Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1032 303129 261405 2026-07-21T17:46:15Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 303129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{selfref2|''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan [[qaarad]]a Afrika. Maqaalo kale eeg [[wadanada Afrika]]}} {{selfref2|''Boga "Africa" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay.}} {{Infobox continent |title = Afrika |image = [[File:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|200px]] |area = {{convert|30,221,532|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},&nbsp;[[Qaarad|2aad]] |population = 1.1 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-WPDS-infographic_MED.pdf |title=2013 World Population Data Sheet |last=Gudmastad |first=Ericha |date=2013 |website={{URL|prb.org}} |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |access-date=18 August 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 Bisha Tobnaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020054627/http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-WPDS-infographic_MED.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> (2013, [[2]]aad) |density = 36.4/km2 (94/sq mi) |demonym = [[Afrikan]] |countries = 51 (iyo 4 buuq ka taagan yahay) |list_countries = |dependencies = {{Collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; |title = External (3) | 1 = Mayotte | 2 = Réunion | 3 = Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha }} {{Collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; |title = Internal (4) | 1 = Canary Islands | 2 = Keuta | 3 = Madeira Islands | 4 = Melilla }} |languages = [[Luuqad|1250-3000 luuqadood]] |time = [[UTC-1]] ilaa [[UTC+4]] |cities = Caasimadaha ugu waaweyn qaarada Afrika<br>{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algiers]]-[[Tunis]]<br>{{flagicon|Masar}}[[Qaahiro]]<br>[[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|22px]][[Kambaala]]<br>[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|22px]][[Khartuum]]-[[Omdurman]]<br>[[File:Flag of Niger.svg|22px]][[Niamey]]<br>{{flagicon|Nigeria}}[[Abuja]]-[[Lagos]]<br>[[File:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|22px]][[Abidjan]]<br>[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|22px]][[Injamiina]]<br>[[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|22px]][[Dakar]]<br>[[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|22px]][[Dar es Salaam]]<br>[[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|25px]][[Mabuto]]<br>[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25px]][[Johannesburg]]<br>[[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|22px]][[Windhoek]]<br>[[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|22px]][[Freetown]]<br>[[File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|22px]][[Kinshasa]]<br>[[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|22px]][[Ouagadougou]]<br>[[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|25px]][[Addis Abeba]]<br>[[File:Flag of Angola.svg|22px]][[Luanda]]<br>[[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|22px]][[Nayroobi]]<br>[[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|25px]][[Addis Abeba]]<br>[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|25px]][[Kab town]]-[[Pretoria]]` }} [[File:LocationAfrica.png|right|thumbnail|thumb|Afrika]] [[File:Khariiddada Qaarada Afrika.png|thumb|450px|Kariirada Afrika]] '''Afrika''' ({{lang-en|Africa}}; [[Af Carabi]]: أفريقيا) waa qaarada labaad ee ugu weyn qaaradaha aduunka kadib qaarada [[Aasiya]] dhanka baaxada iyo dhanka dadkaba. Baaxada Afrika waxay la'egtahay c. 30,244,050 km² (11,677,240 mi²)<ref>Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.</ref> tiradaas waxaa ku jira dhamaan jasiiradaha lagu xisaabo Afrika. Afrika baaxadeeda waxay dabooshaa 20.3% baaxada dhulka oo dhan. Sida lagu xusay tirokoob caalami ah oo la sameeyay sanadkii 2013ka waxaa ku nool qaarada Afrika dad tiradooda ay dhantahay [[bilyan|1.3 bilyan]] taasi oo ah tiro u dhiganta todobo qeyboodoo qayb dadka dunida ku noolo maanta. Qarnigii 19aad ayaa wadamada reer [[Yurub]] go'aan ku gaadhay gumeysashada Afrika. Dawladda kaliya ee xor ahaa waqtiga halgankaas waa dawladda [[Diiriye Guure]] ee abaanduulkii guud ka ahaa [[Ismaaciil Mire]]. ==Hareersan== Qaarada Afrika waxaa ku hareersan biyo; [[Bada Mediterraniyan]]ka waxay ka xigta waqooyi, sidoo kale [[Gacanka Suweys]] iyo [[Bada Cas]] waxay ka xigaan waqooyibari, [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ayaa kaga taala koonfurbari, iyo [[Badweynta Atlantika]] oo ka xigta galbeed. Intaas waxaa dheer, wadanka jasiirada [[Madagaskar]] iyo gasiirado kale ayaa soo hoosgala qaarada. Sida rasmiga ah waxaa qaarada Afrika degan [[wadan|51+4 wadan]] oo la aqoonsan yahay, sagaal deegaan iyo labo wadan oo wali la aqoonsan.<ref>Fiiri [[Wadanada Afrika]].</ref> ==Bulshada== Xaga bulshada, qaarada Afrika waxaa ku dhaqan dadka ugu da'da yar caalamka marka tirada guud laga hadlayo; 50% dadka Afrikaanka ahi waa da'da ka yar 19 sano.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/njideka-u-harry/african-youth-innovation-_b_3904408.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Njideka U. | last=Harry | title=African Youth, Innovation and the Changing Society | date=11 September 2013}}</ref> Juquraafi ahaan, wadanka [[Aljeeriya]] ayaa ugu wayn dhulka iyo baaxada, halka [[Nayjeeriya]] ugu dad badan tahay; waxaana guud ahaan caalamka la isku raacay in badhtamaha iyo [[Bariga Afrika]] yihiin meesha [[dad|aadamuhu]] ka soo beermeer markii ugu horeeysay. Waxaa deegaanadan laga helay lafo aad u da' weyn oo muujinaya horaantii dadka. Tusaale ahaan, wadanka [[Itoobiya]] waxaa laga helay [[laf]]aha ugu da'da weyn inta la ogyahay midaasi oo jirta 200,000 kun sano.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005 |url=http://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.html |access-date=2015-09-21 |archive-date=2007-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805053127/http://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Guud ahaan qaarada Afrika waxaa dhex mara [[dhul badhe|dhulbadhaha]], waxayna leedahay noocyo badan oo [[cimilo]] kala gedisan ah. Waana qaarada keli ah ee laga helo astaamaha cimilada waqooyi ilaa koonfurta [[dhul]]ka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html |title=Africa. General info |last=Visual Geography |date= |accessdate=2007-11-24 }}</ref> Sidoo kale, qaarada Afrika waxaa loo qeybiyaa shan ''gobol'' kuwaasi oo ku salaysan juquraafiga deegaanka. Waxay kala yihiin: [[Bariga Afrika]], [[Badhtamaha Afrika]], [[Waqooyiga Afrika]], [[Galbeedka Afrika]] iyo [[Koonfurta Afrika]]. Afrika dadka kunool dhamaan waa dadka madow marka laga reebo wadamada Waqooyiga Afrika oo ay ku nool yihiin dad [[Carab]] ahi iyo wadamada sida [[Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[Simbaabwi]] iyo [[Nambiya]] oo laga helo dad tiro yar oo cadaan ay ka tageen gumeystihii reer Yurub. ==Magaca== Ereyga ''Ifri'' waxa lagu magaacaabi jiray dad ku noolaan jiray waqooyiga Afrika meel ku dhaw boqortooyadii la odhanjiray "Qardaaj".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Georges|first1=Karl Ernst|editor1-last=Georges|editor1-first=Heinrich|encyclopedia=Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch|date=1913–1918|location=Hannover|edition=8th|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644|accessdate=20 September 2015|language=German|title=Afri|=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116044500/http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644}} {{Wayback|url=http://latin_german.deacademic.com/1644 |date=20160116044500 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|date=1879|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DAfer|accessdate=20 September 2015|title=Afer}}</ref> Magaca Afrika waxa laga raad raacikaraa luqadii ay isticmaali jireen dadkii lagu magacaabi jiray Fonesiyaanka, waxa la sheegay in kalmada afri ay tahay boodhka waxa kale oo lasheegay in dadkii looyaqaanay barbarku ay u yaqaaneen kalmada afri godka taasoo markaas noqonaysa dadkii godka.<ref>[http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html Names of countries] {{Wayback|url=http://michel-desfayes.org/namesofcountries.html |date=20190627022921 }}, Decret and Fantar, 1981.</ref><ref name="Michell">[http://www.jstor.org/pss/714549 Geo. Babington Michell, "The Berbers"], ''Journal of Royal African Society'', Vol. 2, No. 6 (January 1903), pp. 161-194.</ref> ==Taarikhda Waayigi Hore== [[File:Lucy blackbg.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]], waa ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'' lafo lagusoo qoday Itoobiya, marka ay taarikhda ahayd 24 Nofeembar 1974. We'ayot Itoobiya Depressione di Afar]] Dadka paleoantropologo intooda badan waxay ay aaminsan yihiin in qaarada Afrika ay tahay meesha ay asal ahaan bani-aadanka ka yimaadeen. Qarnigi labaatanaad dhexdeeda, [[Anthroboloji|antropologi]] waxa ay dhulka kasoo heleen lafaha dad badan dhintay oo fossilika taasi ay caddeneysaa in fikiroodi run tahay:asal ahaan bani-admigu wa dad ku noolaan jirey Afrika 7 milyoon sano ka hor. hadaba afirca wexey leedahahay tariqo farabadan ku waasoo ey ugu weynyihiin: faraacintii Masar, iyo waliba is adoosi waqti dheer kajirijiray Afrikada madow. ==Gobolada Afrika== Sidaan horay u soo sheegnay, qaarada Afrika waxaa loo qeybiyaa shan ''gobol'' kuwaasi oo ku salaysan juquraafiga deegaanka. Waxay kala yihiin: [[Bariga Afrika]], [[Badhtamaha Afrika]], [[Waqooyiga Afrika]], [[Galbeedka Afrika]] iyo [[Koonfurta Afrika]]. ===Bariga Afrika=== [[File:Eastern-Africa-map.PNG|thumb|Gobolka Bariga Afrika (si waafaqsan habka [[Qaramada Midoobay]])]] [[File:LocationEasternAfrica.png|right|thumb|245px| {{legend|#00a000|Bariga Afrika ([[QM|Qaabaynta QM]])}} {{legend|#177245|[[Bulshada Bariga Afrika]]}} {{legend|#ACE1AF|Federaalka Bulshada Bartamaha Afrika}} {{legend|#00f000|Juquraafiga Bariga Afrika waxaa ku jira deegaano ka baxsan gobolka kaasi oo Qaramada Midoobay ku soo dartey.}}]] '''Bariga Afrika''' ({{lang-en|East Africa}}; {{lang-ar|شرق أفريقيا}}) waa gobolka dhaca [[bari]]ga qaarada [[Afrika]], taasi oo aad ugu kala duwan deegaan ahaan, juquraafi ahaan iyo siyaasad ahaan. Sida ku xusan qawaaniinta gobolada ee dejisay [[QM|Jimciyada Qarama Midoobay]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm| title = Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings | publisher = United Nations| date = 2013-10-31 | accessdate = 2015-01-28}}</ref> deegaanka Bariga Afrika waxay ka kooban tahay ilaa 20 wadan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|work=un.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2016-07-25|archive-date=2011-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, kuwaasi oo kala ah: * [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] iyo [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] – wadanadan oo dhaca Badhtamaha Bariga Afrika waxay dhamaan xubin ka yihiin ururka [[Bulshada Bariga Afrika]] (East African Community) (EAC). * [[Somalia]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]] iyo [[Ethiopia]]– dhowrkan wadan waxaa loo yaqaana [[Geeska Afrika]].<ref>Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press: 2004), p. 26</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Africa-Region.aspx?Region=HOA&Service=ENG|title=IRIN - Horn of Africa|work=IRINnews}}</ref><ref>Michael Hodd, ''East Africa Handbook'', 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia."</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.61: "The northern mountainous area, known as the Horn of Africa, comprises Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia."</ref> * [[Comoros]], [[Mauritius]] iyo [[Seychelles]] – kuwani waa gasiirado ku dhex yaala [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. * Réunion iyo Mayotte – gasiirado yaryar oo gacanta ku hayso wadanka [[Faransiiska]]. * [[Mozambique]] iyo [[Madagascar]] – kuwaasi oo marar badan lagu xisaabiyo wadanada [[Koonfurta Afrika]]. * [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]] iyo [[Zimbabwe]]. ===Badhtamaha Afrika=== [[Image:LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png|right|thumb|300px| {{legend|#3a963a|Badhtamaha Afrika}} {{legend|#5cd65c|Deegaanka Badhtamaha Afrika ([[QM|Xadka Qaramada Midoobay]])}} {{legend|#00ff3c|Dalalka Federalka Badhtamaha Afrika}}]] [[File:Night Pass over Central Africa and the Middle East.ogv|thumb|300px|Fiidiyowgan waxaa laga soo duubay [[dayaxa]] waa muuqaalka sare ee Badhtamaha Afrika.]] '''Badhtanka Afrika''' ({{lang-en|Central Africa}}; {{lang-ar|وسط أفريقيا}}) waa deegaan xudun u ah badhtamaha qaarada [[Afrika]], taasi oo ka kooban tiro wadano ah, sida: [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Jad]], [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]], iyo [[Ruwanda]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm| title = Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings | publisher = United Nations| date = 2013-10-31 | accessdate = 2015-01-28}}</ref> ===Waqooyiga Afrika=== [[Image:North Africa (orthographic projection).svg|right|thumb|300px| {{legend|#3a963a|Waqooyiga Afrika}} {{legend|#5cd65c|Deegaanka Waqooyiga Afrika ([[QM|Xadka Qaramada Midoobay]])}} {{legend|#00ff3c|Dalalka ka baxsan Waqooyiga Afrika}}]] '''Waqooyiga Afrika''' ({{lang-en|North Africa}}; {{lang-ar|شمال أفريقيا}}) waa deegaanka ugu xiga [[waqooyi]]ga dhamaan gobolada qaarada [[Afrika]], taasi oo ka kooban ilaa "Toban" iyo "Labo"+ wadan iyo deegaano, sida: [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]], [[Egypt|Masar]], [[Libya]], [[Morocco|Marooko]], [[Sudan|Suudaan]], [[Tunisia|Tuuniisiya]], [[Mauritania|Mauritania]] iyo [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]] .<ref>According to UN country classification here: [http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm.]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The disputed territory of [[Western Sahara]] (formerly [[Spanish Sahara]]) is mostly administered by Morocco; the Polisario Front claims the territory in militating for the establishment of an independent republic, and exercises limited control over rump border territories.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm| title = Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings | publisher = United Nations| date = 2013-10-31 | accessdate = 2015-01-28}}</ref> Intaas waxaa dheer, wadanada Aljeeriya, Marooko, Tuuniisiya iyo Liibiya waxaa guud ahaan loo yaqaana [[Magrib (Gobol)|Gobolka Maghreb]]. ===Galbeedka Afrika=== [[File:LocationWesternAfrica.png|thumb| {{legend|#00a000|Wadanada Galbeedka Afrika ([[QM|Gobolada Qaramada Midoobay]])}} {{legend|#00ff00|Deegaanka [[Magrib (Gobol)]], kaasi oo ah deegaan ka baxsan Galbeedka Afrika.}}]] '''Galbeedka Afrika''' ({{lang-en|West Africa}}; {{lang-ar|غرب أفريقيا}}; sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Dadka Galbeedka Afrika''' ''People of Western Africa'') waa deegaan balaadhan oo dhaca [[galbeed]]ka qaarada [[Afrika]], taasi oo leh 18 wadan kuwasi oo kala ah: [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], the island of [[Cape Verde]], [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Liberia]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Nigeria]], the island of [[Saint Helena]], [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Sao Tome and Principe]] and [[Togo]]. ===Koonfurta Afrika=== ==Wadamada Afrika== [[File:African continent-ar.png|thumb|right|400px|Khariirada afrika]] *01[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|21px]][[Aljeeriya]].**_* !!` *02 [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|19px]] [[Angola]] *03[[File:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg|18px]][[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]] *04 [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|19px]] [[Benin]] *05 [[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|18px]][[Botswana]] *06[[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|19px]][[Burkina Faso]].* *07 [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|19px]][[Burundi]] *08 [[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|18px]] [[Eratareya]] *09 [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|19px]][[Gaana]]_***!! *10 [[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|19px]][[Gabon]] *11 [[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|19px]][[Gambia]]_***? *12 [[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|18px]][[Guinea]]_**!! *13 [[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|18px]][[Guinea-Bissau]] *14 [[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|18px]][[Equatorial Guinea]] _*** !!'? *15[[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|19px]][[Itoobiya]].**_*!!`?` *16 [[File:Flag of Chad.svg|18px]][[Jad]] *17 [[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|17px]] [[Kab Ferde]] *18 [[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|19px]] [[Kamiruun]] *19 [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|19px]] [[Kiinya]] *20 [[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|17px]] [[Komoros]] *21 [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|18px]][[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] *22 [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|19px]]_(DRC)**_*!!.!!`?` *23[[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|19px]][[Koonfur Afrika]] *23[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|18px]][[Koonfur Suudaan]]_**_!!'? *24 [[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|18px]] [[Liberia]] *25 [[File:Flag of Libya.svg|19px]] [[Libya]] *26 [[File:Flag of Mali.svg|19px]] [[Maali]] *27 [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|19px]] [[Madagaskar]].!!` *28 [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|19px]] [[Malaawi]] *29 [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|21px]] [[Marooko]] *30[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|21px]] [[Masar]]._**_*!!`? *31 [[File:1959-2017 Flag of Mauritania.svg|18px]][[Mauritania]]_**_* *32 [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|21px]] [[Mauritius]] *33 [[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|19px]] [[Musanbiig]] *34 [[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|19px]] [[Nambiya]] *35 [[File:Flag of Niger.svg|18px]] [[Nayjar]] *36[[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|21px]] [[Nayjeeriya]].**_*!!` *37 [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|19px]] [[Ruwanda]] *38[[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|19px]][[Saambiya]]_**_*!!'? *39 [[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|19px]] [[Seyshelles]] *40 [[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|19px]] [[Sierra Leone]] *41[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|19px]] [[Soomaaliya]].*** * *42 [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|17px]] [[Jabuuti]] *43 [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|19px]] [[Simbaabwi]] *44[[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|21px]] [[Sinigaal]].**_*!!`? *45[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|19px]][[Suudaan]]_**_*!!'?' *46 [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|19px]] [[Tansaaniya]] *47 [[File:Flag of Tonga.svg|17px]] [[Togo]] *48 [[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|17px]] [[Tunisiya]] *49 [[File:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|19px]] [[Xeebta Foolmaroodi]]. !!`? *51 [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|19px]] [[Yugandha]].!!`? ==Ururo== * [http://www.africa-union.org/ Midowga afrika] {{Wayback|url=http://www.africa-union.org/ |date=20120415004713 }} * [http://esperanto-afriko.webs.com/kursojcourscourses.htm Esperanto-afriko.org ( Waxbarasho)] {{Wayback|url=http://esperanto-afriko.webs.com/kursojcourscourses.htm |date=20110722011930 }} ==Qoraalo Kale== *[[Wadanada Afrika]] *[[Caasimadaha Afrika]] *[[Taariikhda Afrika]] *[[Gobolada Afrika]] {{Dalalka Afrika}} {{Portal|Afrika}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist|2}} {{commonscat|Africa|Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Qaarad]] [[Category:Dhul]] 9obnee6565jh6zhftgxqtbg9ayiocih 0 2508 303095 301059 2026-07-21T03:38:40Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg|Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Stade des martyrs 0332 Kinshasa (8 303095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo |native_name = {{native name|fr|République démocratique du Congo|fontsize=68%}} |common_name = the Democratic Republic of the Congo |image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg |image_coat = |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Justice – Paix – Travail"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Cadaalad – Nabad – Shaqo"}} |national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Debout Congolais]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|''Is-waafajin , Kongoliiynta''}} |official_languages = [[Faransiis|Af-Faransiis]] |national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili]]}} |demonym = Kongoliiynta |ethnic_groups = |capital = [[Kinshasa]] |latd=4 |latm=19 |latNS=S |longd=15 |longm=19 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |sovereignty_type = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area_km2 = 2,345,409 |area_sq_mi = 905,355 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 11th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |percent_water = 4.3 |population_estimate = 91,203,303<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2015 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |accessdate=5 October 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=24 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211118/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2017 |population_estimate_rank = 19th |population_density_km2 = 29.3 |population_density_sq_mi = 75.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 182nd |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP = $27.575 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=45&pr.y=0&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=636&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $368<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal = $17.703 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $236<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2006 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 44.4 |Gini_ref = <ref name=gini>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.304 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediaHDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 |year=2013 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=14 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 186th^a&nbsp; |currency = [[Congolese franc]] |currency_code = CDF |time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] and [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] |utc_offset = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}} |time_zone_DST = {{nowrap|not observed}} |utc_offset_DST = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}} |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+243]] |iso3166code = CD |cctld = [[.cd]] |footnote_a = }} '''Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|République démocratique du Congo}}) waa wadan ku yaala qaarada [[Afrika]]. Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo waxey xuduud la wadaagtaa wadamada [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Koonfur Suudaan]], [[Yugandha]], [[Ruwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Saambiya]], [[Angola]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] iyo [[Tansaaniya]]. Caasimada dalka Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo waa magaalada [[Kinshasa]]. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Congo (Faransiiska: République démocratique du Congo [kɔɡo], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano DR Congo, DRC, Congo-Kinshasa ama kaliya Congo, [6] [7] waa waddan ku yaal Bartamaha Afrika. Waxaa mararka qaar loogu yeeraa magacii hore ee Zaire, oo magaceedu ahaa magaca rasmiga ah ee u dhexeeya 1971 iyo 1997. DRC waxay xuduudaha Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Koonfurta Suudaan u gudbaan waqooyiga; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi iyo Tansaaniya xagga bari; Zambia koonfurta; Angola ilaa koonfur galbeed; iyo Jamhuuriyada Congo iyo Badweynta Atlantic ee galbeedka. Waa waddanka labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika ka dib markii Aljeeriya, oo ah kan ugu weyn Afrika ee ka hooseeya Saharaha) iyo 11-aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. Dadweynaha ku nool 78 milyan, [2] Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo waa dalka ugu baahsan ee Faransiiska ah, oo ah waddanka afaraad ee ugu badan ee ku yaal Afrika iyo dalka 16-aad ee ugu badan dunida. Dhul-galka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah, dhulka DRC waxaa markii ugu horreysay ku noolaa Bartamaha Afrika oo ku noolaa 90,000 oo sano kahor waxaana gaadhay Bantu ballaadhinta ilaa 3,000 oo sano ka hor. Galbeedka, Boqortooyada Bantu ee Kongo ayaa xukuntay hareeraha webiga Congo intii u dhexaysay qarniyadii 14aad iyo 19aad. Bartamaha iyo bariga, boqortooyooyinka Luba iyo Lunda waxay ka talaabeen qarniyadii 16aad iyo 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad. 1870-kii, ka hor intaanay bilaabmin tarbuunka Afrika, sahaminta Yurub ee Congo Basin ayaa la sameeyay, markii ugu horreysay oo ay hogaaminaysay Henry Morton Stanley iyada oo hoosta ka xariiqday King Leopold II ee Belgium. Leopold waxay si rasmi ah u heshay xuquuqda dhulkii Congo ee shirkii Berlin ee 1885-kii, dhulkana waxay ka dhigeen hanti gaar ah oo magaceeda loo yaqaan 'Congo Free State'. Inta lagu guda jiro Free State, qaybta milatari ee ciidan, Force Publique, waxay ku qasbeen dadweynaha in ay soo saaraan xargaha, iyo laga bilaabo 1885 illaa 1908, malaayiin qof oo reer Congo ah ayaa ku dhintay iyada oo ay sabab u tahay cudurka iyo dhiig-miirashada. Sannadkii 1908, Belgium, inkastoo markii hore loo diidey, ayaa si rasmi ah u dalbaday Dawlad-bilaash ah, taasoo noqotay waddanka Kongo Beljamka. Congo-Belgian waxay xorowday 30kii Juun 1960 iyada oo lagu magacaabo Jamhuuriyadda Congo. Patrice Lumumba oo loo yaqaan 'Congolese Nationalist' ayaa loo doortay Raisul Wasaarihii ugu horeeyay, halka Joseph Kasa-Vubu uu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay. Iskahorimaadka ayaa ka kacay maamulka maamulka, taas oo loo yaqaano dhibaatada Congo. Gobollada Katanga, oo hoos yimaada Moïse Tshombe, iyo Koonfurta Kacaanka ayaa isku dayay in ay go'doomaan. Ka dib markii Lumumba u jeestay Midawga Soofiyeeti ee gargaarka bini-aadamnimada, Maraykanka iyo Beljamku wuxuu ka war hayay kiiskiisa oo kormeeray isaga oo kashaqeynayay Kasa-Vubu 5tii Sebtembar iyo dilkii ugu dambeeyay ee ciidamada Belgian led-ka Katangese 17kii Janaayo 1961. 25kii Nofeembar 1965 , Taliyaha Ciidanka Xoogga ee Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, oo markii dambe magaciisa loo yaqaan Mobutu Sese Seko, ayaa si rasmi ah ugu biiray awood darbi ah. Sanadkii 1971, wuxuu ku magacaabay dalka Zaire. Wadanku wuxuu u ordayaa dowlad kali ah oo kali ah, iyada oo uu OMad yahay. ==Sawiro== [[File:Kananga_Vue_aérienne.jpg|thumb|right|398px|]] [[File:Okapi2.jpg|thumb|right|198px|]] ==Xubin== *[[Midowga Afrika]];*’;*’ *[[Bankiga Aduunka]];*’*’ *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] *[[Hayada Cuntada Aduunka]];*’ *[[Ururka Caafimaadka Aduunka]];*’ ==Waddnamha Le deggan Dimuqaraadiga Kongo== * {{Flag|Ethiopia}} 200+: * {{Flag|China}} P.R.China; 100+: * {{Flag|South Africa}} 500+: == Tixraacyada == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2004-Yearbook-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses/Democratic-Republic-of-Congo-Kinshasa/ Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa)] {{Commons|République Démocratique du Congo}} <references/> {{Gumud}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kongo}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] c0efhkdfllizw6ge0hpnp5vx6e1f4xk 0 3681 303106 298016 2026-07-21T12:15:08Z ~2026-40904-09 46597 Qoraal bilaa raad ah oo si khaldan looga badalay xogtii hore ee saxda ahayd 303106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Nonsense}} Jibriil yoonis waa beesha ugu laandheeraysansan beelaha Gadabuursi. Waxa la sheegaa inuu yahay qabiilka ugu badan tiro ahaan qabiilada Gadabuursi, tiradooda waxa lagu qiyaasay 1,200,000oo qof, uguna dhul weyn Jibriir Yoonis waa beesha kaliya ee aad uga wada muuqata labada deegaan ee ay dagaan beesha Samaroon oo kala ah Gobolka Awdal ee Somaliland iyo Ethiopia, Wasiirkii u horeeyay eey yeeshaan gadabuursi - Aadan Isaq Ahmed iyo Madaxwayne ku xigeenkii u horeeyay - Cabdirahman Aw-cali iyo madaxwayninhii Lbaad ee Somalaind Daahir Riyaale - iyo xildhibaankii u horeeyay ee dawlada itoobiya - Ismail Elmi Had, Abwaankii qaran ee Hassan Sh. Muumin intuba waxay dhamaan ka soo jeedaan beesha Jibriil yoonis waxaa kaloo magac ay ku leedahay beeshu xaga ganacsiga gobolka Awdal, Somaliand , Moadishu , Djibouti Dawlad deegaanka Ethipia oo ay jiraan maalqabeeno ama ganacsato hore iyo kuwo haddsa jira u dhalatay beesha sida Baabunaas , Djibouti Muuse Camir Kaahin oo reer Shirdoon ah Laguna sheego ninka xaga maalqabeenada Gadabuursi ugu horeeya oo soo dajiya alaabta ugu badan lehna Bakhaarada ugu waawayn magaalada boorama sidoo kale cabdi xasan tukaale oo isna ah cismaan guulo Ahna tijaarta ugu wayn beesha dumaalka oo axamed yoonis ah iyo kuwa kale oo badan sida idiris muxumed sacad oo ah mulkiilaha Rays Hotel bakhaaro badana ku leh magaalada Boorama oo ah beesha reer Ahamed waxaa kaloo magaca kor u qaaday reer Dudub oo kaalin wayn kaga jira beesha Jibriil Yoonis - Deegaan ahaan waxay dagan yihiin Habaas oo saylac ah ilaa Haroorays oo Jigjiga hoosteeda ah magaalooyinkaa ay dagaan marka laga tago boorama oo ay ku badan yihiin 1- Xariirad 2- Dhagaxa madow 3- Boon 4- Weeraar 5- Quljeed 6-DooxadaHarawo 7- Dhamal Harawa 8-Ceelbaxay 9-Mudhamadow 10- Harawa 11-Gaawa 12-Gaaragumata 13-Gulfula 14-Cidhidhiga 15-Gabra 16-Laf-Dahabo 16- Bullooyinka 17-Libaaxfuulada 18-Makaniisyada 19-Xardhan 20-Agoogsi 21-Bardada 22- Gogti 23-Carmo 24- Degmo Laqas 25- Dharwanaaje 26-Layla kaal 27-- Lafaciise 28_ cagaarwayne 29-Geel boob 30- Gogoblay 31-Maraalay 32 Abuqays 33 Diniqe 34 Caro cad 35 cuna qabad 36 badanbad 37 Xeego 38 cadaad 39 Qolqol 40 satawe 41 ciye 42: afraaga 43: sararka 44: dhidhiid 45: aroorseel 46: Tuur qaylo 46:Sogsog 47:Gosoweyne 48:Jidgoo 48.Subulaha 49:Golhadow 50:banay 51:dallayi dheere 52:diin-gal , Xero-Geel iyo magalaada Boorama iyo nawaaxigeeda oo ay majority ka yihiin oo ay doorashaddii golaha deegaanka ee 2012 ka heleen ku dhawaad 50% codadkii la tiriyay jufooyinka beesha jibriil yoonis waxay u kala baxaan Yonis Osman waa , 1- Axamad yoonis Osman 2-Adan Yoonis Osman(Reer Adan Dheere --Gadaladhal) 3- Faarax yoonis osman 4- Xaamud yonis osman (Xamud Gaala -Gadaladhal) 5- Geedi Yoonis Osman (Ree geedigashan -Gadaladhal) 6-Abiib yoonis osman (xandaguul-Gadaladhal) 7-Dharar Yonis Osman 8- Mohamoud Yoonis Osman 9-Geedi Yoonis Osman (Geele Yuusuf) 10- Hagar Yoonis osman 11- Reer Goraad oo ah curadka jibriil yoonis Baha ha Yoonis Osman Bah Muusa Fiin 1- Reer Maxamuud 2- Reer Dharaar 3- Geella Yuusuf Baha Gadaaladhal 1- Reer Adan Dheere 2-Ree Xaamud 3-Ree Geeddi-Gaashaan (ree shirdoon) 4-Ree Abiib (Xandul)ama xandaguul Bah Madigaan 1- Reer Axamad 2-Reer Farah 3-Reer Hagar Markaa Yoonis Ismaan waa Seddex bahood oo ka kooban 10 amma 11 toban Ardaa oo wada madax banaan oo mid kastaa iskii magta u bixiyo Intaas oo dhami waxa at isku yihiin hal jilib oo la jiraa Yoonis Osmaan oo waal la Ah qaybahan hoos ku qoran ooh ilmo Osmaan Khayr (Axmed Cismaan (Cisman Guulo) cismaan guulo waa 5 jilib. 1- Reer cadaawe 2 - Reer Baxar 3 - Reer Qoorgaab 4 - Reer Gadiid dheere 5 - Reer Qaanla ( Dudub Cismaan ( Reer dudub) '''Reer dudub waa 7 jilib''' 1.reer hoodaal 2.Reer dadar 3.Reer dhabar 4. Aadan irgin 5.Reer cigaal 6.Reer samatar 7.Reer dharaar Waxa kale oon la hilmaami karin curadka Jibriil yoonis oo ah reer Gorod oo isaguna ukala baxa 5 reer..... '''Maxamuud Yoonis Cismaan''' Intaas marka laga yimaad, reerka ugu laandheeraysan Gadabursi iyo Jibril Yoonisba waa Maxamuud Yoonis, wuxuu dhalay 9 wiil oo kala ah;- Samatar, Cumar, Geedi, Dharaar Dudub, Faarax Dhible, Faarax Cambaare, Guuleed, Cigaal iyo Waceys. '''1️⃣ Mohamed Yoonis''' ├── '''Samatar Mohamoud Yoonis''' ├── '''Cumar Mohamoud Yoonis''' ├── '''Gheedi Mohamoud Yoonis''' ├── '''Dharaar Dudub Mohamoud Yoonis''' ├── '''Faarax Dhible Mohamoud Yoonis''' ├── '''Faarax Cambaare Mohamoud Yoonis''' ├── '''Guuleed Mohamoud Yoonis''' ├── '''Cigaal Mohamed Yoonis''' └── '''Waceys Mohamoud Yoonis''' j9xin1xxc1kr9cyhjs64itcinh0qhmu 0 3804 303130 279982 2026-07-21T17:48:41Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 303130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Liiska dawladaha madaxa banaan''' Liiskani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 203 dal: '''Sifayn''' * 193 dal waxa ay heestaan ictiraaf dhamaystiran 192 kamida 193 aan hore u soo sheegnay waxa ay kamidyihiin [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. Waxa jirta dawlad ictiraaf dhamaystiran haysata laakiin aan kamid ahayn [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waana [[Faatikan]]ka * Waxa jira 10 dal oo aan haysan madax banaani buuxda oo aan kamid ahayn [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. Waxa jira dal kamida 10 aan sare ku xusnay oo la leh calaaqaad 93 dawladood wana [[Falastiin]]. Waxa jira hal dal oo madax banaan oo dublamaasi ahaan la ictiraafay laakiin aan loodhamayn waana wadanka [[Kosofo]]. Waxa jira dal kamida xubnaha [[Midowga afrika]] oo aan ictiraaf caalmiya haysan waana [[Saxaraha Galbeed]]. Waxa jira dal Madax banaan laakiin aan kamid ahayn [[Qaramada Midoobay]] waana [[Taywan]]. Waxa jira laba dal oo sirasmiya u madax banaan laakiin [[Ruushka]] cid aa ahayni aanay ictiraafsanayn waxaany kal yihiin.[[Abkhazia]] iyo [[Koonfur Ossetia]]. Waxa kale oo jira Hal dal oo madax banaan laakiin aan ictiraaf ka haysan [[Turki]]ga mooyee waana [[Qubrista Waqooyi ee turkida]] Waxa Jira dal ay ictiraaf sanyihiin labada wadan ee [[Abkhazia]] iyo [[Koonfur Ossetia]] oo kaliyihi waxana lagu magacaabaa [[Transnistria]]. Waxa jira Laba oo waaqici ahaan madax banaan laakiin aan ictiraaf haysan waxaanay kal yihiin [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] == Liiska dalalka caalamka == == A == * [[File:Flag of Abkhazia.svg|25px]] [[Abkhazia]] * [[File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg|25px]] [[Afgaanistan]] * [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|25px]] [[Albania]] * [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|25px]] [[Aljeeriya]] * [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|25px]] [[Andorra]] * [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|25px]] [[Angola]] * [[File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|25px]] [[Antigua iyo Barbuda]] * [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|25px]] [[Arjantiina]] * [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|25px]] [[Armania]] * [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|25px]] [[Australia]] * [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|25px]] [[Austriya]] * [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|25px]] [[Aserbiijaan]] == B == * [[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|25px]][[Bariga Timor]] * [[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|25px]] [[Bahamas]] * [[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|25px]] [[Babua New Guinea]] * [[File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|25px]] [[Paraguay|Baraguay]] * [[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|25px]] [[Barbados]] * [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|25px]] [[Bakistaan]] * [[File:Flag of Palau.svg|25px]] [[Balau]] * [[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|25px]] [[Baxrayn]] * [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Barasiil]] * [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]] [[Bortuqaal]] * [[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|25px]] [[Brunei]] * [[File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|25px]] [[Beljim]] * [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|25px]] [[Bulgaria]] * [[File:Flag of Belize.svg|25px]] [[Belise]] * [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|25px]] [[Bangladesh]] * [[File:Flag of Panama.svg|25px]] [[Banama]] * [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|25px]] [[Benin]] * [[File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|25px]] [[Butaan]] * [[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|25px]] [[Botswana]] * [[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|25px]] [[Burkina Faso]] * [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|25px]] [[Burma]] * [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px]] [[Burundi]] * [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|25px]] [[Bosniya]] * [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|25px]] [[Boland]] * [[File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|25px]] [[Boliifia]] * [[File:Flag of Peru.svg|25px]] [[Peru|Beru]] * [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|25px]] [[Belarus]] * [[File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|25px]] [[Bermuda]] * [[File:Flag of Puerto Rico (1952-1995).svg|25px]] [[Buerto Riko]] == C == * [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|25px]] [[Ciraaq]] * [[File:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|25px]] [[Côte d'Ivoire]] * [[File:Flag of Oman.svg|25px]] [[Cumaan]] * [[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|25px]] [[Kuuba]] * [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|25px]] [[Jasiirada Qabrus]] * [[File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|25px]] [[Qubrista Waqooyi ee turkida]] == D == * [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|25px]] [[Denmark]] * [[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|25px]] [[Dominika]] * [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyada Dominika]] == E == * [[File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|25px]] [[Ikwadoor]] * [[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|25px]] [[Eratareya]] * [[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|25px]] [[El Salfador]] * [[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|25px]][[Ikweetiga Guinea]] * [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|25px]] [[Estoniya]] == F == * [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|25px]][[Falastiin]] * [[File:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Faransiiska]] * [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|25px]] [[Fiji]] * [[File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|25px]] [[Faatikan]]ka * [[File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|25px]] [[Fanuwato]] * [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|25px]] [[Filibiin]] * [[File:Flag of Venezuela.svg|25px]] [[Fanansuwela]] * [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|25px]] [[Fiyetnam]] * [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] [[Finland]] == G == * [[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|25px]] [[Gabon]] * [[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|25px]] [[Gambia]] * [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|25px]] [[Gaana]] * [[File:Flag of Grenada.svg|25px]] [[Grenada]] * [[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|25px]] [[Guwatimala]] * [[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|25px]] [[Guyana]] * [[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|25px]] [[Guinea]] * [[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|25px]] [[Guinea-Bissau]] * [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|25px]] [[Giriig]] == H == * [[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|25px]] [[Haiti]] * [[File:Flag of India.svg|25px]] [[Hindiya]] * [[File:Flag of Honduras (2022–present).svg|25px]] [[Honduras]] * [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|25px]] [[Hungaria]] * [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|25px]] [[Holland]] == I == * [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|25px]] [[Imaaraatka Carabta]] * [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|25px]] [[Iiraan]] * [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|25px]] [[Island]] * [[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|25px]] [[Indonesia]] * [[File:Flag of England.svg|25px]] [[Ingriiska]] * [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|25px]] [[Ireland]] * [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|25px]] [[Islofaakiya]] * [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|25px]] [[Isloveeniya]] * [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|25px]] [[Israaiil]] * [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|25px]] [[Iswiizerlaan]] * [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|25px]] [[Iswiidhan]] * [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|25px]] [[Itoobiya]] * [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|25px]] [[Isbania]] == J == * [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Tashik]] * [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] * [[File:Flag of Chile.svg|25px]] [[Jili]] * [[File:Flag of Chad.svg|25px]] [[Jad]] * [[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]] * [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Jabaan]] * [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|25px]] [[Jabuuti]] * [[File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|25px]] [[Jamayka]] * [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Jarmal]] * [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|25px]] [[Joorjiya]] == K == * [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|25px]] [[Kroatia|Kroashia]] * [[File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|25px]] [[Kosta Rika]] * [[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|25px]] [[Komoros]] * [[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|25px]] [[Kolombiya]] * [[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|25px]] [[Kab Ferde]] * [[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|25px]] [[Kamiruun]] * [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|25px]] [[Kambodiya]] * [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|25px]] [[Kanada]] * [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|25px]] [[Kasakhstan]] * [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kiinya]] * [[File:Flag of Kiribati.svg|25px]] [[Kiribati]] * [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|25px]] [[Koonfur Afrika]] * [[File:Flag of North Korea.svg|25px]] [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] * [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|25px]] [[Koonfur Kuuriya]] * [[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|25px]] [[Kuwayt]] * [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] == L == * [[File:Flag of Laos.svg|25px]] [[Laos]] * [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|25px]] [[Latfiya]] * [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|25px]] [[Lubnaan]] * [[File:Flag of Lesotho.svg|25px]] [[Lesotho]] * [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|25px]] [[Luksemburg]] * [[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|25px]] [[Liberia|Layberiya]] * [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|25px]] [[Lithuania]] * [[File:Flag of Libya.svg|25px]] [[Libya]] * [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|25px]] [[Liechtenstein]] == M == * [[File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|25px]] [[Jasiirada Marshall]] * [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|25px]] [[Jasiirada Maldiif|Maldiif]] * [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|25px]] [[Malta]] * [[File:Flag of Mali.svg|25px]] [[Maali]] * [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|25px]] [[Malaysiya]] * [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|25px]] [[Madagaskar]] * [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|25px]] [[Masar]] * [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|25px]] [[Marooko]] * [[File:Flag of the Republic of Macedonia.svg|25px]] [[jamhuriyada Makedonia]] * [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|25px]] [[Maksiko]] * [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|25px]] [[Malaawi]] * [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] * [[File:Flag of Mongolia.svg|25px]] [[Mongolia]] * [[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|25px]] [[Mauritania]] * [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|25px]] [[Mauritius]] * [[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|25px]] [[Musaanbiiq]] * [[File:Flag of Moldova.svg|25px]] [[Moldofa]] * [[File:Flag of Monaco.svg|25px]] [[Monako]] * [[File:Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg|25px]] [[Dawladda federalka ee Mikronesia]] * [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|25px]] [[Montenegro]] * [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Mareykanka]] == N == * [[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|25px]] [[Nambiya]] * [[File:Flag of Nauru.svg|25px]] [[Nawru]] * [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|25px]] [[Norwey]] * [[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|25px]] [[Nebal]] * [[File:Flag of Niger.svg|25px]] [[Niger]] * [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|25px]] [[Nayjeeriya]] * [[File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|25px]] [[Nikaragua]] * [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|25px]] [[New Zealand|New Siiland]] == O == * [[File:Flag of South Ossetia.svg|25px]] [[Koonfur Ossetia]] == Q == * [[File:Flag of Nagorno-Karabakh.svg|25px]] [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] * [[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|25px]] [[Qatar]] * [[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|25px]] [[Qargistan]] == R == * [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Ruwanda]] * [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]] [[Ruush]] * [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|25px]][[Romania]] == S == * [[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|25px]] [[Saxaraha Galbeed]] * [[File:Flag of Samoa.svg|25px]] [[Samoa]] * [[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|25px]] [[San Marino]] * [[File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|25px]] [[Saint Finckent iyo renadines]] * [[File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|25px]] [[Saint Kitts iyo Nevis]] * [[File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|25px]] [[Saint LuKia]] * [[File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|25px]] [[São Tomé iyo Brínsibe]] * [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|25px]] [[Siri Lanka]] * [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] * [[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|25px]] [[El Salvador]] * [[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|25px]] [[Jasiiradaha Solomon]] * [[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|25px]] [[Singabuur]] * [[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|25px]] [[Sinigaal]] * [[File:Flag of Swaziland.svg|25px]] [[Swasiland]] * [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Suudaan]] * [[File:Flag of Syria.svg|25px]] [[Suuriya]] * [[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|25px]] [[Surinam]] * [[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|25px]] [[Sierra Leone]] * [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Saambiya]] * [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|25px]] [[Simbaabwi]] * [[File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg|25px]] [[Seychelles]] * [[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|25px]] [[Somaliland]] * [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Soomaaliya]] * [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Shiinaha]] * [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|25px]] [[Serbia]] == T == * [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|25px]] [[Tadsjikistan]] * [[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|25px]] [[Tayland]] * [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|25px]] [[Taywan]] * [[File:Flag of Transnistria.svg|25px]] [[Transnistria]] * [[File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|25px]] [[Jsiiradaha Turks iyo Caicos]] * [[File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|25px]] [[Turkmenistan]] * [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|25px]] [[Turkiga]] * [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|25px]] [[Tirinidad iyo Tobago|Trinidad iyo Tobago]] * [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tansaaniya]] * [[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|25px]] [[Togo]] * [[File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|25px]] [[Tuvalu]] * [[File:Flag of Tonga.svg|25px]] [[Tonga]] * [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Talyaaniga]] * [[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|25px]] [[Tuuniisiya]] == U == * [[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|25px]] [[Usbekistan]] * [[File:Flag of Uruguay.svg|25px]] [[Uruguay]] * [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Ugaandha]] * [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|25px]] [[Ukrain]] * [[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|25px]] [[Urdun]] == Y == * [[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|25px]] [[Yamen]] [[Category:Wadamada]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] 7on1l4z2fwav5s13los6ycj1a5lib6u 0 4827 303169 303063 2026-07-22T06:17:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|189px]]<S>[[Maldives]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |18.