madagascar va voir le jour |url=https://laverite.mg/politique/item/12311-rn9-le-plus-long-pont-de-madagascar-va-voir-le-jour.html |website=La Vérité |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> Waxaa dhisi doonta shirkadda [[China Road and Bridge Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Travaux publics : Sept routes nationales et onze rues de Tanà à réhabiliter |url=https://midi-madagasikara.mg/travaux-publics-sept-routes-nationales-et-onze-rues-de-tana-a-rehabiliter/ |website=Midi Madagasikara |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} qz4phimo5rfbt1w5odcu4dgvlxvvn9w 0 48953 301725 2026-07-11T12:05:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mangoro | name_native = {{native name|mg|Mangoro}} | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mangoro.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Mangoro | map = Rijeka mangoro.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Mangoro | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="mission"/> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|386.3|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = 14 km u jirta [[Mandialaza]], waqooyi-bari ee [[Anjozorobe]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,100|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Ambodiharina]], [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|0|17.8848|S|48|46|54.0192|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Mangoro | basin_size = {{convert|17,175|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Onive|Onive]], [[Webiga Nosivolo|Nosivolo]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Carte bassin Mangoro.svg|thumb|left|bassin-ka Mangoro]] '''Webiga Mangoro''' waa wabiga ugu weyn xeebta bari ee [[Madagascar]] marka loo eego cabbirka bassin-ka iyo mugga biyaha, dhererkiisuna waa 300 km.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Mangoro River (Madagascar)| work = LC Linked Data Service (Library of Congress)| accessdate = 2013-03-05| url = http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh88005391.html}}</ref> == Guudmar == Mangoro wuxuu ka bilaabmaa waqooyi-bari ee magaalada [[Anjozorobe]] ee gobolka [[Analamanga]], joogga qiyaastii 1,100 mitir. Wabiyaashiisa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Webiga Onive]] (oo ku biira banka midig 200 km u jira isha wabiga) iyo [[Webiga Nosivolo]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Afkiisu wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]] meel u dhow magaalada [[Ambodiharina]]. Sababtoo ah wabiyaashiisa badan, Mangoro wuxuu ilaaliyaa qulqulka sare sanadka oo dhan, taas oo ka dhigaysa wabi ku habboon rafting-ka. Laga soo bilaabo 2012, [[Sherritt International|Sherritt International Corporation]] waxay qorsheeyeen inay u isticmaalaan Webiga Mangoro il biyo ah oo loogu talagalay dhuumaha dhoobada ah ee xambaara macdanta mashaariicda miinooyinka Ambatovy, taas oo kor u qaaday walaac dhanka deegaanka ah. == Duurjoogta == Waxaa jira dad yar oo yaxaas ah oo ku nool qaybaha degan ee wabiga, laakiin tiradoodu waa mid aad u yar oo sii socota inay hoos u dhacdo. [[File:Madagascar rivers.svg|thumb|left|Wabiyaasha Madagascar]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|2}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} rkamtk3b6fw6pwojjskn3qdckmipo2f 0 48954 301727 2026-07-11T12:07:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mania | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mania river-01.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Mania oo ku yaal koonfurta [[Antsirabe]] | map = Carte_Mania.svg | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Vakinankaratra]], [[Menabe]], [[Amoron'i Mania]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|0.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = 165 m3/s | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fasina]] | source1_location = [[Fasina]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1654|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tsiribihina]] | mouth_location = [[Ankazondringitra]], [[Menabe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|48|00|S|45|27|30|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|71|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|7100|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mania''' waa [[wabi]] ku yaal [[Madagascar]] kaas oo ka soo qulqula [[buuraha]] dhexe ee jasiiradda, wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Kanaalka Mozambique]]. Gobolka [[Amoron'i Mania]] waxaa loogu magac daray wabigan. Wabiyaasha ugu waaweyn ee ka yimaada bidixda waa [[Ivato]], [[Imorona]], [[Ikoly]], [[Menala]], iyo [[Webiga Sakeny|Sakeny]], dhanka midigna waa [[Fitanamaria]], [[Sakorendrika]], [[Webiga Manandona|Manandona]], [[Isakely]] iyo [[Iandratsay]]. Waxaa jira mashruuc socda oo ku saabsan [[saldhigga korontada biyaha]] oo laga dhisayo Webiga Mania, meel u dhow goobta [[Antetezambato]].<ref>[http://www.ore.mg/Publication/AMI/DAOANTETEZAMBATO.pdf DAO HYDRO SITE DE ANTETEZAMBATO AOIR N°002]</ref> == Tixraacyo == <references/> {{commonscat|Mania river (Madagascar)}} eaxjmrjcfs7p6wqewgop0abs02ds9ba 0 48955 301729 2026-07-11T12:09:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Maningory''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rijeka maningori.png | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar (Maningory wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]]). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Analanjirofo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Ampasina Maningory]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 260 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|776.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Harada Alaotra]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|750|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Antakobola]], [[Analanampotsy]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|17|12|21|S|49|27|45|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Maningory | basin_size_km2 = 12,646 | tributaries_left = Sandratsio | tributaries_right = Sahalavy, Manananaka | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''''Maningory''''' waa wabi ku yaal gobolka [[Analanjirofo]] ee waqooyi-bari ee [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu isha ka yimaadaa [[Harada Alaotra]]<ref name=LC>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/madagascar/7.htm|title=Madagascar-GEOGRAPHY|website=countrystudies.us|publisher=U. S. Library of Congress|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref> wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]] meel u dhow [[Antakobola]].<ref>M. Aldegheri,1972.''Rivers and streams on Madagascar''. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publishers</ref> [[Maningory Falls]] oo dhererkoodu yahay 90 mitir ayaa ku yaal 20 km u jira [[Imerimandroso]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madagascar-guide.com|title=En construction|website=Madagascar-guide.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> [[File:Maningory Basin OSM.png|thumb|left|450px|Maningory Basin OSM]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{commonscat}} 0nj4q3nz2pz9m0nqwtu26ayutbwjn02 0 48956 301730 2026-07-11T12:11:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Marimbona''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Analanjirofo]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Soanierana Ivongo]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Route nationale 5 (Madagascar)|RN 5]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Andilamena]], [[Alaotra Mangoro]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Soanierana Ivongo]], [[Analanjirofo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|16|54|S|49|35|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 1495 | basin_size_ref = <ref>[http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/137801494568398500/text/114765-11-5-2017-5-25-11-MadagascarSmallHydroMappingHydrologicalResourceReportFRWBESMAPApr.txt Worldbank org]</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Andasibe|Andasibe]], [[Ambohangy]], [[Fotsialana]], [[Sahatiana]], [[Sahasarotra]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Marimbona''' wuxuu ku yaallaa waqooyiga [[Madagascar]] wuxuuna ka gudbaa [[Route nationale 5 (Madagascar)|Route Nationale 5]] meel u dhow [[Soanierana Ivongo]]. Ishiisu waxay u dhowdahay [[Andilamena]]<ref>[https://agritrop.cirad.fr/589326/4/CIRAD_PADAP_Annexe2%20Hydro%2019%20Septembre.pdf CIRAD]</ref> ([[Alaotra Mangoro]]), waxay samaysaa xadka koonfureed ee [[Ambatovaky Reserve]], waxay dhaaftaa [[Andapafito]] waxayna ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]] waqooyiga [[Soanierana Ivongo]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} hltbvsilg8n9slijgdb293kuovhw6fv 0 48957 301731 2026-07-11T12:12:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Menarandra''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rijeka-Menarandra.png | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar (Menarandra wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]]). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Atsimo-Andrefana]], [[Anosy]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name5 = [[Tranoroa]], [[Riambe]], [[Vohitovoa]], [[Morafeno Bekily]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 235 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = galbeedka [[Isoanala]], [[Tsikoriky massif]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = meel u dhow [[Bevoalavo Est]], [[Anosy]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|16|40|S|44|29|40|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 8350 | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Manantanana|Manantanana]] oo ku yaal [[Bekily]], [[Webiga Menakompy|Menakompy]], 30 km koonfurta [[Bekily]], [[Ivovoky]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }}'''Menarandra''' waa wabi ku yaal gobollada [[Androy]] iyo [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] ee koonfurta [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]] meel u dhow [[Bevoalavo Est]]. Qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa mid hooseeya, qiyaastii 2–3 L/s/km{{sup|2}} meesha [[Tranoroa]] oo uu sidoo kale ka gudbo [[Route nationale 10 (Madagascar)|Wadada qaran 10]]. Inta u dhaxaysa [[Tranoroa]] iyo halka uu ku shubmo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] wuxuu sameeyaa xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Androy]] iyo [[Atsimo-Andrefana]]. Qowmiyadda [[Mahafaly]] waxay degtaa aagga u dhexeeya Webiga Menaranda iyo [[Webiga Onilahy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fenn |first1=Mark |last2=Rebara |first2=Flavian |title=Present Migration Tendencies and Their Impacts in Madagascar's Spiny Forest Ecoregion |journal=Nomadic Peoples |date=January 2003 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=123–137 |doi=10.3167/082279403782088804 |url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/abs/10.3167/082279403782088804 |access-date=5 November 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 6ci8rsnl1pwiefnpchwr7mz38pj8583 0 48958 301732 2026-07-11T12:14:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Morondava''' | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = Morondava | map = Madagascar rivers.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar. | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Menabe]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Makay Massif]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Hindiya]], at [[Morondava]] (magaalo) | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|20|00|S|44|15|00|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = [[Morondava]], [[Dabara dam]], [[Ambiky]] | waterfalls = | river_system = | basin_size = 6400 km2 | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Fanikay|Fanikay]], [[Webiga Sakamaly|Sakamaly]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Morondava''' waa wabi ku yaal gobolka [[Menabe]], oo ku yaal galbeedka [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa [[Makay Massif]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed isagoo ku shubma [[Badweynta Hindiya]]<ref>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/monographies/Fleuves%20et%20rivières%20de%20Madagascar.pdf Fleuves & Rivières de Madagascar]</ref> meel u dhow [[Morondava|magaalo magaceeda loogu daray wabiga]]. == Biyo-xireennada == *[[Biyo-xireenka Dabara]].<ref>[http://www.recherches.gov.mg/IMG/pdf/articles_publiables-85-93.pdf Le périmètre irrigué de Dabara : un potentiel économique mal exploité]</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} f0xp53p9i0oq8w852yi6p5d1gubgeaj 0 48959 301733 2026-07-11T12:16:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Namorona''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Improvised Bridge, Madagascar1.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biriij la sii hagaajiyay oo ka dul dhisan Webiga Namorona | map = Madagascar rivers.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar (Namorona wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa qaybta dhexe ilaa xeebta bari). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Vatovavy]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name5 = [[Namorona]], [[Ranomafana, Ifanadiana]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|103|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.environnement.mg/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/9.-Chapitre-5-Eaux-Douces_gire.pdf |title=Le Canal de Pangalane, E Madagascar |access-date=2023-11-29}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|59.6|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|39|43|S|48|13|26|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = Webiga Namorona | basin_size = {{cvt|2,204.8|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar"/> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Namorona''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Vatovavy]], bariga [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa buuraleyda dhexe, wuxuu maraa [[Beerta Qaranka ee Ranomafana]], wuxuuna sameeyaa [[Andriamamovoka Falls]], ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa meel u dhow [[Namorona]] wuxuuna dhererkiisu yahay {{cvt|103|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.environnement.mg/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/9.-Chapitre-5-Eaux-Douces_gire.pdf |title=Le Canal de Pangalane, E Madagascar |access-date=2023-11-29}}</ref> [[File:Carte bassin Namorona.svg|thumb|left|Bassin-ka Namorona]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commonscatinline}} * [http://livingearth.canalblog.com/albums/paysages___landscapes/photos/30508337-paysage.html Sawirro ku saabsan Webiga Namorona] r9p687zrauxoudntte3u40x3qmwo4jc 0 48960 301734 2026-07-11T12:18:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Nosivolo''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Rijeka mangoro.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Nosivolo | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1800|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Webiga Mangoro|Mangoro]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|55|41.552|S|48|30|6.566|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|700|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|3585|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Carte bassin Mangoro.svg|thumb|left|Webiga Nosivolo oo ku yaal bassin-ka Mangoro]] {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Rivière Nosivolo et affluents | designation1_date = 17 September 2010 | designation1_number = 1916<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rivière Nosivolo et affluents|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1916|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> }} '''Webiga Nosivolo''' waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Madagascar]] waana wabi hoosaad ugu weyn ee [[Webiga Mangoro|Mangoro]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa bariga [[Fandriana]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| accessdate = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Tuulada [[Marolambo]], oo ah caasimadda degmada Marolambo ee gobolka [[Atsinanana]], ayaa ku taal wabiga agtiisa isgoyska uu la leeyahay Webiga Sandranamby. Waa wabi muhiim u ah Madagascar sababtoo ah noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha (oo ay ku jiraan [[cichlid]]s ''[[Katria katria]]'' iyo ''[[Oxylapia polli]]'', iyo [[Malagasy rainbowfish]]), taas oo dhiirigelisay dadaallada lagu ilaalinayo. Waxaa loo magacaabay webigii ugu horreeyay ee [[Ramsar site]] dalka sanadkii 2010.<ref name="bio">(20 September 2010). [http://www.conservation.org/newsroom/pressreleases/Pages/Nosivolo-Madagascar-First-River-Ramsar-Site.aspx Nosivolo is designated as Madagascar's first riverine Ramsar site], ''Conservation.org''</ref><ref name="monga">(20 September 2010). [http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0920-ci_nosivolo.html Crystal-clear river becomes first in Madagascar to wins Ramsar protected status], WildMadagascar.org</ref><ref name="ramsreport">[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1MG007_RIS_FR.pdf Fiche technique du site Ramsar - ‘Rivière Nosivolo et affluents’ Madagascar] (2010)(detailed Ramsar report on river)</ref> Wabiyaasha hoose ee Nosivolo waa Webiga Sandranamby (oo ku biira meel u dhow Marolambo), Sahadinta, Manandriana, iyo Sahanao.<ref name="ramsreport"/> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 0iwv3yrgtkxkb8e93yzt7fhyh855tuw 0 48961 301735 2026-07-11T12:19:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Onilahy''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = JNB-MRU 22.08.2009 13-16-31.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Afka Webiga Onilahy | map = Onilahy watershed.png | map_size = thumb | map_caption = Khariidadda biyo-qabadyada Webiga Onilahy | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Atsimo-Andrefana]], [[Anosy]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name5 = [[Mandrofify]], [[Ambolofoty]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|525|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|183|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = meel u dhow [[Betroka]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Gacanka Saint-Augustin]] | mouth_location = [[Saint Augustin, Madagascar|Saint Augustin]], [[Kanaalka Mozambique]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = 0m | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{cvt|31,600|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://pravarini.free.fr/Onilahy.htm Onilahy]</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = Heerka ilaalinta | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Zones humides de l'Onilahy | designation1_date = 22 May 2017 | designation1_number = 2304<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zones humides de l'Onilahy|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2304|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} | extra = }} '''Onilahy''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] iyo [[Anosy]] ([[Gobolka Toliara]]), koonfurta [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa buuraha u dhow [[Betroka]] ilaa [[Kanaalka Mozambique]]. Wuxuu ku shubmaa St. Augustin ({{Coord|23.5666667|S|43.75|E|display=inline,title}}), iyo [[Gacanka Saint-Augustin]]. Laba nooc oo [[cichlid]] ah ayaa ku gaar ah [[bassin-ka wabiga]], laakiin ''[[Ptychochromis onilahy]]'' ayaa u badan inuu hore u [[baaba'ay]]<ref>Stiassny, M., and Sparks, J. S. (2006). ''Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of the Endemic Malagasy Genus Ptychochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with the Description of Five New Species and a Diagnosis for Katria, New Genus.'' [[American Museum Novitates]] 3535.</ref> halka baaxadda uu hadda ku noolyahay ''[[Trondo mainty|Ptychochromoides betsileanus]]'' ay ka yar tahay {{convert|10|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Ravelomanana, T. |author2=Sparks, J.S. |date=2020 |title=''Ptychochromoides betsileanus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T18832A177066640 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18832A177066640.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Walaszczyk|first1=I.|last2=Marcinowski|first2=R.|last3=Praszkier|first3=T.|last4=Dembicz|first4=K.|last5=Bieńkowska|first5=M.|date=August 2004|title=Biogeographical and stratigraphical significance of the latest Turonian and Early Coniacian inoceramid/ammonite succession of the Manasoa section on the Onilahy River, south-west Madagascar|journal=Cretaceous Research|volume=25|issue=4|pages=543–576|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2004.05.001|issn=0195-6671}}</ref> [[File:Onilahy Basin OSM.png|thumb|Onilahy Basin]] == Juqraafi == Isha wabiga Onilahy waxay u dhowdahay [[Beadabo]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Ankilimary]], ilaa [[Benenitra]], [[Ehara]], [[Bezaha]] iyo [[Antanimena]]. Waxaa ka gudba [[Route nationale 10 (Madagascar)|RN 10]] meel u dhow [[Tameantsoa]]. Afka wabiga Onilahy wuxuu ku yaal [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Saint Augustin, Madagascar]], 35 km koonfurta [[Toliara]] (Tuléar). Wabiyaashiisa waaweyn ee ka yimaada dhanka koonfureed waa [[Webiga Sakamena|Sakamena]], [[Webiga Evasy|Evasy]], [[Webiga Ianapera|Ianapera]], [[Webiga Isoanala|Isoanala]] iyo [[Webiga Ihazofotsy|Ihazofotsy]]. Dhanka waqooyi kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Sakondry]], [[Taheza]], [[Sakamare]] iyo [[Imatoto]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} gd0e36l4rof1o2tzwikakdjphxyk4c6 0 48962 301736 2026-07-11T12:21:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Onive''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Tsinjoarivo.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Onive oo u dhow [[Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy|Tsinjoarivo]] | map = Rijeka mangoro.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Onive | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Antanifotsy]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Webiga Mangoro|Mangoro]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|42|17.639|S|48|2|50.848|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|4860|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Carte bassin Mangoro.svg|thumb|left|Bassin-ka webiyaasha Onive & Mangoro]] '''Webiga Onive''' waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa buuraleyda Ankaratra, waana wabi hoosaadka ugu weyn ee [[Webiga Mangoro|Mangoro]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = MADAGASCAR: New Livelihoods to Protect A River's Life | work = Global Issues, Inter Press Service| access-date = 2013-03-05| date = 2010-11-25| url = http://www.globalissues.org/news/2010/11/25/7760}}</ref><ref name="mission">Campbell, Gwynn. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pDNL4apVpgC&pg=PA488 David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"], p. 488–89 ([[Brill Publishers|Brill]] 2012) (citing Aldegheri, Marius. ''The Rivers and Streams on Madagascar'', in Battistini, Rene & G. Richard-Vindard (ed.), ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar'' (1972))</ref> Biyo-dhac caan ah, oo dhererkoodu yahay 30 mitir, ayaa ku yaal koonfur-galbeed ee tuulada [[Tsinjoarivo, Ambatolampy|Tsinjoarivo]].<ref name="falls1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=lVDNQEXD5gAC&pg=PA245 Madagascar, 2008-2009], p. 245 ([[Le Petit Futé]] 2008) (in French)</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} [[File:Madagascar rivers.svg|thumb|Wabiyaasha Madagascar]] kkbcopp7if4n6dbqxltbujuvb5g8th5 0 48963 301738 2026-07-11T12:47:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Ramena''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rijeka Sumbiruno.png | image_size = | image_caption = Nidaamka wabiga [[Tsaratanana Massif]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 86.2 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = meesha ugu sarreysa ee [[Maromokotra (mountain)|Maromokotra]] | source1_location = [[Tsaratanana Massif]], [[Diana Region|Diana]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|2500|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Ambodimanga, Ambanja|Ambodimanga]], [[Webiga Sambirano|Sambirano]] | mouth_location = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|44|S|48|37|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|27|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 1080 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Ramena''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyi-galbeedka [[Madagascar]] ee gobolka [[Diana Region|Diana]]. Isha uu ka bilaabmo waa [[Maromokotra]] waana wabi hoosaadka ugu weyn ee [[Webiga Sambirano|Sambirano]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.agriculture.gov.mg/pdf/Monographie2003_Diana.pdf |title=(page 13) |access-date=2020-01-06 }}</ref> Afka wabigu wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Ambodimanga Ramena]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ai1ykoql1ep6p0r4o0rw544g4tkdna3 0 48964 301739 2026-07-11T12:54:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Rianila''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Rijeka-Rianila.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar. | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Atsinanana]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Brickaville]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|134|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|325.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Fahona Massif | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,450|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Andevoranto]], [[Brickaville]], [[Atsinanana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|18|58|35|S|49|06|10|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Rianila | basin_size = {{convert|7,820|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = Rongaronga | tributaries_right = Iaroka, [[Webiga Vohitra|Vohitra]], | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''''Rianila''''' waa wabi ku yaal gobolka [[Atsinanana]] ee bariga [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa buuraleyda dhexe ilaa uu ku shubo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] koonfurta [[Brickaville]] ee [[Andevoranto]]. Wabi hoosaadkiisa ugu weyn waa [[Rongaronga]], kaas oo ku biira meel u dhow Brickaville, iyo sidoo kale wabiyaasha [[Webiga Iaroka|Iaroka]] iyo [[Webiga Vohitra|Vohitra]]. Wabiga waxaa horey ugu magacaabi jiray sahamiyayaashii reer Galbeedka Webiga Iharoka (iyo Webiga Jark qaar ka mid ah ilaha xogta).<ref name="ref1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=D7EWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18 History of Madagascar], p. 18 (1838) (tusaale ka mid ah ilaha Ingiriisiga, oo tilmaamaya inuu yahay wabiga koonfurta ka xiga [[Andevoranto]])</ref> [[File:BrickavilleFluss1.jpg|thumb|left|Dekedda gudaha ee wabiga Rianila ee Brickaville]] == Tixraacyo == * {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121225213850/http://canaldespangalanes.over-blog.com/pages/descente-de-la-rianila-2421873.html canaldespangalanes.over-blog.com - ''Descente de la Rianila''] {{reflist}} ri3oyopb294htymj619ygyxs2pj4wiy 0 48965 301740 2026-07-11T12:56:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301740 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sahamaitso'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mullens |first1=Joseph |title=Twelve Months in Madagascar |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Twelve_Months_in_Madagascar/fsMRAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Sahamaitso+river&pg=PA236&printsec=frontcover |website=google.com |publisher=R. Carter |access-date=31 March 2026 |page=236 |language=en |date=1875}}</ref> waa wabi ku yaal gobolka [[Alaotra-Mangoro]] ee bariga [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ku yaallaa meel u dhow magaalooyinka [[Amboasary Gara]], [[Tanifotsy]] iyo [[Ampangabe]]. == Tixraacyo == <references/> {{coord|-18.43538|48.24242|display=title|region:MG_type:river|format=dms}} pptrh095kzq8px9yruya15nuzjhv28f 0 48966 301741 2026-07-11T12:57:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Saharenana''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Antananandrenitelo (Diana) - Riviere Saharenana.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Saharenana oo u dhow [[Antananandrenitelo]] | map = Rijeke-Masiva-Ambre.png | map_size = | map_caption = Nidaamka wabiga [[Ambohitra Massif]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 52 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Biriijka [[Route Nationale 6 (Madagascar)|RN6]] | discharge1_min = {{convert|0.86|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|1.48|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|8.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Ambohitra Massif]], [[Diana Region|Diana]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1445|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|12|39|40|S|49|33|20|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 140 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Andranotsimisiamalona|Andranotsimisiamalona]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = *[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf Bauduin & Servat, ''Etude d'Hydrologie à usage Agricole'' - ORSTOM pp.1-829] - page 16–17 }} '''Webiga Saharenana''' wuxuu ku yaallaa waqooyiga [[Madagascar]] wuxuuna ka gudbaa [[Route Nationale 6 (Madagascar)|Route Nationale 6]] meel u dhow [[Antananandrenitelo]]. Isha uu ka soo qulqulo waxay ku taallaa meel u dhow [[Joffreville]] ee [[Ambohitra Massif]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. == Tixraacyo == *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.agriculture.gov.mg/pdf/Monographie2003_Diana.pdf Monographie de la Région Diana] (bogga 13) {{reflist}} e9296lsgg0pn6vor432v7r109x1psbv 0 48967 301742 2026-07-11T12:58:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301742 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Young fishermen at Andasibe.jpg|thumb|Kalluumeysato dhalinyaro ah oo ku sugan webiga Sahatandra]] '''Sahatandra'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Boat tour through the mountain cloud forest - |url=https://www.urlaub-auf-madagaskar.com/en/boat-tour-through-the-mountain-mist-forest/ |website=urlaub-auf-madagaskar.com |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref> waa wabi yar oo mara [[Andasibe, Moramanga|Andasibe]] oo ku yaal gobolka [[Alaotra-Mangoro]] ee [[Madagascar]] iyo [[Beerta Qaranka ee Andasibe-Mantadia]]. Afkiisu wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Webiga Vohitra|Vohitra]] oo ku yaal Andasibe. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{coord|18|56|S|48|25|E|display=title}} e2ln7gom69kxrv8g54es2frjy6mkcxf 0 48968 301743 2026-07-11T13:00:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301743 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sahatavy''' waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu maraa [[Beerta Qaranka ee Zahamena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6568|title=Zahamena National Park|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=9 March 2013}}</ref> Magaalada [[Sahatavy]] ayaa ku taal xeebtiisa.<ref name="The Antananarvio Annual and Madagascar Magazine">{{cite book|title=The Antananarvio Annual and Madagascar Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYccAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 March 2013|year=1893|publisher=London Missionary Society Press|page=61}}</ref> [[Webiga Sarondrina|Sarondrina]] waa wabi hoosaad ka mid ah Sahatavy. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} npkj90vlfbmasmfgoddofxshk7d4dyd 0 48969 301744 2026-07-11T13:01:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Sakaleona''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Madagascar rivers.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar (Sakaleona wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa buuraleyda dhexe ilaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]]). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Amoron'i Mania]], [[Vatovavy]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = meel u dhow [[Ambositra]],<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.madamax.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176&Itemid=146 Madamax]</ref> [[Amoron'i Mania]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Nosy Varika]], [[Vatovavy]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|34|01|S|48|32|44|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = 2314.2 km2<ref>[http://biblio.univ-antananarivo.mg/pdfs/raharinandrasanaZenyR_ESPA_ING_12.pdf UN PONT EN BETON PRECONTRAINT EN REMPLACEMENT DU PONT EXISTANT SUR LA RN 11 PK 101 + 000 (Nosy-Varika)]</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Sakaleona.jpg|thumb|left|Biyo-dhaca Sakaleona]] '''''Sakaleona''''' waa wabi ku yaal gobollada [[Amoron'i Mania]] iyo [[Vatovavy]] ee bariga [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa buuraleyda dhexe ilaa uu ku shubo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] meel u dhow [[Nosy Varika]]. [[File:Mananjary OSM.png|thumb|left|Webiga Sakaleona]] == Sidoo kale eeg == [[Biyo-dhaca Sakaleona]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ela27b66xxosch5h9a96bfv1joamjh6 0 48970 301745 2026-07-11T13:03:25Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Sakanila''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Atsinanana]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Maintinandry]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|25|48|S|48|55|51|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Sakanila''' waa wabi ku yaal xeebta bari ee [[Madagascar]], wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]] oo ku yaal [[Maintinandry]], koonfurta [[Vatomandry]]. Biriij ku yaal [[Route nationale 11 (Madagascar)]] ayaa ka gudba Sakanila galbeedka Maintinandry. Barnaamijka Ethnobotany-ga Madagascar ayaa ku yaal wabiga sare ee Ambalabe.<ref name="eth">[http://www.wlbcenter.org/mep.htm Madagascar Ethnobotany Program], William L. Brown Center (WLBC), Retrieved 5 March 2013</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} [[File:Madagascar rivers.svg|thumb|Wabiyaasha Madagascar]] et65tltohx5uecxush7wwxguuhz8luu 0 48971 301747 2026-07-11T13:05:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sakay | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Carte Sakay.svg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Sakay ee bassin-ka Webiga Tsiribihina | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Bongolava]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Mahajilo|Mahajilo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|24|06|S|46|09|50|E|region:MG|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|680|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Webiga Tsiribihina|Tsiribihina]] | basin_size = | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Lily|Lily]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Sakay''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Bongolava]], [[Madagascar]], wuxuuna maraa magaalooyinka [[Ankadinondry Sakay]] iyo [[Mahasolo]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa bariga [[Tsiroanomandidy]] oo ku taal dhul bannaan oo jooggiisu yahay 1400 mitir, afkiisuna wuxuu ku yaal [[Webiga Mahajilo|Mahajilo]]. Wabi hoosaadkiisa waa [[Webiga Lily|Lily]] kaas oo ka soo bilaabma [[Harada Kavitaha]] ee [[Ampefy]] (Itasy). [[File:Chute de la Lili.jpg|thumb|left|Biyo-dhaca Lily ee Ampefy]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} djmv86bihhjb58dnd1iogoh1fdvsfl8 0 48972 301748 2026-07-11T13:06:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sakeny | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Carte Sakay.svg | image_size = | image_caption = Bassin-ka Tsiribihina, oo muujinaya Webiga Sakeny oo ku yaal xarunta hoose. | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobollada | subdivision_name3 = [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] iyo [[Menabe]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Makay Massif]] | source1_location = [[Degmada Beroroha]], Gobolka Atsimo-Andrefana | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Mania|Mania]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-19.8138|45.4598|format=dms|type:river_region:MG|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Webiga Tsiribihina|Tsiribihina]] | basin_size = 14,500 km² | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Sakeny''' waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka Madagascar. Waa wabi hoosaad ka mid ah [[Webiga Tsiribihina|Tsiribihina]]. Sakeny wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa waqooyiga [[Makay Massif]] ee waqooyiga [[Degmada Beroroha]] ee [[Gobolka Atsimo-Andrefana]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo sii mara bannaanka Betsiriry ee gobolka [[Menabe]], inta u dhaxaysa [[Buuraleyda Dhexe ee Madagascar]] oo ku taal bariga iyo [[Bemaraha Plateau]] oo ku taal galbeedka. Sakeny wuxuu ku biiraa [[Webiga Mania|Mania]], kaas oo markaas ku biira Tsiribihina. Waxaa jira dhul-qoyan xilliyeed ballaaran oo ku yaal meesha ay isugu tagaan.<ref>Andriambeloson, Johary & Calmant, Stéphane & Paris, Adrien & Rakotondraompiana, Solofo. (2020). Re-initiating depth-discharge monitoring in small-sized ungauged watersheds by combining remote sensing and hydrological modelling: a case study in Madagascar. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques''. 65. 10.1080/02626667.2020.1833013.</ref><ref>Aldegheri, M. (1972). Rivers and Streams on Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{commons cat}} {{Reflist}} oks79xpcjfg6nmas9fo6uaflxbh40c1 0 48973 301809 2026-07-12T03:09:28Z Armadillo Jack 46447 Samee turjumidda bogga "[[:simple:Special:Redirect/revision/9993357|Texas's 32nd congressional district]]" 301809 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> jnaav5vf6oaim3qelpdysq6rfyx59qr 301810 301809 2026-07-12T03:10:03Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301810 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka Texas. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga Julie Johnson. Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. jbnrmk0ck27x1gce42is8kn2knqb2v8 301811 301810 2026-07-12T03:13:25Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301811 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka Texas. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga Julie Johnson. Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. rsll2cdcsz7ym4fbzk77hf4yc03fsdo 301814 301811 2026-07-12T03:32:08Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301814 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka Texas. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka Collin County iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga Julie Johnson. Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. d2pz62bzb2f9ct81n60tojbqm50r6vf 301820 301814 2026-07-12T03:35:21Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301820 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka Texas. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, [[Texas]]-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. iqv6ho35gkb2hs39lulnxe06vm7kzg7 301821 301820 2026-07-12T03:35:40Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301821 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. 8bb1tijbovvkuysa36koaelk5fv0yr9 301823 301821 2026-07-12T03:37:44Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301823 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. == Cod bixinta == gqq32fw13lhftxus7zpbqdxgod7x8ka 301824 301823 2026-07-12T03:38:33Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301824 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. == Cod bixinta == ibzhhwx0cw25jkb0b12ub1fz9vwiup3 301837 301824 2026-07-12T03:44:27Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301837 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Dallas County waa xarunta fadhiga dowlada countyga maamul goboleedka ismaamulka Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. == Cod bixinta == l01hi8cimzn9vxlhr2ykt6t703l3nx0 301856 301837 2026-07-12T03:53:00Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301856 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. == Juquraafiga == ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. == Cod bixinta == 3ndfevo29c49s6l5nuve1krnhh0gru1 301857 301856 2026-07-12T03:53:18Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301857 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas. Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. == Juquraafiga == ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. == Cod bixinta == rj39wb9wde5686x7630rjt8z8ktdc25 301858 301857 2026-07-12T03:54:05Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301858 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred. == Cod bixinta == 17h64tse0oe5xssz0pnest9w6czkefy 301859 301858 2026-07-12T03:54:59Z Armadillo Jack 46447 /* Musharaxiinta */ 301859 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == du3gecxoo2ggh96ictkaw1xf9m3kob6 301860 301859 2026-07-12T04:00:47Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301860 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == 1vvwam9rrupk4q3boxhpd5eixwp7fa4 301863 301860 2026-07-12T04:04:11Z Armadillo Jack 46447 /* Cod bixinta */ 301863 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == 16ubyx7rbyymmnqylqb4v3v04ud4oad 301865 301863 2026-07-12T04:06:55Z Armadillo Jack 46447 /* Cod bixinta */ 301865 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == 3mbv2eg5h3y5qt1i7rxuan9pqi0njlc 301866 301865 2026-07-12T04:07:07Z Armadillo Jack 46447 /* Cod bixinta */ 301866 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == rmv0vz5987kzfv5iwcpore42vbeg4c1 301980 301866 2026-07-12T11:25:36Z ~2026-39369-96 46466 301980 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Colin_Allred|Colin Allred]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == b5l3vu6idmqg9vhb9a35ks5571ilvy2 301981 301980 2026-07-12T11:27:23Z ~2026-39369-96 46466 /* Musharaxiinta */ 301981 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta (NFL) ''linebacker'' ee Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Colin_Allred|Colin Allred]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == 269vxdy4tmknw84o9th9pee0rmtjain 301983 301981 2026-07-12T11:28:56Z ~2026-39369-96 46466 301983 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ([[:en:National_Football_League|NFL]]) ''[[:en:Linebacker|linebacker]]'' ee Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Colin_Allred|Colin Allred]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == 3m17ur8hy5lrmuyqcr58mywhey3awem 301985 301983 2026-07-12T11:31:31Z ~2026-39369-96 46466 301985 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. Johnson waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo doortay Kongareeska sannadkii 2024, isagoo ka guuleystay Colin Allred, kaasoo si aan ku guuleysan ugu tartamay Aqalka Senate-ka Mareykanka halkii uu dib u dooran lahaa. Waxay u tartamtay dib u doorashada sannadkii 2026, laakiin waxay ku weyday Allred wareegii koowaad ee doorashada. ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == 9xbt2m6bpdvybqubppl9fe9rhoala69 301986 301985 2026-07-12T11:32:07Z ~2026-39369-96 46466 301986 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. Johnson waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo doortay Kongareeska sannadkii 2024, isagoo ka guuleystay Colin Allred, kaasoo si aan ku guuleysan ugu tartamay Aqalka Senate-ka Mareykanka halkii uu dib u dooran lahaa. Waxay u tartamtay dib u doorashada sannadkii 2026, laakiin waxay ku weyday Allred wareegii koowaad ee doorashada.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-05-26|title=Texas 18th Congressional District Runoff 2026: Live Election Results, Green vs. Menefee|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/us/elections/results-texas-us-house-18-runoff.html|access-date=2026-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == 7pjxggj77v46vbwbe86qnhq81e8molo 301987 301986 2026-07-12T11:33:23Z ~2026-39369-96 46466 301987 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga [[:en:Julie_Johnson_(politician)|Julie Johnson]]. Johnson waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo doortay Kongareeska sannadkii 2024, isagoo ka guuleystay [[:en:Colin_Allred|Colin Allred]], kaasoo si aan ku guuleysan ugu tartamay Aqalka Senate-ka Mareykanka halkii uu dib u dooran lahaa. Waxay u tartamtay dib u doorashada sannadkii 2026, laakiin waxay ku weyday Allred wareegii koowaad ee doorashada.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-05-26|title=Texas 18th Congressional District Runoff 2026: Live Election Results, Green vs. Menefee|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/us/elections/results-texas-us-house-18-runoff.html|access-date=2026-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == 6kiktauv4tqm9guz8addwq053n06xmw 301996 301987 2026-07-12T11:54:42Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301996 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga Julie Johnson. Johnson waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo doortay Kongareeska sannadkii 2024, isagoo ka guuleystay [[Colin Allred,]] kaasoo si aan ku guuleysan ugu tartamay Aqalka Senate-ka Mareykanka halkii uu dib u dooran lahaa. Waxay u tartamtay dib u doorashada sannadkii 2026, laakiin waxay ku weyday Allred wareegii koowaad ee doorashada.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-05-26|title=Texas 18th Congressional District Runoff 2026: Live Election Results, Green vs. Menefee|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/us/elections/results-texas-us-house-18-runoff.html|access-date=2026-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == j8329lzi7z3z430hl390e983g6j61zv 301997 301996 2026-07-12T11:56:54Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301997 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css"> </templatestyles> '''Degmada 32aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas waa''' degmo Congress-ka ah oo ku taal gobolka [[Texas]]. Degmadan waxaa la aasaasay 2003 ka dib tirakoobkii 2000, Texas-na waxay heshay laba degmo oo Congress-ka ah oo dheeraad ah. Degmada 32-aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas ee Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ku yaal waqooyi-bari Degmada Dallas County iyo qayb ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]] iyo Denton County. Degmadu waxay ku taal waqooyiga Dallas, Texas laakiin ka dib markii dib loo dhigay degmooyinkii 2011-2012 waxay sidoo kale leedahay bariga Dallas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.texastribune.org/texas-redistricting/redistricting/redistricting-race-limit-gop-majority/|title=In Redistricting, Race is the Limit to GOP Majority|author=Ross Ramsey|access-date=August 8, 2012|work=The Texas Tribune|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> Magaalada Dallas waa Caasimad ugu weeyn ee Degmada 32aad. Doorashooyin ayaa ka dhacay Texas Noofambar 15kii , 2024. Degmada waxaa hadda matasha Dimuqraadiga Julie Johnson. Johnson waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo doortay Kongareeska sannadkii 2024, isagoo ka guuleystay [[Colin Allred]], kaasoo si aan ku guuleysan ugu tartamay Aqalka Senate-ka Mareykanka halkii uu dib u dooran lahaa. Waxay u tartamtay dib u doorashada sannadkii 2026, laakiin waxay ku weyday Allred wareegii koowaad ee doorashada.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-05-26|title=Texas 18th Congressional District Runoff 2026: Live Election Results, Green vs. Menefee|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/us/elections/results-texas-us-house-18-runoff.html|access-date=2026-05-27|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Musharaxiinta== Markii degmada laga dhigay Jamhuuriga Pete Sessions wuxuu ahaa Congressman. Wuxuu ahaa Congressman muddo 16 sano ah laakiin wuxuu ku guuldareystay dib u doorashada ciyaaryahankii hore ee kubadda cagta ee Dimuqraadiga Colin Allred.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2018/11/07/democrat-colin-allred-grabs-dallas-area-u-s-house-seat-from-gop-s-pete-sessions/|title=Democrat Colin Allred grabs Dallas-area U.S. House seat from GOP's Pete Sessions|date=November 7, 2018|website=Dallas News}}</ref> == Cod bixinta == Hagaha codbixiyaha wuxuu sharxayaa hanaanka cod bixinta. '''[https://www.votetexas.gov/ | VoteTexas.gov]''' '''https://www.vote411.org/texas''' [https://www.eac.gov/language-access-resources '''eac.gov/language-access-resources'''] == Tixraac == ko7irdjenqi9jov7koghvvekgtfxumq 12 48974 301826 2026-07-12T03:42:41Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Rer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301826 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Rer Geedoow]] l1k3d5pta706ddb8d2xb9wuf7ovmm61 301829 301826 2026-07-12T03:43:29Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help:Reer Geedow]]: Waa laga tagay 301826 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Rer Geedoow]] l1k3d5pta706ddb8d2xb9wuf7ovmm61 13 48975 301828 2026-07-12T03:42:41Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Talk:Rer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301828 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Rer Geedoow]] o2lws22s1ez6ucswdb95apjb8d35mdm 301831 301828 2026-07-12T03:43:29Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help talk:Reer Geedow]]: Waa laga tagay 301828 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Rer Geedoow]] o2lws22s1ez6ucswdb95apjb8d35mdm 12 48976 301830 2026-07-12T03:43:29Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help:Reer Geedow]]: Waa laga tagay 301830 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Help:Reer Geedow]] fhr6x29x5xnu8pa0q9b9b7s1o539wsd 301833 301830 2026-07-12T03:43:50Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301830 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Help:Reer Geedow]] fhr6x29x5xnu8pa0q9b9b7s1o539wsd 13 48977 301832 2026-07-12T03:43:29Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help talk:Reer Geedow]]: Waa laga tagay 301832 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Help talk:Reer Geedow]] l7aock2a3k6to301hfauwzy6kj6b5jb 301835 301832 2026-07-12T03:43:50Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help talk:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301832 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Help talk:Reer Geedow]] l7aock2a3k6to301hfauwzy6kj6b5jb 0 48978 301834 2026-07-12T03:43:50Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301834 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Help:Reer Geedoow]] npkkacu1l1053suezq82ykvrk66wvjz 1 48979 301836 2026-07-12T03:43:50Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Yaaqshiid]] ilaa [[Help talk:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301836 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Help talk:Reer Geedoow]] 3zvy75yye21gshs7nm1v76wkoej0bjz 1 48980 301839 2026-07-12T03:47:12Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Shibis]] ilaa [[Wikipedia:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301839 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Reer Geedoow]] 1lh9log46eecd4lyuki7vdfxkj2htfg 301842 301839 2026-07-12T03:47:43Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Shibis]] ilaa [[Talk:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301839 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Reer Geedoow]] 1lh9log46eecd4lyuki7vdfxkj2htfg 301844 301842 2026-07-12T03:48:22Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 /* */ 301844 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 1 48981 301841 2026-07-12T03:47:13Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Shibis]] ilaa [[Wikipedia talk:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301841 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia talk:Reer Geedoow]] 8c7a2bjjc1foyvkzq5996hnnnbyp3o7 301848 301841 2026-07-12T03:49:50Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Shibis]] ilaa [[Talk:Reer Geedooẃ]]: Waa laga tagay 301841 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia talk:Reer Geedoow]] 8c7a2bjjc1foyvkzq5996hnnnbyp3o7 301852 301848 2026-07-12T03:51:19Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Reer Geedooẃ]] ilaa [[Talk:Shibis]] iyadoo la dul mariyay sii toosin: Waa laga tagay 301841 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia talk:Reer Geedoow]] 8c7a2bjjc1foyvkzq5996hnnnbyp3o7 0 48982 301843 2026-07-12T03:47:43Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Shibis]] ilaa [[Talk:Reer Geedoow]]: Waa laga tagay 301843 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Reer Geedoow]] lu7paa6hgsvrwoburbe1y3x957xfyef 301845 301843 2026-07-12T03:49:02Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 /* */ 301845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Shibis | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Shibis District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Muqdisho]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Guddoomiyaha Degmada | leader_name = [[Boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah|Bannaan]] | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 67 | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 947800 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates ={{coord|2.049722|45.262222|region:SO|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Shibis District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Shibis ) waa Degmada ugu yar ee dhaca Koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]]. Mid ka mid ah deegaanada ugu qadiimsan magaalada [[Muqdisho]] ayaa waxaa xuduud la leh [[Kaaraan]], [[Yaaqshiid]] [[Boondheere]] iyo [[Cabdicasiis]]. Goobaha caanka ah ee Shibis waxaa ka mid ah Xarunta Nabadsugida Qaranka (NiSa) , Safaaradda [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] iyo Gurigii uu ka geeriyooday Hogaamiyihii Milateriga ahaa ee [[Siyaad Barre]], Hotel Global iyo kuwo kale. ==Tixraac== [http://www.statoids.com/yso.html Degmooyinka Soomaaliya] [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Shibis_A3.pdf Khariidadda maamulka degmada Shibis] 2fjtx98s3fhhrk155xrlr2f2loro1xm 301846 301845 2026-07-12T03:49:50Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Shibis]] ilaa [[Reer Geedooẃ]]: Waa laga tagay 301845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Shibis | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Shibis District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Muqdisho]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Guddoomiyaha Degmada | leader_name = [[Boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah|Bannaan]] | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 67 | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 947800 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates ={{coord|2.049722|45.262222|region:SO|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Shibis District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Shibis ) waa Degmada ugu yar ee dhaca Koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]]. Mid ka mid ah deegaanada ugu qadiimsan magaalada [[Muqdisho]] ayaa waxaa xuduud la leh [[Kaaraan]], [[Yaaqshiid]] [[Boondheere]] iyo [[Cabdicasiis]]. Goobaha caanka ah ee Shibis waxaa ka mid ah Xarunta Nabadsugida Qaranka (NiSa) , Safaaradda [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] iyo Gurigii uu ka geeriyooday Hogaamiyihii Milateriga ahaa ee [[Siyaad Barre]], Hotel Global iyo kuwo kale. ==Tixraac== [http://www.statoids.com/yso.html Degmooyinka Soomaaliya] [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Shibis_A3.pdf Khariidadda maamulka degmada Shibis] 2fjtx98s3fhhrk155xrlr2f2loro1xm 301850 301846 2026-07-12T03:51:19Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Reer Geedooẃ]] ilaa [[Shibis]] iyadoo la dul mariyay sii toosin: Waa laga tagay 301845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Shibis | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Shibis District.png | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map =Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Banaadir]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Muqdisho]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Guddoomiyaha Degmada | leader_name = [[Boos bannaan oo ku-meel-gaar ah|Bannaan]] | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 67 | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 947800 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates ={{coord|2.049722|45.262222|region:SO|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Shibis District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Shibis ) waa Degmada ugu yar ee dhaca Koonfur-bari ee gobolka [[Banaadir]]. Mid ka mid ah deegaanada ugu qadiimsan magaalada [[Muqdisho]] ayaa waxaa xuduud la leh [[Kaaraan]], [[Yaaqshiid]] [[Boondheere]] iyo [[Cabdicasiis]]. Goobaha caanka ah ee Shibis waxaa ka mid ah Xarunta Nabadsugida Qaranka (NiSa) , Safaaradda [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] iyo Gurigii uu ka geeriyooday Hogaamiyihii Milateriga ahaa ee [[Siyaad Barre]], Hotel Global iyo kuwo kale. ==Tixraac== [http://www.statoids.com/yso.html Degmooyinka Soomaaliya] [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/120220_OCHASom_Administrative_Map_Banadir_Shibis_A3.pdf Khariidadda maamulka degmada Shibis] 2fjtx98s3fhhrk155xrlr2f2loro1xm 0 48985 301851 2026-07-12T03:51:19Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Reer Geedooẃ]] ilaa [[Shibis]] iyadoo la dul mariyay sii toosin: Waa laga tagay 301851 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Shibis]] rfazlamvqgplqc90c9lv7dep3hef91g 1 48986 301853 2026-07-12T03:51:19Z Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub 42604 Cabdighanni Muuse Ayuub la wareejiyay bogga [[Talk:Reer Geedooẃ]] ilaa [[Talk:Shibis]] iyadoo la dul mariyay sii toosin: Waa laga tagay 301853 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Shibis]] ll18uuwg07321fdo5mrlzafgoikj1qp 0 48987 301868 2026-07-12T07:29:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Sambirano''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rijeka Sumbiruno.png | image_size = | image_caption = Nidaamka wabiga [[Tsaratanana Massif]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Ambanja]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 124 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|134.6|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = meesha ugu sarreysa ee [[Maromokotra (mountain)|Maromokotra]] | source1_location = [[Tsaratanana Massif]], [[Diana Region|Diana]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|2,500|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|37|02|S|48|20|01|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Sambirano | basin_size_km2 = 2,800 | basin_size_ref = ilaa {{cvt|2,979.4|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Ramena|Ramena]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Sambirano''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyi-galbeedka [[Madagascar]] ee gobolka [[Diana Region|Diana]]. Wuxuu isha ka bilaabmaa meesha ugu sarreysa ee [[Maromokotra (buur)|Maromokotra]] wuxuuna maraa [[Kaydka Tsaratanana]] ilaa uu ku shubo [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Delta-diisu waxay ku fadhidaa 250&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}. Nidaamka deegaanka ee wabiga, oo u badan kaymo iyo duur, ayaa leh noocyo badan oo asal ah, sida [[Sambirano mouse lemur]] iyo [[Sambirano woolly lemur]].<ref name="KennerleyPearson2010">{{cite book|last1=Kennerley|first1=Peter|last2=Pearson|first2=David|title=Reed and Bush Warblers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EbjzHc_T0UC&pg=PA528|accessdate=8 January 2013|date=15 September 2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7136-6022-7|page=528}}</ref> [[Kaymaha qallalan ee Madagascar]] ayaa ku yaal qayb badan oo ka mid ah bassin-ka wabiga, inkastoo mangroves ay ka muuqdaan qaybo ka mid ah xeebta.