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |21.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |24."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |28.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Romania]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |29._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- <S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. 190/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|191px]]<S>[[Mooskoow]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |29.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- [[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Gamal Abdel Naser u Beogradu, 1962.jpg|thumb|central|The second President of [[Egyptians]] 1954–1971.jpg: "as" President of [[Greater Arab Republics]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 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Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} g5ouoccsc1ry9aijmz0cvzuddnd2vc7 303205 303169 2026-07-22T16:08:18Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!” */ 303205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million³ |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|189px]]<S>[[Maldives]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |18.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |21.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |24."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |28.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Romania]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |29._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- <S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. 190/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|191px]]<S>[[Mooskoow]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |28.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |30."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- [[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Gamal Abdel Naser u Beogradu, 1962.jpg|thumb|central|The second President of [[Egyptians]] 1954–1971.jpg: "as" President of [[Greater Arab Republics]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * 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https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 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Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} rdztgdhixbcmc89rlhnt286mkyaaxmg 0 4907 303206 269980 2026-07-22T23:31:49Z Muhumed omar abdulahi 46619 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|1 */ 303206 wikitext text/x-wiki Aqoonyahanada casrigii dahabiga ahaa ee Muslimiinta waxaa kamid ah; '''Ibn-i Sina''' ('''Avicenna''') wuxuu ahaa aqoonyahan cilmi-nafsiyeed, dhakhtar, [[Murtimaal|Faylasoof]], iyo [[Saynis|saynisyah]] reer Faaris ah.  Waxaana lagu tiriyaa mid kamid ah aqoonyahnada ugu caansan uguna saameynta badan Taariikhda muslimiinta. Waa aabaha ‘’Dhakhaatiirta". == Cilmiga uu ku soo kordhiyey dunida waxaa ka mid ah == Nidaam cusub oo xitaa aqoonyahanada maanta ay layaabeen ayuu İbnu Sinna xagga iyo caafimaadka uu u isticmaali jiray, Nidaamkiisu afarta; Kow waa isku dayida fahamka Dabeecadda xanuunka asakiisa, Labo Fahamka Sababta keentay, Seddex Fahamka Calaamadihiisa, Afar oo ah tan ugu dambeynsa fahamka daaweyntiisa. Nidaamkan wuxuu ahaa mid aad u horumarsan waqtigiisa, İlaa iyo maanta ayeyna nidaamkani Aqoonyahnadu isticmalaan, Buugg weliba oo caafimaadna waxaa suurtagal ah in aad ku aragto, Calaamadaha cudurka, Sababta, İyo Cudurka Asalkiisa, Qaabkani nidamsan waa silsiladii horumarka ee bilowgii Aqoonta. == Buugaagta cilmiga == In ka badan 450 buugg oo ku saabsan mowduucyo kala duwan ayuu bn-i Sina qoray waxaa kamid ah buugaagtiisa kuwo; Cilmi-nafsiga, Daaweynta cudurada, Cilmiga Falsafada, iyo qaybaha kala duwan ee  sayniska. Buuggiisa ugu caansan waa "Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb" (Kitaabka Caafimaadka), Buuggani İbn Sina waxaa lagu tiriyaa manta mid kmid ah buugaagta pharmacologyga ee ugu muhiimsan ee abid la qoro. Waxaa loo terjumay luuqado aad u badan. === Cilmi-nafsiga === Dhanka Cilmi Nafsiguna Ibn-i Sina wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah aqoonyahannadii ugu horreeyay ee cilmigani wax ka qora, Dadkana si nafsi ah u darsa. Waxaa uu xitaa ka qoray cilmi-nafsiga buugg loogu magac daray "Kitab al-Najat" (Kitaabka Badbaadada) = Dadka Nafsi ahaan u xanuunsan kitaab u iftiiminayo qaabka ay ay u badbaadi lahaayeen. Aqoonyahanadii hore ee muslimiinta dhaxalka ugu wayn ee ay ka tageen waa kutubta ay ka qoreen dhinacyada kala duwan ee culuumta, Waxaa ayna aas aas u noqdeen bilowga farsamdo badan, Reer galbeedka ayaanna ugu dambeyn aqoontani oo dhan buuggagta qaatay kolkii muslimiinta hoos u dhac uu ku imaaday, Buuggaata ugu caansan ee İbn Sin ee maanta sidda wayn loo qadariyo waxaa kamid ah kitaabka; ==== 1. Qanuun fi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) ==== Buuggan waa buugga ugu caansan ee Taariikhda cilmiga caafimaadka, Waxaa uu ka hadlaa mowduucyo aad u kala duwan, Cudurada noocyadoodii iyo sidda ay u kala baxaan, Qaabka cudurada loo dhaweeyo iyada oo la isticmalayo daawada dhirta, Asalka Cudurada iyo faham balaaran oo ku saabsan xanuunka, İntaa waxaa dheer waxaa uu ka hadlayaa Anotomyga jirka bani aadamka iyo xubnaha bani aadamka sidda ay u shaqeeyaan, İyo Muhiimada ay leedahay Nafaada. Buugaagtani İbni Sina heerka ay maanta iyo aqoonyahanadii hore ay muhiim u ahaayeen, Waxaa xitaa isticmaalay buuggaagta İbnu Sin '''Andreas Vesalius'''  Oo maanta loo yaqaano aqoonyahnada ugu muhiimsan ee Anotomyga jirka bani aadamka, Si dadaalkisii uusoo bandhigo buugaagta İbn sina in wax badan ka isticmaalay ayaa la sheegaa, Laakiin waxaa nasiib dara ah in maanta buugaagta jaamacadaha ee Anotomoyga lagu arkio magaca '''Andreas Vesalius''' balse aanan lagu xusin magaca İbn Sina. Siddani oo kale '''William Harvey''' Oo isaguna maanta loo yaqaano ninkii Daahfuray nidaamka wareega ee jirka, İyo qaabka wadnaha ay dhiiga u bombeeyaan isaguna aqoontani aas aaskeedii İbn Sina ayuu wax badan ka qaatay, Maadama isaga hortii İbn Sina uu wax ka qoray Nidaamka uu jirka bani aadamka uu u shaqeeyo. Buuggaagtani İbn Sina waxaa loo isticmaali qarni badan buugaagta marjaca u ah culuumtani ilaa iyo maanta saameynta buugaagtani İbn sin ama aysan dhamaanin. ==== 2. Kitab al-Shifa (The Book of Healing) ==== Waa ensikloobaddiyaha cilmiga, Buuggaani waxaa uu ka kooban yahay Jaldiyo mowduucyo aad u kala duwan ayuuna wax kaqoray, Sidda Aqoonta Falaga, Polentologyga (Cilmig Dhirta) qaybaheedii iyo faa’idooyinkeedii, Falsafada iyo Mandiqa, Cilmiga Kimistiriga, İyo Methaphysicska iyo Caafimaadka. Siddaasina buuggani waxaa uu ku noqonyaa buuggaag culuum kala duwan ah oo isku dhex jirto.  Buuggaagtani jaamacadaha ugu waaweyn ee dunida ayaa Ardayda wax loogaga dhigaa si takhasuskiisi ay yeelanayaan Asalkisii ay wax uga fahmaan. İbnu Sina xilligiisi waxaa uu aqoonyahan laamo kala duwan ku takhaqsusay, Dadkuna waxaa uu ku daaweyn jiray dhirta, Xagga falsafaduna İbn Sina fikradihii Faylasoofaradii gariiga aragtiyo kala duwan ee uu dhisay qaab cusub ayuu dunida İslaamka uu keenay, Siddasina muslimiinta fahamkoodii felsefada ayaa kordhay.   İbn-i Sina waxaa uu saameyn weyn uu ku yeeshay adduunka oo dhan. İbnu Sina dhanka iyo Physics-kuna Aragtiyooyin kala duwan ayuu ku lahaa, Waxaa sharaxay İftiinka iyo Aragtida; ==== 1. Iftiinka iyo Aragtida ==== İbnu Sina waxaa uu aaminsanaa iftiinku in uu yahay maado kaas oo soo gaara ilaa iyo indhaheena kadib ayaa suurtagal ah in qofka uu arko, Aragtida İbn sina aynu wax u aragno waxaa qasab ah bilowgii in İftiinka uu ku dhaco walax kadibne iftiinkaa ku dhacay walaxda marka uu soo gaaro indhaha ayuu qofka uu wax arkayaa, Siddaasina İbn Sina aragtidiisii waxaa ay qayb ka noqotay sharaxaada cilmiga optikalka, Fahamka qaanso raadbayadayada iyo marxaladaha ay ku sameysmaan iyo kala jabka iftiinka. İftiinku waa mid kamid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan dunida physics-ga, Tusaale; Xirashada ookiyaalayaasha, İsticmaalka Microspe-yada si loo arko waxyaabo yaryar ah, İyo aaladaha kale ee casriga hadba aaladahani maskaxda ka dambeysa in lasoo saaro waa fahamka İleyska iyo sidda uu u kala shaqeeyo, Kolka İleyska lakala jebiyo marxalado kala duwan waxaa suurtagal noqoto waxyabo anan muuqanin in ileyska sababtii la arko. Waxaa kale oo suurtagal noqon karta xaaladaha qaarkood sidda dadka uu dhibayo araga fog si ay wax u arkaan waxaa qasab ah İn ay isticmaalaan ookiyaasha Optiga ee ku dhisan fikrad ah hadba in ileyska qaabka uu indhaha uusoo gaarayo in muurayado kalala isdulsaaray qofka uu xirto, Kolkaasi İftiinka ama shayga uu rabo in qofka uu arko balse ookiyaa la’aan uusan arki karin waxaa sahlan miraayadahani Optiga ee uu xiran yahay in ay iftiinka oo toos ah usoo gudbiyaan kadibne qofka uu wax arko, Asalkaan ookiyaalshani qofka xiran qaabka uu iftiinka u arko iyo dadka aanan ookiyaalka u xirneen isku mid m aha, Ookiyaalyashani Optiga iftiinka si toos ah uma gudbiyaan, Qaab kala qaloocan oo miraayado la isdulsaaray ah ayey qofka iftiinka u gudbiyaan siddani maanta Nimcada Alle waxaa wax ku arka boqolaal milyan qof oo Muraayado xiran. Nidaamkani iftiinka in miraayado la isulsaaray uu ka gudbo kadibne qofka uu arko waxyaabaha ka fog fog waa mid kamid ah horumarada ugu waaweyn ee bani aadamka uu gaaray, Horumaradani waxaa asal ah isku daygii ay aqoonyahanadii muslimiinta ee sharaxaada İleyska. ==== 2. Dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo Miisaanka ==== İbni Sina dhanka iyo Dhaqdhaaquna waxaa uu kasoo horjeeday fahmkii Arisdotales ee dhaqdhaqaaqa, Arisdotales waxaa uu aaminsanaa ‘’Walxuhu in ay taagan yihiin, İn ay dhaqdhaqaan walxuhu waxaa ay u baahan yihiin awood banaank ah’’. Si faahfaahsan Arisdotales waxaa uu qabay ‘’Dhagax banaanka iska yaala, Aam shay kasta oo meel yaala, Waa sidda uu yaalo haddii aan la taaban ma dhaqdhaqo’’, Aragtidani waxaa ay muujineysaa fahamkii uu Arisdotales dunida uu ka qabay, Balse İbni Sina bil caksigeed ayuu qabay ‘’Walxuhu waxaa ay ku gudajiraan dhaqdhaaq dabiici ah, Si loo istaajiyo ayaa waxaa ay u baahan yihiin awood bananaanka ah’’. Dhagaxa banaanka yaalo ama shay kasto asal ahaan shaygaa waxaa la moodi kara in uusan dhaqdhaqin balse dhaqdhaaq xowli ah ayuu ku jiraaa, Xaaladaha qaarkoodna waxaa la arki karaa in shayga uu ka dhaqdhaaqay qadar yar booskii uu taagnaa, Tani waa physic-ka casriga ee maanta, Dhamaan waxlxuhu moleculadoodii dhaqdhaaq in ay ku jiraan waa aragti dhaman aqoonyahnadu ay wada qabaan.  Kownka oo dhan inta la ogyahay majiraan wax iska fadhiya, Wax weliba ee la abuuray dhaqdhaaq ayey ku jiraaan. ==== 3. Codka ==== Dhanka iyo codka waxaa uu aaminsanaa İbn Sina mowjad hawada hawada ku faafta, Qofka hadalkiisu asal ahaan (Kownka meel kamid ah ayuu ku kaydsan yahay, Wax ku dhex dhumaya kwonak majiro), Tusaale; Maallin [[dabeyl]] ay jirto haddii qof deriskaagii ah saaxibkiisi uu u dhawaqo, Waxaa macquul ah dabeylaha adiga oo qolkaagii ku jiro qofkaa saaxibkisii la hadlay hadalkisii in ay dhagaagaga kuugu keenan, Tani Tijabo fudud ayaa maanta lagu sameyn karaa. Haddaba Kowka oo dhan qofka ficilkiisii, Hadalkisii, Dhaqdhaqiisii, Dhamaantood waa wax hawada ku dhex faafaya, Xagalka aynu ka hadleyno ee codka ahna, Aduunka qaybo kamid ah ayuu codkaa uu ku dhex jiraa.Saynisyahnadaa qaar ayaa ku dooda in ay suurtagal tahay haddii la helo qalab in la dhageysan karo codadka ummadihii hore, Haddaba codka maadama u hawada uu ku faafo, Waxaa uu Alle Qur’aanka kariimka uu ku sheegay suurada Fadhir Aayada 10.aad in Codka wanaagsan Xagga Alle in uu u sare u kaco ‘’Qofki doonayo in uu helo Sharaf, Ha ogaado Sharaf oo dhan Alle xaggisii ayey taala, Alle Xaggiisiin Kelimada Wanaagsan, İyo Camalka Wanaagsan waxaa u sare kaco………..’’ İbn Sina Xilligiisii ayaa waxaa uu dareemay in codka uu hawada ku dhex qasmo, Tanina waa aragti maanta la iskuwada waafaqsanyhay. ==== 4. Maaddada iyo Tamarta ==== Dhanka maadada İbn Sina waxaa uu qabay aragti ka horumarsan tii Arisdotales uu qabay, Aqoonyahanadii hore ee gariiga markii ay isku dayee in dunida oo dhan sharaxaad kooban u sameeyaan waxaa usoo baxday in dunida iyo waxa ku dhex jiro oo dhan afar shay uun in ay ka imaadeen Afar curiye oo kala ah; '''(Dhulka, Biyaha, Hawadu, Dabka +Alxawaac oo ah midka shaanad ee maanta lagu daro),''' Wax weliba ee ku muuqda oo dhan afartani midkood ayaa asal u ah marka si dhab ah waxa ay ka sameysmeen la fiiriyo, Aragtidani maanta waxaa ardayda loogu dhiga Schoolada, Balse İbn sina xilligiisi waxaa uu qabay fikir taasi ka duwan.  Waxaa uu qabay İbn sina fikir ah; Afartani shay qasab ma aha in ay wax weliba ka sameysmaan, Form kala duwan ayey walxuhu ka sameysmi karaan, İbn sina in Aragtidani uu ka horimaado xilligiisii waa fikir iyo aqoon aad u sareysay, Waxa u muuqdaa sidda qof ishaaray elementiyada kala duwan, Ee isku tagadoodii waxluhu ay ka sameysmeen, İsku taga elementiyadu waxaa ay abuuraan Molecul hadba nooc ah, İsku taga elemntiyada Moleculada ka dhex sameysma waxaa kamid ah biyaha aynu cabno, Waa isku taga laba Element o kala duwan, Siddani oo kale ayeyna wax weliba oo inoo muuqdo maadooyin kala duwan ay uga sameymeen. ==== 5. Xiddigiska ==== Dhanka falaguna İbn sina waxa uu xisaabiyey dhaqdhaaqa meereyasha iyo Nidaamka qoraxda ay u socoto, Waxaana isticmaalay modelo casri ah, Qorax madobadka iyo Dayax madoobaadka ayuuna sharaxay qaabka ay dhacdooyinkani u dhacaan, Cilmigani falaga muslimiinta waxaa ay ahaayeen dadkii ugu horeeyey ee xitaa qalabyo u sameeyey si ay hawada sare dhaqdhaqa xiddigaha ay ula socdaan. == Gebagebo == Ugu dambeyntiina cilmigii İbn Sina waxaa qaatay reer [[Yurub]]. [[Qarnigii 12aad]], buuggaagtiisa cilmiga caafimaadka waxaa la tarjumay Farta Laatiin-ka, Tanina waxaa ay ka dhigneyd si ay u fahmaan buugaagtani aqoonyanada cilmi-baarayaasha reer Yurub. Cilmigiisuna jaamacadaha Yurub ayaa qarniyo badan ardayda loo dhigi jiray, İlbaxnimda iyo horumrka yurub ee maantana buugaagta Muslimiinat ee casrigiii dahabiga waxaa ay lafdhabar u noqdeen horumarka tecknoloygadeed ee maanta yurub ay haysato, Xita Aqoonyanahada reer Yurub sidda Galilo, Copernicus labadani aqoonyahan oo caanka ku ah in ay sheegeen ‘’İn dhulka uu wareego’’, Waxaa la sheega in ay aqoontani falaga wax badan ka qaateen buuggaagtii İbni Sina. Si kooban  Maanta, cilmigii İbn Sina waa loo arkaa kuwo muhiim ah oo si gaar ah loo xifdiyo, Waxaa suurtagal terjumada buugaagtani qaarkood in maktadaha laga helo. '''Avicenna''' ( {{Lang|fa|ابن سینا}} ) ama '''Ebu Ali Sînâ''' <ref>''A brief history of medicine: from Hippocrates to gene therapy''</ref> ( [[Af-Faarisi|Faaris]] : {{Lang|fa|ابوعلی سینا}} ) ama erayada reer galbeedka '''Avicenna''' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/2761.html|title=Avicenna and the Visionary Recital|date=19 Nisan 2016|work=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691630540|language=İngilizce|quote=In this work a distinguished scholar of Islamic religion examines the mysticism and psychological thought of the great eleventh-century Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), author of over a hundred works on theology, logic, medicine, and mathematics.|access-date=12 Ağustos 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524093639/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/2761.html|archive-date=24 Mayıs 2019}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|v|ɪ|ˈ|s|ɛ|n|ə|,_|ˌ|ɑː|v|ɪ|-}} ; y. 980 &#x2013; Juun 1037), <ref>''Medieval Philosophy''. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.&nbsp;۸۹.ISBN ۹۷۸–۱–۶۱۵۳۰–۲۴۴–۴</ref> Persian <ref>Kusky, Timothy M.; Cullen, Katherine E. (2010). ''Encyclopedia of Earth and Space Science,'' Infobase Publishing. p.&nbsp;817. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4381-2859-7</nowiki>.</ref> polymath oo loo arko mid ka mid ah dhakhaatiirta ugu muhiimsan, <ref>Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd edition. Edited by P. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Henrichs. Brill 2009. Accessed through Brill online: www.encislam.brill.nl (2009) Quote: "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian."</ref> [[Xidigisyahan|cirbixiyeennada]], <ref>A.J. Arberry, "Avicenna on Theology", KAZI PUBN INC, 1995. excerpt: "Avicenna was the greatest of all Persian thinkers; as physician and metaphysician"</ref> mufakiriinta, <ref>Henry Corbin, "The Voyage and the messenger: Iran and Philosophy", North Atlantic Books, 1998. pg 74:"Whereas the name of Avicenna (Ibn sinda, died 1037) is generally listed as chronologically first among noteworthy Iranian philosophers, recent evidence has revealed previous existence of Ismaili philosophical systems with a structure no less complete than of Avicenna"</ref> qorayaasha, <ref>Michael Kort (2004). ''Central Asian republics''. Infobase Publishing. p.&nbsp;24.</ref> iyo culimada dahabka Da'da Islaamka iyo dhakhtarka loo yaqaan "aabihii hore ee [[Daawo|daawada]] polymeric ". <ref>{{Cite book|last=Daly|first=Jonathan|url=https://books.google.com/?id=9aZPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Ibn+Sina+Persian+polymath#v=onepage&q=Ibn%20Sina%20Persian%20polymath&f=false|title=The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization|date=19 Aralık 2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-1851-6|page=18|language=İngilizce}}</ref> Wuxuu ku dhashay agagaarka 980 tuulada Efshene oo u dhow Bukhara ( [[Usbekistan|Uzbekistan]] ) wuxuuna ku dhintay 1037 magaalada Hamadaan ( [[Iiraan|Iraan]] ). Waxa uu qoray ku dhawaad 200 oo buug oo dhinacyo kala duwan ah, isaga oo diiradda saaraya [[Daawo|daawada]] iyo [[Filasoofiyada|falsafada]] . Avicenna, oo reer galbeedku u yaqaanaan aasaasaha sayniska dhexe ee casriga ah iyo hoggaamiyaha dhakhaatiirta, ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Master of Great". Waxa uu caan ku noqday buuggiisa ''" El-Kanun fi't-Tıb"'' (Sharciga Caafimaadka), kaas oo weli ahaa tixraaca ugu muhiimsan ee dhinaca [[Daawo|caafimaadka]] muddo toddoba qarni ah, waxaana buuggan lagu bartay jaamacado kala duwan oo Yurub ah 17-kii. qarniga. Waxaa la baray sida shaqada aasaasiga ah ee sayniska caafimaadka ilaa bartamihii qarnigii. <ref>Cyril Glassé,Huston Smith, The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Rowman Altamira, 1 Şub 2003, p.&nbsp;200. "Persian father and Turkic mother"</ref> <ref>Ibn Sina ("Avicenna") Encyclopedia of Islam. 2nd edition. Edited by P. Berman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Henrichs. Brill 2009. Accessed through Brill online: www.encislam.brill.nl (2009) Quote: "He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian." A.J. Arberry, "Avicenna on Theology", KAZI PUBN INC, 1995. excerpt: "Avicenna was the greatest of all Persian thinkers; as physician and metaphysician"[1] Henry Corbin, "The Voyage and the messenger: Iran and Philosophy", North Atlantic Books, 1998. pg 74:"Whereas the name of Avicenna (Ibn sinda, died 1037) is generally listed as chronologically first among noteworthy Iranian philosophers, recent evidence has revealed previous existence of Ismaili philosophical systems with a structure no less complete than of Avicenna"</ref> Ibnu Sina waxa uu cilmiga caafimaadka ka bartay dhakhtar la odhan jiray Kuşyar. Wuxuu qoray ku dhawaad 450 maqaalo oo ku saabsan mowduucyo kala duwan, 240 ka mid ah waa ay jiraan ilaa maantadan la joogo. Qoraallada aan hayno, 150 ka mid ah waxay ku saabsan yihiin [[Filasoofiyada|falsafada]], 40 waxay ku saabsan yihiin daawada. Kuwa ugu caansan ee shuqulladiisa waa ''Kitabü'ş-Şifa'' (Buugga bogsiinta), oo ah shaqo aad u dhammaystiran oo daboolaysa falsafada iyo sayniska, iyo ''El-Kanun fi't-Tıb'' (Sharciga Caafimaadka). Labadan shaqo waxa lagu baray jaamacadaha dhexe waxayna noqdeen buugaag ku yaal Montpellier iyo Louvain ilaa 1650. Ibnu Siinaa, oo uu dhalay C/llaahi bin Siinaa, oo ka mid ahaa karraaniyayaashii qasriga Samanid ; Waxa uu casharro ka qaatay aabihii, ka dibna waxa uu ka qaatay caalimkii caanka ahaa ee Natiili iyo fiqigii [[Xanafiya|Xanafiga]] ee Ismaaciil Al-zaahid. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyay [[Joomitiri|joomatari]] (gaar ahaan Euclidean geometry), macquulka, fiqhiga, [https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarf naxwaha], [https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/nahiv naxwaha], [[Daawo|caafimaadka]] iyo [[Fiisigis|cilmiga dabiiciga ah]] . Waxa uu falsafada Aristotle iyo [https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/metafizik metaphysics] ku bartay Farabi 's al-Ibane , markii uu bogsiiyey amiirkii Bukhara ee buka (997), waxa uu fursad u helay in uu ka faa'iidaysto maktabadda qasriga. Markii aabbihii dhintay, wuxuu taageero ka helay Abuu Muxammad ee Shiraz ee Gurgan . Waxa kale oo uu ku qoray buugga ''Sharciga Caafimaadka'' ee Gürgan . Waxa uu baadhay shuqulladii dhammaan faylasuufyadii Giriiggii hore iyo dabiicad-yaqaannada [[Anatooliya|Anatoliya]] ee loo yaqaan waqtigiisii. == Tixraac == gkriph3jag0kq960n4w6udxj2bsysne 0 5441 303105 297906 2026-07-21T12:02:48Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Bandera_de_España.svg with [[File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Spain.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 303105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqarada Isbania{{so|}} | native_name = {{native name|es|Reino de España{{efn|name="nation name"}}}} | common_name = Isbania | name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|4 other names}}{{efn|name="es lang"|In Spain, [[Languages of Spain|other languages]] are officially recognised as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous]] [[regional language|(regional) languages]] under the [[Spanish Constitution]]. In each of these, Spain's conventional long name for international affairs in Spanish laws and the most used ({{lang-es|Reino de España|links=no}}, pronounced: {{IPA-es|ˈrejno ð(e) esˈpaɲa|}}) is as follows: * {{lang-ca|Regne d'Espanya}}, {{IPA-ca|ˈreŋnə ðəsˈpaɲə|IPA}} * {{lang-eu|Espainiako Erresuma}}, {{IPA-eu|es̺paɲiako eres̺uma|IPA}} * {{lang-gl|Reino de España}}, {{IPA-gl|ˈrejnʊ ð(ɪ) esˈpaɲɐ|IPA}} * {{lang-oc|Reiaume d'Espanha}}, {{IPA-oc|reˈjawme ðesˈpaɲɔ|IPA}}}} |{{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal; |rowclass1 =mergedrow|label1=[[Catalan language|Catalan]]:|data1={{lang|ca|Regne d'Espanya}} |rowclass2 = mergedrow|label2=[[Basque language|Basque]]:|data2={{lang|eu|Espainiako Erresuma}} |rowclass3 = mergedrow|label3=[[Galician language|Galician]]:|data3={{lang|gl|Reino de España}} |rowclass4 = mergedrow|label4=[[Occitan language|Occitan]]:|data4={{lang|oc|Reiaume d'Espanha}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Spain.svg | image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|[[Plus ultra]]}} <br /> {{small|(English: "Further Beyond")}} | national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Marcha Real]]|icon=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf|title=Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional|author=Presidency of the Government|work=[[Boletín Oficial del Estado]] núm. 244|date=11 October 1997|language=es|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034615/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|author-link=Government of Spain}}</ref><br />{{small|(English: "Royal March")}}<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center| }}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:EU-Spain (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Spain.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=2}} | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[European Union]]|subregion_color=green}} | image_map2 = | capital = [[Madrid]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|26|N|3|42|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Madrid]] | languages_type = Official language | languages = [[Af-Isbaanish]]<!--(aka Castilian)-->{{efn|name=c|The official language of the State is established in the Section 3 of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]] to be Castilian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.htm|title=The Spanish Constitution|publisher=Lamoncloa.gob.es|access-date=26 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325101204/http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/IDIOMAS/9/Espana/LeyFundamental/index.htm|archive-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> In some [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Basque language|Basque]] and [[Occitan language|Occitan]] (locally known as [[Aranese language|Aranese]]) are co-official languages. [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] and [[Asturian language|Asturian]] have some degree of official recognition.}} {{infobox|child=yes |label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2020)}} |data1 = {{unbulleted list|84.8% [[Spaniards]]|15.2% [[Immigration to Spain|Others]]<ref name="ine.es">{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=01006.px#!tabs-tabla|title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Población (españoles/extranjeros) por País de Nacimiento, sexo y año|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]|website=ine.es}}</ref>}} }} | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | ethnic_groups_ref = | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |57.6% [[Catholicism]] |37.7% [[Irreligion in Spain|No religion]] |2.9% [[Religion in Spain|Others]] |1.8% Unanswered }} | religion_ref = <ref name="Barómetro de enero 2022">[[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas|CIS]].[http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3347marMT_A.pdf "Barómetro de Enero de 2022"], 3,777 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?".</ref> | religion_year = 2022 | demonym = {{hlist|[[Spaniards|Spanish]]|Spaniard}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]]&nbsp;[[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Boqoraha Ispania|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Feeyliibe ee 6aad]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare Isbania|Ra'iisul wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Beediro Saanshees]] | legislature = [[Cortes Generales]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Spain|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Congress of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Spain|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Tartessos]] | established_date1 = XII BC to V BC | established_event2 = [[Carthaginian Iberia|Carthaginian Hispania]] | established_date2 = 572 BC to 206 BC | established_event3 = [[Hispania|Roman Hispania]] | established_date3 = 218 BC | established_event4 = [[Visigothic Kingdom]] | established_date4 = 418 | established_event5 = [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Dynasty]] | established_date5 = 711-1031 | established_event6 = [[House of Trastámara|Trastámara Dynasty]] | established_date6 = 1369 | established_event7 = [[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg Dynasty]] | established_date7 = 14 March 1516 | established_event8 = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon Dynasty]] | established_date8 = 16 January 1716 | established_event9 = [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|First Constitution]] | established_date9 = 19 March 1812 | established_event10 = [[Spanish Constitution of 1931|First Democratic Constitution]] | established_date10 = 14 April 1931 | established_event11 = [[Francoist Spain]] | established_date11 = 1 April 1939 | established_event12 = [[Constitution of Spain|Current Constitution]] | established_date12 = 29 December 1978 | established_event13 = [[Enlargement of the European Union#Mediterranean enlargements|European Union]] | established_date13 = 1 January 1986 | area_km2 = 505,990<ref>{{cite web|title=Anuario estadístico de España 2008. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente|url=http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|access-date=14 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144913/http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> | area_rank = 51st | area_sq_mi = 195,364 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.89 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 47,450,795<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736177012&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254734710990|title=INEbase / Demografía y población /Padrón. Población por municipios /Estadística del Padrón continuo. Últimos datos datos|website=ine.es|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="cp_2020"/>{{efn|On 1 January 2020, the Spanish population was 47,330 million, an increase of 392,921. In the same period, the number of citizens with Spanish citizenship reached 42,094,606. The number of foreigners (i.e. immigrants, ex-pats and refugees, without including foreign born nationals with Spanish citizenship) permanently living in Spain was estimated to be at 5,235,375 (11.06%) in 2020.<ref name="cp_2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/prensa/cp_e2020_p.pdf|title=Population Figures at 01 January 2019. Migrations Statistics. Year 2019.|date=June 2020|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|National Statistics Institute]] (INE)|language=es|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628123003/http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176951&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735572981|archive-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>}} | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 30th | population_density_km2 = 94 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 120th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$1.942&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOES">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1=|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 15th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $41,736<ref name="IMFWEOES"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 32nd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$1.450&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOES"/>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 13th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $31,178<ref name="IMFWEOES"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 26th | Gini = 33.0 <!--Number only--> | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 103rd | HDI = 0.904 <!--Number only--> | HDI_year = 2019 <!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--Increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|access-date=10 December 2019|format=PDF}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 25th | currency = [[Euro]]{{efn|The [[Spanish peseta|Peseta]] before 2002.}} ([[Euro sign|€]]) | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] and [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = ⁠±0 to +1 <!--Note: Zero-width non-breaking space results in the infobox displaying "UTC" without a specified offset.--> | DST_note = {{small|Note: most of Spain observes CET/CEST, except the [[Canary Islands]] which observe WET/WEST.}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]] and [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 to +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Spain|+34]] | iso3166code = ES | cctld = [[.es]]{{efn|name=e|The [[.eu]] domain is also used, as it is shared with other [[European Union]] member states. Also, the [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalonia]], [[.gal]] in [[Galiza|Galicia]] and [[.eus]] in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque-Country]] autonomous regions.}} | today = }} '''Isbaaniya''' (spania) ama '''Boqortooyada Isbaaniya''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta [[Galbeed]] ee qaarada [[Yurub]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Andorra]], [[Faransiiska]], [[Gibraltar]] iyo [[Bortuqaal]], wadankaan waxoo aad uugu dhawyahay xuduudka [[Maroko]] oo u dhaxeeso [[Badda Dhexe]]. Shacabka degen spania waxee gaarayaan ilaa 46,468,102 oo qof. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Madrid]]. Wadanka Isbania waxoo leeyahay 17 gabol iyo 15 magaalo oo waa weyn oo muhiim u ah. [[w:es:espania]] [[File:Ccaa-spain.png|thumb|right|400px]] == Taariikh == Aadanaha casriga ahi markii ugu horraysay waxay yimaadeen jasiiradda Iberian ee ku dhow 35,000 oo sano ka hor. Dhaqamada Iberian oo ay weheliyaan dhaqanno qadiimiga ah ee Fiktooriya, Giriiga iyo Carthagini ayaa lagu horumariyey badhtamihii illaa iyo intii uu xukunka Roomaanka ku jiray ilaa 200 BCE, ka dib markii gobolkani magaciisa lagu magacaabo Hispania, oo ku salaysan magacii hore ee Spian ama Spania. Dhamaadka Boqortooyada Roomaanku waxay qabsadeen qabaa'ilka reer yurubiyaanka ah ee ka yimid Yurubta Dhexe, waxay ku soo duuleen jasiiradda Iberian waxayna aasaaseen dhinacyo badan oo madaxbannaan oo ka jira gobollada galbeedka, oo ay ku jiraan Sueves, Alans iyo Vandals. Ugu dambeyntii, Visigoths ayaa si adag u dhex gali lahaa dhammaan xudduudaha madaxbanaan ee ku yaala jasiiradda, oo ay ku jiraan gobollada Byzantine, oo ah Boqortooyada Toledo, kaas oo midba midka yar ama mid yar midoobaya siyaasad ahaan, si caddaalad ah iyo sharci ahaanba dhammaan goboladii Roomaanka ahaa ama boqortooyooyinkii guusha ka ahaa wixii markii danbe loo aqoonsaday Hispania. Boqolkii 8aad ee boqornimada Boqortooyada Visigothic waxay ku dhacday Moors, kuwaas oo u yimid inay u xukumaan badmaaxa sanadka 726, iyaga oo ka tegaya mugdi yar oo masiixiyiin ah oo woqooyi ah, ilaa toddoba qarniyo Boqortooyada Granada. Tani waxay tagtay dagaalo badan intii lagu jiray muddada dheer ee dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Jasiiradda Iberian, taas oo horseeday abuurista Boqortooyada Leon, Boqortooyada Castille, Boqortooyada Aragon iyo Boqortooyada Navarre oo ah boqortooyooyinka boqortooyada ee ugu muhiimsan ee soo wajahda duullaanka. Ka dib markii lagu guuleystey Moorish, Yurubiyiintu waxay billaabeen nidaam tartiib tartiib ah oo lagu soo celinayo gobolka Reconquista, [11] kaas oo qarnigii 15aad ku dhammaaday soo ifbaxay Spain oo ah waddan midaysan oo ka hooseysa Boqortooyada Katoolikada. Xilligii casriga ahaa ee loo yaqaan 'Golden Golden Era', wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah taariikhda caalamka ugu horeeya taariikhda caalamka, sababtoo ah isku xirka Isbaanishka ee Ameerika, oo ka tagay dhaqan iyo luuqad kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin in ka badan 500 milyan oo Hispanophones ah, ugu badnaa luuqadda hooyo, ka dib Mandarin Chinese. [[File:4_Torres_desde_CBA_Bellas_Artes_(Zoom_14)_-_panoramio_(crop).jpg|thumb|right|350px|{{Flag|Spain}}]] [[File:Edificio_España_-_05.jpg|thumb|right|350px|{{Flag|Spain}}]] [[File:Ajo_blanco.jpg|thumb|right|350px|{{Flag|Spain}}]] [[File:Seville_Metro_Train.JPG|thumb|right|350px|]] [[File:Monumental_Plaza_de_España_de_Sevilla.jpg|thumb|right|350px|{{Flag|Spain}}]] [[File:Microsoft logo.svg|thump|right|350px|MS Wnds.|Dn’tRmvpl. {{Flag|Spain}}]] ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]* * [[Midowga Yurub]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * *` ==Waddanmaha la degaan Isbania== *{{Flag|Argentina}}:50,000+ *{{Flag|Mexico}}: 100,000+ *{{Flag|France}} 100,000+ *{{Flag|United States}} 50,000+ {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !scope="col"| Province name !scope="col"| Capital !scope="col"| Autonomous community !scope="col" class="unsortable"| Lists of municipalities |- | {{Sort|A Coruna|[[File:Escudo de la provincia de A Coruña.svg|x18px|A Coruña]]}} '''[[Province of A Coruña|A Coruña]]''' ''(Galician)''; '''La Coruña''' ''(Spanish)''; '''Corunna''' ''(English, archaic)'' | {{Sort|A Coruna|[[A Coruña]]}} ''([[Galician language|Galician]])''; La Coruña ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])''; Corunna ''([[English language|English]], archaic)'' | {{Sort|Galicia|[[File:Flag of Galicia.svg|x18px|Galicia]] [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in A Coruña|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Alava|[[File:Álava.svg|x18px|Álava]] '''[[Álava]]'''}}; '''Araba''' ''([[Basque language|Basque]])'' | {{Sort|Vitoria-Gasteiz|[[Vitoria-Gasteiz]]}}; Gasteiz ''([[Basque language|Basque]])''; Vitoria ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])'' | {{Sort|Basque Country|[[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|x18px|Basque Country]] [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Álava|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Albacete|[[File:Bandera provincia Albacete.svg|x18px|Albacete]] '''[[Province of Albacete|Albacete]]'''}} | {{Sort|Albacete|[[Albacete]]}} | {{Sort|Castilla-La Mancha|[[File:Bandera Castilla-La Mancha.svg|x18px|Castilla-La Mancha]] [[Castilla-La Mancha]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Albacete|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Alicante|[[File:Bandera d'Alacant.svg|x18px|Alicante]] '''[[Province of Alicante|Alicante]]'''}}; '''Alacant''' ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])'' | {{Sort|Alicante|[[Alicante]]}}; Alacant ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])'' | {{Sort|Valencian Community|[[File:Flag of the Land of Valencia (official).svg|x18px|Valencian Community]] [[Valencian Community]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Alicante|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Almeria|[[File:Flag Almería Province.svg|x18px|Almería]]''' [[Province of Almería|Almería]]'''}} | {{Sort|Almeria|[[Almería]]}} | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Almería|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Asturias|[[File:Flag of Asturias.svg|x18px|Asturias]] '''[[Asturias]]'''}}; '''Asturies''' ''([[Asturian language|Asturian]])'' | {{Sort|Oviedo|[[Oviedo]]}}; Uviéu'' ([[Asturian language|Asturian]])'' | {{Sort|Asturias|[[File:Flag of Asturias.svg|x18px|Asturias]] [[Asturias]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Asturias|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Avila|[[File:Bandera de la provincia de Ávila.svg|x18px|Ávila]] '''[[Province of Ávila|Ávila]]'''}} | {{Sort|Avila|[[Ávila, Spain|Ávila]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Ávila|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Badajoz|[[File:Flag of Badajoz.svg|x18px|Badajoz]] '''[[Province of Badajoz|Badajoz]]'''}} | {{Sort|Badajoz|[[Badajoz]]}} | {{Sort|Extremadura|[[File:Flag of Extremadura with COA.svg|x18px|Extremadura]] [[Extremadura]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Badajoz|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Balearic Islands|[[File:Flag of the Balearic Islands.svg|x18px|Balearic Islands]] '''[[Balearic Islands]]'''}}; '''Illes Balears''' ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])''; '''Islas Baleares''' ''(Spanish)'' | {{Sort|Palma|[[Palma, Majorca|Palma]]}} | {{Sort|Balearic Islands|[[File:Flag of the Balearic Islands.svg|x18px|Balearic Islands]] [[Balearic Islands]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Balearic Islands|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Barcelona|[[File:Flag of Barcelona (province).svg|x18px|Barcelona]] '''[[Province of Barcelona|Barcelona]]'''}} | {{Sort|Barcelona|[[Barcelona]]}} | {{Sort|Catalonia|[[File:Flag of Catalonia.svg|x18px|Catalonia]] [[Catalonia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Barcelona|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Biscay|[[File:Bizkaikobanderea.svg|x18px|Biscay]] '''[[Biscay]]'''}}; '''Bizkaia''' ''([[Basque language|Basque]])''; '''Vizcaya''' ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) | {{Sort|Bilbao|[[Bilbao]]}}; Bilbo ''([[Basque language|Basque]])'' | {{Sort|Basque Country|[[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|x18px|Basque Country]] [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Biscay|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Burgos|[[File:Burgos (provincia).svg|x18px|Burgos]] '''[[Province of Burgos|Burgos]]'''}} | {{Sort|Burgos|[[Burgos]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Burgos|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Caceres|[[File:Flag of the province of Cáceres.svg|x18px|Cáceres]] '''[[Province of Cáceres|Cáceres]]'''}} | {{Sort|Caceres|[[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]]}} | {{Sort|Extremadura|[[File:Flag of Extremadura with COA.svg|x18px|Extremadura]] [[Extremadura]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Cáceres|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Cadiz|[[File:Flag Cádiz Province.svg|x18px|Cádiz]] '''[[Province of Cádiz|Cádiz]]'''}} | {{Sort|Cadiz|[[Cádiz]]}} | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Cádiz|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Cantabria|[[File:Flag of Cantabria (Official).svg|x18px|Cantabria]] '''[[Cantabria]]'''}} | {{Sort|Santander|[[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]]}} | {{Sort|Cantabria|[[File:Flag of Cantabria.svg|x18px|Cantabria]] [[Cantabria]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Cantabria|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Castellon|[[File:Flag of the Valencian Community (2x3).svg|x18px|Valencian Community]] '''[[Province of Castellón|Castellón]]'''}}; '''Castelló''' ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])'' | {{Sort|Castellon de la Plana|[[Castellón de la Plana]]}}; Castelló de la Plana ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])'' | {{Sort|Valencian Community|[[File:Flag of the Land of Valencia (official).svg|x18px|Valencian Community]] [[Valencian Community]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Castellón|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Ciudad Real|[[File:Flag Ciudad Real Province.svg|x18px|Ciudad Real]] '''[[Province of Ciudad Real|Ciudad Real]]'''}} | {{Sort|Ciudad Real|[[Ciudad Real]]}} | {{Sort|Castilla-La Mancha|[[File:Bandera Castilla-La Mancha.svg|x18px|Castilla-La Mancha]] [[Castilla-La Mancha]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Ciudad Real|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Cordoba|[[File:Provincia de Córdoba - Bandera.svg|x18px|Córdoba]] '''[[Province of Córdoba (Spain)|Córdoba]]'''}} | {{Sort|Cordoba|[[Córdoba, Andalusia|Córdoba]]; Cordova ''(English, archaic)''}} | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Córdoba|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Cuenca|[[File:Flag Cuenca Province.svg|x18px|Cuenca]] '''[[Province of Cuenca (Spain)|Cuenca]]'''}} | {{Sort|Cuenca|[[Cuenca (Spain)|Cuenca]]}} | {{Sort|Castilla-La Mancha|[[File:Bandera Castilla-La Mancha.svg|x18px|Castilla-La Mancha]] [[Castilla-La Mancha]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Cuenca|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Gipuzkoa|[[File:Guipúzcoa.svg|x18px|Guipúzcoa]] '''[[Gipuzkoa]]'''}} ''([[Basque language|Basque]])''; '''Guipúzcoa''' ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])'' | {{Sort|San Sebastian|[[San Sebastián]]}} ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])''; Donostia ''([[Basque language|Basque]])'' | {{Sort|Basque Country|[[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|x18px|Basque Country]] [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Gipuzkoa|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Girona|[[File:Flag of Girona province (unofficial).svg|x18px|Girona]] '''[[Province of Girona|Girona]]'''}} ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])''; '''Gerona''' ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])'' | {{Sort|Girona|[[Girona]]}} ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])''; Gerona ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])'' | {{Sort|Catalonia|[[File:Flag of Catalonia.svg|x18px|Catalonia]] [[Catalonia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Girona|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Granada|[[File:Bandera de la provincia de Granada (España).svg|x18px|Granada]] '''[[Province of Granada|Granada]]'''}} | {{Sort|Granada|[[Granada]]}} | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Granada|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Guadalajara|[[File:Flag Guadalajara Province.svg|x18px|Guadalajara]] '''[[Province of Guadalajara|Guadalajara]]'''}} | {{Sort|Guadalajara|[[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]]}} | {{Sort|Castilla-La Mancha|[[File:Bandera Castilla-La Mancha.svg|x18px|Castilla-La Mancha]] [[Castilla-La Mancha]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Guadalajara|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Huelva|[[File:Bandera de la Provincia De Huelva.svg|x18px|Huelva]] '''[[Province of Huelva|Huelva]]'''}} | {{Sort|Huelva|[[Huelva]]}} | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Huelva|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Huesca|[[File:Flag of Huesca (province).svg|x18px|Huesca]] '''[[Province of Huesca|Huesca]]'''}} | {{Sort|Huesca|[[Huesca]] ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])''}}; ''Uesca'' ''([[Aragonese language|Aragonese]])'' | {{Sort|Aragon|[[File:Flag of Aragon.svg|x18px|Aragon]] [[Aragon]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Huesca|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Jaen|[[File:Bandera de la provincia de Jaén.svg|x18px|Jaén]] '''[[Province of Jaén (Spain)|Jaén]]'''}} | {{Sort|Jaen|[[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]}} | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Jaén|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|La Rioja|[[File:Flag of La Rioja (with coat of arms).svg|x18px|La Rioja]] '''[[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]]'''}} | {{Sort|Logrono|[[Logroño]]}} | {{Sort|La Rioja|[[File:Flag of La Rioja (with coat of arms).svg|x18px|La Rioja]] [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]]}} | [[List of municipalities in La Rioja|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Las Palmas|[[File:Provincia de Las Palmas - Bandera.svg|x18px|Las Palmas]] '''[[Province of Las Palmas|Las Palmas]]'''}} | {{Sort|Las Palmas|[[Las Palmas]]}} | {{Sort|Canary Islands|[[File:Flag of the Canary Islands.svg|x18px|Canary Islands]] [[Canary Islands]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Las Palmas|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Leon|[[File:Bandera de León.svg|x18px|León]] '''[[Province of León|León]]'''}} | {{Sort|Leon|[[León, Spain|León]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in León|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Lleida|[[File:Bandera de la provincia de Lérida.svg|x18px|Lleida]]}} '''[[Province of Lleida|Lleida]]''' ''(Catalan)''; '''Lérida''' ''(Spanish)'' | {{Sort|Lleida|[[Lleida]]}} ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])''; Lérida ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])'' | {{Sort|Catalonia|[[File:Flag of Catalonia.svg|x18px|Catalonia]] [[Catalonia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Lleida|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Lugo|[[File:Flag of Lugo province.svg|x18px|Lugo]] '''[[Lugo (province)|Lugo]]'''}} | {{Sort|Lugo|[[Lugo]]}} | {{Sort|Galicia|[[File:Flag of Galicia.svg|x18px|Galicia]] [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Lugo|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Madrid|[[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|x18px|Community of Madrid]] '''[[Province of Madrid|Madrid]]'''}} | {{Sort|Madrid|[[Madrid]]}} | {{Sort|Madrid|[[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|x18px|Community of Madrid]] [[Community of Madrid]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Madrid|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Malaga|[[File:Flag Málaga Province.svg|x18px|Málaga]] '''[[Province of Málaga|Málaga]]'''}} | {{Sort|Malaga|[[Málaga]]}} | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Málaga|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Murcia|[[File:Flag of the Region of Murcia.svg|x18px|Region of Murcia]] '''[[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]'''}} | {{Sort|Murcia|[[Murcia]]}} | {{Sort|Murcia|[[File:Flag of the Region of Murcia.svg|x18px|Region of Murcia]] [[Region of Murcia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Murcia|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Navarre|[[File:Bandera de Navarra.svg|x18px|Navarre]] '''[[Navarre]]'''}}; '''Nafarroa''' ''(Basque)''; '''Navarra''' ''(Spanish)'' | {{Sort|Pamplona|[[Pamplona]]}}; Iruña ''(Basque)'' | {{Sort|Navarre|[[File:Bandera de Navarra.svg|x18px|Navarre]] [[Navarre]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Navarre|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Ourense|[[File:Provincia de Ourense - Bandera.svg|x18px|Ourense]] '''[[Province of Ourense|Ourense]]'''}} ''(Galician)''; '''Orense''' ''(Spanish)'' | {{Sort|Ourense|[[Ourense]]}} ''([[Galician language|Galician]])''; Orense ''([[Spanish language|Spanish]])'' | {{Sort|Galicia|[[File:Flag of Galicia.svg|x18px|Galicia]] [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Ourense|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Palencia|[[File:Bandera de la provincia de Palencia.svg|x18px|Palencia]] '''[[Province of Palencia|Palencia]]'''}} | {{Sort|Palencia|[[Palencia]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Palencia|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Pontevedra|[[File:Flag of the Province of Pontevedra.PNG|25px|Pontevedra]] '''[[Province of Pontevedra|Pontevedra]]'''}} | {{Sort|Pontevedra|[[Pontevedra]]}} | {{Sort|Galicia|[[File:Flag of Galicia.svg|x18px|Galicia]] [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Pontevedra|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Salamanca|[[File:Bandera de la provincia de Salamanca.svg|x18px|Salamanca]] '''[[Province of Salamanca|Salamanca]]'''}} | {{Sort|Salamanca|[[Salamanca]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Salamanca|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Santa Cruz de Tenerife|[[File:Provincia de Santa Cruz de Tenerife - Bandera.svg|x18px|Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] '''[[Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]'''}} | {{Sort|Santa Cruz de Tenerife|[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]}} | {{Sort|Canary Islands|[[File:Flag of the Canary Islands.svg|x18px|Canary Islands]] [[Canary Islands]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Segovia|[[File:Flag Segovia province.svg|x18px|Segovia]] '''[[Province of Segovia|Segovia]]'''}} | {{Sort|Segovia|[[Segovia]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Segovia|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Seville|[[File:Flag of Diputacion de Sevilla Spain.svg|x18px|Seville]] '''[[Province of Seville|Seville]]'''}}; '''Sevilla''' ''(Spanish)'' | {{Sort|Seville|[[Seville]]}}; Sevilla ''(Spanish)'' | {{Sort|Andalusia|[[File:Flag of Andalucía.svg|x18px|Andalusia]] [[Andalusia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Sevilla|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Soria|[[File:Flag Soria province.svg|x18px|Soria]] '''[[Province of Soria|Soria]]'''}} | {{Sort|Soria|[[Soria]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Soria|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Tarragona|[[File:Diputació copy.jpg|25px|Tarragona]] '''[[Province of Tarragona|Tarragona]]'''}} | {{Sort|Tarragona|[[Tarragona]]}} | {{Sort|Catalonia|[[File:Flag of Catalonia.svg|x18px|Catalonia]] [[Catalonia]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Tarragona|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Teruel|[[File:Teruel (provincia).svg|x18px|Teruel]] '''[[Province of Teruel|Teruel]]'''}} | {{Sort|Teruel|[[Teruel]]}} | {{Sort|Aragon|[[File:Flag of Aragon.svg|x18px|Aragon]] [[Aragon]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Teruel|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Toledo|[[File:Bandera antigua de la provincia de Toledo.svg|x18px|Toledo]] '''[[Province of Toledo|Toledo]]'''}} | {{Sort|Toledo|[[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]]}} | {{Sort|Castilla-La Mancha|[[File:Bandera Castilla-La Mancha.svg|x18px|Castilla-La Mancha]] [[Castilla-La Mancha]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Toledo|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Valencian Community|[[File:Flag of the Valencian Community (2x3).svg|x18px|Valencian Community]] '''[[Province of Valencia|Valencia]]'''}}; '''València''' ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])'' | {{Sort|Valencia|[[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]]}}; València ''([[Catalan language|Catalan]])'' | {{Sort|Valencian Community|[[File:Flag of the Land of Valencia (official).svg|x18px|Valencia Community]] [[Valencian Community]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Valencia|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Valladolid|[[File:Bandera de la provincia de Valladolid.svg|x18px|Valladolid]] '''[[Province of Valladolid|Valladolid]]'''}} | {{Sort|Valladolid|[[Valladolid]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Valladolid|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Zamora|[[File:Bandera de Zamora.svg|x18px|Zamora]] '''[[Province of Zamora|Zamora]]'''}} | {{Sort|Zamora|[[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]]}} | {{Sort|Castile and Leon|[[File:Bandera de Castilla y León.svg|x18px|Castilla y León]] [[Castile and León]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Zamora|Municipalities]] |- | {{Sort|Zaragoza|[[File:Flag of Zaragoza province (with coat of arms).svg|x18px|Zaragoza]] '''[[Province of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]]'''}}; '''Saragossa''' ''(English)'' | {{Sort|Zaragoza|[[Zaragoza]]}}; Saragossa ''(English)'' | {{Sort|Aragon|[[File:Flag of Aragon.svg|x18px|Aragon]] [[Aragon]]}} | [[List of municipalities in Zaragoza|Municipalities]] |} {{Weather box|location= Madrid (667&nbsp;m), [[Buen Retiro Park]] in the city centre (1981–2010) |metric first= Y |single line= Y |Jan record high C= 23.1 |Feb record high C= 25.3 |Mar record high C= 30.2 |Apr record high C= 33.5 |May record high C= 38.6 |Jun record high C= 43.1 |Jul record high C= 44.3 |Aug record high C= 44.7 |Sep record high C= 42.2 |Oct record high C= 36 |Nov record high C= 28.9 |Dec record high C= 24.2 |year record high C= 44.7 |Jan high C= 9.8 |Feb high C= 12.0 |Mar high C= 16.3 |Apr high C= 18.2 |May high C= 22.2 |Jun high C= 28.2 |Jul high C= 32.1 |Aug high C= 31.3 |Sep high C= 26.4 |Oct high C= 19.4 |Nov high C= 13.5 |Dec high C= 10.0 |year high C= 19.9 |Jan mean C= 6.3 |Feb mean C= 7.9 |Mar mean C= 11.2 |Apr mean C= 12.9 |May mean C= 16.7 |Jun mean C= 22.2 |Jul mean C= 25.6 |Aug mean C= 25.1 |Sep mean C= 20.9 |Oct mean C= 15.1 |Nov mean C= 9.9 |Dec mean C= 6.9 |year mean C= 15.0 |Jan low C= 2.7 |Feb low C= 3.7 |Mar low C= 6.2 |Apr low C= 7.7 |May low C= 11.3 |Jun low C= 16.1 |Jul low C= 19.0 |Aug low C= 18.8 |Sep low C= 15.4 |Oct low C= 10.7 |Nov low C= 6.3 |Dec low C= 3.6 |year low C= 10.1 |Jan record low C= -7.8 |Feb record low C= -7.5 |Mar record low C= -4.5 |Apr record low C= -1.5 |May record low C= 3.3 |Jun record low C= 7 |Jul record low C= 9.8 |Aug record low C= 8.6 |Sep record low C= 4.1 |Oct record low C= 0.3 |Nov record low C= -3.8 |Dec record low C= -6.5 |year record low C= -7.8 |Jan precipitation mm= 33 |Feb precipitation mm= 35 |Mar precipitation mm= 25 |Apr precipitation mm= 45 |May precipitation mm= 51 |Jun precipitation mm= 21 |Jul precipitation mm= 12 |Aug precipitation mm= 10 |Sep precipitation mm= 22 |Oct precipitation mm= 60 |Nov precipitation mm= 58 |Dec precipitation mm= 51 |year precipitation mm= 421 |Jan precipitation days= 6 |Feb precipitation days= 5 |Mar precipitation days= 4 |Apr precipitation days= 7 |May precipitation days= 7 |Jun precipitation days= 3 |Jul precipitation days= 2 |Aug precipitation days= 2 |Sep precipitation days= 3 |Oct precipitation days= 7 |Nov precipitation days= 7 |Dec precipitation days= 7 |year precipitation days= 59 |unit precipitation days= 1&nbsp;mm |Jan sun= 149 |Feb sun= 158 |Mar sun= 211 |Apr sun= 230 |May sun= 268 |Jun sun= 315 |Jul sun= 355 |Aug sun= 332 |Sep sun= 259 |Oct sun= 199 |Nov sun= 144 |Dec sun= 124 |year sun= 2744 |source 1= [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref name=AEMet>{{cite web|url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=3195&k=mad |title=Valores climatológicos normales. Madrid, Retiro) |accessdate=6 March 2018 |publisher=AEMet |date=2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det&x=3195&m=1&m=2&m=3&m=4&v=todos |title= Extreme Values (Jan–Apr), Madrid |publisher= AEMet |accessdate= 12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det&x=3195&m=5&m=6&m=7&m=8&v=todos |title= Extreme Values (May–Aug), Madrid |publisher= AEMet |accessdate= 12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=mad&l=3195&datos=det&x=3195&m=9&m=10&m=11&m=12&v=todos |title= Extreme Values (Sep–Dec), Madrid |publisher= AEMet}}</ref> |date=August 2010}} {{Weather box|location= [[Madrid-Barajas Airport]] (609&nbsp;m), in north east Madrid (1981–2010) |metric first= Y |single line= Y |Jan high C= 10.7 |Feb high C= 13.0 |Mar high C= 17.0 |Apr high C= 18.7 |May high C= 23.1 |Jun high C= 29.5 |Jul high C= 33.5 |Aug high C= 32.8 |Sep high C= 27.9 |Oct high C= 21.0 |Nov high C= 14.8 |Dec high C= 10.9 |year high C= 21.1 |Jan mean C= 5.5 |Feb mean C= 7.1 |Mar mean C= 10.2 |Apr mean C= 12.2 |May mean C= 16.2 |Jun mean C= 21.7 |Jul mean C= 25.2 |Aug mean C= 24.7 |Sep mean C= 20.5 |Oct mean C= 14.8 |Nov mean C= 9.4 |Dec mean C= 6.2 |year mean C= 14.5 |Jan low C= 0.2 |Feb low C= 1.2 |Mar low C= 3.5 |Apr low C= 5.7 |May low C= 9.3 |Jun low C= 13.9 |Jul low C= 16.8 |Aug low C= 16.5 |Sep low C= 13.1 |Oct low C= 8.7 |Nov low C= 4.1 |Dec low C= 1.4 |year low C= 7.9 |Jan precipitation mm= 29 |Feb precipitation mm= 32 |Mar precipitation mm= 22 |Apr precipitation mm= 38 |May precipitation mm= 44 |Jun precipitation mm= 22 |Jul precipitation mm= 9 |Aug precipitation mm= 10 |Sep precipitation mm= 24 |Oct precipitation mm= 51 |Nov precipitation mm= 49 |Dec precipitation mm= 42 |year precipitation mm= 371 |Jan precipitation days= 5 |Feb precipitation days= 5 |Mar precipitation days= 4 |Apr precipitation days= 6 |May precipitation days= 7 |Jun precipitation days= 4 |Jul precipitation days= 2 |Aug precipitation days= 2 |Sep precipitation days= 3 |Oct precipitation days= 7 |Nov precipitation days= 6 |Dec precipitation days= 6 |year precipitation days= 55 |unit precipitation days= 1&nbsp;mm |Jan sun= 144 |Feb sun= 168 |Mar sun= 224 |Apr sun= 226 |May sun= 258 |Jun sun= 310 |Jul sun= 354 |Aug sun= 329 |Sep sun= 258 |Oct sun= 199 |Nov sun= 151 |Dec sun= 128 |year sun= 2749 |source 1= [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref name=AEMet/> |date=November 2011}} {{Weather box|location= [[Cuatro Vientos Airport|Madrid-Cuatro Vientos Airport]], {{convert|8|km|2|abbr=on}} from the city centre <small>(altitude: {{convert|690|m|abbr=off}}, [http://maps.google.es/?q=Est%3AMadrid%2C%20Cuatro%20Vientos%4040.3755555556%2C-3.7861111111&t=p&ll=40.3755555556%2C-3.7861111111&spn=0.182837%2C0.291824&z=11&output=embed satellite view])</small> (1981–2010) |metric first= Y |single line= Y |collapsed = Y |Jan high C= 10.4 |Feb high C= 12.5 |Mar high C= 16.5 |Apr high C= 18.3 |May high C= 22.6 |Jun high C= 28.9 |Jul high C= 32.8 |Aug high C= 32.2 |Sep high C= 27.3 |Oct high C= 20.4 |Nov high C= 14.3 |Dec high C= 10.7 |year high C= 20.6 |Jan mean C= 6.0 |Feb mean C= 7.6 |Mar mean C= 10.8 |Apr mean C= 12.6 |May mean C= 16.5 |Jun mean C= 22.2 |Jul mean C= 25.6 |Aug mean C= 25.1 |Sep mean C= 21.0 |Oct mean C= 15.2 |Nov mean C= 9.8 |Dec mean C= 6.7 |year mean C= 14.9 |Jan low C= 1.6 |Feb low C= 2.7 |Mar low C= 5.1 |Apr low C= 6.8 |May low C= 10.4 |Jun low C= 15.4 |Jul low C= 18.3 |Aug low C= 18.1 |Sep low C= 14.6 |Oct low C= 9.9 |Nov low C= 5.4 |Dec low C= 2.7 |year low C= 9.3 |Jan precipitation mm= 34 |Feb precipitation mm= 35 |Mar precipitation mm= 25 |Apr precipitation mm= 43 |May precipitation mm= 50 |Jun precipitation mm= 25 |Jul precipitation mm= 12 |Aug precipitation mm= 11 |Sep precipitation mm= 24 |Oct precipitation mm= 60 |Nov precipitation mm= 57 |Dec precipitation mm= 53 |year precipitation mm= 428 |Jan precipitation days= 6 |Feb precipitation days= 5 |Mar precipitation days= 4 |Apr precipitation days= 7 |May precipitation days= 7 |Jun precipitation days= 3 |Jul precipitation days= 2 |Aug precipitation days= 1 |Sep precipitation days= 3 |Oct precipitation days= 7 |Nov precipitation days= 7 |Dec precipitation days= 7 |year precipitation days= 59 |unit precipitation days= 1&nbsp;mm |Jan sun= 158 |Feb sun= 173 |Mar sun= 221 |Apr sun= 238 |May sun= 280 |Jun sun= 316 |Jul sun= 364 |Aug sun= 335 |Sep sun= 250 |Oct sun= 203 |Nov sun= 161 |Dec sun= 135 |year sun= 2840 |source 1= [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010) |publisher=AEMet |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906191642/http://www.aemet.es/en/conocermas/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |archivedate=6 September 2014 }}</ref> |date=April 2013}} ==Xogta== * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/awake-no2-2017-april/visit-to-spain/ A Visit to Spain] <div class="reflist4" style="height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px"> {{Tixraac|3}} </div> * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spain Commons] * [[Francisco de Enzinas]] * [[Luis de León]] * [[Michael Servetus]] * [[Alfonso de Zamora]] {{Dalalka Yurub}} bqcp8dvwkc8bd0iulcwdno50hu388x6 0 5812 303131 303001 2026-07-21T17:51:12Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 303131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Kab Ferde |native_name = ''República de Cabo Verde'' {{resize|70%|([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])}} |name = ''Repúblika di Kabu Verdi '' {{resize|70%|([[Cape Verdean Creole]])}} |common_name = Cape Verde <!-- This field is not visible to the reader, it provides codes for page links. It should not be changed to Cabo Verde unless the actual pages are moved. --> |image_flag = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Location Cape Verde AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|pt|Unidade, Trabalho, Progresso|italics=on|nolink=off}} |{{small|({{lang-en|"Unity, Work, Progress"}})}}}} |national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Cântico da Liberdade]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{small|''Chant of Freedom''}}<br/><center></center> |official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref name=":0"/> |national_languages = [[Cape Verdean Creole]]<ref name=":0"/> |capital = [[Praia]] |coordinates={{coord|14| 55| N |23 |31 |W|display=inline}} |largest_city = capital |demonym = [[Cape Verdeans|Cape Verdean]] or Cabo Verdean<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/07/228873.htm |title = On the Occasion of the Republic of Cabo Verde's National Day |author = John Kerry |author-link = John Kerry |publisher = U.S. Department of State |date = 8 July 2014 |accessdate = 11 July 2014 |quote = On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States, I send best wishes to Cabo Verdeans as you celebrate 39 years of independence on July 5. }}</ref> |ethnic_groups_year = 2017<ref name="race">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html|title=People and Society – Cape Verde|accessdate=27 August 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=31 Bisha Sideedaad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831042056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[republic]]<ref name="SpL">{{cite journal|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries|journal=|publisher=[[Social Science Research Network]]|issue=}}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[President of Cape Verde|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Carlos Veiga]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cape Verde|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Ulisses Correia e Silva]] |legislature = [[National Assembly (Cape Verde)|National Assembly]] |area_rank = 166th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 4033 |area_sq_mi = 1,557 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Cabo Verde}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_estimate_rank = 167th <!-- UN WPP --> |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_density_km2 = 123.7 |population_density_sq_mi = 325.0 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 89th |GDP_PPP = $3.649 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=62&pr1.y=9&c=614%2C668%2C638%2C674%2C616%2C676%2C748%2C678%2C618%2C684%2C624%2C688%2C622%2C728%2C626%2C692%2C628%2C694%2C632%2C714%2C636%2C716%2C634%2C722%2C662%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C199%2C644%2C733%2C646%2C734%2C648%2C738%2C652%2C742%2C656%2C746%2C654%2C754%2C664%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title = Burundi |publisher = International Monetary Fund |accessdate = 13 January 2015 }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2016 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,867<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal = $1.747 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2016 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,287<ref name=imf2/> |sovereignty_type = Formation |established_event1 = Discovery |established_date1 = 1460 |established_event2 = Independence from [[Portugal]] |established_date2 = 5 July 1975 |established_event3 = [[Multi-party system]] |established_date3 = 13 January 1990 |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 47.2 |Gini_ref = <ref name="gini-index">{{cite web |title = GINI index |url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2002+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=2 |publisher = World Bank |accessdate = 26 July 2013 |archive-date = 20 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220051710/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2002+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=2 |url-status = dead }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.648 <!-- number only --> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url = http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title = 2016 Human Development Report |date = 2016 |accessdate = 21 March 2017 |publisher = United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 122nd |currency = [[Cape Verdean escudo]] |currency_code = CVE |country_code = CPV |time_zone = [[Cape Verde Time|CVT]] |utc_offset = -1 |time_zone_DST = ''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST = -1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+238]] |cctld = [[.cv]] }} {{Coord|15|06|40|N|23|37|00|W|display=title}} '''Kab Ferde''' (Kap Verde) Cap Verde '''Jamhuuriyada Kap verde''' waa wadan jasiirado ah oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Atlaantik]], waxee galbeedka Afrika u jirtaa {{km|570}}. Magaca "Ferde" waa af bortuqiis, micnaheeda waa "Cagaar" laakiin magaca "Kab" waxaa laga soo qaaday xeebta sinigal oo la dhoho [[Kab-Fert]]. Jasiiradaan waxaa soo gumeestay gumeestihii [[Bortuqaal|Bortuqiiska]]. Cape Verde (/ ˌkeɪp vɜːrd /) ama Cabo Verde (/ ˌkɑːboʊ vɜːrdeɪ /, / ˌkæb- /) (Bortuqiis: Cabo Verde, oo loo yaqaan [kabu veɾdɨ]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Cabo Verde, [9] oo ah jasiirad ku taal 10 jasiiradood oo volcanic ah oo ku yaalla bartamaha Atlantic ee bartamaha. Waxay ka kooban tahay qeyb ka mid ah macdanta Macaronesia, oo ay la socdaan Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, iyo Xeebaha Wabiga. Waqtiga qadiimiga ah ee jasiiradahaas waxaa loo yaqaan "jasiiradaha barakaysan" ama "isfaham wanaagsan". Waxay ku taallaa 570 kilomitir (350 mi) galbeedka Cape Verde Peninsula ee galbeedka Afrika, jasiiradaha waxay daboolayaan aag isku dhafan oo ka kooban 4,000 oo kiilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (1,500 sq m). Jasiiradda Cape Verde ayaa ahayd mid aan la degganayn illaa qarnigii 15aad, markii sahamiyeyaashii Isbaanishka ahaa ee la helay oo lagu xaday jasiiradaha, taas oo abuurtay degsiimada ugu horreysa ee Yurub ee ku yaalla gawaarida. Fikrad ahaan waxaa ku yaal ganacsiga addoonta ah ee Atlantic, jasiiradaha ayaa ku baraarugsanaa qarniyadii 16aad iyo 17aad, iyagoo soo jiitay ganacsatada, ganacsatada, iyo budhcadbadeedda. Dhamaadka addoonsiga qarnigii 19aad waxay keentay hoos u dhac dhaqaale iyo socdaal. Cape Verde ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah dib loogu soo celiyay iyada oo ah xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah iyo waddooyinka maraakiibta maraakiibta. Iyadoo lagu darayo waaxda dibedda ee Portugal sanadkii 1951, jasiiradaha ayaa sii waday ololihii madaxbannaanida, kaas oo si nabad ah lagu gaarey 1975. Tan iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii, Cape Verde waxay ahayd mid dimoqraadi ah, oo ah mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu horumarsan uguna dimoqraadiga ah ee Afrika. Helitaanka kheyraadka dabiiciga ah, dhaqaalaheeda soo koraya wuxuu inta badan u adeega, iyada oo xooga saaraya dalxiiska iyo maalgashiga shisheeye. Dadweynaha ku dhow 512,000 waxay badanaaba yihiin kuwa isku dhafan Yurub, Moorish, Carabta iyo Afrikaanka, iyo inta badan Roman Catholic, oo ka tarjumaya dhaxalka maamulka Bortuqiiska. Bulshada qurba-joogta ah ee dunida oo dhan waxay ka jirtaa adduunka oo dhan, wax yar ka yar dadka deggan jasiiradaha. Taariikh ahaan, magaca "Cape Verde" waxaa loo isticmaali jiray Ingiriisi loogu talagalay jasiiradaha iyo, tan iyo markii xorriyadda 1975, ee dalka. Sanadka 2013, dowladda Cape Verdean ayaa go'aamineysay in barta Portugal ee Cabo Verde loo isticmaali doono ujeedooyin rasmi ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay, xataa xitaa Ingiriiska. Cape Verde waa xubin ka mid ah Midowga Afrika. [[File:1996.12.00.cv.st.Praia.jpg|vinheta|thumb|right|230px|esquèrra|La vila de Praia, Cap Verd.]] [[File:Sao Vicente.jpg|thumb|300px|thumb|right|Vista de São Vicente.]] ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Afrika]] == Xigasho == <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dalalka Afrika]] 7su7l8xucpmcx6ceryz3k5ce3gi6tm0 14 6150 303201 296374 2026-07-22T12:36:56Z ~2026-41015-17 46612 303201 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>magale</ref>Dagmooyinka qobalka Hiiran: # Beletweyne # Matabaan # Bulobarde # Jalalaqsi # Farlibaah # Mahaas # Buq aqable # Buurweyn # Mukayle 11 Moqokori 12 Shaaw wanle 13 halgan Waxa qoray abdirahman Ibraahim khaliif j33rlvs26ieb7w8leheinwk8zvc6ncv 303202 303201 2026-07-22T12:43:14Z ~2026-41015-17 46612 /* */ 303202 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>magale</ref>Dagmooyinka qobalka Hiiran: # Beletweyne # buq aqable # Bulobarde # Jalalaqsi # ceelcali #farlibax # Mahaas # mataban # Mukayle # Moqokori # Shaaw wanle # halgan Waxa qoray abdirahman Ibraahim khaliif mhd4badia5xh6bz8iwd12ovpz6v0rd9 0 7813 303161 299455 2026-07-22T02:41:28Z ~2026-40794-53 46606 303161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Lionel Messi | image = | caption = | fullname = Lionel Andrés Messi<ref name="barca">{{cite web | url = http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi/sheet | title = Messi – Lionel Andrés Messi – Sheet <nowiki>|</nowiki> FC Barcelona | accessdate =6 January 2012 | publisher=FC Barcelona}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1987|6|24}}<ref name="barca" /> | birth_place = [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], Argentina<ref name="barca" /> | height = {{convert|1.63 |m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="barca"/> | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | currentclub = [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] | clubnumber = 30 | youthyears1 = 1995–2000 | youthclubs1 = [[Newell's Old Boys]] | youthyears2 = 2000–2003 | youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | years1 = 2003–2004 | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 5 | years2 = 2004–2005 | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] | caps2 = 22 | goals2 = 6 | years3 = 2004–2021 | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps3 = 520 | goals3 = 474 | years4 = 2021–2026 | clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 1 | goals4 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2004–2005 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 16 | nationalgoals1 = 11 | nationalyears2 = 2007–2008 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]] | nationalcaps2 = 5 | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2005–2026 | nationalteam3 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps3 = 136 | nationalgoals3 = 68 <!-- update if game for Argentina --> | medaltemplates = {{Medal|Team|{{fb|ARG}}}} {{Medal|W|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]|[[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005]]}} {{Medal|3rd|[[U-20 South American Championship|U-20 South American C'ship]]|[[2005 South American Youth Championship|2005]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[Copa América]]|[[2007 Copa América|2007]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]|[[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008]]}} | pcupdate = 18:03, 5 May 2013 (UTC) | ntupdate = 15:38, 27 March 2013 (UTC) }} [[File:Lionel Messi Player of the Year 2011.jpg|thumbnail|Lionel Messi laacibka sanadka 2011]] '''Lionel Messi''' waa ciyaaryahan u dhashay wadanka [[Arjantiina]]. Waxa uu dhashay sanadku markii uu ahaa (24 Juun [[1987]]. waxa uu u ciyaraa koox ka ciyaara horyaalka wadanka [[Isbania]] oo la dhoho [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]], waxa uu yahay laacib kooda.messi isagaoo yar ayuu xanuun saday sababtoo ah wuxuu ahaa dhicis 6 bilood ku dhashay hooyadiis magaalo kale ayeey guri ccid shaqaalo uga eheed abihiisna tuugada laga cabsado ayuu ku jiray , kadib markii uu 10 jirsaday ayeey hooyadiis qaxootinimo iska dhiibtay spain kadib markii 2 sano ee kaam qaxooti ku jirtay ayaa loo ogolaaday sharciga sidaas ayeeyna ku timid magaalada barcelona , mowhibadiisa kubada cagta yaa u sahashay inuu kasbado indhaha kooxda yar yar ee barcelona b sidaasi ayuu ugu soo gudbay kooxda weyn , barcelona messi abaal ayeey u galeen sababtoo ah isbitaal ayeey geeyeen lugihiisa ayeey daawweeyen , wuxuu u balan qaaday in uusan ka tagi doonin abidkood waxan mararka qaar afkisa laga maqalay in wayihisa ciyared u ku soo gaba gabayn doono kooxda barcelona. macalimiinta sida aadka ah u soo caawiyay messi waxa ka mid ah macalinki u dhashay dalka [[Holland]] ee Frank Rijkaard kaaso kooxda soo maamulay 2003 ilaa 2008 oo aha macalinki champions league 2005-2006 isaga oo ka qaaday kooxda [[Arsenal]], messi ayaana ka dhaxlay waayo aragnimo dheraad ah isla markaana ka mid ahaa kooxdisa kowaad, macalinka labaad ee heerkan so gaadhsiiyay messi ayaa ah macalinka u dhashay wadanka spain kana tirsanaan jiray wakhti hore kooxda barcelona pep guardiola wakhtigii u kooxda haysan jiray 2009 ilaa 2013 isaga oo kooxda u qaaday koobab fara badan oo ay ka mid yihin laba champions league 2008-2009 iyo 2010-2011 waana macalinki kooxda ku so kordhiyay khibrada loo yaqaano tiki taka oo ay in badan kooxdu ku caano maashay Messi ayaa la xaqiijiyay inuu yahay ciyaar yahankii abid soo mara kubada cagta kagana gulaystay labada xidig ee maradoona iyo pele oo ku tartami jiray xidigan ayaa haysta shan European golden boot oo ah rikoor u gaar ah xidigan ayaa kasbaday taageero fara badan ee aduunka jooga Lionel Messi ayaa ah xidigii ugu horeeyay ee oo European champion league dhaliya afar gool hal kulan kaliya xidigan ayaa haysta 4 onze dire oo ah xidigan ugu Europe xidigan ayaa lo baxshay mucjisada kubada cagta ama magic player xidigan ayaa abihiis aya lashega inuu kusoo jeedo talyaaniga halka hoyadii kasoo jeedo Spain xidigan aya UNICEF ka noqday ambassador ayaa noqday xidigii ugu ugu yaraa oo 22 jir ah oo ku gulaysta ballon d'ore xidigan oo ah kan ugu golasha badan xaga laligaha sido kale waa kan ugu golasha badan kulanka caanka aha ee elcalasico xidigan ayaa ah ciyaar yahanka ugu fiican tariikhda laligaha ama Spain Messi ayaa dhowr jeer loo so bandhigay inuu qandaraasyo fara badan oo qaliya lkn wuu diiday oo wuku gacan sayray oo warar ayaa shegaya inuu yiri waxaan "diyaar u ahay inaan mushaar la'aan ugu ciyaaro Barcelona" Guuldaradii ay kala kulmeen xulka qaranka Argentina koobkii adduunka ee ka dhanka ahaa Germany sanadkii 2014 iyo sababta oo ah ciyaartii Mareykanka ee ka dhacday Chile 2 oo isku xigta finalka sanadihii 2015 iyo 2016 isweydaarsiga seegay waxa uu u hibeeyay taallo taariikhi ah oo kuyaala garoonka Camp Nou ee magaalada Barcelona Lionel Messi isagoo leh braugrana fog. {{gumud}} 🇮🇱<references/> [[Category:Ciyaartooyda Arjantiina]] ta0vwuk1b37yi9exw39kpybr2uqfmii 10 10894 303113 200447 2026-07-21T15:35:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303113 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Taxobox ranks|angliciseRank|{{{1}}}|check={{{check|no}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> cpu7lfravqq998fz16tu241d0dpcgca 4 11139 303136 116671 2026-07-21T19:20:29Z Sirmaqabe 46602 /* */ 303136 wikitext text/x-wiki Gobolka Afdheer Waa gobolka labaad ee ugu wayn baaxada dhulka gobolada deegaan somaalida Waa gobol caan ku ah wax soosaarka milixda Gobolka Afdheer waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ka tirsan Gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya. Gobolka wuxuu ku yaal qaybta koonfur-bari ee Gobolka Soomaalida, wuxuuna xuduud la leeyahay gobollo kale oo ka tirsan deegaanka. Xarunta maamulka gobolka waa Hargeelle (Hargelle). Dadka ku nool Gobolka Afdheer badankoodu waa Soomaali, waxaana dhaqaalaha gobolka inta badan saldhig u ah xoolo-dhaqashada, gaar ahaan geel, ari, ido, iyo lo'. Qaar ka mid ah bulshada ayaa sidoo kale ku tiirsan ganacsiga iyo beeraha meelaha ay ku habboon yihiin. Gobolka wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr degmo, kuwaas oo maamula adeegyada bulshada, maamulka deegaanka, iyo horumarinta gobolka. Cimilada gobolka inta badan waa qalalan ama u dhow qalayl, roobkuna wuxuu ku yimaadaa xilliyo cayiman. Gobolka Afdheer wuxuu door muhiim ah ku leeyahay dhaqanka iyo nolosha bulshada Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, iyadoo xoolo-dhaqashadu ay tahay laf-dhabarta nolosha dadka deegaanka. Tixraacyo Warbixinnada rasmiga ah ee Dowladda Gobolka Soomaalida. Tirakoobyada iyo warbixinnada Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency. Warbixinnada United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ee ku saabsan Gobolka Soomaalida. lpuhyaz7p8m74ft3quob85xanubdqwd 303137 303136 2026-07-21T20:37:12Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu dib u noqay badalkii oo sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/Sirmaqabe|Sirmaqabe]] ([[User talk:Sirmaqabe|wahadal]]) kuna celiyay badalkii ka danbeeyay oo sameeyay [[User:Abshirdheere|Abshirdheere]] 303137 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="-moz-border-radius-topleft:20px; -moz-border-radius-topright:20px; display:block; border:1px solid #aaa; vertical-align:center; width:100%; background-color:#ffffff; margin-bottom:7px; margin-top:5px; padding-bottom:5px;"> <div style="-moz-border-radius-topleft:19px; -moz-border-radius-topright:19px; background-color:blue; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; margin-bottom:5px; padding:7px 10px 3px 3px;"> <span style="font-size:150%;">{{PAGENAME}}</span></div> <div style="padding-left:4px;padding-right:4px;vertical-align:top;"> {{/Hordhac}} <!-- Faalladaan dabadeed ku dar sharaxaadda, sharaxaadaha cusbi waa kuwa sare --> hqpzmet6b8glc6f1xe26lr88p9tqz9e 1 11395 303087 117711 2026-07-20T17:55:23Z ~2026-40750-85 46587 /* kamjaron berhani state of somalia */ qayb cusub 303087 wikitext text/x-wiki waxaan rabaa in aan ogaado maamulihii degmada beer xaano katalin jiray sanadadii nasoo dhaafay == kamjaron berhani state of somalia == hi [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-40750-85|&#126;2026-40750-85]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-40750-85|wadahadal]]) 17:55, 20 Luuliyo 2026 (UTC) qad9i4lz6inrwbhk5qfkmbj7tqxq62l 0 11849 303208 300615 2026-07-23T02:05:15Z ~2026-40960-40 46621 /* */ 303208 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beesha]] Daguuro waa xubin ka mid beellaha ugu waawayn ee beelaha [[Murursade waa Faaraaca Ahmed Foorculus Ahmed-Foorculus Markii hooyadiis dhimatay Foorculus Wuxuu u geeyay xaaskiisii ​​ugu horreysay, wuxuuna u sheegay inay ilmaha u koriso sidii iyada ilmaheeda cml taariikhda |region1={{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region3={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Kuwa kale qabiilka [[Murursade]],. }} waxey si wayn u dagaan maamulka Galmudug Gaar ahaan gobolka Galgaduud sida [[Ceeldaraad Derri,]] Towfiiq, Cowsweyne, Nooleeye, sidoo kale waxay si wayn u dagaan Gobolka Banaadir, Degmada Howlwadag, Gubta iyo Dayniile. Gobolka Sh/Hoose Afgooye, Buulomareer, Doondheere,tixsiile,4 ta buulo, magla,kaxarow, gumarey,damerale warmaxan,Sh dhexe guulane caloolweyn adan yabaal Marko Sida eey dadka u yaqaa niin Daguuro waaa dad dagaal yahano ah oo gumeysiga neceb. Gessiyaal ah Beesha Daguuro wexey u kala baxdan 3 jufo oo kala ah: ==Faraca ka tirsan== 1 maqafaad muuse 2 wanoow muuse 3 Bah Roon Bah maqafaad * Afey maqafaad * Geedoow maqafaad * Dacaley maqafaad Bah wanoow Muuse * Faqay wanoow Muuse * Ciise wanoow Muuse * xasab gaab wanoow (curadka wanoow Muuse) Bah roon *Duje ahmed *Abdi dhageey curadka Daguuro * carablaawe * Ducaale ahmed Waa geesiyaal Soomaaliyeed ==Hormuudka Beesha Daguuro== 1. Nabadoonka Guud ee Beesha Daguuro nabadoon Cabdulle macalin maxamed geedi 2. G/Sare Maxamed Abuukar Cali (Jacfar) 3.Captain Ahmed abdule adow (Ajmac) 4. Ganacsade= Cusmaan maxamuuud (jiisow ) 5. Prof. Salaad Maxamuud Maxamed (Tiirax) 6. Suldaan Sh.Ibraahim Sh.Xasan (Fagaareeye) 7. Ganacsade Daahir Maxamed Siyaad 8. Abwaan Muxudiin Shabuucshe 9. Nabadoon Axmadeey Khaliif cadow 10. Ciyaaryahan Jibriil Xasan Fariid (Jibriil Malag) 11. Nabadoon Xujaale Cabdulle Jiisow 12. Dhame Abdi Hassan Gacal Dooyow 13. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Xiirey Calasow 14. Dhame Cali Xasan siyaad Tariin 15. Nabadoon Geedi Ciyoow Ganle 16.Gud. jaaliyada Cabdi calas Maxamed Guure 17. Waziir Muqtaar cali Cusmaan 18. Ex Gud Axmednuur Cabdi Siyaad 19. Macallin Ibraahim Raage boore 20. Agaasime Axmed Faarax Maxamed (Gaatamow) 21. Cabdullaahi Maxamed Siyaad (Dhabaqle) 22. Gen. Xaaji Cabdullahi Ceynte 23. Col. Carab Ciid Guure 24. Gashanle Maxamed Cismaan caami 25. Col. Cabdirashiid Macalin seytun 26. Nabadoon Cabduqaadir Sh xuseen bacadow wabiin 27. Nabadoon Maxamed Yare Siyaad 28. Shiikh Xuseen Bacadoow 29. Prof. Ciise Macalin Seytuun 30. Siyaasi Ali Maxamud Ibrahin 31. Nabadoon Socdaal Jiisow Cosoble 32. Ciyaariyhan Cabdullahi Muxudiin Siyaad 33. Nabadoon Xasan Maxamuud Gurur 34. Dr Maxamed Salaad siyaad Dhiti 35. Siyaasi Jamaal Macallin Cabdi 36. Agaasime Cabdicaziiz Axmed Khaliif 37. Shiikh Maxamed Jimcaale Madax yare 38 Weriye Gacal Xuseen Gacal (Eyman) 39. Dr Cabdi Xaashi 40. Gen. Faarax Cabdulle Gacal (Garamgaram) 41. Eng Shaafici Cabdiraxmaan Xujaale 42. Weriye Jibriil Cabdulle Macalin (Jabra) 43. Weriye Maxamed Macalin Faarax 44. Weriye Maxamed Xaaji Xuseen Raage 45. Kabtan Cabdishakuur Abuukar Macallin (Rooble) 46. Cabdullaahi Maxamed Cadow 47. Yuusuf Cabdullaahi Shuushuule 48. Eng Axmed Khalif Maxamed 49. Dr Axmed Cali Cade 50. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Maxamed Yare Siyaad 51. G/Sare Ciise Cali Dheere 52. Col. Mahad xasan Jimcaale ( Mahad Looge ) 53. Nabadoon Cabdi Siyaad Habar-waa 54. Nabadoon Maxamed Siyaad Barrow 55. Eng Muxudiin Diiriye Jimcaale 56. Abwaan Barre Maxamed Fiidoow (Leento) 57. Gud Nucmaan Daahir Cali 58. Nabadoon Xasan Maxamed Cilmi (Xasan Fariid) 59. G/Sare Cabdiweli Daahir Ciid 60. Nabadoon Cabdikariin Macallin Bigbig 61. Eng Salaad Ahmed Hussein (Bacadow) 62. Dr Tahliil Xasan 63. Dr Maxamed Ismaaciil Qashaac 64. Kabtan Ayaanle Cabdi maxamed 65. Dr Daahir Abuukar Siyaad 66. Abwaan Muuse Maxamed Yare 67. Shiikh Daahir Gaabow 68. Nabadoon Xasan Siyaad Diirshe 69. Kabtan Axmed Cumar Yalaxoow 70. Abwaan Gacal Maxamuud Gurur 71. Drs Haboon Xasan Muudey 72. Dr Mahad Maxamed Guure 73. Gaashaanle Ciise Xasan Caraale (Jiijiile) 74. Garyaqaan Yuusuf Maxamed Maxamuud (Yuusuf Daguur) 75. Ganacsade Maxamed Xaaji Lugooyo 76. Ustaad Cabdullaahi Cali Shiikh (Xabeeb) 77. Nabadoon cabdi dahir geedi (juuqyare) 78. Dr. Mohamed Abdullahi Mire. 79. G/Sare Cadaawe Jiib 80. Ganacsade Cali Maxamuud Ciyow (Cali Ameeriko) 81. Xildhibaan Naciimo Maxamed Gacal 82. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Xiirey 83. Dr Caseyr Maxamed Maxamuud Mooge 84. Nabadoon muhudin mahamud ( shabuucshe ) 85. Shiikh Jabaar Jilacow 86. Macallin Carabow Maxamuud Maxamed 87. Engineer cabdulaahi muhidin ( shabuucshe ) 88. Ganacsade Cabdulqaadir Nuur Fiidow 89. Nabadoon Cabdibaaqi M. Maxamed Geedi 90. Nabadoon Abuukar Ciise Yabaroow 91. Abuukaate Xuseen Nuur Daahir 92. Ganacsade Axmednuur Maxamuud Duqow 93. Safiir Maxamed Yuusuf Xasan 94. Engineer daahir hassan mahamud bariise 95. Nabadoon Xasan Eryaaye 96. Col. Fanax Cabdullaahi Dhicisow 97. Weriye Cabdullaahi Axmed Catoosh 98. Ganacsade abukar maxamed siyaad ( abuukar habartee) 99. Eng Cabdicaziiz Maxamuud Maxamed 100. Eng Axmed Xasan Maxamuud (Foodcade) 101. Dhamme Nuur Maxamed Cilmi (Nuur Dheere) 102. Abwaan Muuse Maxamed Yare 103. Nabadoon Cabdikariin Yuusuf Xasan Wargaadhi 104. Gud. Xuseen Ciise Maxamuud 105. AUN.Engineer Haji Ismail Jimale Osoble. 106. AUNt.Nbdn. Mohamed Gacal Barise(Hararre) 107.Macalin xasan Cabdi daahir 108.Professor/Engineer: Abdullahi Ali Hassan (Farey) 109. GANACSADE Saadaq muxidin cabdulle naxar 5y9s4bap2lbf4kj7i0n3sybjrgqz4r7 303209 303208 2026-07-23T02:42:17Z ~2026-41081-53 46622 /* */ 303209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beesha]] Daguuro waa xubin ka mid beellaha ugu waawayn ee beelaha [[Murursade waa Faaraaca Ahmed Foorculus Ahmed-Foorculus Markii hooyadiis dhimatay Foorculus Wuxuu u geeyay xaaskiisii ​​ugu horreysay, wuxuuna u sheegay inay ilmaha u koriso sidii iyada ilmaheeda cml taariikhda |region1={{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region3={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} Daguuro waxey si wayn u dagaan maamulka Galmudug Gaar ahaan gobolka Galgaduud sida [[Ceeldaraad Derri,]] Towfiiq, Cowsweyne, Nooleeye, sidoo kale waxay si wayn u dagaan Gobolka Banaadir, Degmada Howlwadag, Gubta iyo Dayniile. Gobolka Sh/Hoose Afgooye, Buulomareer, Doondheere,tixsiile,4 ta buulo, magla,kaxarow, gumarey,damerale warmaxan,Sh dhexe guulane caloolweyn adan yabaal Marko Sida eey dadka u yaqaa niin Daguuro waaa dad dagaal yahano ah oo gumeysiga neceb. Gessiyaal ah Beesha Daguuro wexey u kala baxdan 3 jufo oo kala ah: ==Faraca ka tirsan== 1 maqafaad muuse 2 wanoow muuse 3 Bah Roon Bah maqafaad * Afey maqafaad * Geedoow maqafaad * Dacaley maqafaad Bah wanoow Muuse * Faqay wanoow Muuse * Ciise wanoow Muuse * xasab gaab wanoow (curadka wanoow Muuse) Bah roon *Duje ahmed *Abdi dhageey curadka Daguuro * carablaawe * Ducaale ahmed Waa geesiyaal Soomaaliyeed ==Hormuudka Beesha Daguuro== 1. Nabadoonka Guud ee Beesha Daguuro nabadoon Cabdulle macalin maxamed geedi 2. G/Sare Maxamed Abuukar Cali (Jacfar) 3.Captain Ahmed abdule adow (Ajmac) 4. Ganacsade= Cusmaan maxamuuud (jiisow ) 5. Prof. Salaad Maxamuud Maxamed (Tiirax) 6. Suldaan Sh.Ibraahim Sh.Xasan (Fagaareeye) 7. Ganacsade Daahir Maxamed Siyaad 8. Abwaan Muxudiin Shabuucshe 9. Nabadoon Axmadeey Khaliif cadow 10. Ciyaaryahan Jibriil Xasan Fariid (Jibriil Malag) 11. Nabadoon Xujaale Cabdulle Jiisow 12. Dhame Abdi Hassan Gacal Dooyow 13. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Xiirey Calasow 14. Dhame Cali Xasan siyaad Tariin 15. Nabadoon Geedi Ciyoow Ganle 16.Gud. jaaliyada Cabdi calas Maxamed Guure 17. Waziir Muqtaar cali Cusmaan 18. Ex Gud Axmednuur Cabdi Siyaad 19. Macallin Ibraahim Raage boore 20. Agaasime Axmed Faarax Maxamed (Gaatamow) 21. Cabdullaahi Maxamed Siyaad (Dhabaqle) 22. Gen. Xaaji Cabdullahi Ceynte 23. Col. Carab Ciid Guure 24. Gashanle Maxamed Cismaan caami 25. Col. Cabdirashiid Macalin seytun 26. Nabadoon Cabduqaadir Sh xuseen bacadow wabiin 27. Nabadoon Maxamed Yare Siyaad 28. Shiikh Xuseen Bacadoow 29. Prof. Ciise Macalin Seytuun 30. Siyaasi Ali Maxamud Ibrahin 31. Nabadoon Socdaal Jiisow Cosoble 32. Ciyaariyhan Cabdullahi Muxudiin Siyaad 33. Nabadoon Xasan Maxamuud Gurur 34. Dr Maxamed Salaad siyaad Dhiti 35. Siyaasi Jamaal Macallin Cabdi 36. Agaasime Cabdicaziiz Axmed Khaliif 37. Shiikh Maxamed Jimcaale Madax yare 38 Weriye Gacal Xuseen Gacal (Eyman) 39. Dr Cabdi Xaashi 40. Gen. Faarax Cabdulle Gacal (Garamgaram) 41. Eng Shaafici Cabdiraxmaan Xujaale 42. Weriye Jibriil Cabdulle Macalin (Jabra) 43. Weriye Maxamed Macalin Faarax 44. Weriye Maxamed Xaaji Xuseen Raage 45. Kabtan Cabdishakuur Abuukar Macallin (Rooble) 46. Cabdullaahi Maxamed Cadow 47. Yuusuf Cabdullaahi Shuushuule 48. Eng Axmed Khalif Maxamed 49. Dr Axmed Cali Cade 50. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Maxamed Yare Siyaad 51. G/Sare Ciise Cali Dheere 52. Col. Mahad xasan Jimcaale ( Mahad Looge ) 53. Nabadoon Cabdi Siyaad Habar-waa 54. Nabadoon Maxamed Siyaad Barrow 55. Eng Muxudiin Diiriye Jimcaale 56. Abwaan Barre Maxamed Fiidoow (Leento) 57. Gud Nucmaan Daahir Cali 58. Nabadoon Xasan Maxamed Cilmi (Xasan Fariid) 59. G/Sare Cabdiweli Daahir Ciid 60. Nabadoon Cabdikariin Macallin Bigbig 61. Eng Salaad Ahmed Hussein (Bacadow) 62. Dr Tahliil Xasan 63. Dr Maxamed Ismaaciil Qashaac 64. Kabtan Ayaanle Cabdi maxamed 65. Dr Daahir Abuukar Siyaad 66. Abwaan Muuse Maxamed Yare 67. Shiikh Daahir Gaabow 68. Nabadoon Xasan Siyaad Diirshe 69. Kabtan Axmed Cumar Yalaxoow 70. Abwaan Gacal Maxamuud Gurur 71. Drs Haboon Xasan Muudey 72. Dr Mahad Maxamed Guure 73. Gaashaanle Ciise Xasan Caraale (Jiijiile) 74. Garyaqaan Yuusuf Maxamed Maxamuud (Yuusuf Daguur) 75. Ganacsade Maxamed Xaaji Lugooyo 76. Ustaad Cabdullaahi Cali Shiikh (Xabeeb) 77. Nabadoon cabdi dahir geedi (juuqyare) 78. Dr. Mohamed Abdullahi Mire. 79. G/Sare Cadaawe Jiib 80. Ganacsade Cali Maxamuud Ciyow (Cali Ameeriko) 81. Xildhibaan Naciimo Maxamed Gacal 82. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Xiirey 83. Dr Caseyr Maxamed Maxamuud Mooge 84. Nabadoon muhudin mahamud ( shabuucshe ) 85. Shiikh Jabaar Jilacow 86. Macallin Carabow Maxamuud Maxamed 87. Engineer cabdulaahi muhidin ( shabuucshe ) 88. Ganacsade Cabdulqaadir Nuur Fiidow 89. Nabadoon Cabdibaaqi M. Maxamed Geedi 90. Nabadoon Abuukar Ciise Yabaroow 91. Abuukaate Xuseen Nuur Daahir 92. Ganacsade Axmednuur Maxamuud Duqow 93. Safiir Maxamed Yuusuf Xasan 94. Engineer daahir hassan mahamud bariise 95. Nabadoon Xasan Eryaaye 96. Col. Fanax Cabdullaahi Dhicisow 97. Weriye Cabdullaahi Axmed Catoosh 98. Ganacsade abukar maxamed siyaad ( abuukar habartee) 99. Eng Cabdicaziiz Maxamuud Maxamed 100. Eng Axmed Xasan Maxamuud (Foodcade) 101. Dhamme Nuur Maxamed Cilmi (Nuur Dheere) 102. Abwaan Muuse Maxamed Yare 103. Nabadoon Cabdikariin Yuusuf Xasan Wargaadhi 104. Gud. Xuseen Ciise Maxamuud 105. AUN.Engineer Haji Ismail Jimale Osoble. 