<ref>World Wildlife Fund, C. Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests?topic=49597 ''Madagascar dry deciduous forests''. eds. Sahotra Sarkar & Mark McGinley. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment]. Washington DC. rev. 2013</ref> [[File:Assortiment de cabosse-Madagascar-oct-09.JPG|thumb|left|Midhaha kookaha ee Madagascar]] Dooxada Sambirano waa aagga ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka [[Theobroma cacao|kookaha]] ee Madagascar. 60% (ama 7500 ilaa 10 000 tan sanadkiiba) ayaa ka yimaada aaggan. Waxaa jira waddo aan laami ahayn oo ka timaada [[Ambanja]] ilaa [[Marovato, Ambanja|Marovato]], iyadoo la sii marayo [[Benavony]], [[Ambodimanga Ramena]], [[Bemaneviky Ouest]], [[Maevatanana, Diana|Maevatanana]] oo ay adag tahay in la maro.<ref>[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/165771531380104866/pdf/PAR-Piste-Haut-Sambirano-Final.pdf PAR-Piste-Haut-Sambirano-Final.pdf]</ref> Inta badan kookaha la dhoofiyo ayaa sidaas darteed waxaa lagu qaadaa doonyo ku socda wabiga Sambirano ilaa [[Ambanja]] iyo [[Route nationale 6 (Madagascar)|Wadada qaran ee 6]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.agriculture.gov.mg/pdf/Monographie2003_Diana.pdf Monographie de la Région Diana] (bogga 13) lk72lc3bku439a8kud888xnwcyx926p 0 48988 301869 2026-07-12T07:31:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Sandrananta''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sandrananta_Ambolomadinika.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Sandranata oo ku yaal bariga [[Ambolomadinika]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Matitanana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|25|53.4|S|47|54|38|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Ikongo]], [[Andemaka]] | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Sandrananta''' waa wabi ku yaal xeebta bari ee [[Madagascar]]. Afkiisu wuxuu ku yaallaa wabiga [[Matitanana]] meel u dhow magaalada [[Andemaka]] ee gobolka [[Fitovinany]]. Wabigu wuxuu u nugul yahay fatahaad ka dhalata xaaladaha cimilada daran. Sanadkii 2023, wabigu wuxuu ka buuxsamay xeebtiisa ka dib duufaantii "Freddy", taasoo fatahaad u geysatay beeraha beeraha u dhow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2023 |title=Preliminary Satellite-Derived Flood Assessment Report, Vohipeno District, Madagascar, |url=https://unosat.org/static/unosat_filesystem/3509/UNOSAT_Preliminary_Assessment_Report_TC20230221MDG_23Feb2023.pdf |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=unosat.org |publisher=UNOSAT, United Nations Institute for Training and Research |place= |format=PDF |publication-place=Geneva, Switzerland |id=3509}}</ref> Sanadkii ku xigay, wabigu wuxuu mar kale fatahay, ka dib markii ay saameysay duufaantii ALVARO-24.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-01 |title=Tropical cyclone ALVARO-24, Madagascar 2024 |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0e14d714160f43b38f704cf9df3fc249 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |publisher=FAO DIEM-Impact assessment |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist|2}} gyii4dctsxyoobgegar60jphkkvz4ga 0 48989 301870 2026-07-12T07:33:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sandrangato'''<ref>{{cite web |title=East Region {{!}} Madagascar Locations |url=https://madagascar.io/east-region.html |website=madagascar.io |access-date=26 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> waa wabi mara meel u dhow [[Anosibe An'ala]], gobolka [[Alaotra-Mangoro]], [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ku yaallaa 72 km u jira [[Moramanga]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{coord|19|09|S|48|14|E|display=title|region:MG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} hrtyj6xfv42bnkuiba5bs0ron8j6oxm 0 48990 301871 2026-07-12T07:34:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sofia | image = Carte bassin Sofia.svg <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 328 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Delta-ga Sofia | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|1,061.9|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Tsaratanana Massif]] | source1_location = [[Gobolka Sofia|Sofia]], [[Madagascar]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{cvt|1,784|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Degmada Boriziny-Vaovao|meel u dhow Port Bergé]], [[Gobolka Sofia|Sofia]] [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = 0 m | progression = | river_system = Webiga Sofia | basin_size_km2 = 29,267 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Rijeka sofia.png|left|thumb|Rijeka sofia.png]] '''Sofia''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyi-galbeedka [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu maraa [[Gobolka Sofia]]. Isha uu ka bilaabmo waa [[Tsaratanana Massif]] oo jooggiisu yahay 1784 mitir.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Ralph H.|last2=Hughes|first2=Jane S.|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA801|accessdate=8 January 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|page=801}}</ref> Wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|328|km}}.<ref>[http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/monographies/Fleuves%20et%20rivières%20de%20Madagascar.pdf Fleuves & Rivieres de Madagascar]</ref> Afkiisu wuxuu ku yaallaa Badweynta Hindiya ee [[Degmada Boriziny-Vaovao]] (Port-Bergé). == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{commonscat}} {{coord|15|25|48|S|47|10|48|E|source:kolossus-itwiki|display=title}} ixfdseyotsu1d1usfml40c2nk0yx48r 0 48991 301872 2026-07-12T07:36:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Tsiribihina''' | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = File:Tsiribihina 03.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Carte Sakay.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Bassin-ka Tsiribihina | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Bongolava]], [[Menabe]], [[Melaky]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|150|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Delta-ga Tsiribihina | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|1,027.2|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Meesha ay isugu tagaan [[Webiga Mahajilo|Mahajilo]] iyo [[Webiga Mania|Mania]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{cvt|49|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Belon'i Tsiribihina]], [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|19|42|S|44|33|E|region:MG|display=inline}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Tsiribihina | basin_size = {{cvt|49,800|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Mahajilo|Mahajilo]], Andranomeno | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Mania|Mania]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Mangroves de Tsiribihina | designation1_date = 22 May 2017 | designation1_number = 2302<ref name = rsis>{{Cite web|title=Mangroves de Tsiribihina|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2302|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} [[File:Tsiribihina River.jpg|thumb|right|Doonyaha Pirogue ee webiga Tsiribihina]] '''Tsiribihina'''<ref name="AndrewBlond2008">{{cite book|last1=Andrew|first1=David|last2=Blond|first2=Becca|last3=Parkinson|first3=Tom|author4=Anderson, Aaron |title=Madagascar & Comoros 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMq-2xYmCwQC&pg=PA149|accessdate=8 January 2013|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-608-3|page=149}}</ref> waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka [[Madagascar]]. Wabi hoosaadyada ugu muhiimsan waa [[Webiga Mahajilo|Mahajilo]], [[Webiga Manandaza|Manandaza]], [[Webiga Mania|Mania]], iyo [[Webiga Sakeny|Sakeny]]. Bassin-kiisu wuxuu leeyahay aag dhan 49,800 km². 7,025 km² waxay ku yaalliin bassin-ka Webiga Sakeny, 14,500 km² bassin-ka Webiga Mahajilo, iyo 18,565 km² bassin-ka Webiga Mania.<ref name = Aldegheri/> Isha uu ka bilaabmo waxay ku taallaa [[Buuraleyda Dhexe ee Madagascar]]. Wabi hoosaadyadu waxay guud ahaan u qulqulaan dhanka galbeed marka laga reebo Sakeny, kaas oo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi. Markay ka baxaan buuraleyda oo ay galaan bannaanka Betsiriry ee waqooyi-koonfur, wabi hoosaadyadu waxay isugu tagaan si ay u sameeyaan Tsiribihina - Mahajilo iyo Manandaza oo ka imanaya waqooyiga, iyo Mania iyo Sakeny oo ka imanaya koonfurta. Waxaa jira dhul-qoyan xilliyeed ballaaran iyo harooyin gacmeed oo wabiyaashu isugu tagaan bannaanka.<ref name = Aldegheri/><ref>Andriambeloson, Johary & Calmant, Stéphane & Paris, Adrien & Rakotondraompiana, Solofo. (2020). Re-initiating depth-discharge monitoring in small-sized ungauged watersheds by combining remote sensing and hydrological modelling: a case study in Madagascar. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques''. 65. 10.1080/02626667.2020.1833013.</ref> Ciidda qaniga ah ee alluvial ee bannaanka Betsiriry waxay ka dhigtaa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu habboon beeraha ee galbeedka Madagascar.<ref>Vololona, Mireille & Kyotalimye, Miriam & Thomas, Timothy & Waithaka, Michael. (2013). ''Madagascar''. In Michael Waithaka, Gerald C. Nelson, Timothy S. Thomas, and Miriam Kyotalimye, eds. ''East African agriculture and climate change''. IFPRI, pp. 213–246. 10.13140/2.1.4432.5766.</ref> Dhul-qoyanka iyo harooyinka bannaanka ayaa ah deegaan muhiim u ah shimbiraha biyaha.<ref name = Birdlife>BirdLife International (2022) [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6580 Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wetlands of the Tsiribihina delta and upper Tsiribihina river]. Accessed 20 November 2022.</ref> Tsiribihina ayaa markaas u qulqula dhanka galbeed, iyada oo ka jaraysa dooxad qoto dheer oo qaloocan iyada oo loo marayo [[Bemaraha Plateau]], oo ah qaab-dhismeed nuurad ah oo u fidsan waqooyi iyo koonfur oo ay weheliso cirifka galbeed ee bannaanka Betsiriry.<ref name="Aldegheri">{{Citation |last=Aldegheri |first=M. |title=Rivers and Streams on Madagascar |date=1972 |work=Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar |pages=261–310 |editor-last=Battistini |editor-first=R. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |access-date=2026-06-26 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_8 |isbn=978-94-015-7159-3 |editor2-last=Richard-Vindard |editor2-first=G.}}</ref> Marka uu wabigu ka soo baxo Bemaraha Plateau wuu ballaaraa wuxuuna sameeyaa maroojin.<ref name = Aldegheri/> Waxaa jira dhowr haro oo gacmeed oo ku yaal koorsada hoose, oo ay ku jiraan Harada Kimanomby oo u dhow Ambohibary iyo Harada Masoarivo oo u dhow Masoarivo.<ref name = Birdlife/> Delta-ga wabigu waa weyn yahay, wuxuuna ku fidsan yahay ilaa 35 km waqooyi ilaa koonfur.<ref name = Aldegheri/> Waxaa ka mid ah xeebo iyo tuulooyin, dhul-dhoobo ah, dhul-cusbo ah, mangroves, iyo dhul-qoyan biyo macaan ah. Mangroves-ku guud ahaan waa 2–4 mitir oo dherer ah, geedaha ugu badanina waa noocyada ''[[Avicennia]]'', ''[[Rhizophora]]'', ''[[Ceriops]]'', ''[[Bruguiera]]'', iyo ''[[Sonneratia]]''. Dhul-cusbada ayaa inta badan fataha xilliga roobka. Dhul-qoyanka biyaha macaan iyo harooyinka Tsiribihina hoose waxaa ku badan sedges ''[[Cyperus]]'' spp, reed-ka ''[[Phragmites]]'', iyo hyacinth-ka biyaha ee aan asal ahaan ahayn ''[[Eichhornia]]''.<ref name = Birdlife/> Afka wabiga ayaa u dhow [[Belon'i Tsiribihina]], halkaas oo uu ku shubo [[Kanaalka Mozambique]].<ref name="Bradt2011">{{cite book|last=Bradt|first=Hilary|title=Madagascar: The Bradt Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTRPnMlOcwgC&pg=PA82|accessdate=8 January 2013|date=17 May 2011|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-341-2|page=82}}</ref> 82 nooc oo shimbirro ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay Webiga Tsiribihina iyo delta-giisa, 22 ka mid ah waa [[endemic]] u ah Madagascar. [[Bernier's teal]] (''Anas bernieri'') ayaa ku tarma mangroves-ka. [[Madagascar pratincole]] (''Glareola ocularis'') ayaa isugu yimaada tiro aad u badan xeebaha wabiga, mid ka mid ah isugu-imaatinka ugu weyn Madagascar ee hoose-nooca [[white-backed duck]] (''Thalassornis leuconotus insularis'') ayaa ka dhaca Harada Masoarivo. Dhowr lammaane oo [[Madagascar fish eagle]] (''Haliaeetus vociferoides'') ayaa ku nool wabiga agtiisa.<ref name = Birdlife/> Aagga la ilaaliyo ee [[Menabe Antimena]] ayaa daboolaya xeebta koonfureed ee Tsiribihina hoose oo ay la socdaan delta-ga iyo mangroves. Tsiribihina Delta ayaa loo qoondeeyey [[Ramsar Site|dhul-qoyan muhiimad caalami ah]] iyadoo la raacayo [[Axdiga Ramsar]],<ref name = rsis/> iyo Webiga Tsiribihina iyo delta-giisa ayaa loo qoondeeyey [[Important Bird Area]] oo ay samaysay [[Birdlife International]].<ref name = Birdlife/> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons cat|Tsiribihina}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|19|53|S|44|27|E|display=title|region:MG_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} dv4cwrr1u9zduiupg1pt65yy55q1nai 0 48992 301873 2026-07-12T07:37:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Zomandao''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Route nationale 7 Zamondoa Bridge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Zomandao | map = Mangoki drainage.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Mangoky iyo Zomandao | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Haute Matsiatra]], [[Ihorombe]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalooyin | subdivision_name5 = [[Fenoarivo Atsinanana]], [[Ihosy]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|283|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Andringitra Massif]], [[Pic Boby]], [[Haute Matsiatra]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|2600|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Mangoky|Mangoky]] | mouth_location = u dhexeeya [[Bekininy]] iyo [[Sakananjy]], [[Ihorombe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|35|45|S|45|24|44|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|193|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|10300|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Sohanambo|Sohanambo]], [[Webiga Ihosy|Ihosy]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Zomandao''' waa wabi dhererkiisu yahay 283-km oo ku yaal gobollada [[Haute Matsiatra]] iyo [[Ihorombe]] ee bartamaha-koonfurta [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Andringitra Massif]] ee [[Boby Peak]],<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.madamax.com/index.php/en/zomandao.html Madamax.com]</ref> buurta labaad ee ugu sarreysa [[Madagascar]], wuxuuna maraa [[Bannaanka Zomandao]]. Waa mid ka mid ah wabi hoosaadyada ugu waaweyn ee [[Webiga Mangoky|Mangoky]]. Wuxuu leeyahay qaar ka mid ah biyaha soo dhaca, oo ay ku jiraan [[Riandahy Falls]] iyo [[Rianbavy Falls]]. [[File:Mangoky Basin OSM.png|left|thumb|Bassin-ka Mangoky]] Sifo weyn oo ka mid ah Webiga Zomandao waa [[Webiga Ihosy|Ihosy]]. == Tixraacyo == *Aldegheri 1972. ''Rivers and streams on Madagascar''. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publishers {{reflist}} 6rhdrcybq672fy56faf7onpg5j520xh 0 48993 301874 2026-07-12T07:40:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mereb | name_other = Gash ama al-Qash | image = Kassala,Gash river.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Sariirta qallalan ee webiga Mereb ee magaalada Kassala | map = Atbara OSM.png | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_caption = Webiga Mereb ee bassin-ka Atbara | source1_location = {{convert|15|km}} koonfur-galbeed [[Asmara]] | mouth_location = Wuxuu ku baaba'aa ciidda bannaanka bariga Suudaan | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddamo | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Eritrea]]|[[Itoobiya]]|[[Suudaan]]}} | location = | etymology = | length = {{convert|440|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|21.6|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|31000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | river_system = | tributaries_left = Webiga Sarana, Webiga Balasa, Webiga 'Engweya, Webiga Gala | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Obel|Obel]] }} '''Webiga Mereb''' ({{langx|it|fiume Mareb}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Gash''' ({{langx|ar|القاش}}), waa wabi ka soo qulqula bartamaha [[Eritrea]]. Muhiimaddiisa ugu weyn waa inay qayb ka mid ah xuduudka u dhaxaysa Eritrea iyo [[Itoobiya]], inta u dhaxaysa barta ay Mai Ambassa ka gasho wabiga ee {{coord|14|53.6|N|37|54.8|E|display=inline}} ilaa isugu geynta Balasa iyo Mereb ee {{coord|14|38|N|39|1.3|E|display=inline}}.<ref>[https://www.un.org/NewLinks/eebcarbitration/EEBC-Decision.pdf Go'aanka Guddiga Xuduudaha Eritrea - Itoobiya ee ku saabsan xadaynta xuduudka...], bogga 97, 102</ref> == Koorsada == Sida uu sheegayo ''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68'', Webiga Mereb waa {{convert|440|km}} dhererkiisu. [[Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ee Itoobiya]] waxay ku warramaysaa in aagga uu biyaha ka ururiyo ee Itoobiya uu yahay {{convert|5700|km²}}, iyadoo sanadkii uu qaado 0.26 bilyan oo mitir kuyuubik ah.<ref>["Water Sector Development Program (Vol.2)"] Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha (la helay 21 Janaayo 2009)</ref> Ishaarado kale ayaa ka hadlaya in aagga uu biyaha ka ururiyo uu yahay {{convert|21000|km²}} ilaa {{convert|44000|km²}} guud ahaan, iyo qulqul dhan {{convert|21.6|m³/s}} celcelis ahaan sanadkii, iyo {{convert|870|m³/s}} xilliga ugu sarreeya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002033429/http://www.krijnen.ch/DRAFT%20REPORT%20SUDAN.pdf ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT KASSALA]</ref> Isha udugu waxay ka kacaan koonfur-galbeed ee Asmara ee bartamaha Eritrea. Wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta, isagoo xuduud la leh Itoobiya, ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka iyada oo loo sii marayo galbeedka Eritrea si uu u gaaro bannaanka [[Suudaan]] ee u dhow [[Kassala]]. Si ka duwan webiyada [[Setit]] ama [[Takazze]], kuwaas oo ka qulqula Itoobiya oo sidoo kale samaysta xuduud dabiici ah oo la leh Eritrea, biyaha Mereb inta badan ma gaaraan [[Webiga Niil]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002073902/https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Artan_et_al_2007.pdf Adequacy of satellite derived rainfall data for stream flow modeling]</ref> laakiin waxay ku baaba'aan ciidda bannaanka bariga Suudaan, iyagoo samaynaya [[delta gudaha ah]]. Mereb waa mid qallalan inta badan sanadka, laakiin sida Takazze waxay la kulantaa fatahaad kedis ah xilliga roobka; kaliya xeebta bidix ee koorsada sare ee Mereb ayaa ku taal dhulka Itoobiya. Wabi hoosaadyadiisa ugu waaweyn waa [[Webiga Obel|Obel]] oo ku taal xeebta midig (ee Eritrea) iyo Sarana, Balasa, Mai Shawesh, iyo Webiyada 'Engweya oo ku yaal bidixda (ee Itoobiya). == Taariikh == Mereb wuxuu muhiim u ahaa taariikh ahaan xuduud ahaan laba gobol oo si gooni ah loo maamuli jiray oo ku yaal aagga: dhulka ''[[Bahr negash]]'' ([[Af-Tigrinya]] "boqortooyada badda", oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Medri Bahri]] ama "dhulka/by badda") ilaa waqooyiga wabiga, iyo Tigray ilaa koonfurta. Dhulalka hoos yimaada ''Bahr negash'' waxay ku fidayeen ilaa waqooyiga xeebta [[Badda Cas]], iyo ilaa koonfurta (iyo galbeedka) ilaa [[Shire, Itoobiya|Shire]]<ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941 – 2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle'' (United States of America: Signature Book Printing, 2005), pp. 17–8.</ref> waxaana caasimaddu ay ku taallay [[Debarwa]] ee Eritrea casriga ah, qiyaastii {{convert|20|mi|-1}} koonfurta [[Asmara]]. == Duurjoogta == Dhul-qoyanka Eritrea ee wabiga ayaa ahaa goobtii 2001 lagu arkay raxan [[maroodi]]yaal ah, oo ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee noocan oo kale ah oo laga arko Eritrea tan iyo 1955.<ref>BBC Wildlife magazine, Luulyo 2003, oo laga soo xigtay [https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/animals/features/300feature1.shtml] 28 Sebtembar 2007</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Eritrea]] * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaan]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} f9kbqkzi6a2q12xtawfqsw8ma88rp01 0 48994 301875 2026-07-12T07:42:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Obel | other_name = Webiga Ubel | map = Atbara OSM.png | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|14|40|13|N|38|15|57|E}} | image = Railbridge Massawa.jpg | image_caption = Viaduct-ka dul mara Webiga Obel | map_caption = Khariidadda Bassin-ka [[Webiga Atbara]] | mouth = [[Webiga Mereb|Mereb]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1038|m|ft|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|2750|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Webiga Mareb|Mareb]] → [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] }}{{distinguish|text = Webiyada Obel iyo Dogali (Desset) ee ku shuba [[Badda Cas]] meel u dhow [[Massawa]]}} '''Webiga Obel'''<ref name=Tesfagiorgis>{{cite book|last=Tesfagiorgis G.|first=Mussie|title=Eritrea|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1598842326|pages=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0R7iHoaykoC&pg=PA13}}</ref> (ama '''Webiga Ubel'''<ref name="ministry">{{cite web|url= https://allafrica.com/stories/202107120266.html|title= Eritrea: Overview of Maymine Subzone|author= Ruth Abraham|date=10 July 2021|publisher= AllAfrica|lang=en|accessdate=2021-10-30|url-status=live}}</ref>) waa [[wabi hoosaad]] dhanka midig ka gala [[Webiga Mareb|Mareb]] (Gash) ee [[Liiska webiyada Eritrea|webiga]].<ref name=Tesfagiorgis/><ref name="D-37-IX">Лист карты D-37-IX. Масштаб: 1 : 200 000. Издание 1978 г.</ref> Qulqulka dambe wuxuu qayb ka yahay xuduudka u dhexeeya [[Eritrea]] iyo [[Itoobiya]], iyadoo isha uu ka bilaabmo ay tahay [[Buuraleyda Eritrea]]. Sida ay sheegtay Wasaaradda Warfaafinta ee Eritrea, waxaa jira beeraha waaweyn oo ku yaal hareeraha Webiga Obel halkaas oo lagu beero khudaar iyo miraha.<ref name="ministry"/> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Eritrea]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{Rivers of Eritrea}} {{coord|14|38|00|N|39|01|17|E|region:ER-DU_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=title}} ds437myex00c8hj839pb2i81xp1exx4 0 48995 301876 2026-07-12T07:44:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Zarima | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Afka Webiga Zarima | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = Webiga Tekezé | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|51|35|N|37|46|10|E}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→[[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→[[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→[[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = Webiga Tekezé | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Zarima''' waa wabi ku yaal Itoobiya iyo wabi hoosaad ka mid ah [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kassahun |first1=Meaza |last2=Ture |first2=Kassahun |last3=Nedaw |first3=Dessie |date=2023-12-12 |title=Evaluation of CORDEX Africa regional climate models performance in simulating climatology of Zarima sub-basin northwestern Ethiopia |journal=Environmental Systems Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=41 |doi=10.1186/s40068-023-00325-4 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023EnvSR..12...41K |issn=2193-2697}}</ref> Mashruuca Waraabka ee Wolkayite wuxuu ku salaysan yahay wabi hoosaad ka mid ah Webiga Zarima oo loo yaqaan Webiga Dukoko.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ictonline.com/water-ethiopia5.html |title=Ethiopia- Feasibility Study and Detailed Designs of Wolkayite Irrigation Project |website=ictonline.com |access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|13|51|9|N|37|45|52|E|display=title}} fcf1pou977524xys9v0krb7ftk0n2do 0 48996 301877 2026-07-12T07:46:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ataba | length = 28 km | country = Itoobiya | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|39|17.305|N|38|34|20.309|E}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]] | source1 = | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | progression = Tekezé→[[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→[[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→[[Badda Miditerranée]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|13|20|44.506|N|38|16|5.232|E}} }} '''Webiga Ataba''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]] iyo wabi hoosaad ka mid ah [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tributaries of the Tekezé River |url=https://deepfo.com/en/most/Tributaries-Tekeze-River |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=deepfo.com}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{coord|type:event|format=dms|display=title}} ndmy6ezspkamfxa8ukgm8j8cezme3xy 0 48997 301878 2026-07-12T07:48:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Wari | image_caption = Webiga Weri'i oo ku yaal xuduudka degmooyinka Qola Tembien iyo Adet | map = Atbara OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidadda muujinaysa bassin-ka Atbara, iyadoo Webiga Wari (midig) | country = Itoobiya | mouth = Webiga Tekezé | progression = Tekezé→[[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→[[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→[[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Wari''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]] iyo wabi hoosaad ka mid ah [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]] oo dhanka midig ah. Wuxuu ka kacaa [[Gar'alta]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed ilaa Tekezé ee {{coord|13|41|N|38|33|E|display=inline,title}}. Wabi hoosaadyada Wari waxaa ka mid ah webiyada Assam, Chemit, Meseuma, Tsedia, Agefet iyo Tsaliet. Qulqulka guud waa galbeed, ilaa Webiga Tekezze. Wabi hoosaadyada ugu waaweyn ee degmada [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] waa, laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * Webiga '''[[Agefet]]''' ** Webiga Amblo, ee ''tabia'' [[Addi Walka]] ** [[Webiga Azef]], oo ku yaal xuduudka ''tabias'' [[Addi Walka]] iyo [[Haddinnet]] ** Webiga [[Ab'aro]], ee ''tabia'' [[Haddinnet]] iyo ''woreda'' [[Kola Tembien]] * May Leiba, ee ''tabia'' [[Ayninbirkekin]], kaas oo noqda Webiga Tinsehe ee [[Selam (Dogu'a Tembien)|Selam]] iyo [[Mahbere Sillasie]], iyo Webiga '''[[Tsaliet]]''', oo ka hooseeya kaniisadda [[Dabba Selama]] ** Webiga Khunale, ee ''tabia'' [[Selam (Dogu'a Tembien)|Selam]] ** Webiga Harehuwa, ee ''tabia'' [[Mahbere Sillasie]] ** Webiga Kidan Mihret, ee ''tabia'' [[Mahbere Sillasie]] ** [[Webiga Ferrey]], oo ku yaal xuduudka ''tabias'' [[Mahbere Sillasie]] iyo [[Degol Woyane]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 9y47242x3ptvdyuu716x5qi4psq20cw 0 48998 301879 2026-07-12T07:49:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Qortem Zer’a | name_etymology = | image = Qortem Zer'a.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Qortem Zer’a | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Qortem Zer’a ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmooyin (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Kola Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|15.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[May Baha]] | source1_location = Degmada [[Degol Woyane]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2230|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] | mouth_location = [[Kola Tembien]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.70222|N|38.6438|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Kaniisadda dhagaxa ah ee Amanuel ee [[May Baha]], Buurta Imba K’ernale. | basin_population = | bridges = Getski Melesiley oo ku taal wadada [[Abiy Addi]]-Werqamba | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro dhaadheer iyo bannaanno | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→[[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→[[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→[[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→[[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Qortem Zer’a''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] [[File:Imba Kernale 1936.png|thumb|left|1936 sawir laga qaaday bassin-ka Qortem Zer'a]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xilliyeed, inta badan ku qulqula bannaankiisa alluvial, iyadoo celceliska jiirada uu yahay 34 mitir kiilomitirkiiba.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019}}</ref> Meelo badan oo dhaadheer, [[degaanada xiran]] ayaa la dhisay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011}}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka, waraabku wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ah ee noocan oo kale ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay bannaanka alluvial ee wabiga, gaar ahaan galbeedka [[Getski Melesiley]].<ref name="chapmap"/> == Transhumance-ka dhanka dooxada == [[Transhumance-ka Itoobiya|Transhumance]] waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulka u dhow tuulooyinka ee kor u kaca iyo bannaanka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Dhalinyarada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona jiirada ilaha wabiga.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Addi Welo debris cone.jpg|thumb|[[Debris cone]] oo ku yaal Qortem Zer’a]] Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo bassin-ka ka sarreysa. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> ::::::::::* [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] ::::::::::* [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Dhigaalka lacustrine ee isku dhex jira]] ::::::::::* [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] ::::::::::* [[Amba Aradam Formation]] ::::::::::* [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ::::::::::* [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] == Laga bilaabo Tembien-ka sare ilaa kan hoose == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa laba degmo.<ref name="chapmap"/> Qaybaha kala duwan: * Ilaha biyuhu waxay ku yaalliin [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Bannaanka hoose ee ugu badan wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Kola Tembien]] == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''5''', oo ay weheliso qaybta sare ee wabiga * Socodka '''S3''', oo ay weheliso qaybta hoose, oo suurtagal ah ilaa [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Qaybta hoose, waxaa laga yaabaa inay suurtagal noqon weydo in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Sawirro == <gallery> Image:Qortem Zer'a near Imba K'ernale.jpg|Qortem Zer’a meel u dhow buurta Imba K’ernale Image:Addi Welo twds May Baha.jpg|Muuqaal ka dul mara Qortem Zer’a xagga [[May Baha]] </gallery> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} b0flmpty2n4t78rudsbycbgwkg1a7ws 0 48999 301880 2026-07-12T07:51:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Tsaliet | name_etymology = | image = Tsaliet gorge near Dabba Selama monastery.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Tsaliet oo u dhow kaniisadda [[Dabba Selama]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Tsaliet ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Tegula'i]] | source1_location = Degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2512|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Wari|Weri'i]] | mouth_location = 10 km waqooyiga Werqamba | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.844|N|39.006|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1380|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Kaniisadda [[Dabba Selama]], Buurta [[Arebay]], safafka [[Tsili|Haddinnet]], kaniisadda dhagaxa ah ee Welegesa | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Graliwdo]], [[May Meqa]], [[Webiga Kidane Mihret|Kidane Mihret]], [[Webiga Ferrey|Ferrey]]<ref name="chapmap"/> | tributaries_right = [[Korowya]], [[Agefet]] | waterbodies = Kaydka [[May Leiba]], balliga Kolu Ba’alti | waterfalls = [[Tinsehe]] | bridges = Addeha (wadada Werqamba-[[Hawzien]]); [[Ruba Weyni]] (waddo miyi) | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Tsaliet''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], kana tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], halkaas oo marka hore loogu yeero '''Webiga May Leiba''' ka dibna '''Webiga Tinsehe''', wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka isagoo maraya doox qoto dheer, si uu u noqdo '''Tsaliet''' koorsadiisa hoose, halkaas oo uu kaga shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri'i]], wax yar ka sarreeya buundada weyn ee Weri'i ee laamiga taga [[Adwa]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == [[File:Tinsehe waterfall 2.jpg|thumb|Biyo-dhaca ku yaal [[Tinsehe]]]] Waa wabi inta badan xiran, mararka qaarkood ku [[meander]]eya bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, iyadoo celceliska jiirada uu yahay 25 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabi hoosaadyadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay dooxooyin qoto dheer. Koorsadiisa dhexe, wuxuu ku yaallaa pediments carro-ciid ah oo ku yaal Addeha.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-kiisa sare, gaar ahaan hareeraha kaydka [[May Leiba]]. Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019}}</ref> Meelo badan oo dhaadheer, [[degaanada xiran]] ayaa la dhisay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011}}</ref> Tusaalooyin waa [[Degaanka xiran ee Khunale]] iyo [[Degaanka xiran ee Harehuwa]]. == Beeraha waraabka == [[File:Tsaliet in Addeha's irrigation scheme.jpg|thumb|Tsaliet oo ku yaal mashruuca waraabka ee Addeha]] [[File:Ruba Weyni irrigation.jpg|thumb|Mashruuca waraabka ee [[Ruba Weyni]]]] Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka, waraabku wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ah ee noocan oo kale ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay bannaanka alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga jiinkiisa:<ref name="chapmap"/> * mashaariicda waraabka ee waaweyn ee bannaanka oo leh miro kulaylaha ee Addeha * waraabka ku salaysan ilaha ee [[Ruba Weyni]] == Transhumance-ka dhanka dooxada == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin meelo loo socdo oo loogu talagalay transhumance. [[Transhumance-ka Itoobiya|Transhumance]] waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Dhalinyarada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada hoose oo ay ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan sida aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku }}</ref> == Juqraafi == === Kooxda Tsaliet === Kooxda Tsaliet, oo ah isku xigxiga da'da weyn ee dhagax metamorphic ayaa loogu magac daray Wabiga Tsaliet.<ref name="sembroni">{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Iyadoo lagu saleynayo da'da crystallization ee dhagaxyadeeda Eritrea iyo Itoobiya, waxaa lagu qiyaasay in dhaqdhaqaaqa igneous uu dhacay inta u dhaxaysa ~850 iyo 740 milyan oo sano ka hor. Kooxda Tsaliet waxay diiwaangelisay volcanism-ka qaansada iyo samaynta qolofka oo markii dambe qayb ka noqotay [[Gaashaan-ka Carabta-Nubiya]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Abbate |first=Ernesto |chapter=Geology of Ethiopia: A Review and Geomorphological Perspectives |date=2015 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_2 |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia |pages=33–64 |editor-last=Billi |editor-first=Paolo |series=World Geomorphological Landscapes |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_2 |isbn=978-94-017-8026-1 }}</ref> Kooxdu waxay ka kooban tahay dhagaxyo volcanic iyo sedimentary ah oo qayb ahaan isu beddelay (marble aan saafi ahayn, slate, [[siltstone]] calcareous, sericite-chlorite schist, [[greywacke]], iyo tuff), oo leh dhumuc ugu yar inta u dhaxaysa 1500 iyo 2500 mitir.<ref>Tefera, M., Chernet, T., Haro, W., 1996. Geological Map of Ethiopia (1:2,000,000). Ethiopian Institute of Geological Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</ref><ref name="sembroni"/> === Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga === [[File:Tsaliet River near Addeha.jpg|thumb|Webiga Tsaliet oo u dhow Addeha]] Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref name="sembroni"/> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Dhigaalka lacustrine ee isku dhex jira]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] [[File:Tinsehe waterfall.jpg|thumb|Biyo-dhaca 100-mitir ah ee Tinsehe, oo ku yaal dhagaxa [[Antalo Limestone]]]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] [[tufa]] biyo macaan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * Dhagaxa metamorphic ee Tsaliet Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. == Xuduudka dabiiciga ah == [[File:Tsaliet down from Dabba Selama.jpg|thumb|Tsaliet oo hoos uga socda Dabba Selama]] Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa laba degmo wuxuuna ka dhigaa xuduudkooda in ka badan lix kiilomitir.<ref name="chapmap"/> Qaybaha kala duwan: * [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] oo ku taal koonfur-bari * [[Kola Tembien]] oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl |title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl |publisher=OpenStreetMap |date=2018-12-27}}</ref> * Socodka '''3''' wuxuu raacayaa koorsada wabiga * Socodka '''21''' wuxuu maraa dhererka nuska ah ee dhinacyada dooxada Tsaliet ee [[Haddinnet]] * Socodka '''23''' iyo '''26''' waxay ku wareegsan yihiin bassin-ka sare Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa inay suurtagal noqon weydo in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} bve3tg5gdhnuszmgvv65n7a887fywae 0 49000 301881 2026-07-12T07:53:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Agefet | name_etymology = | image = Agefet gorge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Agefet ee [[Hazgi]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Agefet ee [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|41|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|55|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Hawzen_(woreda)#Gere-alta|Gheralta]] | source1_location = 8 km bari ka xigta [[Tsigereda]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2135|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]] | mouth_location = inta u dhaxaysa Addeha iyo Gelebeda | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.8020|N|39.1156|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1604|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed/joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Godadka Kayeh Be’ati ee Addi Nkrti | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Amblo]], [[Webiga Azef|Azef]], [[Ab'aro]]<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = Kaydka [[Ginda'i]] | waterfalls = | bridges = wadada Werqamba-[[Hawzien]]; wadada [[Tsigereda]]-[[Wukro]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Tsaliet]]→[[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→[[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→[[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→[[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Agefet''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Hawzen_(woreda)#Gere-alta|Gheralta]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] kaas oo isna ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == [[File:Agefet downstream.jpg|thumb|left|Koorsada hoose ee Agefet]] Agefet waa wabi ephemeral ah oo xiran, mararka qaarkood ku [[meander]]eya bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, iyadoo celceliska jiirada uu yahay 13 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Dhamaadka koorsadiisa, wuxuu ku yaallaa pediment carro-ciid ah.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019}}</ref> Meelo badan oo dhaadheer, [[degaanada xiran]] ayaa la dhisay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011}}</ref> == Transhumance-ka dhanka dooxada == [[Transhumance-ka Itoobiya|Transhumance]] waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Dhalinyarada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada Agefet. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan sida aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Dhigaalka lacustrine ee isku dhex jira]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] [[tufa]] biyo macaan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. == Xuduudka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo ([[Kola Tembien]], [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Kilte Awulaelo |Kilte Awula’ilo]]) wuxuuna ka dhigaa xuduudka u dhexeeya labada dambe in ka badan darsin kiilomitir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''Gh1''', wuxuu raacayaa wabiga koorsadiisa bari * Socodka '''Gh2''', wuxuu ka tallaabaa wabiga koorsadiisa galbeed Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Guud ahaan, suurtagal maaha in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} anyakjs45we8y9odycs1yw5wc48vzk5 0 49001 301882 2026-07-12T07:55:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ab'aro | name_etymology = | image = Abaro cluse.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Ab'aro [[cluse]] oo dhex maraysa dhagaxa [[Adigrat Sandstone]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ab’aro ee [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|11.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Kaniisadda dhagaxa ee Ab’aro | source1_location = Atsa oo ku taal degmada [[Haddinnet]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2340|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Agefet|Agefet]] | mouth_location = waqooyi-bari ee Addeha | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.7888|N|39.1414|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1638|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = [[Kaniisadda dhagaxa]] ee Ab’aro, godadka dhagaxa ciidda ee Kayeh Be'ati | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = Rapids-ka ku yaal Ab’aro [[cluse]] | bridges = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro, dooxooyin qoto dheer iyo bannaanka ciidda | extra = | progression = [[Agefet]]→ [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]]→ [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Ab’aro''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed si uu ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]], kaas oo ah wabi hoosaad ka tirsan [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Ab’aro waa wabi ephemeral ah oo xiran qaybtiisa sare, halka uu si ballaaran ugu [[meander]]eyo bannaanka hoose, iyadoo celceliska jiirada uu yahay 60 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Dhanka footslope-ka wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer (cluse).<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> [[File:Abaro Gorge.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Abaro]] == Fatahaadaha == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan fatahaado kedis ah). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Marka la barbardhigo wabiyada u dhow sida [[May Meqa]], [[May Sho'ate]] ama [[Graliwdo]], baaxadda fatahaadaha ee Ab’aro hoos uma dhicin sababtoo ah faragelin la'aanta bassin-ka. Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s oo xakameeya qulqulka<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019}}</ref> ma jiraan. Buuraha dhaadheer, [[degaanada xiran]] lama dhisin mana jirto dhir cufan oo gacan ka geysan karta horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)]], fatahaad yar ama biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011}}</ref> Sidan oo kale, waa mid ka mid ah dhowrka bassin oo noqon kara tusaale xaaladaha ka hor inta aysan bilaaban faragelinta aadanaha ee loogu talagalay ilaalinta [[Gobolka Tigray]]. == Lithology == Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Abaro church.jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda dhagaxa ee Ab'aro, oo lagu aasaasay tufa plug]] * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Dhigaalka lacustrine ee isku dhex jira]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] [[tufa]] biyo macaan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. == Xuduudka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa laba degmo wuxuuna ka dhigaa xuduudkooda 2 kiilomitir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Qaybaha kala duwan: * [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] oo ku taal koonfur-bari * [[Kola Tembien]] oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed == Transhumance-ka dhanka Ab'aro == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabiga Ab'aro ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin meelo loo socdo oo loogu talagalay transhumance. [[Transhumance-ka Itoobiya|Transhumance]] waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Dhalinyarada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo ay ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan sida aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku }}</ref> == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == [[File:Abaro catchment.jpg|thumb|Bassin-ka sare ee Ab’aro, oo muujinaya raadkii '''Gh2''']] Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''Gh2''' wuxuu qiyaas ahaan raacaa wabiga, qayb ahaan wuxuu ku yaallaa raadkii waddo duug ah oo soo bilaabantay waqtigii qabsashadii Talyaaniga.<ref name="guida">{{cite book |last1=Consociazione turistica Italiana |title=Guida dell'Africa orientale Italiana |location=Milano }}</ref> Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} q5x9ls2k13dia8udgc8ceupjse6a3ay 0 49002 301883 2026-07-12T07:56:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Amblo | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Amblo ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Addi Amdey oo ku taal degmada [[Arebay]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2460|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Agefet|Agefet]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow Inda Gabir Amblo oo ku taal degmada [[Tsigereda]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.793|N|39.324|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1830|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Buuraha [[Arebay]] | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Agefet]]→ [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]]→ [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Amblo''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi ephemeral ah oo xiran, leh celceliska jiirada 63 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabi hoosaadyadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Buuraha dhaadheer, [[degaanada xiran]] ayaa la dhisay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900}}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019}}</ref> == Transhumance-ka dhanka dooxada == [[Transhumance-ka Itoobiya|Transhumance]] waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Dhalinyarada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo ay ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan sida aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Dhigaalka lacustrine ee isku dhex jira]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] [[tufa]] biyo macaan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] == Xuduudka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo iyo laba woreda wuxuuna ka dhigaa laba xuduudood oo kala duwan.<ref name="chapmap"/> Qaybaha kala duwan: * Koorsadiisa sare, inta u dhaxaysa [[Addi Walka]] iyo [[Arebay]], ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Koorsadiisa dhexe iyo hoose, inta u dhaxaysa [[Addi Walka]] ([[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]]) iyo [[Tsigereda]] ([[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula’ilo]]) == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''T''' wuxuu ka raacaa wabiga koorsadiisa sare iyo dhexe meel fog, isagoo bixiya aragtiyo wanaagsan oo dooxada ah. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} hhlk25jak3hgkeyny0hll4h3vzsdgzo 0 49003 301884 2026-07-12T07:58:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Korowya | name_etymology = Loo magacaabay tuulo isku magac ah | image = Korowya river.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Korowya oo ku yaal [[Addi Kawa]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Korowya ee [[Kola Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Kola Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Jiirada [[Haddinnet|Tsili]] | source1_location = degmada [[Haddinnet]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1908|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]] | mouth_location = 3.5 km waqooyi ka xigta Addeha | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.4657|N|39.1011|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1643|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah (biyo qulqul hoose) | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Mt. Itay Sarah, kaniisadaha dhagaxa ee Mika’el Samba iyo Maryam Hibeto | basin_population = | bridges = Waqooyiga Addeha, oo ku taal wadada aada [[Hawzien]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Pediment ay ku hareeraysan yihiin buuro dhagax ciise ah oo dhaadheer | extra = | progression = [[Tsaliet]]→ [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Korowya''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi [[meandering]] ah oo ku yaal bannaanka alluvial ee semi-confined, leh celceliska jiirada 31 mitir kiilomitirkiiba.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == [[File:View from Tsili to Addeha.jpg|thumb|Muuqaal ka yimid Tsili oo loo jeedo Korowya]] Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee aan hoos loo dhigin sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia.|journal= Soil and Tillage Research|date= 2007|volume= 94|issue= 1|pages= 151–163|doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa ah kuwo yar oo aan ku filnayn.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues |title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date= 2017 |volume= 545 |issue= 1 |pages= 299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019 }}</ref> Buuro badan oo dhaadheer, waxaa jira kaymo hadhay; dhirta cufan ayaa gacan ka geysata kor u qaadida [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)]], laakiin ma awoodaan inay xakameeyaan fatahaadaha.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues|title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia.|journal= Journal of Hydrology|date= 2006|volume= 331|issue= 1–2|pages= 219–241|doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011}}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Waraabku wuxuu si xooggan ugu tiirsan yahay biyo qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan oo kale ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka la waraabiyo ayaa laga dhisay bannaanka hoose ee wabiga Korowya, iyo meel u dhow ilaha biyaha ee madaxa wabiga. == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6}}</ref> * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] Inta badan sariirta wabiga waxay ka kooban tahay ciid, laakiin qofku wuxuu heli karaa quruurux, oo matalaya isku-dar dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. == Laga bilaabo Tembien sare ilaa kan hoose == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa laba woreda.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6}}</ref> Qaybaha kala duwan: * Madaxa wabiga wuxuu ku yaal [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Inta badan bannaanka hoose wuxuu ku yaal [[Kola Tembien]] == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddo socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dhinaciisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''21''', oo ay la socoto wabiga Korowya Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood way adkaan kartaa in la gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} 2nqjbaqk105yrnowuvm4aqihu3umjxj 0 49004 301885 2026-07-12T08:01:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ferrey | name_etymology = | image = Ferrey valley.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Ferrey | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ferrey ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Ferrey | source1_location = degmada [[Degol Woyane]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2203|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]] | mouth_location = Hoosta keniisadda [[Dabba Selama]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.696|N|39.104|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1780|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Jardiinooyinka [[Degol Woyane|Ferrey]], keniisadda [[Dabba Selama]] | basin_population = | waterfalls = Biyo-dhacyo badan oo yaryar | bridges = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]]→ [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Ferrey''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] kaas oo isna ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi bedrock ah oo xiran, leh celceliska jiirada 141 mitir kiilomitirkiiba.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka: [[degaanada xiran]] ayaa la dhisay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Madaxa dooxada waxaa ku yaal ilo biyo ah oo badan kuwaas oo suurtageliyay in la dhiso nidaam waraab oo qadiimi ah.<ref name="chapmap"/> Beeraha waraabka ee noocan oo kale ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka la waraabiyo ayaa oggolaanaya in la beero miraha kuleylaha ah sida nooc [[moos]] ah oo maxalli ah, [[Lime (fruit)|liin dhanaan]] iyo [[Citrus medica|''trunghi'']].<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> == Transhumance-ka dhanka dooxada == [[Transhumance-ka Itoobiya|Transhumance]] waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Dhalinyarada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona qaybaha hoose ee dooxada oo ay ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxada hoose waxay si gaar ah u soo jiidataa sida aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |hdl=1854/LU-854326 }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Dhigaalka lacustrine ee isku dhex jira]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes"/> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''4''', oo mara madaxa dooxada oo leh jardiinooyinkeeda kuleylaha ah Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} nx7e1qoaxliaxlze8bzn1cqd7t79bsd 0 49005 301886 2026-07-12T08:04:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kidane Mihret | name_etymology = ka dib [[Mahbere Sillasie| kaniisadda isku magaca ah]] | image = Kidane Mihret gorge.jpg | image_caption = Dooxada Kidane Mihret | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Kidane Mihret ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|4.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_avg = {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Waseiya]] | source1_location = degmada [[Mahbere Sillasie]] | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2280|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]] | mouth_location = meel u dhow Ksad Korowya | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.699|N|39.1145|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1820|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_landmarks = Kaynta Awhi Dur | waterfalls = Biyo-dhacyo badan oo yaryar | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | progression = [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]]→ [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Kidane Mihret''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Wari]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi bedrock ah oo xiran, leh celceliska jiirada 102 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabi hoosaadyadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ayaa ilaa xad lagu xakameeyay jiritaanka kaynta weyn ee Awhi Dur ee bassin-keeda. Sidoo kale, [[degaanada xiran]] ayaa la dhisay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Transhumance-ka dhanka dooxada == [[Transhumance-ka Itoobiya|Transhumance]] waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Dhalinyarada xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada hoose oo ay ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Salka dooxada waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaa sida aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Dhigaalka lacustrine ee isku dhex jira]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl|website=OpenStreetMap}}</ref> * Socodka '''3''', oo ay la socoto [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]], meel u dhow barta laga baxo Kidane Mihret * Socodka '''4''', oo mara bassin-ka sare ee tuulada [[Waseiya]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood way adkaan kartaa in la gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} l6gplytd85cslwam813vgm5ifxerhou 0 49006 301887 2026-07-12T08:06:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Meqa | name_etymology = | image = May Meqa.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga May Meqa oo ku yaal [[Addi Werho]], oo leh xakameyn bayooloji ah | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Webiga May Meqa ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{Convert|5.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = May Tsahli | source1_location = Miheno ee degmada [[Selam (Dogu'a Tembien) |Selam]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2390|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tsaliet| Tinsehe]] | mouth_location = Tinsehe ee degmada [[Selam (Dogu'a Tembien) |Selam]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.695|N|39.19|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|2170|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | bridges = [[Tinsehe]] (waddo miyi) | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = }} '''May Meqa''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xilliyaysan oo xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh celceliska jiirada 40 mitir kiilomitirkiiba.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |chapter=The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet Rivers in the Headwaters of the Tekezze Basin |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |pages=215–230 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> May Meqa magacyada ayey u beddeshaa inta ay socoto: qaybta sare, ee [[Miheno]] waxaa loo yaqaan May Tsahli, qaybta dhexe ee [[Addi Werho]] May Meqa, iyo qaybta hoose, meel u dhow afka May Mugda. Afku wuxuu 50 mitir u jiraa dhanka sare ee biyo-dhaca [[Tinsehe]] == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Buuraha kale ee dhaadheer, [[degaanada xiran]] ayaa la dhisay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Dadaalo ayaa la sameeyay si loo aasaaso cabbirrada xakamaynta bayoolojiga (beerista geedaha) ee sariirta wabiga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reubens |first=Bert |last2=Moeremans |first2=Clara |last3=Poesen |first3=Jean |last4=Nyssen |first4=Jan |last5=Tewoldeberhan |first5=Sarah |last6=Franzel |first6=Steve |last7=Deckers |first7=Jozef |last8=Orwa |first8=Caleb |last9=Muys |first9=Bart |date=2011-07-01 |title=Tree species selection for land rehabilitation in Ethiopia: from fragmented knowledge to an integrated multi-criteria decision approach |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10457-011-9381-8 |journal=Agroforestry Systems |language=en |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=303–330 |doi=10.1007/s10457-011-9381-8 |issn=1572-9680|hdl=1854/LU-1539961 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''23''' wuxuu raacaa wabiga inta badan dhererkiisa. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} tjli7ldod8uxg7qd7g4bbakgebu3dai 0 49007 301888 2026-07-12T08:08:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Graliwdo | name_etymology = | image = Giraliwdo.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Graliwdo ee [[Addi Qoylo]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Graliwdo ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmo (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|2.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Kolu Ba'alti | source1_location = Imba Ra’isot ee degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2469|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Tsaliet|May Leiba]] | mouth_location = May Leiba ee degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.689|N|39.248|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|2320|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | waterbodies = [[Kolu Ba'alti]] Reservoir | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Tsaliet|Tsaliet]]→ [[Webiga Wari|Wari]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Graliwdo''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka kaca buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Wari|Weri’i]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal shabakadda qulqulka ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Graliwdo waa wabi xilliyaysan oo xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh celceliska jiirada 78 mitir kiilomitirkiiba.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Biyo-baxa (Hydrology) == Saamaynta [[check dam]]s-ka ee [[hydrograph|qulqulka]] ayaa lagu darsaday wabigan. Kordhinta [[hydraulic roughness]] ee ay sababaan check dam-ka iyo khasaaraha gudbinta biyaha ee fadhiistay fadhiyada ayaa mas'uul ka ah dib u dhigista qulqulka si uu u gaaro qaybta hoose ee kanaalada wabiga. Hoos u dhaca qulqulka ugu sarreeya wuxuu ahaa mid ka weyn qaybta wabiga ee leh check dams iyo dhirta (minus 12%) marka loo eego qaybta aan la daaweyn (minus 5.5%). Hoos u dhaca mugga guud ee qulqulka ayaa sidoo kale ka weynaa wabiga leh check dams marka loo eego wabiga aan la daaweyn. Hirgelinta check dams-ka oo lagu daray dhirta ayaa yareeyay [[peak flow]]-ga iyo mugga guud ee qulqulka maadaama qaybo badan oo ka mid ah qulqulka ay galeen fadhiyada ka dambeeya check dams-ka. Maadaama gully check dams lagu fuliyo meelo badan oo ka mid ah waqooyiga Itoobiya, tani waxay gacan ka geysataa [[groundwater recharge]]-ka iyo kordhinta qulqulka wabiga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa|first1= and colleagues| title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia|journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957|hdl= 1854/LU-8518957|hdl-access= free}}</ref> == Fatahaadaha iyo xakamaynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. [[File:Upper giraliwdo.jpg|thumb|Degaan xiran oo ku yaal bassin-ka sare ee Graliwdo]] Bassin-ka sare, [[degaan xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Ka sokow ilaha biyaha iyo barkadaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha noocan oo kale ah ee la waraabiyo waxay muhiim u yihiin buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhul yar oo la waraabiyo ayaa laga dhisay meel u dhow barkadda Kolu Ba’alti.<ref name="chapmap"/> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 5oby6nmzeyq09uy4qd48x48p95la1mi 0 49008 301889 2026-07-12T08:10:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Giba | name_etymology = | image = Giba gorge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Giba oo ku yaal [[Addi Lihtsi]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Giba ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmooyin]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = {{hlist|[[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]]|[[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]]|[[Saharti Samre]]|[[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|121|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Buundada hore ee [[Debre Nazret]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|1740|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location = Dhanka sare ee isgoyska [[Tanqwa]] ee Barashuwa<ref name="aman"/> | discharge2_max = {{Convert|551|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] | source1_location = [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]] ee [[Emni Ankelalu]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1770|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] | mouth = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Jo’amare ee [[Kola Tembien]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.605|N|38.635|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|5200|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Ilala|Ilala]], [[May Gabat]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Inda Sillasie]], [[Tanqwa]] | waterbodies = Mustaqbalka [[Lake Giba]], [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat) |Gereb Segen]] iyo barkado badan oo yaryar | waterfalls = | bridges = [[Qarano]], Buundada hore ([[Debre Nazret]]), [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Giba''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa isgoyska [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] iyo [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] (kaas oo ka kaca buuraha Mugulat) (3,298 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda) wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Lake Giba]] wuxuu qabsan doonaa bannaanka ay ku kulmaan webiyada [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]], [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] iyo [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]], sidaas darteedna wuxuu noqon doonaa isha mustaqbalka ee Webiga Giba. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hydrography == Waa wabi xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh jiirada 7 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabiyaasheeda, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> [[File:Pool in Giba.jpg|thumb|Barkad ku yaal Giba]] ===Wabiyaasha ku shuba=== Wabiyaasha ugu waaweyn, laga bilaabo hoos ilaa kor, waa<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Tanqwa]] ** [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] ** [[May Qoqah]] ** [[Arwadito]] ** [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]] * [[May Selelo]] * [[Webiga Zikuli|Zikuli]] * [[Webiga Gra Adiam|Gra Adiam]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Webiga Bitchoqo * [[Webiga Zeyi|Zeyi]] * [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Inda Sillasie]] ** [[May Zegzeg]] *** [[May Harena]] *** [[May Sho'ate]] ** [[Webiga May Be'ati|May Be'ati]] * [[Webiga Addi Keshofo|Addi Keshofo]] * [[May Gabat]] * [[Inda Anbesa]] * [[Webiga Ruba Bich'i|Ruba Bich'i]] * [[Hurura]] ** [[Webiga Afedena|Afedena]] *** [[May Ayni]] ** [[Shimbula]] * [[Webiga Ilala|Ilala]] * [[Webiga Qarano|Qarano]] * [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]] * [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] * [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] ** [[Webiga Ch'eqofo|Ch'eqofo]] == Biyo-baxa (Hydrology) == ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[Runoff footprint]] ama mugga guud ee qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa 558 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 1740 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[biyo|biyo ka buuxaan]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 8%.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:1960s bridge on Giba river in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|Buundadii 1960-yadii ee webiga Giba dhanka bari ee [[Debre Nazret]]]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka la qaado]] ee webigan ayaa gaaraya 3.96 milyan oo tan sanadkii. Feejignaanta sediment-ka dhexdhexaadka ah ee biyaha wabiga waa 10 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 42 g/L. Feejignaanta sediment-ka ugu sarreeya waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro dabacsan iyo boodh ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maaddaama biyaha noocaas ah ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalli ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay ku qiyaasaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield]] waa 1065 tan kiilomitirkiiba iyo sanadkii. Dhammaan cabbirada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhigyo si ula kac ah loo rakibay, oo ku yaal webiyada Giba iyo [[Tanqwa]], dhanka sare ee isgoyskooda, sanadihii 2006 iyo 2007.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa inta badan dhaca fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka qulqulaya ayaa dhaca galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== [[File:Giba near Gabat outlet.jpg|thumb|Webiga Giba meel u dhow bannaanka [[May Gabat]], dhanka bidix geed [[Boswellia papyrifera| foox]] ah oo ubaxaysa]] Caddeynta ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II | sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 49% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (ka hor 35% 2014). Dhirtaan ayaa hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar (5% 1935 ka hor 8% 2014). Sidaas darteed, qulqulka wabiga wuxuu ahaa mid yar, wabiguna wuxuu ahaa mid ka cidhiidhsan maanta.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 |title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia |year=2017 |publisher=Ghent University |type=dissertation |last1=Dinssa |first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Webigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas. [[File:Giba river at Inda Mihtsun.jpg|thumb|Webiga Giba ee Inda Mihtsun]] Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. At [[Gemgema]], [[Afedena (exclosure)|Afedena]], [[May Be'ati (exclosure)|May Be'ati]] iyo meelo kale oo badan oo dhaadheer, [[degaano xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Ka sokow ilaha biyaha iyo barkadaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha noocan oo kale ah ee la waraabiyo waxay muhiim u yihiin buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhul la waraabiyo ayaa laga dhisay bannaannada cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga oo dhan, badanaaba iyadoo la isticmaalayo waraabka bamka. Aad bay u badantahay in miraha kulaylaha lagu beero dooxooyinkan maadaama cimiladu ay ka diiran tahay buuraleyda ku hareeraysan. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Gunta dooxada ee wabigan, tusaale ahaan [[Inda Mihtsun]], ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay qabsadaan dalagyada. Daaqsiyeyaasha dhalinyarada ah waxay xoolaha tuulada u kaxaysan doonaan dooxada waxayna ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Giba near Gabat.jpg|thumb|Giba oo ku dul dhacaya [[Antalo Limestone]] meel u dhow isgoyska [[May Gabat]]]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * [[Quaternary]] [[alluvium]] iyo freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> Si macquul ah, qeybaha sare ee wabiga, kaliya quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. [[File:Lower giba bridge.jpg|thumb|Buundada Giba ee hoose]] == Xadka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu leeyahay saddex xuduudood oo degmo ("woreda") ah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Qaybaha kala duwan: * Giba Sare: xadka u dhexeeya [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] * Giba Dhexe: xadka u dhexeeya [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Saharti Samre]] * Giba Hoose: xadka u dhexeeya [[Kola Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele (woreda)]] == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''15''', oo ay weheliso koorsada dhexe ee Giba * Socodka '''22''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Debre Nazret]] * Socodka '''G''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Amanit]] * Socodka '''S1''' iyo '''S2''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Abergele (woreda)]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 79bz02j4p7dyjg1w6eot7xf3lsrdkyi 301890 301889 2026-07-12T08:10:44Z Isma4l 41797 301890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Giba | name_etymology = | image = Giba gorge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Giba oo ku yaal [[Addi Lihtsi]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Giba ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmooyin]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = {{hlist|[[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]]|[[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]]|[[Saharti Samre]]|[[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|121|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Buundada hore ee [[Debre Nazret]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|1740|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location = Dhanka sare ee isgoyska [[Tanqwa]] ee Barashuwa<ref name="aman"/> | discharge2_max = {{Convert|551|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] | source1_location = [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]] ee [[Emni Ankelalu]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1770|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] | mouth = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Jo’amare ee [[Kola Tembien]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.605|N|38.635|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|5200|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Ilala|Ilala]], [[May Gabat]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Inda Sillasie]], [[Tanqwa]] | waterbodies = Mustaqbalka [[Lake Giba]], [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat) |Gereb Segen]] iyo barkado badan oo yaryar | waterfalls = | bridges = [[Qarano]], Buundada hore ([[Debre Nazret]]), [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Giba''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa isgoyska [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] iyo [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] (kaas oo ka kaca buuraha Mugulat) (3,298 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda) wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Lake Giba]] wuxuu qabsan doonaa bannaanka ay ku kulmaan webiyada [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]], [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] iyo [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]], sidaas darteedna wuxuu noqon doonaa isha mustaqbalka ee Webiga Giba. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hydrography == Waa wabi xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh jiirada 7 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabiyaasheeda, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> [[File:Pool in Giba.jpg|thumb|Barkad ku yaal Giba]] ===Wabiyaasha ku shuba=== Wabiyaasha ugu waaweyn, laga bilaabo hoos ilaa kor, waa<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Tanqwa]] ** [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] ** [[May Qoqah]] ** [[Arwadito]] ** [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]] * [[May Selelo]] * [[Webiga Zikuli|Zikuli]] * [[Webiga Gra Adiam|Gra Adiam]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Webiga Bitchoqo * [[Webiga Zeyi|Zeyi]] * [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Inda Sillasie]] ** [[May Zegzeg]] *** [[May Harena]] *** [[May Sho'ate]] ** [[Webiga May Be'ati|May Be'ati]] * [[Webiga Addi Keshofo|Addi Keshofo]] * [[May Gabat]] * [[Inda Anbesa]] * [[Webiga Ruba Bich'i|Ruba Bich'i]] * [[Hurura]] ** [[Webiga Afedena|Afedena]] *** [[May Ayni]] ** [[Shimbula]] * [[Webiga Ilala|Ilala]] * [[Webiga Qarano|Qarano]] * [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]] * [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] * [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] ** [[Webiga Ch'eqofo|Ch'eqofo]] == Biyo == ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[Runoff footprint]] ama mugga guud ee qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa 558 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 1740 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[biyo|biyo ka buuxaan]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 8%.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:1960s bridge on Giba river in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|Buundadii 1960-yadii ee webiga Giba dhanka bari ee [[Debre Nazret]]]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka la qaado]] ee webigan ayaa gaaraya 3.96 milyan oo tan sanadkii. Feejignaanta sediment-ka dhexdhexaadka ah ee biyaha wabiga waa 10 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 42 g/L. Feejignaanta sediment-ka ugu sarreeya waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro dabacsan iyo boodh ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maaddaama biyaha noocaas ah ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalli ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay ku qiyaasaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield]] waa 1065 tan kiilomitirkiiba iyo sanadkii. Dhammaan cabbirada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhigyo si ula kac ah loo rakibay, oo ku yaal webiyada Giba iyo [[Tanqwa]], dhanka sare ee isgoyskooda, sanadihii 2006 iyo 2007.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa inta badan dhaca fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka qulqulaya ayaa dhaca galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== [[File:Giba near Gabat outlet.jpg|thumb|Webiga Giba meel u dhow bannaanka [[May Gabat]], dhanka bidix geed [[Boswellia papyrifera| foox]] ah oo ubaxaysa]] Caddeynta ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II | sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 49% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (ka hor 35% 2014). Dhirtaan ayaa hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar (5% 1935 ka hor 8% 2014). Sidaas darteed, qulqulka wabiga wuxuu ahaa mid yar, wabiguna wuxuu ahaa mid ka cidhiidhsan maanta.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 |title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia |year=2017 |publisher=Ghent University |type=dissertation |last1=Dinssa |first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Webigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas. [[File:Giba river at Inda Mihtsun.jpg|thumb|Webiga Giba ee Inda Mihtsun]] Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. At [[Gemgema]], [[Afedena (exclosure)|Afedena]], [[May Be'ati (exclosure)|May Be'ati]] iyo meelo kale oo badan oo dhaadheer, [[degaano xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Ka sokow ilaha biyaha iyo barkadaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha noocan oo kale ah ee la waraabiyo waxay muhiim u yihiin buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhul la waraabiyo ayaa laga dhisay bannaannada cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga oo dhan, badanaaba iyadoo la isticmaalayo waraabka bamka. Aad bay u badantahay in miraha kulaylaha lagu beero dooxooyinkan maadaama cimiladu ay ka diiran tahay buuraleyda ku hareeraysan. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Gunta dooxada ee wabigan, tusaale ahaan [[Inda Mihtsun]], ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay qabsadaan dalagyada. Daaqsiyeyaasha dhalinyarada ah waxay xoolaha tuulada u kaxaysan doonaan dooxada waxayna ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Giba near Gabat.jpg|thumb|Giba oo ku dul dhacaya [[Antalo Limestone]] meel u dhow isgoyska [[May Gabat]]]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * [[Quaternary]] [[alluvium]] iyo freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> Si macquul ah, qeybaha sare ee wabiga, kaliya quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. [[File:Lower giba bridge.jpg|thumb|Buundada Giba ee hoose]] == Xadka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu leeyahay saddex xuduudood oo degmo ("woreda") ah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Qaybaha kala duwan: * Giba Sare: xadka u dhexeeya [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] * Giba Dhexe: xadka u dhexeeya [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Saharti Samre]] * Giba Hoose: xadka u dhexeeya [[Kola Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele (woreda)]] == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''15''', oo ay weheliso koorsada dhexe ee Giba * Socodka '''22''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Debre Nazret]] * Socodka '''G''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Amanit]] * Socodka '''S1''' iyo '''S2''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Abergele (woreda)]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} nivqeqbxlr8mjbp37cvxl55mcj4c0z7 301891 301890 2026-07-12T08:11:00Z Isma4l 41797 301891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Giba | name_etymology = | image = Giba gorge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Giba oo ku yaal [[Addi Lihtsi]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Giba ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmooyin]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = {{hlist|[[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]]|[[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]]|[[Saharti Samre]]|[[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|121|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Buundada hore ee [[Debre Nazret]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|1740|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location = Dhanka sare ee isgoyska [[Tanqwa]] ee Barashuwa<ref name="aman"/> | discharge2_max = {{Convert|551|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] | source1_location = [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]] ee [[Emni Ankelalu]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1770|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] | mouth = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Jo’amare ee [[Kola Tembien]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.605|N|38.635|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|5200|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Ilala|Ilala]], [[May Gabat]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Inda Sillasie]], [[Tanqwa]] | waterbodies = Mustaqbalka [[Lake Giba]], [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat) |Gereb Segen]] iyo barkado badan oo yaryar | waterfalls = | bridges = [[Qarano]], Buundada hore ([[Debre Nazret]]), [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Giba''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa isgoyska [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] iyo [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] (kaas oo ka kaca buuraha Mugulat) (3,298 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda) wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Lake Giba]] wuxuu qabsan doonaa bannaanka ay ku kulmaan webiyada [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]], [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] iyo [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]], sidaas darteedna wuxuu noqon doonaa isha mustaqbalka ee Webiga Giba. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh jiirada 7 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabiyaasheeda, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> [[File:Pool in Giba.jpg|thumb|Barkad ku yaal Giba]] ===Wabiyaasha ku shuba=== Wabiyaasha ugu waaweyn, laga bilaabo hoos ilaa kor, waa<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Tanqwa]] ** [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] ** [[May Qoqah]] ** [[Arwadito]] ** [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]] * [[May Selelo]] * [[Webiga Zikuli|Zikuli]] * [[Webiga Gra Adiam|Gra Adiam]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Webiga Bitchoqo * [[Webiga Zeyi|Zeyi]] * [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Inda Sillasie]] ** [[May Zegzeg]] *** [[May Harena]] *** [[May Sho'ate]] ** [[Webiga May Be'ati|May Be'ati]] * [[Webiga Addi Keshofo|Addi Keshofo]] * [[May Gabat]] * [[Inda Anbesa]] * [[Webiga Ruba Bich'i|Ruba Bich'i]] * [[Hurura]] ** [[Webiga Afedena|Afedena]] *** [[May Ayni]] ** [[Shimbula]] * [[Webiga Ilala|Ilala]] * [[Webiga Qarano|Qarano]] * [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]] * [[Webiga Genfel|Genfel]] * [[Webiga Sulluh|Sulluh]] ** [[Webiga Ch'eqofo|Ch'eqofo]] == Biyo == ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[Runoff footprint]] ama mugga guud ee qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa 558 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 1740 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[biyo|biyo ka buuxaan]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 8%.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:1960s bridge on Giba river in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|Buundadii 1960-yadii ee webiga Giba dhanka bari ee [[Debre Nazret]]]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka la qaado]] ee webigan ayaa gaaraya 3.96 milyan oo tan sanadkii. Feejignaanta sediment-ka dhexdhexaadka ah ee biyaha wabiga waa 10 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 42 g/L. Feejignaanta sediment-ka ugu sarreeya waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro dabacsan iyo boodh ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maaddaama biyaha noocaas ah ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalli ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay ku qiyaasaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield]] waa 1065 tan kiilomitirkiiba iyo sanadkii. Dhammaan cabbirada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhigyo si ula kac ah loo rakibay, oo ku yaal webiyada Giba iyo [[Tanqwa]], dhanka sare ee isgoyskooda, sanadihii 2006 iyo 2007.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa inta badan dhaca fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka qulqulaya ayaa dhaca galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== [[File:Giba near Gabat outlet.jpg|thumb|Webiga Giba meel u dhow bannaanka [[May Gabat]], dhanka bidix geed [[Boswellia papyrifera| foox]] ah oo ubaxaysa]] Caddeynta ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II | sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 49% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (ka hor 35% 2014). Dhirtaan ayaa hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar (5% 1935 ka hor 8% 2014). Sidaas darteed, qulqulka wabiga wuxuu ahaa mid yar, wabiguna wuxuu ahaa mid ka cidhiidhsan maanta.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 |title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia |year=2017 |publisher=Ghent University |type=dissertation |last1=Dinssa |first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Webigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas. [[File:Giba river at Inda Mihtsun.jpg|thumb|Webiga Giba ee Inda Mihtsun]] Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. At [[Gemgema]], [[Afedena (exclosure)|Afedena]], [[May Be'ati (exclosure)|May Be'ati]] iyo meelo kale oo badan oo dhaadheer, [[degaano xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Ka sokow ilaha biyaha iyo barkadaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka wabiga. Beeraha noocan oo kale ah ee la waraabiyo waxay muhiim u yihiin buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhul la waraabiyo ayaa laga dhisay bannaannada cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga oo dhan, badanaaba iyadoo la isticmaalayo waraabka bamka. Aad bay u badantahay in miraha kulaylaha lagu beero dooxooyinkan maadaama cimiladu ay ka diiran tahay buuraleyda ku hareeraysan. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Gunta dooxada ee wabigan, tusaale ahaan [[Inda Mihtsun]], ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay qabsadaan dalagyada. Daaqsiyeyaasha dhalinyarada ah waxay xoolaha tuulada u kaxaysan doonaan dooxada waxayna ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Giba near Gabat.jpg|thumb|Giba oo ku dul dhacaya [[Antalo Limestone]] meel u dhow isgoyska [[May Gabat]]]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * [[Quaternary]] [[alluvium]] iyo freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> Si macquul ah, qeybaha sare ee wabiga, kaliya quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. [[File:Lower giba bridge.jpg|thumb|Buundada Giba ee hoose]] == Xadka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu leeyahay saddex xuduudood oo degmo ("woreda") ah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Qaybaha kala duwan: * Giba Sare: xadka u dhexeeya [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] * Giba Dhexe: xadka u dhexeeya [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Saharti Samre]] * Giba Hoose: xadka u dhexeeya [[Kola Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele (woreda)]] == Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''15''', oo ay weheliso koorsada dhexe ee Giba * Socodka '''22''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Debre Nazret]] * Socodka '''G''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Amanit]] * Socodka '''S1''' iyo '''S2''', oo ka gudbaya dooxada Giba ee [[Abergele (woreda)]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 58bmj6t507odc5pe5lv09kl76qmpm32 0 49009 301892 2026-07-12T08:13:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Tanqwa | name_etymology = | image = Tanqwa at May Lomin.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Tanqwa oo u dhow [[Abiy Addi]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Tanqwa ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmooyin]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], [[Kola Tembien]], [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Buundada [[Abiy Addi]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|270|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location = Isgoyska uu la leeyahay Giba<ref name="aman"/> | discharge2_max = {{Convert|543|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Addi Selam]] | source1_location = Degmada [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2510|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Barashuwa oo ku yaal [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.528|N|39.878|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1266|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|216|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Abiy Addi]] | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]], [[Arwadito]], [[May Qoqah]], [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = [[Chini (reservoir)|Chini]] | waterfalls = [[Rapids]] | bridges = [[Abiy Addi]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Tanqwa''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] (2510 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hydrography == Waa wabi xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh jiirada 25 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabiyaasheeda, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Wabiyaasha ku shuba=== [[File:Upper Tanqwa.jpg|thumb|Tanqwa sare]] Wabiyaasha ku shuba, ee kor ka xiga [[Abiy Addi]], waxaa ka mid ah<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] * [[May Qoqah]] * [[Arwadito]] * [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]] ==Biyo-baxa (Hydrology) == ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[File:Tanqwa bridge at Abiy Addi.jpg|thumb|Buundada Tanqwa ee [[Abiy Addi]]]] [[Runoff footprint]] ama mugga guud ee qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa 41 milyan m³ buundada [[Abiy Addi]] iyo 79 milyan m³ isgoyska [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] ee Barashuwa. [[Hydrograph|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 543 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[biyo|biyo ka buuxaan]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 23%.<ref name="aman"/> Tani waa mid sarreeya marka loo eego wabiyaasha kale ee bassin-ka [[Webiga Giba|Giba]], waxaana lagu sharxay xaqiiqda ah in qaybta weyn ee bassin-ka Tanqwa ay ka kooban tahay dhagaxyo aan biyo-marin, gaar ahaan [[Ashangi Basalts]], [[Alaji Basalts]] iyo dhagaxyada aasaasiga ah ee [[Precambrian]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka la qaado]] ee webigan ayaa gaaraya 596,000 oo tan sanadkii. Feejignaanta sediment-ka dhexdhexaadka ah ee biyaha wabiga waa 3.95 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 68 g/L. Feejignaanta sediment-ka ugu sarreeya waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro dabacsan iyo boodh ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maaddaama biyaha noocaas ah ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalli ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay ku qiyaasaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield]] waa 3627 tan kiilomitirkiiba iyo sanadkii. Dhammaan cabbirada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhigyo si ula kac ah loo rakibay, sanadihii 2006–2007.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa inta badan dhaca fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka qulqulaya ayaa dhaca galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddeynta ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II | sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 63% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (ka hor 32% 2014). Dhirtaan ayaa hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar (13% 1935 ka hor 23% 2014). Sidaas darteed, qulqulka wabiga wuxuu ahaa mid yar, wabiguna wuxuu ahaa mid ka cidhiidhsan maanta.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 |title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia |year=2017 |publisher=Ghent University |type=dissertation |last1=Dinssa |first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Webigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha atteer hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Meelo kale oo dhaadheer, [[degaano xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> [[File:Ruba Dirho.jpg|thumb|Tanqwa gorge at Ruba Dirho]] ==Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Gunta dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay qabsadaan dalagyada. Daaqsiyeyaasha dhalinyarada ah waxay xoolaha tuulada u kaxaysan doonaan dooxada waxayna ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * [[Precambrian]] basement rocks ==Xadka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa sagaal degmo iyo saddex woredas wuxuuna sameeyaa lix xuduudood oo kala duwan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos: * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Lim'at]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] iyo [[Degol Woyane]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] ([[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]]) iyo [[Intra-volcanic_sedimentary_rock_in_North_Ethiopia#The_Geramba_Rock-Hewn_Church_in_Intra-volcanic_Silicified_Mudstone |Geramba]] ([[Kola Tembien]]) * Wuxuu maraa magaalada [[Abiy Addi]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Kola Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] [[File:Upper Tanqwa valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Tanqwa ee sare]] ==Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''6''', oo ay weheliso koorsada dhexe ee Tanqwa * Socodka '''20''', oo ay weheliso koorsada sare ee Tanqwa Xilliga roobka, fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} q56w9t84w5evyt9xkt36n0sdt0tpqct 301893 301892 2026-07-12T08:13:17Z Isma4l 41797 301893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Tanqwa | name_etymology = | image = Tanqwa at May Lomin.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Tanqwa oo u dhow [[Abiy Addi]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Tanqwa ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmooyin]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], [[Kola Tembien]], [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Buundada [[Abiy Addi]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|270|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location = Isgoyska uu la leeyahay Giba<ref name="aman"/> | discharge2_max = {{Convert|543|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Addi Selam]] | source1_location = Degmada [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2510|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Barashuwa oo ku yaal [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.528|N|39.878|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1266|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|216|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Abiy Addi]] | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]], [[Arwadito]], [[May Qoqah]], [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = [[Chini (reservoir)|Chini]] | waterfalls = [[Rapids]] | bridges = [[Abiy Addi]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Tanqwa''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] (2510 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh jiirada 25 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabiyaasheeda, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Wabiyaasha ku shuba=== [[File:Upper Tanqwa.jpg|thumb|Tanqwa sare]] Wabiyaasha ku shuba, ee kor ka xiga [[Abiy Addi]], waxaa ka mid ah<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] * [[May Qoqah]] * [[Arwadito]] * [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]] ==Biyo-baxa (Hydrology) == ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[File:Tanqwa bridge at Abiy Addi.jpg|thumb|Buundada Tanqwa ee [[Abiy Addi]]]] [[Runoff footprint]] ama mugga guud ee qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa 41 milyan m³ buundada [[Abiy Addi]] iyo 79 milyan m³ isgoyska [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] ee Barashuwa. [[Hydrograph|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 543 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[biyo|biyo ka buuxaan]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 23%.<ref name="aman"/> Tani waa mid sarreeya marka loo eego wabiyaasha kale ee bassin-ka [[Webiga Giba|Giba]], waxaana lagu sharxay xaqiiqda ah in qaybta weyn ee bassin-ka Tanqwa ay ka kooban tahay dhagaxyo aan biyo-marin, gaar ahaan [[Ashangi Basalts]], [[Alaji Basalts]] iyo dhagaxyada aasaasiga ah ee [[Precambrian]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka la qaado]] ee webigan ayaa gaaraya 596,000 oo tan sanadkii. Feejignaanta sediment-ka dhexdhexaadka ah ee biyaha wabiga waa 3.95 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 68 g/L. Feejignaanta sediment-ka ugu sarreeya waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro dabacsan iyo boodh ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maaddaama biyaha noocaas ah ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalli ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay ku qiyaasaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield]] waa 3627 tan kiilomitirkiiba iyo sanadkii. Dhammaan cabbirada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhigyo si ula kac ah loo rakibay, sanadihii 2006–2007.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa inta badan dhaca fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka qulqulaya ayaa dhaca galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddeynta ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II | sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 63% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (ka hor 32% 2014). Dhirtaan ayaa hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar (13% 1935 ka hor 23% 2014). Sidaas darteed, qulqulka wabiga wuxuu ahaa mid yar, wabiguna wuxuu ahaa mid ka cidhiidhsan maanta.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 |title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia |year=2017 |publisher=Ghent University |type=dissertation |last1=Dinssa |first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Webigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha atteer hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Meelo kale oo dhaadheer, [[degaano xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> [[File:Ruba Dirho.jpg|thumb|Tanqwa gorge at Ruba Dirho]] ==Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Gunta dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay qabsadaan dalagyada. Daaqsiyeyaasha dhalinyarada ah waxay xoolaha tuulada u kaxaysan doonaan dooxada waxayna ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * [[Precambrian]] basement rocks ==Xadka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa sagaal degmo iyo saddex woredas wuxuuna sameeyaa lix xuduudood oo kala duwan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos: * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Lim'at]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] iyo [[Degol Woyane]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] ([[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]]) iyo [[Intra-volcanic_sedimentary_rock_in_North_Ethiopia#The_Geramba_Rock-Hewn_Church_in_Intra-volcanic_Silicified_Mudstone |Geramba]] ([[Kola Tembien]]) * Wuxuu maraa magaalada [[Abiy Addi]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Kola Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] [[File:Upper Tanqwa valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Tanqwa ee sare]] ==Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''6''', oo ay weheliso koorsada dhexe ee Tanqwa * Socodka '''20''', oo ay weheliso koorsada sare ee Tanqwa Xilliga roobka, fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} crj1ylq4y74q4xptf5z7xia6platx5i 301894 301893 2026-07-12T08:13:29Z Isma4l 41797 301894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Tanqwa | name_etymology = | image = Tanqwa at May Lomin.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Tanqwa oo u dhow [[Abiy Addi]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Tanqwa ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmooyin]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], [[Kola Tembien]], [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Buundada [[Abiy Addi]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|270|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location = Isgoyska uu la leeyahay Giba<ref name="aman"/> | discharge2_max = {{Convert|543|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Addi Selam]] | source1_location = Degmada [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2510|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Barashuwa oo ku yaal [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.528|N|39.878|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1266|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|216|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Abiy Addi]] | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]], [[Arwadito]], [[May Qoqah]], [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = [[Chini (reservoir)|Chini]] | waterfalls = [[Rapids]] | bridges = [[Abiy Addi]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Tanqwa''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa buuraha [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] (2510 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, maxalli ahaan [[meandering]] ku ah bannaankiisa alluvial ee cidhiidhiga ah, leh jiirada 25 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Iyadoo ay la socdaan wabiyaasheeda, wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Wabiyaasha ku shuba=== [[File:Upper Tanqwa.jpg|thumb|Tanqwa sare]] Wabiyaasha ku shuba, ee kor ka xiga [[Abiy Addi]], waxaa ka mid ah<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Webiga Tsech'i|Tsech'i]] * [[May Qoqah]] * [[Arwadito]] * [[Webiga Adawro|Adawro]] ==Biyo== ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[File:Tanqwa bridge at Abiy Addi.jpg|thumb|Buundada Tanqwa ee [[Abiy Addi]]]] [[Runoff footprint]] ama mugga guud ee qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa 41 milyan m³ buundada [[Abiy Addi]] iyo 79 milyan m³ isgoyska [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] ee Barashuwa. [[Hydrograph|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 543 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[biyo|biyo ka buuxaan]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 23%.<ref name="aman"/> Tani waa mid sarreeya marka loo eego wabiyaasha kale ee bassin-ka [[Webiga Giba|Giba]], waxaana lagu sharxay xaqiiqda ah in qaybta weyn ee bassin-ka Tanqwa ay ka kooban tahay dhagaxyo aan biyo-marin, gaar ahaan [[Ashangi Basalts]], [[Alaji Basalts]] iyo dhagaxyada aasaasiga ah ee [[Precambrian]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka la qaado]] ee webigan ayaa gaaraya 596,000 oo tan sanadkii. Feejignaanta sediment-ka dhexdhexaadka ah ee biyaha wabiga waa 3.95 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 68 g/L. Feejignaanta sediment-ka ugu sarreeya waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro dabacsan iyo boodh ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maaddaama biyaha noocaas ah ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalli ahaan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay ku qiyaasaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield]] waa 3627 tan kiilomitirkiiba iyo sanadkii. Dhammaan cabbirada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhigyo si ula kac ah loo rakibay, sanadihii 2006–2007.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa inta badan dhaca fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka qulqulaya ayaa dhaca galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddeynta ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II | sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 63% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (ka hor 32% 2014). Dhirtaan ayaa hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar (13% 1935 ka hor 23% 2014). Sidaas darteed, qulqulka wabiga wuxuu ahaa mid yar, wabiguna wuxuu ahaa mid ka cidhiidhsan maanta.<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 |title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia |year=2017 |publisher=Ghent University |type=dissertation |last1=Dinssa |first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Webigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha atteer hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Meelo kale oo dhaadheer, [[degaano xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan ayaa si weyn uga qayb qaata horumarinta [[dhuuxitaanka (hydrology)|dhuuxitaanka]], fatahaad yar iyo biyo qulqul wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> [[File:Ruba Dirho.jpg|thumb|Tanqwa gorge at Ruba Dirho]] ==Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Gunta dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay qabsadaan dalagyada. Daaqsiyeyaasha dhalinyarada ah waxay xoolaha tuulada u kaxaysan doonaan dooxada waxayna ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida aag loogu talagalay socodka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] plugs * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * [[Precambrian]] basement rocks ==Xadka dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu jiro koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa sagaal degmo iyo saddex woredas wuxuuna sameeyaa lix xuduudood oo kala duwan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos: * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Lim'at]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] iyo [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien)|Melfa]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] iyo [[Degol Woyane]], labaduba waxay ku yaalaan [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Aregen]] ([[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]]) iyo [[Intra-volcanic_sedimentary_rock_in_North_Ethiopia#The_Geramba_Rock-Hewn_Church_in_Intra-volcanic_Silicified_Mudstone |Geramba]] ([[Kola Tembien]]) * Wuxuu maraa magaalada [[Abiy Addi]] * Xadka u dhexeeya [[Kola Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele (woreda)|Abergele]] [[File:Upper Tanqwa valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Tanqwa ee sare]] ==Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''6''', oo ay weheliso koorsada dhexe ee Tanqwa * Socodka '''20''', oo ay weheliso koorsada sare ee Tanqwa Xilliga roobka, fatahaadaha kediska ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas waa wax aan macquul ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} cjt9wv3im25ojhssnauz076b74leko7 0 49010 301895 2026-07-12T08:16:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Qoqah | name_etymology = | image = May Qoqah in Hamute.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga May Qoqah ee [[Hamute]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Webiga May Qoqah ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Ts’ats’en plateau | source1_location = Agerbi’a oo ku yaal degmada [[Lim'at]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2640|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = Zelekwa ama [[Webiga Tanqwa|Tanqwa]] sare | mouth_location = Hamute oo ku yaal degmada [[Lim'at]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.63|N|39.137|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|2370|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Webiga Tanqwa|Tanqwa]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Dhagaxyada Basalt-ka leh geedaha eucalypts-ka | basin_population = | waterbodies = Ketin Kalay oo ah barkado dhagax ah | waterfalls = [[Rapids]] | bridges = Waddada weyn ee [[Mek'ele]]-[[Abiy Addi]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin | extra = }} '''May Qoqah''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya Ts’ats’en plateau ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xiran oo maraya dhagax adag, leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 90 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigu wuxuu gooyay doox ku yaal basalt-ka ku xeeran.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha atteer hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Iyadoo la ogaanayo in wabiyaasha leh [[bedload]] qallafsan, [[gabion]] [[check dam]]s ay burburiyeen [[Abrasion (mechanical)|abrasion]], [[check dam|qoryo]] dhagaxyo leh ayaa si dadban loogu rakibay wabigan. Waxaa lagu dhex geliyay bangiyada wabiga, 0.5–1 m ka sarreeya sariirta, dhinacyadooda korna waxaa lagu dhejiyay dhagaxyo waaweyn. Dams-yada noocan oo kale ah waxay keenaan biyo-qabasho ku meel gaar ah, faafinta qulqulka ugu sarreeya ee ballaca kanaalka oo dhan, iyo kaydinta sediment-ka. Ka dib markii la tijaabiyay xaaladaha qulqulka aadka u daran (oo ay ku jiraan laba duufaan oo culus) waxay u muuqatay in 60% dams-yada ay iska caabiyeen fatahaadaha xooggan, gaar ahaan qaybta sare ee wabiga. Beeralayda deriska ah ayaa qadarinaya qaab-dhismeedka noocaas ah si ay u xakameeyaan [[Strahler number|heerka koowaad]] ee qulqulka leh qallafsanaanta sariirta maxaa yeelay farsamadu waa raqiis waana la rakibi karaa.<ref name="nyssen">{{cite journal |last1=Nyssen |first1= J. and colleagues|title= Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |date=2017 |volume=143 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217|url= https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/580811|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Ketin Kalay River.jpg|thumb|Ketin Kalay, barkado joogto ah oo ku yaal sariirta wabiga May Qoqah]] == Beeraha waraabka ee Hamute == Marka laga reebo ilaha biyaha iyo kaydadka, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xooggan ugu tiirsan yahay [[baseflow]]-ka wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ah ee noocan oo kale ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay goobta laga baxo dooxada ee [[Hamute]].<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] ==Socodka wabiga dhinaciisa == Waddooyinka socodka ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Raadadka GPS-ka ee dadweynaha oo lagu calaamadeeyay nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''7''' wuxuu qayb ahaan raacaa wabiga wuxuuna u oggolaanayaa in la soo booqdo dams-yada qoryaha. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 64mbd8aj5ktweu9qphofapxhk2cjd2c 0 49011 301896 2026-07-12T08:18:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Arwadito | name_etymology = | image = Arwadito with logdams.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Arwadito ee [[Agerbi'a]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Webiga Arwadito ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{Convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Ts’ats’en Plateau | source1_location = Agerbi’a oo ku yaal degmada [[Lim'at]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2700|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = Zelekwa ama [[Webiga Tanqwa|Tanqwa]] sare | mouth_location = Agerbi’a oo ku yaal degmada [[Lim'at]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.631|N|39.146|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|2403|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Webiga Tanqwa|Tanqwa]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = Wabi xilliyo ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Dhagaxyada Basalt-ka leh geedaha eucalypts-ka | basin_population = | bridges = Waddada weyn ee [[Mek'ele]]-[[Abiy Addi]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin | extra = }} '''Arwadito''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya Ts’ats’en plateau ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xiran oo maraya dhagax adag, leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 149 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Arwadito wuxuu gooyay doox ku yaal basalt-ka ku xeeran.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha atteer hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> [[File:Log Dam May Qoqah.jpg|thumb|left|Dams-yada qoryaha ee wabiga Arwadito]] Iyadoo la ogaanayo in wabiyaasha leh [[bedload]] qallafsan, [[gabion]] [[check dam]]s ay burburiyeen [[Abrasion (mechanical)|abrasion]], [[check dam|qoryo]] dhagaxyo leh ayaa si dadban loogu rakibay wabigan. Waxaa lagu dhex geliyay bangiyada wabiga, 0.5–1 m ka sarreeya sariirta, dhinacyadooda korna waxaa lagu dhejiyay dhagaxyo waaweyn. Dams-yada noocan oo kale ah waxay keenaan biyo-qabasho ku meel gaar ah, faafinta qulqulka ugu sarreeya ee ballaca kanaalka oo dhan, iyo kaydinta sediment-ka. Ka dib markii la tijaabiyay xaaladaha qulqulka aadka u daran (oo ay ku jiraan laba duufaan oo culus), waxay u muuqatay in 60% dams-yada ay iska caabiyeen fatahaadaha xooggan, gaar ahaan qaybta sare ee wabiga. Beeralayda deriska ah ayaa qadarinaya qaab-dhismeedka noocaas ah si ay u xakameeyaan [[Strahler number|heerka koowaad]] ee qulqulka leh qallafsanaanta sariirta maxaa yeelay farsamadu waa raqiis waana la rakibi karaa.<ref name="nyssen">{{cite journal |last1=Nyssen |first1= J. and colleagues|title= Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |date=2017 |volume=143 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217|url= https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/580811|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} i1gh9d2tyyv4d2is7yrt4gwkj01l369 0 49012 301897 2026-07-12T08:19:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Selelo | name_etymology = | image = May Selelo in Dasarawat 2.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga May Selelo ee [[Dasarawat]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga May Selelo ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|19.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Gunfan | source1_location = Mennewe oo ku yaal degmada [[Simret]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2200|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Wax yar oo ka sarreeya buundada Giba ee degmada [[Abergele]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.463|N|39.028|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1370|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyo/joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Kaniisadda Mennawe iyo halka uu ku dhashay [[Ras Alula]] | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''May Selelo''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, meelaha qaarna si [[meander]] ah u maraya bannaanka alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 43 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Affluent to May Selelo at Adenna.jpg|thumb|Marin biyo oo ku dhaca May Selelo ee [[Adenna]]]] Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Buuraleyda dhaadheer qaarkood, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure]]s; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900/file/738003.pdf |hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free|url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada== [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Labada degmo== [[File:May Selelo headwaters2.jpg|thumb|Ilaha May Selelo]] Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu maraa laba degmo (woreda): [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] oo ah ilaha, iyo [[Abergele]] oo ah inta badan qaybta uu socdo.<ref name="chapmap"/> [[File:May Selelo in Dasarawat1.jpg|thumb|Wadada '''S2''' waxay ka gudubtaa May Selelo ee tuulada [[Dasarawat]]]] ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Raadadka GPS-ka ee dadweynaha oo lagu calaamadeeyay nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> * Socodka '''8''', oo ka gudbaya wabiga tuulada [[Kalazban]] * Socodka '''S2''', oo ka gudbaya wabiga tuulada [[Dasarawat]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa in aysan suurtagal ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} tmmvzed1qzgstitqs71z1xudtidxxle 0 49013 301898 2026-07-12T08:21:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Zikuli | name_etymology = Loo bixiyay tuulada magaceeda la midka ah | image = Zikuli valley.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Zikuli | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Zikuli ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Abergele]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Kasoo degaya Addi Shinqur ee degmada [[Simret]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1837|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Kemishana ee degmada [[Simret]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.479|N|39.090|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1395|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Zikuli''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Gereb Awhi''' ama '''Webiga Mennewe''', waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] [[File:Zikuli catchment.jpg|thumb|left|Bassin-ka sare ee Zikuli]] == Sifooyinka == Zikuli waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, meelaha qaarna si [[meander]] ah u maraya bannaanka alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 37 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen doox.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. Buuraleyda dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure]]s; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada hoose== [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Ku dhawaad inta uu socdo oo dhan, Zikuli wuxuu u socdaa si barbar socda, xadka u dhexeeya degmooyinka [[Abergele]] iyo [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] dhanka galbeedka.<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Raadadka GPS-ka ee dadweynaha oo lagu calaamadeeyay nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> * Socodka '''8''' wuxuu raacaa Webiga Zikuli meel dheer. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan lagu socon sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa in aysan suurtagal ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} mg0p77jp427ucwn4hpwkfmi1x8o8etz 0 49014 301899 2026-07-12T08:23:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Gra Adiam | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Gra Adiam ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Mashih oo ku yaal degmada [[Seret (Dogu'a Tembien)|Seret]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2560|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = May Ch’elaqot | source2_location = Ch’elaqo oo ku yaal degmada [[Inda Sillasie]] | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Wax yar oo ka hooseeya [[Nibre]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.482|N|39.177|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1445|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed/joogto ah | basin_size = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Gra Adiam''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed halkaas oo magaciisu isu beddelo '''Bitchoqo'''. Wuxuu ku shubaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo ugu dambeyntii [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, meelaha qaarna si [[meander]] ah u maraya bannaanka alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 74 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen doox qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. [[Ch'elaqo (exclosure)|Ch'elaqo]] iyo buuraleyda kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure]]s; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada== [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu maraa afar degmo (municipalities) wuxuuna ka kooban yahay hal xudduud.<ref name="chapmap"/> Meelaha kala duwan: * Ilaha waxaa laga helaa [[Seret (Dogu'a Tembien)|Seret]] iyo [[Mika'el Abiy]] * Qaybta dhexe iyo tan hoose waxay ka kooban yihiin xadka u dhexeeya [[Walta (Dogu'a Tembien)|Walta]] (oo ku yaal galbeedka) iyo [[Inda Sillasie]] (oo ku yaal bariga) ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Raadadka GPS-ka ee dadweynaha oo lagu calaamadeeyay nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> * Socodka '''9''' wuxuu si toos ah u gudbaa dooxada dhexe ee Gra Adiam * Socodka '''8V''', oo ka gudbaya wabiga oo u sii gudbaya kaniisadda [[Dabba Hadera]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa in aysan suurtagal ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} s47mdvonj2677pt2ygs44qc38cf6on5 0 49015 301900 2026-07-12T08:25:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Zeyi | name_etymology = | image = Zeyi gorge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Zeyi oo laga arkayo laga soo galo godka Zeyi | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Zeyi ee [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|14.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = May Shafa | source1_location = Addi Ferti oo ku yaal degmada [[Walta (Dogu'a Tembien)|Walta]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|13.5812|39.1453|format=dms|type:river_region:ET|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2395|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Kemishana oo ku yaal degmada [[Walta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.4811|39.1284|format=dms|type:river_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1405|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Godka Zeyi iyo kaniisadda | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Zeyi''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage_system_(geomorphology)#Radial_drainage_pattern| shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Zeyi waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, wabi dhagax ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 68 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan fatahaado kedis ah). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya.<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta bassin-ka. [[Ziban Dake]] iyo buuraleyda kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure]]s; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks) |qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T |url= https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red |url-access= }}</ref> iyo [[check dam]]s ayaa xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada== [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854326 }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo (municipalities) wuxuuna ka kooban yahay xudduudahooda.<ref name="chapmap"/> Meelaha kala duwan: * [[Walta (Dogu'a Tembien) |Walta]] oo ku yaal bariga * [[Seret (Dogu'a Tembien) |Seret]] oo ku yaal waqooyi-galbeed * [[Simret]] oo ku yaal galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Raadadka GPS-ka ee dadweynaha oo lagu calaamadeeyay nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''8''', oo leh laba nooc, dhex mara oo barbar socda dooxada Zeyi Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa in aysan suurtagal ahayn in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} c8xsl2v8cgwq07kdbwh80crhnvaw3ub 0 49016 301901 2026-07-12T08:28:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Inda Sillasie | name_etymology = | image = Upper Inda Sillasie R.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie oo ku yaal [[Dabba Hadera]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], xxx <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meesha uu ka baxo, u dhow kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/400687/4/ZenebeEtal2013_ZfG.pdf }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|172|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga May Be'ati|May Be'ati]] | source2_location = | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Addi Lihtsi oo ku yaal degmada [[Amanit]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.491|N|39.21|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1470|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|121|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Rubaksa]]; [[Dabba Hadera]] iyo kaniisadaha [[Inda Sillasie]] | basin_population = | waterfalls = Qulqulato | bridges = Buundada lugta ee [[Rubaksa]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Inda Sillasie''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa isku-darka webiyada [[May Zegzeg]] iyo [[May Be'ati]] ee buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] (1970 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ugu shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. Inta uu socdo, wuxuu marka hore qaataa magaca wabiga '''Rubaksa''', ka dib '''Dabba Hadera''', ugu dambeyntiina wabiga '''Inda Sillasie'''.<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka ee Giba]] == Hydrography == Waa wabi xiran, oo meelaha qaar [[meander|qalooca]] ku sameeya bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 26 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Marinnada (Tributaries)=== Marinnada ugu waaweyn waa<ref name="chapmap"/> * [[May Zegzeg]] ** [[May Harena]] ** [[May Sho'ate]] * [[Webiga May Be'ati]] ==Hydrology== ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[Runoff footprint|Qulqulka sanadlaha ah]] ee wabiga waa 13 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 172 m³ ilbidhiqsigii ayaa dhaca qeybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan oo carraduna ay [[water content|biyo buuxiyeen]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba inta roobka oo si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka daadka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan runoff coefficient) waa 9%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ka jiro 28% bassin-ka, qulqulkan wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada deriska ah.<ref name="aman"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu wabigan qaado]] waa 59,200 tan sanadkiiba. Celceliska ururinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 1.57 garaam litirkiiba, laakiin wuxuu gaari karaa ilaa 106 g/L. Ururinta ugu badan ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carradu ay dabcdo oo boodhkuna uu ku dhex milmo qulqulka dhulka ka yimaada ka dibna ku dhamaado wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (deegaanka waxaa loogu yeeraa "aygi"), beeraleydu waxay qiyaasayaan in ay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u kaxeeyaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka la soo saaro]] waa 733 tan kiilomitir labajibbaaran sanadkiiba. Dhammaan cabiraadaha waxaa la sameeyay xarun si gaar ah loo dhisay meel u dhow afka wabiga, sanadkii 2006.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahan kediska ah inta badan waxay dhacaan fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka xooggan waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Rubaksa at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Sariirta dhexe ee wabiga]] ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddeymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, kuwaas oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] ayaa muujinaya in 55% bassin-ka uu ku daboolnaa dhir (marka loo barbardhigo 35% sanadkii 2014).<ref>[https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 Etefa Guyassa, 2017. PhD thesis. Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia]</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo ku saabsan deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulka iyo ballaca ugu weyn xilligaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sanadihii la soo dhaafay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha [[Addi Meles]], [[Kidmi Gestet]], [[May Hib'o]], [[Gemgema]], [[May Be'ati]] iyo buuraleyda kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref name="biblio.ugent.be">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg== Iyada oo qayb ka ah wacyigelinta cilmi-baarista ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]], Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg ayaa la aasaasay 2004 bassin-ka wabiga May Zegzeg, iyada oo ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal iyadoo lala kaashanayo ADCS, oo ah urur maxalli ah (NGO). Mashruucu wuxuu ku jiray hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta si loo kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada. Ujeeddada marxaladda labaad ee mashruucan waxay ahayd in kor loo qaado nolosha bulshooyinka bassin-ka Inda Sillasie, iyo sidoo kale in la muujiyo oo kor loo qaado [[catchment management|maareynta bassin-ka]] ee degmada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reubens |first1=B. and colleagues | title= Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Natiijooyinka hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta ee goobta gaarka ah kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada ayaa si gaar ah loola socday qaybaha sare ee [[May Sho'ate]]: qodobbada dhagaxa ah,<ref name="biblio.ugent.be"/> check dams-ka dooxooyinka,<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che"/> iyo dejinta daaqa burbursan oo horseeday [[exclosure|meelo xiran]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Descheemaeker |first1=K. and colleagues |title= Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. |journal=Geoderma |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue= 3–4|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 |bibcode=2006Geode.132..291D }}</ref> ==Beeraha waraabka== Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xooggan ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahiyaha amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay bannaanka alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga agtiisa ee [[Rubaksa]], waxaana jardiinooyin dheeri ah lagu rakibay dooxada hoose iyada oo loo marayo mashruuca May Zegzeg. == Ilaha biyaha ee cajiibka ah ee wabiga agtiisa == [[File:Rubaksa gardens.jpg|thumb|Jardiinooyinka Rubaksa, oo lagu waraabiyo biyo ka yimid dib-u-soo-noqoshada [[karst|karst-ka]]]] Waxaa jira saddex [[karst|karst]] oo waaweyn oo ah [[Resurgence (spring)|dib-u-soo-noqoshada ilaha]] ee [[Antalo Limestone]] wabigan agtiisa:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walraevens |first1=K. and colleagues |title=Hydrological context of water scarcity and storage on the mountain ridges in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Rubaksa]], biyaha ilaha oo inta badan loo isticmaalo biyaha waraabka * Kaniisadda [[Dabba Hadera]], goobta xajka * Kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo "biyaha quduuska ah" [[File:Inda Sillasie monastery.jpg|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Inda Sillasie oo ku taal dooxada magaceeda wadata]] ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada wabiga== [[File:Inda Sillasie gorge.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Inda Sillasie oo leh aragti qayb ka mid ah dhulalka waraabka ah ee ay aasaastay mashruuca [[May Zegzeg]]]] Gun-hooyada dooxooyinka ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday goob loo socdo (transhumance). [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Rubaksa rapids.jpg|thumb|[[Antalo Limestone]] oo ka soo muuqday qulqulatada [[Rubaksa]]]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] [[File:Tufa dam at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Tufa deposit in the river bed, downstream from [[Dabba Hadera]]]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo: [[Mika'el Abiy]], [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo [[Amanit]]. Inta badan dhererkiisa, wuxuu ka kooban yahay xudduudda labada dambe.<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== [[File:Rubaksa footbridge2.jpg|thumb|Buundada lugta ee Rubaksa]] Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|access-date=2020-09-28|website=OpenStreetMap|language=en}}</ref> * Socodka '''10''', oo mara sariirta dhexe iyo tan hoose ee wabiga * Socodka '''12''', oo mara sariirta sare ee wabiga * Socodka '''16''', oo ka gudba wabiga ee tuulada [[Rubaksa]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Badanaa, markaas sidoo kale suurtagal maaha in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ad7nnl45bxqehbrs7ozzj1idy4n5ndz 301902 301901 2026-07-12T08:28:41Z Isma4l 41797 301902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Inda Sillasie | name_etymology = | image = Upper Inda Sillasie R.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie oo ku yaal [[Dabba Hadera]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], xxx <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meesha uu ka baxo, u dhow kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/400687/4/ZenebeEtal2013_ZfG.pdf }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|172|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga May Be'ati|May Be'ati]] | source2_location = | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Addi Lihtsi oo ku yaal degmada [[Amanit]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.491|N|39.21|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1470|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|121|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Rubaksa]]; [[Dabba Hadera]] iyo kaniisadaha [[Inda Sillasie]] | basin_population = | waterfalls = Qulqulato | bridges = Buundada lugta ee [[Rubaksa]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Inda Sillasie''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa isku-darka webiyada [[May Zegzeg]] iyo [[May Be'ati]] ee buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] (1970 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ugu shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. Inta uu socdo, wuxuu marka hore qaataa magaca wabiga '''Rubaksa''', ka dib '''Dabba Hadera''', ugu dambeyntiina wabiga '''Inda Sillasie'''.<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka ee Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, oo meelaha qaar [[meander|qalooca]] ku sameeya bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 26 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Marinnada (Tributaries)=== Marinnada ugu waaweyn waa<ref name="chapmap"/> * [[May Zegzeg]] ** [[May Harena]] ** [[May Sho'ate]] * [[Webiga May Be'ati]] ==Hydrology== ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[Runoff footprint|Qulqulka sanadlaha ah]] ee wabiga waa 13 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 172 m³ ilbidhiqsigii ayaa dhaca qeybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan oo carraduna ay [[water content|biyo buuxiyeen]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba inta roobka oo si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka daadka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan runoff coefficient) waa 9%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ka jiro 28% bassin-ka, qulqulkan wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada deriska ah.<ref name="aman"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu wabigan qaado]] waa 59,200 tan sanadkiiba. Celceliska ururinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 1.57 garaam litirkiiba, laakiin wuxuu gaari karaa ilaa 106 g/L. Ururinta ugu badan ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carradu ay dabcdo oo boodhkuna uu ku dhex milmo qulqulka dhulka ka yimaada ka dibna ku dhamaado wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (deegaanka waxaa loogu yeeraa "aygi"), beeraleydu waxay qiyaasayaan in ay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u kaxeeyaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka la soo saaro]] waa 733 tan kiilomitir labajibbaaran sanadkiiba. Dhammaan cabiraadaha waxaa la sameeyay xarun si gaar ah loo dhisay meel u dhow afka wabiga, sanadkii 2006.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahan kediska ah inta badan waxay dhacaan fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka xooggan waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Rubaksa at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Sariirta dhexe ee wabiga]] ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddeymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, kuwaas oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] ayaa muujinaya in 55% bassin-ka uu ku daboolnaa dhir (marka loo barbardhigo 35% sanadkii 2014).<ref>[https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 Etefa Guyassa, 2017. PhD thesis. Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia]</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo ku saabsan deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulka iyo ballaca ugu weyn xilligaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sanadihii la soo dhaafay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha [[Addi Meles]], [[Kidmi Gestet]], [[May Hib'o]], [[Gemgema]], [[May Be'ati]] iyo buuraleyda kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref name="biblio.ugent.be">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg== Iyada oo qayb ka ah wacyigelinta cilmi-baarista ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]], Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg ayaa la aasaasay 2004 bassin-ka wabiga May Zegzeg, iyada oo ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal iyadoo lala kaashanayo ADCS, oo ah urur maxalli ah (NGO). Mashruucu wuxuu ku jiray hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta si loo kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada. Ujeeddada marxaladda labaad ee mashruucan waxay ahayd in kor loo qaado nolosha bulshooyinka bassin-ka Inda Sillasie, iyo sidoo kale in la muujiyo oo kor loo qaado [[catchment management|maareynta bassin-ka]] ee degmada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reubens |first1=B. and colleagues | title= Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Natiijooyinka hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta ee goobta gaarka ah kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada ayaa si gaar ah loola socday qaybaha sare ee [[May Sho'ate]]: qodobbada dhagaxa ah,<ref name="biblio.ugent.be"/> check dams-ka dooxooyinka,<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che"/> iyo dejinta daaqa burbursan oo horseeday [[exclosure|meelo xiran]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Descheemaeker |first1=K. and colleagues |title= Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. |journal=Geoderma |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue= 3–4|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 |bibcode=2006Geode.132..291D }}</ref> ==Beeraha waraabka== Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xooggan ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahiyaha amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay bannaanka alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga agtiisa ee [[Rubaksa]], waxaana jardiinooyin dheeri ah lagu rakibay dooxada hoose iyada oo loo marayo mashruuca May Zegzeg. == Ilaha biyaha ee cajiibka ah ee wabiga agtiisa == [[File:Rubaksa gardens.jpg|thumb|Jardiinooyinka Rubaksa, oo lagu waraabiyo biyo ka yimid dib-u-soo-noqoshada [[karst|karst-ka]]]] Waxaa jira saddex [[karst|karst]] oo waaweyn oo ah [[Resurgence (spring)|dib-u-soo-noqoshada ilaha]] ee [[Antalo Limestone]] wabigan agtiisa:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walraevens |first1=K. and colleagues |title=Hydrological context of water scarcity and storage on the mountain ridges in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Rubaksa]], biyaha ilaha oo inta badan loo isticmaalo biyaha waraabka * Kaniisadda [[Dabba Hadera]], goobta xajka * Kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo "biyaha quduuska ah" [[File:Inda Sillasie monastery.jpg|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Inda Sillasie oo ku taal dooxada magaceeda wadata]] ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada wabiga== [[File:Inda Sillasie gorge.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Inda Sillasie oo leh aragti qayb ka mid ah dhulalka waraabka ah ee ay aasaastay mashruuca [[May Zegzeg]]]] Gun-hooyada dooxooyinka ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday goob loo socdo (transhumance). [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Rubaksa rapids.jpg|thumb|[[Antalo Limestone]] oo ka soo muuqday qulqulatada [[Rubaksa]]]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] [[File:Tufa dam at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Tufa deposit in the river bed, downstream from [[Dabba Hadera]]]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo: [[Mika'el Abiy]], [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo [[Amanit]]. Inta badan dhererkiisa, wuxuu ka kooban yahay xudduudda labada dambe.<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== [[File:Rubaksa footbridge2.jpg|thumb|Buundada lugta ee Rubaksa]] Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|access-date=2020-09-28|website=OpenStreetMap|language=en}}</ref> * Socodka '''10''', oo mara sariirta dhexe iyo tan hoose ee wabiga * Socodka '''12''', oo mara sariirta sare ee wabiga * Socodka '''16''', oo ka gudba wabiga ee tuulada [[Rubaksa]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Badanaa, markaas sidoo kale suurtagal maaha in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 0zbqad0kppcxmkx7e0sz3l84wosmcuw 301903 301902 2026-07-12T08:28:52Z Isma4l 41797 301903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Inda Sillasie | name_etymology = | image = Upper Inda Sillasie R.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie oo ku yaal [[Dabba Hadera]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], xxx <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meesha uu ka baxo, u dhow kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/400687/4/ZenebeEtal2013_ZfG.pdf }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|172|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga May Be'ati|May Be'ati]] | source2_location = | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Addi Lihtsi oo ku yaal degmada [[Amanit]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.491|N|39.21|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1470|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|121|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Rubaksa]]; [[Dabba Hadera]] iyo kaniisadaha [[Inda Sillasie]] | basin_population = | waterfalls = Qulqulato | bridges = Buundada lugta ee [[Rubaksa]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Inda Sillasie''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa isku-darka webiyada [[May Zegzeg]] iyo [[May Be'ati]] ee buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] (1970 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ugu shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. Inta uu socdo, wuxuu marka hore qaataa magaca wabiga '''Rubaksa''', ka dib '''Dabba Hadera''', ugu dambeyntiina wabiga '''Inda Sillasie'''.<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka ee Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, oo meelaha qaar [[meander|qalooca]] ku sameeya bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 26 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Marinnada=== Marinnada ugu waaweyn waa<ref name="chapmap"/> * [[May Zegzeg]] ** [[May Harena]] ** [[May Sho'ate]] * [[Webiga May Be'ati]] ==Hydrology== ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[Runoff footprint|Qulqulka sanadlaha ah]] ee wabiga waa 13 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 172 m³ ilbidhiqsigii ayaa dhaca qeybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan oo carraduna ay [[water content|biyo buuxiyeen]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba inta roobka oo si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka daadka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan runoff coefficient) waa 9%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ka jiro 28% bassin-ka, qulqulkan wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada deriska ah.<ref name="aman"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu wabigan qaado]] waa 59,200 tan sanadkiiba. Celceliska ururinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 1.57 garaam litirkiiba, laakiin wuxuu gaari karaa ilaa 106 g/L. Ururinta ugu badan ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carradu ay dabcdo oo boodhkuna uu ku dhex milmo qulqulka dhulka ka yimaada ka dibna ku dhamaado wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (deegaanka waxaa loogu yeeraa "aygi"), beeraleydu waxay qiyaasayaan in ay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u kaxeeyaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka la soo saaro]] waa 733 tan kiilomitir labajibbaaran sanadkiiba. Dhammaan cabiraadaha waxaa la sameeyay xarun si gaar ah loo dhisay meel u dhow afka wabiga, sanadkii 2006.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahan kediska ah inta badan waxay dhacaan fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka xooggan waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Rubaksa at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Sariirta dhexe ee wabiga]] ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddeymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, kuwaas oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] ayaa muujinaya in 55% bassin-ka uu ku daboolnaa dhir (marka loo barbardhigo 35% sanadkii 2014).<ref>[https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 Etefa Guyassa, 2017. PhD thesis. Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia]</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo ku saabsan deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulka iyo ballaca ugu weyn xilligaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sanadihii la soo dhaafay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha [[Addi Meles]], [[Kidmi Gestet]], [[May Hib'o]], [[Gemgema]], [[May Be'ati]] iyo buuraleyda kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref name="biblio.ugent.be">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg== Iyada oo qayb ka ah wacyigelinta cilmi-baarista ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]], Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg ayaa la aasaasay 2004 bassin-ka wabiga May Zegzeg, iyada oo ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal iyadoo lala kaashanayo ADCS, oo ah urur maxalli ah (NGO). Mashruucu wuxuu ku jiray hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta si loo kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada. Ujeeddada marxaladda labaad ee mashruucan waxay ahayd in kor loo qaado nolosha bulshooyinka bassin-ka Inda Sillasie, iyo sidoo kale in la muujiyo oo kor loo qaado [[catchment management|maareynta bassin-ka]] ee degmada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reubens |first1=B. and colleagues | title= Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Natiijooyinka hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta ee goobta gaarka ah kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada ayaa si gaar ah loola socday qaybaha sare ee [[May Sho'ate]]: qodobbada dhagaxa ah,<ref name="biblio.ugent.be"/> check dams-ka dooxooyinka,<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che"/> iyo dejinta daaqa burbursan oo horseeday [[exclosure|meelo xiran]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Descheemaeker |first1=K. and colleagues |title= Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. |journal=Geoderma |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue= 3–4|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 |bibcode=2006Geode.132..291D }}</ref> ==Beeraha waraabka== Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xooggan ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahiyaha amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay bannaanka alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga agtiisa ee [[Rubaksa]], waxaana jardiinooyin dheeri ah lagu rakibay dooxada hoose iyada oo loo marayo mashruuca May Zegzeg. == Ilaha biyaha ee cajiibka ah ee wabiga agtiisa == [[File:Rubaksa gardens.jpg|thumb|Jardiinooyinka Rubaksa, oo lagu waraabiyo biyo ka yimid dib-u-soo-noqoshada [[karst|karst-ka]]]] Waxaa jira saddex [[karst|karst]] oo waaweyn oo ah [[Resurgence (spring)|dib-u-soo-noqoshada ilaha]] ee [[Antalo Limestone]] wabigan agtiisa:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walraevens |first1=K. and colleagues |title=Hydrological context of water scarcity and storage on the mountain ridges in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Rubaksa]], biyaha ilaha oo inta badan loo isticmaalo biyaha waraabka * Kaniisadda [[Dabba Hadera]], goobta xajka * Kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo "biyaha quduuska ah" [[File:Inda Sillasie monastery.jpg|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Inda Sillasie oo ku taal dooxada magaceeda wadata]] ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada wabiga== [[File:Inda Sillasie gorge.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Inda Sillasie oo leh aragti qayb ka mid ah dhulalka waraabka ah ee ay aasaastay mashruuca [[May Zegzeg]]]] Gun-hooyada dooxooyinka ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday goob loo socdo (transhumance). [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Rubaksa rapids.jpg|thumb|[[Antalo Limestone]] oo ka soo muuqday qulqulatada [[Rubaksa]]]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] [[File:Tufa dam at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Tufa deposit in the river bed, downstream from [[Dabba Hadera]]]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo: [[Mika'el Abiy]], [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo [[Amanit]]. Inta badan dhererkiisa, wuxuu ka kooban yahay xudduudda labada dambe.<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== [[File:Rubaksa footbridge2.jpg|thumb|Buundada lugta ee Rubaksa]] Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|access-date=2020-09-28|website=OpenStreetMap|language=en}}</ref> * Socodka '''10''', oo mara sariirta dhexe iyo tan hoose ee wabiga * Socodka '''12''', oo mara sariirta sare ee wabiga * Socodka '''16''', oo ka gudba wabiga ee tuulada [[Rubaksa]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Badanaa, markaas sidoo kale suurtagal maaha in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 0x81eahpkugk9ap67a41x2h463bpajx 301904 301903 2026-07-12T08:29:06Z Isma4l 41797 301904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Inda Sillasie | name_etymology = | image = Upper Inda Sillasie R.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie oo ku yaal [[Dabba Hadera]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Inda Sillasie ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], xxx <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meesha uu ka baxo, u dhow kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/400687/4/ZenebeEtal2013_ZfG.pdf }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|172|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga May Be'ati|May Be'ati]] | source2_location = | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Addi Lihtsi oo ku yaal degmada [[Amanit]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.491|N|39.21|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1470|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|121|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Rubaksa]]; [[Dabba Hadera]] iyo kaniisadaha [[Inda Sillasie]] | basin_population = | waterfalls = Qulqulato | bridges = Buundada lugta ee [[Rubaksa]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Inda Sillasie''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa isku-darka webiyada [[May Zegzeg]] iyo [[May Be'ati]] ee buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] (1970 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ugu shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. Inta uu socdo, wuxuu marka hore qaataa magaca wabiga '''Rubaksa''', ka dib '''Dabba Hadera''', ugu dambeyntiina wabiga '''Inda Sillasie'''.<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka ee Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, oo meelaha qaar [[meander|qalooca]] ku sameeya bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 26 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Wabigan iyo marinnadiisa kale waxay gooyeen [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Marinnada=== Marinnada ugu waaweyn waa<ref name="chapmap"/> * [[May Zegzeg]] ** [[May Harena]] ** [[May Sho'ate]] * [[Webiga May Be'ati]] ==Biyo== ===Sifooyinka biyaha=== [[Runoff footprint|Qulqulka sanadlaha ah]] ee wabiga waa 13 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 172 m³ ilbidhiqsigii ayaa dhaca qeybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bisha Agoosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan oo carraduna ay [[water content|biyo buuxiyeen]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba inta roobka oo si toos ah uga baxa bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka daadka]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan runoff coefficient) waa 9%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ka jiro 28% bassin-ka, qulqulkan wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada deriska ah.<ref name="aman"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu wabigan qaado]] waa 59,200 tan sanadkiiba. Celceliska ururinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 1.57 garaam litirkiiba, laakiin wuxuu gaari karaa ilaa 106 g/L. Ururinta ugu badan ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carradu ay dabcdo oo boodhkuna uu ku dhex milmo qulqulka dhulka ka yimaada ka dibna ku dhamaado wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (deegaanka waxaa loogu yeeraa "aygi"), beeraleydu waxay qiyaasayaan in ay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u kaxeeyaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka la soo saaro]] waa 733 tan kiilomitir labajibbaaran sanadkiiba. Dhammaan cabiraadaha waxaa la sameeyay xarun si gaar ah loo dhisay meel u dhow afka wabiga, sanadkii 2006.<ref name="matt"/> ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahan kediska ah inta badan waxay dhacaan fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka xooggan waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Rubaksa at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Sariirta dhexe ee wabiga]] ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddeymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, kuwaas oo la qaaday 1930-yadii]] ayaa muujinaya in 55% bassin-ka uu ku daboolnaa dhir (marka loo barbardhigo 35% sanadkii 2014).<ref>[https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 Etefa Guyassa, 2017. PhD thesis. Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia]</ref> Ilaa 1980-yadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo ku saabsan deegaanka, dhirtuna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulka iyo ballaca ugu weyn xilligaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sanadihii la soo dhaafay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha [[Addi Meles]], [[Kidmi Gestet]], [[May Hib'o]], [[Gemgema]], [[May Be'ati]] iyo buuraleyda kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref name="biblio.ugent.be">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg== Iyada oo qayb ka ah wacyigelinta cilmi-baarista ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]], Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg ayaa la aasaasay 2004 bassin-ka wabiga May Zegzeg, iyada oo ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal iyadoo lala kaashanayo ADCS, oo ah urur maxalli ah (NGO). Mashruucu wuxuu ku jiray hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta si loo kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada. Ujeeddada marxaladda labaad ee mashruucan waxay ahayd in kor loo qaado nolosha bulshooyinka bassin-ka Inda Sillasie, iyo sidoo kale in la muujiyo oo kor loo qaado [[catchment management|maareynta bassin-ka]] ee degmada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reubens |first1=B. and colleagues | title= Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Natiijooyinka hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta ee goobta gaarka ah kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada ayaa si gaar ah loola socday qaybaha sare ee [[May Sho'ate]]: qodobbada dhagaxa ah,<ref name="biblio.ugent.be"/> check dams-ka dooxooyinka,<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che"/> iyo dejinta daaqa burbursan oo horseeday [[exclosure|meelo xiran]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Descheemaeker |first1=K. and colleagues |title= Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. |journal=Geoderma |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue= 3–4|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 |bibcode=2006Geode.132..291D }}</ref> ==Beeraha waraabka== Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xooggan ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahiyaha amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay bannaanka alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah ee wabiga agtiisa ee [[Rubaksa]], waxaana jardiinooyin dheeri ah lagu rakibay dooxada hoose iyada oo loo marayo mashruuca May Zegzeg. == Ilaha biyaha ee cajiibka ah ee wabiga agtiisa == [[File:Rubaksa gardens.jpg|thumb|Jardiinooyinka Rubaksa, oo lagu waraabiyo biyo ka yimid dib-u-soo-noqoshada [[karst|karst-ka]]]] Waxaa jira saddex [[karst|karst]] oo waaweyn oo ah [[Resurgence (spring)|dib-u-soo-noqoshada ilaha]] ee [[Antalo Limestone]] wabigan agtiisa:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walraevens |first1=K. and colleagues |title=Hydrological context of water scarcity and storage on the mountain ridges in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Rubaksa]], biyaha ilaha oo inta badan loo isticmaalo biyaha waraabka * Kaniisadda [[Dabba Hadera]], goobta xajka * Kaniisadda [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo "biyaha quduuska ah" [[File:Inda Sillasie monastery.jpg|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Inda Sillasie oo ku taal dooxada magaceeda wadata]] ==Socodka xoolaha ee dooxada wabiga== [[File:Inda Sillasie gorge.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Inda Sillasie oo leh aragti qayb ka mid ah dhulalka waraabka ah ee ay aasaastay mashruuca [[May Zegzeg]]]] Gun-hooyada dooxooyinka ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday goob loo socdo (transhumance). [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socodka xoolaha]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga xagaaga ee roobka, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku mashquulsan yihiin dalagyo. Daaq-geeyayaasha da'da yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxeeya dooxada waxayna ku hoydaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh oo ah goob loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Rubaksa rapids.jpg|thumb|[[Antalo Limestone]] oo ka soo muuqday qulqulatada [[Rubaksa]]]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] [[File:Tufa dam at Dabba Hadera.jpg|thumb|Tufa deposit in the river bed, downstream from [[Dabba Hadera]]]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo: [[Mika'el Abiy]], [[Inda Sillasie]] iyo [[Amanit]]. Inta badan dhererkiisa, wuxuu ka kooban yahay xudduudda labada dambe.<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== [[File:Rubaksa footbridge2.jpg|thumb|Buundada lugta ee Rubaksa]] Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|access-date=2020-09-28|website=OpenStreetMap|language=en}}</ref> * Socodka '''10''', oo mara sariirta dhexe iyo tan hoose ee wabiga * Socodka '''12''', oo mara sariirta sare ee wabiga * Socodka '''16''', oo ka gudba wabiga ee tuulada [[Rubaksa]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Badanaa, markaas sidoo kale suurtagal maaha in laga gudbo wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 73qfbmr6by7di2cnbpy9pwou6upxna2 0 49017 301907 2026-07-12T08:32:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Zegzeg | name_etymology = ''Biyo quban'' oo ku yaal afka [[Af-Tigrinya|Tigrinya]] | image = May Zegzeg gorge.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada May Zegzeg ee [[Hech'i]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga May Zegzeg ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[May Sho'ate]] | source1_location = Harena oo ku yaal degmada [[Mika'el Abiy]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2270|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[May Harena]] | source2_location = Harena oo ku yaal degmada [[Mika'el Abiy]] | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Webiga Rubaksa]] | mouth_location = [[Rubaksa]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.614|N|39.226|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Inda Meru’e [[Karst#Morphology|lapiez]] | basin_population = | waterfalls = Dhowr qulqulato oo yaryar | bridges = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Rubaksa]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''May Zegzeg''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Webiga May Zegzeg (MZZ) ee ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyin == Waa wabi xiran, oo meelaha qaar [[meander|qalooca]] ku sameeya bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celceliska jiirada 43 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa [[May Sho'ate]] iyo [[May Harena]], wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]].<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> Isagoo la socda [[Webiga May Be’ati]], wabigan waa isha [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Webiga Rubaksa]]. [[File:Confluence MB MZZ.jpg|thumb|Isagoo ka imaanaya waqooyiga (bidix), May Zegzeg wuxuu helaa [[Webiga May Be’ati]] wuxuuna noqdaa [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Webiga Rubaksa]]]] ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta fatahaada== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha Habdi Luqmuts iyo buuraleyda kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free|url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka, oo ay ku jiraan unugyada lithological ee soo socda:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Phonolite series in North Ethiopia|Phonolite]] * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] freshwater [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> ==Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg== Iyada oo qayb ka ah wacyigelinta cilmi-baarista ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]], Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg ayaa la aasaasay 2004 bassin-ka wabiga May Zegzeg, iyada oo ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal iyadoo lala kaashanayo ADCS, oo ah urur maxalli ah (NGO). Mashruucu wuxuu ku jiray hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta si loo kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada. Ujeeddadu waxay ahayd in kor loo qaado nolosha bulshooyinka [[Harena]], [[Hech'i]] iyo [[Addi Qolqwal]] iyo sidoo kale in la muujiyo oo kor loo qaado [[catchment management|maareynta bassin-ka]] ee degmada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reubens |first1=B. and colleagues | title= Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Natiijooyinka hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta ee goobta gaarka ah kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada ayaa si gaar ah loola socday qaybaha sare ee [[May Sho'ate]]: qodobbada dhagaxa ah,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free|url-access= subscription}}</ref> check dams-ka dooxooyinka,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref> iyo dejinta daaqa burbursan oo horseeday [[exclosure|meelo xiran]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Descheemaeker |first1=K. and colleagues |title= Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. |journal=Geoderma |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue= 3–4|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 }}</ref> ==Xuduudka dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu ka kooban yahay xudduudda u dhexaysa<ref name="chapmap"/> [[Mika'el Abiy]] (dhanka galbeed) iyo degmooyinka [[Ayninbirkekin]] (dhanka bari). ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''12''', wuxuu la socdaa wabiga dhanka bari, laga bilaabo [[May Sho'ate]] ilaa [[Rubaksa]] Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. <ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} jux2r792at29flhy7x97tiepv5wkmea 0 49018 301908 2026-07-12T08:34:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Harena | name_etymology = Magaca tuulada oo kale | image = May harena in harena.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga May Harena oo ku yaal [[Harena]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = May Harena oo ku yaal [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|2.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Madaxa dooxada ee bariga [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2480|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | mouth_location = May Addi Abagiè oo ku yaal xudduudda degmooyinka [[Mika'el Abiy]] iyo [[Haddinnet]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.644|N|39.194|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|2270|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Magaalada [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]]→ [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Rubaksa]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''May Harena''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bari si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyin == May Harena waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, isagoo leh celceliska jiirada 100 mitir kiilomitirkiiba.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> ==Hydrology== [[File:Upper May Harena in hagere selam.jpg|thumb|Check dam ku yaal qaybta sare ee May Harena oo ujeedadiisu tahay inuu xakameeyo qulqulka magaalada – ogow calaamadaha qashinka magaalada ee ku yaal [[gabion]]-ka]] Qulqulka wabiga ee May Harena wuxuu ku xiran yahay xilliyeed aad u daran, wabiguna wuxuu biyaha qaadaa oo kaliya xilliga roobka, ka dib dhacdooyinka roobka. Dhibaatada waxaa sii kordhiya xaqiiqda ah in inta badan [[stormwater|qulqulka magaalada]] ee ka yimaada [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]] si dhakhso ah loogu jiheeyo wabigan. Hawlaha ilaalinta (sida kuwa mashruuca [[Selam WatSani]]) waxay higsanayaan inay xakameeyaan fatahaadahan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya [[Webiga May Sho'ate]] oo si fiican loo nidaamiyay. ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta fatahaada== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa xoogaa hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha qaar oo dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free |url-access= subscription }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> [[File:May harena in harena 2.jpg|thumb|Check dam ku yaal May Harena]] ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] [[File:May Harena catchment.jpg|thumb|Bassin-ka May Harena]] ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''12 V''' wuxuu la socdaa wabiga, dhanka woqooyi. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 0s2yxt2m5elw80x162xzw0n7p93ff7r 0 49019 301909 2026-07-12T08:36:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Sho’ate | name_etymology = | image = Upper may shoate (2).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga May Sho’ate ee ku yaal bassin-kiisa | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga May Sho’ate ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|1.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = May Ntebteb | source1_location = Zenaqo oo ku yaal degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | mouth_location = May Addi Abagie, oo ku yaal xudduudda degmooyinka [[Mika'el Abiy]] iyo [[Haddinnet]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.644|N|39.194|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|2270|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed/joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Ilias’ Stone | basin_population = | waterfalls = May Ntebteb | bridges = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]]→ [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Rubaksa]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] | other_name = Argak'a }} '''May Sho’ate''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Argak'a) waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyin == Waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, isagoo leh celceliska jiirada 121 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ==Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg== Iyada oo qayb ka ah wacyigelinta cilmi-baarista ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]], Mashruuca Maareynta Bassin-ka Isku-dhafka ah ee May Zegzeg ayaa la aasaasay 2004 bassin-ka wabiga [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]], iyada oo ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal iyadoo lala kaashanayo ADCS, oo ah urur maxalli ah (NGO). Waxaa jiray diirad gaar ah oo la saaray qaybta bassin-ka ee May Sho’ate. Mashruucu wuxuu ku jiray hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta si loo kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada. Ujeeddadu waxay ahayd in kor loo qaado nolosha bulshooyinka [[Harena]], [[Hech'i]] iyo [[Addi Qolqwal]] iyo sidoo kale in la muujiyo oo kor loo qaado [[catchment management|maareynta bassin-ka]] ee degmada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reubens |first1=B. and colleagues | title= Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Natiijooyinka hirgelinta farsamooyinka ilaalinta ee goobta gaarka ah kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo biyo-nuugista iyo ilaalinta carrada ayaa si gaar ah loola socday qaybaha sare ee May Sho'ate: qodobbada dhagaxa ah,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900/file/738003.pdf|hdl-access= free}}</ref> check dams-ka dooxooyinka,<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che">{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref> iyo dejinta daaqa burbursan oo horseeday [[exclosure|meelo xiran]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Descheemaeker |first1=K. and colleagues |title= Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia. |journal=Geoderma |date=2006 |volume=132 |issue= 3–4|pages=291–314 |doi=10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 |bibcode=2006Geode.132..291D }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta fatahaada== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:May Shoate catchment.jpg|thumb|Bassin-ka May Sho’ate]] Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka ee mashruuca May Zegzeg, iyo hawlaha kale ee bulshada. Meelaha dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900/file/738003.pdf|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Beeraha waraabka ah== [[File:May shoate dam.jpg|thumb|May Sho’ate dam]] Marka laga reebo ilaha biyaha iyo barkadaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xooggan ugu tiirsan yahay [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]] ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ah ee noocan oo kale ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahiyaha amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ee u dhow ilaha biyaha oo xoogaystay ka dib hawlihii ilaalinta:<ref name="chapmap"/> * Zenaqo oo ku yaal bassin-ka sare * May Addi Abagiè, oo u dhow isku-darka May Sho’ate iyo [[Webiga May Harena|May Harena]] [[File:May shoate and may harena.jpg|thumb|Waraabka u dhow isku-darka May Sho’ate iyo [[Webiga May Harena|May Harena]]]] ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] ==Bassin-ka cilmi-baarista== Iyadoo la tixgelinayo matalaaddeeda [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] ee waqooyiga iyo dhowaanshaha magaalada [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien)|Hagere Selam]], hawlo cilmi-baaris oo kala duwan ayaa ka dhacay May Sho’ate iyo bassin-keeda. Daraasadahan waxay si gaar ah ula xiriireen: * Ka qayb qaadashada [[tillage erosion|nabaad-guurka beerashada]] ee samaynta muuqaalka dhulka (daraasadda la socodka)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198700001380 | doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00138-0 | title=Tillage erosion on slopes with soil conservation structures in the Ethiopian highlands | year=2000 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Poesen | first2=Jean | last3=Haile | first3=Mitiku | last4=Moeyersons | first4=Jan | last5=Deckers | first5=Jozef | journal=Soil and Tillage Research | volume=57 | issue=3 | pages=115–127 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Ka saarista [[rock fragment|qaybaha dhagaxa]] iyo saameynta ay ku leedahay [[soil loss|nabaad-guurka carrada]] iyo [[crop yield|wax-soo-saarka dalagga]] (daraasadda qorshayaasha tijaabada ah)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00025.x | doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00025.x | title=Removal of rock fragments and its effect on soil loss and crop yield, Tigray, Ethiopia | year=2006 | last1=Nyssen | first1=J. | last2=Haile | first2=Mitiku | last3=Poesen | first3=J. | last4=Deckers | first4=J. | last5=Moeyersons | first5=J. | journal=Soil Use and Management | volume=17 | issue=3 | pages=179–187 | s2cid=98532199 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Dib-u-dhaqaajinta dhaqdhaqaaqyada ballaaran ee qadiimiga ah (May Ntebteb [[landslide|dhul-go'idda]])<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X02001927 | doi=10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00192-7 | title=The environmental significance of the remobilisation of ancient mass movements in the Atbara–Tekeze headwaters, Northern Ethiopia | year=2003 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Moeyersons | first2=Jan | last3=Poesen | first3=Jean | last4=Deckers | first4=Jozef | last5=Mitiku Haile | journal=Geomorphology | volume=49 | issue=3–4 | pages=303–322 | bibcode=2003Geomo..49..303N | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Saameynta [[road building|dhismaha waddooyinka]] ee khatarta [[gully erosion|nabaad-guurka dooxada]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/esp.404 | doi=10.1002/esp.404 | title=Impact of road building on gully erosion risk: A case study from the Northern Ethiopian Highlands | year=2002 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Poesen | first2=Jean | last3=Moeyersons | first3=Jan | last4=Luyten | first4=Edith | last5=Veyret-Picot | first5=Maude | last6=Deckers | first6=Jozef | last7=Haile | first7=Mitiku | last8=Govers | first8=Gerard | journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms | volume=27 | issue=12 | pages=1267–1283 | bibcode=2002ESPL...27.1267N | s2cid=140691299 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Sababaha [[stone cover|daboolka dhagaxa]] badan ee beeraha <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X01000964 | doi=10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00096-4 | title=Spatial distribution of rock fragments in cultivated soils in northern Ethiopia as affected by lateral and vertical displacement processes | year=2002 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Poesen | first2=Jean | last3=Moeyersons | first3=Jan | last4=Lavrysen | first4=Els | last5=Haile | first5=Mitiku | last6=Deckers | first6=Jozef | journal=Geomorphology | volume=43 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–16 | bibcode=2002Geomo..43....1N | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Waxtarka [[check dam|check dams]]-ka dhagaxa ah ee loogu talagalay xakameynta dooxada (daraasadda la socodka) <ref name="The effectiveness of loose rock che"/> * Waxtarka [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]] ee xakameynta [[soil erosion|nabaad-guurka carrada]] (daraasaadka la socodka)<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900/file/738003.pdf|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00401.x | doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00401.x | title=Effectiveness of stone bunds in controlling soil erosion on cropland in the Tigray Highlands, northern Ethiopia | year=2005 | last1=Gebrernichael | first1=Desta | last2=Nyssen | first2=J. | last3=Poesen | first3=J. | last4=Deckers | first4=J. | last5=Haile | first5=Mitiku | last6=Govers | first6=G. | last7=Moeyersons | first7=J. | journal=Soil Use and Management | volume=21 | issue=3 | pages=287–297 | s2cid=95931760 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Rainfall erosivity|Nabaad-guurka roobka]] iyo isbeddelka (oo ku salaysan ururinta xogta roobka) <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169405000193 | doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.016 | title=Rainfall erosivity and variability in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands | year=2005 | last1=Nyssen | first1=J. | last2=Vandenreyken | first2=H. | last3=Poesen | first3=J. | last4=Moeyersons | first4=J. | last5=Deckers | first5=J. | last6=Haile | first6=Mitiku | last7=Salles | first7=C. | last8=Govers | first8=G. | journal=Journal of Hydrology | volume=311 | issue=1–4 | pages=172–187 | bibcode=2005JHyd..311..172N | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * Saameynta [[soil conservation|ilaalinta carrada]] ee [[soil fertility|bacriminta carrada]] iyo wax-soo-saarka dalagga (daraasadda la socodka)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198705002199 | doi=10.1016/j.still.2005.08.004 | title=Stone bunds for soil conservation in the northern Ethiopian highlands: Impacts on soil fertility and crop yield | year=2006 | last1=Vancampenhout | first1=Karen | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=Gebremichael | first3=Desta | last4=Deckers | first4=Jozef | last5=Poesen | first5=Jean | last6=Haile | first6=Mitiku | last7=Moeyersons | first7=Jan | journal=Soil and Tillage Research | volume=90 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–15 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Rockfall|Dhagax-soo-dhaca]] ka imanaya dhagaxyada bassin-ka iyo barakicinta qaybaha dhagaxa ee jiirada (daraasadda la socodka) <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X0600153X | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.021 | title=Processes and rates of rock fragment displacement on cliffs and scree slopes in an amba landscape, Ethiopia | year=2006 | last1=Nyssen | first1=J. | last2=Poesen | first2=J. | last3=Moeyersons | first3=J. | last4=Deckers | first4=J. | last5=Haile | first5=Mitiku | journal=Geomorphology | volume=81 | issue=3–4 | pages=265–275 | bibcode=2006Geomo..81..265N | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Soil map|Khariidaynta carrada]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Naudts|first2= J.