106. AUNt.Nbdn. Mohamed Gacal Barise(Hararre) 107.Macalin xasan Cabdi daahir 108.Professor/Engineer: Abdullahi Ali Hassan (Farey) 109. GANACSADE Saadaq muxidin cabdulle naxar 68u9p7lxxzj8nm2or9n552vt737hicf 0 12205 303107 292721 2026-07-21T13:54:20Z Omarius257 42948 /* */ Sawirka Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay waxaa lagu beddelay nooc cusub 303107 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Qoraxda iyo meerayaasha ku wareega. Bogag kale fiiri [[meere]] {{Infobox planetary system | title = Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay | image = [[File:Solar System True Color SO.png|upright=2|frameless]] | image_alt = A representative image of the Solar System with sizes but not distances to scale | caption = [[Qorax]]da iyo [[meere]]yaasha ku wareega. | age = 4.568 bilyan sano | location = Gees kaga taala Milky Way Galaxy | system_mass = 1.0014 cufka qoraxda | neareststar = Proxima Centauri, u jirta 4.22 iftiin-qorax; Alpha Centauri u jirta 4.37 iftiin-qorax | nearestplanetary = Alpha Centauri system{{nbsp|2}}(4.37 ly) | semimajoraxis = {{nowrap|30.10 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(4.503 bilyan km)}}}} | Kuiper_cliff = 50 AU | stars = 1{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|([[Qorax]])}} | noknown_stars = yes | planets = 8{{smaller|{{hlist|8&nbsp;([[Dusaa]]|[[Waxaraxir]]|[[Dhul]]|[[Farraare]]|<br>[[Cirjeex]]|[[Raage]]|[[Uraano]]|[[Docay]])}}}} | outerplanetname = [[Docay]] | noknown_planets = haa | dwarfplanets = {{longitem|Ilaa dhowr boqol nooc;<ref>[http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2011/08/free-dwarf-planets.html Mike Brown Free the dwarf planets! August 23, 2011 "Mike Brown's Planets]</ref><br>hada waxa jira 5 ay aqoonsan tahay ururka "IAU" {{smaller|{{hlist|(Keres|[[Bluto]]|[[Haumea]]|[[Makemake]]|Eris)}}}} }} | satellites = {{longitem|450 {{hlist|{{smaller|(173 meere<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |title=The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page |author=Sheppard, Scott S. |publisher=Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science |accessdate=2015-09-05 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |{{smaller|279 meere yar<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-08-15 |title=Asteroids with Satellites |publisher=Johnston's Archive |author=Wm. Robert Johnston |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html |accessdate=2015-09-05}}</ref>)}}}}}} | minorplanets = 690,766{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(ka biloow 2015-09-05)<ref>{{cite web|title=How Many Solar System Bodies |publisher=NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?body_count |accessdate=2015-09-05}}</ref>}} | comets = 3,358{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(wakhtiga 2015-09-05)}} | roundsat = 19 | roundsatlink = List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System#Satellite planemos | inclination = 60.19°{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(ecliptic)}}<!---If anyone can find a cited value for the inclination of the Solar System's invariable plane to the galactic plane, please replace this value---> | galacticcenter = 27,000&thinsp;±&thinsp;1,000 ly | orbitalspeed = 220 km/s | orbitalperiod = 225–250 Myr | spectral = G2V | frostline = ≈5 AU<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mumma | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Disanti | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Dello Russo | first3 = N. | last4 = Magee-Sauer | first4 = K. | last5 = Gibb | first5 = E. | last6 = Novak | first6 = R. | doi = 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00578-7 | title = Remote infrared observations of parent volatiles in comets: A window on the early solar system | journal = Advances in Space Research | volume = 31 | issue = 12 | pages = 2563 | year = 2003 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> | heliopause = ≈120 AU | hillsphere = ≈1–2 ly }} [[File:Ecliptic plane 3d view.gif|thumb| 3D muujinaya wareega [[Farraare]], [[Dhul]]ka, [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]] ku sameeyaan [[Qorax]]da]] {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:middle; float:middle; margin:10px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Meerayaasha 1854–1930, 2006–wakhti xaadirkan |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br /> [[Dusaa]] <br /> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br /> [[Waxaraxir]] <br /> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br /> [[Dhul]]ka <br /> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br /> [[Farraare]] <br /> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br /> [[Cirjeex]] <br /> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br /> [[Raage]] <br /> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br /> [[Uraano]] <br /> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⛢}}]] || 8 <br /> [[Docay]] <br /> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] |} '''Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu''' ({{lang-en|Solar System}}; {{lang-ar|المجموعة الشمسية}}) waa [[qorax]]da, [[Meere|8da meere]], [[Dayaxa meere|dayaxyo]] badan oo ku wareega meereyaasha, dhowr [[duni]]yar iyo tiro badan oo [[dhagax]]aan, [[baraf]] iyo [[hawo]]ooyin ah; kuwaas oo dhammaantood ku [[Wareega Meere|wareega]] [[qorax]]da oo badhtanka ku taala. Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay waxay ka tirsan tahay nidaamka [[Galaagsi]]yada ee loo yaqaan '''The Milky Way'''. Waxaana la sheegaa in meerayaasha, dayaxyada, dunidayar iyo dhammaan walxaha ku jira bahdan ay sameeysmeen [[wakhti]] hada laga joogo [[bilyan|4.5 bilyan]] oo [[sanad|sano]] ka hor.<ref>{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union |work=IAU |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2006-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Inta ugu badan [[cuf]]ka iyo [[mug]]u waxaa laga dhex helaa [[qorax]]da oo ugu wayn dhammaantood, iyo [[meere|meeraha]] [[Cirjeex]] oo ugu wayn meerayaasha sideeda ah. [[Afar|Afarta meere]] ee u dhow qoraxda - [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dusaa]], [[Dhul]]ka iyo [[Farraare]] - kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Meere Dhagaxley]], waxay inta ugu badan ka samaysan yihiin [[bir]]. Dhinaca kale, afarta meere ee banaanka u baxsan ee loo yaqaano [[Neefaha Waawayn]] - [[Cirjeex]], [[Raage]], [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] - kuwaas oo aad uga [[jidh]] iyo xajmi wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah, waxay ka samaysan yihiin [[neef]]o.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |title=Pluto and the Solar System |publisher=IAU |date= |accessdate=2013-08-01 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Labada meere ee ugu xajmiga wayn bahda midaysay qoraxdu, [[Cirjeex]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> iyo [[Raage]], waxay ka kooban jihiin [[curiye]]ha [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]], labada ku sii xiga ee [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] waxay ka samaysan yihiin sheeyo [[milan|dhalaali]] kara oo inta ugu badan ah [[baraf]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bahda qoraxdu midaysay waxay leedahay deegaano ay ka buuxaan walxo yaryar. Tusaale ahaan, suunka asteroidska ee u dhaxaysa Farraare iyo Cirjeex, si la mid ah [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, waxaa ka dhex buuxa sheeyo yaryar oo ka samaysan [[bir]] iyo [[dhagax]]aan. [[Meere]]ha [[Docay]] xadka ka dambeeya oo loo yaqaano '''Suunka Kuiber''' (Kuiper Belt) waxaa laga helaa duniyo yaryar oo la qaab ah Docay. Meeshan waxaa ku jira in ka badan toban kun (10,000) oo sheey kuwaas oo hadii ay aad u waynaan lahaayeen aygu isku wareegi lahaa. Dunida yaryar ee ka dambeeysa Docay ee ku dhex jira suunka kubier waxaa ka mid ah asteroidka [[Ceres]], [[Bluto]] iyo [[Eris]]. Lix ka mid ah [[meere]]yaasha, iyo ugu yaraan 3 ka mid ah dunidayar, iyo sheeyo yaryar oo kale waxaa ku wareega walxyo ka yar ayaga kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Dayaxa meere]]. Meeraha [[Cirjeex]] ayaa ugu dayax badan, ayadoo leh tiro dhan [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. ==Taariikhda Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay== [[Dad]]ku waxay waligoodba jeclaayeen ineey fahmaan isla markaana ogaadaan in [[duni|duunyooyin]] kale oo sida [[dhul]]ka ah jiraan. [[Shan|Shan meere]] ([[qorax]]da, [[dayax]]a, [[dusaa]], [[waxaraxir]], [[farraare]], [[cirjeex]] iyo [[raage]]) oo [[il|isha]] lagu arki karo ayaa aqoon yar loo lahaa tan iyo [[qarni|tobanaan qarni]] ka hor, kuwaas oo saamayn ku lahaa [[dad]]kii wakhigaas noolaa. Wakhtiyadii hore dadka [[xidigyahan]]ada ahaa waxay aqoon u lahaayeen sida iftiino gaar ahi [[cir]]ka u dhex maraan, [[xidig]]aha qaar wakhtiyada ay soo baxaan, kuwaas ooy u isticmaali jireen ineey ku safraan oogada dhulka iyo [[badweyn|badaha waawayn]] dhexdooda. Ilbaxnimooyinkii hore, sida Giriiga, [[Shiinaha]], Baabiloon (Babylon) iyo kuwo kaleba waxay aaminsanaayeen in [[dhul]]ku badhtan u yahay dhammaan [[koon]]ka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet |title=Definition of planet |publisher=Merriam-Webster OnLine |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> ===Baabiloon=== Ilbaxnimadii ugu horeeysay ee yeelata aqoon iyo fahan meerayaasha waxay ahayd [[Baabiloon]] (babylon) oo ku dhex taalay [[Mesobotaamiya]][[Babylon]], and indeed all pre-modern civilizations,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Otto E. |last=Neugebauer |year=1945 |title=The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1086/370729}}</ref> wakhtiyadii u dhaxaysay [[sanad|2'000 sano]] ilaa [[sanad|1'000 sano]] ciise hortiis. Qoraalo duug ah oo ku beegan [[sanad|700 sano]] ciise hortii kuwaas oo ka hadhay ilbaxnimadii Baabiloon waxa ku xusan liiska dhowr meere uu ka mid yahay [[waxaraxir]]. Sidoo kale waxaa ku qornaa liiska socodka meereyaasha waxaraxir, dusaa, farraare, cirjeex iyo raage; iyo meelaha ay ka iftiimaan wakhtiga [[habeen]]kii iyo wakhtiyada la arki karo sanadka.<ref>Colin Ronan Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan, Walker, Astronomy Before the Telescope, p 264–265</ref> ===Boqortooyadii Hindiya=== Qiyaastii [[sanad|sanadkii 499]] ciise hortii ayaa [[xidigisyahan]] Aryabhata ee wadanka [[Hindiya]] sheegay in dhulku ku wareego xariijintiisa, taasi oo uu ku qeexay in wareega dhulku ka yimaado dhanka galbeed. Sidoo kale wuxuu aaminsanaa ineey jiraan tiro kale oo meerayaal ah, dhamantoodna ay ku wareegaan shay ka wayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ardey baranayay [[Cilmi Fallag]]a [[sanad|sanadkii 1500]] Nilakantha Somayaji ayaa sii horumariyey qaacidadii Aryabhata, asagoo ku daray in dhulku sameeyo wareeg dheer oo uu ku wareego udub dhexaad, iyo in meerayaasha kala ah [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dusaa]], [[Farraare]], [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] dhammaantood ku wareegaan [[qorax]]da. ===Dowladii Muslimiinta=== Horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 11aad]] ayaa aqoonta iyo cilmiga dowladii Islaamiyiintu aad u horumarisey fahanka iyo adeegsiga [[Cilmi Fallag]]a. Waxaa jirey dugsiyo gaar u ah barashada cimiga xidigaha, kuwaas oo lagu baran jirey wakhtiyada iyo meelahay ay ka soo baxaan xidiguhu isla markaana safarleeydu u isticmaali jireen jiheeye ahaan.<ref>Holden James Herschel, A History of Horoscopic Astrology 1996 AFA</ref> Waxa la sheegaa in badhtamihii qarnigii 12aad [[xidigisyahan]] ibn Bajjah<ref>State Archives of Assyria Astrological reports to Assyrian kings Hermann Hunger 1992 Helsinki University Press</ref> uu sheegay inuu uu arkay labo meere oo waji madoow aadna ugu dhow [[qorax]]da, kuwaas oo uu horaantii qarnigii 13aad uu ku fasirey saynisyahan Qotb al-Din Shirazi ineey ahaayeen meerayaasha [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]]. Taasi waxay muujineysaa heerka aqoonta fiican eey Muslimiinta wakhtigaas u lahaayeen cilmiga xidigaha iyo sida ay u isticmaali jireen. ===Reer Yurub=== Horaantii [[saynis|kacaankii sayniska]] ee [[qaarad]]a [[Yurub]]<ref>[[saynis|kacaankii sayniska]] ee [[qaarad]]a [[Yurub]]</ref> waxaa la fahmey in meerayaashu yihiin [[duni|duunyooyin]] dhisan lehna [[jidh]] la mid ah kan [[dhul]]ka. Aqoonyahanadii [[Cilmi Fallag]]u waxay isku keeneen cilmigii xidigaha ee dhammaan dunida ka jirey. Waxay ogaadeen in [[dayax]]a iyo [[qorax]]du<ref>[[dayax]]a iyo [[qorax]]da</ref> ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha kale, sidaas darteed waxay ku dareen liis ka duwan liiska meerayaasha. Horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 17aad]] waxay heleen in meereyaasha [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] yihiin [[duni]] ka wayn dhulka. Tan iyo intii laga gaadhayay qarnigii 19aad fahanka iyo aqoonta xidigaha iyo meerayaashu way isa soo tarayeen. ===Qarnigii 19aad & 20aad=== Qarnigii 19aad dhexdiisa [[xidigisyahan]]adu waxay ogaadeen in duunyooyinka yaryar, sida [[Ceres]], Pallas iyo Vesta, aanay ahayn meere laakiin ay yihiin duni yar sidaas darteed wax lagu magacaabay ''Asteroids''. Sanadkii 1846dii waxaa la helay meeraha [[Docay]] (neptune) kaasi oo lagu daray liiska meerayaasha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horaantii qarnigii 20aad waxaa la helay dunida yar ee [[Buluuto]] (pluto) taasi oo wakhtigaas la aaminsanaa ineey ka xajmi weeyn tahay [[dhul]]ka, waxaana si dhakhso ah loogu aqoonsaday [[sagaal|meeraha 9aad]]. ===Qarnigii 21aad=== [[Qarni|Qarniga 21aad]] wuxuu ku bilaabmay ayadoo aqoon fiican loo leeyahay meerayaasha, dayaxyada, qoraxda, dunida yar, asteroidska, iyo dhammaan walxaha ku dhex jira [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. Sidoo kale, waxaa muran adag ka aloosmay in [[Buluuto]] ay ka mid ahaato meerayaasha iyo in loo aqoonsado duni yar. Ugu dambayn sanadkii 2006da waxaa la isla af-gartey in buluuto loo yaqaano duni yar, taasi oo tirada meerayaasha bahda midaysay qoraxda ka dhigeeysa [[sideed|sideed meere]] (Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka, Farraare, Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docey). Dhinaca kale, maadaama teknoolajiyada [[ilbaxnimo|ilbaxnimada]] [[dad]]ku horumartey waxaa la sameeyay teleskoobyo waawayn oo lagu fiirinayo ''baho qoraxyeedyo'' kale, galaagsiyo kale iyo dhaamaan xidigaha ku baahsan [[koon]]ka. Sidoo kale, wakhtigan waxaa la dul tagay [[dayax]]a, [[dayaxgacmeed]]yo iyo satelaatyo ayaa hawada loo direy, dayaxgacmeed isagu ismaamulaya ayaa [[Farraare]] lagu dejiyay, xidigo badan iyo galaagsiyo badana waa la magacaabay. ==Tirada Meereyaasha== Marka la tixraaco Midowga Caalamiga ee Cilmi Fallaga (International Astronomical Union) oo loo soo gaabiyo (IAU) waxa jira [[sideed|8 meere]] iyo [[shan|5 duni yar]] oo la aqoonsan yahay ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay. Ayagoo ka sii fogaanaya dhanka [[Qorax]]da meerayaashu waa: # [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Dusaa]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Waxaraxir]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Dhul]]ka''' # [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Farraare]]''' # [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] '''[[Cirjeex]]''' # [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] '''[[Raage]]''' # [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] '''[[Uraano]]''' # [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] '''[[Docay]]''' Cirjeex waa kan ugu [[mug]]a wayn leh, in u dhiganta 318 muga dhulka, halka Waxaraxir yahan kan ugu cufka yar, tiro u dhiganta 0.055 muga dhulka.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&queryword=planet |publisher = Oxford English Dictionary | title = planet, n | accessdate=2008-02-07|year=2007}} ''Note: select the Etymology tab ''</ref> Dhanka kale, meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] waxaa loo qaybin karaa guutooyin ayadoo lagu saleeynayo walxaha ay ka kooban yihiin: * '''[[Meere Dhagaxley]]''': waa meerayaasha la midka ah dhulka, kuwaas oo leh jidh ka samaysan [[dhagax]]aan, waxayna kala yihiin: Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka iyo Farraare. Waxaraxir waa midka ugu muga iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhammaan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], halka dhulku yahay kan ugu wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah.<ref>{{cite book | title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems |first = K. |last=Croswell |publisher = The Free Press |year = 1997 |page = 57 |isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> * '''[[Neefaha Waawayn]]''': kuwani waa meerayasha inta ugu badan ka samaysan [[isku dhis]]yo [[neef]]o ah, sida caadiga ahna way ka wayn yihiin [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, waana: Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docay. Meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu wayn dhammaan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay. ** '''[[Baraf|Barafley Waawayn]]''', inta u dhexaysa Uraano iyo Docay waxaa jira neefo waawayn oo ka duwan kuwa aan kor ku soo sheegnay sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin miisaan iyo cuf aad uga hooseeya kuwa kale.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |year=1936 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=97 |page=108 |title= On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system |bibcode=1936MNRAS..97..108L}}</ref> * '''[[Duni|Duni yar]]''': kuwani waa meerayaal aad u yaryar oo sanadkii 2006da loo aqoonsaday in lagu magacaabo ''Dwarf Planets'', waxaana ka mid ah Ceres, Bluto, Haumea, Makemake iyo Eris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/dps.html |title=Astronomer Mike Brown |publisher=Gps.caltech.edu |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref> ===Qoraxda=== [[File:Planets_and_sun_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Qoraxda marka la barbar dhigo xajmiga meerayaasha.]] [[Qorax]]du (sun) waa [[xidig]]ta iftiimisa, kulaylka gaadhiisa isla markaana [[cufisjiidad]] ku heeysa dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900 kan meeraha [[dhul]]ka. Sidoo kale, bu'da dhexe ee qoraxda waxaa ka yimaada [[heerkul]]ka, falaadhaha radiationka, elektaromagnetik radiation, iyo 400 ilaa 700 nm oo falaadhaha [[ileys]]ka muuqda ah. Cadaymo la arkey waxay xaqiijiyeen in barta qoraxdu ku taalo suurto gelisay in [[dhul]]ka ka jirto [[nolol]]i. [[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=2|center|wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhammaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]] Jiritaanka meerayashu waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[qorax]]da. Hadii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%. [[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka. Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO₂]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah. Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. ===Meeraha Dhexe=== Afarta Meere ee u dhow [[qorax]]da, kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Meere Dhagaxley]] sababtoo ah waxay ka samaysan yihiin [[dhagax]]aan iyo [[macdan]]o [[bir]] ah. Intooda u badan waxay leeyihiin tiro yar oo [[dayaxa meere|dayaxaan]] ah ama maba laha. Qaabdhismeedka jidhkoodu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo ka kooban macdanta [[Silikoon|silikates]], iyo biro ay ka mid yihiin [[aayron]] iyo [[nikel]] kuwaas oo sameeya [[Ubuc Dhul|ubucda]] dhexe ee meerahaasi. [[File:Telluric_planets_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Meerayaasha dhexe. Ka soo biloow bidix ilaa midig:<br />[[Dhul]]ka, [[Farraare]], [[Dusaa]] iyo [[Waxaraxir]].<br />]] ====Dusaa==== : Meeraha [[Dusaa]] (mercury) waa kan ugu dhow [[qorax]]da (masaafo dhan 0.4 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda),<ref>masaafo dhan 0.4 [[AU]] u jirta [[qorax]]da</ref> iyo kan ugu yar dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] asagoo leh 0.55 muga [[dhul]]ka.<ref>Schenk P., Melosh H. J. (1994), ''Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury's Lithosphere'', Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 1994LPI....25.1203S</ref> : Meerahan Dusaa ma lahan wax [[dayaxa meere|dayax]] ah, waxaana lagu yaqaanaa in uu leeyahay [[Qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo [[heerkul]]keedu aad u sareeyo isla markaana qani ku ah [[curiye]]yaasha [[bir]]ta sida [[aayron]], [[nikel]] iyo [[Silikon|salikaytis]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Bill Arnett |title=Mercury |work=The Nine Planets |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html |accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> ====Waxaraxir==== : Meeraha [[Waxaraxir]] (Venus) waa dunida labaad ee ugu dhow [[qorax]]da (masaafo dhan 0.7 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda),<ref>"masaafo dhan 0.7 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda"</ref> isla markaana waa mid aad ugu xajmi dhow [[dhul]]ka ayadoo leh 0.815 muga dhulka. : Sidoo kale, si la mid ah dhulka, meeraha Waxaraxir wuxuu leeyahay [[qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo ka samaysan silikayte iyo [[Ubuc dhul|ubuc dhexe]] oo ka kooban [[bir]]ta aayron iyo nikel; iyo waliba [[cir]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mark Alan Bullock |title=The Stability of Climate on Venus |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |year=1997 |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-12-26 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202751/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> sare oo hawooyin ku dahaaran tahay. : Meeraha Waxaraxir ma lahan wax dayax ah, aad ayuuna u qalalan yahay - taas macnaheedu waa [[biyo]] ma lahan. Intaas waxaa dheer, meerahan waa kan ugu kulul dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] ayadoo leh [[salsiyas|400 °C]] (752&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web |year=1999 |author=Paul Rincon |title=Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus |work=Johnson Space Center Houston, TX, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-11-19 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202807/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> === Dhulka === : Meeraha [[Dhul]]ka (earth) waa kan sadexaad ee qoraxda u dhow (masaafo dhan 1 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda), kan ugu wayn ee ugu culus [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah. Sidoo kale, waa meeraha kali ah ee leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji iyo dunida kali ah eey ka jirto [[nolol]]<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life? |publisher=NASA Science (Big Questions) |url=http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1/ |accessdate=2011-08-30 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915154635/http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> inta la ogyahay. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhulku waa meeraha kali ah ee leh [[biyo]] [[dareere]] ah dhammaan meerayaasha dhexe. : [[Cir]]ka sare ee dhulku waa mid ka duwan meerayaasha kale, waxaana ku dhex jira 21% [[ogsajiin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Earth's Atmosphere: Composition and Structure |author=Anne E. Egger, M.A./M.S. |work=VisionLearning.com |url=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?c3=&mid=107&l= |accessdate=2006-12-26 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221231635/http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=107&l=&c3= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> bilaash ah, taasi oo taageertay [[nolol|nolosha]] ka dhex jirta ee [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dhir]]ta leh. : Meeraha dhulku wuxuu leeyahay hal [[dayax]] oo dabiici ah. ====Farraare==== : Meeraha [[Farraare]] (mars) waa kan afaraad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 1.5 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda), isla mar ahaantaana waa mid waxyar ka yar dhulka ayadoo leh 0.107 muga dhulka. Cirkeedu wuxuu inta u badan ka kooban yahay [[Kaarbon|kaarbon labo ogsaydh]] iyo cadaadis dhan 6.1 millibars<ref>{{cite book|title= Encyclopaedia of the Solar System|editor=Lucy-Ann McFadden et al.|chapter=Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions|author=David C. Gatling, Conway Leovy|pages=301–314|year=2007}}</ref> taasi oo u dhiganta 0.6% cadaadiska dhulka. : Foolkaano aad u badan ayaa ka dhaca oogada sare ee Farraare, [[caro|carada]] meerahani waa mid cas sababtoo ah waxaa ku badan [[macdan]]ta [[Aayron|aayron ogsaydh]] aad u [[daxal]]eysatey. : Meeraha Farraare wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa farraare|labo dayax]] oo dabiici ah, [[Deimos]] iyo [[Phobos]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness |author=Scott S. Sheppard, David Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna |work=[[Astronomical Journal]] |url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2004/SJK2004.pdf|accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref> ===Meerayaasha Baxsan=== [[File:Gas_giants_in_the_solar_system.jpg|thumb|Kor ka soo biloow ilaa hoos:<br />[[Docay]], [[Uraano]], [[Raage]] iyo [[Cirjeex]]<br />.]] Afarta meere ee banaanka u baxsan waa meereyaasha [[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]<ref>[[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> kuwaas oo ah 99% walxaha ku wareega [[qorax]]da. [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] ayaa waxay yihiin tobanaan kun oo jeer miisaanka iyo muga [[dhul]]ka, waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[isku dhis]]yo [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. Dhanka kale, [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] waxay leeyihiin 20 jeer laab muga dhulka waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[macdan]]o dhalaali kara oo ka kooban [[baraf]]. ====Cirjeex==== : Meeraha [[Cirjeex]] (Jupiter) waa meeraha shanaad ee [[qorax]]da ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 5.2 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda) iyo 318 jeer muga dhulka. Wuxuu ka samaysan yahay meerahani [[isku dhis]]yo u badan [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. : Dhinaca kale, meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu leh tirada ugu badan ee dayax asagoo leh [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. Afarta ugu wayn [[Io]], [[Ganymede]], [[Callisto]], iyo [[Europa]] waxay leeyihiin qaabdhismeed u dhow [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, sida foolkaanaha iyo gudo kulul.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: A Framework for Compositional Studies |author=Pappalardo, R T |work=Brown University |year=1999 |url=http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |accessdate=2006-01-16 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165551/http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ganymede oo ah satelaytka ugu wayn [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], ayaa wuxuu ka wayn yahay meeraha [[Waxaraxir]] (mercury). ====Raage==== : Meeraha [[Raage]] (saturn) waa meeraha lixaad ee [[qorax]]da ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 9.5 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda) iyo 95 jeer muga dhulka. Meerahan waxaa lagu yaqaanaa dariimada goobo ee ku wareegsan taasi oo ka samaysan xoogaa [[baraf]] iyo saxaro [[dhagax]]aan ah, wuxuuna leeyahay 60% cufka Cirjeex, taasi oo ka dhigaysa meeraha ugu cufka yar dhammaan aduunyooyinka [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Density of Saturn|url=http://www.universetoday.com/15322/density-of-saturn/|work=Fraser Cain|publisher=universetoday.com|accessdate=2013-08-09|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2013-08-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130809073643/http://www.universetoday.com/15322/density-of-saturn/|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> : Meerahan Raage wuxuu leeyahay tirada labaad ee ugu badan dayaxyada taasi oo ah [[Dayaxa Raage|62 dayax]]. Labada dayax ee ugu wayn dayaxyada Raage, [[Titan]] iyo [[Enceladus]] waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji inkastoo ay ka samaysan yihiin baraf iyo hawo.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kargel|first1=J. S.|title=Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites|journal=Earth, Moon, and Planets|volume=67|pages=101–113|year=1994|doi=10.1007/BF00613296|bibcode=1995EM&P...67..101K}}</ref> : Titan oo ah satelite labaad ee ugu wayn wuxuu ka jidh wayn yahay meeraha [[Waxaraxir]]. ====Uraano==== : Meeraha [[Uraano]] waa kan todobaad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (asagoo u jira masaafo dhan 19.2 [[AU]]) iyo 14 jeer muga iyo miisaanka dhulka, kaasi oo ah kan ugu fudud dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Uraano wuxuu leeyahay [[Ubuc dhul|ubuc dhexe]] oo ka qaboow badan [[Qolof dhul|oogada sare]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=10 Mysteries of the Solar System|journal=[[Astronomy Now]] |volume=19 |pages=65 |year=2005 |bibcode=2005AsNow..19h..65H }}</ref> : Meeraha Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan taasi oo dhan [[Dayaxa Uraano|27 dayax]], kuwa ugu waawayni waa [[Titania]], [[Oberon]], [[Umbriel]], [[Ariel]] iyo [[Miranda]]. ====Docay==== : Meeraha [[Docay]] (neptune) waa meeraha sideedaad ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] wuxuuna u jiraa [[qorax]]da masaafo dherer dhan 30 [[AU]], wuxuu leeyahay cuf iyo miisaan u dhigma 17 jeer laab cufka [[dhul]]ka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune |author=Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R. | year=1990|pages=1737|issue=10|volume=17|doi=10.1029/GL017i010p01737 |bibcode=1990GeoRL..17.1737P|journal=Geophysical Research Letters}}</ref> : Meeraha Docay wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa Docay|4 dayax]] oo kan ugu wayn yahay [[Triton]] oo leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji firfircoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Plausibility of Boiling Geysers on Triton |author=Duxbury, N. S., Brown, R. H. |work=Beacon eSpace |year=1995 |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |accessdate=2006-01-16 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426005806/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ===Dunida Yar=== Waxa jira tiro dhowr ah oo meereyaal yaryar ah kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Duni|duniyar]] waxaana ka mid ah [[Bluto]]. Dunida yar ee bluto waxy u jirtaa qoraxda masaafo dherer oo dhan [[AU|39 AU]] waana tan ugu wayn dhowrka duniyar ee la yaqaano, waxaana la helay [[sanad|sanadkii 1930kii]] ayadoo wakhtigaas laga dhigay [[meere|meeraha 9aad]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay]]. Ka dib, [[sanad|sanadkii 2006da]] ayaa laga saaray liiska meerayaasha ayadoo loo aqoonsaday in bluto tahay duniyar. ==Tirada Dayaxa Meereyaasha== [[File:Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters Rare Icy Union (gemini1903a) (square crop).jpg|thumb|[[Dayaxa Docay|Dayaxa Triton]] ee meeraha Docay.]] [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|thumb|[[Dayaxa Cirjeex|Yuruba]] waa dayaxa Cirjeex.]] [[Dayaxa meere]] waa duni yar oo ka samaysan [[dhagax]]aan, [[neef]] iyo [[isku dhis]]yo kale taasi oo ku wareegta [[meere]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[dayax]]a meeraha [[dhul]]ka. Waxaa jira 173<ref>173 dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega [[duni|dunida yaryar]]</ref> dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega [[duni|dunida yaryar]]. Meereyaasha [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]] ma lahan wax dayax ah, [[Dhul]]ku wuxuu leeyahay [[dayax|hal dayax]], meeraya afaraad [[Farraare]] wuxuu leeyahay labo dayax oo kala ah [[Fobos]] (Phobos) iyo [[Dheymos]] (Deimos).<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> [[Neefaha Waawayn]] waxay leeyihiin tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood le'eg yihiin xajmiga dayaxa [[dhul]]ka. Meeraha [[Cirjeex]]<ref>[[Cirjeex]] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. Waxaa ku xiga meeraha [[Raage]] oo leh tirada labaad ee ugu badan dhammaan sideeda meere ee bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo ah [[dayaxa raage|62 dayax]]. Dhinaca kale, meeraha [[Uraano]] wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan [[dayaxa uraano|27 dayax]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> Meeraha [[Docay]] wuxuu leeyahay [[dayaxa docay|14 dayax]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[duni|duunyooyinka yar]] qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin dayaxyo yaryar oo ku wareega ayaga. Dunida yar ee [[Ceres]] ma lahan wax dayax ah, laakiin dunida yar ee [[Bluto]] waxay [[dayaxa bluto|5 dayax]] oo wareega. Sidoo kale, dunida yar ee [[Haumea]] waxay leedahay [[Dayaxa Haumea|2 dayax]], waxaa iyadna [[dayax|hal dayax]] leh dunida yar ee [[Eris]]. Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in dayaxyada qaar ay ka jirto [[nolol]], sida dayaxa [[Titan]] ee [[Cirjeex]] iyo bisha [[Triton]] ee meeraha [[Docay]], laakiin lama hubo ineey jirto midaasi.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bernard R. |last=Goldstein |title=Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=1–12 |location=Cambridge (UK) |bibcode=1997JHA....28....1G}}</ref> ===Dayaxa Dhulka=== [[File:Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg|thumb|Dayaxa [[meere|meeraha]] [[Dhul]]ka.]] [[File:Moons of solar system-en.svg|thumb|Dayax/Bil]] [[Dayax|Dayaxa dhulku]] waa kan ugu weeyn dhammaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kaas oo la odhan karo wuxuu ka wayn yahay meereyaasha yaryar qaarkood. Cufis-jiidadka u dhexeeya dhulka iyo dayaxa ayaa keena [[bad|mowjadaha badaha]], taas mi la mid ah ayaa keentay isku-xidhnaanshaha labadooda. Dayaxa oo ku socda xawaare dhan 1.022 kilomitir ilbiriqsigiiba, ayaa waxay ku qaadataa [[maalin|27 maalmood]], [[saacad|7 saacadood]] iyo [[daqiiqad|43 daqiiqo]] in uu hal mar ku wareego dhulka. Dhinaca kale, isku wareega dayaxu (circumference) waa 10, 921 km; [[cuf]]kiisuna waa 2.1958 ×<br /><span>10¹⁰ km³</span> halka [[mug]]iisu yahay 7.3477 ×<br /><span>10²² kg</sup></span>. Maadaama dayaxa cirkiisu aad u khafiif yahay falaadhaha qoraxduna toos u soo taabtaan oogada dayaxa ayaa [[heerkul]]kiisu aad u sareeyaa ugu yaraan waa 100 Kalfin ugu badnaana wuxuu gaadhaa 390 K. Jidhka dayaxu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[Isku dhis|iskudhisyo]] kala duwan kuwaas oo u badan [[curiye]]yaasha kala ah: [[curiye|Argon]], [[Hiliyaam]], [[Sodhiyaam]], [[Botashiyaam]], [[Haydarojiin]] iyo ''Raadon''. Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda bani-aadamka, sanadkii 1959kii ayaa [[Dayax Gacmeed]] [[Ruush]]ku leeyahay tagay dayaxa. Ka dib, 1968dii ayaa qofkii ugu horeeyay cagaha saaray dayaxa kaas oo ka socday Dawladda [[Maraykan]]ka. Sanadkii 2004 wixii ka dambeeyay ayaa wadanada [[Jabaan]], [[Hindiya]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Yurub]] saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa. Inkasto dayaxu lahayn [[cir|cir sare]] oo ka difaaca [[kul]]ka [[qorax]]da, cilmi baadhis la sameeyay waxay muujisay in dayaxu leeyahay [[biyo]] laga heli karo [[cidhif]]yada dayaxa iyo oogada sare dhexdeeda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ptolemy's Almagest |author= Ptolemy |authorlink=Ptolemy |coauthors=[[G. J. Toomer|Toomer, G. J.]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-691-00260-6}}</ref> ===Dayaxa Farraare=== ::''Maqaalka fiiri: [[Dayaxa Farraare]]'' [[Meere]]ha [[Farraare]] (Mars) wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa Farraare|labo dayax]] oo kala ah [[Fobos]] (Phobos) iyo [[Dheymos]] (Deimos). ===Dayaxa Cirjeex=== [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Europa]] ee meeraha Cirjeex.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Cirjeex]]<ref>[[Cirjeex]] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax</ref> waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax. Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Cirjeex aad ayay u badan tahay, dhammaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Europa]]''' * '''[[Ganymede]]''' * '''[[Io]]''' * '''[[Callisto]]''' ===Dayaxa Raage=== [[File:Two_Halves_of_Titan.png|thumb|dayaxa [[Titan]] ee meeraha Raage.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Raage]] waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay [[Dayaxa raage|62 dayax]]. Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Raage aad ayay u badan tahay, dhammaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Titan]]''' * '''[[Iapetus]]''' * '''[[Enceladus]]''' * '''[[Tethys]]''' * '''[[Mimas]]''' * '''[[Hyperion]]''' * '''[[Dione]]''' * '''[[Phoebe]]''' * '''[[Janus]]''' * '''[[Epimetheus]]''' * '''[[Prometheus]]''' [[File:Mimas_moon.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Mimas]] ee meeraha Raage.]] ===Dayaxa Uraano=== [[File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Miranda]] ee meeraha Uraano.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Uraano]] (Uranus) wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan [[Dayaxa Uraano|27 dayax]]. Meerahan Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: * '''[[Titania]]''' * '''[[Oberon]]''' * '''[[Umbriel]]''' * '''[[Miranda]]''' ===Dayaxa Docay=== [[File:Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters Rare Icy Union (gemini1903a) (square crop).jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Triton]] ee meeraha Docay.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Docay]] (Neptune) wuxuu leeyahay tirada afaraad ee ugu badan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kuwaas oo dhan [[Dayaxa meere|14 dayax]]. Meerahan Docay wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: * '''[[Proteus]]''' * '''[[Triton]]''' ===Dayaxyada Bluto=== [[Duni]]da yar ee [[Bluto]] oo wakhtiyadii hore loo aqoonsanaa ineey tahay [[meere|meeraha 9aad]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], balse [[sanad|sanadkii 2006da]] loo aqoonsaday ineey tahay duniyar; ayaa waxay leedahay [[Dayax meere|5 dayax]] oo ku wareega ayada. ==Samayska Meere== ===Muuqaalka Meere=== Muuqaalka meere waa mid ku xidhan awooda [[cuf]]ka iyo [[mug]]a ee ku taxan awooda [[cufisjiidad]]ka isla markaana keenta awood elektaromangantig isku haysa muuqaalka meere oo ka dhigtay mid goobo ah. Marka xadi go'an oo cuf ah uu ku xidhmo awooda cufisjiidadka oo u soo jiidta badhtanka walaxdaasi taasi ayaa keenta in sheygaasi yeesho qaab wareegsan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |title=Pluto and the Solar System |publisher=IAU |date= |accessdate=2013-08-01 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dhamaan meerayaasha, xidigaha, dhagaxaanta waawayn, dunida yar iyo walxaha kale ee koonka dhex sabeeynaya waxay leeyihiin qaab dhismeed goobada u dhow, taasi ooy sabab u tahay isku soo jiidashada bu'da dhexe ee shegaas oo cufisjiidadku ku hayo badhtanka. ===Qaabdhismeedka Dhexe=== Meere kasta wuxuu ku bilaabmay marxalad [[dareere]] ah; samayska marka hore, sheeyada miisaanka culus, ee qarada adag leh waxay iskugu tagaan bu'da ama badhtanka ayadoo inta fudud soo marto korka sare isla markaana ku qaboowdo ka dibna adke noqoto. Sidaas darteed, meere kasta waa kala duwan yahay xubnaha ku jira ubucda ama qeybta dhexe. Dhinaca kale, [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ahi way ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha [[neefaha waawayn]]. Kuwa dhagaxleyda ahi waxay leeyihiin qolof adag oo ku dahaadhan iyo ubuc ka samaysan [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah sida [[Aayron]], [[Nikel]] iyo iskudhisyo [[Silikoon]] ah, halka neefaha waawayni ku daboolan tahay daruur hawo iyo adke jilicsan ah. ===Cufisjiidadka=== ===Cufka & Muga Meereyaasha=== ==Wareega Meere== ===Wareega Sanadle=== Sida la isku waafaqay, dhammaan meerayaashu waxay ku wareegaan [[xidig]]. Tusaale ahaan, meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay dhammaantood waxay ku wareegaan [[qorax]]da, jiho la mid ah tan qoraxdu u ged-gedoonto (waa qaab la mid ah habka saacadu u wareegto "clockwise"). Ugu yaraan, hal meere, WASP-17b, oo aad inooga fog ayaa la arkey inuu u wareego jiho ka duwan tan xidigtiisu u gedoonto.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |year=1936 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=97 |page=108 |title= On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system |bibcode=1936MNRAS..97..108L}}</ref> Wakhtiga ay meere ku qaadato inuu dhamaystiro hal wareeg oo uu ku soo duurayo qoraxda waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''[[sanad]]''. Hadaba sanadada meerayaashu way kala duwan yihiin taasi oo ku xidhan kolba masaafada iyo fogaanta uu u jiro qoraxda. Meeraha ugu fog masaafada qoraxda ayaa ugu sanad dheer isla markaana ugu socod gaaban sababtoo ah aad ayuu uga dheer yahay [[cufisjiidad]]ka qoraxdaasi. ===Gedgedoonka Meere=== Meere kasta wuxuu ku gedgedoomaa (rotate) xariijin udub-dhexaadkiisa ah taasi oon la arki karin. Gedoonkaasi meere oo ka soo bilaabma bari ilaa galbeed ayaa waxay keentaa [[maalin]]ta iyo [[habeen]]ka, sababtoo ah iftiinka qoraxda ayaa kolba dhinac ka mid ah meerahaais u muuqda.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> Inta u badan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay waxay u soo gedoomaan hab waafaqsan wareega saacada, marka laga reebo meeraha Uraano oo asaga lagu wado in uu u gedoomo jiho lid ku ah wareega saacada. Gedgedoonka meerayaashu way kala duwan tahay, meeraha Dusaa waxay ku qaadataa dhowr saacadood inuu dhamaystiro gedoon xidhan, taasi oo ah habeen iyo maalinta Dusaa; halka meerayaasha waawayn ee neefta ah ay ku qaadato maalmo badan iney sameeyaan hal gedoon oo dhamaystiran.<ref>{{cite book | title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems |first = K. |last=Croswell |publisher = The Free Press |year = 1997 |page = 57 |isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> ==Masaafada Qoraxda U Jiraan== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center" |- !|Jaada !|Magaca !|Dhulbadhe <br /> balaca !|[[Cuf|Cufka Meere]] !|[[Wareega Meere|Gacanka Wareega]] ([[Astronomical unit|AU]]) !|[[Wareega Meere|Wakhtiga Wareega]] <br /> (sanado) !|[[Wareega Meere|Meesha <br /> kaga beegay yahay Qoraxda]] (°) !|[[Wareega Meere|Wareega<br /> eccentricity]]<!--hyphen for small monitors--> !|[[Wareega Meere|Wareega Xariijintiisa]] <br /> (maalin) !|Confirmed <br /> [[Dayax|Dayaxa Dabiiciga]]{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Confirmed|Jupiter has the most verified satellites (67) in the Solar System.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jupiter Satellite Page (Now Also The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page) |publisher=Carnegie Institution for Science |author=Scott S. Sheppard |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |accessdate=2013-04-12 |date=2013-01-04 |authorlink=Scott S. Sheppard |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} !|[[Wareega Meere|Goobo Meere]] !|[[Cir]]ka |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Meere Dhagaxley]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Waxaraxir]] | 0.382 | 0.06 | 0.31–0.47 | 0.24 | 3.38 | 0.206 | 58.64 | 0 | maya | aad u yar |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Dusaa]] | 0.949 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 3.86 | 0.007 | −243.02 | 0 | maya | [[Kaarboon|CO₂]], [[Nitrojiin|N₂]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Dhul]]ka | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7.25 | 0.017 | 1.00 | [[Dayax|1]]<!--Moon (Luna)--> | Maya | N₂, [[Ogsajiin|O₂]], [[Aargon|Ar]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Farraare]] | 0.532 | 0.11 | 1.52 | 1.88 | 5.65 | 0.093 | 1.03 | [[Dayaxa Farraare|2]]<!--Phobos and Deimos--> | maya | CO₂, N₂, Ar |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Neefaha Waawayn]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Cirjeex]] | 11.209 | 317.8 | 5.20 | 11.86 | 6.09 | 0.048 | 0.41 | [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67]]<!--50 named, 67 verified, 67 known--> | [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|haa]] | [[Haydarojiin|H₂]], [[Hiliyaam|He]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Raage]] | 9.449 | 95.2 | 9.54 | 29.46 | 5.51 | 0.054 | 0.43 | [[Dayaxa Raage|62]]<!--53 named, 62 verified, ~200 known--> | [[Rings of Saturn|yes]] | H₂, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Uraano]] | 4.007 | 14.6 | 19.22 | 84.01 | 6.48 | 0.047 | −0.72 | [[Dayaxa Uraano|27]]<!--all known moons are named--> | [[Dayaxa Uraano|yes]] | H₂, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Docay]] | 3.883 | 17.2 | 30.06 | 164.8 | 6.43 | 0.009 | 0.67 | [[Dayaxa Docay|14]]<!--all known moons are named, with the exception of S/2004 N 1--> | [[Dayaxa Docay|haa]] | H₂, He |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#def;"|[[Duni|Duni yar]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Ceres]] | 0.08 | 0.000&nbsp;2 | 2.5–3.0 | 4.60 | 10.59 | 0.080 | 0.38 | 0 | maya | midna |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Bluto]] | 0.18 | 0.002&nbsp;2 | 29.7–49.3 | 248.09 | 17.14 | 0.249 | −6.39 | [[Dayaxa Bluto|5]]<!--Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, Hydra--> | maya | ku meel gaadh |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Haumea]] | 0.15×0.12×0.08 | 0.000&nbsp;7 | 35.2–51.5 | 282.76 | 28.19 | 0.189 | 0.16 | [[Dayaxa Haumea|2]]<!--Hi'iaka, Namaka--> | ? | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Makemake]] |~0.12 |0.000&nbsp;7 |38.5–53.1 |309.88 |28.96 |0.159 | 0.32 | 0 | ? | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Eris]] | 0.19 | 0.002&nbsp;5 | 37.8–97.6 | ~557 | 44.19 | 0.442 | ~0.3 | [[Dayax|1]]<!--Dysnomia--> | ? | ? |} ==Nolosha Ka Jirta Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay== Ilaa iyo hada inta la ogyahay meeraha kali ah ee nolol ka jirto waa meeraha dhulka. Nolosha meeraha dhulka oo guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere", ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) [[bilyan|3.5 bilyan sanno]] ka hor. Dhulku wuxuu hooy u yahay malaayiin nooc oo [[noole]] ah, kaas ooy ka mid yihiin ''Aadamuhu''. Ilaha [[Macdan]]ta iyo habka is-daba-wareega [[biyo|biyaha]] ayaa ah mid u gaar ah meerahan isla markaana suurto gal ka dhigey ineey taageerada noolaha degan dhulka. ==Sahaminta Meerayaasha== Sawiraan ka kooban xubnaha [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] iyo sharaxaada xajmiga [[Meere]]yaasha iyo [[dayax]]yadooda. [[Qorax]]da in ka badan 10,000 oo jeer ayay ka weeyn tahay isla markaana [[tiriliyan|41 tiriliyan]] ayay ka mug iyo cuf weeyn tahay dhammaantood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;" |+ Solar System |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Our Sun.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Jupiter by Cassini-Huygens.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Venus-real.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Qorax]]<br /><small>(Xidig)</small> | [[Cirjeex]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Raage]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Uroono]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Docey]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Dhul]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Waxaraxir]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Mars Hubble.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Ganymede g1 true 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Two Halves of Titan.png|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Callisto.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Farraare]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Ganymede (dayax)|Ganymede]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Titan (dayax)|Titan]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Dusaa (meere)|Dusaa]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Callisto (dayax)|Callisto]]<br /><small>(dayax Cirjeex)</small> | [[Io (dayax)|Io]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Dayax]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Dhulka)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Triton moon mosaic Voyager 2 (large) - non-edit version.