|last3= De Geyndt|first3= K.|last4= Haile|first4= Mitiku|last5= Poesen|first5= J.|last6= Moeyersons|first6= J.|last7= Deckers|first7= J.|title= Soils and land use in the Tigray highlands (Northern Ethiopia). |journal=Land Degradation and Development |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=257–274 |doi= 10.1002/ldr.840|s2cid= 128492271}}</ref> * [[Sediment budget|Miisaaniyadda harraadka]] wabiga ka hor iyo ka dib [[land conservation|ilaalinta dhulka]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/esp.1569 | doi=10.1002/esp.1569 | title=Dynamics of soil erosion rates and controlling factors in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands – towards a sediment budget | year=2008 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Poesen | first2=Jean | last3=Moeyersons | first3=Jan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Deckers | first5=Jozef | journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms | volume=33 | issue=5 | pages=695–711 | bibcode=2008ESPL...33..695N | hdl=1854/LU-416185 | s2cid=53650704 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/esp.1805 | doi=10.1002/esp.1805 | title=How soil conservation affects the catchment sediment budget - a comprehensive study in the north Ethiopian highlands | year=2009 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Clymans | first2=Wim | last3=Poesen | first3=Jean | last4=Vandecasteele | first4=Ine | last5=De Baets | first5=Sarah | last6=Haregeweyn | first6=Nigussie | last7=Naudts | first7=Jozef | last8=Hadera | first8=Amanuel | last9=Moeyersons | first9=Jan | last10=Haile | first10=Mitiku | last11=Deckers | first11=Jozef | journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms | volume=34 | issue=9 | pages=1216–1233 | bibcode=2009ESPL...34.1216N | s2cid=129123841 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * La socodka [[Groundwater recharge|buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10040-010-0667-0 | doi=10.1007/s10040-010-0667-0 | title=Hydrogeology and groundwater flow in a basalt-capped Mesozoic sedimentary series of the Ethiopian highlands | year=2011 | last1=Vandecasteele | first1=Ine | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=Clymans | first3=Wim | last4=Moeyersons | first4=Jan | last5=Martens | first5=Kristine | last6=Van Camp | first6=Marc | last7=Gebreyohannes | first7=Tesfamichael | last8=Desmedt | first8=Florimond | last9=Deckers | first9=Jozef | last10=Walraevens | first10=Kristine | journal=Hydrogeology Journal | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=641–650 | bibcode=2011HydJ...19..641V | s2cid=129417175 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1623/hysj.54.4.739 | doi=10.1623/hysj.54.4.739 | title=Groundwater recharge and flow in a small mountain catchment in northern Ethiopia | year=2009 | last1=Walraevens | first1=Kristine | last2=Vandecasteele | first2=INE | last3=Martens | first3=Kristine | last4=Nyssen | first4=JAN | last5=Moeyersons | first5=JAN | last6=Gebreyohannes | first6=Tesfamichael | last7=De Smedt | first7=Florimond | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | last9=Deckers | first9=Jozef | last10=Van Camp | first10=Marc | journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal | volume=54 | issue=4 | pages=739–753 | s2cid=129902936 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Conservation agriculture|Beeraha ilaalinta]] (daraasaadka ku saabsan qorshayaasha tijaabada ah iyo beera beeralayda) <ref>{{cite journal | url=https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1051/agro/2010014 | doi=10.1051/agro/2010014 | title=The use of the marasha ard plough for conservation agriculture in Northern Ethiopia | year=2011 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Govaerts | first2=Bram | last3=Araya | first3=Tesfay | last4=Cornelis | first4=Wim M. | last5=Bauer | first5=Hans | last6=Haile | first6=Mitiku | last7=Sayre | first7=Ken | last8=Deckers | first8=Jozef | journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development | volume=31 | issue=2 | pages=287–297 | s2cid=9697107 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/restoring-cropland-productivity-and-profitability-in-northern-ethiopian-drylands-after-nine-years-of-resourceconserving-agriculture/E5969BB2C55072CDD0F1BBE2EB64A5A6 | doi=10.1017/S001447971400060X | title=Restoring Cropland Productivity and Profitability in Northern Ethiopian Drylands After Nine Years of Resource-Conserving Agriculture | year=2016 | last1=Araya | first1=Tesfay | last2=Nyssen | first2=JAN | last3=Govaerts | first3=Bram | last4=Baudron | first4=Frédéric | last5=Carpentier | first5=Louise | last6=Bauer | first6=Hans | last7=Lanckriet | first7=SIL | last8=Deckers | first8=Jozef | last9=Cornelis | first9=WIM M. | journal=Experimental Agriculture | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=165–187 | s2cid=85663297 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21683565.2014.917143 | doi=10.1080/21683565.2014.917143 | title=Toward Practical Implementation of Conservation Agriculture: A Case Study in the May Zeg-zeg Catchment (Ethiopia) | year=2014 | last1=Lanckriet | first1=Sil | last2=Araya | first2=Tesfay | last3=Derudder | first3=Ben | last4=Cornelis | first4=Wim | last5=Bauer | first5=Hans | last6=Govaerts | first6=Bram | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Haile | first8=Mitiku | last9=Naudts | first9=Jozef | last10=Nyssen | first10=Jan | journal=Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems | volume=38 | issue=8 | pages=913–935 | hdl=1854/LU-5718183 | s2cid=53556757 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169412008852 | doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.011 | title=Impact of conservation agriculture on catchment runoff and soil loss under changing climate conditions in May Zeg-zeg (Ethiopia) | year=2012 | last1=Lanckriet | first1=Sil | last2=Araya | first2=Tesfay | last3=Cornelis | first3=Wim | last4=Verfaillie | first4=Els | last5=Poesen | first5=Jean | last6=Govaerts | first6=Bram | last7=Bauer | first7=Hans | last8=Deckers | last8=Jozef | last9=Haile | first9=Mitiku | last10=Nyssen | first10=Jan | journal=Journal of Hydrology | volume=475 | pages=336–349 | bibcode=2012JHyd..475..336L | hdl=1854/LU-3080411 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00347.x | doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00347.x | title=Effects of conservation agriculture on runoff, soil loss and crop yield under rainfed conditions in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia | year=2011 | last1=Araya | first1=Tesfay | last2=Cornelis | first2=W. M. | last3=Nyssen | first3=J. | last4=Govaerts | first4=B. | last5=Bauer | first5=H. | last6=Gebreegziabher | first6=Tewodros | last7=Oicha | first7=Tigist | last8=Raes | first8=D. | last9=Sayre | first9=K. D. | last10=Haile | first10=Mitiku | last11=Deckers | first11=J. | journal=Soil Use and Management | volume=27 | issue=3 | pages=404–414 | s2cid=98508952 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198708001268 | doi=10.1016/j.still.2008.05.021 | title=Contour furrows for in situ soil and water conservation, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia | year=2009 | last1=Gebreegziabher | first1=Tewodros | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=Govaerts | first3=Bram | last4=Getnet | first4=Fekadu | last5=Behailu | first5=Mintesinot | last6=Haile | first6=Mitiku | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | journal=Soil and Tillage Research | volume=103 | issue=2 | pages=257–264 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Land use|Isticmaalka dhulka]] iyo heerarka [[soil erosion|nabaad-guurka carrada]] (daraasadda qorshayaasha tijaabada ah) <ref>[https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/zfg/2009/00000053/00000002/art00002 Effects of land use and land cover on sheet and rill erosion rates in the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia]</ref> * [[Water balance|Isu-dheellitirka biyaha]] (daraasadda la socodka)<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hyp.7628 | doi=10.1002/hyp.7628 | title=Impact of soil and water conservation measures on catchment hydrological response-a case in north Ethiopia | year=2010 | last1=Nyssen | first1=Jan | last2=Clymans | first2=Wim | last3=Descheemaeker | first3=Katrien | last4=Poesen | first4=Jean | last5=Vandecasteele | first5=Ine | last6=Vanmaercke | first6=Matthias | last7=Zenebe | first7=Amanuel | last8=Van Camp | first8=Marc | last9=Haile | first9=Mitiku | last10=Haregeweyn | first10=Nigussie | last11=Moeyersons | first11=Jan | last12=Martens | first12=Kristine | last13=Gebreyohannes | first13=Tesfamichael | last14=Deckers | first14=Jozef | last15=Walraevens | first15=Kristine | journal=Hydrological Processes | volume=24 | issue=13 | pages=1880–1895 | bibcode=2010HyPr...24.1880N | s2cid=53414457 | hdl=1854/LU-854283 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [[Rodents|Doolleyda]] gabaad ka dhigta dhismayaasha ilaalinta dhagaxa debecsan<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026121941300255X | doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2013.10.016 | title=Rodent abundance, stone bund density and its effects on crop damage in the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia | year=2014 | last1=Meheretu | first1=Yonas | last2=Sluydts | first2=Vincent | last3=Welegerima | first3=Kiros | last4=Bauer | first4=Hans | last5=Teferi | first5=Mekonen | last6=Yirga | first6=Gidey | last7=Mulungu | first7=Loth | last8=Haile | first8=Mitiku | last9=Nyssen | first9=Jan | last10=Deckers | first10=Jozef | last11=Makundi | first11=Rhodes | last12=Leirs | first12=Herwig | journal=Crop Protection | volume=55 | pages=61–67 }}</ref> ==Xuduudda dabiiciga ah== Inta uu socdo, wabigan wuxuu ka kooban yahay xudduudda u dhexaysa degmooyinka [[Ayninbirkekin]] iyo [[Mika'el Abiy]].<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== [[File:Upper May Shoate.jpg|thumb|Ilias’ stone oo ku yaal sariirta wabiga May Sho’ate]] Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> * Socodka '''12''', oo ka gudbaya wabiga iyo bassin-kiisa sare ee u dhow tuulada [[Addi Qolqwal]] * Socodka '''12V''', oo ka gudbaya wabiga iyo bassin-kiisa hoose ee u dhow tuulooyinka [[Hech'i]] iyo [[Harena]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 3bjc4tebkef04csj02tix51eyay6nqj 0 49020 301910 2026-07-12T08:38:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Be’ati | name_etymology = Magaca tuulo ay magaceedu isku mid yihiin | image = Lower MB with incised tufa dam.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga May Be’ati meel u dhow isku-darkiisa iyo [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga May Be’ati ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|7.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Gemgema | source1_location = Halah oo ku yaal degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2300|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = | source2_location = May Be’ati oo ku yaal degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]] | mouth_location = Inda Merue oo ku yaal xudduudda degmooyinka [[Mika'el Abiy]] iyo [[Haddinnet]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.614|N|39.226|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1970|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed/joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | waterfalls = Tsigaba | bridges = Gemgema [[Footbridge#In developing countries|buundada dadka lugaynaya]] ee [[Halah]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga May Zegzeg|May Zegzeg]]→ [[Webiga Inda Sillasie|Rubaksa]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''May Be’ati''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Upper May Be&#039;ati.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka bassin-ka May Be’ati – dooxada kaynta leh wabiga waxaa lagu magacaabaa Gemgema halka bannaanka dhexena loogu yeero Tsigaba]] [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyin == '''May Be’ati''' waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, isagoo leh celceliska jiirada 45 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta fatahaada== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. May Be’ati, saameynta faragelinta noocan oo kale ah ayaa sidoo kale lala socday. ===Farsamooyinka jirka iyo bayoolajiga ee bassin-ka=== Meelaha [[Gemgema]], [[May Be'ati (exclosure)|May Be'ati]] iyo jiirarka kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref name=" Descheemaeker ">{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Meesha [[May Be'ati (exclosure)|May Be'ati]], in ka badan 1000 cabbirro sax ah ayaa la sameeyay 2003 iyo 2004, iyadoo la isticmaalayo 15 goobood oo qulqulka ah, halkaas oo mugga qulqulka la cabbirayay maalin kasta. Nooca dhagaxa ([[Antalo Limestone]]), jiirada iyo jihooyinka jiirada waxay ahaayeen kuwo isku mid ah, farqiga kaliya wuxuu ahaa maareynta dhulka iyo cufnaanta dhirta. Halka baadiyaha burbursan, 35% roobabka ay si toos ah ugu qulqulaan wabiga (coefficient runoff), tani waxay dhacdaa kaliya 13.4% roobka meel dhawaan la xiray iyo 1.7% meel muddo dheer la xiray. Si loo barbar dhigo, kaynta kaniisadda May Be'ati ee ku dhow waxay leedahay coefficient runoff oo ah 0.1% kaliya.<ref name=" Descheemaeker "/> ===Dhismaha check dam-ka=== [[File:Discharge meas in upper May Baati.jpg|thumb|Cabbiraadda qulqulka ee sare ee May Be’ati]] Saameynta [[check dam|check dams]]-ka ee [[hydrograph|qulqulka]] ayaa lagu darsay [[Addi Qolqwal]] oo ku yaal bassin-ka sare ee wabigan, meel u dhow waddada oo ku taal carro ka timid [[Amba Aradam Sandstone]]. Kororka [[hydraulic roughness|qallafsanaanta haydarooliga]] ee check dams-ka iyo khasaaraha gudbinta biyaha ee harraadka la dhigey ayaa mas'uul ka ah dib u dhigista qulqulka si uu u gaaro qaybta hoose ee marinnada wabiga. Hoos u dhaca qulqulka fatahaadda ugu sarreeya wuxuu ahaa mid aad u weyn dooxada leh check dams iyo dhirta (ka jar 12%) marka loo eego tan aan la daweyn (ka jar 5.5%). Hoos u dhaca wadarta mugga qulqulka ayaa sidoo kale ahaa mid aad u weyn dooxada leh check dams (ka jar 18%) marka loo eego dooxada aan la daweyn (ka jar 4%). Hirgelinta check dams-ka oo lagu daray dhirta ayaa hoos u dhigtay [[peak flow|qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] iyo wadarta mugga qulqulka maadaama qaybo waaweyn oo qulqulka ah ay ku nuugmeen harraadka la dhigey gadaasha check dams-ka. Maadaama gully check dams-ka laga hirgeliyo meelo waaweyn oo ka mid ah waqooyiga Itoobiya, tani waxay gacan ka geysataa [[groundwater recharge|buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa]] iyo kordhinta qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa|first1= and colleagues| title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia|journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957|hdl= 1854/LU-8518957|hdl-access= free}}</ref> ===Check dams iyo subsurface dams=== Qaab-dhismeedka ugu badan ee lagu xakameeyo dooxooyinka bassin-kan waa [[check dam|check dam]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira dhibaatooyin dhowr ah oo ku saabsan check dams-ka dumaya, xitaa haddii loo dhiso qaab sax ah, iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhagaxyo si fiican loo qaabeeyey iyo iyadoo la raacayo marin-biyood iyo apron. Dhibaato ka mid ah ayaa ka jirta aagagga [[Vertisol]], sida meel u dhow tuulada May Be’ati ee bassin-ka sare: mararka qaarkood check dam-ku wuu iska taagan yahay oo biyuhu waxay abuuraan doox cusub oo hareerihiisa ah. Sababaha waa dildilaaca ka dhaca [[Vertisol]]-ka: biyaha ku urura gadaasha dhismaha ayaa bilaabaya inay qulqulaan dildilaaca; waxay hareer mari doonaan dhismaha waxayna abuuri doonaan tunnel dhulka hoostiisa ah kaas oo noqonaya mid ballaaran ilaa uu ka dumo. Si loo xakameeyo tan, [[subsurface dam|subsurface dams]] fudud oo raqiis ah ayaa la hirgeliyay agagaarka 2010. Xagjireyaal, 2.5 mitir qoto dheer iyo 25 mitir dherer ah, ayaa laga qoday labada dhinac ee check dams-ka iyo xaashi caag ah oo culus ([[geomembrane]]) ayaa si toos ah loo geliyay, ka dibna qoditaanka waxaa lagu buuxiyay carro. Xaashida caagga ah waxay ka hortagtaa biyaha inay u qulqulaan dhulka hoostiisa dildilaaca. Dib uma dhacdo, oo miiska biyaha ayaa kor loo qaaday.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Frankl|first1= A. and colleagues| title= Integrated solutions for combating gully erosion in areas prone to soil piping : innovations from the drylands of Northern Ethiopia |journal= Land Degradation & Development |date=2016 |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=1797–1804|doi= 10.1002/ldr.2301}}</ref> [[File:Check dam upper may biati.jpg|thumb|Check dam ku yaal madaxa May Be’ati – dhanka bidix iyo midig waxaa la geliyay geomembrane, taas oo keenta kor u kaca miiska biyaha, sidaas darteed cagaarka ku yaal gunta dooxada]] [[File:Check dam with subsurface dam.jpg|thumb|Check dam leh subsurface dam]] ===Waraabka fatahaadda ee exclosures-ka=== Waxtarka exclosures-ka waxaa lagu kordhin karaa iyadoo lagu darayo biyo dheeraad ah roobka gaaban iyo midda aan joogtada ahayn. Saameynta [[spate irrigation|waraabka fatahaadda]] noocan oo kale ah ee noocyada kala duwan, kaydinta iyo koritaanka ballaca giraanta ee geedaha ayaa lagu qiimeeyay laba exclosures (Addi Qolqwal iyo [[May Be'ati (exclosure)|May Be'ati]]) ee bassin-ka Webiga May Be’ati. Wareejinta qulqulka ee ka imanaya kanaalka dooxada ee ku wajahan kaynta soo kabanaysa waxaa lagu sameeyay qoditaan laga qoday meelo kala duwan si kor loogu qaado qaybinta biyaha qulqulka ee siman ee ka badan exclosures-ka. Exclosure-ka ku yaal May Be’ati waxaa la waraabiyay 2005 halka exclosure-ka Addi Qolqwal la waraabiyay laga bilaabo 2012 laakiin lala socday 2014 ilaa 2016. Mugga biyaha waraabka (oo ka imanaya [[surface runoff|qulqulka dusha sare]]) ee la codsaday waa mid la mid ah baaxadda roobka tooska ah ee goobta. Geedaha ku yaal exclosure-ka la waraabiyo waxay leeyihiin noocyo kala duwan oo waaweyn waxayna muujinayaan koritaan wanaagsan. Gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka ugu sarreeya marka ay jirto biyo xad-dhaaf ah Dogu’a Tembien, oo aan loo isticmaali karin waraabka dalagga, waraabka fatahaadda ee ku wajahan dhirta alwaaxda leh waxay noqon kartaa xakameyn muhiim u ah qulqulka fatahaadda ugu sarreeya iyo haddii si ballaaran loo codsado, waxay yarayn kartaa fatahaadaha meelaha hoose.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Walraevens |first1=K. and colleagues |title=Hydrological context of water scarcity and storage on the mountain ridges in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Interbedded lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''13''' iyo '''13V''' ayaa ka gudbaya wabiga iyo bassin-kiisa. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ckthtsobbnnkvqlj68pxbd0so9yz7bl 0 49021 301911 2026-07-12T08:40:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Addi Keshofo | name_etymology = Magaca tuulo ay magaceedu isku mid yihiin | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Addi Keshofo ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|13.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Gudeli]] | source1_location = degmada [[Amanit]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2192|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Addi Lettetsiyon oo ku yaal degmada [[Amanit]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.499|N|39.2655|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1520|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Addi Keshofo''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo si toos ah [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo dabadeedna [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Webiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyin == Kani waa wabi xiran oo xilliyeed ah, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celceliska jiirada 50 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> ==Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta fatahaada== [[File:Upper addi keshofo.jpg|thumb|Bassin-ka sare ee Addi Keshofo]] Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha [[May Genet (exclosure)|May Genet]] iyo jiirarka kale ee dhaadheer, waxaa la aasaasay [[exclosure|meelo xiran]]; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> ==Socdaalka xoolaha ee loo maro dooxada== [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socdaalka xoolaha]] ayaa dhaca xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaqsiyaasha da'da yar waxay u kaxeyn doonaan xoolaha tuulada ilaa dooxada waxayna habeenkii ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida goob loogu talagalay socdaalka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ==Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga== Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] ==Xudduudda dabiiciga ah== Inta ay marayso koorsadiisa, dhinaca bari ee jiirada Webiga Addi Keshofo wuxuu ka kooban yahay xudduudaha u dhexeeya degmooyinka [[Amanit]] iyo [[Debre Nazret]].<ref name="chapmap"/> ==Socodka lugta ee wabiga agtiisa== Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dushiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> * Socodka '''16''' oo si toos ah uga gudbaya qaybta sare ee wabiga iyo bassin-kiisa * Socodka '''15''', qaybta dhexe * Socodka '''18''' oo ka gudbaya qaybta hoose ee wabiga iyo dooxadiisa Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa in ay suurtagal noqon weydo in laga gudbo wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 6py2g0gja5te77bi63lw5q4w6fo625a 0 49022 301912 2026-07-12T08:42:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Gabat | name_etymology = | image = Gabat near outlet.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga May Gabat meel u dhow isku-darkiisa iyo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga May Gabat ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow isku-darka [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|190|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Hiza'iti Wedi Cheber]] | source1_location = Mereb Miti oo ku yaal degmada [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2233|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Kayeh Guila oo ku yaal degmada [[Debre Nazret]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.476|N|39.297|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1590|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|652|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Webiga Kalamino | waterbodies = [[Hiza'iti Wedi Cheber]], [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat)|Gereb Segen]], [[Gereb Bi'ati]], [[Addi Hilo]] | waterfalls = Maryam Bahrawti | bridges = Mereb Miti; waddada loo maro Gijet | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} [[File:Gabat in Chelekot.jpg|thumb|May Gabat oo ku yaal [[Chalcot|Chelekot]]]] '''May Gabat''' waa wabi ka mid ah waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] (2,233 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]], kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ugu shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat)|Gereb Segen]] oo kaydka biyaha ah ayaa laga dhisay wabigan 2016, inta badan si loogu siiyo [[Mekelle]] biyo la cabbi karo.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10064-019-01577-0#Sec8 | doi=10.1007/s10064-019-01577-0 | title=Electrical resistivity imaging and engineering geological investigation of Gereb Segen dam, northern Ethiopia | date=2020 | last1=Mebrahtu | first1=Gebreslassie | last2=Abay | first2=Asmelash | last3=Hailu | first3=Gebrerufael | last4=Hagos | first4=Miruts | journal=Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment | volume=79 | pages=83–95 | s2cid=199098746 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Haydaroolaji == Kani waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 15 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> ===Marinnada=== Marinka ugu weyn waa Webiga Kalamino kaas oo qulqula qayb weyn oo ka mid ah [[Mekelle]]; wuxuu ku biiraa May Gabat oo ka hooseeya [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat)|Gereb Segen]] kaydka biyaha. == Haydaroolajiga == ===Sifooyinka haydaroolajiga=== [[Runoff footprint|Mugga guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah]] waa 58 milyan oo m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 190 m³ ilbiriqsikii ayaa dhaca qeybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo buuxiyeen]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba roobka guud ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 9%. Maadaama [[Antalo limestone|limestone]] uu ku jiro 28% bassin-ka, coefficient-kan qulqulka wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada ku dhow.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:Gabat measuring station.jpg|thumb|Goobtii hore ee qiyaasta May Gabat]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka la qaaday]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 373,000 oo tan sannadkii. Celceliska cufnaanta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 1.8 garaam halkii litir, laakiin waxay kor u kici kartaa ilaa 64 g/L. Cufnaanta ugu sarreysa ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carro debecsan iyo boodh ay soo qaadaan qulqulka dusha sare oo ay ku dhamaanayaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay ku jiraan nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka soo baxay]] waa 752 tan halkii km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbirrada waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo leh oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2006–2007.<ref name="matt"/> Waxaa la filayaa in qiyamka la sheegay ay si weyn u hoos u dhaceen ka dib dhismaha [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat)|Gereb Segen]] kaydka biyaha, sababtoo ah waxay joojiyaan biyaha iyo sediment-ka. ===Fatahaado kedis ah=== Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan inta lagu jiro fiidkii ama habeenkii, sababtoo ah roobabka dabaylaha leh waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:May Gabat downstream from Gereb Segen.jpg|thumb|May Gabat oo ka hooseeya [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat)|Gereb Segen]] kaydka biyaha – wabigu wuxuu noqday mid joogto ah sababo la xiriira daadinta kaydka]] ===Isbeddellada waqtiga=== Caddaynta ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirada hawada ee Talyaaniga ee bassin-ka, oo la qaaday 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 48% bassin-ka lagu daboolay dhirta alwaaxda leh (marka la barbar dhigo 33% 2014). Dhirtan waxay si wanaagsan u gaabin kartaa qulqulka waqtiyadii hore. Dhinaca kale, shan kayd oo biyo ah ayaa horay u joojiyay fatahaadihii qaybaha sare iyo coefficient-ka qulqulka wuxuu ahaa mid yar 2014 (12% 1935 marka loo eego 9% 2014).<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo ku saabsan deegaanka, iyo dhir badan ayaa baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigani wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisii ugu weynaa iyo ballaciisii muddadaas. Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhacay sannadihii ugu dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == [[File:Upper Gabat.jpg|thumb|Habka waraabka ee Upper Gabat]] Marka laga soo tago ilaha biyaha iyo kaydka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka noocan oo kale ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo amniga cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga aasaasay bannaanka alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah ee ku teedsan wabiga meelo badan; beeralaydu waxay isticmaalaan matoorrada biyaha si ay u matalaan biyaha [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]] ee ka dhasha daadinta [[Hiza'iti Wedi Cheber]], [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat)|Gereb Segen]] iyo [[Gereb Bi'ati]] kaydka biyaha. == Socdaalka xoolaha ee loo maro dooxada wabiga == Gunta dooxada ee dooxada hoose ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay goob loogu talagalay socdaalka xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socdaalka xoolaha]] ayaa dhaca xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaqsiyaasha da'da yar waxay u kaxeyn doonaan xoolaha tuulada ilaa dooxada waxayna habeenkii ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida goob loogu talagalay socdaalka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Maryam Bahrawti in Mereb Mi&#039;iti.jpg|thumb|Kaynta kaniisadda Maryam Bahrawti ee ku taal madaxa May Gabat. Wabigu wuxuu maraa [[tufa|tufa]] dam leh biyo-dhac]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] == Xudduudda dabiiciga ah == Inta ay marayso koorsadiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa degmada [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]].<ref name="chapmap"/> Waqtiyadii taariikhiga ahaa, [[Enderta Province|Gobolka Inderta]] wuxuu ahaa mid aad u ballaaran sidii uu hadda yahay, May Gabat-na waxay ahayd xuduudka u dhexeeya Inderta (caasimadda: [[Mekelle]]) iyo [[Enderta Province#Woredas|Gabat Mellash]], oo si macno leh u macnaheedu yahay "ka baxsan (May) Gabat", iyada oo [[Hintalo]] ay tahay caasimaddeeda.<ref>Sarah Vaughan, "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia", PhD dissertation, p. 123, 2003</ref> == Socodka lugta == Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay meel u dhow [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]].<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''18''', iyada oo loo maro buuraha koonfur-galbeed ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu'a Tembien]], waxay u oggolaanaysaa muuqaallo qurux badan oo ku saabsan May Gabat-ka hoose (oo ay ku jiraan [[Gereb Segen (May Gabat)|Gereb Segen]] kaydka biyaha) iyo afka wabiga. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ms7my51j1ten383h0yqzmzlzoxg1osy 0 49023 301913 2026-07-12T08:44:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Inda Anbesa | name_etymology = "Hoyga Libaaxa", oo ka dhashay halyey maxalli ah | image = Togogwa river in exclosure.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Inda Anbesa oo ka bilaabma [[Togogwa]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Inda Anbesa ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = May Togogwa | source1_location = Togogwa oo ku yaal degmada [[Debre Nazret]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2170|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = May Kebakebo | source2_location = Togogwa oo ku yaal degmada [[Debre Nazret]] | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = May Bilbil oo ku yaal xadka [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] iyo [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.556|N|39.351|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1700|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Kaniisadda Togogwa | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Inda Anbesa''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Dogu'a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bari si uu si toos ah ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] ka dibna uu ugu sii darsamo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Inda Anbesa waa wabi xiran oo mararka qaarkood qulqula (ephemeral), oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 52 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. [[Togogwa (exclosure)|Togogwa]] iyo meelaha kale ee dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Socdaalka xoolaha ee loo maro dooxada == [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socdaalka xoolaha]] ayaa dhaca xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaqsiyaasha da'da yar waxay u kaxeyn doonaan xoolaha tuulada ilaa dooxada waxayna habeenkii ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida goob loogu talagalay socdaalka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka lugta ee wabiga dhexdiisa == Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dhexdiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''22''' wuxuu raacaa bangiga midig ee wabiga dhererkiisa oo dhan. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay dhacaan waana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Mararka qaarkood waxaa laga yaabaa inay suurtagal noqoto in la gudbo qaybta hoose ee wabiga xilliga roobka.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 9yijti8w5yly3ktkg8vxmqecpaauf2q 0 49024 301914 2026-07-12T08:46:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ruba Bich’i | name_etymology = | image = Lafa exclosure.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada sare ee Ruba Bich’i oo ku taal [[Lafa]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ruba Bich’i ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Addi Ganfur oo ku yaal degmada [[Addi Azmera]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2222|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = Imba Wahti | source2_location = Lafa oo ku yaal degmada [[Mizane Birhan]] | source2_coordinates = | source2_elevation = | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Hoos u dhaca [[Girasa Goh]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.571|N|39.359|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1725|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = Lafa [[tufa dam]] iyo [[rock church]] | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Ruba Bich’i''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-bari si uu si toos ah ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] ka dibna uu ugu sii darsamo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Ruba Bich’i waa wabi xiran oo mararka qaarkood qulqula (ephemeral), oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 38 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. [[Lafa (exclosure)|Lafa]], [[Mi'am Atali (exclosure)|Mi'am Atali]] iyo meelaha kale ee dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/7040429/file/7040464 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Socdaalka xoolaha ee loo maro dooxada == [[File:East of Zerfenti.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka dooxada Ruba Bich’i ee ka yimid [[Zerfenti]]]] [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Socdaalka xoolaha]] ayaa dhaca xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaqsiyaasha da'da yar waxay u kaxeyn doonaan xoolaha tuulada ilaa dooxada waxayna habeenkii ku hoyan doonaan godad yaryar. Dooxooyinka ayaa si gaar ah u soo jiidasho leh sida goob loogu talagalay socdaalka xoolaha, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka lugta ee wabiga dhexdiisa == [[File:Footpath in Zerfenti - at the back Rufa&#039;el church.jpg|thumb|Dhinaca socodka 14 ee bassin-ka sare ee Ruba Bich’i]] Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dhexdiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''14''' iyo socodka '''17''' waxay booqdaan qaybta sare ee bassin-ka Ruba Bich’i. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} j3b5hn2c9m0id6t4urel9xkbbh8scuy 0 49025 301915 2026-07-12T08:48:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Hurura | name_etymology = | image = Hurura River2.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Wabiga Hurura oo ku yaal [[Tukhul]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Hurura ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Tegula’i oo ku yaal degmada [[Haddinnet]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2475|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Tahtay Qarano oo ku yaal degmada [[Addi Azmera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.581|N|39.371|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1740|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed/joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = [[Shimbula]]<ref name="chapmap"/> | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Afedena|Afedena]], [[May Ayni]] | bridges = Galbeedka [[Tukhul]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Hurura''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed si uu ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] ugu dambeyntiina uu ugu sii darsamo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xiran oo mararka qaarkood qulqula (ephemeral), oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 33 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, Hurura waxay goysay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. [[Afedena (exclosure)|Afedena]], [[Sesemat (exclosure)|Sesemat]], [[Tukhul (exclosure)|Tukhul]] iyo meelaha kale ee dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == [[File:Hurura River.jpg|thumb|[[Antalo Limestone]] oo ka soo baxay sariirta Wabiga Hurura]] Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Lacustrine deposits]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka lugta ee wabiga dhexdiisa == Wadooyinka socodka lugta ayaa laga dhisay wabigan dhexdiisa iyo hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Raadadka lama calaamadeyn dhulka laakiin waxaa lagu raaci karaa faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''14''' ayaa ka gudba wabiga meel u dhow tuulada [[Sesemat]]. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay dhacaan waana lagula talinayaa in aan la raacin sariirta wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} jiy6y4s7w4o8u44hcwi8ctip4ra06zn 0 49026 301916 2026-07-12T08:49:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Afedena | name_etymology = | image = Afedena.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Wabiga Afedena oo ku yaal [[Afedena]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Afedena ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|6.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Imba Ra’isot oo ku yaal degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2221|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Hurura|Hurura]] | mouth_location = Tukhul oo ku yaal degmada [[Addi Azmera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.645|N|39.314|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1995|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[May Ayni]]<ref name="chapmap"/> | waterfalls = | bridges = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = xxx | progression = [[Webiga Hurura|Hurura]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Afedena''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed si uu ugu dambeyntiina ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Afedena waa wabi xiran oo mararka qaarkood qulqula (ephemeral), oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 35 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]].<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. [[Afedena (exclosure)|Afedena]], [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 3jpq1vckj8a6ypxv6prvjpft1toh3r7 0 49027 301917 2026-07-12T08:51:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = May Ayni | name_etymology = "Isha" af [[Af-Tigrinya]] | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga May Ayni ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Ra’isot oo ku yaal degmada [[Ayninbirkekin]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2298|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Afedena|Afedena]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow Afedena oo ku yaal degmada [[Addi Azmera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.647|N|39.303|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1995|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Afedena|Afedena]]→ [[Webiga Hurura|Hurura]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''May Ayni''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed si uu ugu dambeyntiina ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xiran oo mararka qaarkood qulqula (ephemeral), oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 51 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha attehee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} tlkogze74yxtt6be8nzzowmhtwswdrv 0 49028 301918 2026-07-12T08:53:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Shimbula | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Shimbula ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|10.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Mesenqoy oo ku yaal degmada [[Addi Azmera]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2312|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Hurura|Hurura]] | mouth_location = Tukhul oo ku yaal degmada [[Addi Azmera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.636|N|39.328|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1915|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | bridges = Tukhul | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Hurura|Hurura]]→ [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Shimbula''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed si uu ugu dambeyntiina ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi xiran oo mararka qaarkood qulqula (ephemeral), oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh celcelis ahaan jiirada 38 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Baaxadda fatahaadaha ee wabigan ayaa si kastaba ha ahaatee hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166}}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socdaalka dhex mara wabiga == Waddooyin socdaal ayaa laga sameeyay gudaha iyo hareeraha wabigan.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadeyna dhulka laakiin waxaa la raaci karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo faylasha .GPX ee la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Raadadka GPS-ka ee dadweynaha oo lagu calaamadeeyay nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socdaalka '''23''' wuxuu raacaa kala-qaybinta biyaha, u siman wabiga, wuxuuna siiyaa aragtiyo muuqaal ah oo ka dul-maraya dooxada Shimbula. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 0qj397nmgpp1uyvnmhf25u1tuo8djvr 0 49029 301919 2026-07-12T09:10:35Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{Infobox river | name = Ilala | name_etymology = | image = Ilala Romanat waterfall 1.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Ilala oo ku yaal [[Romanat, Itoobiya|Romanat]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ilala ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = Degmooyinka Itoobiya|D... 301919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ilala | name_etymology = | image = Ilala Romanat waterfall 1.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Ilala oo ku yaal [[Romanat, Itoobiya|Romanat]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ilala ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|46|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Isku darka [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|259|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Chichat]] | source1_location = [[Dergajen]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2376|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Qarano oo ku yaal [[Addi Azmera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.591|N|39.377|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1740|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|341|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = Magaalada Mekelle | basin_population = | waterbodies = [[Chichat]], [[Inda Zib'i]], [[Arato (reservoir)|Arato]] | waterfalls = Romanat | bridges = [[Mekelle]], [[Kwiha]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Ilala''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Dergajen]] (2,676 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hidrograafiyada == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 14 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Hidroloojiyada == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 48,000,000 m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 259 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 14%. Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 222,000 tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 2.45 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 62 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 878 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2004–2007.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Ilala Romanat waterfall 2.tif|thumb|Biyaha-dhaca Romanat ee Webiga Ilala]] === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 36% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 20% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (12% 1935 marka loo eego 14% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta oo wabiguna wuu ka cidhiidhisanaa sidii hadda.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah dhammaan hareeraha wabiga, inta badan iyadoo la isticmaalayo matoorada waraabka. == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * Agula [[Shale|Shale]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlans, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 71o9ywmmqsblhv8pxvqglgmcgczoyf1 301920 301919 2026-07-12T09:10:49Z Isma4l 41797 301920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ilala | name_etymology = | image = Ilala Romanat waterfall 1.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Ilala oo ku yaal [[Romanat, Itoobiya|Romanat]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ilala ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|46|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Isku darka [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|259|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Chichat]] | source1_location = [[Dergajen]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2376|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Qarano oo ku yaal [[Addi Azmera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.591|N|39.377|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1740|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|341|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = Magaalada Mekelle | basin_population = | waterbodies = [[Chichat]], [[Inda Zib'i]], [[Arato (reservoir)|Arato]] | waterfalls = Romanat | bridges = [[Mekelle]], [[Kwiha]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Ilala''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Dergajen]] (2,676 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 14 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Hidroloojiyada == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 48,000,000 m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 259 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 14%. Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 222,000 tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 2.45 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 62 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 878 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2004–2007.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Ilala Romanat waterfall 2.tif|thumb|Biyaha-dhaca Romanat ee Webiga Ilala]] === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 36% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 20% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (12% 1935 marka loo eego 14% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta oo wabiguna wuu ka cidhiidhisanaa sidii hadda.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah dhammaan hareeraha wabiga, inta badan iyadoo la isticmaalayo matoorada waraabka. == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * Agula [[Shale|Shale]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlans, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ombjnl33tm1pc19w2ughi12jlmdyulj 301921 301920 2026-07-12T09:10:59Z Isma4l 41797 301921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ilala | name_etymology = | image = Ilala Romanat waterfall 1.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Ilala oo ku yaal [[Romanat, Itoobiya|Romanat]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ilala ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Enderta (woreda)|Inderta]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|46|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Isku darka [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|259|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Chichat]] | source1_location = [[Dergajen]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2376|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Qarano oo ku yaal [[Addi Azmera]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.591|N|39.377|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1740|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|341|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = Magaalada Mekelle | basin_population = | waterbodies = [[Chichat]], [[Inda Zib'i]], [[Arato (reservoir)|Arato]] | waterfalls = Romanat | bridges = [[Mekelle]], [[Kwiha]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Ilala''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Dergajen]] (2,676 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 14 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Biyo == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 48,000,000 m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 259 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 14%. Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 222,000 tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 2.45 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 62 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 878 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2004–2007.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Ilala Romanat waterfall 2.tif|thumb|Biyaha-dhaca Romanat ee Webiga Ilala]] === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 36% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 20% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (12% 1935 marka loo eego 14% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta oo wabiguna wuu ka cidhiidhisanaa sidii hadda.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah dhammaan hareeraha wabiga, inta badan iyadoo la isticmaalayo matoorada waraabka. == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * Agula [[Shale|Shale]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlans, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 95qcxu8exsjonq8pdj5dy298yg0183u 0 49030 301922 2026-07-12T09:12:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Qarano | name_etymology = | image = Qarano near Mitslal Afras.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Qarano oo ku yaal [[Mitslal Afras]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Qarano ee [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|15.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Addilal]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2246|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = May Qarano oo ku yaal degmada [[Emni Ankelalu]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.6094|N|39.3861|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1753|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = [[Tufa|Tufa]] biyo-xidheenka meesha uu ka baxo | basin_population = | waterfalls = Meel u dhow meesha uu ka baxo | bridges = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Meelo aan sinnayn, oo leh dhagaxyo yaryar | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Qarano''' waa wabi ka tirsan bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien |Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bari si uu ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]. [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage_system_(geomorphology)#Radial_drainage_pattern| shabakadda qulqulka]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyin == Qarano waa wabi xilliyeed xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada celcelis ahaan 45 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo xakameynta daadka == [[File:Qarano valley.jpg|thumb|left|Dooxada Qarano]] Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan fatahaado kedis ah). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. [[Addilal (exclosure)|Addilal]] iyo meelo kale oo dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology) |biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks) |qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga Qarano waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka, waxaana laga sameeyay [[Antalo Limestone]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> ama biyo nadiif ah [[tufa|tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Xuduudda dabiiciga ah == Inta lagu guda jiro socodkiisa, wabigan wuxuu maraa saddex degmo wuxuuna sameeyaa xuduudo kala duwan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Qaybaha kala duwan: * [[Addilal]] oo xagga woqooyi ah * [[Emni Ankelalu]] oo xagga bari ah * [[Addi Azmera]] oo xagga galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed ah == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay wabigan hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> * Socodka '''23''', oo ku yaal qaybta sare ee wabiga Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga. <ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> {{clear}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 1f9dgbz9jqhw6idtc8xiljwftvvo5p3 0 49031 301923 2026-07-12T09:14:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Agula'i River | name_etymology = Ka dib magaalada magaceeda la midka ah | image = Mollic Calcaric Fluvisol along Agula'e River.tif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Agula’i oo ku yaal kor ka xiga [[Agula| Agula’i]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Agula’i ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula’ilo]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow meesha uu ka baxo<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|520|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = | source1_location = Hayki Mesal oo ku yaal [[Atsbi Wenberta]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2159|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Worgesha oo ku yaal [[Emni Ankelalu]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.626|N|39.404|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1750|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|692|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]] | waterbodies = Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] | bridges = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]], Birki | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Agula’i''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Atsbi Wenberta]] (2,676 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] waxay qabsan doontaa bannaanka meesha ay ku kulmaan wabiyada [[Sulluh]], [[Genfel]] iyo Agula’i. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hidrograafiyada == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 8 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Hidroloojiyada == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 115 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 520 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 12%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ku jiro 47% bassin-ka, coefficient-ka qulqulkaani wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada ku dhow.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:Agula i.jpg|thumb|Muunad-qaadista sediment-ka ee webiga Agula’i, iyadoo la adeegsanayo buundada dadka lugaynaya ee loo dhisay ujeedadaas]] [[File:Agula&#039;i bank erosion.jpg|thumb|Nabaadguurka xeebta Agula’i]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 1.95 milyan tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 3.78 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 97 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga, iyo dhanka dhammaadka marka nabaadguurka bangiga wabiga uu badato.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 3784 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2005–2007.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 51% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 45% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (8% 1935 marka loo eego 12% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta oo wabiguna wuu ka cidhiidhisanaa sidii hadda.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah dhammaan hareeraha wabiga waxaana la isticmaalaa waraabka matoorada. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin aag loo socdo xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Transhumance]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaq-joogeyaal da'yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo habeenkii ku hoyan doona godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan ahaan aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta semi-dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Agula [[Shale|Shale]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay meel u dhow [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]].<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''24''' wuxuu maraa isgoyska Agula’i iyo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas suurtagal maaha in loo tallaabo webiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 5ed729gx63l3s7uzefulr1ns9kyy5vs 301924 301923 2026-07-12T09:14:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Agula'i | name_etymology = Ka dib magaalada magaceeda la midka ah | image = Mollic Calcaric Fluvisol along Agula'e River.tif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Agula’i oo ku yaal kor ka xiga [[Agula| Agula’i]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Agula’i ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula’ilo]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow meesha uu ka baxo<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|520|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = | source1_location = Hayki Mesal oo ku yaal [[Atsbi Wenberta]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2159|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Worgesha oo ku yaal [[Emni Ankelalu]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.626|N|39.404|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1750|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|692|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]] | waterbodies = Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] | bridges = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]], Birki | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Agula’i''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Atsbi Wenberta]] (2,676 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] waxay qabsan doontaa bannaanka meesha ay ku kulmaan wabiyada [[Sulluh]], [[Genfel]] iyo Agula’i. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hidrograafiyada == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 8 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Hidroloojiyada == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 115 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 520 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 12%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ku jiro 47% bassin-ka, coefficient-ka qulqulkaani wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada ku dhow.