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA00040_Umbrielx2.47.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Europa (dayax)|Europa]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Triton (dayax)|Triton]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Docey)</small> | [[Titania (dayax)|Titania]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uraano)</small> | [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> | [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> |- style="background: black;" | | [[File:Dione (Mond) (30823363).jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Inset-sat tethys-large.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | | [[File:Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Enceladus from Voyager.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> | [[Dione (moon)|Dione]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Ceres (meere yar)|Ceres]]<br /><small>(meere yar)</small> | [[4 Vesta|Vesta]]<br /><small>(asteroid)</small> | [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Proteus Voyager 2 croped.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Mimas moon.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Hyperion in natural colours.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Phoebe cassini.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Docey)</small> | [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Janus (moon)|Janus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Epimetheus (moon)|Epimetheus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Prometheus (moon)|Prometheus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> |- | colspan="7"| {{navbar|SolarSummary}} |- |} ==Qoraalo La Mid ah== * [[Koon]] * [[Neefaha Waawayn]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Cir]] * [[Meere Dhagaxley]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Xidig]] {{commons|Solar System}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} ==Xigasho== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] 32cuajl4tfow4dujpj0qgw3vflv0zw1 10 16101 303088 303039 2026-07-20T22:30:44Z ~2026-40538-11 46591 303088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name=Abyoone |title=[[Abyoone]] |state=collapsed |listclass=hlist |style=clear:none; width:70%;min-width:40em |list1={{Navbox|child |title=[[0 (tiro)|0]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|zero|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *&nbsp;[[0 (tiro)|0]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[1 (tiro)|1]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[2 (tiro)|2]]'''&nbsp; 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|title=[[500 (tiro)|500]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|5|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list7={{Navbox|child |title=[[600 (tiro)|600]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|6|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list8={{Navbox|child |title=[[700 (tiro)|700]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|7|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list9={{Navbox|child |title=[[800 (tiro)|800]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|8|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list10={{Navbox|child |title=[[900 (tiro)|900]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|9|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |below=Tirooyinka qoraalkooda la waaweyneeyay waa [[Tiro mutuxan|tirooyin mutuxan]]}} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} [[Category:Tusmo xisaab]] </noinclude> 1d2z5ws40tkaeuhu65ui1fbritcnxzp 0 18435 303132 295516 2026-07-21T17:54:04Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 303132 wikitext text/x-wiki Wadamada afrika inta la ictiraaf san yahay ee Xoriyada haysta waa 55 wadan Kariirada siyaasadeed ee Afrika Afrika waa qaarada labaad ee ugu weyn qaaradaha aduunka kadib qaarada Aasiya dhanka baaxada iyo dhanka dadkaba. Baaxada Afrika waxay la'egtahay c. 30,244,050 km² (11,677,240 mi²)[2] tiradaas waxaa ku jira dhamaan jasiiradaha lagu xisaabo Afrika. Afrika baaxadeeda waxay dabooshaa 20.3% baaxada dhulka oo dhan. Sida lagu xusay tirokoob caalami ah oo la sameeyay sanadkii 2013ka waxaa ku nool qaarada Afrika dad tiradooda ay dhantahay 1.1 bilyan taasi oo ah tiro u dhiganta todobo qeyboodoo qayb dadka dunida ku noolo maanta. Madaxbanaanidda wadamada Afrika waxaa bud-dhig uu ah Diiriye Guure. Qaarada Afrika waxaa ku hareersan biyo; Bada Mediterraniyanka waxay ka xigta waqooyi, sidoo kale Gacanka Suweys iyo Bada Cas waxay ka xigaan waqooyibari, Badweynta Hindiya ayaa kaga taala koonfurbari, iyo Badweynta Atlantika oo ka xigta galbeed. Intaas waxaa dheer, wadanka jasiirada Madagaskar iyo gasiirado kale ayaa soo hoosgala qaarada. Sida rasmiga ah waxaa qaarada Afrika degan 54 wadan oo la aqoonsan yahay, sagaal deegaan iyo labo wadan oo wali la aqoonsan.[3] Xaga bulshada, qaarada Afrika waxaa ku dhaqan dadka ugu da'da yar caalamka marka tirada guud laga hadlayo; 50% dadka Afrikaanka ahi waa da'da ka yar 19 sano.[4] Juquraafi ahaan, wadanka Aljeeriya ayaa ugu wayn dhulka iyo baaxada, halka Nayjeeriya ugu dad badan tahay; waxaana guud ahaan caalamka la isku raacay in badhtamaha iyo Bariga Afrika yihiin meesha aadamuhu ka soo beermeer markii ugu horeeysay. Waxaa deegaanadan laga helay lafo aad u da' weyn oo muujinaya horaantii dadka. Tusaale ahaan, wadanka Itoobiya waxaa laga helay lafaha ugu da'da weyn inta la ogyahay midaasi oo jirta 200,000 kun sano.[5] Guud ahaan qaarada Afrika waxaa dhex mara dhulbadhaha, waxayna leedahay noocyo badan oo cimilo kala gedisan ah. Waana qaarada keli ah ee laga helo astaamaha cimilada waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dhulka.[6] Afrika dadka kunool dhamaan waa dadka madow marka laga reebo wadamada Waqooyiga Afrika oo ay ku nool yihiin dad Carab ahi iyo wadamada sida Koonfur Afrika iyo Simbaabwi iyo Nambiya oo laga helo dad tiro yar oo cadaan ay ka tageen gumeystihii reer Yurub.waxaa laga yabaa inay ahaaan jireen dad dad cun ah oo laga helo dhulalka galbeedka afrika oo loo yaqaan sida itoobiya iyo wixii xagaa ka xiga somaliland waxa ay ku jortaa wadamada aan la aqoonsanayn ee aan wali la ictiraafin waxaana u diiday somalia oo ku xaasidaysa laakiin wadanka ugu nabada badan aduunka == Dalalka madaxa banaan == Waa dalal xur sh |- | style="background:#FFEFD5; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;" | * | = ef group="n">[[Morocco]] withdrew its membership from the preceding [[Organization of African Unity]] in 1984 due to the OAU's recognition of the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] as the government of [[Western Sahara]]. Morocco remains withdrawn from the [[African Union]] for the same reason.</ref> |} {| |- | style="background:#fdd; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;"| * | = Xubinimada la hakiyay<ref group="n">[[Central African Republic]] was suspended from the [[African Union]] on 25 March 2013 due to the ongoing [[Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)|Central African Republic conflict]].</ref> |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! class="unsortable" | Calan ! class="unsortable" | Khariirad ! Magaca dalka oo gaaban ingiriisna ah<br><ref name="CIA Names">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |title=Field Listing :: Names |publisher=CIA |accessdate=28 July 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=7 Bisha Koobaad 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107082512/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html%20 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="UN_Names">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |title=UNGEGN List of Country Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |year=2007 |accessdate=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Europa">{{cite web|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |title=List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa |date=9 August 2011 |accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> ! Magaca rasmiga ah<ref name="CIA Names"/><ref name="UN Names"/> ! Magaalo Madax<br><ref name="Europa"/><ref name="Capital">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html |title=Field Listing :: Capital |publisher=CIA |accessdate=3 August 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225082913/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html%20 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |title=UNGEGN World Geographical Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |date=29 July 2011 |accessdate=3 August 2011 |archive-date=1 Bisha Sideedaad 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801231428/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! Tirada Dadka<br><ref name="Population">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |title=Country Comparison :: Population |publisher=CIA |date=July 2012 |accessdate=2 September 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=27 Bisha Sagaalaad 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ! Baaxad<br><ref name="Area">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |title=Field Listing :: Area |publisher=CIA |accessdate=7 August 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=31 Bisha Koobaad 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Algeria|alt=Flag of Algeria]] | [[File:Location Algeria AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]]Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Dadweynaha ee Aljeeriya | [[Carabi]]: الجزائر — الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية | [[Algiers|Aljeer]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الجزائر <small>(''al-Jazā’er'')</small> | 33,333,267 | {{sort|02381740|{{convert|2381740|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Angola]] | [[File:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Angola]]Jamhuuriyadda Angola | [[Af-Bortuqiis|Bortuqiis]]: ''Angola — República de Angola'' | [[Luanda]]<br><br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Luanda'' | 16,941,000 | {{sort|01246700|{{convert|1246700|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Benin]] | [[File:Location Benin AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Benin]]Jamhuuriyadda Benin | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Bénin — République du Bénin'' | [[Porto-Novo]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Porto-Novo'' | 8,439,000 | {{sort|00112622|{{convert|112622|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Botswana]] | [[File:Location Botswana AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Botswana]]Jamhuuriyadda Botswana | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Botswana — Republic of Botswana<br><br>[[Tswana language|Tswana]]: ''Botswana — Lefatshe la Botswana'' | [[Gaborone]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Gaborone<br><br>[[Tswana language|Tswana]]: ''Gaborone'' | 1,839,833 | {{sort|00581726|{{convert|581726|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Burkina Faso]] | [[File:Location Burkina Faso AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Burkina Faso]] | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Burkina Faso'' | [[Ouagadougou|Wagaduugu]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Ouagadougou'' | 13,228,000 | {{sort|00274000|{{convert|274000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Burundi]] | [[File:Location Burundi AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Burundi]]Jamhuuriyadda Burundi | [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]]: ''Burundi — Republika y'u Burundi''<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Burundi — République du Burundi'' | [[Bujumbura]]<br><br>[[Kirundi language|Kirundi]]: ''Bujumbura''<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Bujumbura'' | 7,548,000 | {{sort|00027830|{{convert|27830|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Cameroon]] | [[File:Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Kameroon|Kamiruun]]Jamhuuriyadda Kamiruun | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Cameroon — Republic of Cameroon<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Cameroun — République du Cameroun'' | [[Yaoundé]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Yaoundé<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Yaoundé'' | 17,795,000 | {{sort|00475442|{{convert|475442|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Cape Verde]] | [[File:Location Cape Verde AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Kab Ferde]]Jamhuuriyadda Kab Ferde | [[Af-Bortuqiis|Bortuqis]]: ''Cabo Verde — República de Cabo Verde'' | [[Praia]]<br><br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Praia'' | 420,979 | {{sort|00004033|{{convert|4033|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- style="background:#fdd;" | [[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the Central African Republic]] | [[File:Location Central African Republic AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrikada]] | [[Sango language|Sango]]: ''Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka''<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''République centrafricaine'' | [[Bangui]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Bangui'' | 4,216,666 | {{sort|00622984|{{convert|622984|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Chad.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Chad]] | [[File:Location Chad AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Jad|Jaad]]Jamhuuriyadda Jaad | [[Carabi]]: تشاد — جمهورية تشاد<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Tchad — République du Tchad'' | [[N'Djamena|Nijamiina]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: نجامينا <small>(''Nijāmīnā'')</small><br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Ndjamena'' | 10,146,000 | {{sort|01284000|{{convert|1284000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Comoros.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Comoros]] | [[File:Location Comoros AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Comoros|Komoros]]Jamhuuriyadda Midawga Komoros | [[Carabi]]: جزر القمر — جمهورية القمر المتحدة <br><br>[[Comorian language|Comorian]]: ''Komori — Udzima wa Komori''<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Comores — Union des Comores'' | [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: موروني <small>(''Mūrūnī'')</small><br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Moroni'' | 798,000 | {{sort|00002235|{{convert|2235|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | [[File:Location DR Congo AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''République démocratique du Congo'' | [[Kinshasa]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Léopoldville'' | 75,507,308 | {{sort|02344858|{{convert|2344858|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the Republic of the Congo]] | [[File:Location Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''République du Congo'' | [[Brazzaville]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Brazzaville'' | 4,012,809 | {{sort|00342000|{{convert|342000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Djibouti]] | [[File:Location Djibouti AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Jabuuti]]Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti | [[Carabi]]: جيبوتي — جمهورية جيبوتي<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Djibouti — République de Djibouti'' | [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: مدينة جيبوتي <small>(''Jibūti Madīna'')</small><br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Ville de Djibouti'' | 906,000 | {{sort|00023200|{{convert|23200|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Egypt]] | [[File:Location Egypt AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Masar]]Jamhuuriyadda Masar ee Carabta | [[Carabi]]: مصر — جمهورية مصر العربية | [[Qaahiro]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: القاهرة <small>(''al-Qāhirah'')</small> | 90,850,000 | {{sort|01001449|{{convert|1001449|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Equatorial Guinea]] | [[File:Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Equatorial Guinea|Ikweeti Giiniya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Ikweetiga Giiniya | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Guinée équatoriale — République de Guinée équatoriale''<br><br>[[Af-Bortuqiis|Bortuqiis]]: ''Guiné Equatorial — República da Guiné Equatorial''<br><br>[[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanish]]: ''Guinea Ecuatorial — República de Guinea Ecuatorial'' | [[Malabo]]<ref group="n">[[Oyala]] is to be the future capital of Equatorial Guinea; currently under construction.</ref><br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Malabo''<br><br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Malabo''<br><br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Malabo'' | 504,000 | {{sort|00028051|{{convert|28051|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Eritrea]] | [[File:Location Eritrea AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Eratareya|Ereteriya]]<br>Dawlada Ereteriya | [[Carabi]]: إرتريا — دولة إرتريا <br><br>[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: ''Eritrea — State of Eritrea''<br><br>[[Af-Tigrinya|Tigrinya]]: ኤርትራ — ሃገረ ኤርትራ <small>(''ʾErtra — Hagere ʾErtra'')</small> | [[Asmara]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: أسمرة <small>(''ʾAsmara'')</small><br><br>[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: ''ኣስመራ''<small>(''Asmera'')</small> | 5,880,000 | {{sort|00117600|{{convert|117600|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Ethiopia]] | [[File:Location Ethiopia AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Itoobiya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya | [[Amxaari]]: Iትዮጵያ — የIትዮጵያ ፈደራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ <small>(''Ītyōṗṗyā — Ītyōṗṗyā Fēdēralāwī Dēmōkrāsīyāwī Rīpeblīk'')</small> | [[Addis Ababa]]<br><br>[[Amharic]]: ''አዲስ አበባ'' <small>(''Addis Abäba'')</small> | 99,465,819 | {{sort|01104300|{{convert|1104300|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Gabon]] | [[File:Location Gabon AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Gabon|Gaboon]]<br>Jamhuuriyadda Gaboon | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Gabon — République gabonaise'' | [[Libreville|Librefiil]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Libreville'' | 1,384,000 | {{sort|00267668|{{convert|267668|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of The Gambia]] | [[File:Location Gambia AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Gambia|Gambiya]]<br>Jamhuuriyadda Gambiya | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: ''Gambia — Republic of the Gambia'' | [[Banjul]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: ''Banjul'' | 1,517,000 | {{sort|00010380|{{convert|10380|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Ghana]] | [[File:Location Ghana AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Gaana]]<br>Jamhuuriyadda Gaana | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Ghana — Republic of Ghana | [[Accra|Akara]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Accra | 23,000,000 | {{sort|00238534|{{convert|238534|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Guinea]] | [[File:Location Guinea AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Guinea|Giiniya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Giiniya | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Guinée — République de Guinée'' | [[Conakry]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Conakry'' | 10,057,975 | {{sort|00245857|{{convert|245857|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Guinea-Bissau]] | [[File:Location Guinea Bissau AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Guinea-Bissau|Giiniya-Bissaw]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Giiniya-Bissaw | [[Af-Bortuqiis|Bortuqiis]]: ''Guiné-Bissau — República da Guiné-Bissau'' | [[Bissau|Bissaw]]<br><br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Bissau'' | 1,586,000 | {{sort|00036125|{{convert|36125|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Côte d'Ivoire]] | [[File:Location Côte d'Ivoire AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Ivory Coast|Xeebta Foolmaroodi]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Xeebta Foolmaroodi | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Côte d'Ivoire — République de Côte d'Ivoire'' | [[Yamoussoukro]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Yamoussoukro'' | 17,654,843 | {{sort|00322460|{{convert|322460|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Kenya]] | [[File:Location Kenya AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Kenya]]<br>Jamhuuriyadda Kenya | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Kenya — Republic of Kenya<br><br>[[Af-Sawaaxili|Sawaaxili]]: ''Kenya — Jamhuri ya Kenya'' | [[Nairobi|Nayroobi]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Nairobi<br><br>[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Nairobi'' | 34,707,817 | {{sort|00580367|{{convert|580367|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Lesotho.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Lesotho]] | [[File:Location Lesotho AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Lesotho|Lesoto]]<br><br>Boqortooyada Lesoto | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Lesotho — Kingdom of Lesotho<br><br>[[Sotho language|Soto]]: ''Lesotho — Muso oa Lesotho'' | [[Maseru]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Maseru<br><br>[[Sotho language|Sotho]]: ''Maseru'' | 2,067,000 | {{sort|00030355|{{convert|30355|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Liberia]] | [[File:Location Liberia AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Liberia|Laybeeriya]]<br>Jambuuriyadda Laybeeriya | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Liberia — Republic of Liberia | [[Monrovia]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Monrovia | 4,128,572 | {{sort|00111369|{{convert|111369|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Libya.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Libya]] | [[File:Location Libya AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Libya|Libiya]]<br>Dawlada Libiya | [[Carabi]]: ليبيا <small>(''Lībiyā'')</small><br><br>[[Berber language|Berber]]: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ <small>(''Libya'')</small> | [[Tripoli]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: طرابلس <small>(''Ṭarābulus'')</small><br><br>[[Berber languages|Berber]]: ⵟⵔⴰⴱⵍⴻⵙ <small>(''Ṭrables'')</small> | 6,036,914 | {{sort|01759540|{{convert|1759540|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Madagascar]] | [[File:Location Madagascar AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Madagaskar]]<br>Jamhuuriyadda Madagaskar | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Madagascar — République de Madagascar<br><br>[[Malagasy language|Malagasi]]: ''Repoblikan'i Madagasik''ara | [[Antananarivo]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Antananarivo''<br><br>[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]: ''Antananarivo'' | 18,606,000 | {{sort|00587041|{{convert|587041|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Malawi]] | [[File:Location Malawi AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Malawi|Malaawi]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Malaawi | [[Chewa language|Shewa]]: ''Malaŵi — Dziko la Malaŵi''<br><br>[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Malawi — Republic of Malawi | [[Lilongwe]]<br><br>[[Chewa language|Chichewa]]: ''Lilongwe''<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Lilongwe | 12,884,000 | {{sort|00118484|{{convert|118484|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Mali.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Mali]] | [[File:Location Mali AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Mali|Maali]]<br><br>Jamhuuridda Maali | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Mali — République du Mali'' | [[Bamako]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Bamako'' | 13,518,000 | {{sort|01240192|{{convert|1240192|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:1959-2017 Flag of Mauritania.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Mauritania]] | [[File:Location Mauritania AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Mauritania|Muritaaniya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Muritaaniya | [[Carabi]]: موريتانيا — الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية | [[Nouakchott]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: نواكشوط <small>(''Nuwākshūṭ'')</small> | 3,069,000 | {{sort|01030700|{{convert|1030700|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Mauritius]] | [[File:Location Mauritius AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Mauritius|Murishas]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Murishas | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Mauritius — Republic of Mauritius<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Maurice — République de Maurice''<br><br>[[Mauritian Creole]] ''Moris — Republik Moris'' | [[Port Louis]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Port Louis<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Port-Louis''<br><br>[[Mauritian Creole]]: ''Port Louis'' | 1,219,220 | {{sort|00002040|{{convert|2040|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- style="background:#FFEFD5;" | [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Morocco]] | [[File:Location Morocco Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Morocco|Marooko]]<br><br>Boqortooyada Marooko | [[Carabi]] : المغرب — المملكة المغربية<br><br>[[Berber languages|Berber]]: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱ <small>(''Tageldit n-Elmaġrib'')</small> | [[Rabat]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الرباط <small>(''ar-Ribaaṭ'')</small><br><br>[[Berber language|Berber]]: ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ <small>(''Aṛbaṭ'')</small> | 35,757,175 | {{sort|00446550|{{convert|446550|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}The area 446,550 km2 (172,410 sq mi) excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km2 (274,460 sq mi) includes the Moroccan-administered parts of [[Western Sahara]] (claimed as the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] by the [[Polisario Front]]). |- | [[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Mozambique]] | [[File:Location Mozambique AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Mozambique|Musanbiig]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Musanbiig | [[Af-Bortuqiis|Bortuqiis]]: ''Moçambique — República de Moçambique'' | [[Maputo]]<br><br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Maputo'' | 20,366,795 | {{sort|00801590|{{convert|801590|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Namibia]] | [[File:Location Namibia AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Namibia|Namibiya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Namibiya | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Namibia — Republic of Namibia | [[Windhoek]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Windhoek | 2,031,000 | {{sort|00825418|{{convert|825418|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Niger.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Niger]] | [[File:Location Niger AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Niger|Nayjer]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Niijer | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Niger — République du Niger'' | [[Niamey]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Niamey'' | 13,957,000 | {{sort|01267000|{{convert|1267000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Nigeria]] | [[File:Location Nigeria AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Nigeria|Nayjeeriya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Nayjeeriya | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Nigeria — Federal Republic of Nigeria | [[Abuja]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Abuja | 174,507,539 | {{sort|00923768|{{convert|923768|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Rwanda]] | [[File:Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Rwanda|Ruwaanda]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Ruwaanda | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Rwanda — Republic of Rwanda<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Rwanda — République du Rwanda''<br><br>[[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyaruwaanda]] ''Rwanda — Repubulika y'u Rwanda'' | [[Kigali]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Kigali<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Kigali''<br><br>[[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]] ''Kigali'' | 7,600,000 | {{sort|00026798|{{convert|26798|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Sao Tome and Principe]] | [[File:Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Sao Tome iyo Prinsipe|Sao Tome iyo Brinsiib]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Sao Tome iyo Brinsiib | [[Af-Bortuqiis|Bortuqiis]]: ''São Tomé e Príncipe — República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe'' | [[São Tomé|Sao Tome]]<br><br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''São Tomé'' | 183,176 | {{sort|00000964|{{convert|964|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Senegal]] | [[File:Location Senegal AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Senegal|Sinigaal]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Sinigaal | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Sénégal — République du Sénégal'' | [[Dakar]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Dakar'' | 11,658,000 | {{sort|00196723|{{convert|196723|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Seychelles]] | [[File:Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Seychelles|Seyshelles]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Seyshelles | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Seychelles — Republic of Seychelles<br><br>[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Seychelles — République des Seychelles''<br><br>[[Seychellois Creole]]: ''Sesel— Repiblik Sesel'' | [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Victoria<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Victoria''<br><br>[[Seychellois Creole]]: ''Victoria'' | 80,654 | {{sort|00000451|{{convert|451|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Sierra Leone]] | [[File:Location Sierra Leone AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Sierra Leone|Sira Liyoon]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Sira Liyoon | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Sierra Leone — Republic of Sierra Leone | [[Freetown]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Freetown | 6,144,562 | {{sort|00071740|{{convert|71740|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Somalia]] | [[File:Location Somalia AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya | [[Carabi]]: الصومال — جمهورية الصومال الديموقراطية <br><br>[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya | [[Mogadishu|Muqdisho]]<br><br>[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi:]] Mogadishu<br><br>[[Arabic Language|Arabic]]: مقديشو <small>(''Maqadīshū'')</small> |75,532,017 | {{sort|00637657|{{convert|637657|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of South Africa]] | [[File:Location South Africa AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Koonfur Afrika]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Koonfurta Afrika | [[Afrikaans]]: ''Suid-Afrika — Republiek van Suid-Afrika''<br> {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:2.5em;font-size:85%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> |title = 10 other official names |[[English language|English]]: South Africa — Republic of South Africa<br>[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: ''Afrika Dzonga — Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga''<br>[[Tswana language|Tswana]]: ''Aforika Borwa — Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa''<br>[[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]: ''Sewula Afrika — iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika''<br>[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]: ''Afrika-Borwa — Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa''<br>[[Sotho language|(Southern) Sotho]]: ''Afrika Borwa — Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa''<br>[[Swazi language|Swati]]: ''Ningizimu Afrika — iRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika''<br>[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: ''uMzantsi Afrika — iRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika''<br>[[Venda language|Venda]]: ''Afurika Tshipembe — Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe''<br>[[Zulu language|Zulu]]: ''Ningizimu Afrika — iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika'' }} | [[Bloemfontein]] <small>(judicial)</small>,<br> [[Cape Town]] <small>(legislative)</small>,<br> and [[Pretoria]] <small>(executive)</small> | 52,981,991 | {{sort|01221037|{{convert|1221037|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of South Sudan]] | [[File:Location South Sudan AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Koonfur Suudaan]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Koonfurta Suudaan | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: South Sudan — Republic of South Sudan | [[Juba]]<br><br>English: Juba | 8,260,490 | {{sort|00644329|{{convert|644329|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Sudan]] | [[File:Location Sudan AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Sudan|Suudaan]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan | [[Carabi]]: السودان — جمهورية السودان <br><br>[[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Republic of the Sudan | [[Khartoum|Khartuum]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''الخرطوم'' <small>(''al-Kharṭūm'')</small><br> | 36,787,012 | {{sort|01861484|{{convert|1861484|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Swaziland.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Swaziland]] | [[File:Location Swaziland AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Eswatini]]<br><br>Boqortooyada Eswatini | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]] Swaziland — Kingdom of Swaziland<br><br>[[Swazi language|Eswasi]]: ''eSwatini — Umbuso weSwatini'' | [[Lobamba]] <small>(royal and legislative)</small><br>[[Mbabane]] <small>(administrative)</small><br><br>[[English language|English]]: Lobamba, Mbabane <br><br>[[Swazi language|Swazi]]: Lobamba, ÉMbábáne | 1,032,000 | {{sort|00017364|{{convert|17364|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Tanzania]] | [[File:Location Tanzania AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]<br><br>Midowga Jamhuuriyadda Tansaaniya | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Tanzania — United Republic of Tanzania<br><br>[[Af-Sawaaxili|Sawaaxili]]: ''Tanzania — Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania'' | [[Dodoma]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Dodoma<br><br>[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Dodoma'' | 44,929,002 | {{sort|00945203|{{convert|945203|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Togo]] | [[File:Location Togo AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Togo]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Togo | [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Togo — République Togolaise'' | [[Lomé]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Lomé'' | 7,154,237 | {{sort|00056785|{{convert|56785|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Tunisia]] | [[File:Location Tunisia AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Tunisia|Tuniisiya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Tuniisiya | [[Carabi]]: تونس — الجمهورية التونسية | [[Tunis|Tuunis]]<br><br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: تونس <small>(''Tūnis'')</small> | 10,102,000 | {{sort|00163610|{{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Uganda]] | [[File:Location Uganda AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Uganda|Yugaandha]]<br>Jamhuuriyadda Yugaandha | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Uganda — Republic of Uganda<br><br>[[Af-Sawaaxili|Sawaaxili]]: ''Uganda — Jamhuri ya Uganda'' | [[Kampala]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Kampala<br><br>[[Swahili language|Swahili]]: ''Kampala'' | 27,616,000 | {{sort|00236040|{{convert|236040|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Zambia]] | [[File:Location Zambia AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Zambia|Saambiya]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Saambiya | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Zambia — Republic of Zambia | [[Lusaka]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Lusaka | 14,668,000 | {{sort|00752614|{{convert|752614|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |- | [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Zimbabwe]] | [[File:Location Zimbabwe AU Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Zimbabwe|Simbaabwi]]<br><br>Jamhuuriyadda Simbaabwi | [[English language|Ingiriisi]]: Zimbabwe — Republic of Zimbabwe | [[Harare]]<br><br>[[English language|English]]: Harare | 13,010,000 | {{sort|00390757|{{convert|390757|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}} |} ===Dalalka aqoonsiga aan wada haysan===d ==Dhul aan madax banaanayn== ===Gobolo ka daba tuura h=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! class="unsortable" | Calan ! class="unsortable" | Kahriido ! MAgaca laga soo gaabiyay ! Xaalad<ref name="Field Listing :: Dependency Status">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html |title=Field Listing :: Dependency Status |publisher=CIA |accessdate=8 August 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011919/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html%20 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ! MAgaca aan rasmiga ahayn ! MAgaalo MAdax ! Tirada dadka ! Baaxad<ref name="Area"/> |- | [[File:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] | [[File:French Southern and Antarctic Lands in its region (Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean only) (small islands magnified).svg|150px]] | [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]]<ref group="n">Only the [[Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean|Îles Éparses]] are considered part of the African continent. The remaining four districts lie outside the continental shelf in the [[List of islands in the Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]] or [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|Antarctica]].</ref> | [[Overseas departments and territories of France|French overseas territory]] | <!-- Names in Native Languages--> | [[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint-Pierre]]<ref group="n">The main station on the Îles Éparses is on [[Tromelin Island|Tromelin]]. The headquarters of the district chief, however, is [[Saint-Pierre, Réunion|Saint-Pierre]], in [[Réunion]].</ref> | No permanent population<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fs.html|title=French Southern and Antarctic Lands|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=24 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224214852/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fs.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | {{convert|38.60|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Union Flag|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom, as used in Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] | [[File:LocationStHelena.png|150px]] | [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] | [[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]] | <!-- Names in Native Languages--> | [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] | 5,661 | {{convert|420|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |} ===Meelo kale=== This list contains territories that are administered as incorporated parts of a primarily non-African state. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! class="unsortable" | Calan ! class="unsortable" | Kahriido ! MAgaca laga soo gaabiyay ! Xaalad<ref name="Field Listing :: Dependency Status"/> ! MAgaca aan rasmiga ahayn ! MAgaalo MAdax ! Tirada dadka ! Baaxad<ref name="Area" /> |- | [[File:Flag of the Canary Islands.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the Canary Islands]] | [[File:Location Canary Islands Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Canary Islands]] | [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Spanish autonomous community]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Islas Canarias'' | [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Santa Cruz]] and [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria|Las Palmas]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/tuestatuto/principios_generales.html |title=Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias en la Página Web Oficial del Gobierno de Canarias |publisher=.gobiernodecanarias.org |date= |accessdate=2010-09-20 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120074726/http://www2.gobiernodecanarias.org/tuestatuto/principios_generales.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br><br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Santa Cruz de Tenerife'' and ''Las Palmas de Gran Canaria'' | 2,205,247 | {{convert|7447|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of Ceuta.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Ceuta]] | [[File:Ceuta-melilla.png|150px]] | [[Ceuta]]<br><br>Autonomous City of Ceuta | [[Autonomous cities of Spain|Spanish autonomous city]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Ceuta — Ciudad autónoma de Ceuta'' | Ceuta<br><br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Ceuta'' | 76,861 | {{convert|28|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of Madeira.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Madeira]] | [[File:Location Madeira Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Madeira]]<br><br>Autonomous Region of Madeira | [[Autonomous regions of Portugal|Portuguese autonomous region]] | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Madeira — Região Autónoma da Madeira'' | [[Funchal]]<br><br>[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Funchal'' | 267,785 | {{convert|828|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of France.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Mayotte]] | [[File:Location Mayotte Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Mayotte]]<br><br>Department of Mayotte | [[Overseas departments and territories of France|French overseas department]] | [[French language|French]]: ''Mayotte — Département de Mayotte'' | [[Mamoudzou]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Mamoudzou'' | 186,452 | {{convert|374|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of Melilla.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Melilla]] | [[File:Ceuta-melilla.png|150px]] | [[Melilla]]<br><br>Autonomous City of Melilla | [[Autonomous cities of Spain|Spanish autonomous city]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Melilla — Ciudad autónoma de Melilla'' | Melilla<br><br>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Melilla'' | 72,000 | {{convert|20|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Spain]] | [[File:Mapa del sur de España neutral.png|150px]] | [[Plazas de soberanía]] | Spanish overseas territory | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Plazas de soberanía'' | N/A | 74 | |- | [[File:Flag of France.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Réunion]] | [[File:Location Réunion Africa.svg|150px]] | [[Réunion]]<br><br>Réunion Island | [[Overseas departments and territories of France|French overseas region]] | [[French language|French]]: ''Réunion — Îles Réunion'' | [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]]<br><br>[[French language|French]]: ''Saint-Denis'' | 793,000 | {{convert|2512|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |- | [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Italy]] | [[File:Pelagie Islands map.png|150px]] | [[Pelagie Islands]] | Italian territory | [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Isole Pelagie''<br><br>[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]: ''Ìsuli Pilaggî'' | [[Lampedusa e Linosa]]<ref group="n">Geographically part of the archipelago ([[Lampedusa]] and [[Lampione]]) belongs to the African continent; politically and administratively, the islands fall within the [[Province of Agrigento]] in [[Sicily]]</ref><br><br>[[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Lampedusa e Linosa''<br><br>[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]: ''Lampidusa e Linusa'' | 6,304 | {{convert|21.4|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |} * [http://vimeo.com/album/1675286 Vidèos de las "Jornades sobre la censura espanyola" (a l'epòca de la Descobèrta d'America e apuèi)] {{Portal|Africa}} {{Reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent}} {{Africa}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} {{gumud}} [[Category:Afrika]] f6ktqrrbrwdww6vge7lr2kgk06iiznj 0 19436 303086 179229 2026-07-20T15:02:50Z Maxamed Cali Maxamuud 46584 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 303086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Semih Kaya | image = Semih Kaya'14-15.JPG | caption = Semih oo Galatasaray u ciyaaraya 2012kii | fullname = Semih Kaya | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1991|2|24}} | birth_place = Bergama, [[Turkiga]] | height = {{convert|1.83|m|abbr=on}} | currentclub = [[Galatasaray SK|Galatasaray]] | clubnumber = 26 | position = Difaac | youthyears1 = 2001–2004 | youthyears2 = 2004 | youthyears3 = 2004–2006 | youthyears4 = 2006–2009 | youthclubs1 = Petkimspor | youthclubs2 = Helvacı Bld. Gençlik ve Spor | youthclubs3 = Altay S.K. | youthclubs4 = [[Galatasaray SK]] | years1 = 2009– | years2 = 2010 | years3 = 2010–2011 | clubs1 = [[Galatasaray SK|Galatasaray]] | clubs2 = → Gaziantepspor (loan) | clubs3 = → Kartalspor (loan) | caps1 = 119<!--LEAGUE APPS ONLY --> | caps2 = 1<!--LEAGUE APPS ONLY --> | caps3 = 18<!--LEAGUE APPS ONLY --> | goals1 = 3<!--LEAGUE GOALS ONLY --> | goals2 = 0<!--LEAGUE GOALS ONLY --> | goals3 = 0<!--LEAGUE GOALS ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2006 | nationalyears2 = 2006–2007 | nationalyears3 = 2006–2008 | nationalyears4 = 2007–2009 | nationalyears5 = 2009 | nationalyears6 = 2009–2011 | nationalyears7 = 2012– | nationalteam1 = [[Turkiga]] 15-Jirka ah | nationalteam2 = [[Turkiga]] 16-Jirka ah | nationalteam3 = [[Turkiga]] 17-Jirka ah | nationalteam4 = [[Turkiga]] 18-Jirka ah | nationalteam5 = [[Turkiga]] 19-Jirka ah | nationalteam6 = [[Turkiga]] 21-Jirka ah | nationalteam7 = [[Turkiga]] | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalcaps2 = 9 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalcaps3 = 25 | nationalgoals3 = 1 | nationalcaps4 = 10 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalcaps5 = 2 | nationalgoals5 = 0 | nationalcaps6 = 4 | nationalgoals6 = 0 | nationalcaps7 = 23 | nationalgoals7 = 0 | medaltemplates = | pcupdate = 2 April 2016 | ntupdate = 15 July 2015 }} '''Semih Kaya''' (Bergama, 24 Febaraayo 1991) waa cayaaryahan u dhashay wadanka [[Turkiga]], wuxuuna hadda u ciyaaraa kooxda [[Galatasaray SK|Galatasaray]] ee ka dhisan magaalada Istanbul iyo xulka qaranka dalka Turkiga. Semih wuxuu hore ugusoo dheelay kooxaha Gaziantepspor iyo Kartalspor ee kawada dhisan isla dalkaasi [[Turkiga]]. Kaya ayaa ku biiray Akadeemiyada dhalinyarada Galatasaray ee ka soo jeeda dhalinyarada Altay isagoo 15 jir ah. 25kii Febraayo 2007, markii uu la ciyaarayay ciyaartoy da 'yar oo dhalinyaro ah xilli ciyaareedkii Super League Ligi (Super Youth League) oo ay la ciyaareen Beşiktaş, daqiiqadii shanaad ee ciyaarta, laad xor ah oo ka yimid Batuhan Karadeniz ayaa madaxiisa isku tuuray isaga oo ku qasbay inuu ka tago ciyaarta; kadibna wuxuu tagay isbitaal si uu u qaato qalliinka madaxa (coagulation). Bilowgii xilli ciyaareedkii 2008-09 ayaa xiisaha dibadda u soo bandhigay Kaya kaddib markii ay soo baxeen warar sheegaya in kooxda [[Talyaaniga]] ee Internazionale ay ka warheysay ka hor inta uusan heshiis hal sano ah la gaarin, Kulankii ugu horeeyay ee Kaya ee Kaka wuxuu ka dhacay Istanbul B.B. 19-kii Febraayo 2009. [2] Ka dib markii uusan helin waqti muhiim ah, wuxuu ku biiray kooxda kale ee Super League Club Gaziantepspor si amaah ah bishii Janaayo 2010 inta ka dhiman xilli ciyaareedkan, iyo [3] xagaagii 2010 wuxuu u saxiixay kooxda ka dhisan horyaalka Turkiga ee Cardalspor si amaah ah. 18kii Oktoobar 2010, wuxuu dhaliyey labo gool kulankii A2 ee ay la ciyaarayeen Altay. Ku laabo Galatasaray Markii ugu horeysay ee xilli ciyaareedkii 2011-12, Kaya looma xulin line-upka Galatasaray, lakiin dhaawacyo ay soo wajahday ciyaartoyda kale, gaar ahaan Gökhan Zan, iyo qaab ciyaareedka Servet Çetin, tababaraha Galatasaray Fatih Terim ayaa fursad siiyey si uu isu muujiyo. Ka dib markii uu soo bandhigay qaab ciyaareed adag, waxa uu dhawaan noqday xulkii ugu horeeyay ee xulkiisa la ciyaara Czech Tomáš Ujfaluši. Kaya ayaa goolkiisii ​​ugu horeeyay u dhaliyay kooxda Samsunspor 7dii Janaayo 2012 daqiiqadii 51aad ee ciyaarta oo 2-0 ku dhamaatay, iyadoo ciyaarta ay ku dhamaatay 4-2 Galatasaray. Xilli ciyaareedkii 2011-12, wuxuu ciyaaray 30 kulan, waxaana uu ahaa xubin muhiim ah oo ka mid ah ciyaartoydii guuleystay. Waxa uu sii waday inuu noqdo daaficii ugu horeeyay ee daafaca dhexe ee kooxda iyo kooxda, isagoo soo bandhigay qaab ciyaareed deganaansho iyo kalsooni inkastoo kooxo waa weyn sida Manchester United iyo, caalami ahaan, kulankii Holland. Sanadkiisii ​​labaad wuxuu ku dhameystay 36 kulan tartamada oo dhan. 18kii Nofembar 2013, qandaraaskiisa waxaa la kordhiyay muddo saddex sano ah ilaa 2016. [[File:Semih centilmenlik.JPG|thumb|left|295px|''Semih Kaya oo wata Billadda ciyaar wanaagga uu ku qaatay [[Galatasaray SK|Galatasaray]]'']] [[Category:Turki]] [[Category:Ciyaaraha]] 56ewdvsrlwsunuo4x0d1amux3hewods 0 19740 303133 296580 2026-07-21T17:56:28Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 303133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zu-23 30 M1-3 - InnovationDay2013part1-40.jpg|thumb|Zuug]] '''Suug''' ama '''Zuu''' ({{lang-en|'''ZU-23-2''' ama  '''ZU-23'''}}) waa [[Qori]] ka mida qoryaha lidka [[Diyaarad|diyaaradaha]], waxaa sameeyay [[Midowga Sofiyet|Midowga sofiyet.]] <ref name="articles.janes.com">{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/ZU-23-2-Russian-Federation.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2013-01-27 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130127030315/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/ZU-23-2-Russian-Federation.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Soomaalida == [[Soomaali|Soomaalida]] ayaa aad u adeegsatay qorigaan [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya|Dagaaladii sokeeye]] iyo kuwii lala galay [[itoobiya]]. ciidamada dowlada iyo kuwa beelaha ayaa wali ku hubaysan.  inkastoo uu ahaa qori loogu talo galay [[Lidka Diyaaradaha|lidka diyaaradaha]] hadana soomaalida ayaa u adeegsatay inay isku layso maadaama aysan meesha joogin wax diyaarado ah. == Tilmaan == Suuga ayaa waxaa uu leeyahay labo dhuumood iyo qoor dheer, waxaa rida ama gaandhariyaal labo ah, oo ku kala fadhida labo kursi, waxaa laga ridaa sheelare, wuxuu leeyaha labo isteerin oo kala ah wareeg iyo dallac iyo dajis, waxaana kala maamula labada gaandhari, xabadiisa ayaa ah mid dheer, halkii cabays wuxuu qaadan karaa mid sideed labada dhinac ah, == La  gaar yahay == [[File:Bulgarian_truck-mounted_AA-gun_in_2012.jpg|thumb|suug saaran gaari, bulgaariya  ZU-23-2.]] * Baaxada uu wax ka dili karo<br> ** Dhirir: 4.57&nbsp;m (15&nbsp;ft) ** Ballac: 2.88&nbsp;m (9.44&nbsp;ft) ** Joog sare: 1.22&nbsp;m (4&nbsp;ft) * Culays: 0.95 tonnes (2,094&nbsp;lbs) * Hubayn: Labo 2A14 Afanasyev-Yakushev 23x152mm (.90 in) autocannons * Dhirirka barmiilka: 2&nbsp;m (6.5&nbsp;ft)/ 87.3  Baalooto * Muzzle velocity: 970&nbsp;m/s (3,182&nbsp;ft/s) * Culays baalooto: 186 g (6.27&nbsp;oz) * Tirada xabada ** wareega: 2,000 rounds per minute ** Darandoori: 400 wareeg daqiiqadii * Muga waxtarka shaqeed : 2-2.5&nbsp;km (1.24-1.55&nbsp;mi) * wax qabadka jooga sare: 1,500-2,000 m (4,921-6,562&nbsp;ft) * Gaandari: 2 iyo 4 cabeeye iyo kalkaaliye. == Hormarin == === Midowga sofiyet === [[File:Zu-23-2-belarus.jpg|thumb|ZU-23-2 firing. Vitebsk, Belarus]][[Midowga Sofiyet|Midowga sofiye]]<nowiki/>t ayaa sameeyay iyo wadamadii ku dhex jiray kuwaasoo markii ay kala go'een sii hormariyay qorigaan. waxaana ka mida noocyadaan'''<br> ZU-23M''' -.<ref name="milparade.udm.ru">{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://milparade.udm.ru/security/28/074x.htm |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2010-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614165603/http://milparade.udm.ru/security/28/074x.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://testwww.janes.com/articles/International-Defence-Review-98/RUSSIA--AUTOMATIC-AIMING-FOR-ZU-23-2-LAAG.html{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''ZU-23M1''' -  .<ref>https://secure.flickr.com/photos/26822716@N02/2948338319/in/photostream/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ** '''ZU-23/ZOM1'''  '''ZU-23/ZOM1-SM''';  ('''ZU-23/ZOM1-1'''), the -PM module ('''ZU-23/ZOM1-2'''),('''ZU-23/ZOM1-4''').<ref>https://secure.flickr.com/photos/26822716@N02/2948327015/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === [[Boland|Boolaan]] === [[File:Hibneryt_453_5180.jpg|thumb|Star 266 mounted ZUR-23-2KG gun]]Boolaan ayaa sii hormarisay qorigaa * '''ZU-23-2''' -.<ref name="ntw">(Polish) ''"Dwudziestkitrójki" z Tarnowa'' ["Twentythrees" from Tarnów] in: Nowa Technika Wojskowa Nr. 9/2010, p. 76-78</ref> ** '''ZUR-23-2S "Jod"''' - <ref name="ntw">(Polish) ''"Dwudziestkitrójki" z Tarnowa'' ["Twentythrees" from Tarnów] in: Nowa Technika Wojskowa Nr. 9/2010, p. 76-78</ref> ([http://pvo.guns.ru/images/poland/zur-23-2s_.jpg picture]). *** '''ZUR-23-2KG "Jodek-G"''' -<ref name="ntw">(Polish) ''"Dwudziestkitrójki" z Tarnowa'' ["Twentythrees" from Tarnów] in: Nowa Technika Wojskowa Nr. 9/2010, p. 76-78</ref> ([http://pvo.guns.ru/expo/mspo2002.htm pictures]). **** '''ZUR-23-2KG-I''' -  **** '''TR-23-2''' .<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://62.129.200.244/pdf/trenazer_en.pdf |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2014-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140425/http://62.129.200.244/pdf/trenazer_en.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> **** '''Kobra''' - .<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.bumar.com/dywizje_flash/admin/store/images/image-1304661693-link.pdf |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015173641/http://www.bumar.com/dywizje_flash/admin/store/images/image-1304661693-link.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ** '''ZU-23-2M "Wróbel"''' -.<ref name="ntw">(Polish) ''"Dwudziestkitrójki" z Tarnowa'' ["Twentythrees" from Tarnów] in: Nowa Technika Wojskowa Nr. 9/2010, p. 76-78</ref> ** '''ZU-23-2MR "Wróbel-II"''' <ref name="ntw">(Polish) ''"Dwudziestkitrójki" z Tarnowa'' ["Twentythrees" from Tarnów] in: Nowa Technika Wojskowa Nr. 9/2010, p. 76-78</ref><ref>http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Electro-Optic-Systems/Polish-Navy-Wrobel-II-ZU-23-2MR-Poland.html</ref> ([http://pvo.guns.ru/images/poland/zu-23-2mr_.jpg picture]). *** '''"Hibneryt"''' - A ZU-23-2 === [[Jamhuuriyadda Tashik|Jeega]] === * '''ZU 23M''' -.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.punjlloyd.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Force%20April%20Issue%202012%5B1%5D.pdf |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2022-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325162511/http://www.punjlloyd.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Force%20April%20Issue%202012%5B1%5D.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> === Masar === * '''ZU 23-M''' <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/ZU-23M-Egypt.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2013-01-26 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130126194132/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/ZU-23M-Egypt.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ** '''Nile 23'''  .<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://jedsite.info/fulltrack-mike/mike-number-us/m113_series/nile-23/nile23.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202081827/http://www.jedsite.info/fulltrack-mike/mike-number-us/m113_series/nile-23/nile23.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://jedsite.info/fulltrack-mike/mike-number-us/m113_series/nile-23-tracker/nile23t.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202081822/http://www.jedsite.info/fulltrack-mike/mike-number-us/m113_series/nile-23-tracker/nile23t.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ** '''Sinai 23''' .<ref>http://jedsite.info/fulltrack-mike/mike-number-us/m113_series/sinai-23/sinai23.html{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === [[Finland|Filand]] === * '''23 ItK 95''' .<ref name="milparade.udm.ru"/> * '''SAKO 23&nbsp;mm/87'''  '''23 M74''', the '''23 M77''', '''23 M80'''  '''23 M85'''.<ref><cite class="citation book">Kiiskinen, Pekka; Wahlman, Pasi (2003). </cite></ref> === [[Shiinaha]] === * '''Type 85/YW 306''' - NORINCO.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/23-mm-Type-80-China.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2013-01-26 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130126173444/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/23-mm-Type-80-China.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> I '''G-AA-01'''.<ref>International Defence Equipment Catalogue 1988-89, page II/27</ref> . ** '''Giant Bow''' -Loona yaqaano '''Shengong''' (Deity Bow, 神弓). <ref name="ReferenceB"/> ** '''Giant Bow II''' a.k.a. '''Shengong-II''' .<ref name="ReferenceB"/> * '''Type 87''' -.<ref>[http://www.sinodefence.com/army/antiaircraft/type87towed25mm.asp]</ref> ** '''PGZ95''' - . === [[Iiraan|Iiran]] === * '''Mesbah-1''' -  ZU-23 mounts 2010. * '''ZU-23-6''' .<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=armyrecognition.com |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/iran_iranian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zu-23-6_six_cannons_23mm_anti-aircraft_gun_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_video.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2021-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916103017/https://www.armyrecognition.com/iran_iranian_army_light_heavy_weapons_uk/zu-23-6_six_cannons_23mm_anti-aircraft_gun_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_video.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Adeegsadeyaasha == * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Afghanistan]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Algeria]] - 60 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Armenia]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Azerbaijan]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Bangladesh]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] - 150 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Bulgaria]] - 128 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Cambodia]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[China]] - Type 85, Type 87(25*183mmB,not23*152mm) * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Cape Verde]] - 8 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Cuba]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Cyprus]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Djibouti]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Ecuador]] - Type 80 <ref>http://china-defense.blogspot.com/2009/12/next-stop-ecuador.html</ref> * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Egypt]] - 220 as Nile 23 and Sinai 23, and 650 upgraded with radar guidance * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Estonia]] - 198, some mounted on MAN 4520 6x6 trucks. * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Ethiopia]] - 10 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Finland.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Finland]] - 1,100 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Gabon.svg|link=|alt=|border|20x20px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Gabon]] - 24 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] - 200 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Greece.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Greece]] - 523 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Guinea-Bissau]] - 16 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[India]] - 800; to be upgraded * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Indonesia]] - 4 systemZUR-23-KG-I as part of the "Kobra" AD system for the TNI-AU<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/Indonesia-Indonesia.html |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2013-01-03 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130103092220/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/Indonesia-Indonesia.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/04/zur-23-2kg.html</ref> + 18 Type 80 as part of the Giant Bow II AD system for the TNI-AD<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.adprconsult.com.my/indo-aerospace-defence.pdf |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2013-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214203107/http://www.adprconsult.com.my/indo-aerospace-defence.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://garudamiliter.blogspot.com/2012/04/giant-bow-i.html</ref> * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Iran.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Iran]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Iraq]] - Use on Polish and Bulgarian built MT-LB * {{Flag|ISIL}}ISIL * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Israel.svg|link=|alt=|border|21x21px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Israel]]<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.inss.org.il/upload/%28FILE%291245235226.pdf |access-date=2016-08-01 |archive-date=2016-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415070217/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1245235226.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Captured from Arab Armies over the Arab-Israeli Conflict. * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Hungary]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Laos.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Laos]] - 2 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Latvia]] - 3 ZU-23-2MR Wróbel II on Imanta and Viesturs ships. * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Lebanon]] - 1,000+ mostly mounted on M113 APC's for fire support on ground targets and air defense. * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Libya.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Libya]] - 450, most captured by Free Libyan Army and mounted on light trucks * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Morocco]] - 160 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Moldova]] - Small number, some mounted on BTR-D * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Mali.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Mali]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Mongolia]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Mozambique]] - 150 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Myanmar]] - 380 Type 87 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Namibia]] * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Nicaragua]] - 20 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Nigeria]] - 20 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Pakistan]] - 5,200 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Peru.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Peru]] - 230 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Poland.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Poland]] - 444 ZUR-23-2 series + some naval versions * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Russia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Russia * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic - 50 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>South Africa - 36 "Zumlac" on an armoured SAMIL 100 heavy truck. Captured in Angola in the 1980s.<ref>http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/Zumlac-South-Africa.html</ref> * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Somalia * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Sri Lanka * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Syria * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Tanzania - 40 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Uganda - 5 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Ukraine * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>United States - Testing only * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Venezuela - up to 300 ZU-23ZOM 1-4 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Vietnam * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Yemen - 200 * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>Zimbabwe - 5 === Adeegsadayaal hore === * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>[[Soviet Union]] - Passed on to successor states. * <span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_East_Germany.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span><span class="flagicon"></span>East Germany * {{Flag|Rhodesia}}Rhodesia - 12 were captured from Soviet-supplied militants during the Rhodesian Bush War. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Dhishiike (qori)|Dhishiike]] * [[Shilke (qori)|Shilke]] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Lidka Diyaaradaha]] [[Category:Qori]] [[Category:Hub]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} 8lp3bttubow6v63aqr835j5gibnx7n5 10 19880 303128 288575 2026-07-21T17:14:38Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_Sweden.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]].). 303128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Sweden | flag alias = Flag of Sweden.svg | flag alias-army = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | flag alias-air force =Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | flag alias-1818 = Swedish and Norwegian 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For fu 303099 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" style="border: 1px solid none; text-align:center; padding:0.3em; background-color: transparent" |- ! colspan="7" style="text-align:center; height:70px"|<big>'''''{{legend|#0000FF|[[Waqooyiga Afrika]]}}'''''</big> |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|24x18px|link=Algeria]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|24x18px|link=Egypt]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|24x18px|link=Libya]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|24x18px|link=Morocco]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|24x18px|link=Sudan]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|24x18px|link=Tunisia]]</center> |- |''[[Algeria]]'' |''[[Egypt]]'' |''[[Libya]]'' |''[[Morocco]]'' |''[[Sudan]]'' |''[[Tunisia]]'' |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" style="border: 1px solid none; text-align:center; padding:0.3em; background-color: transparent" |- ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; height:70px"|<big>'''''{{legend|#00FF00|[[Galbeedka Afrika]]}}'''''</big> |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Benin.svg|24x18px|link=Benin]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|24x18px|link=Burkina Faso]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|24x18px|link=Cape Verde]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|24x18px|link=Côte d'Ivoire]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|24x18px|link=Gambia]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|24x18px|link=Ghana]]</center> |- |''[[Benin]]'' |''[[Burkina Faso]]'' |''[[Cape Verde]]'' |''[[Côte d'Ivoire]]'' |''[[Gambia]]'' |''[[Ghana]]'' |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|24x18px|link=Guinea]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|24x18px|link=Guinea-Bissau]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|24x18px|link=Liberia]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Mali.svg|24x18px|link=Mali]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:1959-2017 Flag of Mauritania.svg|24x18px|link=Mauritania]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Niger.svg|24x18px|link=Niger]]</center> |- |''[[Guinea]]'' |''[[Guinea-Bissau]]'' |''[[Liberia]]'' |''[[Mali]]'' |''[[Mauritania]]'' |''[[Niger]]'' |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|24x18px|link=Nigeria]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|24x18px|link=Senegal]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|24x18px|link=Sierra Leone]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|24x18px|link=Togo]]</center> |- |''[[Nigeria]]'' |''[[Senegal]]'' |''[[Sierra Leone]]'' |''[[Togo]]'' |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" style="border: 1px solid none; text-align:center; padding:0.3em; background-color: transparent" |- ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; height:70px"|<big>'''''{{legend|#FF00FF|[[Badhtamaha Afrika]]}}'''''</big> |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Angola.svg|24x18px|link=Angola]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|24x18px|link=Cameroon]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|24x18px|link=Central African Republic]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|24x18px|link=Chad]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|24x18px|link=Republic of the Congo]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|24x18px|link=Democratic Republic of the Congo]]</center> |- |''[[Angola]]'' |''[[Kameroon]]'' |''[[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]]'' |''[[Jad]]'' |''[[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo|Congo-Brazzaville]]'' |''[[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo|Congo-Kinshasa]]'' |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|24x18px|link=Equatorial Guinea]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|24x18px|link=Gabon]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|24x18px|link=São Tomé and Príncipe]]</center> |- |''[[Guinea]]'' |''[[Gabon]]'' |''[[São Tomé iyo Príncipe ]]'' |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" style="border: 1px solid none; text-align:center; padding:0.3em; background-color: transparent" |- ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; height:70px"|<big>'''''{{legend|#FFC000|[[Bariga Afrika]]}}'''''</big> |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|24x18px|link=Burundi]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|24x18px|link=Comoros]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|24x18px|link=Djibouti]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|24x18px|link=Eritrea]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|24x18px|link=Ethiopia]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|24x18px|link=Kenya]]</center> |- |''[[Burundi]]'' |''[[Comoros]]'' |''[[Djibouti]]'' |''[[Eritrea]]'' |''[[Ethiopia]]'' |''[[Kenya]]'' |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|24x18px|link=Madagascar]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|24x18px|link=Malawi]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|24x18px|link=Mauritius]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|24x18px|link=Mozambique]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|24x18px|link=Rwanda]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg|24x18px|link=Seychelles]]</center> |- |''[[Madagascar]]'' |''[[Malawi]]'' |''[[Mauritius]]'' |''[[Mozambique]]'' |''[[Rwanda]]'' |''[[Seychelles]]'' |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|24x18px|link=Somalia]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|24x18px|link=South Sudan]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|24x18px|link=Tanzania]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|24x18px|link=Uganda]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|24x18px|link=Zambia]]</center> |- |''[[Somalia]]'' |''[[Koonfur Suudaan]]'' |''[[Tanzania]]'' |''[[Uganda]]'' |''[[Zambia]]'' |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|24x18px|link=Zimbabwe]]</center> |- |''[[Zimbabwe]]'' |} {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" style="border: 1px solid none; text-align:center; padding:0.3em; background-color: transparent" |- ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; height:70px"|<big>'''''{{legend|#FF0000|[[Koonfurta Afrika]]}}'''''</big> |- | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|24x18px|link=Botswana]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Lesotho.svg|24x18px|link=Lesotho]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|24x18px|link=Namibia]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|24x18px|link=South Africa]]</center> | style="width:10%;"|<center>[[File:Flag of Swaziland.svg|24x18px|link=Swaziland]]</center> | style="width:10%;"| |- |''[[Botswana]]'' |''[[Lesotho]]'' |''[[Namibia]]'' |''[[South Africa]]'' |''[[Swaziland]]'' | |} gtjwv8dxjjwuak7nh8u6n50g5i82um1 0 23634 303135 267327 2026-07-21T18:53:15Z ~2026-40768-66 46601 /* Taariikh nololeedkeeda */ 303135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Xaliimo Ismaaciil Ibraahim | image = Halima_Ismail_Ibrahim_April_2018.jpg | image_size = | caption = in 2018 | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Mogadishu]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | residence = | other_names = | known_for = Guddoomiyaha Guddiga madaxa bannaan ee doorashooyinka | education = | employer = | occupation = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | nationality = [[Soomaaliya]] }} '''Xaliimo Ismaaciil Ibraahim''' oo ku magac dheer “Xaliimo Yareey” waa Guddoomiyaha Guddiga madaxa bannaan ee doorashooyinka qaran. Waa gabadhii ugu horreysay ee xilkaas qabata taariikhda Soomaaliya. Horay waxa ay u aheyd guddoomiyaha guddiga farsamada ee dhismaha maamul goboleedka [[Galmudug]], iyada oo sidoo kale noqotay guddoomiyaha guddiga farsamada ee xulitaanka baarlamaanka federaalka ah doorashadii 2012ka.Waa hooyo dhashay saddex carruur ah oo saygeeda Injineer Cabdulaahi Ismaaciil Cashuur lagu dilay magaalada Muqdisho 18ka Nofeembar 2014kii. Cashuur wuxuu la shaqeeyay wasaarada arrimaha gudaha iyo maamulka gobolka Banaadir, wuxuuna kaalin weyn ku lahaa dhismaha jidadka iyo bulaacadaha magaalada Muqdisho. == Taariikh nololeedkeeda== Xaliimo Ismaaciil waxa ay 23kii Diseembar 1950dii ku dhalatay magaalada Muqdisho, gaar ahaan isbitaalka hooyada iyo dhallaanka ee [[Martiini (isbitaal)|Martiini]] ee uu dhisay gumeystihii Talyaaniga 1912kii. Waxa ay ku barbaartay xaafada isku-raranka ee degmada Xamaweyne. Waxa ay ku kortay guriga abtigeed oo shaqaale ka ahaa wasaarada caafimaadka ee Soomaaliya maadaama hooyadeed iyo aabbeheed ay kala tageen iyada oo uurka lagu sido. ==Waxbarashada== Waxa ay waxbarashada dugsiga hoose ku qaadatay dugsiga xanaanada oo la dhehi jiray Finta Kuwaataro Maajo Intii u dhaxeysay 1965-1966. Dowladdii Kacaanka ayaa mar dambe dugsigaas ugu magacdaray Xaaji Barsane. Shiikh [[Xasan Xaaji Barsane]] wuxuu ahaa halgamaa la dagaalay ciidamada gumeysiga Talyaaniga islamarkaasna ka hortagay iskuday boqortooyada Itoobiya ku doonaynaysay inay ku qabsato xuduudka Soomaaliya ee gobolka Hiiraan. Waxa ay 1967-1968 waxbarashada dugsiga dhexe ku qaadatay dugsiga Media Centrale (Mardambe ayaa magaca laga badelay oo loo bixiyay dugsiga Bartamaha). Waxa ay ka qalinjabisay dugsiga saree ee Raage Ugaas sanadkii 1967. Xaliimo waxa ay shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacada ku qaadatay cilmiga beeraha iyada oo ka qalinjebisay Jaamacada Ummadda Soomaaliyeed sanadkii 1981dii. Waxa ay kadib heshay deeq waxbarasho oo dalka Talyaaniga ah, waxa ayna jaamacada shahaadada heerka labaad ee jaamacada (Master’s degree) ee cilmiga dhaqaalaha iyo beeraha ka qaadatay jaamacada Turino sanadkii 1983dii. ==Xirfad shaqo== Waxa ay Xaliimo Soomaaliya dib ugu soo noqotay isla sanadka 1983dii kadib markii ay soo dhamaysatay waxbarashada ay dalka Talyaaniga u joogtay. Shaqadeedii ugu horreysay waxa ay ka bilowday Jaamacada Ummada oo ay ka noqotay kaaliye bare (assistant lecture). Saddex sano kadib ayay noqotay bare buuxa oo jaamacada ka tirsan iyada oo dhigi jirtay cilmiga beeraha iyo dhaqaalaha. Waxa ay shaqadaas haysay ilaa iyo jaamacada ka xirantay 1991 markaas oo dowladdii keliteliska ahayd ee Maxamed Siyaad Barre la riday. Inta ay jaamacada ka shaqeynaysay Xaliimo waxa ay qabatay shaqooyin dhowr ah oo mutadawacnimo ah. Shaqooyinkaas waxaa ka mid ah mashruucii weynaa ee bacaad-celinta Shalaanbood ee gobolka Shabeelada Hoose, kaas oo ku guuleystay inuu joojiyo bacaadkii ku sii durqayey waddooyinka isku xira Muqdisho iyo jubbooyinka. Waxa ay Xaliimo sidoo kale ka mid ahayd dhallinyaradii ka qeyb-qaadatay olalaha barashada afsoomaaliga ee loo diray dhulka miyiga ah si ay dadka reer guuraaga ah usoo baraan qoraalka afsoomaaliga oo la hirgeliyay 1973dii. Waxa ay sidoo kale la shaqeysay Waaxda Bulshada iyo Horumarinta dadka ee xibsigii talada hayay ee Hantiwadaaga Soomaaliyeed. Waxa ay 1992 ka mid noqotay howlwadeennada Soomaalida ah ee howlgalka Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya (United Nations Operations in Somalia; UNOSOM). Waxa ay ahayd sarkaalka howlgalka ku qaabilsan arrimaha siyaasada. Waxa ay si gaar ah uga shaqeysay arrimaha dib- u-heshiisiinta iyo dhismaha goleyaasha heer gobol iyo degmo, howlahaas oo si gaar ah loogu dhiirogelinayay islamarkaasna qor loogu qaadayay kaalinta haweenka ee hoggaaminta siyaasadeed iyo talo ku-yeelashada go’aamada maamulka. Mudada ay la shaqeynaysay UNOSOM waxa ay isu keentay haween Soomaaliyeed oo hoggaamiyeyaal ah kuwaas oo ka kala yimid gobolada dalka oo dhan si ay ugu yeeshaan cod mideysan iyo kaalin xoog leh oo muuqata dedaalada dib-u-heshiisiinta kooxaha siyaasada. Sidoo kale waxa ay Xaliimo xubin ka ahayd guddiga ka shaqaynayay heshiisiinta hoggaamiyeyaasha Cali Mahdi Mohamed iyo Janaraal Maxamed Faarax Caydiid oo ku dagaalamayay islamarkaasna qad cagaaran kala dhex dhigay magaalada. Xaliimo waxa ay isaga tagtay Soomaaliya sanadkii 1996dii markaas oo ay Qaramada Midoobay joojisay howlgalka UNOSOM, isagana baxday Soomaaliya iyada oo ay dagaaladuna sii kordhayeen. Waxa ay u guurtay dalka Mareykanka oo ay ku nooleyd ilaa 2007dii. Bulshada rayidka/Siyaasad Xaliimo Ismaaciil waxa ay xubin ka ahayd ururada bulshada rayidka wixii ka dambeeyay markii dowladda militariga ay dhacday. Waxa ay ka mid ahayd koox haween ah oo ay hoggaamineysay [[Xaliimo Cabdi Caruush]] oo aasaasay ururka IIDA bishii May sanadka 1991. Ururka wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa horumarinta danaha iyo xirfadaha haweenka Soomaaliyeed, nabadiinta iyo heshiisiinta bulshada, difaacida iyo u doodida xaquuqda aadanaha iyo dhiirogelinta ka qeybgalka haweenka ee arrimaha siyaasada, dib u heshiisiinta qaran, dib-u-dhiska iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha dalka. Waxa ay 1995 hogaaminaysay koox haweenka Soomaaliyeed ah ee ka qeybgalay shirwaynihii Aayaha Haweenka ee dalka Shiinaha. Wixii markaa ka dambeeyay waxa ay u guurtay dalka Mareykanka maadaama ay sii kordheen dagaalada iyo colaadaha sokeeye. Waxa ay Soomaaliya dib ugu soo noqotay 2007dii, iyada oo noqotay xiriiriyaha howlaha ururka IIDA. Waxa ay maamushay mashaariicda IIDA ee dhanka waxbarashada, caafimaadka iyo xaquuqda haweenka ee isla gobolkaas. Waxa 2011dii Xaliimo loo doortay inay noqoto guddoomiyaha Isbaheysiga Ururada Bulshada Rayidka oo ujeedka loo dhisay uu ahaa in la mideeyo codka iyo awooda, iyo dedaalka ururada bulshada ee ku aadan in Soomaaliya ay ka baxdo dowladnimada ku-meel-gaarka ah oo ay yeelato dowlad joogta oo aan qabyo ahayn. Xaliimo waxa ay 2012kii guddoomiye ka noqotay Guddiga Farsamada ee u xilsaarnaa hubinta iyo soo-xulida xubnaha baarlamaanka federaalka ah ee dowladda Soomaaliya. Waxa uu guddigaas ku guuleystay dhismaha baarlamaankii ugu horreeyay ee lagu doorto gudaha Soomaaliya wixii ka dambeeyay markii ay dhacday dowladdii militiriga aheyd 1991. Wuxuu baarlamaankaas sees u noqday dhismaha dowlad buuxda oo ay Soomaaliya yeelato taas oo heshay aqoonsi caalami ah. Waxaa dowladaas madaxweyne ka ahaa mudane Xasan Shiikh Maxamuud. Xaliimo iyo koox kale oo haween ah ayaa Juun 2014kii aasaasay Ururka Hoggaanka Haweenka Soomaaliyeed (SWLI) oo kala shaqeeya haweenka Soomaaliyeed iyo hay’adaha caalamiga ah si loo taageero kaalinta haweenka dhanka siyaasadda iyo howlaha kale. Xaliimo waxa ay sidoo kale noqotay guddoomiyaha guddiga farsamada ee shirka maamul u sameynta gobolada dhexe. Guddiga ayaa sidoo kale maamulayay soo xulida ergooyinka doortay xildhibaanada Galmudug, iyaga oo sidoo kale maamulay doorashada madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne xigeenka maamul goboleedkaas. Baarlamaanka Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa 6 Luulyo, 2015ka ansixiyay guddiga madaxa banaan ee doorashooyinka qaran oo ka kooban 11 xubnood. Guddiga waxaa horey usoo magacaabay wasaarada arrimaha gudaha ee dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya. Isla 25kii Bishaas ayay xubnaha guddiga u doortay in Xaliimo Ismaaciil Ibraahim noqoto guddoomiyaha guddiga doorashooyinka qaran. Waxa uu guddiga u xilsaaran yahay in uu Soomaaliya gaarsiiyo doorasho qof iyo cod ah sanadka 2020ka. Waxaa loo arkaa Xaliimo Ismaaciil inay tahay gabadha ugu awooda badan xilligan dhanka siyaasada, waana gabadhii ugu horreysay ee guddoomiye u noqota guddiga. ==sido kale fiiri== *[[Muqdisho]] [[category:Dadka reer Muqdisho]] 2nh75ldho2i6goblpusk3z71dp5j1e6 0 24336 303181 267270 2026-07-22T09:08:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | Fullname = State of Oklahoma | Flag = Flag of Oklahoma.svg | Name = Oklahoma | Seal = Seal of Oklahoma.svg | Flaglink = [[Flag of Oklahoma|Flag]] | Seallink = [[Great Seal of Oklahoma|Seal]] | Nickname = Sooner State, Land of the Red Man, Native America | Motto = [[Labor omnia vincit]] ([[Latin language|Latin]]: Work conquers all) | Map = Oklahoma in United States.svg | OfficialLang = English <small>([[Choctaw language|Choctaw]] official within [[Choctaw Nation]], [[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] official within [[Cherokee Nation]] and [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|UKB]])<ref name=official>{{cite web |url=http://keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/GaduwaCherokeeNews/2009-04%20April.pdf |title=Keetoowah Cherokee is the Official Language of the UKB |date=April 2009 |publisher=Keetoowah Cherokee News: Official Publication of the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]] in Oklahoma |accessdate=June 1, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002414/http://keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/GaduwaCherokeeNews/2009-04%20April.pdf |archivedate=July 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=constitution>{{cite web|url=http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/dikahnawadvsdi_ditsaleg.pdf|title=UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language|publisher=United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma|accessdate=July 6, 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201132858/http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/dikahnawadvsdi_ditsaleg.pdf|archivedate=February 1, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=CARLA /></small> | Demonym = Oklahoman; Okie ([[colloquialism|colloq.]]) | LargestCity = capital | Capital = [[Oklahoma City]] | LargestMetro = [[Oklahoma City metropolitan area|Greater Oklahoma City]] | AreaRank = 20th | TotalAreaUS = 69,690 | TotalArea = 181,295 | WidthUS = 230 | Width = 450 | LengthUS = 465 | Length = 750 | PCWater = 1.8 | Latitude = 33°37' N to 37° N | Longitude = 94° 26' W to 103° W | PopRank = 28th | 2010Pop = 3,930,864 (2017 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/OK,US/PST045217 |date=July 1, 2017 |accessdate=May 6, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|title=Oklahoma: Population estimates}}</ref> | MedianHouseholdIncome = $47,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|work=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}</ref> | 2000DensityUS = 55.2 | 2000Density = 21.3 | DensityRank = 35th | IncomeRank = 43rd | HighestPoint = [[Black Mesa (Oklahoma)|Black Mesa]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | HighestElevUS = 4,975 | HighestElev = 1516 | MeanElevUS = 1,300 | MeanElev = 400 | LowestPoint = [[Little River (Red River)|Little River]] at {{nobreak|[[Arkansas]] border}}<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/> | LowestElev = 88 | LowestElevUS = 289 | Former = [[Indian Territory]] (1834–1907){{clear}}[[Oklahoma Territory]] (1890–1907) | AdmittanceDate = November 16, 1907 | AdmittanceOrder = 46th | Governor = [[Mary Fallin]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Todd Lamb (politician)|Todd Lamb]] (R) | Legislature = [[Oklahoma Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[Oklahoma Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Senators = [[Jim Inhofe]] (R)<br />[[James Lankford]] (R) | Representative = 4 Republicans<br /> 1 ''[[Oklahoma's 1st congressional district|Vacant]]'' | TimeZone2 = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Mountain Standard Time|-7]]/[[Mountain Daylight Time|-6]] | TZ1Where = all of state (legally) | TimeZone = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]]: [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] [[Central Standard Time|-6]]/[[Central Daylight Time|-5]] | TZ2Where = [[Kenton, Oklahoma|Kenton]] (informally) | ISOCode = US-OK | PostalAbbreviation = OK | TradAbbreviation = Okla. | Website = www.ok.gov | LandAreaUS = 68,667 | LandArea = 178,023 | WaterAreaUS = 1,232 | WaterArea = 3,173 | Total GDP = $134,651,100 | Total GDP Rank = 29th | Per capita GDP = $34,243 | Per Capita GDP Rank = 42nd }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols |Name = Oklahoma |Flag = Flag of Oklahoma.svg |Seal = Seal of Oklahoma.svg |Nickname = The Sooner State |Motto = [[Labor omnia vincit]] |Mammal = [[American bison]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-mammal/buffalo |title=Oklahoma State Animal - Buffalo |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> |Dinosaur = ''[[Acrocanthosaurus atokensis]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-dinosaur-fossil/acrocanthosaurus-atokensis |title=Oklahoma State Dinosaur - ''Acrocanthosaurus atokensis'' |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> |Amphibian = [[Bullfrog]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-amphibian/bullfrog |title=Oklahoma State Amphibian - Bullfrog |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> |Bird = [[Scissor-tailed Flycatcher]]<ref name=stinfo>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.ok.us/osfdocs/stinfo.html |title=Oklahoma State Icons |publisher=Oklahoma Department of Libraries |accessdate=May 11, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115182454/http://www.state.ok.us/osfdocs/stinfo.html |archivedate=January 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |Colors = White and green (vice versa) |Dance = '''Waltz:''' Oklahoma Wind |Fish = [[White bass|Sand bass]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-fish-aquatic-life/white-bass |title=Oklahoma State Fish - White Bass |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> |Flower = {{ubl|[[Oklahoma Rose]]|'''Wildflower:''' [[Indian Blanket]]}} |Folk dance = [[Square dance]] |Fossil = ''[[Saurophaganax maximus]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statefossils.com/ok/ok.html |title=Oklahoma State Fossil |accessdate=January 20, 2007 |work=State fossils|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220160253/http://www.statefossils.com/ok/ok.html |archivedate = February 20, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |Grass = [[Indian Grass]] |Insect = [[European honey bee]] |Instrument = [[Drum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-dance-music-symbol/drum |title=Oklahoma State Percussive Instrument - Drum |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> |Beverage = [[Milk]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-food-agriculture-symbol/milk |title=Oklahoma State Beverage - Milk |publisher=State Symbols USA |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> |Quarter =2008 OK Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate = 2008, as part of the [[50 State Quarters|state quarters series]]. Oklahoma's state bird flying above its state wildflower.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?flash=yes&action=press_release&id=862| title=New Oklahoma Quarter Launches into History| publisher=[[United States Mint]]| accessdate=February 9, 2008| ciwaan=Nuqul Archive| archive-date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 6, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206094747/http://www.usmint.gov/pressroom/index.cfm?flash=yes&action=press_release&id=862| dead-url=yes}}</ref> |Reptile = [[Common Collared Lizard|Mountain Boomer]] |Tree = [[Redbud]] |Rock = [[Rose Rock]] |Song = "[[Oklahoma!]]" |Soil = [[Port Silt Loam]] |Tartan = Oklahoma Tartan |Route Marker = Oklahoma State Highway 1.svg |Other = * Cartoon: ''Gusty'' created by [[Don Woods (meteorologist)|Don Woods]], Oklahoma's first professional meteorologist, used on KTUL-TV from 1954 to 1989.<ref>Oklahoma Statutes, §25–98.8</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-arts-drama-symbol/gusty |title=Oklahoma State Cartoon Character - Gusty |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> * Fruit: [[Garden strawberry|Strawberry]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Oklahoma State Symbols and Emblems – Complete list of Oklahoma state symbols including the state flag and state seal from NETSTATE.COM|url = http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/ok_symb.htm|website = Netstate.com|accessdate = 2015-11-18|archive-date = 2012-09-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905034325/http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/ok_symb.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> * Vegetable: [[Watermelon]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Oklahoma/stateVegetable.html |title=Watermelon State Vegetable |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=2016-06-03 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2015-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327104415/http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Oklahoma/stateVegetable.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/18/usa.matthewweaver|title=It's a scandal: Oklahoma declares watermelon a vegetable|author=Matthew Weaver|work=the Guardian}}</ref> * Game bird: [[Wild turkey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-bird/wild-turkey |title=Oklahoma State Game Bird - Wild Turkey |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> * Monument: [[Golden Driller]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-cultural-heritage/golden-driller |title=Oklahoma State Monument - Golden Driller |publisher=State Symbols USA |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> * Rock song: "[[Do You Realize??]]" by [[The Flaming Lips]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/chinaNews/idUKTRE53R0L520090428 |title=Flaming Lips prepare for Oklahoma honor |author=John Benson, |agency=Reuters |date=April 28, 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=Bisha Todobaad 4, 2018 |archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501154801/http://uk.reuters.com/article/chinaNews/idUKTRE53R0L520090428 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * Theater group: [[Lynn Riggs]] Players of Oklahoma<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/oklahoma/state-arts-drama-symbol/lynn-riggs-players-oklahoma |title=Oklahoma State Theater Group - Lynn Riggs Players of Oklahoma |publisher=State Symbols USA |date= |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref><ref name=stinfo/> }} Oklahoma (/ ˌoʊkləhoʊmə / (Ku dhawaad ​​codka dhegeysanaya); [26] Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa, [27] Cayuga: Gahnawiyoigeh) [28] waa gobol ku yaalla gobollada Koonfurta Bartamaha ee Maraykanka. Waa kan ugu ballaaran 20-aad iyo kan ugu-badan ee 28-aad ee ugu badan kontonka Mareykanka. Magaca gobolka waxaa laga soo qaatay erayada Choctaw Okla iyo humma, taasoo macnaheedu yahay "dadka casaanka". [30] Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa si aan rasmi aheyn naaneeynteeda, "Soonerland State", oo tixraacaya dadka degan kuwa aan nooleyn ee ka soo horjeeda dalabkooda dhulka ka hor taariikhda rasmiga ee rasmiga ah ee dhulalka Galbeedka Oklahoma ama ka hor Hindiya Sharciga Hindiya ee 1889, taas oo si weyn u kordhay dejinta Yurub iyo Maraykanka ee Bariga Dhexe. Oklahoma Territory iyo Indian Territory waxay ku biireen gobolka Oklahoma markii ay noqotay gobolka 46-aad ee soo galo ururka 16-kii Nofembar 1907. Deganayaasheeda waxaa loo yaqaan Oklahoma, caasimaddeeda iyo magaala weynaana waa Oklahoma City. Waxyaabaha ugu weyn ee soo saaraha gaaska dabiiciga ah, saliidda, iyo alaabta beeraha, Oklahoma waxay ku tiirsan tahay saldhigga dhaqaalaha ee duulimaadka, tamarta, isgaarsiinta, iyo biyotechnology. [31] Oklahoma City iyo Tulsa labadaba waxa ay u adeegaan sida dhaqaalaha hoose ee Oklahoma, iyada oo ku dhawaad ​​saddex meelood labo meel Oklahoma oo ku nool degaanadooda magaalooyinkooda. Goobaha qadiimiga ah ee buuraha ah, tiirarka, buuraha, iyo kaymaha bariga, badankooda Oklahoma waxay ku yaalaan Great Plains, Cross Timbers, iyo Maraykanka Highlands, oo ah gobol ku badan inta badan cimilada daran. In ka badan 25 luqadood oo Mareykan ah ayaa lagu hadlaa Oklahoma, [34] kaalinta saddexaad ee ka dambeeya Alaska iyo California. Oklahoma waxay ku taallaa saddex meelood oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah gobolada dhaqameed ee Mareykanka, taariikh ahaanna waxay u adeegsadeen waddada lo'daha lo'da, meel loogu talagalay dadka reer koonfureed, iyo dawlad-dawlad-dawladeed oo lagu mamnuucay Native Americans. 