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:Agula i.jpg|thumb|Muunad-qaadista sediment-ka ee webiga Agula’i, iyadoo la adeegsanayo buundada dadka lugaynaya ee loo dhisay ujeedadaas]] [[File:Agula&#039;i bank erosion.jpg|thumb|Nabaadguurka xeebta Agula’i]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 1.95 milyan tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 3.78 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 97 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga, iyo dhanka dhammaadka marka nabaadguurka bangiga wabiga uu badato.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 3784 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2005–2007.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 51% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 45% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (8% 1935 marka loo eego 12% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta oo wabiguna wuu ka cidhiidhisanaa sidii hadda.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah dhammaan hareeraha wabiga waxaana la isticmaalaa waraabka matoorada. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin aag loo socdo xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Transhumance]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaq-joogeyaal da'yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo habeenkii ku hoyan doona godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan ahaan aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta semi-dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Agula [[Shale|Shale]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay meel u dhow [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]].<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''24''' wuxuu maraa isgoyska Agula’i iyo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas suurtagal maaha in loo tallaabo webiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ru5ki2j194iq5xu7g7yibcuagd7ffhr 301925 301924 2026-07-12T09:15:08Z Isma4l 41797 301925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Agula'i | name_etymology = Ka dib magaalada magaceeda la midka ah | image = Mollic Calcaric Fluvisol along Agula'e River.tif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Agula’i oo ku yaal kor ka xiga [[Agula| Agula’i]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Agula’i ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula’ilo]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow meesha uu ka baxo<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|520|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = | source1_location = Hayki Mesal oo ku yaal [[Atsbi Wenberta]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2159|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Worgesha oo ku yaal [[Emni Ankelalu]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.626|N|39.404|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1750|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|692|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]] | waterbodies = Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] | bridges = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]], Birki | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Agula’i''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Atsbi Wenberta]] (2,676 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] waxay qabsan doontaa bannaanka meesha ay ku kulmaan wabiyada [[Sulluh]], [[Genfel]] iyo Agula’i. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 8 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Hidroloojiyada == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 115 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 520 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 12%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ku jiro 47% bassin-ka, coefficient-ka qulqulkaani wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada ku dhow.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:Agula i.jpg|thumb|Muunad-qaadista sediment-ka ee webiga Agula’i, iyadoo la adeegsanayo buundada dadka lugaynaya ee loo dhisay ujeedadaas]] [[File:Agula&#039;i bank erosion.jpg|thumb|Nabaadguurka xeebta Agula’i]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 1.95 milyan tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 3.78 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 97 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga, iyo dhanka dhammaadka marka nabaadguurka bangiga wabiga uu badato.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 3784 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2005–2007.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 51% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 45% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (8% 1935 marka loo eego 12% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta oo wabiguna wuu ka cidhiidhisanaa sidii hadda.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah dhammaan hareeraha wabiga waxaana la isticmaalaa waraabka matoorada. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin aag loo socdo xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Transhumance]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaq-joogeyaal da'yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo habeenkii ku hoyan doona godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan ahaan aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta semi-dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Agula [[Shale|Shale]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay meel u dhow [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]].<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''24''' wuxuu maraa isgoyska Agula’i iyo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas suurtagal maaha in loo tallaabo webiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} d1vs87rxl7mym7it56doe180w2yx1ws 301926 301925 2026-07-12T09:15:19Z Isma4l 41797 301926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Agula'i | name_etymology = Ka dib magaalada magaceeda la midka ah | image = Mollic Calcaric Fluvisol along Agula'e River.tif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Agula’i oo ku yaal kor ka xiga [[Agula| Agula’i]] | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Agula’i ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula’ilo]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow meesha uu ka baxo<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|520|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = | source1_location = Hayki Mesal oo ku yaal [[Atsbi Wenberta]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2159|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Worgesha oo ku yaal [[Emni Ankelalu]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.626|N|39.404|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1750|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|692|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]] | waterbodies = Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] | bridges = [[Agula |Magaalada Agula’i]], Birki | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Agula’i''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Atsbi Wenberta]] (2,676 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] waxay qabsan doontaa bannaanka meesha ay ku kulmaan wabiyada [[Sulluh]], [[Genfel]] iyo Agula’i. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Biyaha == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 8 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Biyo == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 115 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 520 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 12%. Maadaama [[Antalo Limestone|limestone]] uu ku jiro 47% bassin-ka, coefficient-ka qulqulkaani wuu ka yar yahay kan webiyada ku dhow.<ref name="aman"/> [[File:Agula i.jpg|thumb|Muunad-qaadista sediment-ka ee webiga Agula’i, iyadoo la adeegsanayo buundada dadka lugaynaya ee loo dhisay ujeedadaas]] [[File:Agula&#039;i bank erosion.jpg|thumb|Nabaadguurka xeebta Agula’i]] Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 1.95 milyan tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 3.78 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 97 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga, iyo dhanka dhammaadka marka nabaadguurka bangiga wabiga uu badato.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 3784 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2005–2007.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 51% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 45% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (8% 1935 marka loo eego 12% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta oo wabiguna wuu ka cidhiidhisanaa sidii hadda.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah dhammaan hareeraha wabiga waxaana la isticmaalaa waraabka matoorada. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin aag loo socdo xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Transhumance]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaq-joogeyaal da'yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo habeenkii ku hoyan doona godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan ahaan aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta semi-dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Agula [[Shale|Shale]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay meel u dhow [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]].<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''24''' wuxuu maraa isgoyska Agula’i iyo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas suurtagal maaha in loo tallaabo webiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} smp8g8mbo84j9uvdunngsg6v2yvsts1 0 49032 301927 2026-07-12T09:17:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Genfel | name_etymology = | image = Wukro 5.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Genfel ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula’ilo]], [[Atsbi Wenberta]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|51|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow meesha uu ka baxo ee [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400687 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|300|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = | source1_location = Waqooyiga Wukro | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2253|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.647|N|39.415|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1770|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|969|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = Magaalada [[Wukro]] | waterbodies = [[Gereb May Zib'i]], La’ilay Wukro iyo kaydadka mustaqbalka ee [[Harada Giba]] | waterfalls = Rapids | bridges = [[Wukro]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Genfel''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya cagta buuraleyda [[Atsbi Wenberta|Atsbi]] [[Horst (geology)|horst]] oo jooggeedu yahay 2,253 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda, wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] waxay qabsan doontaa bannaanka meesha ay ku kulmaan wabiyada [[Sulluh]], Genfel iyo [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]]. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hidrograafiyada == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada 9 mitir kiilomitirkiiba. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> [[File:Shugua shugui.jpg|thumb| Isgoyska [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]]: [[Sulluh]] (xagga dambe) iyo Genfel (xagga midig) oo wada samaynaya [[Webiga Giba|Giba]], oo u qulqulaya dhanka sawir-qaadaha]] == Hidroloojiyada == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa 76 milyan m³. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa 300 m³ ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 12%.<ref name="aman"/> Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa 274,000 tan sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa 1.66 garaam litirkii, laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa 40 g/L. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa 497 tan km² iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadkii 2006.<ref name="matt"/> === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial reconnaissance in World War II#Italian reconnaissance over Ethiopia|sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 40% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 34% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan waxay hoos u dhigi kartaa qulqulka, coefficient-ka qulqulkuna wuu yaraa (11% 1935 marka loo eego 12% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == [[File:Wukro-Vue depuis l&#039;église (6).jpg|thumb|Biyo-xidheenka looga leexiyo Genfel waraabka meel u dhow Wukro]] Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah hareeraha wabiga, gaar ahaan kor iyo hoosba magaalada [[Wukro]]. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin aag loo socdo xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Transhumance]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaq-joogeyaal da'yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo habeenkii ku hoyan doona godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan ahaan aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta semi-dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Enticho Sandstone]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay wabigan hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''A''' wuxuu maraa koorsada hoose ee meel u dhow [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]], ka dibna geeska koonfureed ee dooxada Genfel. Socodka '''23''' wuxuu kaloo kuu oggolaanayaa inaad booqato isgoyska [[Sulluh]] iyo Genfel ee [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]]. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas suurtagal maaha in loo tallaabo webiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} jndu65cucc8nn2pt63ba44aumlzis50 0 49033 301928 2026-07-12T09:19:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sulluh | name_etymology = | image = Shugua shugui.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Isgoyska [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]]: Sulluh (xagga dambe) iyo [[Genfel]] (xagga midig) oo wada samaynaya [[Webiga Giba|Giba]], oo u qulqulaya dhanka sawir-qaadaha | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Sulluh ee [[Gobolka Tigray]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]], [[Kilte Awulaelo|Kilte Awula’ilo]], [[Hawzen]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|87|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|35|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Meel u dhow isgoyska [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]]<ref name="aman">{{cite journal |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title=Spatial and temporal variability of river flows in the degraded semi-arid tropical mountains of northern Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie |date=2013 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0080 |bibcode=2013ZGm....57..143Z |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/400687/4/ZenebeEtal2013_ZfG.pdf }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{Convert|338|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = | source1_location = Jiirada buuraleyda Mugulat | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2746|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.648|N|39.415|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1770|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi joogto ah | basin_size = {{Convert|969|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | waterbodies = [[Addi Abagiè]] iyo kayd badan oo kale | waterfalls = | bridges = Wadada [[Hawzien]]-[[Freweyni|Senkata]] | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Sulluh''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda Mugulat ({{convert|3298|m}} oo ka sarreeya heerka badda), wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur ilaa [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ku shuba [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref><ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10106049.2018.1516241 Solomon Hishe, Woldeamlak Bewket, Nyssen, J., Lyimo, J., 2020. Analyzing past land use land cover change and CA-Markov based future modeling in the Middle Suluh Valley, Northern Ethiopia. GeoCarto International, 35(3): 225-255.]</ref> Mustaqbalka [[Harada Giba]] waxay qabsan doontaa bannaanka meesha ay ku kulmaan Sulluh, [[Genfel]] iyo [[Webiga Agula'i|Agula'i]]. [[File:Giba drainage network.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Shabakadda qulqulka Giba]] == Hidrograafiyada == Waa wabi xiran, oo maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada {{convert|11|m/km}}. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 |s2cid=199099067 }}</ref> == Hidroloojiyada == === Sifooyinka hidroloojiga ah === [[Runoff footprint|Raad-raaca qulqulka]] ama wadarta guud ee qulqulka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|133000000|m3}}. [[Hydrograph#Terminology|Qulqulka ugu sarreeya]] oo gaaraya ilaa {{convert|338|m3/sec}} wuxuu dhacaa qaybta labaad ee xilliga roobka (bilaha Ogosto) marka ay jiraan roobab xooggan iyo carro [[water content|biyo lagu qooyay]] meelo badan. Boqolkiiba wadarta roobka ee si toos ah uga baxaya bassin-ka sida [[stormwater|qulqulka duufaanta]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan coefficient-ka qulqulka) waa 13%. Wadarta guud ee [[sediment transport|sediment-ka uu qaado]] wabigan waxay gaaraysaa {{convert|614000|t}} sannadkii. Celceliska uruurinta sediment-ka ee biyaha wabiga waa {{convert|2.93|g/l}} laakiin waxay gaari kartaa ilaa {{convert|43|g/l}}. Uruurinta ugu sarreeya ee sediment-ka waxay dhacdaa bilowga xilliga roobka, marka carrada dabacsan iyo boodhka ay maydhaan qulqulka dhulka oo ay ku dhammaadaan wabiga.<ref name="matt">{{cite journal |last1=Vanmaercke |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Sediment dynamics and the role of flash floods in sediment export from medium-sized catchments: a case study from the semi-arid tropical highlands in northern Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |doi=10.1007/s11368-010-0203-9 |s2cid=53365853 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/854315 |hdl=1854/LU-854315 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Maadaama biyuhu ay leeyihiin nafaqooyin badan (maxalliyan waxaa loo yaqaan "aygi"), beeralaydu waxay qiyaasayaan inay xoojiso xoolahooda, kuwaas oo ay u keeni doonaan wabiga.<ref name="chapriver"/> Guud ahaan, celceliska [[sediment yield|sediment-ka wax-soosaarka]] waa {{convert|890|t/km2}} iyo sannadkii. Dhammaan cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu sameeyay saldhig ujeedo loo rakibay oo u dhow afka wabiga, sannadihii 2004–2007.<ref name="matt"/> [[File:TESFA trek (5498477203).jpg|thumb|Sulluh sare ee bassin-ka]] === Fatahaado kedis ah === Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]]. Fatahaadahani inta badan waxay dhacaan habeenkii ama fiidkii, sababtoo ah roobabka convective waxay dhacaan galabtii.<ref name="chapriver"/> [[File:Cuesta landscape on the road from Wukro to Hauzien.jpg|thumb|Sulluh dhexe ee bassin-ka]] === Isbeddellada waqti ka waqti === Caddaymo ay bixiyeen [[Aerial_reconnaissance_in_World_War_II#Italian_reconnaissance_over_Ethiopia | sawirro cirka ah oo Talyaanigu ka qaadeen bassin-ka 1930-meeyadii]] waxay muujinayaan in 37% bassin-ka uu daboolay dhir (ka soo horjeeda 40% sannadkii 2014). Dhirtaan, gaar ahaan qaab-dhismeedka ilaalinta ee cusub, waxay hoos u dhigtaa qulqulka waxayna saameeyaa coefficient-ka qulqulka (9% 1935 marka loo eego 13% 2014). Natiijo ahaan, qulqulka wabiga wuu ka yaraa sidii maanta.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8543686 | title=Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia | year=2017 | publisher=Ghent University | type=dissertation | last1=Dinssa | first1=Etefa Guyassa }}</ref> Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, waxaa jiray cadaadis xooggan oo saaran deegaanka, dhir badanna way baaba'day.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11000821 | doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.018 | title=Linking long-term gully and river channel dynamics to environmental change using repeat photography (Northern Ethiopia) | year=2011 | last1=Frankl | first1=Amaury | last2=Nyssen | first2=Jan | last3=De Dapper | first3=Morgan | last4=Haile | first4=Mitiku | last5=Billi | first5=Paolo | last6=Munro | first6=R. Neil | last7=Deckers | first7=Jozef | last8=Poesen | first8=Jean | journal=Geomorphology | volume=129 | issue=3–4 | pages=238–251 | bibcode=2011Geomo.129..238F | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wabigan wuxuu lahaa qulqulkiisa ugu weyn iyo ballaciisa xilligaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sannadihii u dambeeyay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha kale ee dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166| bibcode= 2015ZGm....59..477T }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x|s2cid= 98547102}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|bibcode= 2017JHyd..545..299G |url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Beeraha waraabka == Marka laga reebo ilaha iyo kaydadka biyaha, [[waraabka]] wuxuu si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahay qulqulka aasaasiga ah ee wabiga. Beeraha waraabka ee noocan ah ayaa muhiim u ah buuxinta baahida loo qabo sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhimista saboolnimada.<ref name="chapriver"/> Dhulalka waraabka ah ayaa laga sameeyay bannaannada alluvium-ka ee cidhiidhiga ah hareeraha wabiga meelo badan. == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada wabiga == Qaybaha hoose ee dooxada ee wabigan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin aag loo socdo xoolaha. [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Transhumance]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaq-joogeyaal da'yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo habeenkii ku hoyan doona godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan ahaan aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta semi-dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Alaji Basalts|Basalt-ka sare]] * [[Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia|Lakustrine-ka isku dhex jira]] * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Adigrat Sandstone]] * [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay wabigan hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |series=GeoGuide |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199294303 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl|title=Public GPS Traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl}}</ref> Socodka '''23''' wuxuu kaloo kuu oggolaanayaa inaad booqato isgoyska Sulluh iyo [[Genfel]] ee [[Shugu'a Shugu'i]]. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga. Marar badan, markaas suurtagal maaha in loo tallaabo webiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |s2cid=199198251 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} s9gclf2akdzj4nmyukr9xgdyczenv25 0 49034 301929 2026-07-12T09:21:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ch’eqofo | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Webiga Ch’eqofo ee [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Tigray]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] (''woreda'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{Convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Addilal]] | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2330|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] | mouth_location = Hoos ka xiga Miqmat’ Awra ee degmada [[Emni Ankelalu]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13.674|N|39.411|E|display=inline, title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|1825|m|ft|abbr=on}} | river_system = Wabi xilliyeed/joogto ah | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | custom_label = Topography | custom_data = Buuro iyo dooxooyin qoto dheer | extra = | progression = [[Webiga Giba|Giba]]→ [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Ch’eqofo''' waa wabi ka mid ah bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] ee waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-galbeed si uu ugu dambeyntii ugu shubo [[Webiga Giba|Giba]] iyo [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]].<ref name="chapmap">{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=M. and colleagues |title=Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> [[File:DT drainage.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|Wabiga oo ku yaal [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Radial drainage pattern|shabakadda qulqulka radial]] ee Dogu’a Tembien]] == Sifooyinka == Waa [[ephemeral river|wabi ku meel gaar ah]] oo xiran, maxalliyan [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]] bannaankiisa alluvium-ka ah ee cidhiidhiga ah, isagoo leh jiirada celcelis ahaan 39 mitir halkii kiiloomitir. Isagoo leh marinnadiisa, wabigu wuxuu gooyay [[Canyon|doox]] qoto dheer.<ref name="chapriver">{{cite book |last1=Amanuel Zenebe |first1=and colleagues |title= The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 }}</ref> == Fatahaado kedis ah iyo yaraynta daadka == Qulqulku inta badan wuxuu dhacaa qaab daadad aad u xoog badan oo dhaca muddo aad u gaaban (oo loo yaqaan [[fatahaado kedis ah]]). Kuwan waxaa la xiriira topografiga dhaadheer, inta badan daboolka dhirta oo yar iyo roobabka xooggan. Fatahaadaha kediska ah ee noocan oo kale ah waxay inta badan leeyihiin 50 ilaa 100 jeer qulqul ka weyn kan ka horreeya [[baseflow|qulqulka aasaasiga ah]].<ref name="chapriver"/> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baaxadda fatahaadaha wabigan ayaa hoos u dhacay sababtoo ah faragelinta lagu sameeyay bassin-ka. Meelaha dhaadheer, [[exclosure|meelo xiran]] ayaa la aasaasay; dhirta cufan waxay gacan weyn ka geysataa kor u qaadista [[infiltration (hydrology)|biyo-nuugista]], fatahaad ka yar iyo [[baseflow]] ka wanaagsan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Descheemaeker|first1= K. and colleagues| title= Runoff on slopes with restoring vegetation: A case study from the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2006 |volume=331 |issue=1–2 |pages=219–241 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl= 1854/LU-378900 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> Qaab dhismeedka ilaalinta jirka sida [[Terrace (earthworks)|qodobbada dhagaxa ah]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= Jan|last2= Poesen|first2= Jean|last3= Gebremichael|first3= Desta|last4= Vancampenhout|first4= Karen|last5= d'Aes|first5= Margo|last6= Yihdego|first6= Gebremedhin|last7= Govers|first7= Gerard|last8= Leirs|first8= Herwig|last9= Moeyersons|first9= Jan|last10= Naudts|first10= Jozef|last11= Haregeweyn|first11= Nigussie|last12= Haile|first12= Mitiku|last13= Deckers|first13= Jozef|title= Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil and Tillage Research |date=2007 |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=151–163 |doi= 10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011|hdl= 1854/LU-378900|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/378900|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gebeyehu Taye and colleagues| title= Evolution of the effectiveness of stone bunds and trenches in reducing runoff and soil loss in the semi-arid Ethiopian highlands. |journal= Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie|date=2015 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=477–493 |doi= 10.1127/zfg/2015/0166|url=https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/evolution-of-the-effectiveness-of-stone-bunds-and-trenches-in-red |url-access= }}</ref> iyo [[check dam|check dams]] ayaa sidoo kale xakameeya qulqulka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Nyssen|first1= J.|last2= Veyret-Picot|first2= M.|last3= Poesen|first3= J.|last4= Moeyersons|first4= J.|last5= Haile|first5= Mitiku|last6= Deckers|first6= J.|last7= Govers|first7= G.|title= The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Soil Use and Management |date=2004 |volume=20 |pages=55–64 |doi= 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Etefa Guyassa and colleagues|title= Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia. |journal= Journal of Hydrology |date=2017 |volume=545 |issue=1 |pages=299–309 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019|url= https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8518957 |hdl= 1854/LU-8518957 |hdl-access= free }}</ref> == Dhagaxyada iyo quruuruxda sariirta wabiga == Quruuruxda iyo dhagaxyada laga helo sariirta wabiga waxay ka iman karaan meel kasta oo ka sarreeya bassin-ka. Qaybaha ugu sarreeya ee wabiga, kaliya jajabka dhagaxa ee qaybaha sare ee lithological ayaa ku jiri doona sariirta wabiga, halka hoos loo sii socdo qofku laga yaabo inuu helo isku-dar dhammaystiran oo dhammaan lithologies-ka uu wabigu dhex maro. Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos, qaybaha soo socda ee lithological ayaa ka dhaca bassin-ka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> * [[Ashangi Basalts|Basalt-ka hoose]] * [[Amba Aradam Formation]] * Mekelle [[Dolerite]] * [[Antalo Limestone]] * [[Quaternary]] biyo nadiif ah [[tufa]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moeyersons |first1=J. and colleagues |title=Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions. |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |date=2006 |volume=230 |issue=1–2 |pages=162–178 |bibcode=2006PPP...230..165M |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 }}</ref> == Socodka xoolaha ee u socda dooxada == [[Transhumance in Ethiopia|Transhumance]] wuxuu dhacaa xilliga roobka ee xagaaga, marka dhulalka u dhow tuulooyinka ay ku jiraan dalagyo. Daaq-joogeyaal da'yar ayaa xoolaha tuulada u kaxayn doona dooxada oo habeenkii ku hoyan doona godad yaryar. Dooxooyinku waxay si gaar ah u soo jiitaan ahaan aagga loo socdo, sababtoo ah waxaa jira biyo iyo koritaan wanaagsan oo ah dhirta semi-dabiiciga ah.<ref name="trans">{{cite journal |title=Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia) |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2009 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1659/mrd.00033 |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |last2=Descheemaeker |first2=Katrien |last3=Zenebe |first3=Amanuel |last4=Poesen |first4=Jean |last5=Deckers |first5=Jozef |last6=Haile |first6=Mitiku |doi-access=free |hdl=1854/LU-854326 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Socodka hareeraha wabiga == Waddooyin socod ah ayaa laga sameeyay wabigan hareerihiisa.<ref name="jnroutes">{{cite book |title=Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> Waddooyinku kuma calaamadaysna dhulka laakiin waa la raaci karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo faylal .GPX ah oo la soo dejiyay.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl Public GPS traces tagged with nyssen-jacob-frankl | OpenStreetMap]</ref> Socodka '''24''' wuxuu raacaa biyaha koonfureed, isagoo barbar socda wabiga, wuxuuna bixiyaa aragtiyo panoramic ah oo ku saabsan dooxada Ch’eqofo. Xilliga roobka, fatahaado kedis ah ayaa dhici kara, waxaana lagula talinayaa inaan la raacin sariirta wabiga.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Logistics for the Trekker in a Rural Mountain District of Northern Ethiopia|date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_37 |title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} cwz8zxniytd9ahugwvqwfrouwwvjgms 0 49035 301930 2026-07-12T09:22:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Balagas | name_other = Beleghas | progression = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|12.742767|N|38.469106|E}} }} '''Balagas''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Beleghas''', waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]], wuxuuna qayb ka yahay bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reclus |first=Élisée |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.47465 |title=The earth and its inhabitants ... |last2=Keane |first2=A. H. |last3=Ravenstein |first3=Ernest George |date=1886 |publisher=D. Appleton and company |location=New York}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{coord|12.742767|N|38.469106|E|display=title}} a7b9kurv5dhqu732nb6zxhfmc63s3vk 0 49036 301931 2026-07-12T09:24:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Angereb | image_caption = Kaydka biyaha ee Angereb ee Gondar | image = ET Gondar asv2018-02 img43 Angereb Reservoir.jpg | map = Atbara OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Atbara, iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Angereb (Dhexe) | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|52|45.8|N|36|6|24.8|E}} | other_name = Bahr as-Salam | country = [[Itoobiya]], [[Suudaan]] | mouth = [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]] | progression = [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | length = {{cvt|220|km|mi}} | basin_size = {{cvt|14,400|km2|sqmi}} }} {{Coord|13|9|5.76|N|37|50|16.8|E|display=title}} [[File:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img45 Angereb Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Guriga bambada ee Kaydka Biyaha ee Angereb]] '''Angereb''' oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''''Bahr as-Salam''''' waa [[wabi]] ku yaal [[Itoobiya]] iyo bariga [[Suudaan]], waana mid ka mid ah ilaha [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]. Wuxuu ka soo kacayaa meel u dhow Daqwa, waqooyiga magaalada [[Gondar]] ee [[Gobolka Amhara]], isagoo u qulqulaya galbeed si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]. Degmadii taariikhiga ahayd ee Armachiho ayaa ku taal hareeraha marin-biyoodkiisa.<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The Historical Geography of Ethiopia'' (London: The British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> Biyo-xireenka Angereb, oo la hirgeliyay 1997-kii, ayaa loogu talagalay in lagu xalliyo dhibaatada sahayda biyaha la cabbo ee magaalada muddo 25 sano ah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haregeweyn|first=Nigussie|date=February 2012|title=Reservoir sedimentation and its mitigating strategies: a case study of Angereb reservoir (NW Ethiopia)|journal=Journal of Soils and Sediments|volume=12|issue=2|pages=291–305|doi=10.1007/s11368-011-0447-z}}</ref> Kaydka biyaha ee Angereb iyo laba ceel oo la qoday ayaa ah ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee biyaha magaalada, iyadoo ay leeyihiin awood wax-soo saar celcelis ahaan ah oo gaaraysa 8,298 m³/maalintii. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 2j25lfdi1bqekmukdsx18r7eeod56mb 0 49037 301932 2026-07-12T09:26:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Rahad | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay, iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Rahad (Dhexe bidix). | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|14|28|0|N|33|31|0|E}} | other_name = Shinfa | country = [[Itoobiya]], [[Suudaan]] | length = {{cvt|665|km|mi}} | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | mouth_location = [[Wad Madani]] | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|42400|km2}} }} '''Rahad''' waa wabi qulqula [[Itoobiya]] iyo bariga [[Suudaan]]. Isha wabigan waxay ku taallaa Itoobiya, halkaas oo loogu yeero '''Shinfa''', waana wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Abay|Abay]] (Niilka Buluugga ah) dhinaca midig.<ref name="Rahad">{{cite web|title=Rahad River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489633/Rahad-River|publisher=Britannica Encyclopaedia|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> Wabigu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] (galbeedka [[Harada Tana]]), halkaas oo uu u qulqulo {{convert|480|km|mile|abbr=on}} (iyadoo dhererkiisu guud ahaan yahay qiyaastii {{cvt|665|km}}) ilaa uu ka gaaro bariga Suudaan.<ref name="Rahad" /> Suudaan, wuxuu ku milmaa [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]].<ref name="Rahad" /> [[Libaax Suudaan]] oo leh manno madow ayaa lagu sifeeyay wabigan.<ref name="Pease1909">{{cite book |last=Pease |first=A. E. |author-link=Alfred Edward Pease |title=The Book of the Lion |publisher=Ravenio Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHyIDQAAQBAJ&q=sudan+lions |date=1909-10-16}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|14|46|N|33|51|E|source:kolossus-arwiki|display=title}} 79td9303nsyu7jem6tolph25myhsd41 0 49038 301933 2026-07-12T09:28:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Dinder | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|14|6|0|N|33|40|0|E|display=inline, title}} | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay, iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Dinder (Dhexe bidix) | country = [[Itoobiya]], [[Suudaan]] | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | mouth_location = Al Rabwah, Suudaan | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|402|m}} | length = {{cvt|784|km}} | basin_size = {{cvt|36500|km2}} }} '''Webiga Dinder''' ({{langx|ar|نهر الدندر}}, sidoo kale loo higaadiyo '''Dindar;''' {{Langx|am|ዲንደር ወንዝ}}) waa wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]]. Wuxuu qulqulaa [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Suudaan]] masaafad dhan {{cvt|784|km}} oo lagu qiyaasay habka GIS. == Marin-biyoodka == Webiga Dinder wuxuu ka soo kacayaa [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]], galbeedka [[Harada Tana]] ee [[degmo]] ka tirsan Itoobiya oo la yiraahdo [[Alefa]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed isagoo ka baxaya buuraleyda kuna sii jeeda bannaannada [[Gobolka Suudaan]] ee [[Sennar (gobol)|Sennar]]. Wuxuu [[meander|u qulqulaa si qaloocan]] bannaannada ilaa uu ka biiro Niilka Buluugga ah meel u dhow magaalada [[Sennar]].<ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Dinder River |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9030490 |accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> == Sifooyinka dabiiciga ah == [[File:نهر الدندر من الطائرة.JPG|thumb|Webiga Dinder oo ku yaal bannaanka]] [[Beerta Qaranka ee Dinder]] ee Suudaan, oo ku fidsan koonfurta Dinder, ayaa loogu magac daray wabigan. Biyaha-qabashadan waxay hore u ahayd degaan u ah [[eyga rinji-ga leh|eyga ugaarsiga ee la rinjiyeeyay]] (painted hunting dog) oo khatar ugu jira dabar-go'a, ''Lycaon pictus''; si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Caninae|eygan]] ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka [[Local extinction|dabar-go'ay]] gobolka<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref> sababo la xiriira [[kororka dadka|ballaarinta dadka]] iyo la'aanta fiiro gaar ah oo loo yeesho ilaalinta deegaanka. == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] *[[Liiska webiyada Suudaan]] == Tixraacyo == * C. Michael Hogan. 2009. ''Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} e9ivjabctwjtb8uooyrh31qydskoldl 0 49039 301934 2026-07-12T09:30:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Dabus | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay, iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Dabus (Dhexe hoose) | country = [[Itoobiya]] | basin_size = {{cvt|21032|km2}} | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10|36|38|N|35|8|58|E}} | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | other_name = Yabus }}{{Short description|Wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeed Itoobiya}} '''Dabus''' waa wabi u qulqula dhanka waqooyi, waana wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Abay|Abay]] ee koonfur-galbeed [[Itoobiya]]. Dabus wuxuu leeyahay aag qulqulaya oo qiyaastii dhan {{cvt|21,032|km2}}.<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> Dabus waxaa hore loogu yaqaanay Yabus, dadka maxalliga ahna weli waxay ugu yeeraan magacaas, iyagoo aan kala saarin [[Webiga Yabus|Yabus]]-ka ku yaal [[Suudaan]] oo ah wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]]. [[Juan Maria Schuver]] wuxuu ahaa sahamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee Yurubiyaan ah ee go'aamiya inay yihiin laba wabi oo kala duwan, sanadkii 1882-kiina wuxuu beeniyay xanta ah in wabiyadan ay ka soo qulqulaan isla harada buurta.<ref>Wendy James, Gerd Baumann and Douglas H. Johnson, ''Juan Maria Schuver's Travels in North East Africa'' (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1996), pp. 132f</ref> Waa muhiim marka loo eego xuduudaha dhinaca dhaqanka iyo siyaasadda labadaba. Sida uu qabo Dunlop, oo sahamiyay gobolka sanadkii 1935, wabigu waa meesha "kiniisadda Masiixiyiinta ee [[Dadka Oromada]] ay booska siiso [[masaajidka]], iyo salaanta Oromada oo loo beddelo salaanta [[Muslimiinta]] ee caalamiga ah: 'Salaam Aleikum.' Si ka duwan dharka Oromada iyo [[Dadka Amxaarada]], oo ka kooban shaati leh gacmo cidhiidhi ah, surwaal iyo shamma, waxay xirtaan koofi cad, maro-madaxeed, jaakad qulqulaysa oo leh gacmo dabacsan iyo surwaal ballaaran."<ref>A. Dunlop, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787909 "The Dadessa Valley"], ''Geographical Journal'', 89 (1937), p. 519</ref> Dhinaca siyaasadda, marin-biyoodkiisu ma qeexo oo kaliya qayb ka mid ah xuduudka u dhexeeya [[Gobolka Benishangul-Gumuz]] iyo [[Gobolka Oromiya]], laakiin sidoo kale dhammaan xuduudka wadaagga ah ee [[Asosa Zone|Asosa]] iyo [[Kamashi Zone]] ee Gobolka Benishangul-Gumuz. Dabus wuxuu taariikh ahaan ahaa il muhiim u ah [[dahabka]], halkaas oo dadka deegaanku ay u isticmaali jireen [[placer mining|macdan-qodista]] si ay u soo saaraan macdanta.<ref>Quoted in Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1968), p. 233.</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} g63xy0275nxjirr3se61ug7e0vyw9ez 0 49040 301935 2026-07-12T09:32:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Didessa | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | basin_size = {{cvt|25800|km2}} | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9.942087|N|35.684299|E|display=title, inline}} | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|632|m}} | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Hanger|Hanger]] | tributaries_left = Webiga Dabena | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay (Niilka Buluugga ah), iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Didessa (Dhexe hoose) }} '''Didessa''' (loogu dhawaaqo: ɗeɗ:e:s:a; {{langx|om|Dhedheessa}}) waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Abay|Abay]], wuxuu ka soo kacayaa buuraleyda [[Gomma (degmo)|Gomma]], isagoo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ilaa uu ka gaaro isku-darka halkaas oo marin-biyoodka [[Webiga Abay|Abay]] uu qaloocdo ilaa barta uu ugu koonfur fog yahay ka hor inta uusan u qulqulin dhanka waqooyi. Aagga qulqulka ee Didessa waa qiyaastii {{cvt|25,800|km2}},<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> isagoo daboolaya qaybo ka mid ah [[Gobolka Benishangul-Gumuz]] iyo [[Zone-ka Galbeedka Welega]] ee [[Gobolka Oromiya]]. Wabiyaasha laamood ee dhinaca midig waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Enareya|Enareya]], [[Webiga Aet|Aet]], Wama, iyo [[Webiga Angar|Angar]]; dhinaca bidix, wabi laamoodka ugu muhiimsan waa [[Webiga Dobana|Dobana]]. Isagoo sahaminaya wabigan bartamihii 1890-meeyadii iyo ka dib wareysiyo uu la yeeshay dadka deegaanka, [[Alexander Bulatovich]] wuxuu xaqiijiyey in dhanka hoose ee isku-darkiisa iyo Angar, Didessa uu yahay mid aan lahayn meelo qulqul xooggan leh (rapid-free) oo laga yaabo in lagu [[navigable|socon karo maraakiib]].<ref>[http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html ''From Entotto to the River Baro''] (1897), translated by Richard Selzer, ''Ethiopia through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 1896-1898'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 2000) {{ISBN|1-56902-117-1}} (accessed 2 November 2009)</ref> == Taariikhda bini'aadamka == Sahamiyihii qarnigii 20-aad ee bilowgiisii [[Herbert Weld Blundell]] wuxuu aaminsanaa in "Didessa" ay u muuqato mid beddeshay magac aad uga da' weyn wabigan, isagoo aan helin wax adeegsi hore ah oo loo isticmaalay "ka hor 1861, markii [[Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie|d'Abbadie]] uu ku safrayay Galbeedka Shoa uuna sameeyay baaritaanno."<ref>H. Weld Blundell, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1776289 "Exploration in the Abai Basin, Abyssinia", ''Geographical Journal''], 27 (1906), p. 541</ref> Waqtigii uu booqday, sanadkii 1905, kaynta Handak ee dhinaca midig ee Didessa waxay ahayd "mid caan ku ah inay tahay meel ay jecel yihiin maroodiyaashu. Waxay u muuqdaan inay u kaceen dhanka Niil iyagoo raacaya webiyada Didesa iyo [[Webiga Dabus|Dabus]], iyadoo shaki la'aan ay ku soo jiiteen sariirta wabiga dambe koritaanka hodanka ah ee bamboo-da da'da yar."<ref>Weld Blundell, "Exploration in the Abai", pp. 541f</ref> Wuxuu kaloo xusay in isku-darka Didessa iyo Abay, "shaqada dhabta ah ee [[Gold panning|dhaqidda dahabka]] ay billaabato, oo ay ka sii socoto hareeraha Niil iyo hoos marin-biyoodka Dabus iyo wabiyaasha laamoodka ah," isagoo raaciyay in: <blockquote>Nabaad-guurka qoto dheer ee lakabyada sare ee basalt iyo dabinka, iyo burburka ka dhasha, wuxuu kashifaa qaab-dhismeedyada gneissic iyo hornblendic schist ee hoose, si ku dhowaad dhammaan dalka ka soo bilaabma cagta Chochi ilaa wabiga, oo ah masaafo dhan 15 mayl, uu u daboolan yahay quruurux quartz iyo dhagaxyo waaweyn, wuxuuna muujiyaa meelo badan oo ka soo baxa dusha sare. Qaybaha burburay ee reef-yada ayaa ku firirsan dhulka, dahabka ay ku jiraanna waxaa loo dhaqaa durdurrada yaryar, ka dibna waxaa loo qaadaa Abay.</blockquote><ref>Weld Blundell, "Exploration in the Abai", p. 544</ref> In kasta oo ay dadaal u galeen sahamiyayaashan, iyo joogitaanka bini'aadamka ee aagga ilaa qiyaastii bilowgii noocyada, marin-biyoodka Didessa oo ka bilaabma barta u dhow [[Nekemte]] ilaa isku-darkiisa Abay ayaa sida muuqata la raad-raacay oo kaliya sanadkii 1935 by Dunlop iyo Taylor. Waxaa u sheegay ''[[Dejazmach]]'' [[Habte Maryam]], oo ahaa sarkaal maxalli ah oo ku sugan Nekemte, "in cidina, xitaa [[Shanqella|Shankallas-ka]] maxalliga ah, inta uu ogaa, aanay waligood raacin marin-biyoodka wabiga ilaa isku-darkiisa iyo Abbai." <blockquote>Xaqiiqdi, waqtiyo gaar ah oo sanadka ka mid ah [ayuu sii waday Dejazmach], tiro yar oo Shankallas ah ayaa ka shaqeynayay qaar ka mid ah beeraha cudbiga, kuwaas oo uu hadda beeray 15 mayl waqooyi ka xiga buundada Dadessa; laakiin xitaa maylalkan yar waxay ahaayeen, inaan isticmaalo ereyadiisa, "dal ku habboon oo kaliya daayeerrada." Wuxuu xoojiyay dhibaatooyinka aan la kulmi doonno: waddooyin ma jiro, kaymo cufan oo bamboo ah, qandho, iyo, isagoo gacan-qaad kor u kacaya oo muujinaya gacantiisa, jiirada buuraha xuduudka la leh wabiga. Wuxuu soo jeediyay in, haddii aan aad u rabno inaan aragno isku-darka Abbai iyo Dadessa, waxaa lagula talinayaa inaan raacno dariiqa ka yimaada Nekemti ilaa [[Nejo]], ka dibna aan raacno dariiq la yaqaan ilaa isku-darka.</blockquote><ref>A. Dunlop, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787909 "The Dadessa Valley"], ''Geographical Journal'', 89 (1937), p. 513</ref> == Biyo-xireenka Waraabka ee Anger == 14 Juun 2021, dhismaha Biyo-xireenka Waraabka ee Anger ee Webiga Didessa ayaa waxaa bilaabay Madaxweynaha gobolka Oromiya, [[Shimelis Abdisa]], iyo Wasiirka Biyaha, Waraabka iyo Tamarta, Sileshi Bekele, kaas oo lagu dhammayn doono saddex sano gudahood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=25424|title=Construction of 10 Bil Birr Worth Irrigation Dam Launched in Oromia|website=ENA|date=14 June 2021}}</ref> == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} 3a89d7d6x2r1viw0prv7z4kqdp3rp1k 0 49041 301936 2026-07-12T09:34:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Hanger | name_other = Anger, Angar | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|35|N|36|2|E|display=title, inline}} | mouth = [[Webiga Didessa|Didessa]] | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Wajja|Wajja]] | basin_size = {{cvt|4300|km2}} | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Didessa|Didessa]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Abbay, iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Hanger meel u dhow xagga hoose }} '''Hanger''' (sidoo kale loo higaadiyo '''Webiga Angar''') waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka dhexe ee [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi u qulqula dhanka galbeed oo ah [[wabi laamood]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Didessa|Didessa]], oo qudhiisu ah wabi laamood ka mid ah [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] (oo sidoo kale loogu yeero [[Webiga Abay|Abay]] gudaha Itoobiya). Hanger wuxuu ka mid noqdaa Didessa qiyaastii kala badh u dhexeeya magaalada [[Nekemte|Nek'emte]] iyo tuulada [[Cherari]]. Wabiyaasha laamood ee Hanger waxaa ka mid ah wabiyaasha [[Webiga Wajja|Wajja]], Alata, iyo Ukke. Wadaadkii reer Bortuqaal ee [[António Fernandes (Jesuit)|António Fernandes]] wuxuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurubiyaan ah oo la diiwaangeliyay inuu arkay Hanger, isagoo ka tallaabay wabiga sanadkii 1613-kii xilli uu raadinayay waddo koonfurta Itoobiya u tagta [[Malindi]].<ref>[[Herbert Weld-Blundell]], "Exploration in the Abai Basin, Abyssinia", ''Geographical Journal'', 27 (1906), p. 538</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} 6qhunqfpaac2ic7s40upm9a4imge6g0 0 49042 301937 2026-07-12T09:37:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Wajja | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Abbay (Niilka Buluugga ah). Wajja laguma muujin laakiin wuxuu ugu shubmaa [[Webiga Hanger|Hanger]]. | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|30|38.3|N|36|39|40.63|E|display=title,inline}} | name_other = Waja | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Hanger|Hanger]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1303|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Hanger|Hanger]] → [[Webiga Didessa|Didessa]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] }} '''Wajja''' waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Hanger|Hanger]], wuxuuna qayb ka yahay bassin-ka [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]], kaas oo mararka qaarkood loogu yeero hoos-bassin-ka Waja-Golesha.<ref name="t655">{{cite journal | last=Kidane | first=Seyoum Bezabih | title=Groundwater-recharge estimation in Waja-Golesha Sub-basin, Northern Ethiopia: An approach using WetSpass Model | journal=Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences | volume=8 | issue=1 | date=2023-05-24 | issn=2616-3721 | doi=10.4314/jaes.v8i1.1 | doi-access=free | pages=1–18 | url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jaes/article/download/258911/244510 | access-date=2025-02-16}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 4doa37azi0lvryezqmbcomvfwlzbsjq 0 49043 301938 2026-07-12T09:38:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gulla | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Abbay. Wabi laamoodka midig ee Abbay ee aan calaamadaysnayn waa Webiga Gulla | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10|31|31.724|N|37|29|36.971|E|display=inline, title}} | other_name = Gudle | country = [[Itoobiya]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Choqa|Buuraha Choqa]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|10|44|51.76|N|37|45|27.22|E}} | mouth = [[Webiga Temcha|Temcha]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|2000|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Temcha|Temcha]] → [[Webiga Birr|Birr]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] }} Webiga '''Gulla''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Itoobiya]] kaas oo ka soo kaca buuraha Choke. Waa mid ka mid ah wabiyaasha laamood ee ugu waaweyn Abay ama [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]]. Qulqulka webiga Gulla wuxuu gaaraa muggiisa ugu sarreeya xilliga roobka (laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebteembar). Wabigu wuxuu ku biiraa webiga Temcha ka dib markii uu dhex maro magaalada [[Dembecha]]. Hawlaha bini'aadamka, sida qashin-qubka, waraabka, iyo qulqulka magaalooyinka ayaa saameeyay caafimaadka webiga Gulla.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Minas |first=Haileyesus |title=Assessment of anthropogenic impacts in Gulla River using macro invertebrates and physicochemical parameters |date=August 2017 |publisher=Addis Ababa University |url=http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/9663 |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reference list}} f5ppimaugrj81g4rokm29gy658l3b0y 0 49044 301939 2026-07-12T09:41:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gudar | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9.863615|N|37.671039|E|display=title, inline}} | other_name = Guder | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|932|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|7011|km2}} | image_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay (Niilka Buluugga ah), iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Gudar (midigta hoose) }} '''Gudar''' waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Abbay |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/abbay-(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD)}}</ref> Waa [[wabi laamood]] dhinaca bidix ka ah Abay ama [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]]; wabiyaasha laamood ee Gudar waxaa ka mid ah Dabissa iyo Taranta. Webiga Gudar wuxuu leeyahay aag qulqulaya oo cabbirkiisu yahay qiyaastii 7,011 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> Waxaa xuduud la lahaa gobolka taariikhiga ah ee [[Endagabatan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Endagabatan |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/e-nda-ga-bta-n-(%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0-%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A5%E1%8C%A0%E1%8A%95)}}</ref> Qarnigii 1600-meeyadii, boqor [[Susenyos I]] iyo ciidamadiisu waxay ka tallaabeen wabigan si ay ula kulmaan hoggaamiyaha Hadiya [[Sidi Mohammed]] xilligii [[Dagaalkii Hadiya (1600s)|Dagaalkii Hadiya]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindahl |first1=Bernhard |title=Local History of Ethiopia |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |page=9 |url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248ded/1580829012069/ORTHAA05.pdf}}</ref> Qof [[Giriig ah oo ku nool Itoobiya|Giriig ah]] ayaa dhisay buundadii ugu horreysay ee laga dul dhiso Gudar sanadkii 1897-kii.<ref>[[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 299</ref> == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} h53ogvmos14o5671bqfqc8z195jzt5f 0 49045 301940 2026-07-12T09:43:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mugar | map = Abbay OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay (Niilka Buluugga ah), iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Mugar (midigta hoose) | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9.918069|N|37.930343|E|display=title, inline}} | other_name = Muger, Mujer | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|979|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|8188|km2}} }} '''Webiga Mugar''' (ama '''Mujer''')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ullendorff |first1=Edward |title=The Glorious Victories of 'Amda Ṣeyon, King of Ethiopia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=607 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/611476}}</ref> waa wabi u qulqula dhanka waqooyi oo ah wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Abay|Abay]] ee bartamaha [[Itoobiya]], kaas oo caan ku ah dooxadiisa qoto dheer. Wabiyaasha laamood ee Muger waxaa ka mid ah Labbu. Muger wuxuu leeyahay aag qulqulaya oo qiyaastii dhan 8,188 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> Waxaa xuduud la lahaa gobolka taariikhiga ah ee [[Endagabatan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Endagabatan |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/e-nda-ga-bta-n-(%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0-%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A5%E1%8C%A0%E1%8A%95)}}</ref> Mugar waa muhiim maadaama uu yahay calaamad juqraafi ahaan, maadaama uu astaan u ahaa xuduudka bari ee boqortooyadii Damot (ka hor inta aysan [[Qaxii weynaa ee Oromada]] ku qasbin dadkaas inay ka gudbaan Abay) iyo xuduudka galbeed ee degmada [[Selale]].<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 69</ref> Meel ka mid ah dooxooyinka [[Webiga Gudar|Guder]]-Mugar, waxaa 1976-kii laga helay haraagii ugu horreeyay ee dinosaur ah oo laga diiwaangeliyo [[Geeska Afrika]]. Waxay ahayd hal ilig oo ka mid ah [[carnosaur]].<ref>[https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html "Local History of Ethiopia"] The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 22 April 2022)</ref> Gobolka ku xeeran Mugar wuxuu ahaa dhulkii dhaqanka ee [[Dadka Gafat]] ee hadda dabar-go'ay, hase yeeshee waxaa eriyey boqorradii [[Dadka Amxaarada]] qarniyadii xigay, ka dibna waxaa dhex-galkay [[Dadka Oromada]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassen |first1=Mohammed |title=Oromo of Ethiopia |publisher=University of London |page=308 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mugar |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/muga-r-(%E1%88%99%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD)}}</ref> == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} dr4tc99ip6s574gzfs3mqlidg6n99rf 0 49046 301941 2026-07-12T09:44:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Jamma | image = Abbay OSM.png | image_size = | image_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay, iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Jamma (midigta hoose) | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10.1572|38.3412|region:ET-OR|display=inline,title}} | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size_km2 = 15782 | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] }} '''Webiga Jamma''' (Af-Amxaari: ጃማ) waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]] waana wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Abay|Abay]] (ama [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]]). Wuxuu qaadaa biyaha qaybo ka mid ah aagga Semien Shewa ee [[Gobolka Amxaarada]] iyo [[Gobolka Oromiya]]. Jamma-da sare waxay dhex martaa dhul-gariir leh, canyons qoto dheer oo marka hore laga gooyay dhagax foolkaano ah ka dibna loo sii maray [[Cretaceous]] sandstone iyo shaly sandstone, iyadoo [[Jurassic]] limestone ay ku taal xagga hoose. Waxay leedahay aag qulqulaya oo cabbirkiisu yahay qiyaastii 15,782 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> Wabiyaasha laamood waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Wanchet|Wanchet]]. Xusitaankii ugu horreeyay ee wabigan wuxuu ku jiraa ''Gadla''-hii [[Tekle Haymanot]], kaas oo la qoray qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad.<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'', (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 69</ref> Mid ka mid ah xusitaankii ugu horreeyay ee Yurubiyaan ah waxaa sameeyay wadaadkii [[Pedro Páez]], kaas oo ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurubiyaan ah oo arka oo sharraxay halka uu ka yimaado Abay. Sida uu qabo [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]], 1840-meeyadii Jamma waxay astaan u ahayd xuduudka u dhexeeya [[Marra Biete]] iyo [[Moret (degmo)|Moret]], laba degmo oo ka tirsan gobolkii hore ama [[Sultanate of Showa|Sultanate]] ee [[Shewa]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/journalsofrevmes00isen/journalsofrevmes00isen_djvu.txt ''Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, Detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1842''], (London, 1843), p. 290</ref> == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204328/http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/administrative/Atlas_Oromiya.pdf Wakaaladda Ka hortagga iyo Diyaarinta Masiibooyinka Itoobiya: Atlas-ka maamulka: Gobolka Oromiya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081031005547/http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/Thematic%20maps/floodvulnerableareas_aug24_2006.jpg Wakaaladda Ka hortagga iyo Diyaarinta Masiibooyinka Itoobiya: Meelaha u nugul daadadka laga bilaabo Agoosto 24, 2006] {{Authority control}} d4owg4xbvafzi2ksq4ozodtov34ygiv 0 49047 301942 2026-07-12T09:46:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Wanchet | name_other = Wonchit | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|10|56|12.545|N|39|34|13.508|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|3030|m}} | mouth = [[Webiga Jamma|Jamma]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10|3|52.466|N|38|40|0.631|E|display=title, inline}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1167|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Jamma|Jamma]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|4200|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = 818,000 | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Qechene|Qechene]] | tributaries_right = Jara | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | country = [[Itoobiya]] }} '''Webiga Wanchet''' waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]], waana [[wabi laamood]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Jamma|Jamma]]. Isaga iyo [[Webiga Adabay|Adabay]] ayaa qeexi jiray xuduudka degmadii hore ee [[Marra Biete]].<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'', (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 153</ref> Goobta uu ka tallaabo "Aqui afagi" (''Aheya Fajj'', Af-Amxaari "dameer-dumiye") ayaa lagu xusay xisaabta sahamiyihii Bortuqaalka [[Francisco Álvares]], kaas oo ka tallaabay dhowr jeer meelahan bilowgii rubuca koowaad ee qarnigii 16-aad.<ref>Huntingford, ''Historical Geography'', pp. 32f, 81</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} isov7q5z5ycfva83tpz3qkm4p573xlj 0 49048 301943 2026-07-12T09:48:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Qechene | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10.439536|N|39.463768|E|display=title, inline}} | other_name = Kechinie, Katchenee | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Wanchet|Wanchet]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1832|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Wanchet|Wanchet]] → [[Webiga Jamma|Jamma]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|511|km2}} | basin_population = 71,600 }}{{short description|Wabi ku yaal bartamaha Itoobiya}} '''Webiga Qechene''' waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka soo kacaa meel u dhow Aiamsa oo ku taal [[Buuraha Annas]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Wanchet|Wanchet]]. Wabiyaasha laamood ee marin-biyoodkan waxaa ka mid ah Ketama iyo Woia. Sida uu qabo [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] (oo ugu yeera "Katchenee"), Qechene wuxuu astaan u yahay xuduudka u dhexeeya degmooyinka [[Shewa]] ee [[Gishe]] iyo [[Menz]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/journalsofrevmes00isen/journalsofrevmes00isen_djvu.txt ''Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, Detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841 and 1842''], (London, 1843), pp. 289f</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 5ti9h7brlfksjlecooxtngwh1fnzeoz 0 49049 301944 2026-07-12T09:51:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Walaqa | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu ka baxo | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10.3675|38.4987|region:ET-AM|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{cvt|4450|km2}} | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya]] | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]], [[Oromiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | basin_population = 980,000 }} '''Webiga Walaqa,''' oo ah [[wabi laamood]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]], waa wabi ku yaal [[Gobolka Amxaarada]] ee [[Itoobiya]]. [[Wegde]] ayaa ku taal dhanka waqooyi. [[Mida Woremo]] iyo [[Dera, Oromia (degmo)|Dera]] ayaa ku yaal dhanka koonfureed, halka [[Kelala (degmo)|Kelala]] ay ku taal waqooyi-bari. Webiga Walaqa waxaa laga yaabaa inuu ahaa xuduudka waqooyi ee gobolkii taariikhiga ahaa ee [[Walaqa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/vw/ORTWA.pdf |title=Walaka (Walaqa, Waylaqa) |access-date=2008-09-15 |publisher=nai.uu.se}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/administrative/Atlas_Amhara.pdf Wakaaladda Ka hortagga iyo Diyaarinta Masiibooyinka Itoobiya: Atlas-ka maamulka: Gobolka Amxaarada] * [http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/Thematic%20maps/floodvulnerableareas_aug24_2006.jpg Wakaaladda Ka hortagga iyo Diyaarinta Masiibooyinka Itoobiya: Meelaha u nugul daadadka laga bilaabo Agoosto 24, 2006] i82nngdq2iowgptxmidy37jkppngmab 0 49050 301945 2026-07-12T09:53:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bashilo | image = Abbay OSM.png | image_size = | image_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay, iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Bashilo (dhexe midig) | source1_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11|2|26|N|38|28|31|E|region:ET-AM|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | length = {{cvt|218|km}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1302|m}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{cvt|13242|km2}} | other_name = Beshitta | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]] | region_type = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aag]] | region = [[South /Debub Gondar]], [[Semien Wollo]], [[Debub Wollo]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Tergiya|Tergiya]], [[Webiga Checheho|Checheho]] | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | basin_population = 2,730,000 }} '''Webiga Bashilo''' (oo marar dhif ah loo yaqaan '''Beshitta''') wuxuu ku yaal [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu caan ku yahay dooxadiisa, taas oo il ka mid ah ay ku tilmaantay inay ku dhowdahay in ay la mid noqoto dooxada waalidkiis ee [[Webiga Abay|Abay]],<ref>[http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/B/ORTBAS.pdf "Local History in Ethiopia"] The [[Nordic Africa Institute]] website (accessed 22 January 2008)</ref> oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]], wabigu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa galbeedka [[Kutaber]] ee [[Gobolka Amxaarada]]. Isagoo marka hore u qulqulaya dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ilaa meesha uu Tergiya kaga shubo, ka dib wuxuu u sii jeedaa koonfur-galbeed ilaa uu ka gaaro isku-darka Abay. Aagga qulqulkiisu waa qiyaastii 13,242 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran,<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> isagoo daboolaya qaybo ka mid ah [[Debub Gondar Zone|Semien Gondar]], [[Semien Wollo Zone|Semien Wollo]] iyo [[Debub Wollo Zone]]. Wabiyaasha laamood waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Checheho|Checheho]], iyo Walano. [[File:Beshlo River.jpg|thumb|Webiga Beshlo, iyo buundada ka gudubta wabiga u dhow Kutaber]] Bashilo wuxuu sidoo kale muhiim u ahaa qeexidda xuduudaha gobollada Itoobiya. Qarnigii 17-aad, wuxuu kala saaray [[Begemder]] iyo [[Bete Amhara|Amhara Sayint]].<ref>Balthasar Tellez, ''The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia'', 1710 (LaVergue: Kessinger, 2010), p. 11</ref> Dhamaadkii qarnigii 18-aad, wuxuu noqday xuduudka waqooyi ee [[Shewa]], sida lagu muujiyey diidmada boqor [[Tekle Giyorgis I of Ethiopia|Tekle Giyorgis I]] uu u diiday inuu ka gudbo Bashilo sababtoo ah waxay geli lahaayeen gobolkaas.<ref>[[Herbert Weld Blundell]], ''The Royal chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769-1840'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1922), pp. 292f, 340</ref> Wabigu wuxuu ahaan jiray xuduudka waqooyi ee Shewa ilaa 1870-kii, sida uu sheegay [[Negus]] [[Menelik II of Ethiopia|Menelik]] oo ka mid ahaa Shewa warqad uu u qoray G.R. Goodfellow.<ref>Dated 3 July 1870. Text and translation in Sven Rubenson, ''Acta Aethiopica, vol 3: Internal Rivalries and Foreign Threats, 1869-1879'' (Addis Ababa: University Press, 2000), pp. 60f.</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/administrative/Atlas_Amhara.pdf Wakaaladda Ka hortagga iyo Diyaarinta Masiibooyinka Itoobiya: Atlas-ka maamulka: Gobolka Amxaarada] * [http://www.dppc.gov.et/downloadable/map/Thematic%20maps/floodvulnerableareas_aug24_2006.jpg Wakaaladda Ka hortagga iyo Diyaarinta Masiibooyinka Itoobiya: Meelaha u nugul daadadka laga bilaabo Agoosto 24, 2006] byhst6w8qac001ua13bv62tmmxi4tza 0 49051 301946 2026-07-12T09:54:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Checheho | source1_coordinates = {{coord|11.84391|N|39.33852|E|region:ET_type:city_source:enwiki-GNS}} | country = [[Itoobiya]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2750|m}} | mouth = [[Webiga Bashilo|Bashilo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11.416922|N|38.705558|E|display=inline,title}} | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1338|m}} | length = {{cvt|136|km}} | progression = [[Webiga Bashilo|Bashilo]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|2990|km2}} | basin_population = 791,000 | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Zhit'a|Zhit'a]] }} '''Webiga Checheho''' waa wabi yar oo ku yaal waqooyiga-bartamaha [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu qayb ka yahay bassin-ka [[Webiga Abay|Abay]], wuxuuna ka soo kacayaa bariga [[Debre Zebit]] si uu u qulqulo dhanka koonfureed una biiro [[Webiga Bashilo|Bashilo]]. Wabi laamoodkiisa ugu weyn waa Zhit'a, kaas oo ka gala Checheho dhinaca bidix. Wabiyada gobolkan, oo ay ku jiraan Checheho, waxay gacan ka geystaan bassin-ka weyn ee [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] waxayna lagama maarmaan u yihiin beeraha maxalliga ah iyo nidaamyada biyaha, gaar ahaan gobolka [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]], kaas oo ku tiirsan wabiyaashan laamood baahiyaha biyaha ee kala duwan. == Magaalada Checheho == Magaalada Checheho waxay ku taal meel u dhow isha wabiga magaca la midka ah, iyada oo ku taal wadada weyn ee u dhexeysa [[Weldiya]] iyo [[Debre Tabor]]. Magaaladu waxay leedahay kaniisad muhiim ah. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 1sdrdzylmc7cb9pa0j26gv7cknh2d44 0 49052 301947 2026-07-12T09:56:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gilgel Abay | image = Gilgel Abay during flood.jpg | image_caption = Gilgel Abay oo ku yaal BIkolo, xilligii fatahaadda | map = Lake tana and rivers.svg | map_caption = Khariidada Harada Tana, oo muujinaysa webiyada ku shubma | other_name = Abay-ga Yar | native_name = {{native name|am|ግልገል አባይ}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11.798679|N|37.125324|E|display=inline, title}} | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]] | region_type = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aag]] | region = [[West Gojjam Zone|West Gojjam]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|11.01147|N|37.15229|E}} | source1_location = U dhow [[Gish Abay]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2454|m}} | mouth = [[Harada Tana]] | mouth_location = {{cvt|12.5|km}} SE ee Kunzila | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1786|m}} | length = {{cvt|154.5|km}} | progression = [[Harada Tana]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | etymology = Macnaha tooska ah waa "Niilka Yar" | basin_size = {{cvt|3887|km2}} | basin_population = 1,220,000 | width_max = {{cvt|71|m}} }} '''Gilgel Abay''' (Af-Amxaari: ግልገል አባይ, Gǝlgäl Abbay), ama '''Abay-ga Yar''', waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda [[Gojjam]], wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi si uu ugu shubo koonfur-galbeedka [[Harada Tana]] isagoo sameeya [[bird's-foot delta]]. Wabiyaasha laamood ee Gilgel Abbay waxaa ka mid ah Ashar, Jamma, Kelti iyo Koger. Muddo dheer ayaa loo tixgelin jiray inuu yahay isha dhabta ah ee [[Webiga Niil|Niilka]], wadaadkii Jesuit-ka ahaa ee [[Pedro Paez]] ayaana booqday sanadkii 1618. Magaca Gilgel Abbay macnihiisu waa Niilka Yar, maadaama Abbay uu yahay magaca [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]]. == Sifooyinka == Waa wabi [[meander|u qulqula si qaloocan]], lehna aag qulqulaya oo dhan {{cvt|3887|km2}}. Wuxuu leeyahay ballac dhan 71 mitir meel u dhow afkiisa, isagoo leh jiirada dhan 0.7 m/km. Dhexroorka celceliska ah ee [[bed material load|maaddada sariirta]] waa 0.37 mm ([[cammuud]]).<ref name="hani">{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=2019 |volume=577 |article-number=123968 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 }}</ref> == Qaadista wasakhda == Wabigu wuxuu sannad walba u qaadaa 22,185 tan oo [[bedload]] ah iyo 7.6 milyan oo tan oo [[suspended sediment|wasakhda dul sabaysa]] [[Harada Tana]].<ref name="hani"/> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == * S. Uhlenbrook, Y. Mohamed, and A. S. Gragne, "Analyzing catchment behavior through catchment modeling in the Gilgel Abay, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia." Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2153–2165, 2010 *Hydrologic Impact of Land-Use Change in The Upper Gilgel Abay River Basin, Ethiopia; TOPMODEL http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2010/msc/wrem/gumindoga.pdf r46jerpv8ec51h00664natswjlo3y60 0 49053 301948 2026-07-12T09:58:07Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Magech | image = Bruecke ueber den Magetsch.jpg | image_caption = Mid ka mid ah buundooyinkii hore ee Magech oo la dhisay xilligii Fasilides | map = Lake tana and rivers.svg | map_caption = Khariidada Harada Tana iyo webiyada ku shubma | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|12|16|12.882|N|37|24|42.066|E|display=it}} | name_native = {{native name|am|መገጭ}} | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]] | region_type = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aag]] | region = [[North Gondar Zone|North Gondar]] | source1_location = Waqooyiga [[Gondar]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2455|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|12|16|39.4|N|37|24|21.6|E}} | mouth = [[Harada Tana]] | mouth_location = Koonfur-bari ee Weyna | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1786|m}} | length = {{cvt|75|km}} | progression = [[Harada Tana]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|685|km2}} | basin_population = 505,000 | tributaries_right = [[Lesser Angereb|Angereb-ka Yar]] }} '''Webiga Magech''' ({{langx|am|መገጭ}}) waa wabi ku yaal [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka soo kacaa meel u dhow magaalada [[Gondar]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfurta isagoo ku shuba [[Harada Tana]] laba laamood. Wabiyaasha laamood ee uu leeyahay waxaa ka mid ah Dmaza, [[Lesser Angereb River|Angereb-ka Yar]], iyo Ahyamezoriya. Magech wuxuu caan ku yahay laba buundo oo laga dul dhisay, kuwaas oo ay dhiseen farsamayaqaanno Bortuqaal ah ama la dhisay xilligii [[Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]]: mid ka mid ah buundooyinkan ayaa leh shan qaanso, tan kalena waxay leedahay saddex qaanso oo kor uga xiga Gondar.<ref>[[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 297</ref> 21 Juun 2007, [[Bangiga Adduunka]] ayaa ku dhawaaqay inuu ansixiyay deyn dhan US$100 milyan oo ka timid Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah oo loogu talagalay mashruuca Waraabka iyo Dheecaanka ee daboolaya webiyada Magech iyo [[Reb River|Reb]], taas oo qayb ka ah [[Nile Basin Initiative]]. Iyadoo ujeeddadu tahay in la kordhiyo wax-soo-saarka beeraha waraabka, mashruucan la soo jeediyay ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah u horumarin doona aag dhan 20,000 oo hektar.<ref>"Ethiopia Receives Assistance for Irrigation and Drainage Project", World Bank website (accessed 14 October 2010)</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} cchtrvvl0mjzkbm4of79ztuse0f5rpe 0 49054 301949 2026-07-12T09:59:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Angereb-ka Yar | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | region = [[North Gondar Zone|North Gondar]] | region_type = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aag]] | city = [[Gondar]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|12.65403|N|37.43192|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2364|m}} | source1_location = Waqooyiga [[Gondar]] | mouth = [[Webiga Magech|Magech]] | mouth_location = Cirifka koonfureed ee Gondar | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|2021|m}} | length = {{cvt|11.9|km}} | progression = [[Webiga Magech|Magech]] → [[Harada Tana]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|33|km2}} | basin_population = 164,000 }} '''Angereb-ka Yar''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Sida uu qabo [[G.W.B. Huntingford]], wuxuu ka soo kacaa waqooyiga magaalada [[Gondar]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur-bari ee magaaladaas si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Magech|Magech]], kaas oo ku shuba [[Harada Tana]].<ref>G.W.B. Huntingford, ''The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'', (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 142</ref> Angereb wuxuu caan ku yahay laba buundo oo ka dul tallaaba, kuwaas oo ay dhiseen farsamayaqaanno Bortuqaal ah ama la dhisay xilligii [[Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]]. Hal buundo ayaa leh afar qaanso, tan kalena sidoo kale waxay leedahay afar qaanso, meesha uu ka biiro marin-biyoodkiisa waalidka ah.<ref>[[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 297</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 5pete79w7evmmiu7ujptbd2rq40vwdm 0 49055 301951 2026-07-12T10:01:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Reb | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | name_native = {{native name|am|ርብ}} | name_other = Rib | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]] | region_type = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aag]] | region = [[South Gondar Zone|South Gondar]] | source1_location = U dhow Gasay | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2808|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|11.78977|N|38.16341|E}} | mouth = [[Harada Tana]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1788|m}} | length = {{cvt|110|km}} | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|5.34|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|27.78|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|73.17|m3/s}} | progression = [[Harada Tana]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|1570|km2}} | basin_population = 500,000 }} [[File:1862RiverRib.jpg | thumb | right | 1862]] '''Reb''' (sidoo kale loo higaadiyo '''Rib''') waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga-bartamaha [[Itoobiya]] kaas oo ku shuba [[Harada Tana]] delta yar. Wabigu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa jiirarka [[Buurta Guna]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa galbeedka isagoo maraya [[Kemekem]] [[degmo|woreda]]. Ma laha wabiyaal laamood oo waaweyn. == Taariikh == [[R.E. Cheesman]] ayaa ku tilmaamay Reb sanadkii 1936 inuu "hoos u keeno tiro cammuud madow ah, waxaanan marnay bangiyo ku yaal xeebta harada. Baarka wabiga, 600 yaard oo harada ah, waa wareeg, safarrada wata dameeraha raran waxay ku wareegayeen halkii ay ka gudbi lahaayeen wabiga." Ganacsatada ku sugan [[Yifag]] waxay ku qaadi jireen xirmooyin [[milix]] ah ama ''[[amoleh]]'' doonyo yaryar ama ''tankwas'' hoos u sii mara Reb ilaa [[Zege]] oo ku taal harada si ay ugu beddelaan [[bun]].<ref>[http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/r/ORTR.pdf "Local History in Ethiopia"] The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 12 January 2008)</ref> Reb wuxuu ahaa goobta mid ka mid ah buundooyinka dhagaxa ah ee la dhisay xilligii wadaaddada [[Jesuit]] ama xilligii [[Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]]. Wabiga oo ka kooban shan qaanso, wuxuu ahaa {{convert|24|km|mi|sp=us}} ka fog estuary-ga wuxuuna suurtageliyay safarka u dhexeeya [[Gondar]] iyo [[Debre Tabor]]. Buundada shan-qaanso waxaa dhistay Dowladda Talyaaniga sanadkii 1939. Waxaa naqshadeeyay aabbahay Ottavio Zappa. Waxaan hayaa sawirkii asalka ahaa ee buundada oo hadda lagu dhejiyay Qunsuliyadda Guud ee Talyaaniga ee Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Osvaldo Zappa p.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 297</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray [[Italian East Africa|qabsashadii Talyaaniga]], Talyaanigu waxay dhiseen buundo dhagax ah oo dul marta wabiga, mana ahayn mid alwaax ah sidii la sheegay mana dhaawacmin intii lagu guda jiray ololehii Ingiriiska. Osvaldo Zappa<ref>Solomon Getahun, ''History of the City of Gondar'' (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 2005), pp. 95ff.</ref> 21 Juun 2007, [[Bangiga Adduunka]] ayaa ku dhawaaqay inuu ansixiyay deyn dhan US$100 milyan oo ka timid Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah oo loogu talagalay mashruuca Waraabka iyo Dheecaanka ee daboolaya webiyada [[Webiga Magech|Magech]] iyo Reb, taas oo qayb ka ah [[Nile Basin Initiative]]. Iyadoo ujeeddadu tahay in la kordhiyo wax-soo-saarka beeraha waraabka, mashruucan la soo jeediyay ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah u horumarin doona aag dhan 20,000 oo hektar.<ref>[http://go.worldbank.org/DFA7EKXU70 "Ethiopia Receives Assistance for Irrigation and Drainage Project"], World Bank website (accessed 14 October 2010)</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} a6mjme4jstjawacz5d3db5q56qnuqoh 0 49056 301952 2026-07-12T10:03:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gumara | image = Lake tana and rivers.svg | image_caption = Khariidada Harada Tana oo muujinaysa webiyada ku shubma | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|11|54|N|37|30|E|display=it}} | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | state = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]] | region_type = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aag]] | region = [[South Gondar Zone|South Gondar]] | source1 = {{coord|11.61073|N|37.97785|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2555|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|11.601240|N|38.003587|E}} | mouth = [[Harada Tana]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1786|m}} | length = {{cvt|103|km}} | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|13.4|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|39.66|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|76.3|m3/s}} | progression = [[Harada Tana]] → [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|1600|km2}} | basin_population = 463,000 }}{{Short description|Wabi ku yaal Itoobiya}} '''Gumara''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyi-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ku shubaa [[Harada Tana]] isagoo ka yimaada dhanka bari. Ilo kulul oo ku yaal bangiyada Gumara ee Wanzaye, kuwaas oo caan ku ahaa qubayska dawooyinka laga bilaabo dhamaadkii qarnigii 18-aad ilaa hadda, ayaa horey u soo xusay wadaadkii [[Henry Aaron Stern|Henry Stern]].<ref>Stern, ''Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia'' (London, 1862), p. 82; [[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], ''An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia'' (Trenton: Red Sea, 1990), pp. 121–125, 128.</ref> Wabigu waa goob muhiim u ah taranka noocyada kalluunka maxalliga ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin [[barbus]], [[tilapia]] iyo [[catfish]].<ref>Gordon A, Sewmehon Demissie Tegegne and Melaku Tadesse, "Marketing systems for fish from Lake Tana, Ethiopia: Opportunities for improved marketing and livelihoods." IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working Paper 2 (2007). ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya. (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} 7aih1vgsxrsbkzjp4o4u9hlcnev7lwh 0 49057 301953 2026-07-12T10:04:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Yabus | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Khor Yabus | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu afkiisu ku yaal Suudaanta Koonfureed | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | length = {{cvt|192|km}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|3.61|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|34.57|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|103.82|m3/s}} | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = {{coord|9.480521|N|34.462993|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|1346|m}} | mouth = [[Machar Marshes]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|52|N|33|35|E|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|432|m}} | progression = [[Machar Marshes]] → [[Webiga Adar|Adar]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|6080|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = 227,000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | country = [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]], [[Suudaan]], [[Itoobiya]] | city = Bunj }} '''Webiga Yabus''' (ama '''Khor Yabus''') wuxuu ka soo kacaa fogga galbeedka [[Itoobiya]], ee [[Asosa Zone]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa galbeedka gudaha [[Suudaan]] isagoo maraya magaalada [[Yabus]], ka dibna wuxuu galaa [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Voluntary Repatriation of Sudanese Refugees from Gambella, Ethiopia to Blue Nile State, Sudan: Mission Report|date=October 2005|publisher=UNMCR|url=http://www.unhcr.org/43aa76614.pdf|access-date=2011-07-22}} Annex: Map of Water Availability in Southern Blue Nile</ref> Magaalada [[Bunj, South Sudan|Bunj]] ayuu u leexdaa koonfur-galbeed wuxuuna galaa [[Machar Marshes]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Sutcliffe|first=J.V.|last2=Parls|first2=Y.P.|title=The Hydrology of the Nile|year=1999|chapter=The Sobat Basin and the Machar Marshes|url=http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|access-date=2011-07-22|url-status=dead}} page 112</ref> halkaas oo uu ku waayo aqoonsigiisa. Wabiga waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu khaldayaa [[Webiga Dabus]], oo ah wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]], kaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Webiga Yabus. Isha labada wabi ayaa midba midka kale u dhow. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaan]] * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 2wv2cyfdlzdz1vz9tfvztdas3pfigqs 0 49058 301954 2026-07-12T10:06:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Daga | name_native = | name_other = Deqe Sonka Shet, Khor Daga | name_etymology = | nickname = | image = | image_size = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu afkiisu ku yaal Suudaanta Koonfureed | pushpin_map_alt = | length = {{cvt|337|km}} | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|5.93|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|44.4|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|113.89|m3/s}} | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = {{coord|8.946893|N|34.601764|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2048|m}} | mouth = [[Machar Marshes]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9|32|N|33|24|E|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|410|m}} | progression = [[Machar Marshes]] → [[Webiga Adar|Adar]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|6630|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = 52,000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | country = [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]], [[Itoobiya]] }} '''Webiga Daga''' (ama '''Khor Daga''') waa wabi ku yaal [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]]. Wuxuu ka soo kacaa buuraleyda [[Mirab Welega Zone]] ee gudaha [[Itoobiya]], bariga xadka Suudaanta Koonfureed iyo Itoobiya, halkaas oo looga yaqaan '''Deqe Sonka Shet'''. Wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka isagoo maraya magaalada [[Daga Post]] wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Machar Marshes]]. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 5ni28a9dju4do2g29fydkq162n53oc4 0 49059 301955 2026-07-12T10:09:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Baro | image = Baro river Gambela.jpg | image_size = 280 | image_caption = Buundada Akobo ee [[Gambela, Itoobiya|Gambela]] | source1 = [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] | source1_location = Dibdib, Itoobiya | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga Gebba|Gebba]] | source2_location = Acchiscio, Itoobiya | source2_coordinates = {{Coord|7.787|35.844|format=dms|display=i}} | source2_elevation = {{Convert|2267|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = Seriti, Itoobiya | source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|8.2411|34.9609|format=dms|region:ET-OR|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{Convert|557|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] | mouth_location = [[Jikmir, Suudaanta Koonfureed|Jikmir]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.4346|33.2202|format=dms|region:ET-GA|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Itoobiya]]|[[Suudaanta Koonfureed]]}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|241|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | name_other = Openo | name_native = {{native name|am|ባሮ ወንዝ}} | length = {{cvt|306|km}}, {{cvt|560|km}} (ayadoo lagu daray wabiyaasha laamaha ah) | discharge1_location = Afka | discharge1_min = {{cvt|77.98|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|634.41|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|41400|km2}} | basin_population = 3,260,000 | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]], [[Webiga Alwero|Alwero]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Gebba|Gebba]], [[Webiga Jikawo|Jikawo]] | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Bassin-ka Webiga Sobat oo muujinaya Webiga Baro | map_size = 280 }} '''Webiga Baro''' ({{langx|am|ባሮ ወንዝ}}) ama '''Baro/Openo Wenz''', oo ay [[Anuak]] u yaqaaniin '''Webiga Openo''', waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]], kaas oo qeexaya qayb ka mid ah xadka Itoobiya iyo [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]]. Laga bilaabo halka uu ka soo kaco ee [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka {{convert|306|km|mi}} si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]]. Isku-darka Baro-Pibor wuxuu calaamad u yahay bilowga [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]], oo ah wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |year= 1997 |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn= 0-87779-546-0 |page= 115 }}</ref> Baro iyo wabiyaashiisa laamaha ah waxay ka daadiyaan [[bassin-ka]] biyaha oo cabbirkiisu yahay {{convert|41400|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee wabiga ee afkiisa waa 241 m³/s.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= 276, 287}}</ref> == Marin-biyoodka == Webiga Baro/Openo waxaa abuuray isku-darka wabiyaasha [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] iyo [[Webiga Gebba|Gebba]], bari ka xiga [[Metu, Itoobiya|Metu]] ee [[Illubabor Zone]] ee [[Gobolka Oromiya|Oromiya]]. Wuxuu markaas u qulqulaa galbeedka isagoo maraya [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]] si uu ugu biiro Webiga Pibor, labadooduba waxay abuuraan Sobat. Wabiyaasha kale ee caanka ah ee Baro/Openo waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Alwero|Alwero]] iyo [[Webiga Jikawo|Jikawo]]. Baro wuxuu la kulmaa wabiga Pibor dhanka galbeed ee Jikawo. Xilliga roobabka wabigu wuxuu fatahaa si uu u sameeyo aag weyn oo biyo-mareen ah oo bari iyo koonfur ka xiga Jikawo, isagoo horay u gaari jiray Abobo iyo Gog dhanka bari iyo koonfur-bari. Baro waa wabiga ugu qoyan uguna biyaha badan ee dhulka hoose, waana kan ugu sahlanaada in lagu dhoofo. Khor Machar waa wabi laamood ka mid ah Baro kaas oo quudiya [[Machar Marshes]]. == Taariikhda dabiiciga ah == Wabiyaasha laamaha ee Webiga Sobat, Baro/Openo waa kan ugu weyn, isagoo ka qayb qaata 83% wadarta biyaha ku shubma Sobat. Xilliga roobabka, inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Oktoobar, Webiga Baro keligiis wuxuu ka qayb qaataa qiyaastii 10% biyaha Niilka ee [[Aswan]], [[Masar]]. Taas beddelkeeda, wabiyaashani waxay leeyihiin qulqul aad u hooseeya inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |page= 81 }}</ref> == Taariikh == Xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaan]] iyo Itoobiya waxaa loo qeexay gobolka u dhow Webiga Baro/Openo sanadkii 1899 Major H.H. Austin iyo Major Charles W. Gwynn oo ka tirsan [[Royal Engineers]] ee Ingiriiska.<ref>Described by Austin in his article, "Survey of the Sobat Region", ''Geographical Journal'', 17 (May, 1901), pp. 495–512.</ref> Ma aysan aqoon u lahayn dhulka, dadka deggan, ama luqadahooda, waxayna haysteen sahay kooban. Halkii ay ka qeexi lahaayeen xariiq ku salaysan qowmiyadaha iyo dhulalka dhaqanka, asal ahaan iyagoo raacaya jiirarka u dhexeeya buuraleyda iyo bannaanka, waxay si fudud u soo jeediyeen in xariiqda la dhex mariyo bartamaha [[Webiga Akobo|Akobo]] iyo qaybo ka mid ah wabiyaasha Pibor iyo Baro. Xadkan waxaa lagu dhammaystiray Heshiiskii Anglo-Itoobiya ee 1902, taas oo keentay aag ku yaal Gobolka Gambela ee Itoobiya oo loo yaqaan [[Baro/Openo Salient]]. Aaggan wuxuu si dhow ugu xiran yahay Suudaanta Koonfureed marka loo eego Itoobiya, labadaba marka loo eego sifooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dadka. Baro Salient waxaa loo isticmaali jiray hoy ay u adeegsadaan fallaagada Suudaan intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalladii Sokeeye ee Suudaan|dagaalladii sokeeye ee dheeraa]] ee dalka. Waxay ku adkayd Suudaan inay kor u qaaddo maamulka aag qayb ka ah Itoobiya, Itoobiya ayaana ka gaabsatay inay ilaaliso gobolkan fog oo ay ku lug yeelato siyaasadda khilaafaadka gudaha Suudaan.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= 76, 210 }}</ref> [[Vittorio Bottego]], oo sahamiyay aagga sanadihii 1890-meeyadii, ayaa soo jeediyay in wabiga loogu magac daro Admiral [[Simone Antonio Saint-Bon]].<ref name="NAI-web">"Local History in Ethiopia" The [[Nordic Africa Institute]] website (accessed 21 December 2007)</ref> Wabiga kaliya ee la dhoofi karo ee Itoobiya, magaalada ugu muhiimsan ee Baro waa [[Gambela, Itoobiya|Gambela]], oo u adeegaysay deked laga soo bilaabo 1907 ilaa 1990-meeyadii markii dagaalkii sokeeye ee Itoobiya iyo Suudaan uu ku qasbay in maraakiibta wabiga la hakiyo. Talyaaniga L. Usoni ayaa si guul darro ah u baaray [[dahab]] ku yaal dooxada wabiga Baro, wuxuuna daabacay natiijooyinkiisa sanadkii 1952.<ref name="NAI-web" /> Buundada labaad ee ugu dheer Itoobiya ayaa ka gudubta Baro, taas oo isku xirta laba qaybood oo ka mid ah Gobolka Gambela. Buundadan ayaa dhererkeedu yahay 305 mitir.<ref>" Longest bridge opens to traffic" ([[Walta Information Center|WIC]])</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} lwq1ig7oe5s2v9ew221cj02cauzw8iw 0 49060 301956 2026-07-12T10:11:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Jikawo | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = La wadaagay [[Jikawo]] | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu afkiisu ku yaal Suudaanta Koonfureed | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]], [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]] | length = {{cvt|151|km}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|6.32|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|23.07|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|44.23|m3/s}} | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = {{coord|8.888134|N|34.741041|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2418|m}} | mouth = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] | mouth_location = U dhow [[Jikawo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8|22|N|33|46|E|display=it|region:ET_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|415|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|1940|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = 51,100 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = | cities = [[Pagak]] }} '''Webiga Jikawo''' waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]]. Waa [[wabi laamood]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Baro|Baro]], kaas oo uu kula biiro dhul-reebka iyo dherer-reebka {{coord|8|22|N|33|46|E|display=inline|region:ET_type:river}}. Wabigu wuxuu ka soo kacaa Itoobiya, qaybtiisa hoosena wuxuu sameeyaa xadka [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]].<ref>[http://www.cde.unibe.ch/sudan/maps/south/statemaps/jonglei_highweb.JPG Topographical map of Jonglei]</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] *[[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 4tks3yeamtzowc4fexf78jpjypw2ak1 0 49061 301958 2026-07-12T10:13:24Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Alwero | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Webiga Sobat, oo muujinaysa Alwero | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8|26|N|33|24|E|display=it}} | name_other = Aluro, Aluoro, Alero | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | state = [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]], [[Oromiya]] | source1 = | source1_location = Kaynta Nono | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2363|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|7.714742|N|35.1313... 301958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Alwero | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Webiga Sobat, oo muujinaysa Alwero | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8|26|N|33|24|E|display=it}} | name_other = Aluro, Aluoro, Alero | country = [[Itoobiya]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | state = [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]], [[Oromiya]] | source1 = | source1_location = Kaynta Nono | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2363|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|7.714742|N|35.131386|E}} | mouth = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] | mouth_location = | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|406|m}} | length = {{cvt|275|km}} | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|37|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|8.69|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|85.2|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|8280|km2}} | basin_population = 53,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105 </ref> | tributaries_left = Ubela | tributaries_right = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | city = Mattar | waterbodies = [[Alwero Dam]] }} '''Webiga Alwero''' (oo sidoo kale loo higaadiyo '''[[Aloru]]''', '''[[Aluoro]]''' iyo '''[[Alwero]]''') waa wabi ku yaal degmada [[Abobo (Ethiopian District)|Abobo]] ee [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]], [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu dhex maraa [[Beerta Qaranka ee Gambela]] wuxuuna dhex maraa dhulalka qoyan ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Webiga Baro|Webiga Openo/Baro]]. Sida 2012 [[Saudi Star]] ay qorshaysay inay ka weeciso qaddar badan oo biyo ah wabiga iyada oo loo marayo kanaal sibidh ah oo dhan {{Convert|30|km}} si loo waraabiyo bariiska.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-30 |title=A troubled Klondike |url=https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2012-07-30-a-troubled-klondike.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=Stockholm Resilience Center |publisher=Stockholm University |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ay1rejxfosw4gokvfkbkqvh3lo3dcjj 0 49062 301959 2026-07-12T10:15:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Birbir | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1 = Webiga Birbir | source1_location = Dibdib, Itoobiya | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] | mouth_location = Seriti, Itoobiya | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.2411|34.9609|format=dms|region:ET-OR|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|557|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]], [[South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region|SWEPR]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Sor|Sor]] | tributaries_right = | progression = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | length = {{cvt|246.6|km}} | basin_size = {{Cvt|16400|km2}} | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|21.3|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|205.4|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|542.8|m3/s}} | basin_population = 2,960,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> }} '''Webiga Birbir''' ee koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]] waa wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Baro|Baro]], kaas oo uu abuuro isku-darkiisa [[Webiga Gebba|Gebba]]. Waxa uu siyaasad ahaan muhiim u yahay sababtoo ah marin-biyoodkiisu waxa uu qeexayaa qayb ka mid ah xadka u dhexeeya [[Mirab Welega Zone|Mirab Welega]] iyo [[Illubabor Zone]] ee [[Gobolka Oromiya|Oromiya]]. [[Richard Pankhurst (aqoonyahan)|Richard Pankhurst]] waxa uu xusay in Birbir uu dhaqaale ahaan muhiim u yahay sababtuna tahay helitaankii 1904 ee kaydadka [[Platinum in Africa|platinum]] oo ku teedsan marin-biyoodkiisa.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University, 1968), pp. 231, 234.</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} o8dhf3yikhvx94xqo9zwk8c5wah5z4q 0 49063 301960 2026-07-12T10:17:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sor | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8|30|48|N|35|11|17|E|display=it}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]], [[South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region|SWEPR]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2797|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|7|35|59.4|N|35|49|8.5|E}} | mouth = [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|815|m}} | length = {{cvt|231|km}} | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|10.5|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|230.9|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|86.6|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] → [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|6650|km2}} | basin_population = 978,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> }} '''Sor''' waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jimma: Capital of Coffee Country|url=http://www.tourismethiopia.gov.et/English/Attractions/Pages/WestEthiopiaJimma.aspx|work=Tourism Ethiopia|publisher=Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism|accessdate=27 Disembar 2012}}</ref> Waa wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] dhanka bidixda ah, wuxuuna kula biiraa dhul-reebka iyo dherer-reebka {{coord|8|30|48|N|35|11|17|E}}, Sor wuxuu ka soo kacaa [[Sayo (woreda)|Sayo]]. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] * [[Metu, Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 1dl424lcb0ev2jl20gl7ghf3hl2tbfg 0 49064 301961 2026-07-12T10:19:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gebba | native_name = | name_other = Geba, Gebe | name_etymology = | nickname = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | map = {{Location map|Ethiopia|border=Black|label=Webiga Gebba|lat_deg=8|lat_min=14|lat_sec=28|lat_dir=N|lon_deg=34|lon_min=57|lon_sec=39|lon_dir=E}} | map_size = | map_caption = Goobta uu Webiga Gebba kaga yaal Itoobiya | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{Convert|290|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_max = {{cvt|150.3|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|61.8|m3/s}} | discharge1_location = Afka (qiyaas) <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller Schmied |first1=Hannes |last2=Cáceres |first2=Denise |last3=Eisner |first3=Stephanie |last4=Flörke |first4=Martina |last5=Herbert |first5=Claudia |last6=Niemann |first6=Christoph |last7=Peiris |first7=Thedini Asali |last8=Popat |first8=Eklavyya |last9=Portmann |first9=Felix Theodor |last10=Reinecke |first10=Robert |last11=Schumacher |first11=Maike |last12=Shadkam |first12=Somayeh |last13=Telteu |first13=Camelia-Eliza |last14=Trautmann |first14=Tim |last15=Döll |first15=Petra |date=2021-02-23 |title=The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation |url=https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1037/2021/ |journal=Geoscientific Model Development |language=English |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1079 |doi=10.5194/gmd-14-1037-2021 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021GMD....14.1037M |issn=1991-959X|hdl=11250/2984567 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|7.87|m3/s}} | source1 = | source1_location = Acchiscio, Itoobiya | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|7.787|35.844|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2267|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] | mouth_location = Seriti, Itoobiya | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.2411|34.9609|format=dms|region:ET-OR|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|557|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|4740|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = 336,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Gebba''' (ama '''Geba''') waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]]. Waa [[wabi laamood]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Baro|Baro]], kaas oo la abuuro markii isku-darka Gebba iyo [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] uu dhaco. Wabigu waa goobtii loo qorsheeyay biyo-xireennada korontada ee mataanaha ah ee Gebba. == Biyo-xireenka Webiga Gebba == Biyo-xireenka Webiga Gebba ayaa lagu dhisayaa meel u dhow xadka u dhexeeya [[Jimma Zone|Jimma]] iyo [[Illubabor Zone|Illubabur]] ee [[Dowlad Deegaanka Oromiya|Oromiya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2014/09/chinese-firms-construct-us-700m-dam-gebba-river-ethiopia/|title=Chinese firms to construct the new US$ 700m Gebba River Dam, Ethiopia|last=Barnes|first=Robert|date=2014-09-15|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> Heshiiska mashruuca ayaa la saxiixay Isniintii Sebtember 8, 2014 iyadoo ay wada-shaqayn ku sameeyeen Dawladda Itoobiya, iyada oo loo marayo Shirkadda Korontada Itoobiya (EEPCo), iyo shirkadaha Shiinaha ee [[Sinohydro|SINOHYDRO]] Corporation Limited iyo [[Gezhouba Group|Gezhouba]] Group Company Limited (CGGC).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://addisfortune.net/articles/nations-most-expensive-dam-undertaken-by-sino-ethiopia-jv/|title=Nation's Most Expensive Dam Undertaken by Sino-Ethiopia JV|last=Fortune|first=Addis|website=addisfortune.net|language=en|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> Kharashka dhismaha ayaa lagu qiyaasay $583 milyan wuxuuna qaadanayaa afar sano iyo bar laba marxaladood. 80% maalgelinta waxaa bixin doona [[Exim Bank of China]] halka 20%-ka kalena ay bixinayso dawladda Itoobiya.<ref name=":0" /> Biyo-xireenku wuxuu soo saari doonaa qiyaastii 391MW oo koronto ah. == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} p0zpxanva9wwpppwi6x26nwp6t3sq0o 0 49065 301962 2026-07-12T10:20:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Pibor | image = Pibor Post, South Sudan - panoramio (3).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Pibor ee Pibor Post | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu afkiisu ku yaal Suudaanta Koonfureed | source1 = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] | source1_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] | mouth_location = [[Jikmir, Suudaanta Koonfureed|Jikmir]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.4337|33.2185|format=dms|region:SD-20|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|Suudaanta Koonfureed|Itoobiya}} | length = {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|186.3|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{convert|137130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | discharge1_location = Afka | discharge1_min = {{cvt|102.1|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|348.1|m3/s}} | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | basin_population = 3,100,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Lotilla|Lotilla]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Kangen|Kangen]], [[Webiga Agwei|Agwei]], [[Webiga Akobo|Akobo]], [[Webiga Gilo|Gilo]] | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Webiga Sobat, oo muujinaysa Pibor }} '''Webiga Pibor''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Pibor''') waa [[wabi]] ku yaal bariga [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]], kaas oo qeexaya qayb ka mid ah xadka Suudaanta Koonfureed iyo [[Itoobiya]]. Laga bilaabo isha uu ka soo kaco ee u dhow Pibor Post wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi qiyaastii {{convert|320|km|mi}}, isagoo ku biiraya [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] si ay u sameeyaan [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]], oo ah wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |year= 1997 |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn= 0-87779-546-0 |pages= 929 }}</ref> Pibor iyo wabiyaashiisa laamaha ah waxay ka daadiyaan [[bassin-ka]] biyaha oo cabbirkiisu yahay {{convert|137130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee wabiga ee afkiisa waa {{cvt|186.3|m3/s}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> == Marin-biyoodka == Webiga Pibor waxaa sameeyay wabiyaal kala duwan oo ku kulma Pibor Post, oo ah xero xilligii gumeysiga la dhisay 1912 oo markii hore loo yaqaanay [[Fort Bruce]]. Pibor wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi, isagoo helaya [[Webiga Akobo|Akobo]] meel u dhow [[Akobo, Suudaan|Akobo]]. Isagoo sii wada waqooyi, Pibor wuxuu helayaa [[Webiga Gilo|Gilo]] iyo wabiyaasha Bela dhanka midig, ka dibna wuxuu ku biirayaa Webiga Baro, isagoo sameynaya Webiga Sobat. == Taariikhda dabiiciga ah == Webiyaasha Pibor, Baro, Gilo, iyo Akobo dhamaantood waxay ka daadiyaan [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]]. Webiga Baro waa kan ugu weyn, isagoo ka qayb qaata 83% wadarta biyaha ku shubma Webiga Sobat. Xilliga roobabka, inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Oktoobar, Webiga Baro keligiis wuxuu ka qayb qaataa qiyaastii 10% biyaha Niilka ee [[Aswan]], [[Masar]]. Taas beddelkeeda, wabiyaashani waxay leeyihiin qulqul aad u hooseeya inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= 81 }}</ref> == Taariikh == Xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaan]] iyo [[Itoobiya]] waxaa loo qeexay gobolka u dhow Webiga Pibor sanadkii 1899 Major H.H. Austin iyo Major Charles W. Gwynn oo ka tirsan [[Royal Engineers]] ee Ingiriiska. Ma aysan aqoon u lahayn dhulka, dadka deggan, ama luqadahooda, waxayna haysteen sahay kooban. Halkii ay ka qeexi lahaayeen xariiq ku salaysan qowmiyadaha iyo dhulalka dhaqanka, asal ahaan iyagoo raacaya jiirarka u dhexeeya Buuraleyda Itoobiya iyo bannaanka [[Sudaan Saana]], waxay si fudud u soo jeediyeen xariiq la dhex mariyo bartamaha Webiga Akobo iyo qaybo ka mid ah wabiyaasha Pibor iyo Baro. Xadkan waxaa lagu dhammaystiray Heshiiskii Anglo-Itoobiya ee 1902, taas oo keentay aag ku yaal [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]] ee Itoobiya oo loo yaqaan Baro Salient. Aaggan wuxuu si dhow ugu xiran yahay Suudaanta Koonfureed marka loo eego Itoobiya, labadaba marka loo eego sifooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dadka. Baro Salient waxaa loo isticmaali jiray hoy ay u adeegsadaan fallaagada Suudaan intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalladii Sokeeye ee Suudaan|dagaalladii sokeeye ee dheeraa]] ee dalka. Waxay ku adkayd Suudaan inay kor u qaaddo maamulka aag qayb ka ah Itoobiya, Itoobiya ayaana ka gaabsatay inay ilaaliso gobolkan fog oo ay ku lug yeelato siyaasadda khilaafaadka gudaha Suudaan.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= 76, 210 }}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad == * C.R.K.B., "Correspondence: the Pibor River", ''Sudan Notes and Records'', '''4''' (1922), pp. 237 – 240. * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1781056 | issn = 0016-7398 | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 210–217 | last = Thorburn | first = D. Hay | title = The Pibor River | journal = The Geographical Journal | date = 1922-09-01 | jstor = 1781056 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1449344 }} 4xlojg6efiwzbaip7oyxu8j78kjy0sc 0 49066 301963 2026-07-12T10:22:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gilo | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Sobat, oo muujinaysa Webiga Gilo | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8|8|29.8|N|33|11|31.2|E|display=it}} | other_name = Mene, Owis, Bako | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]], [[Oromiya]], [[South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region|SWEPR]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2251|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|7.351594|N|35.708151|E|format=dms}} | mouth = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|406|m}} | length = {{cvt|444|km}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka | discharge1_min = {{cvt|19.8|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|69.8|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|162|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|12228|km2}} | basin_population = 1,050,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|7|7|9.5|N|35|17|57.8|E}} }} '''Webiga Gilo''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Gobolka Gambela]] ee koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]]. Magacyo kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa: [[Bench|Gimira]] ee Dizu waxay ugu yeeraan "Mene", halka Gemira ee Chako ay ugu yeeraan "Owis", halka dadkii [[Amxaaro|Amxaarada]] iyo [[Oromo|Oromada]] ee soo degay horaantii qarnigii 20-aad ay u yaqaaneen magac saddexaad oo ah "Bako".<ref>George Montandon, "A Journey in South-Western Abyssinia", ''Geographical Journal'', 40, (1912), p. 379</ref> Laga bilaabo isha uu ka soo kaco ee [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] meel u dhow [[Mizan Teferi]] wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka, isagoo maraya [[Harada Tata]] si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] oo ku yaal xadka Itoobiya iyo [[Suudaan]].<ref>Sida uu soo wariyay [[Oscar Rudolph Neumann]], ka dib markii uu raacay Gilo ilaa isha uu ka soo kaco galbeedka ilaa haradan. (Neumann, "From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopian to Sudan", ''Geographical Journal'', 20 [Oktoobar 1902], pp. 373–398.)</ref> Biyaha isku-darka ah ayaa markaas ku biira [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] iyo [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Shinn |first= David H. |author2=Thomas P. Ofcansky |title= Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |year= 2004 |publisher= Scarecrow Press |isbn= 0-8108-4910-0 |pages= 360–361}}</ref> Webiga Gilo wuxuu inta badan maraa [[Baro Salient]], oo ah qayb ka mid ah Itoobiya oo u sii fidsan galbeedka dhinaca Suudaan. Dooxada wabiga ayaa loo sameeyay baaris badan oo loogu jiro [[dahab]] ka hor Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka iyo 1950-meeyadii, laakiin wax ku filan lagama helin si loo sameeyo macdan qodista ganacsiga.<ref>"Local History in Ethiopia" The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 Juun 2008)</ref> Burchard Heinrich Jessen, oo ka mid ahaa socdaalkii W.N. McMillan ee u safray qaybtan koonfur-galbeed ee Itoobiya 1904-tii, ayaa ku qiyaasay dhererkiisa 200 mayl wuxuuna xusay in xilliga fatahaadda ballaca Gilo uu gaaro 80 ilaa 100 yaardi, iyadoo qoto dheeridiisu ay tahay qiyaastii 20 cagood. Jessen wuxuu intaa ku daray in wakhtigii uu booqday: {{Quote |text=Wabigu wuxuu hodan ku yahay kalluun, natiijo dabiici ahna, yaxaasyadu waa kuwo aad u badan oo waaweyn. Duhurnimadii, dhab ahaan bank kasta oo ciid ah ayaa lagu daboolay iyaga. Waa xaqiiqo cajiib ah in hippopotami-ga ay ka maqan yihiin, mid keliya ayaa la arkay oo la dilay sanado badan ka hor, maadaama xayawaankan ay ku badan yihiin meel kasta oo ka mid ah wadamadan. |author=B H. Jessen |title="South-Western Abyssinia" |source=''Geographical Journal'' (1905)<ref>B. H. Jessen, "South-Western Abyssinia," ''Geographical Journal'', 25 (1905), p. 160</ref> }} == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 28z34zvp34uqs37q8qxzfr854he28y9 0 49067 301964 2026-07-12T10:25:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Dembi | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = [[Mizan Teferi]] | mouth_location = | length = {{cvt|17|km}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | source1_elevation = {{cvt|1561|m}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1081|m}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|0.634|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|87|km2}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|6.990784|N|35.480363|E|display=title, inline}} | mouth = [[Webiga Gilo|Gilo]] | progression = [[Webiga Gilo|Gilo]] → [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_population = 66,700<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | district = [[Debub Bench]] | country = [[Itoobiya]] | region = [[Bench Sheko]] | state = [[South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region]] | state_type = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Dowlad Deegaan]] | district_type = [[Degmooyinka Itoobiya|Degmo]] | region_type = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aag]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6.876|N|35.511|E|format=dms}} | discharge1_min = {{cvt|0.115|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|1.61|m3/s}} | waterbodies = Dembi Reservoir }} '''Dembi''' waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]], degmada [[Debub Bench]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Engineering International |date=1988 |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |edition=Volumes 1-2, Issue 8 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Engineering_International/rIUQAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |language=en}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} aeuoykckor0nb3wpdjhi5zixkz57a9j 0 49068 301965 2026-07-12T10:27:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Akobo | image = Akobo River Bridge, Dimma (12537058884).