3j7kgqk5ah0656t6lintus7og9ofc24 0 31706 303134 262188 2026-07-21T18:33:43Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Plaza_Televisa_002.jpg|Plaza_Televisa_002.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150826081907/http://www.televisa.com/instalacione 303134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Logo de Grupo Televisa.svg|thumbnail]] [[File:TELEVISA CHAPULTEPEC.jpg|thumbnail]] [[File:Logotipo de Televisa.svg|thumbnail]] [[File:Logotipo de Televisa (1973-1980).png|thumbnail]] [[File:TelevisaBldgDF.JPG|thumbnail]] [[File:Televisa Santa Fé - panoramio.jpg|thumbnail]] '''Grupo Televisa, S.A.B. de C.V.''' waa shirkad warbaahineed oo badan oo ku taal [[Meksiko]]. {{URL|www.televisa.com}},<br/>{{URL|www.televisa.com/corporativo}} (Corporate) [[Category:Teleefishinka]] [[Category:Meksiko]] ksemaenjv08xw8z01jpksmzw829f6ei 0 32904 303171 299965 2026-07-22T07:21:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Lee Hyo-ri|image=(Marie Claire Korea) Feel The Soul - 이효리 (4).jpg|caption=Lee Hyori ee 2017 ''[[Marie Claire|Marie Claire Korea]]''|native_name=이효리|birth_name=Lee Hyo-ri|birth_date={{birth date and age|1979|5|10}}<ref>Mark Russell. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=etDZAwAAQBAJ K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution]''. Tuttle Publishing. p. 118. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1411-1|<bdi>978-1-4629-1411-1</bdi>]].</ref>|birth_place=Gobolka Cheongwon, Waqooyiga Chungcheong, Koonfur Kuuriya|other_names={{hlist|Linda.G|Lee Chun Ok}}|occupation=Heesaa<br>soo saare<br>firfircoon<br>atariisho<br>soo jeediyaha telefishanka|spouse={{marriage|Lee Sang-soon|2013}}|module={{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = [[K-pop]] | instrument = Cod | years_active = 1998–hada | label = [[DSP Media|DSP]] | associated_acts = [[Fin.K.L]]<br>[[SSAK3]]<br> [[Refund Sisters]] }}}} '''Lee Hyo-ri''' (born Maajo 10, 1979) waa heesaa Koonfur Kuuriya, soo saare, firfircoon, atariisho iyo soo jeediyaha telefishanka. Loogu magac daray "Qiso Qarniga"<ref>[https://www.koreaboo.com/lists/korean-idols-actors-national-titles/ "15+ Korean Celebrities You Probably Didn't Know Have A National Title - Koreaboo"].</ref><ref>[https://lovekpop95.com/2021/04/01/korean-celebrities-national-title/ "12 Popular Korean Celebrities Who Have A National Title - LOVEKPOP95"].</ref><ref>[https://koreanallday.com/2020/11/04/23-korean-actors-who-are-crowned-with-national-titles-in-korea/ 23 Korean Actors Who Are Crowned With National Titles In Korea - Korean All Day] {{Wayback|url=https://koreanallday.com/2020/11/04/23-korean-actors-who-are-crowned-with-national-titles-in-korea/ |date=20210710221152 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/293471/20200616/k-pop-groups-idols-who-given-national-titles-koreans-represent.htm |access-date=2025-06-17 |archive-date=2025-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617124800/https://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/293471/20200616/k-pop-groups-idols-who-given-national-titles-koreans-represent.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.fanpop.com/clubs/lee-hyori/articles/67172/title/lee-hyori-reveals-yoo-jae-suk-shows-great-interest-female-entertainers-bodies</ref><ref>[https://www.readersnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=95005 "이효리의 '근자감'은 왜 가슴을 때릴까? - 독서신문"].</ref> intii ay ka muuqatay ''Family Outing''. Waxay ka soo muuqatay xubin ka mid ah kooxda gabdhaha ee Fin.K.L waxayna markii dambe bilawday duubista heesaheeda. Sannadkii 2003, waxay soo saartay albumkeedii ugu horreeyay ee ''[[Stylish]]'' oo ku guulaystay abaalmarinno badan. Sanadkii 2006, Lee waxay ahayd haweeneyda ugu mushaarka badan Koonfur Kuuriya markii ay qandaraas la saxiixatay Mnet Media. == Nolosha hore iyo shaqo == === [[1979]]–[[1997]]: Nolosha hore === Lee wuxuu dhashay sanadkii 1979 wuxuuna ku dhashay Osong-ri, Degmada Cheongwon, Waqooyiga Chungcheong isagoo ugu yar seddex gabdhood.<ref>''충청투데이''. 2012-06-10 [http://www.cctoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=704770 <nowiki>[충청도 출신 연예인들]고향의 이름으로 '별'이 되다</nowiki>]. Soo qaatay 2021-07-11.</ref><ref>''Review Star''. 2012-04-16 [https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011712/http://reviewstar.hankooki.com/Article/ArticleView.php?WEB_GSNO=10035556 "이효리 어린 시절, "화장실 없는 8평 이발소에서 생활했다" "]. Waxa laga kaydiyay [http://reviewstar.hankooki.com/Article/ArticleView.php?WEB_GSNO=10035556 asalka ah] 2014-05-13. Soo qaatay 2021-07-11.</ref> Kadib markii laga eryay dugsiga dhexe hal mar,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2012-04-17|title=이효리, 중학생 시절 '이전퇴학' 당했다 "노래방 때문에…"|url=http://sports.khan.co.kr/entertainment/sk_index.html?art_id=201204170927373&sec_id=540201|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426073549/http://sports.khan.co.kr/entertainment/sk_index.html?art_id=201204170927373&sec_id=540201|archive-date=2021-04-26|access-date=2021-04-26|website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun|Sports Kyunghyang]]|language=ko}}</ref> Lee wuxuu ka shaqeeyey waqti-dhiman maqaaxi waxaana indha indheeyay hay'ad waxaana jiiday maareeyaha kooxda H.O.T.<ref>[http://www.fnnews.com/news/201206150842453878 "아르바이트하다 파출소까지 간 연예인은?"]. Soo qaatay 2021-07-11.</ref> Waxay u diyaar garowday koox koox ah markii ay ku nooleyd tababarida SM Entertainment ka hor inta aysan ugu dambeyntii ka soo bixin xubin ka mid ah [[Fin.K.L]].<ref>https://music.bugs.co.kr/artist/2907?wl_ref=list_tr_10_mab</ref><ref>[https://1boon.kakao.com/maxim/2733 핑클이 다시 뭉친다고...? 멤버들 미쳤던 리즈시절 모아봄.zip | 1boon.]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=110204/ Huffington Post]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>[https://www.hankyung.com/article/2019050307937 원조 걸그룹 핑클 예능서 재결합…성유리 혼자 아닌 넷 | 한경닷컴 - 한국경제] {{Wayback|url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/2019050307937 |date=20250617124800 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.newdaily.co.kr/site/data/html/2019/09/16/2019091600218.html 핑클 21주년 기념 콘서트, 팬미팅 공연으로 대체? | Save Internet 뉴데일리].</ref> === [[1998]]–[[2002]]: Bilaabashada shaqooyinka Fin.K.L === {{main|Fin.K.L}}Lee waxay bilaabay shaqadeeda iyada oo qayb ka ah kooxda gabdhaha ee Fin.K.L. Maadaama ay tahay curadka, iyadu waxay ahayd hoggaamiyaha kooxda.  Lee waxaa la helay isagoo sawirro dhejis ah la qaadanaya asxaabteeda wuxuuna ahaa xubintii ugu dambeysay ee ku biira Fin.K.L, wax yar uun ka hor kulankoodii ugu horreeyay ee Janaayo 1998. Fin.K.L waxay si rasmi ah ugu soo shaac baxday 22-kii Maajo 1998-kii heesteedii "Blue Rain" Bbbb Markii labaad oo laga sii daayay albumkoodii ugu horreeyay, ee loo yaqaan ''To My Boyfriend'', ayaa noqotay midkii ugu horreeyay ee muusiggoodii guusha gaadhay. Fin.K.L waxay noqotay mid kamid ah kooxaha ugu caansan uguna guusha badan Kuuriyada Koofureed abidkeed, waxay la tartamaysay kooxda gabdhaha caanka ah ee loo yaqaan [[S.E.S]].<ref>[https://www.hellokpop.com/featured/k-pop-debut-look-back-fin-k-l/ "K-pop Debut Look Back: How Fin.K.L Become K-pop Pioneers With An "Eternal Love"]. ''Hellokpop''.</ref><ref>https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=e&menu_cate=artist&id=&board_seq=362415</ref> === [[2003]]–[[2005]]: ''Stylish...E'' === {{Main|Stylish...E}}Sannad kadib markii albumki afraad ee Fin.K.L ''Forever'', albumkeedii ugu horreeyay ee keli ah<ref>[https://www.last.fm/music/%EC%9D%B4%ED%9A%A8%EB%A6%AC/Stylish...E "Stylish...E — 이효리 | Last.fm"].</ref> ayaa la sii daayay bishii Ogos 2003, oo loogu magac daray ''[[Stylish...E]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://mnet.com/album/20620 |access-date=2021-07-10 |archive-date=2019-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806190418/http://www.mnet.com/album/20620 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.discogs.com/Lee-Hyori-Stylish/release/9617671</ref><ref>https://www.generasia.com/wiki/Stylish...E_Hyolee</ref> Heesta hogaaminta ee "10 Minutes" ayaa noqotay mid ka mid ah heesteeda guuleysatay waxayna ku sigatay inay xaaqdo "Daesangs", oo ah abaalmarinta ugu caansan ee muusikada Kuuriyada Koonfureed, iyadoo ku guuleysatay in ka badan toddobo ka mid ah, oo ay ku jiraan seddex ka mid ah afarta ugu caansan Daesangs.<ref>https://www.allkpop.com/article/2020/12/kim-jong-kook-joins-lee-hyori-as-the-only-people-in-history-to-have-a-daesang-grand-prize-in-both-music-and-entertainment</ref><ref>https://www.kpopreporter.com/articles/3287/kim-jong-kook-joins-lee-hyori-daesang-hall-fame-both</ref> ''Stylish...E'' waxaa lagu iibiyay 144,182 nuqul Koonfurta Kuuriya oo keliya, sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Warshadaha Muusikada ee Kuuriya 2003.<ref name="miak">{{cite web|title=Music Industry Association of Korea – February 2004|work=Music Industry Association of Korea|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2003_2h.htm|access-date=January 16, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619070252/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_2003_2h.htm|archive-date=June 19, 2008}}</ref> Caan ku ahaanshaheeda howlaheeda kala duwan ayaa ugu dambeyntii loogu magac daray "Cudurka Hyori" ee Kuuriyada Koofureed, Warbaahinta Kuuriya waxaa lagu naanaysi jiray 2003 "Sanadka Hyori" maadaama ay dhif iyo naadir ka ahayd wararka sanadka oo dhan.<ref name="kpm">{{cite web|title=Lee Hyori Not performing in 2004|work=KPop Music News|url=http://www.kpopmusic.co.uk/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=14&mode=&order=0&thold=0|access-date=April 24, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040120164659/http://www.kpopmusic.co.uk/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=14&mode=&order=0&thold=0|archive-date=January 20, 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo [[2005]], Lee waxay marki ugu horreysay ka soo muuqatay taxanaha telefishanka [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]] ''Three Leaf Clover'', oo ay jilayaan Ryu Jin, Kim Jung-hwa, Kim Kang-woo, iyo Lee Hoon.  Si kastaba ha noqotee, 16-dhacdo ayaa heshay qiimeyn hoose (in kayar 10%) waxaana Lee lagu dhaleeceeyay ficilkeeda, iyadoo daawadayaashu ay sheegeen in si qaldan loo beeniyay iyada oo ah shaqaale hoos udhacay laakiin farxad leh.<ref>{{cite web|last=Moon|first=Iris|title=Job, household chores subject of 'real' dramas|url=http://www.hancinema.net/job-household-chores-subject-of-real-dramas-2513.html|work=[[The Korea Herald]] via [[Hancinema]]|date=March 28, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Singers-Turned-Actors: the Best and the Worst|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/12/02/2006120261002.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=December 2, 2006}}</ref> 8 Ogosto, 2005, waxay si wadajir ah u martigelisay Sannadlaha Muusikada Kuuriya. === [[2006]]–[[2007]]: Saxeexida Mnet iyo ''Dark Angel'' === [[File:Lee_Hyori_at_SBS_Inkigayo_in_2007_08.jpg|thumb|Lee oo qabanaya, Ogosto 2007]] Bishii Febraayo 2006, Lee waxay soo saartay albumkeedii labaad, ''[[Dark Angel]]''. Heesta ugu horreysa, "Get Ya!", Waxaa lagu eedeeyay in ay khayaamaysay qorayaasha heesta [[Britney Spears]] 'heesta "Do Somethin'".<ref>{{cite news|title=Britney Songwriters Complain of Lee Hyo-lee 'Plagiarism'|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/03/23/2006032361021.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref> Waxaa la soo wariyay in Lee uu qandaraas seddex sano ah la saxiixday Mnet Entertainment (oo hada ah Stone Music Entertainment) ₩2.2,<ref name="chosun2">{{cite web|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|title=Pop Star Prepped for Better Year|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/01/16/2007011661012.html|date=January 16, 2007}}</ref> noqoshada haweeneyda ugu mushaarka badan Koonfur Kuuriya (qiyaastii US $ 2.2 milyan sanadkii).<ref name="chosun3">{{cite web|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|title=Lee Hyo-ri Becomes Highest Paid Female Singer|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/11/09/2006110961011.html|date=November 9, 2006}}</ref> Inkasta oo ay ku fashilantay taxanaheedii hore ''Three Leaf Clover'', sanadkii 2007, Lee wuxuu jilay ka soo horjeedka Lee Dong-gun ee taxanaha ''If in Love... Like Them''.<ref name="chosun4">{{cite web|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|title=Is Sexy Girl Lee Hyo-lee Facing an Image Crisis?|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/01/02/2007010261004.html|date=January 2, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Han|first=Eun-jung|title=Once Bitten but Not Twice Shy|url=http://www.hancinema.net/once-bitten-but-not-twice-shy-8092.html|work=[[The Korea Times]] via [[Hancinema]]|date=December 18, 2006}}</ref> In kasta oo markii hore lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay hal dhacdo oo keliya, waxaa laga sii daayay afar qaybood oo ku saabsan [[Mnet]].  Nooc laba qaybood ah oo taxane ah oo tifaftiran ayaa sidoo kale ku socday SBS. Intii lagu jiray duubista filimka, qayb ka mid ah saqafka sare Lee ayaa dul taagnaa oo dumay. Kaliya cagteeda ayaa ku dhacday, laakiin sida lagu soo warramay dhicitaanka ayaa laga yaabaa inuu dhinto haddii Lee Dong-gun uusan badbaadin lahayn. Bishii Febraayo 2007, Lee waxay ku dhawaaqday heesteeda cusub taas oo asal ahaan u noqon laheyd heesha ''If in Love... Like Them''. Waxay si toos ah ugu soo bandhigtay Inkigayo sedexdii heesood ee ugu waaweynaa Febraayo 25, 2007. Heesta hogaamintu waxay ahayd "Toc Toc Toc" ({{ko-hhrm|톡톡톡||Toktoktok}}). In kasta oo hal-abuurka uu yahay R&B, Lee wuxuu bilaabay inuu heeso balladh badan ka dib, isagoo si tartiib ah uga fogaanaya muuqaalkeedii "galmada" .<ref name="chosun4" /><ref name="miak2">{{cite web|title=Music Industry Association of Korea – March 2007|work=Music Industry Association of Korea|url=http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200703.htm|access-date=April 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708225146/http://www.miak.or.kr/stat/kpop_200703.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=July 8, 2007}}</ref> In kasta oo heesaheeda ay ganacsi ahaan guuleysteen, haddana taxanaheeda waxaa si weyn loogu ciqaabay jebinta tilmaamaha xayeysiinta, sida ''If in Love... Like Them.'' Guddiga baahinta Kuuriya ayaa xukumay in riwaayadda aan laga sii deynin Kuuriyada Koofureed markale, shabakadduna waa inay raaligelin siisaa daawadayaasheeda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/entertainment/enter_chart_detail.htm?No=5613|title=페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다.|website=world.kbs.co.kr|access-date=June 28, 2007|archive-date=May 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508102444/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/entertainment/enter_chart_detail.htm?No=5613|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lee sidoo kale wuxuu dalacsiin ka sameeyay Japan markii shabakada Jabbaan ee Fuji TV la sii daayay ''If in Love... Like Them''.<ref name="chosun1">{{cite web|title=Star Lee Hyo-ri Stirring Interest in Japan|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/04/16/2007041661009.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=April 16, 2007}}</ref> Taxanaha waxaa laga sii daayay CS Fuji, kanaal yar oo dayax gacmeed ah oo Fuji TV lahaa.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Lee Hyo-ri Says Secret Weapon is 'Sex Appeal'|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/06/05/2007060561011.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=June 5, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fujitv.co.jp/cs/program/7212_177.html|title=CS Fuji}}</ref> === [[2008]]–[[2009]]: ''It's Hyorish'' === Intii ay ka rawaxday shaqadeeda, Lee waxay kaloo martigelisay barnaamijyo telefishan oo kala duwan, oo ay ka mid yihiin ''Time Machine'' and ''Happy Together.'' Bishii Abriil 8, 2008, waxay ku biirtay [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] ''Sang Sang Plus.''<ref>[http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_musicnews_detail.htm?No=7326 ''Roundtable Plus'' Welcomes New Host E Hyo-lee] {{Wayback|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_musicnews_detail.htm?No=7326|date=20210709190714}}. ''[[KBS World]]''. March 26, 2008.</ref> Waxay ka mid ahayd asal ahaan kuwii wada-hawlgalayaasha ahaa ee ''Change'', ka hor intaysan tagin horaantii Luuliyo. Iyadu sidoo kale waa xubin hore oo jilaa ah oo ka tirsan ''Family Outing'', oo ka soo muuqday xilli-ciyaareedkii ugu horreeyay oo keliya. Bishii Diseembar 20, [[2008]], Lee waxay qabatay barnaamijkeedii ugu horreeyay ee Lee ''Hyori the Invincible''. Marka la sii daayo, tikidhada ayaa lagu iibiyey shan daqiiqo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Hyo-ri's First Solo Gig Sells Out in 5 Minutes|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/11/08/2008110861001.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=November 8, 2008}}</ref> Albamkeedii saddexaad ee istuudiyaha, ''[[It's Hyorish]]'', waxaa la sii daayay July 14, 2008. "U-Go-Girl", oo ah heestii ugu horreysay ee ka socota albumka, ayaa ka muuqatay lambar 1 khariidadaha internetka iyo khadadka, oo ay ku jiraan muusikada telefishanka ee kala duwan. Bishii Nofeembar 2009, qandaraaskeedii Mnet Media ayaa lagu waday inuu dhaco.  Lee wuxuu qorsheynayay inuu qandaraas la saxiixdo Gil Entertainment (oo hadda ah B2M Entertainment) oo uu la shaqeeyo Gil Jong-hwa, oo ah maamuleha Fin.K.L oo la shaqeynayay kooxda tan iyo markii ugu horeysay.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:이효리, 핑클 시절 매니저와 재결합...억대 러브콜 거절 본문 뉴스 본문 이효리, 핑클 시절 매니저와 재결합...억대 러브콜 거절|trans-title=Lee, Work again with Fin.K.L's co-manager|url=http://media.daum.net/entertain/newsview?cateid=1032&newsid=20090926113141870|work=[[Daum Communications|Daum]]|language=ko|date=September 26, 2009}}</ref> Si kastaba ha noqotee, albumkeedii 2010 waxaa lagu sii daayay Mnet Media.<ref>[http://www.yesasia.com/global/lee-hyo-ri-vol-4-h-logic/1022456727-0-0-0-en/info.html "H-Logic"]. ''[[YesAsia]]''. Retrieved September 2, 2013.</ref> === [[2010]]–[[2015]]: ''H-Logic'', Muranka xatooyada albumka iyo ''Monochrome'' === {{Main|H-Logic|Monochrome }} [[File:Lee_Hyori_from_acrofan.jpg|thumb|Lee, [[2012]]]] Ku dhowaad laba sano ka dib albumkeedii hore, Lee wuxuu la soo noqday ''[[H-Logic]]'' Abriil 12, 2010. Albaabku wuxuu leeyahay 14 heesood, oo ay ku jiraan iskaashiyo ka yimaada fannaaniinta kale ee K-pop-ka. Fanaanada ayaa sidoo kale la shaqeysay E-Tribe, kooxdii ka dambeysay "U-Go-Girl", oo ah hogaamiyaha kali albumkeedii hore. Wax yar ka dib markii la sii daayay albumka H-Logic, toddobo heesood oo ka mid ah heesihiisa, oo ay curisay Bahnus, ayaa lagu eedeeyay khayaano (ka mid ah heesaha la sheegay in la khalday waxaa ka mid ahaa "Bring It Back", oo ay sameeyeen koox gabdho Kanada ah oo la yiraahdo Cookie Couture). Bishii Juun 21, [[2010]], Lee waxay qirtay in eedaha xatooyada ah ee loo haysto albumkeeda ay run yihiin, iyagoo leh "waa la khiyaaneeyey";  waxay si ku-meel-gaadh ah u joojisay dhammaan dhaqdhaqaaqyadeedii gabay iyadoo joojisay muuqaaladeedii telefishanka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lee Hyori admits plagiarism|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=June 20, 2010|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/06/201_67985.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Hyo-ri Admits New Songs Were Plagiarized|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/06/21/2010062100869.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=June 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lee Hyo-ri suspends TV appearances|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=July 8, 2010|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/07/135_69095.html}}</ref> Intii uu hakadka ku jiray, Lee wuxuu bilaabay inuu u koro sidii saameyn dhaqan. Waxay qortay tiirar khadka tooska ah loogu qoro joornaalada afka hooyo ku hadla sida The Hankyoreh oo iskudarsaday fikradeeda nolosha iyo shaqadeeda faallooyinka bulshada, waxaana sifiican loogu eegay qormooyinkeeda fudud, kaftanka iyo sirdoonka.<ref name="alternative">{{cite web|last=Baek|first=Byung-yeul|title=Alternative to Psy: Lee Hyo-ri is Miss Korea in new album|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/08/143_135220.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2013|date=May 6, 2013}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale noqotay mid kusii kordheysa bulshada rayidka ah, iyada oo kusoo baxday mid kamid ah dadka ugu caansan dalka ee u ololeeya xuquuqda xayawaanka. Sannadkii 2011, Lee wuxuu sii daayay laba heesood oo samafal ah oo loogu deeqay xuquuqda xayawaanka, "Please Stay Behind" ({{ko-hhrm|남아 주세요||Nama Juseyo}}) iyo "Remember" ({{ko-hhrm|기억해||Gieokhae}}). Laga bilaabo Maarso 4, 2012, iyada iyo Jung Jae-hyung ayaa martigaliyay bandhigga muusigga ''Jung Jae-hyung & Lee Hyo-ri's You and I'' ee SBS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2012012013531204233|title=Lee Hyori, Jung Jae-hyung to host new music show|work=10Asia|last=Han|first=Yeo-wool|date=January 20, 2012}}</ref> Bandhigu wuxuu soo daayay qaybtiisii ​​ugu dambaysay Oktoobar 14, 2012, oo soo afjaray tobankii bilood ee uu socday qiimeyn hoose.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201210101516331410|script-title=ko:'유앤아이' 폐지 8개월만 막내린다..14일 마지막 방송|date=October 10, 2012|work=Newsen|language=ko}}</ref> Ka dib soo laabashadeeda dib ayaa loo riixay dhowr jeer 2012 oo dhan, waxaa la shaaciyey in Lee ay masraxa kula laaban doonto albamkeedii shanaad bishii Maajo 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kim|first=Hyeong-woo|script-title=ko:'퀸' 이효리 5월 컴백 순항 3년만의 귀환 "타이틀곡 막바지 작업"|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201303110758260810|newspaper=Newsen|date=March 11, 2013|language=ko}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Racy Teasers Whet Appetites for Lee Hyo-ri's New Album|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2013/04/24/2013042400636.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=April 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Suh|first=Hye-rim|title=Lee Hyo-ri unveils video teaser for new song ''Miss Korea''|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130502000768|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=May 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jin|first=Eun-soo|title=Lee Hyori to be the next ''Miss Korea'' in new video|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130502000809|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=May 2, 2013}}</ref> Bishii Meey 6, 2013, waxay soo saartay heesteedii sii-deynta ee albumka, oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "Miss Korea" ({{ko-hhrm|미스코리아||Miseukoria}}). Fiidiyowga muusigga oo buuxa oo la sii daayay isla maalintaas wuxuu ahaa fiidiyow madow iyo caddaan ah.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jackson|first=Julie|title=Lee Hyori's ''Miss Korea'' dominates charts|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130507000753|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=May 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/12/lee-hyori-to-recruit-non-celebrity-miss-koreas-for-her-stage-at-the-2013-sbs-gayo-daejun|title=Lee Hyori to recruit non-celebrity 'Miss Korea's for her stage at the '2013 SBS Gayo Daejun' - allkpop.com}}</ref> Albumkeedii shanaad, Monochrome, waxaa la sii daayay 21-kii Maajo, [[2013]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Suh|first=Hye-rim|title=Lee Hyori unveils ''Monochrome'' album image|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130509000653|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=May 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jackson|first=Julie|title=Lee Hyori's ''Monochrome'' sweeps charts|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130522000654|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=May 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:이효리 배드걸, 섹시한 미스코리아급 화보!|trans-title=Lee Hyori, bad girl, sexy and like Miss Korea|url=http://www.etnews.com/news/home_mobile/life/2770248_2569.html|work=Etnews.com|date=May 21, 2013|language=ko|access-date=Bisha Todobaad 9, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Koobaad 19, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119145815/https://www.etnews.com/news/home_mobile/life/2770248_2569.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:인기가요 이효리 "'미스코리아' 작사 하루만에 완성"|trans-title=Lee Hyori, completed the lyrics in one day|url=http://star.mk.co.kr/v2/view.php?mc&year=2013&no=406690|work=StarMk.co.kr|date=May 26, 2013|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://seoulbeats.com/2013/12/a-star-studded-affair-2013-sbs-gayo-daejun/|title=A Star-Studded Affair: 2013 SBS Gayo Daejun|date=December 30, 2013|access-date=Bisha Todobaad 9, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Sideedaad 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803152544/http://seoulbeats.com/2013/12/a-star-studded-affair-2013-sbs-gayo-daejun/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2, [[2014]], SBS waxay ku dhawaaqday iyada iyo atariishada Moon So-ri inay qaban doonaan barnaamij hadal ah ''Magic Eye''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2014/04/02/lee-hyori-and-moon-so-ri-partner-up-to-host-new-variety-program/#.Uz31elfli3I|title=Lee Hyori and Moon So Ri Partner Up to Host New Variety Program|work=Soompi|author=lellie|date=April 3, 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=Bisha Todobaad 9, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Sagaalaad 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912224711/http://www.soompi.com/2014/04/02/lee-hyori-and-moon-so-ri-partner-up-to-host-new-variety-program/#.Uz31elfli3I|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bandhigu wuxuu bilaabay duubista bishii Abriil. Qiimeyn hoose awgeed, show-ga waxaa lasii daayay qeybtiisii ​​ugu dambeysay November 18, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1109994912|script-title=ko:'매직아이' 내달 18일 종영|date=October 30, 2014|publisher=OSEN|access-date=November 2, 2014|language=ko}}</ref> === [[2015]]–[[2017]]: ''Black'' === Bishii Febraayo 2015, wakiilada Lee waxay ku dhawaaqday in qandaraaskeedii B2M Entertainment uu dhacay 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/02/lee-hyori-maintains-ties-with-b2m-entertainment-despite-their-expired-contract|title=Lee Hyori maintains ties with B2M Entertainment despite their expired contract {{!}} allkpop.com|work=allkpop|access-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2015, Lee waxay ku dhawaaqday inay xidhay boggeeda iyo sidoo kale xisaabteeda [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2014/04/02/lee-hyori-and-moon-so-ri-partner-up-to-host-new-variety-program/#.Uz31elfli3I|title=Lee Hyori Shuts Down All Her Social Media Accounts|work=Soompi|date=May 31, 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=Bisha Todobaad 9, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Sagaalaad 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912224711/http://www.soompi.com/2014/04/02/lee-hyori-and-moon-so-ri-partner-up-to-host-new-variety-program/#.Uz31elfli3I|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Xiritaanka baraha bulshada, waxay joojisay dhammaan howlihii telefishanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimesus.com/lee-hyori-pulls-plug-on-tv-career/|title=Lee Hyori pulls plug on TV career|work=The Korea Times|date=October 1, 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=Bisha Todobaad 9, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Sagaalaad 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926232756/http://www.koreatimesus.com/lee-hyori-pulls-plug-on-tv-career/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar ee sanadkaas, wakiilka Lee wuxuu u sheegay warbaahinta in ay qaadan doonto hakad 2-sano ah oo ka socda shaqadeeda madadaalada, "si ay waqti ugu hesho nafteeda."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2015/10/lee-hyori-to-take-a-hiatus-from-celebrity-activities-for-2-or-more-years|title=Lee Hyori to take a hiatus from celebrity activities for 2 or more years - allkpop.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreatimesus.com/lee-hyori-pulls-plug-on-tv-career/|title=Lee Hyori pulls plug on TV career – The Korea Times|website=www.koreatimesus.com|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-07-09|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926232756/http://www.koreatimesus.com/lee-hyori-pulls-plug-on-tv-career/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar [[2016]], Lee wuxuu ka dhawaajiyay inuu ka shaqeynayo muusig cusub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/109374/lee-hyori-reveals-that-she-is-preparing-a-new-album-all-kpop-news|title=Lee Hyori Reveals That She is Preparing a New Album|work=MWave|date=October 22, 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=July 9, 2021|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329224229/http://mwave.interest.me/en/kpop-news/article/109374/lee-hyori-reveals-that-she-is-preparing-a-new-album-all-kpop-news|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bishii Nofeembar, waxaa la xaqiijiyay in Lee uu la saxiixday Kiwi Media Group oo leh album cusub oo ku eg 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2016/11/23/lee-hyori-signs-contract-new-agency-reveals-plans-comeback/|title=Lee Hyori Signs Contract With New Agency And Reveals Plans For Comeback|work=Soompi|date=November 23, 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=Bisha Todobaad 9, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071551/https://www.soompi.com/2016/11/23/lee-hyori-signs-contract-new-agency-reveals-plans-comeback/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20161124000349|title=Lee Hyori to make comeback next year|work=The Korea Hearld|date=November 24, 2016}}</ref> Bishii Diseembar, Lee wuxuu dib ugu soo laabtay warbaahinta bulshada isaga oo ku daabacay barta Instagram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2016/12/15/lee-hyori-returns-social-media-ahead-upcoming-comeback/|title=Lee Hyori Returns To Social Media Ahead Of Upcoming Comeback|work=Soompi|date=December 14, 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=Bisha Todobaad 9, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071700/https://www.soompi.com/2016/12/15/lee-hyori-returns-social-media-ahead-upcoming-comeback/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo [[2017]], Maamulaha Kwi Media Kim Hyung Suk ayaa shaaca ka qaaday [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]' ''Video Star'' in Lee uu qaadayo masuuliyada albumkeeda cusub ee soo saare..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003471073|script-title=ko:'비디오스타' 김형석 "이효리, 음악적 생각많아..프로듀서 역할도"|access-date=June 28, 2017|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/ranking/read?oid=109&aid=0003546770|title=[Oh!커피 한 잔②] 김형석이 직접 스포한 이효리의 새 앨범|access-date=June 28, 2017|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wowtv.co.kr/newscenter/news/view.asp?bcode=T30001000&artid=A201611240132|title=이효리 내년 상반기 컴백한다...김형석과 전속계약 체결 – 한국경제TV|last=한국경제TV|website=www.wowtv.co.kr|access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=112&aid=0002918275|script-title=ko:"요가로 몸푸는 중"..이효리, 컴백 앞둔 근황|access-date=June 28, 2017|language=ko}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2017, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay in Lee iyo ninkeeda ay jilayaan barnaamij cusub oo telefishan ah ''Hyori's Homestay''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2017/04/19/lee-hyori-unveil-married-lifestyle-new-variety-show/|title=Lee Hyori To Unveil Her Married Lifestyle In New Variety Show|last1=19|first1=JiwonYu April|last2=2017|date=April 19, 2017|website=Soompi|access-date=May 20, 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505181900/https://www.soompi.com/2017/04/19/lee-hyori-unveil-married-lifestyle-new-variety-show/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bishii Juun, wakaaladda Lee ayaa xaqiijisay soo laabashadeeda horaantii July iyada oo isku diyaarineysa duubista fiidiyowga muusikada ee heesta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/music/now/read?oid=112&aid=0002928996|script-title=ko:이효리 측 "7월초 컴백..완성도 위해 마무리 작업 중"(공식)|access-date=June 15, 2017|language=ko}}</ref> Dhowr maalmood ka dib, Lee wuxuu si xun ula hadlay heesta horay loo sii daayay ee albumka "Seoul".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ktunecollective/status/878991195761893377|title=2017.06.28 WED 6:00 PM LEE HYORI – "SEOUL" PRERELEASE #LEEHYORI #이효리 @ktunecollective #COMEBACK #JUNE28 #SEOUL #서울 #선공개 #키위미디어그룹pic.twitter.com/gqS6Je33aD|last=Collective|first=K.-tune|date=June 25, 2017|website=@ktunecollective|access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=1theK (원더케이)|title=[Teaser] Lee Hyori(이효리) _ Seoul (Feat. Killagramz)|date=June 27, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjKqWHiLXi4|access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=K-tune Collective|title=이효리(Lee Hyori) – 오늘 "서울(Seoul)" 발매!|date=June 27, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_VsR013Iq0|access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref> Heesta waxaa la sii daayay Juun 28, 2017, oo ay weheliso fiidiyowga muusikada oo muujinaya muuqaallada is-khilaafsan ee Seoul iyo Jeju Island.<ref>{{Citation|last=1theK (원더케이)|title=[MV] Lee Hyori(이효리) _ Seoul (Feat. Killagramz)|date=June 29, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89Rq4_QcBkw|access-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref> Liiska raadraaca albumka ayaa la muujiyay<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2017/06/lee-hyori-reveals-track-list-for-long-awaited-comeback-album-seoul|title=Lee Hyori reveals track list for long-awaited comeback album 'Seoul' {{!}} allkpop.com|work=allkpop|access-date=June 28, 2017}}</ref> oo ay weheliso taxane ah shaashado muuqaal ah oo loogu talagalay albumka dhowr maalmood ka hor sii deynta albumka.<ref name="soompi.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2017/06/30/lee-hyori-reveals-glimpse-comeback-art-film-black/|title=Update: Lee Hyori Unveils Rustic Teaser Images For New Album "BLACK"|last1=30|first1=J. K. June|last2=2017|date=June 30, 2017|website=Soompi|access-date=July 1, 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Sideedaad 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817234018/https://www.soompi.com/2017/06/30/lee-hyori-reveals-glimpse-comeback-art-film-black/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=K-tune Collective|title=이효리(Lee Hyori) – "BLACK" Art Film #2|date=July 1, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXu0spCFd7o|access-date=July 2, 2017}}</ref> On July 4, 2017, albumkeedii lixaad ee istuudiyaha, ''[[Black]]'', ayaa la sii daayay.<ref>{{Citation|last=1theK (원더케이)|title=[MV] Lee Hyori(이효리) _ Black|date=July 4, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_64gu8qqeiM|access-date=July 4, 2017}}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2017/07/04/exclusive-lee-hyori-takes-new-image-current-favorite-girl-group/|title=Exclusive: Lee Hyori Talks About Her New Image And Current Favorite Girl Group|last1=4|first1=K. Do July|last2=2017|date=July 4, 2017|website=Soompi|access-date=July 4, 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Lixaad 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194330/https://www.soompi.com/2017/07/04/exclusive-lee-hyori-takes-new-image-current-favorite-girl-group/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === [[2017]7–[[2019]]: Bandhigyada JTBC === Lee iyo seygeeda, Lee Sang-soon, ayaa gurigooda oo ku yaal Jeju Island u rogay guri marti ah si ay u duubaan ''Hyori's Homestay''. Xilliga 1, IU wuxuu ku biirayaa bandhigga shaqaale ahaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/988511wpp/jtbc-reveals-new-posters-lee-hyoris-upcoming-reality-show-hyoris-home-stay|title=JTBC Reveals New Posters For Lee Hyori's Upcoming Reality Show "Hyori's Home Stay"|date=May 23, 2017|website=Soompi|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> Xilliga 2, booskii shaqaalaha waxaa lagu beddelay YoonA,<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 8, 2018|title=Girls' Generation's YoonA To Appear In 2nd Season Of "Hyori's Homestay" As Employee|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1104821wpp/girls-generations-yoona-appear-2nd-season-hyoris-homestay-employee|access-date=July 31, 2020|website=Soompi}}</ref> sidoo kale xilligan Park Bo-gum waxay u timid inay u shaqeyso sidii shaqaale ku meel gaar ah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1138427wpp/park-bo-gum-surprises-yoona-lee-hyori-hyoris-homestay-2|title=Park Bo Gum Surprises YoonA And Lee Hyori On "Hyori's Homestay 2"|date=May 11, 2018|website=Soompi|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> Sannadkii 2019, Lee wuxuu dib ula midoobay xubnaha Fin.K.L bandhigga cusub oo cinwaankeedu yahay ''Club Camping'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1338734wpp/fin-k-ls-reunion-in-new-reality-show-camping-club-premieres-to-strong-ratings|title=Fin.K.L's Reunion In New Reality Show "Camping Club" Premieres To Strong Ratings|date=July 14, 2019|website=Soompi|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> === [[2020]]–hada: Ku noqo warshadaha muusikada, SSAK3 iyo Refund Sisters === Bishii Meey 15, 2020, Lee waxay ku dhawaaqday inay heshiis la saxiixatay shirkadda ESteem Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.khan.co.kr/entertainment/sk_index.html?art_id=202005151806013&sec_id=540101&pt=nv|title=[공식] 이효리, 에스팀엔터와 전속계약 맺어 "좋은 인연 소중히 이어갈 것"|date=May 15, 2020|website=Sports Khan|access-date=May 15, 2020}}</ref> Iyadoo loo marayo ''Hangoutout With Yoo'', iyada, oo ku hoos jirta magaca magaca Linda G, waxay aasaastay saddexda mashruuc ee loogu magac daray SSAK3 oo leh Rain iyo Yoo Jae-suk. Waxay soo saareen heesta ugu horreeyay ee "Beach Again" Luulyo 18, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1404653wpp/yoo-jae-suk-lee-hyori-and-rain-reveal-group-name-and-stage-names-for-their-co-ed-group|title=Yoo Jae Suk, Lee Hyori, And Rain Reveal Group Name And Stage Names For Their Co-Ed Group|date=June 4, 2020|website=Soompi|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> SSAK3 waa mashruuc gaar ah oo seddex geesood ah, waxayna ku dhawaaqeen in dhamaan lacagaha ka soo baxa heesahooda iyo dalacsiintooda loogu deeqi doono bulshada u baahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1413998wpp/ssak3-to-donate-proceeds-from-their-music-to-help-those-in-need|title=SSAK3 To Donate Proceeds From Their Music To Help Those In Need|date=July 21, 2020|website=Soompi|access-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> Kadib mashruuca SSAK3, Lee, [[Uhm Jung-hwa]], [[Jessi]] iyo [[Hwasa]] waxay samaysteen koox mashruuc kale oo gabar ah oo loogu magac daray Refund Sisters. <ref>[https://studybreaks.com/culture/music/refund-sisters-unites-female-k-pop-idols-from-different-generations/ "Refund Sisters Unites Female K-Pop Idols From Different Generations"]. ''Study Breaks''.</ref>Waxay soo saareen heestii ugu horreysay ee "Don't Touch Me".<ref>[http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20201027000816 "Refund Sisters: latest K-pop sensation that S. Korea is raving about"]. ''[[The Korea Herald]]''.</ref><ref>[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3109527/lee-hyori-revival-project-groups-refund-sisters-and-ssak3 "The Lee Hyori revival: project groups Refund Sisters and SSAK3 gave the first-gen K-pop star a delightful 2020 comeback – and we can’t get enough"]. ''South China Morning Post''.</ref><ref>[https://www.jazminemedia.com/2020/09/refund-sisters-decides-on-their-title-track-and-confirm-debut-date/ Refund Sisters Decide On Their Title Track And Confirm Debut Date - JazmineMedia.]</ref> == Farshaxanimada iyo sawirka == === Muusig === ==== Noocyada, erayada iyo mawduucyada ==== Qaabka Lee waxaa looqeexay inuu yahay muusikada magaalooyinka. Markii la sii daayay ''H-Logic'', Lee wuxuu bilaabay inuu tijaabiyo codkeeda isagoo ku daraya hip-hop muusigeeda.  Sii deynta dambe waxaa saameyn ku yeeshay nooc kale oo ay ku jiraan muusigga dhagaxa. Si caqli-gal ah, heesaha Lee waxay u kala baxeen jacayl iyo qalbi jab ilaa awood siinta faallooyinka bulshada iyada oo loo eegayo aragtida dumarka. ==== Nooca codka ==== Baaxadda codka ee Lee waxaa lagu kala saari karaa baaxadda mezzo-soprano. In kasta oo muuqaalkeeda galmada ah, haddana loo aqoonsaday heesaheeda qiirada leh sidoo kale<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hellokpop.com/2012/08/22/sexiness-can-be-a-double-edged-sword/|title=Sexiness can be a double-edged sword|date=August 22, 2012|work=hellokpop.com|access-date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>ee heesaha sida "Swing" iyo "Amor Mio". Lee waxaa lagu dhaleeceeyay awoodeeda heesida, taas oo ay ku jawaabtay "Waxaan u maleynayaa in qof kastaa uu u fikiro si ka duwan, markaa iyagaa sidaas u fikiri kara. Kahor, waxaan dareemay inaan ku dhuumanayo qalabka gadaashiisa. Waxaan dareemay raaxo la'aan haddii kale. Laakiin marka laga bilaabo qodob, aniga  Waxaan jeclahay codkeyga. Tan iyo markii aan ka helay, runti ma ahan wax muhiim ah waxa ay dadka kale u maleeyeen."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/05/lee-hyori-responds-to-criticisms-about-her-vocals|title=Lee Hyori responds to criticisms about her vocals {{!}} allkpop.com|work=allkpop|access-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://seoulbeats.com/2013/09/lee-hyori-singer-icon-bride/|title=Lee Hyori: Singer, Icon, Bride|date=September 6, 2013|work=seoulbeats|access-date=July 3, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=Bisha Sideedaad 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805045530/https://seoulbeats.com/2013/09/lee-hyori-singer-icon-bride/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Qaabka doorka ==== Lee waxay sheegtay inay heesaa Uhm Jung-hwa tahay dayasho mudan tahay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://entertain.naver.com/music/now/read?oid=117&aid=0002876364|script-title=ko:'컴백' 이효리 "1년 뒤 마흔, 실감 안나…마음은 20대" [화보]|access-date=July 3, 2017|language=ko}}</ref> === Sawirka === Lee ayaa caan ku ah racfaanka galmada.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Park Ji-sung, Lee Hyo-ri Koreans with Most Brand Powe|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2005/12/02/2005120261004.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=December 2, 2005}}</ref> Dabayaaqadii 2003, Lee waxay heshiis xayeysiis ah la saxiixatay Samsung, waxay u sameysay seddex xayeysiis muusig iyo heeso taleefannadooda gacanta ee Anycall, oo noqotay mid ka mid ah xayeysiisyadeeda ugu caansan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Hyo-ri Signs Another Lucrative Deal with Samsung|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2006/12/12/2006121261010.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=December 12, 2006}}</ref> Muddo shan sano ah, Lee waxay ahayd dhiirrigeliye Lotte Liquor, iyada oo ka dhigaysa dhiirrigeliyihii ugu waqtiga dheeraa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lee Hyo-ri Signs Off as Longest-Serving Soju Model|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/11/13/2012111301183.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=November 13, 2012}}</ref> Sanadkii 2007, waxay ku jileysay ganacsi ay la wadaagtay Jessica Alba shirkad isku qurxisa Koonfur Kuuriya Ĭsa Knox, taas oo lagu toogtay Kanada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Summit of the Starlets: Jessica Alba and Lee Hyo-ri|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/08/29/2007082961006.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=August 29, 2007}}</ref> Waxay ahayd dhiirrigeliye Calvin Klein.<ref>{{cite web|last=Garcia|first=Cathy Rose A.|title=Lee Hyo-lee Sizzles in Calvin Klein|url=http://www.hancinema.net/lee-hyo-lee-sizzles-in-calvin-klein-8841.html|work=[[The Korea Times]] via [[Hancinema]]|date=March 4, 2007}}</ref> ==== Khilaafka magaca masraxa ==== Intii lagu guda jiray dhacdo ''Hangout With Yoo'', Lee wuxuu ka fekerayay magacyo masrax oo kooxdii Refund Sisters. Intii ay wada hadalku socday waxay tidhi, "Ka waran magac Shiineys ah, maaddaama oo aannu adduunka ku sii socon karno? Ka waran ‘Mao’?", Iyada oo taas laga jawaabayo, daawadayaasha Shiinaha ee showga ayaa muujiyey sida ay uga xun yihiin maadaama magacu u eg yahay [[Mao Zedong]].<ref>https://news.joins.com/article/23855170</ref><ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://amp.seoul.co.kr/www/20200824500135 |access-date=2021-07-10 |archive-date=2021-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710230627/https://amp.seoul.co.kr/www/20200824500135 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Tixraacyada == [[Category:Koonfur Kuuriya dadka]] [[Category:Fannaaniinta K-pop]] [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Idolyasha dhedig Koonfur Kuuriya]] f08bg5i6ruphqn4ybhaft18uhyxep71 0 33489 303092 221300 2026-07-21T00:42:17Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:The_Kingsbury_Hotel.JPG|The_Kingsbury_Hotel.JPG]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:The Kingsbury Hotel.JPG|]]. 303092 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bamka Sri lanka 2019''' [[Sri Lanka]] Weerar lagu qaaday toruists ee [[Sri Lanka]] sida ia, dhalasho badan ayaa lagu dilay [[2019]] gudaha Asia Sri Lanka. [[Asia]] Dilka bamka '''267''' * {{Flag|Denmark}} '''3''' * {{Flag|Japan}}'''1''' * {{Flag|Australia}}'''2''' * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} '''8''' * {{Flag|United States}} '''3''' ==Warka== * https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/sri-lanka-easter-sunday-explosions-dle-intl/h_6546655eae960b54931c335312cb986b * https://abcnews.go.com/International/sri-lanka-bombings-290-dead-hundreds-injured-church/story?id=62533965 ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Asia]] rny5dnmlksox7d9o8czj7ufufo96uxr 0 34733 303096 297725 2026-07-21T03:38:45Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg|Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Stade des martyrs 0332 Kinshasa (8 303096 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kubedka CAF''' [[File:Africa_cup_final1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Ismailia_Stadium.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Egypt}}]] [[File:Mogadishustadium.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Somalia}}]] [[File:2012 01 12 MGD Stadiums f (8393531915).jpg|thumb|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Somalia}}]] [[File:Somalia_national_team_drills_for_2018WCQ.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Somalia}}]] [[File:Algerian_Ligue_Pro._1.png|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Algeria}}]] [[File:Cote_d'Iviore_NT_2010.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Ivory Coast}}]] [[File:Ghana_national_football_team.