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biriijka Webiga Akobo | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu afkiisu ku yaal | pushpin_map_alt = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6.957798|N|34.890184|E|format=dms|type:river|display=it}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|1901|m}} | mouth = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] | mouth_location = [[Akobo, Suudaanta Koonfureed|Akobo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.7944|33.0461|region:ET-GA|display=i}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|408|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Itoobiya]]|[[Suudaanta Koonfureed]]}} | length = {{Convert|434|km|mi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|106.4|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{Convert|6250|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | discharge1_location = Afka<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|22.6|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|255|m3/s}} | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | basin_population = 13,500<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = {{cslist|[[Webiga Neubari|Neubari]]|[[Webiga Ajuba|Ajuba]]| [[Webiga Kaia|Kaia]]}} | tributaries_right = {{cslist|[[Webiga Cechi|Cechi]]|[[Webiga Chiarini|Chiarini]]|Owag}} }} '''Webiga Akobo''' waa wabi ku yaal xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]] iyo [[Itoobiya]]. Laga bilaabo isha uu ka soo kaco ee [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] meel u dhow [[Mizan Teferi]] wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka {{convert|434|km|mi}} si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |year= 1997 |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn= 0-87779-546-0 |pages= 17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Shinn |first= David H. |author2= Thomas P. Ofcansky |title= Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |year= 2004 |publisher= Scarecrow Press |isbn= 0-8108-4910-0 |pages= 360–361}}</ref> Pibor wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]], kaas oo isna ku shubma [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]]. Wabiyaasha laamaha ah ee Akobo waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Cechi|Cechi]], [[Webiga Chiarini|Chiarini]], iyo Owag, dhanka midig (Itoobiya); iyo [[Webiga Neubari|Neubari]], [[Webiga Ajuba|Ajuba]] iyo [[Webiga Kaia|Kaia]] dhanka bidix (Suudaanta Koonfureed). == Taariikh == Xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaan]] iyo Itoobiya waxaa loo qeexay gobolka u dhow Webiga Akobo sanadkii 1899, by Major [[Herbert Henry Austin|H.H. Austin]] iyo Major [[Charles Gwynn|Charles W. Gwynn]] oo ka tirsan [[Royal Engineers]] ee Ingiriiska. Ma aysan aqoon u lahayn dhulka, dadka deggan, ama luqadahooda, waxayna haysteen sahay kooban. Halkii ay ka qeexi lahaayeen xariiq ku salaysan qowmiyadaha iyo dhulalka dhaqanka, asal ahaan iyagoo raacaya jiirarka u dhexeeya buuraleyda iyo bannaanka, Majors Austin iyo Gwynn waxay si fudud u soo jeediyeen in xariiqda la dhex mariyo bartamaha Webiga Akobo iyo qaybo ka mid ah Webiga Pibor iyo [[Webiga Baro|Baro]]. Xadkan waxaa lagu dhammaystiray [[Heshiiskii Anglo-Itoobiya ee 1902]], taas oo keentay aag ku yaal [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]] ee Itoobiya oo loo yaqaan [[Baro Salient]].<ref name="Collins"> {{cite book | last = Collins | first = Robert O. | title = The Nile | year = 2002 | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 0-300-09764-6 | pages = 76, 210 }}</ref> Baro Salient wuxuu si dhow ugu xiran yahay Suudaanta Koonfureed marka loo eego Itoobiya, labadaba marka loo eego sifooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dadka. Baro Salient waxaa loo isticmaali jiray hoy ay u adeegsadaan fallaagada Suudaan intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalladii Sokeeye ee Suudaan|dagaalladii sokeeye ee dheeraa]] ee dalka. Waxay ku adkayd Suudaan inay kor u qaaddo maamulka aag qayb ka ah Itoobiya, Itoobiya ayaana ka gaabsatay inay ilaaliso gobolkan fog oo ay ku lug yeelato siyaasadda khilaafaadka gudaha Suudaan.<ref name="Collins" /> Akobo wuxuu ahaa mawduuca dhowr sahamin macdan qodis. Sanadkii 1939, injineerada Shirkadaha Mineralia Ethiopia ([[COMINA]]) waxay sameeyeen sahamin Akobo iyo wabiyaashiisa laamaha ah. Wabiyaasha u qulqula waqooyiga ayaa u muuqday kuwo ka rajo wanaagsan kuwa u qulqula koonfurta. Qiimaha ilaa 10 garaam oo dahab ah halkii mitir kiba ayaa laga helay durdurka Chama, celceliska qiimaha suurtagalka ah wuxuu noqon karaa 0.7 g halkii mitir kiba. Muddadii 1952–1954 [[Wasaaradda Macdanta (Itoobiya)|Wasaaradda Macdanta]] waxay shaqaaleysiisay ilaa 120 macdan qodayaal wakhti kasta. Waxay soo saareen celcelis ahaan 1.66 garaam oo dahab ah maalintii.<ref>"Local History in Ethiopia" (pdf) The [[Nordic Africa Institute]] website (accessed 1 May 2008)</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} mwtxkde97fo4afczaz987cstkkdmboh 0 49069 301966 2026-07-12T10:29:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Fafen | map = Jubbarivermap.png | map_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5.045836|N|44.983357|E|format=dms|type:river}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]], [[Oromiya]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | source1_location = Meel u dhow [[Chinaksen]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2505|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|9.528706|N|42.574535|E|format=dms|display=it|region:ET_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} | mouth = [[Webiga Shabeelle|Shabeelle]] (mararka qaarkood) | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|199|m}} | length = {{cvt|713|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|0|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|37.5|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|115.2|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Shabeelle|Shabeelle]] → [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = [[Webiga Jubba|Bassin-ka Jubba]] | basin_population = 969,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | basin_size = {{cvt|45572|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Jerer|Jerer]] }} '''Webiga Fafen''' waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya bariga [[Harar]], ee [[Gobolka Harari]], wuxuu gooyaa taxane ah meelo ballaaran oo fidsan oo ka samaysan dhagaxyo sedimentary ah oo ka kooban [[sandstone]], [[limestone]], iyo [[gypsum]] iyadoo uu u soo dhaadhacayo jiho koonfur-bari ah dhanka [[Webiga Shabeelle|Webiga Shabeelle]].<ref>"531: Shebelle - Juba", Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 Nofeembar 2009)</ref> Fafen wuxuu ku biiraa wabiga Shabeelle kaliya xilliyada roobabka mahiigaanka ah. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 2icw57xmloc7j1nonxybriv2ovc8s3q 0 49070 301967 2026-07-12T10:31:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Jerer | map = Jubbarivermap.png | map_caption = Khariidada Bassin-ka Webiga Jubba, oo muujinaysa Jerer dhanka sare ee midig | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.657486|N|43.803253|E|format=dms}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]], [[Oromiya]] | city = [[Jigjiga]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | source1_location = Meel u dhow [[Chinaksen]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2505|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|9|31|43|N|42|34|28|E|display=it}} | mouth = [[Webiga Fafen|Fafen]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|777|m}} | length = {{cvt|309|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|0|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|5.22|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|20.2|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Fafen|Fafen]] → [[Webiga Shabeelle|Shabeelle]] → [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = [[Webiga Jubba|Bassin-ka Jubba]] | basin_size = {{cvt|10628|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | basin_population = 579,000<ref>Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> }} '''Jerer''' waa [[durdur xilliyeed]] ku yaal bariga [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Fafen|Fafen]], wuxuuna ka soo kacaa meel u dhow [[Jigjiga]] si uu u qulqulo jiho koonfur-bari ah. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} *[http://www.getamap.net/maps/ethiopia/(et07)/_jererriver/ Webiga Jerer] rze65qu4mab3i9m2nprq0mkwrwyq2u4 0 49071 301968 2026-07-12T10:33:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Erer | image = jubbarivermap.png | image_size = | image_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Jubba/Shabeelle | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = {{coord|9.458038|N|42.081195|E|format=dms|region:ET|display=it}} | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7|33|43|N|42|01|43|E}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | length = {{cvt|264|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2422|m}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|500|m}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|14.26|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|14846|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]], [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]], [[Gobolka Harari|Harari]], [[Dire Dawa]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Shabeelle|Shabeelle]] | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|0|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|32.25|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Shabeelle|Shabeelle]] → [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = [[Webiga Jubba|Bassin-ka Jubba]] | basin_population = 2,890,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> }} '''Webiga Erer''' waa wabi joogto ah oo ku yaal bariga [[Itoobiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erer River, Ethiopia - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates |url=https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-861038&fid=1720&c=ethiopia |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=geographic.org}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo kacaa meel u dhow magaalada [[Harar]], ee [[Gobolka Harari]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur dhanka isku-darkiisa [[Webiga Shabeelle|Shabeelle]]. Wabigu waa qayb ka mid ah [[Webiga Jubba|Bassin-ka Jubba]] wuxuuna leeyahay dherer dhan {{cvt|264|km|mi}}. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} gjsd1bbdei8gabe2fqlgjz4rngvysaq 0 49072 301969 2026-07-12T10:34:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Galetti | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.512032|N|41.280067|E|format=dms}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|855|m}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobol]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | source1_location = Meel u dhow [[Dader]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2725|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|9.344347|N|41.428036|E|format=dms|display=it}} | mouth = [[Webiga Ramis|Ramis]] | length = {{cvt|129|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|6.67|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|27.9|m3/s}} | discharge1_min = {{cvt|0.972|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Ramis|Ramis]] → [[Webiga Shabeelle|Shabeelle]] → [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = [[Webiga Jubba|Bassin-ka Jubba]] | basin_size = {{cvt|3589|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | basin_population = 814,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | subdivision_type3 = [[Liiska aagagga Itoobiya|Aagagga]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Aagga Hararge Galbeed|Hararge Galbeed]], [[Aagga Hararge Bari|Hararge Bari]] }} '''Webiga Galetti''' waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Ramis|Ramis]], kaas oo isna ah wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Shabeelle|Webiga Shabeelle]] oo dhererkiisu yahay 2,714 km (1,686 mi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-major-rivers-of-ethiopia.html |title=Major Rivers Of Ethiopia |access-date=Oktoobar 17, 2016 |website=World Atlas |date=Sebtembar 22, 2016 }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist|1}} 4nvjqymf6av50t67u2nczdh2tx86i6q 0 49073 301970 2026-07-12T10:44:25Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Janaale | native_name = {{native name|so|Webiga Janaale}} | image = jubbarivermap.png | image_size = | image_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Jubba/Shabeelle | source1_location = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow [[Dolo, Itoobiya|Dolo]], xadka [[Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4.1784|42.0801|format=dms|region:ET-OR|display=it}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|3479|m}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|175|m}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|241.5|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|82600|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]], [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]], [[Gobolka Sidama|Sidama]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6.807437|N|39.122393|E|format=dms}} | mouth = [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] | length = {{cvt|858|km}} | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|56.2|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|531.6|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = Bassin-ka Jubba | basin_population = 3,940,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Welmel|Welmel]], [[Webiga Mena|Mena]], [[Webiga Weyib|Weyib]] | waterbodies = [[Genale Dawa III Hydroelectric Power Station|GD-3 Power Station Reservoir]] }} '''Webiga Janaale''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Genale Dorya''') waa [[wabi joogto ah]] oo ku yaal koonfur-bari ee [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda bariga [[Aleta Wendo]], Janaale wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur iyo bari si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Dawa|Dawa]] xadka [[Soomaaliya]] si ay u noqdaan [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]]. Wabiyaasha [[Wabi laamoodka|laamaha]] ee wabigan waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Welmel|Welmel]], [[Webiga Weyib|Weyib]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Gestro), iyo [[Webiga Mena|Mena]]. Del Verme Falls waa muuqaal caan ah oo ka mid ah marin-biyoodkiisa dhexe. Sida ay qoreen agabka ay daabacday [[Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe (Itoobiya)|Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe]] ee Itoobiya, Janaale wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|858|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>"Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)", Table A.1. Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe website (la galay 26 Diseembar 2009)</ref> Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ee Itoobiya, waxay ku tilmaamtay aagga qabashada biyaha ee bassin-ka webiga Janaale-Dawa inuu yahay {{convert|82600|km2|abbr=on}} cabbirkiisu, oo leh qulqul sanadle ah oo ah {{convert|5.80|e9m3}}, iyo qulqul gaar ah oo ah {{convert|1.2|L/s}} halkii kiiloomitir laba jibaaran.<ref>"Water Sector Development Program: Main Report, Volume II", Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ee Itoobiya (2002), p. 12</ref> Aagga qabashada biyaha ayaa lagu qiyaasay inuu leeyahay awood uu ku waraabiyo {{convert|1070|km2|abbr=on}}, iyo inuu dhaliyo 9270 gigawatt-saacadood sanadkii.<ref>"Nature and Features of the Ethiopian River Basins: Table 6.1, Simple Parameters Indicating the Potential of the Basin", Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ee Itoobiya (la galay 12 Febraayo 2009)</ref> Webiga Janaale waxaa u bixiyay Janaale Doria sahamiyihii Talyaaniga ahaa [[Vittorio Bottego]] isagoo u bixiyay bayoolojistaha Talyaaniga ah [[Giacomo Doria]].<ref>V. Bottego, ''Il Giuba esplorato'', Rome, 1895; [[A. Donaldson Smith]], ''Through unknown African Countries'', London, 1897; [[I. N. Dracopoli]], ''Through Jubaland to the Lorian Swamp'', London, 1914; C. Citerni and L. Vannutelli, ''L'Omo. Viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale'', Milan, 1899; Regio Governo della Somalia Italiana, ''Il Giuba'', Turin, s. a. [1926]; id., ''La Vallata del Giuba'', Turin, s. a. [1927]; Commissariato generale dell'Oltre Giuba, ''Notizie sul territorio di riva destra del Giuba'', Rome, 1927.</ref> Janaale Doria waa mid taariikh ahaan muhiim ah sababtoo ah waxay u adeegi jirtay xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Sidamo]] iyo [[Bale]]. Isku-darka Janaale Doria iyo Dawa ayaa caan ah maadaama ay tahay halkii markii hore laga bilaabay xadka u dhexeeya Itoobiya iyo [[Kenya]] dhanka galbeed, iyo halkii laga bilaabay xadka u dhexeeya Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya dhanka bari.<ref>Fiiri, tusaale ahaan, "Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary", U.S. State Department International Boundary Study, No. 152 – Oktoobar 15, 1975</ref> Sanadkii 1936, [[Dagaalkii Janaale Doria]] waxaa lagu dhex maray koonfurta marinka wabiga. == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} 9ck8ooxuyn3se9jesu27t9lhey1rvz8 301971 301970 2026-07-12T10:46:04Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Webiga Ganale Doria]] ilaa [[Webiga Janaale]] 301970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Janaale | native_name = {{native name|so|Webiga Janaale}} | image = jubbarivermap.png | image_size = | image_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Jubba/Shabeelle | source1_location = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow [[Dolo, Itoobiya|Dolo]], xadka [[Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4.1784|42.0801|format=dms|region:ET-OR|display=it}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|3479|m}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|175|m}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|241.5|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|82600|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]], [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]], [[Gobolka Sidama|Sidama]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6.807437|N|39.122393|E|format=dms}} | mouth = [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] | length = {{cvt|858|km}} | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|56.2|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|531.6|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = Bassin-ka Jubba | basin_population = 3,940,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Welmel|Welmel]], [[Webiga Mena|Mena]], [[Webiga Weyib|Weyib]] | waterbodies = [[Genale Dawa III Hydroelectric Power Station|GD-3 Power Station Reservoir]] }} '''Webiga Janaale''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Genale Dorya''') waa [[wabi joogto ah]] oo ku yaal koonfur-bari ee [[Itoobiya]]. Isagoo ka soo kacaya buuraleyda bariga [[Aleta Wendo]], Janaale wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur iyo bari si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Dawa|Dawa]] xadka [[Soomaaliya]] si ay u noqdaan [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]]. Wabiyaasha [[Wabi laamoodka|laamaha]] ee wabigan waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Welmel|Welmel]], [[Webiga Weyib|Weyib]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Gestro), iyo [[Webiga Mena|Mena]]. Del Verme Falls waa muuqaal caan ah oo ka mid ah marin-biyoodkiisa dhexe. Sida ay qoreen agabka ay daabacday [[Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe (Itoobiya)|Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe]] ee Itoobiya, Janaale wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|858|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>"Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)", Table A.1. Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe website (la galay 26 Diseembar 2009)</ref> Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ee Itoobiya, waxay ku tilmaamtay aagga qabashada biyaha ee bassin-ka webiga Janaale-Dawa inuu yahay {{convert|82600|km2|abbr=on}} cabbirkiisu, oo leh qulqul sanadle ah oo ah {{convert|5.80|e9m3}}, iyo qulqul gaar ah oo ah {{convert|1.2|L/s}} halkii kiiloomitir laba jibaaran.<ref>"Water Sector Development Program: Main Report, Volume II", Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ee Itoobiya (2002), p. 12</ref> Aagga qabashada biyaha ayaa lagu qiyaasay inuu leeyahay awood uu ku waraabiyo {{convert|1070|km2|abbr=on}}, iyo inuu dhaliyo 9270 gigawatt-saacadood sanadkii.<ref>"Nature and Features of the Ethiopian River Basins: Table 6.1, Simple Parameters Indicating the Potential of the Basin", Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ee Itoobiya (la galay 12 Febraayo 2009)</ref> Webiga Janaale waxaa u bixiyay Janaale Doria sahamiyihii Talyaaniga ahaa [[Vittorio Bottego]] isagoo u bixiyay bayoolojistaha Talyaaniga ah [[Giacomo Doria]].<ref>V. Bottego, ''Il Giuba esplorato'', Rome, 1895; [[A. Donaldson Smith]], ''Through unknown African Countries'', London, 1897; [[I. N. Dracopoli]], ''Through Jubaland to the Lorian Swamp'', London, 1914; C. Citerni and L. Vannutelli, ''L'Omo. Viaggio di esplorazione nell'Africa orientale'', Milan, 1899; Regio Governo della Somalia Italiana, ''Il Giuba'', Turin, s. a. [1926]; id., ''La Vallata del Giuba'', Turin, s. a. [1927]; Commissariato generale dell'Oltre Giuba, ''Notizie sul territorio di riva destra del Giuba'', Rome, 1927.</ref> Janaale Doria waa mid taariikh ahaan muhiim ah sababtoo ah waxay u adeegi jirtay xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Sidamo]] iyo [[Bale]]. Isku-darka Janaale Doria iyo Dawa ayaa caan ah maadaama ay tahay halkii markii hore laga bilaabay xadka u dhexeeya Itoobiya iyo [[Kenya]] dhanka galbeed, iyo halkii laga bilaabay xadka u dhexeeya Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya dhanka bari.<ref>Fiiri, tusaale ahaan, "Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary", U.S. State Department International Boundary Study, No. 152 – Oktoobar 15, 1975</ref> Sanadkii 1936, [[Dagaalkii Janaale Doria]] waxaa lagu dhex maray koonfurta marinka wabiga. == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} 9ck8ooxuyn3se9jesu27t9lhey1rvz8 0 49074 301972 2026-07-12T10:46:05Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Webiga Ganale Doria]] ilaa [[Webiga Janaale]] 301972 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Webiga Janaale]] o7l5ghw2xo6ojb8jwqp8zwsuv26at8k 0 49075 301973 2026-07-12T10:47:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mena | map = Jubbarivermap.png | map_caption = Webiga Mena oo loo muujiyay sidii wabi laamoodka Webiga Janaale ee Aagga Bale, bariga Itoobiya | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5.541645|N|41.183107|E|format=dms}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]], [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]] | source1_location = [[Buuraleyda Bale]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|3101|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|6.931156|N|40.190713|E|format=dms|display=it}} | mouth = [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|280|m}} | length = {{cvt|298|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|6.96|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|35.1|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|109.2|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]] → [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = Bassin-ka Jubba | basin_size = {{cvt|9081|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | basin_population = 206,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | map_alt = Khariidad muujinaysa bassin-ka webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle. }} '''Mena''' waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Itoobiya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hazel |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrXkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mena+River%22+Ethiopia&pg=PA43 |title=Snakes, People, and Spirits, Volume Two: Traditional Eastern Africa in its Broader Context |date=2020-05-07 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-5045-2 |language=en}}</ref> Wuxuu ku yaal [[degmada]] [[Delo Menna]] ee [[Aagga Bale]], [[Gobolka Oromiya]]. Isha uu ka soo kaco waxay ku taallaa [[Buuraleyda Bale]]. Waa wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]].<ref name=":0" /> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} evv20qkxgi2o4nguxm6q9exnikhk01q 0 49076 301974 2026-07-12T10:49:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Weyib | image = Gestro - Genale.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Gestro/Weyib (midig) iyo Webiga Janaale (dhexda) | source1_location = [[Buuraleyda Bale]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow Dolobay | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4|17|12|N|42|2|35|E|region:ET-OR}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | length = {{cvt|657|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | source1_elevation = {{cvt|3709|m}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|181|m}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|66.3|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|24861|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | map = jubbarivermap.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Jubba/Shabeelle oo muujinaysa Webiga Weyib (Gestro) xarunta | name_other = Gestro, Webi | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]], [[Oromiya]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6|53|16|N|39|33|53|E|display=it}} | mouth = [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]] | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|8.81|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|205.8|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]] → [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = Bassin-ka Jubba | basin_population = 1,150,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | landmark = [[Godaha Sof Omar]] }} '''Webiga Weyib''' (sidoo kale ''Webi Gestro''; ''Wabē Gestro'' ama ''Webi'')<ref>"Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary"</ref> waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Itoobiya]]. Wuxuu ka soo kacaa [[Buuraleyda Bale]] bariga [[Goba]] ee [[Gobolka Oromiya]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa bari si uu u maro [[Godaha Sof Omar]], ka dibna koonfur-bari ilaa uu ka biiro [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]] ee [[Gobolka Soomaalida]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist|2}} as779th6fm716m33c6ee9wtjiyrijqg 0 49077 301975 2026-07-12T10:51:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 301975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Welmel | map = Jubbarivermap.png | map_caption = Khariidada Bassin-ka Jubba, oo muujinaysa Welmel dhanka sare ee dhexda | map_alt = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5|40|52|N|40|56|09|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|302|m}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Oromiya]], [[Gobolka Soomaalida|Soomaalida]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Bale]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|3927|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6|52|43|N|39|44|33|E|display=it}} | mouth = [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]] | length = {{cvt|311|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|10.15|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|33.41|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|82.68|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]] → [[Webiga Jubba|Jubba]] → [[Badda Soomaaliya]] | river_system = Bassin-ka Jubba | basin_size = {{cvt|15085|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | basin_population = 389,000<ref>Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Dumal|Dumal]] }} '''Welmel''' waa wabi ku yaal bariga [[Itoobiya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Welmel River, Ethiopia|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-878871&fid=1709&c=ethiopia|website=Geographical Names|access-date=30 Nofeembar 2014}}</ref> Waa wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Janaale|Janaale]], kaas oo isna ah wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Jubba|Webiga Jubba]]. Isha uu ka soo kaco Welmel waxay ku taallaa [[Buuraleyda Bale]] ee [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur-bari ilaa {{cvt|311|km}} ilaa uu ka gaaro afkiisa.<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} rzdxjy7ebq7cpqao1jahgzqdavid3ly 0 49078 301988 2026-07-12T11:33:53Z BARRE IBRAAHIM FAARAX 46449 Abuuray iyadoo la turjumay qaybta furitaanka ee bogga "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363533073|Abdul Hamid II]]" 301988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|title=[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]|more=|image=Sultan Gazi Abdül Hamid II - السلطان الغازي عبد الحميد الثاني.png|alt=|caption=Portrait 1899|succession=[[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])|reign={{nowrap|31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909}}|predecessor=[[Murad V]]|regent={{collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Mehmed Rushdi Pasha]]<br />[[Midhat Pasha]]<br />[[Ibrahim Edhem Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Hamdi Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Vefik Pasha]]<br />[[Mehmed Sadık Pasha]]<br />[[Saffet Pasha]]<br />[[Hayreddin Pasha|Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Arifi Pasha]]<br />[[Mehmed Said Pasha]]<br />[[Kadri Pasha]]<br />[[Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha]]<br />[[Kâmil Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Cevad Pasha]]<br />[[Halil Rifat Pasha]]<br />[[Mehmed Ferid Pasha]]<br />[[Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha]]}}|successor=[[Mehmed V]]|birth_date={{birth date|1842|9|21|df= y}}<ref name="EB" /><ref name="juYpK" />|birth_place=[[Topkapı Palace]], [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|1918|2|10|1842|9|21|df= y}}|death_place=[[Beylerbeyi Palace]], Constantinople, Ottoman Empire|burial_place=Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, [[Fatih, Istanbul]],<!--Use Istanbul here as this is the modern name--> Turkey|spouse={{Collapsible list |[[Nazikeda Kadın (consort of Abdul Hamid II)|Nazikeda Kadın]]|[[Nurefsun Kadın|Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın]]|[[Bedrifelek Kadın]]|[[Bidar Kadın]] |[[Dilpesend Kadın]]|[[Mezidemestan Kadın]]|[[Emsalinur Kadın]]|[[Müşfika Kadın|Destizer Müşfika Kadın]]|[[Sazkar Hanım]]|[[Peyveste Hanım|Rabia Peyveste Hanım]]|[[Fatma Pesend Hanım]]|[[Behice Hanım]]|[[Saliha Naciye Kadın]]}}|issue={{Collapsible list| * [[Şehzade Mehmed Selim]] * [[Zekiye Sultan]] * [[Naime Sultan]] * [[Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir]] * [[Şehzade Ahmed Nuri]] * [[Naile Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)|Naile Sultan]] * [[Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)|Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin]] * [[Şadiye Sultan]] * [[Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)|Ayşe Sultan]] * [[Refia Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)|Refia Sultan]] * [[Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri]] * [[Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)|Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin]] * [[Şehzade Mehmed Abid]] }}|house=[[House of Osman|Ottoman]]|father=[[Abdülmecid I]]|mother=Biological mother:<br />[[Tirimüjgan Kadın]]<br />Adoptive mother:<br />[[Rahime Perestu Sultan]]|signature_type=[[Tughra]]|religion=[[Sunni Islam]]|succession2=[[Ottoman Caliph]] (''[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]'')|predecessor2=Murad V|successor2=Mehmed V|type=|signature=Tughra of Abdülhamid II.svg}} '''Abdülhamid II''' ama '''Abdul Hamid II''' ( {{Langx|ota|عبد الحميد ثانی|Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī}} ; {{Langx|tr|II. Abdülhamid}} ; 21 Sebtembar 1842{{snd}} 10 Febraayo 1918) wuxuu ahaa suldaankii 34aad ee Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, laga bilaabo 1876 ilaa 1909, Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee si dhab ah u maamula dawladdii sii burburaysay." Wuxuu soo maray xilli hoos u dhac ah oo ay kacdoonno sameeyeen (gaar ahaan [[Jasiiradda Balkaan|Balkans]] ), wuxuuna hoggaaminayay dagaal guul daraystayoo lala galay Boqortooyadii Ruushka (1877–78), lumitaanka Masar, Qubrus, Bulgaariya, Serbia, Montenegro, Tunisiya, iyo Thessaly oo ka yimid xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta (1877–1882), waxaana ku xigay dagaal guul leh oo ka dhan ah Giriigga sannadkii 1897, In kasta oo guulihii Cusmaaniyiinta ay xaddideen faragalintii xigtay ee wadamda Yurubta Galbeed, looga jeedo gaar ahaan faransiiska iyo angriiska. Isagoo xukunka ku guuleystay ka dib afgambigii Ururka (dhalinta cusmanaiyiinta/Young turks/تركية الفتاة) la odhan jiray oo adeerkii af gambiyay, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dastuurkii ugu horreeyay ee Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, taasoo ah calaamad muujinaysa fikirka horumarka leh ee calaamad u ahaa xukunkiisii hore . Laakiin caleemo-saarkiisa wuxuu ku yimid xaaladda Qalalaasihii Bariga Weyn, kaas oo ka bilaabmay Boqortooyadii oo aan bixin deymaha, kacdoonno ay sameeyeen dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee Masiixiyiinta Balkan, iyo dagaal lala galay Boqortooyada Ruushka . Dhammaadkii dhibaatada, xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Balkans iyo sumcaddiisii caalami ayaa si xun hoos ugu dhacay, Boqortooyaduna waxay lumisay madaxbannaanideedii dhaqaale iyadoo dhaqaalaheeda ay hoos yimaadeen Awoodaha Weyn iyada oo loo marayo Maamulka Deynta Dadweynaha ee Cusmaaniyiinta . Sannadkii 1878, Abdul Hamid wuxuu xukumadiisa ku adkeeyay isagoo joojiyay dastuurka iyo Baarlamaanka, isagoo ka takhalusay ururkii dhalinta Cusmaniyiinta [tr], wuxuuna yareeyay awoodda Albaabka Sare. Wuxuu u xukumay Kaligii (Autocrat)muddo Sodon sano ah. Wuxuu aminsana Suldaanku midnimada Islaamka ilaahay qabriga ha unuuriyee Suldaanku wuxuu isticmalaayay maqaamka khaliifnimada si uu u hago Muslimiinta adduunka oo dhan. Shakigiisa ku saabsan in la afgembiyo, sida adeerkii iyo walaalkiis, ayaa horseeday abuurista ururada booliska qarsoon, sida Hay'adda Sirdoonka Yıldız iyo Umur-u Hafiye, iyo nidaam faafreeb=maamulka qoraalada wargeysyada ah. Casriyeynta iyo isku-xidhka Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa sii socday intii uu xukunka hayay, oo ay ku jiraan dib u habeynta Xafiisyada, BalaadhintaTareenka Rumelia iyo Tareenka Anatolia, iyo dhismaha Tareenka Baghdad iyo Hejaz iyadoo lala kaashanayo Jarmalka. Nidaamyada diiwaangelinta dadweynaha, dejinta kooxaha qabiillada, iyo xakamaynta saxaafadda waxay qayb ka ahaayeen nidaam boqortooyo oo gaar ah oo ka jira gobollada deriska ah ee loo yaqaan [[Borrowed colonialism|gumeysiga amaahda]] . Dib-u-habaynta ugu fog waxay ahayd waxbarashada iyada oo loo marayo aasaasidda dugsiyo badan oo xirfadlayaal ah iyo shabakad dugsiyo hoose, sare, iyo militari ah oo ku baahsan Boqortooyada. <ref name="britannica.com" /> Waxaa layaab leh in isla machadyadii waxbarasho ee uu Suldaanku maalgeliyey ay noqdeen burburkiisa. Qaybo badan oo ka mid ah dadka waxgaradka ah ee Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka xumaaday siyaasadihiisa caburinta ah, kuwaas oo ku biiray dhaqdhaqaaqa Dhalinta Turkiga . Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay waxay bilaabeen inay abaabulaan dhaqdhaqaaqyadooda xorayneed, taasoo keentay kacdoon ka dhaca Macedonia iyo Bariga Anatolia . Armeeniyiintu waxay si gaar ah ula kulmeen xasuuq ka dhacay gacanta guutada ''Hamidiye'' . Isku daygii dilka ee badnaa xilligii Cabdul Xamiid, mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan waa isku daygii dilka ee Yıldız ee Ururka Kacaanka Armenia ee 1905. <ref name="Panossian2013"></ref> Sannadkii 1908, Guddiga Midowga iyo Horumarka ayaa ku qasbay inuu dib u Soo celyo baarlamaanka soona celiyo dastuurka xilligii Kacaankii Turkiga ee Dhalinyarada . Cabdul Hamid II wuxuu isku dayay inuu dib u xaqiijiyo rabitaankiisa dhabta ah sanad ka dib, taasoo keentay in ciidamo taageersan dastuurka ay dacwad ka gudbiyaan dhacdadii 31-kii Maarso, inkastoo doorkii uu ka ciyaaray dhacdooyinkan la isku khilaafsan yahay. Cabdul Xamid ayaa muddo dheer lagu dhaleeceeyay inuu yahay "Suldaan Cas" oo ka falceliyay hoggaankiisa kalitalisnimada *laakin Kali talisnimadaasi waa tii isku haysay midnimada dawlada/boqortooyada inkabadan 30sano* ah iyo inuu ka tanaasulay xadgudubyada. Markii hore waxay ahayd isku raac in xukunkiisa shaqsiyeed uu abuuray xilli fadhiidnimo ah kaas oo ka hor istaagay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta inay ka baxdo Belle Époque oo kale oo firfircoon. Qiimeyntii ugu dambeysay waxay iftiimisay kor u qaadistiisa waxbarashada iyo mashaariicda shaqada dadweynaha, xukunkiisuna waa dhammaad iyo horumarinta dib-u-habaynta ''Tanzimat'' . Tan iyo markii xisbiga [[Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta|AKP]] uu xukunka qabtay, aqoonyahannadu waxay ku tilmaameen dib u soo nooleynta dhaqankiisa shakhsiyadeed inay tahay isku day lagu hubinayo muuqaalka [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] ee aasaasihii [[Turkiga]] casriga ah. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Erik|title=Turkey: A Modern History|publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]]|year=1993|isbn=1-86064-222-5|edition=2nd|pages=80–81}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZürcher1993">Zürcher, Erik (1993). </cite></ref> 6cgreyio5rx8z9um8nyweww5aixhuwv 0 49079 301993 2026-07-12T11:47:20Z Armadillo Jack 46447 Samee turjumidda bogga "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361770375|Colin Allred]]" 301993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Macluumaad Qof Madax Ah|name=Colin Allred|image=Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2022|state=[[Texas]]|district={{ushr|TX|32|32nd}}|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|spouse={{marriage|Alexandra Eber|2017}}|children=2}}{{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 1/8|weight=237|dash=4.85|shuttle=4.37|cone drill=7.33|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=7|bench=17|wonderlic=|note=All values from Pro Day<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, Baylor, OLB, 2006 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref>}}{{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 1/8|weight=237|dash=4.85|shuttle=4.37|cone drill=7.33|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=7|bench=17|wonderlic=|note=All values from Pro Day<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, Baylor, OLB, 2006 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref>}}'''Colin Zachary Allred''' (wuxuu dhashay Abriil 15, 1983) waa siyaasi Mareykan ah, qareen xuquuqda madaniga ah, iyo ciyaaryahan hore oo xirfadle kubadda cagta ah oo u soo noqday wakiilka Mareykanka ee Texas's 32nd congressional district laga bilaabo 2019 ilaa 2025. Degmadu waxay ka koobnayd geeska waqooyi-bari ee [[Dallas]] iyo sidoo kale deegaanno badan oo waqooyi-bari ah. Waa xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga, waana musharrax u taagan degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka sannadkii 2026. Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee&amp;nbsp; National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka. . == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Allred wuxuu ku dhashay Dallas, Texas. Waxaa korisay hooyadiis, Judith Allred, oo ahayd macallin dugsi dadweyne. Laga soo bilaabo 2024, Allred waligiis ma uusan la kulmin aabihiis. Aabihiis waa madow hooyadiisna waa caddaan. Allred wuxuu dhiganayay Dugsiga Sare ee Hillcrest ee Dallas, halkaas oo uu ku ciyaari jiray baseball, basketball iyo kubadda cagta, wuxuuna ahaa madaxweyne fasal. Wuxuu helay deeq waxbarasho si uu ugu ciyaaro kubadda cagta kulliyadda Jaamacadda Baylor Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka.[[:en:Baylor_University|(Baylor University]]).<ref name="wermund">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Xirfad xirfadeed == === Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Qaranka Mareykanka NFL === Allred waxaa saxiixay [[:en:Tennessee_Titans|Tennessee Titans]] isagoo ah wakiil xor ah oo aan la qorin ka dib qabyo-qoraalkii NFL ee 2006 ee 2006.. Waxaa loo dallacsiiyay liiska firfircoon ee [[:en:Linebacker|linebacker]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Roeloffs|first=Mary Whitfill|title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|access-date=September 16, 2024|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|url-status=live}}</ref>' Diseembar 15, wuxuuna kulankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xilli ciyaareedka caadiga ah ee NFL ka soo muuqday 2007. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Oktoobar 10, 2010, intii lagu jiray ciyaar Titans ah oo ay la ciyaarayeen Dallas Cowboys, wuxuu si xun uga dhaawacmay qoorta intii lagu jiray ciyaar markii uu isku dhacay ciyaaryahanka Cowboys Martellus Bennett . Kadib wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ka fariisto kubadda cagta oo uu aado dugsiga sharciga, <ref name="texastribune" /> wuxuuna noqday wakiil xor ah ka hor xilli ciyaareedkii 2011 isagoon la saxiixin koox kale. [[File:20161007-SOHUD-Appointees-Swearing-In-0643_(31762301605).jpg|thumb|Allred oo la jooga Xoghaye Castro sanadkii 2016]] == Wakiilka Mareykanka == === Doorashooyinka === [[File:Texas_32nd_2018.svg|thumb|Natiijooyinka doorashada 2018]] [[File:Senator_Collin_Allred_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg|thumb|Allred oo la kulmay Rugta Ganacsiga ee Dallas si ay uga wada hadlaan hindise-sharciyeedka Dhimista Sicir-bararka sanadka 2022]] Allred wuxuu markii hore u tartamay kursiga kale ee senate-ka ee Texas sannadkii 2026, laakiin wuu ka baxay Diseembar 2025, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu raadin doono musharraxa Dimuqraadiga ee degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas . Wuxuu ku guuleystay musharraxnimada Dimuqraadiga ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii bishii Maajo, isagoo ka adkaaday qofkii beddelay ee [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|Degmada 32aad]], Julie Johnson . [[File:Representative_Collin_Allred_Foreign_Affairs_Committee.jpg|thumb|Allred intii uu ku jiray Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ayaa su'aalo ka weydiiyay dhageysi ku saabsan dhibaatada bani'aadamnimada ee ka jirta Yemen sanadka 2022.]] [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] in2qh53oph2454384ctk28rp4z82c5w 301994 301993 2026-07-12T11:50:27Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Macluumaad Qof Madax Ah|name=Colin Allred|image=Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2022|state=[[Texas]]|district={{ushr|TX|32|32nd}}|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|spouse={{marriage|Alexandra Eber|2017}}|children=2}}{{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 1/8|weight=237|dash=4.85|shuttle=4.37|cone drill=7.33|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=7|bench=17|wonderlic=|note=All values from Pro Day<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, Baylor, OLB, 2006 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref>}}{{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=1 1/8|weight=237|dash=4.85|shuttle=4.37|cone drill=7.33|vertical=34.0|broad ft=9|broad in=7|bench=17|wonderlic=|note=All values from Pro Day<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=11879&DraftYear=2006 |title=Colin Allred, Baylor, OLB, 2006 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football |website=DraftScout.com |access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref>}}'''Colin Zachary Allred''' (wuxuu dhashay Abriil 15, 1983) waa siyaasi Mareykan ah, qareen xuquuqda madaniga ah, iyo ciyaaryahan hore oo xirfadle kubadda cagta ah oo u soo noqday wakiilka Mareykanka ee Texas's 32nd congressional district laga bilaabo 2019 ilaa 2025. Degmadu waxay ka koobnayd geeska waqooyi-bari ee [[Dallas]] iyo sidoo kale deegaanno badan oo waqooyi-bari ah. Waa xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga, waana musharrax u taagan degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka sannadkii 2026. Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka. . == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Allred wuxuu ku dhashay Dallas, Texas. Waxaa korisay hooyadiis, Judith Allred, oo ahayd macallin dugsi dadweyne. Laga soo bilaabo 2024, Allred waligiis ma uusan la kulmin aabihiis. Aabihiis waa madow hooyadiisna waa caddaan. Allred wuxuu dhiganayay Dugsiga Sare ee Hillcrest ee Dallas, halkaas oo uu ku ciyaari jiray baseball, basketball iyo kubadda cagta, wuxuuna ahaa madaxweyne fasal. Wuxuu helay deeq waxbarasho si uu ugu ciyaaro kubadda cagta kulliyadda Jaamacadda Baylor Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka.[[:en:Baylor_University|(Baylor University]]).<ref name="wermund">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Xirfad xirfadeed == === Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Qaranka Mareykanka NFL === Allred waxaa saxiixay [[:en:Tennessee_Titans|Tennessee Titans]] isagoo ah wakiil xor ah oo aan la qorin ka dib qabyo-qoraalkii NFL ee 2006 ee 2006.. Waxaa loo dallacsiiyay liiska firfircoon ee [[:en:Linebacker|linebacker]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Roeloffs|first=Mary Whitfill|title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|access-date=September 16, 2024|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|url-status=live}}</ref>' Diseembar 15, wuxuuna kulankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xilli ciyaareedka caadiga ah ee NFL ka soo muuqday 2007. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Oktoobar 10, 2010, intii lagu jiray ciyaar Titans ah oo ay la ciyaarayeen Dallas Cowboys, wuxuu si xun uga dhaawacmay qoorta intii lagu jiray ciyaar markii uu isku dhacay ciyaaryahanka Cowboys Martellus Bennett . Kadib wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ka fariisto kubadda cagta oo uu aado dugsiga sharciga, <ref name="texastribune" /> wuxuuna noqday wakiil xor ah ka hor xilli ciyaareedkii 2011 isagoon la saxiixin koox kale. [[File:20161007-SOHUD-Appointees-Swearing-In-0643_(31762301605).jpg|thumb|Allred oo la jooga Xoghaye Castro sanadkii 2016]] == Wakiilka Mareykanka == === Doorashooyinka === [[File:Texas_32nd_2018.svg|thumb|Natiijooyinka doorashada 2018]] [[File:Senator_Collin_Allred_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg|thumb|Allred oo la kulmay Rugta Ganacsiga ee Dallas si ay uga wada hadlaan hindise-sharciyeedka Dhimista Sicir-bararka sanadka 2022]] Allred wuxuu markii hore u tartamay kursiga kale ee senate-ka ee Texas sannadkii 2026, laakiin wuu ka baxay Diseembar 2025, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu raadin doono musharraxa Dimuqraadiga ee degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas . Wuxuu ku guuleystay musharraxnimada Dimuqraadiga ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii bishii Maajo, isagoo ka adkaaday qofkii beddelay ee [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|Degmada 32aad]], Julie Johnson . [[File:Representative_Collin_Allred_Foreign_Affairs_Committee.jpg|thumb|Allred intii uu ku jiray Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ayaa su'aalo ka weydiiyay dhageysi ku saabsan dhibaatada bani'aadamnimada ee ka jirta Yemen sanadka 2022.]] [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 2tckt0ce6mu58kt9108x21tmxkeues2 301995 301994 2026-07-12T11:51:10Z Armadillo Jack 46447 DELETE XUN MA WANAAGSAN NO WORK 301995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Macluumaad Qof Madax Ah|name=Colin Allred|image=Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2022|state=[[Texas]]|district={{ushr|TX|32|32nd}}|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|spouse={{marriage|Alexandra Eber|2017}}|children=2}}'''Colin Zachary Allred''' (wuxuu dhashay Abriil 15, 1983) waa siyaasi Mareykan ah, qareen xuquuqda madaniga ah, iyo ciyaaryahan hore oo xirfadle kubadda cagta ah oo u soo noqday wakiilka Mareykanka ee Texas's 32nd congressional district laga bilaabo 2019 ilaa 2025. Degmadu waxay ka koobnayd geeska waqooyi-bari ee [[Dallas]] iyo sidoo kale deegaanno badan oo waqooyi-bari ah. Waa xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga, waana musharrax u taagan degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka sannadkii 2026. Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka. . == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Allred wuxuu ku dhashay Dallas, Texas. Waxaa korisay hooyadiis, Judith Allred, oo ahayd macallin dugsi dadweyne. Laga soo bilaabo 2024, Allred waligiis ma uusan la kulmin aabihiis. Aabihiis waa madow hooyadiisna waa caddaan. Allred wuxuu dhiganayay Dugsiga Sare ee Hillcrest ee Dallas, halkaas oo uu ku ciyaari jiray baseball, basketball iyo kubadda cagta, wuxuuna ahaa madaxweyne fasal. Wuxuu helay deeq waxbarasho si uu ugu ciyaaro kubadda cagta kulliyadda Jaamacadda Baylor Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka.[[:en:Baylor_University|(Baylor University]]).<ref name="wermund">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Xirfad xirfadeed == === Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Qaranka Mareykanka NFL === Allred waxaa saxiixay [[:en:Tennessee_Titans|Tennessee Titans]] isagoo ah wakiil xor ah oo aan la qorin ka dib qabyo-qoraalkii NFL ee 2006 ee 2006.. Waxaa loo dallacsiiyay liiska firfircoon ee [[:en:Linebacker|linebacker]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Roeloffs|first=Mary Whitfill|title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|access-date=September 16, 2024|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|url-status=live}}</ref>' Diseembar 15, wuxuuna kulankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xilli ciyaareedka caadiga ah ee NFL ka soo muuqday 2007. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Oktoobar 10, 2010, intii lagu jiray ciyaar Titans ah oo ay la ciyaarayeen Dallas Cowboys, wuxuu si xun uga dhaawacmay qoorta intii lagu jiray ciyaar markii uu isku dhacay ciyaaryahanka Cowboys Martellus Bennett . Kadib wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ka fariisto kubadda cagta oo uu aado dugsiga sharciga, <ref name="texastribune" /> wuxuuna noqday wakiil xor ah ka hor xilli ciyaareedkii 2011 isagoon la saxiixin koox kale. [[File:20161007-SOHUD-Appointees-Swearing-In-0643_(31762301605).jpg|thumb|Allred oo la jooga Xoghaye Castro sanadkii 2016]] == Wakiilka Mareykanka == === Doorashooyinka === [[File:Texas_32nd_2018.svg|thumb|Natiijooyinka doorashada 2018]] [[File:Senator_Collin_Allred_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg|thumb|Allred oo la kulmay Rugta Ganacsiga ee Dallas si ay uga wada hadlaan hindise-sharciyeedka Dhimista Sicir-bararka sanadka 2022]] Allred wuxuu markii hore u tartamay kursiga kale ee senate-ka ee Texas sannadkii 2026, laakiin wuu ka baxay Diseembar 2025, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu raadin doono musharraxa Dimuqraadiga ee degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas . Wuxuu ku guuleystay musharraxnimada Dimuqraadiga ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii bishii Maajo, isagoo ka adkaaday qofkii beddelay ee [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|Degmada 32aad]], Julie Johnson . [[File:Representative_Collin_Allred_Foreign_Affairs_Committee.jpg|thumb|Allred intii uu ku jiray Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ayaa su'aalo ka weydiiyay dhageysi ku saabsan dhibaatada bani'aadamnimada ee ka jirta Yemen sanadka 2022.]] [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] f47k8gvrofe52z3o4hgm4jweip9t0mu 301998 301995 2026-07-12T11:57:38Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Macluumaad Qof Madax Ah|name=Colin Allred|image=Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2022|state=[[Texas]]|district={{ushr|TX|32|32nd}}|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|spouse={{marriage|Alexandra Eber|2017}}|children=2}}'''Colin Zachary Allred''' (wuxuu dhashay Abriil 15, 1983) waa siyaasi Mareykan ah, qareen xuquuqda madaniga ah, iyo ciyaaryahan hore oo xirfadle kubadda cagta ah oo u soo noqday wakiilka Mareykanka ee [[Texas's 32nd congressional district]] laga bilaabo 2019 ilaa 2025. Degmadu waxay ka koobnayd geeska waqooyi-bari ee [[Dallas]] iyo sidoo kale deegaanno badan oo waqooyi-bari ah. Waa xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga, waana musharrax u taagan degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka sannadkii 2026. Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka. . == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Allred wuxuu ku dhashay Dallas, Texas. Waxaa korisay hooyadiis, Judith Allred, oo ahayd macallin dugsi dadweyne. Laga soo bilaabo 2024, Allred waligiis ma uusan la kulmin aabihiis. Aabihiis waa madow hooyadiisna waa caddaan. Allred wuxuu dhiganayay Dugsiga Sare ee Hillcrest ee Dallas, halkaas oo uu ku ciyaari jiray baseball, basketball iyo kubadda cagta, wuxuuna ahaa madaxweyne fasal. Wuxuu helay deeq waxbarasho si uu ugu ciyaaro kubadda cagta kulliyadda Jaamacadda Baylor Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka.[[:en:Baylor_University|(Baylor University]]).<ref name="wermund">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Xirfad xirfadeed == === Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Qaranka Mareykanka NFL === Allred waxaa saxiixay [[:en:Tennessee_Titans|Tennessee Titans]] isagoo ah wakiil xor ah oo aan la qorin ka dib qabyo-qoraalkii NFL ee 2006 ee 2006.. Waxaa loo dallacsiiyay liiska firfircoon ee [[:en:Linebacker|linebacker]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Roeloffs|first=Mary Whitfill|title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|access-date=September 16, 2024|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|url-status=live}}</ref>' Diseembar 15, wuxuuna kulankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xilli ciyaareedka caadiga ah ee NFL ka soo muuqday 2007. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Oktoobar 10, 2010, intii lagu jiray ciyaar Titans ah oo ay la ciyaarayeen Dallas Cowboys, wuxuu si xun uga dhaawacmay qoorta intii lagu jiray ciyaar markii uu isku dhacay ciyaaryahanka Cowboys Martellus Bennett . Kadib wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ka fariisto kubadda cagta oo uu aado dugsiga sharciga, <ref name="texastribune" /> wuxuuna noqday wakiil xor ah ka hor xilli ciyaareedkii 2011 isagoon la saxiixin koox kale. [[File:20161007-SOHUD-Appointees-Swearing-In-0643_(31762301605).jpg|thumb|Allred oo la jooga Xoghaye Castro sanadkii 2016]] == Wakiilka Mareykanka == === Doorashooyinka === [[File:Texas_32nd_2018.svg|thumb|Natiijooyinka doorashada 2018]] [[File:Senator_Collin_Allred_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg|thumb|Allred oo la kulmay Rugta Ganacsiga ee Dallas si ay uga wada hadlaan hindise-sharciyeedka Dhimista Sicir-bararka sanadka 2022]] Allred wuxuu markii hore u tartamay kursiga kale ee senate-ka ee Texas sannadkii 2026, laakiin wuu ka baxay Diseembar 2025, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu raadin doono musharraxa Dimuqraadiga ee degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas . Wuxuu ku guuleystay musharraxnimada Dimuqraadiga ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii bishii Maajo, isagoo ka adkaaday qofkii beddelay ee [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|Degmada 32aad]], Julie Johnson . [[File:Representative_Collin_Allred_Foreign_Affairs_Committee.jpg|thumb|Allred intii uu ku jiray Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ayaa su'aalo ka weydiiyay dhageysi ku saabsan dhibaatada bani'aadamnimada ee ka jirta Yemen sanadka 2022.]] [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 5lpifvspyc0qk0avd9rk8rmh17qwfh3 301999 301998 2026-07-12T11:57:50Z Armadillo Jack 46447 301999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Macluumaad Qof Madax Ah|name=Colin Allred|image=Colin Allred, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2022|state=[[Texas]]|district={{ushr|TX|32|32nd}}|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|spouse={{marriage|Alexandra Eber|2017}}|children=2}}'''Colin Zachary Allred''' (wuxuu dhashay Abriil 15, 1983) waa siyaasi Mareykan ah, qareen xuquuqda madaniga ah, iyo ciyaaryahan hore oo xirfadle kubadda cagta ah oo u soo noqday wakiilka Mareykanka ee ''[[Texas's 32nd congressional district]]'' laga bilaabo 2019 ilaa 2025. Degmadu waxay ka koobnayd geeska waqooyi-bari ee [[Dallas]] iyo sidoo kale deegaanno badan oo waqooyi-bari ah. Waa xubin ka tirsan Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga, waana musharrax u taagan degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka sannadkii 2026. Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka. . == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Allred wuxuu ku dhashay Dallas, Texas. Waxaa korisay hooyadiis, Judith Allred, oo ahayd macallin dugsi dadweyne. Laga soo bilaabo 2024, Allred waligiis ma uusan la kulmin aabihiis. Aabihiis waa madow hooyadiisna waa caddaan. Allred wuxuu dhiganayay Dugsiga Sare ee Hillcrest ee Dallas, halkaas oo uu ku ciyaari jiray baseball, basketball iyo kubadda cagta, wuxuuna ahaa madaxweyne fasal. Wuxuu helay deeq waxbarasho si uu ugu ciyaaro kubadda cagta kulliyadda Jaamacadda Baylor Kahor inta uusan siyaasadda gelin, Allred wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan khadka dhexe ah oo u (linebacker) ciyaaray Tennessee Titans ee<nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp; National Football League (NFL) muddo afar xilli ciyaareed ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayay, wuxuu ka tagay kubadda cagta si uu u sii wato shahaadada sharciga. Allred wuxuu shahaadada J.D. ka qaatay Jaamacadda California, Berkeley. Kadib wuxuu ka qabtay jagooyin badan maamulka Obama, marka hore Waaxda Guryaha iyo Horumarinta Magaalooyinka iyo markii dambe Xafiiska Fulinta ee Qareennada Mareykanka.[[:en:Baylor_University|(Baylor University]]).<ref name="wermund">{{Cite web}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Xirfad xirfadeed == === Horyaalka Kubadda Cagta Qaranka Mareykanka NFL === Allred waxaa saxiixay [[:en:Tennessee_Titans|Tennessee Titans]] isagoo ah wakiil xor ah oo aan la qorin ka dib qabyo-qoraalkii NFL ee 2006 ee 2006.. Waxaa loo dallacsiiyay liiska firfircoon ee [[:en:Linebacker|linebacker]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Roeloffs|first=Mary Whitfill|title=Who Is Colin Allred? Titans Linebacker-Turned-Congressman Challenging Texas Sen. Ted Cruz|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|access-date=September 16, 2024|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=March 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114257/https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/who-is-colin-allred-titans-linebacker-turned-congressman-challenging-texas-sen-ted-cruz/|url-status=live}}</ref>' Diseembar 15, wuxuuna kulankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee xilli ciyaareedka caadiga ah ee NFL ka soo muuqday 2007. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Afar xilli ciyaareed oo uu u ciyaaray Titans intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2010, Allred wuxuu ka soo muuqday 32 kulan wuxuuna duubay 46 taakalo. Oktoobar 10, 2010, intii lagu jiray ciyaar Titans ah oo ay la ciyaarayeen Dallas Cowboys, wuxuu si xun uga dhaawacmay qoorta intii lagu jiray ciyaar markii uu isku dhacay ciyaaryahanka Cowboys Martellus Bennett . Kadib wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ka fariisto kubadda cagta oo uu aado dugsiga sharciga, <ref name="texastribune" /> wuxuuna noqday wakiil xor ah ka hor xilli ciyaareedkii 2011 isagoon la saxiixin koox kale. [[File:20161007-SOHUD-Appointees-Swearing-In-0643_(31762301605).jpg|thumb|Allred oo la jooga Xoghaye Castro sanadkii 2016]] == Wakiilka Mareykanka == === Doorashooyinka === [[File:Texas_32nd_2018.svg|thumb|Natiijooyinka doorashada 2018]] [[File:Senator_Collin_Allred_Chamber_of_Commerce.jpg|thumb|Allred oo la kulmay Rugta Ganacsiga ee Dallas si ay uga wada hadlaan hindise-sharciyeedka Dhimista Sicir-bararka sanadka 2022]] Allred wuxuu markii hore u tartamay kursiga kale ee senate-ka ee Texas sannadkii 2026, laakiin wuu ka baxay Diseembar 2025, wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu raadin doono musharraxa Dimuqraadiga ee degmada 33aad ee Congress-ka ee Texas . Wuxuu ku guuleystay musharraxnimada Dimuqraadiga ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii bishii Maajo, isagoo ka adkaaday qofkii beddelay ee [[Texas's 32nd congressional district|Degmada 32aad]], Julie Johnson . [[File:Representative_Collin_Allred_Foreign_Affairs_Committee.jpg|thumb|Allred intii uu ku jiray Guddiga Arrimaha Dibadda ayaa su'aalo ka weydiiyay dhageysi ku saabsan dhibaatada bani'aadamnimada ee ka jirta Yemen sanadka 2022.]] [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 990oi58qmff2ju1kx1l6200x206wkjs