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Ghana}}]] [[File:Kano_Pillars_03.jpg|thumb|right|400px| Kano Pillars {{Flag|Nigeria}}]] [[CAF]] '''Afrika''' * [[CECAFA]] * [[UNAF]] * [[WAFU]] * [[UNIFFAC]] ==koopka caf/ fifa== * Fifa World cup * CAF - SUPER CUP * CAF - Champions League * CAF - African Nations Cup [[File:Panorma_Cairo_Stadium.jpg|thumb|right|500px|CAF zamalek {{Flag|Egypt}}]] ==Kubedka CAF == * [[TP Mazembe]] * [[Mamelodi Sundowns FC]] * Saint George S.C. * Sidama Coffee S.C. * Adama_City_FC * Horseed_FC * Gaashaan (Burco) * AS Arta/Solar7 * Goodir (Burco) * Dawladda Hoose (Boorama) * CF Gendarmerie Nationale * JS Kabylie * Waxool Fc * ES Sétif * Ganacsiga Fc * Xidigaha Cirka * Biyaha Fc * Asluubta * Kano Pillars * USM Alger ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Kubedka UEFA]] * [[Kubedka AFC]] p3bbeplaad6q8elwpg184f9hok1vmn5 0 34864 303089 303038 2026-07-20T23:35:20Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:190929_Miyeon_at_KCON_2019_Thailand_(1).jpg|190929_Miyeon_at_KCON_2019_Thailand_(1).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Elcobbola|Elcobbola]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] ([[: 303089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Cho Mi-yeon|image=|caption=Cho ee 2019|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1997|1|31}}|birth_place=[[Incheon]], [[Koonfur Kuuriya]]|occupation=[[K-pop idol|Idol]]|years_active=2018–hada|module={{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{hlist|[[K-pop]]|}} | instrument = Cod | label = {{hlist|[[Cube Entertainment|Cube]]|}} | associated_acts = {{hlist|[[(G)I-dle]]|[[K/DA]]|}} | module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes|headercolor=transparent | title = [[Magac Kuuriya]] | hangul = {{linktext|조|미|연}} | hanja = {{linktext|曺|薇|娟}} | rr = Jo Mi-yeon | mr = Cho Miyŏn }}}}|signature=Cho Mi-yeon signature.svg}} '''Cho Mi-yeon''' ({{Korean|조미연}}; dhashay Janaayo 31, 1997), Si gaar ah loogu yaqaanno '''Miyeon''', waa heesaa iyo atariisho Koonfur Kuuriya ah. Iyadu waa xubin ka mid ah kooxda gabadha [[(G)I-dle]] iyo waxay ka dhawaajisay Ahri ee [[Koox khayaali ah|kooxda]] gabdhaha [[K-pop]] [[K/DA]]. [[Category:Fannaaniinta K-pop]] [[Category:Dad nool]] [[Category:Idolyasha dhedig Koonfur Kuuriya]] == Tix == <references /> hvj1k5y4fe2eixnmnzwaykjmgh8z9v8 0 34999 303108 295442 2026-07-21T15:01:38Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg with [[File:Public_Seal_of_Samoa.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Not a coat of arms, and one of many seals, so " 303108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Independent State of Samoa | common_name = Samoa | native_name = {{native name|sm|Malo Sa{{okina}}oloto Tuto{{okina}}atasi o Sāmoa<wbr />}} | image_flag = Flag of Samoa.svg | image_coat = Public Seal of Samoa.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = ''Faʻavae i le [[Atua]] Sāmoa''<br />{{small|"Samoa is founded on God"}} | national_anthem = ''[[The Banner of Freedom|O Le Fuʻa O Le Saʻolotoga O Samoa]]''<br />{{small|"The Banner of Freedom"}} | image_map = Samoa on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg | map_caption = Location of Samoa | image_map2 = Samoan Islands.png | map_caption2 = Map of Samoa | capital = [[Apia]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|50|S|171|45|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Apia | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Samoan language|Samoan]]|[[English language|English]]}} | religion = [[Christianity]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref name="Religion"/> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 92.6% [[Samoans]] | 7.0% [[Euronesian]]s | 0.4% [[Europeans]] | 0.1% [[East Asian]]<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/ |title=Samoa |work=CIA – The World Factbook |date=26 October 2021 |access-date=5 Bisha Koobaad 2022 |archive-date=13 Bisha Tobnaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013114555/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2001 | demonym = [[Samoans|Samoan]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary republic]]<!--- Consensus in the talk page states that Samoa is a Republic.---> | leader_title1 = [[Head of State of Samoa|O le Ao o le Malo]] | leader_name1 = [[Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II]]^a | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Samoa|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Assembly Speaker]]}} | leader_name3 = [[Papali’i Li’o Taeu Masipau]] | legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence from [[New Zealand]] | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Berlin (1889)|Treaty of Berlin]] | established_date1 = 14 June 1889 | established_event2 = [[Tripartite Convention]] | established_date2 = 16 February 1900 | established_event3 = [[German Samoa|Colonisation by Germany]] | established_date3 = 1 March 1900 | established_event4 = [[Western Samoa Trust Territory|Occupied by New Zealand]] | established_date4 = 30 August 1914 | established_event5 = League mandate | established_date5 = 17 December 1920 | established_event6 = UN trusteeship | established_date6 = 13 December 1946 | established_event7 = [[Western Samoa Act 1961]] | established_date7 = 1 January 1962 | established_event8 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 399|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date8 = 15 December 1976 | established_event9 = Name change from Western Samoa to Samoa | established_date9 = 4 July 1997 | area_km2 = 2,842 | area_rank = 167th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 1097 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_census = 202,506<ref name=census>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/samoa-population/#:~:text=The%20current%20population%20of%20Samoa,of%20the%20total%20world%20population. |title=Population & Demography Indicator Summary |publisher=Samoa Bureau of Statistics |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403053500/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/index.php/population-demography-and-vital-statistics |archive-date=3 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_census_year = October 2020 | population_census_rank = 176th | population_density_km2 = 70 | population_density_sq_mi = 182 | GDP_PPP = $1.188 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=2&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=862&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Samoa |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,962<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $881 million<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,420<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = 38.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.715 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 111th | currency = [[Samoan tālā|Tālā]] (WS[[Dollar sign|$]]{{sup|b}}) | currency_code = WST | time_zone = [[UTC+13:00|WST]] | utc_offset = +13^c | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left^d | calling_code = [[+685]] | cctld = [[.ws]] | footnote_a = Head of State. | footnote_b = Symbols SAT, ST or T are in use as well. The terms Tālā and Sene are translations of the English words ''Dollar'' and ''Cent'' in the [[Samoan language]]. | footnote_c = Since 31 December 2011.<ref name="Samoa Changes Timezone">{{cite news |last=Staff/Agencies |title=Samoa skips Friday in time zone change |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-30/samoa-skips-friday-in-time-zone-change/3753350 |access-date=16 January 2012 |newspaper=ABC Australia |date=31 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103071659/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-30/samoa-skips-friday-in-time-zone-change/3753350 |archive-date=3 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | footnote_d = Since 7 September 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/in-samoa-drivers-switch-to-left-side-of-the-road/ |work=The New York Times |title=In Samoa, Drivers Switch to Left Side of the Road |first=Richard S. |last=Chang |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref> Although driving is on the left side of the roadway centre line, Samoa allows cars with steering wheels on either the left or the right side of the vehicle to use the roads. | today = }} [[File:Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Samoa_Country_map.png|thumb|right|400px|]] '''Samoa''' Jasiiradda samoa ee ku taal badweynta pasific , jasiiradaha cimilada kulul iyo xeebo badan oo ku yaal aagga Aasiya ee gobolka pasfic {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] 8ate4kgaz753av9z0z5s7lkypunhe8n 0 35094 303097 297726 2026-07-21T03:38:49Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg|Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Stade des martyrs 0332 Kinshasa (8 303097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Confederation_of_African_Football_member_associations_map.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:UNIFFAC.png|thumb|right|300px|]] * [[FIFA]] * [[CAF]] '''UNIFFAC''' ==Waddnamha UNIFFAC== * Cameroon * Central African Republic * Chad * Congo * DR Congo * Equatorial Guinea * Gabon * São Tomé and Príncipe ==Kubedka UNIFFAC== * [[Waddanka Central African Republic Kukedka]] * [[Waddanka Chad Kubedka]] * [[Waddanka Cameroon Kubedka]] * [[Waddanka Gabon Kubedka]] * [[Waddanka DRC Kubedka]] btt08o66z4pnrkkjjsoci7tlv3eheuq 0 35271 303098 303069 2026-07-21T06:18:03Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:260502_Everglow_Onda_Toronto_concert_(1).jpg|260502_Everglow_Onda_Toronto_concert_(1).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Elcobbola|Elcobbola]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] ([ 303098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Onda|Birth_name=Jo Se-rim 조세림 <br> 조세림|Associated_acts=[[Everglow]]|Years_active=2019–hada|Instrument=Cod|Genre=[[K-pop]]|Occupations=[[K-pop idol|Idol]]|image=|caption=Jo ee 2026|birth_date={{birth date and age|2000|05|18|}}}}'''Jo Se-rim''' ([[Hangul]]: 조세림; Maajo 18, 2000) oo loo yaqaan '''Onda''' (온다), waa heesaa Koonfur Kuuriya ah xubinna ka ah kooxda gabdhaha [[Everglow]]. Waxa kale oo ay caan ku tahay inay hore ugu tartantay Idol School.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://namu.wiki/w/%EC%98%A8%EB%8B%A4(EVERGLOW)/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%8C%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90?from=%EC%98%A8%EB%8B%A4%28%EC%97%90%EB%B2%84%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%9A%B0%29%2F%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%8C%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90 |access-date=2022-01-24 |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174953/https://namu.wiki/w/%EC%98%A8%EB%8B%A4(EVERGLOW)/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%8C%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90?from=%EC%98%A8%EB%8B%A4%28%EC%97%90%EB%B2%84%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%9A%B0%29%2F%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%8C%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Tix == fb8cs8sw07uewizr4ujugmcso22jzbu 10 35742 303117 232196 2026-07-21T15:41:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303117 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>[https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: {{{1|{{{id|}}}}}} | title/{{#if: {{#invoke:ustring|match|1={{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|2=^tt}} | {{Trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}/ | tt{{padleft:{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|7}}/ }} | {{#if: {{#property:P345|from={{{qid|}}}}} | title/{{First word|1={{#property:P345|from={{{qid|}}}}}|sep=,}}/ | find?q={{urlencode:{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}&s=tt }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:If any equal|main|Q618779|Q67325957|Q33999|value={{Wikidata|property|raw|{{{qid_testcases|}}}|P360}}}} | yes | {{#switch: {{Wikidata|property|raw|{{{qid_testcases|}}}|P360}} <!-- is a list of --> | Q618779 <!-- award --> | Q67325957 <!-- list of awards and nominations --> = awards Awards for | Q33999 <!-- actor --> = fullcredits Full cast and crew of }} | {{#if: {{Wikidata|property|raw|{{{qid_testcases|}}}|P31}} <!-- instance of --> | {{#switch: {{Wikidata|property|raw|{{{qid_testcases|}}}|P31}} | Q63032896 <!-- Wikimedia list of fictional characters --> | Q66763446 <!-- Wikimedia list of fictional characters by occupation --> = fullcredits Full cast and crew of | Q107974527 <!-- Wikipedia article covering multiple soundtrack releases --> | Q482994 <!-- album --> = soundtrack Soundtrack of }} }} }} <!-- -->{{Trim|{{#if: {{{quotes|}}} | "{{If empty|{{{2|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}" | ''{{If empty|{{{2|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}'' }} {{{3|{{{description|}}}}}}}}] at {{#if: {{{link_hide|}}}| IMDb | [[IMDb (identifier)|IMDb]] }}<!-- -->{{Edit at Wikidata|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|pid=P345|qid={{{qid|}}}|nbsp=yes}}<!-- Tracking categories -->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[Category:Pages using IMDb title with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:IMDb title]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | 3 | description | id | link_hide | qid | quotes | title }}<!-- -->{{#switch: {{#invoke:String2|matchAny|^tt.........|^tt.......|tt|.........|source={{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|plain=false}}<!-- -->| 1 | 3 = {{Main other|[[Category:IMDb template with invalid id set]]}}{{Preview warning|IMDb ID starting with ''tt'' should be followed by seven or eight digits, such as ''tt0000567'' or ''tt12345678''}}<!-- -->| 4 = {{Main other|[[Category:IMDb template with invalid id set]]}}{{Preview warning|IMDb ID should not contain more than eight digits}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|{{{id|}}}}}} {{#property:P345}} || {{Preview warning|[[Template:IMDb title]] is missing ID and not present in Wikidata.}}{{Main other|[[Category:Pages using IMDb title with no id set]]}} }}<!-- -->{{#switch: {{Wikidata|property|raw|P31}} <!-- instance of --> | Q21191270 <!-- television series episode --> | Q21664088 <!-- two-part episode --> | Q50062923 <!-- three-part episode --> | Q50914552 <!-- four-part episode --> | Q99079902 <!-- five-part episode --> | Q123186929 <!-- six-part episode --> | Q55422400 <!-- Sarah Jane Smith serial --> | Q61220733 = <!-- Star Trek episode --> [[Category:Pages using IMDb title instead of IMDb episode]]{{Preview warning|[[Template:IMDb episode]] should be used for television episodes}} | Q3464665 = <!-- television series season --> [[Category:Pages using IMDb title instead of IMDb episodes]]{{Preview warning|[[Template:IMDb episodes]] should be used for television seasons}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{Wikidata|property|raw|P360}} <!-- is a list of --> | Q21191270 <!-- television series episode --> | [[Category:Pages using IMDb title instead of IMDb episodes]]{{Preview warning|[[Template:IMDb episodes]] should be used for list of television episodes}} }}<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|{{{id|}}}}}} | {{Wikidata check|property=P345|value={{#if: {{#invoke:ustring|match|1={{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|2=^tt}} | {{Trim|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}}} | tt{{padleft:{{Trim|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}}}|7}}}}|category=IMDb title ID|qid={{{qid|}}}|nocatsame=1}} }}<!-- --></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 09pw0szthazsh6qot2yt4rs013vmz1l 0 35786 303207 289643 2026-07-23T00:42:54Z ~2026-41220-22 46620 303207 wikitext text/x-wiki 1. ISAAQ         2. AWAL              3. SUBEER                  4. MUUSE                        5. SACAD                            6. Isaaq                                  7. Abokor 8.cabdalle '''''<big>CABDALLE ABOKOR</big>'''''       1.Xasan Cabdalle ( Bahabar Xasan(curadka)       2. Axmed Cabdalle ( Bahabar Axmad)        3. Yusuf Cabdalle 4. Cigaal Cabdalle (Warancas) 5. Maxamed cabdalle(roob suge) 6.abokor cabdalle 7. Cali Cabdale '''''<big><u>Ree cigaal cabdalle(warancasta)</u></big>'''''     1-idiris bare       2-Xasan bare       3-cumar bare 4.faarax bare <big>'''Cumar barre'''</big> 3.1-guuleed iidle 3.2-xasan iidle '''<big>Ree xasan barre</big>'''       1. Ree Ducaale   2. Ree shire '''<big>Ree faarax bare</big>'''       1. ree aadan geedi 2. bookho '''''<big><u>Maxamed cabdalle ( Roobsuge)</u></big>'''''  1. Rooble Maxamed(ree rooble) 2. Xaamud maxamed(ree xaamud) 3. Aadan maxamed(cabdalle aadan) '''<big>Ree rooble</big>''' 1. Colow Rooble 2. SiyaadRooble 3. Imaan Rooble 4. Qayaad Rooble      '''COLOW ROOBLE''' 1.Guleid Colow( Ree Wacays) 3. Cadaawe Colow 4. Caraale Colow ''' Guleid Colow 1.wacays guleid( Ree Wacays) A. Kulmiye 1. Amare wacays 2. Farax wacays D.iimaan wacays (dhulbahante) <big>''Abokor Cabdalle''</big> 1. Xuseen Abokor  ( reer xuseen) 2.xildiid abokor 3. Cadawe Abokor ( reer geedi cadaawe) '''''<big><u>Ree xuseen</u></big>''''' # Maxamed xuseen # faarax xuseen         <big>'''''<u>Xildiid Abokor</u>'''''</big>                   1. Cigaal xildiid                   2. Bare Xildiid                   3. Geedi Xildiid 4. GALOOL XILDIID ( reer Galool) 5.ismaaciil xildiid '''''<u>Ree galool</u>'''''   1. Maxamed Galool   2. Qolaab  Galool   3. Guleed  Galool   4. Alamagan Galool   5. Fataax Galool   '''''ISMAACIIL XILDIID''''' 1.Cumar ismaaciil ( reer Cumar) 2.geele ismaaciil 3.xoosh ismaaciil 4.samatar ismaaciil 5.maax ismaaciil 6.cali ismaaciil 7. guleed Ismaciil '''Cumar Ismaaciil(Reer Cumar)''' # Liiban Cumar ## Geele Liibaan # Xildiid Cumar # Cilmi Cumar # Faarax Cumar '''Xoosh ismaaciil( reer Xoosh)''' 1. Nuur Xoosh 2. Xildiid Xoosh     '''Geelle Ismaaciil ( reer Geelle)''' 1. Samatar Geele 2. Faarax Geele 3. Shirwac Geele ( reer Shirwac) '''Ree shirwac geele''' 1. Maxamed shirwac 2. Samatar Shirwac 3. Libaan Shirwac ( reer libaax) 4. Ducaale Shirwac 4.Warfaa Ducaale ( reer warfaa # Faarax Warfaa # Rooble Warfaa # Abokor Warfaa # Raage Warfaa # Xasan Warfaa # Cumar Warfaa # lo‘doon Warfaa # xildiid Warfaa # Muuse Warfaa # Sahal Warfaa # geedi warfaa     '''Basheekho'''   1. Cali Ismaaciil   2. Guleed ismaaciil   3. Maax Ismaaciil   4. Samatar ismaaciil '''Samater ismaaciil'''     1. Xirsi Samatar ( reer caruur)     2. Caafi samater (ree warfaa caafi) 2.Warfaa Caafi ( reer Warfaa Caafi) 26pgx0w7leaoq44tolv9d6lih1xso96 828 36561 303111 293519 2026-07-21T15:32:00Z Isma4l 41797 303111 Scribunto text/plain --[[ ---------------------------------- Lua module implementing the {{webarchive}} template. A merger of the functionality of three templates: {{wayback}}, {{webcite}} and {{cite archives}} ]] --[[--------------------------< D E P E N D E N C I E S >------------------------------------------------------ ]] require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- ]] local categories = {}; -- category names local config = {}; -- global configuration settings local digits = {}; -- for i18n; table that translates local-wiki digits to western digits local err_warn_msgs = {}; -- error and warning messages local excepted_pages = {}; local month_num = {}; -- for i18n; table that translates local-wiki month names to western digits local prefixes = {}; -- service provider tail string prefixes local services = {}; -- archive service provider data from local s_text = {}; -- table of static text strings used to build final rendering local uncategorized_namespaces = {}; -- list of namespaces that we should not categorize local uncategorized_subpages = {}; -- list of subpages that should not be categorized --[[--------------------------< P A G E S C O P E I D E N T I F I E R S >---------------------------------- ]] local non_western_digits; -- boolean flag set true when data.digits.enable is true local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local track = {}; -- Associative array to hold tracking categories local ulx = {}; -- Associative array to hold template data --[[--------------------------< S U B S T I T U T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Populates numbered arguments in a message string using an argument table. ]] local function substitute (msg, args) return args and mw.message.newRawMessage (msg, args):plain() or msg; end --[[--------------------------< tableLength >----------------------- Given a 1-D table, return number of elements ]] local function tableLength(T) local count = 0 for _ in pairs(T) do count = count + 1 end return count end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only link is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are provided or link is omitted, returns an empty string. ]=] local function make_wikilink (link, display, no_link) if nil == no_link then if link and ('' ~= link) then if display and ('' ~= display) then return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'}); else return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'}); end end return display or ''; -- link not set so return the display text else -- no_link if display and ('' ~= display) then -- if there is display text return display; -- return that else return link or ''; -- return the target article name or empty string end end end --[[--------------------------< createTracking >----------------------- Return data in track[] ie. tracking categories ]] local function createTracking() if not excepted_pages[this_page.fullText] then -- namespace:title/fragment is allowed to be categorized (typically this module's / template's testcases page(s)) if uncategorized_namespaces[this_page.nsText] then return ''; -- this page not to be categorized so return empty string end for _,v in ipairs (uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern return ''; -- this subpage type not to be categorized so return empty string end end end local out = {}; if tableLength(track) > 0 then for key, _ in pairs(track) do -- loop through table table.insert (out, make_wikilink (key)); -- and convert category names to links end end return table.concat (out); -- concat into one big string; empty string if table is empty end --[[--------------------------< inlineError >----------------------- Critical error. Render output completely in red. Add to tracking category. This function called as the last thing before abandoning this module ]] local function inlineError (msg, args) track[categories.error] = 1 return table.concat ({ '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Error in ', -- open the error message span config.tname, -- insert the local language template name ' template: ', substitute (msg, args), -- insert the formatted error message '.</span>', -- close the span createTracking() -- add the category }) end --[[--------------------------< inlineRed >----------------------- Render a text fragment in red, such as a warning as part of the final output. Add tracking category. ]] local function inlineRed(msg, trackmsg) if trackmsg == "warning" then track[categories.warning] = 1; elseif trackmsg == "error" then track[categories.error] = 1; end return '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">' .. msg .. '</span>' end --[[--------------------------< base62 >----------------------- Convert base-62 to base-10 Credit: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul:Expr ]] local function base62( value ) local r = 1 -- default return value is input value is malformed if value:match ('%W') then -- value must only be in the set [0-9a-zA-Z] return; -- nil return when value contains extraneous characters end local n = #value -- number of characters in value local k = 1 local c r = 0 for i = n, 1, -1 do -- loop through all characters in value from ls digit to ms digit c = value:byte( i, i ) if c >= 48 and c <= 57 then -- character is digit 0-9 c = c - 48 elseif c >= 65 and c <= 90 then -- character is ascii a-z c = c - 55 else -- must be ascii A-Z c = c - 61 end r = r + c * k -- accumulate this base62 character's value k = k * 62 -- bump for next end -- for i return r end --[[--------------------------< D E C O D E _ D A T E >-------------------------------------------------------- Given a date string, return it in iso format along with an indicator of the date's format. Except that month names must be recognizable as legitimate month names with proper capitalization, and that the date string must match one of the recognized date formats, no error checking is done here; return nil else ]] local function decode_date (date_str) local patterns = { ['dmy'] = {'^(%d%d?) +([^%s%d]+) +(%d%d%d%d)$', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- %a does not recognize unicode combining characters used by some languages ['mdy'] = {'^([^%s%d]+) (%d%d?), +(%d%d%d%d)$', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, ['ymd'] = {'^(%d%d%d%d) +([^%s%d]+) (%d%d?)$', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- not mos compliant at en.wiki but may be acceptible at other wikis }; local t = {}; if non_western_digits then -- this wiki uses non-western digits? date_str = mw.ustring.gsub (date_str, '%d', digits); -- convert this wiki's non-western digits to western digits end if date_str:match ('^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$') then -- already an iso format date, return western digits form return date_str, 'iso'; end for k, v in pairs (patterns) do local c1, c2, c3 = mw.ustring.match (date_str, patterns[k][1]); -- c1 .. c3 are captured but we don't know what they hold if c1 then -- set on match t = { -- translate unspecified captures to y, m, and d [patterns[k][2]] = c1, -- fill the table of captures with the captures [patterns[k][3]] = c2, -- take index names from src_pattern table and assign sequential captures [patterns[k][4]] = c3, }; if month_num[t.m] then -- when month not already a number t.m = month_num[t.m]; -- replace valid month name with a number else return nil, 'iso'; -- not a valid date form because month not valid end return mw.ustring.format ('%.4d-%.2d-%.2d', t.y, t.m, t.d), k; -- return date in iso format end end return nil, 'iso'; -- date could not be decoded; return nil and default iso date end --[[--------------------------< makeDate >----------------------- Given year, month, day numbers, (zero-padded or not) return a full date in df format where df may be one of: mdy, dmy, iso, ymd on entry, year, month, day are presumed to be correct for the date that they represent; all are required in this module, makeDate() is sometimes given an iso-format date in year: makeDate (2018-09-20, nil, nil, df) this works because table.concat() sees only one table member ]] local function makeDate (year, month, day, df) local format = { ['dmy'] = 'j F Y', ['mdy'] = 'F j, Y', ['ymd'] = 'Y F j', ['iso'] = 'Y-m-d', }; local date = table.concat ({year, month, day}, '-'); -- assemble year-initial numeric-format date (zero padding not required here) if non_western_digits then -- this wiki uses non-western digits? date = mw.ustring.gsub (date, '%d', digits); -- convert this wiki's non-western digits to western digits end return mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate (format[df], date); end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ D A T E >---------------------------------------------------- Returns true if date is after 31 December 1899 (why is 1900 the min year? shouldn't the internet's date-of-birth be min year?), not after today's date, and represents a valid date (29 February 2017 is not a valid date). Applies Gregorian leapyear rules. all arguments are required ]] local function is_valid_date (year, month, day) local days_in_month = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; local month_length; local y, m, d; if not year or '' == year or not month or '' == month or not day or '' == day then return false; -- something missing end y = tonumber (year); m = tonumber (month); d = tonumber (day); -- year and month are within bounds TODO: 1900? if y < 1900 or m < 1 or m > 12 then return false; end if (m==2) then -- if February month_length = 28; -- then 28 days unless if (0==(y%4) and (0~=(y%100) or 0==(y%400))) then -- is a leap year? month_length = 29; -- if leap year then 29 days in February end else month_length=days_in_month[m]; end if 1 > d or month_length < d then -- day is within bounds return false; end -- date parts represent a valid date -- confirm that it is less than or equal to today -- -- Optimization: Avoid using os.time(), which changes every second. -- Optimization: Avoid checking today.day, which changes every day, unless needed (same year/month). -- https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416616 local today = os.date ('*t'); if ((y > today.year) or (y == today.year and m > today.month) or (y == today.year and m == today.month and d > today.day)) then return false; end return true; end --[[--------------------------< decodeWebciteDate >----------------------- Given a URI-path to Webcite (eg. /67xHmVFWP) return the encoded date in df format returns date string in df format - webcite date is a unix timestamp encoded as bae62 or the string 'query' ]] local function decodeWebciteDate(path, df) local dt = {}; local decode; dt = mw.text.split(path, "/") -- valid URL formats that are not base62 -- http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1138911916587475 -- http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http..&date=2012-06-01+21:40:03 -- http://www.webcitation.org/1138911916587475 -- http://www.webcitation.org/cache/73e53dd1f16cf8c5da298418d2a6e452870cf50e -- http://www.webcitation.org/getfile.php?fileid=1c46e791d68e89e12d0c2532cc3cf629b8bc8c8e if dt[2]:find ('query', 1, true) or dt[2]:find ('cache', 1, true) or dt[2]:find ('getfile', 1, true) or tonumber(dt[2]) then return 'query'; end decode = base62(dt[2]); -- base62 string -> exponential number if not decode then return nil; -- nil return when dt[2] contains characters not in %w end dt = os.date('*t', string.format("%d", decode):sub(1,10)) -- exponential number -> text -> first 10 characters (a unix timestamp) -> a table of date parts decode = makeDate (dt.year, dt.month, dt.day, 'iso'); -- date comparisons are all done in iso format with western digits if non_western_digits then -- this wiki uses non-western digits? decode = mw.ustring.gsub (decode, '%d', digits); -- convert this wiki's non-western digits to western digits end return decode; end --[[--------------------------< decodeWaybackDate >----------------------- Given a URI-path to Wayback (eg. /web/20160901010101/http://example.com ) or Library of Congress Web Archives (eg. /all/20160901010101/http://example.com) or UK Government Web Archive (eg. /ukgwa/20160901010101/http://example.com or /tna/20160901010101/http://example.com) return the formatted date eg. "September 1, 2016" in df format Handle non-digits in snapshot ID such as "re_" and "-" and "*" returns two values: first value is one of these: valid date string in df format - wayback date is valid (including the text string 'index' when date is '/*/') empty string - wayback date is malformed (less than 8 digits, not a valid date) nil - wayback date is '/save/' or otherwise not a number second return value is an appropriate 'message' may or may not be formatted ]] local function decodeWaybackDate(path, df) local msg, snapdate; snapdate = path:gsub ('^/web/', ''):gsub ('^/all/', ''):gsub ('^/ukgwa/', ''):gsub ('^/tna/', ''):gsub ('^/', ''); -- remove leading /web/, /all/, /ukgwa/, /tna/, or / snapdate = snapdate:match ('^[^/]+'); -- get timestamp if snapdate == "*" then -- eg. /web/*/http.., etc. return 'index'; -- return indicator that this url has an index date end snapdate = snapdate:gsub ('%a%a_%d?$', ''):gsub ('%-', ''); -- from date, remove any trailing "re_", dashes msg = ''; if snapdate:match ('%*$') then -- a trailing '*' causes calendar display at archive .org snapdate = snapdate:gsub ('%*$', ''); -- remove so not part of length calc later msg = inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_cal, 'warning'); -- make a message end if not tonumber(snapdate) then return nil, 'ts_nan'; -- return nil (fatal error flag) and message selector end local dlen = snapdate:len(); if dlen < 8 then -- we need 8 digits TODO: but shouldn't this be testing for 14 digits? return '', inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_short, 'error'); -- return empty string and error message end local year, month, day = snapdate:match ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)'); -- no need for snapdatelong here if not is_valid_date (year, month, day) then return '', inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_date, 'error'); -- return empty string and error message end snapdate = table.concat ({year, month, day}, '-'); -- date comparisons are all done in iso format if 14 == dlen then return snapdate, msg; -- return date with message if any else return snapdate, msg .. inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_len, 'warning'); -- return date with warning message(s) end end --[[--------------------------< decodeArchiveisDate >----------------------- Given an Archive.is "long link" URI-path (e.g. /2016.08.28-144552/http://example.com) return the date in df format (e.g. if df = dmy, return 28 August 2016) Handles "." and "-" in snapshot date, so 2016.08.28-144552 is same as 20160828144552 returns two values: first value is one of these: valid date string in df format - archive.is date is valid (including the text string 'short link' when url is the short form) empty string - wayback date is malformed (not a number, less than 8 digits, not a valid date) nil - wayback date is '/save/' second return value is an appropriate 'message' may or may not be formatted ]] local function decodeArchiveisDate(path, df) local snapdate if path:match ('^/%w+$') then -- short form url path is '/' followed by some number of base 62 digits and nothing else return "short link" -- e.g. http://archive.is/hD1qz end snapdate = mw.text.split (path, '/')[2]:gsub('[%.%-]', ''); -- get snapshot date, e.g. 2016.08.28-144552; remove periods and hyphens local dlen = string.len(snapdate) if dlen < 8 then -- we need 8 digits TODO: but shouldn't this be testing for 14 digits? return '', inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_short, 'error'); -- return empty string and error message end local year, month, day = snapdate:match ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)'); -- no need for snapdatelong here if not is_valid_date (year, month, day) then return '', inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_date, 'error'); -- return empty string and error message end snapdate = table.concat ({year, month, day}, '-'); -- date comparisons are all done in iso format if 14 == dlen then return snapdate; -- return date else return snapdate, inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_len, 'warning'); -- return date with warning message end end --[[--------------------------< decodeMegalodonDate >----------------------- Given a Megalodon.jp URI-path (e.g. /2016-0828-1445-52/http://example.com) return the date in df format (e.g. if df = dmy, return 28 August 2016) Handles "-" in snapshot date, so 2016-0828-1445-52 is same as 20160828144552 returns two values: first value is one of these: valid date string in df format - megalodon.jp date is valid (including the text string 'index' when the url path is /?url=) empty string - megalodon.jp date is malformed (not a number, less than 8 digits, not a valid date) second return value is an appropriate 'message' may or may not be formatted ]] local function decodeMegalodonDate(path, df) local snapdate if path:match ('^/%?url=') then -- short form url path is '/' followed by some number of base 62 digits and nothing else return 'index' -- e.g. http://archive.is/hD1qz end snapdate = mw.text.split (path, '/')[2]:gsub('[%-]', ''); -- get snapshot date, e.g. 2016-0828-1445-52; remove hyphens local dlen = string.len(snapdate) if dlen < 8 then -- we need 8 digits TODO: but shouldn't this be testing for 14 digits? return '', inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_short, 'error'); -- return empty string and error message end local year, month, day = snapdate:match ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)'); -- no need for snapdatelong here if not is_valid_date (year, month, day) then return '', inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_date, 'error'); -- return empty string and error message end snapdate = table.concat ({year, month, day}, '-'); -- date comparisons are all done in iso format if 14 == dlen then return snapdate; -- return date else return snapdate, inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.ts_len, 'warning'); -- return date with warning message end end --[[--------------------------< serviceName >----------------------- Given a domain extracted by mw.uri.new() (eg. web.archive.org) set tail string and service ID ]] local function serviceName(host, no_link) local tracking; local index; host = host:lower():gsub ('^web%.(.+)', '%1'):gsub ('^www%.(.+)', '%1'); -- lowercase, remove web. and www. subdomains if services[host] then index = host; else for k, _ in pairs (services) do if host:find ('%f[%a]'..k:gsub ('([%.%-])', '%%%1')) then index = k; break; end end end if index then local out = {''}; -- empty string in [1] so that concatenated result has leading single space ulx.url1.service = services[index][4] or 'other'; tracking = services[index][5] or categories.other; -- build tail string if false == services[index][1] then -- select prefix table.insert (out, prefixes.at); elseif true == services[index][1] then table.insert (out, prefixes.atthe); else table.insert (out, services[index][1]); end table.insert (out, make_wikilink (services[index][2], services[index][3], no_link)); -- add article wikilink if services[index][6] then -- add tail postfix if it exists table.insert (out, services[index][6]); end ulx.url1.tail = table.concat (out, ' '); -- put it all together; result has leading space character else -- here when unknown archive ulx.url1.service = 'other'; tracking = categories.unknown; ulx.url1.tail = table.concat ({'', prefixes.at, host, inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.unknown_url, error)}, ' '); end track[tracking] = 1 end --[[--------------------------< parseExtraArgs >----------------------- Parse numbered arguments starting at 2, such as url2..url10, date2..date10, title2..title10 For example: {{webarchive |url=.. |url4=.. |url7=..}} Three url arguments not in numeric sequence (1..4..7). Function only processes arguments numbered 2 or greater (in this case 4 and 7) It creates numeric sequenced table entries like: urlx.url2.url = <argument value for url4> urlx.url3.url = <argument value for url7> Returns the number of URL arguments found numbered 2 or greater (in this case returns "2") ]] local function parseExtraArgs(args) local i, j, argurl, argurl2, argdate, argtitle j = 2 for i = 2, config.maxurls do argurl = "url" .. i if args[argurl] then argurl2 = "url" .. j ulx[argurl2] = {} ulx[argurl2]["url"] = args[argurl] argdate = "date" .. i if args[argdate] then ulx[argurl2]["date"] = args[argdate] else ulx[argurl2]["date"] = inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.date_miss, 'warning'); end argtitle = "title" .. i if args[argtitle] then ulx[argurl2]["title"] = args[argtitle] else ulx[argurl2]["title"] = nil end j = j + 1 end end if j == 2 then return 0 else return j - 2 end end --[[--------------------------< comma >----------------------- Given a date string, return "," if it's MDY ]] local function comma(date) return (date and date:match ('%a+ +%d%d?(,) +%d%d%d%d')) or ''; end --[[--------------------------< createRendering >----------------------- Return a rendering of the data in ulx[][] ]] local function createRendering() local displayfield local out = {}; local index_date, msg = ulx.url1.date:match ('(index)(.*)'); -- when ulx.url1.date extract 'index' text and message text (if there is a message) ulx.url1.date = ulx.url1.date:gsub ('index.*', 'index'); -- remove message if 'none' == ulx.url1.format then -- For {{wayback}}, {{webcite}} if 'archiveis' == ulx.url1.service then -- block archive.is links table.insert (out, s_text.deprecated); -- no url for you else table.insert (out, '['); -- open extlink markup table.insert (out, ulx.url1.url); -- add url end if ulx.url1.title then if not ('archiveis' == ulx.url1.service) then -- no need for anything more if we're dealing with archive.is table.insert (out, ' ') -- the required space table.insert (out, ulx.url1.title) -- the title table.insert (out, ']'); -- close extlink markup end table.insert (out, ulx.url1.tail); -- tail text if ulx.url1.date then table.insert (out, '&#32;('); -- open date text; TODO: why the html entity? replace with regular space? table.insert (out, 'index' == ulx.url1.date and s_text.archive or s_text.archived); -- add text table.insert (out, ' '); -- insert a space table.insert (out, ulx.url1.date); -- add date table.insert (out, ')'); -- close date text end else -- no title if 'archiveis' == ulx.url1.service then -- archive.is index pages already aren't parsed table.insert (out, table.concat ({' ', s_text.archived, ' '})); -- add timestamp date (will include mismatch message if there is one) else if index_date then -- when url date is 'index' table.insert (out, table.concat ({' ', s_text.Archive_index, ']'})); -- add the index link label table.insert (out, msg or ''); -- add date mismatch message when url date is /*/ and |date= has valid date else table.insert (out, table.concat ({' ', s_text.Archived, '] '})); -- add link label for url has timestamp date (will include mismatch message if there is one) end end if ulx.url1.date then if 'index' ~= ulx.url1.date then table.insert (out, ulx.url1.date); -- add date when data is not 'index' end table.insert (out, comma(ulx.url1.date)); -- add ',' if date format is mdy table.insert (out, ulx.url1.tail); -- add tail text else -- no date table.insert (out, ulx.url1.tail); -- add tail text end end if 0 < ulx.url1.extraurls then -- For multiple archive URLs local tot = ulx.url1.extraurls + 1 table.insert (out, '.') -- terminate first url table.insert (out, table.concat ({' ', s_text.addlarchives, ': '})); -- add header text for i=2, tot do -- loop through the additionals local index = table.concat ({'url', i}); -- make an index displayfield = ulx[index]['title'] and 'title' or 'date'; -- choose display text serviceName(ulx[index]['url']); if 'archiveis' == ulx.url1.service then table.insert (out, s_text.deprecated); else table.insert (out, '['); -- open extlink markup table.insert (out, ulx[index]['url']); -- add the url table.insert (out, ' '); -- the required space table.insert (out, ulx[index][displayfield]); -- add the label table.insert (out, ']'); -- close extlink markup end table.insert (out, i==tot and '.' or ', '); -- add terminator end end return table.concat (out); -- make a big string and done else -- For {{cite archives}} if 'addlarchives' == ulx.url1.format then -- Multiple archive services table.insert (out, table.concat ({s_text.addlarchives, ': '})); -- add header text else -- Multiple pages from the same archive table.insert (out, table.concat ({s_text.addlpages, ' '})); -- add header text table.insert (out, ulx.url1.date); -- add date to header text table.insert (out, ': '); -- close header text end local tot = ulx.url1.extraurls + 1; for i=1, tot do -- loop through the additionals local index = table.concat ({'url', i}); -- make an index serviceName(ulx[index]['url']); -- compute the service name in a very scuffed way if 'archiveis' == ulx.url1.service then table.insert (out, s_text.deprecated); else table.insert (out, '['); -- open extlink markup table.insert (out, ulx[index]['url']); -- add url table.insert (out, ' '); -- add required space displayfield = ulx[index]['title']; if 'addlarchives' == ulx.url1.format then if not displayfield then displayfield = ulx[index]['date'] end else -- must be addlpages if not displayfield then displayfield = table.concat ({s_text.Page, ' ', i}); end end table.insert (out, displayfield); -- add title, date, page label text table.insert (out, ']'); -- close extlink markup end table.insert (out, (i==tot and '.' or ', ')); -- add terminator end return table.concat (out); -- make a big string and done end end --[[--------------------------< P A R A M E T E R _ N A M E _ X L A T E >-------------------------------------- for internaltionalization, translate local-language parameter names to their English equivalents TODO: return error message if multiple aliases of the same canonical parameter name are found? returns two tables: new_args - holds canonical form parameters and their values either from translation or because the parameter was already in canonical form origin - maps canonical-form parameter names to their untranslated (local language) form for error messaging in the local language unrecognized parameters are ignored ]] local function parameter_name_xlate (args, params, enum_params) local name; -- holds modifiable name of the parameter name during evaluation local enum; -- for enumerated parameters, holds the enumerator during evaluation local found = false; -- flag used to break out of nested for loops local new_args = {}; -- a table that holds canonical and translated parameter k/v pairs local origin = {}; -- a table that maps original (local language) parameter names to their canonical name for local language error messaging local unnamed_params; -- set true when unsupported positional parameters are detected for k, v in pairs (args) do -- loop through all of the arguments in the args table name = k; -- copy of original parameter name if 'string' == type (k) then if non_western_digits then -- true when non-western digits supported at this wiki name = mw.ustring.gsub (name, '%d', digits); -- convert this wiki's non-western digits to western digits end enum = name:match ('%d+$'); -- get parameter enumerator if it exists; nil else if not enum then -- no enumerator so looking for non-enumnerated parameters -- TODO: insert shortcut here? if params[name] then name holds the canonical parameter name; no need to search further for pname, aliases in pairs (params) do -- loop through each parameter the params table for _, alias in ipairs (aliases) do -- loop through each alias in the parameter's aliases table if name == alias then new_args[pname] = v; -- create a new entry in the new_args table origin [pname] = k; -- create an entry to make canonical parameter name to original local language parameter name found = true; -- flag so that we can break out of these nested for loops break; -- no need to search the rest of the aliases table for name so go on to the next k, v pair end end if found then -- true when we found an alias that matched name found = false; -- reset the flag break; -- go do next args k/v pair end end else -- enumerated parameters name = name:gsub ('%d$', '#'); -- replace enumeration digits with place holder for table search -- TODO: insert shortcut here? if num_params[name] then name holds the canonical parameter name; no need to search further for pname, aliases in pairs (enum_params) do -- loop through each parameter the num_params table for _, alias in ipairs (aliases) do -- loop through each alias in the parameter's aliases table if name == alias then pname = pname:gsub ('#$', enum); -- replace the '#' place holder with the actual enumerator new_args[pname] = v; -- create a new entry in the new_args table origin [pname] = k; -- create an entry to make canonical parameter name to original local language parameter name found = true; -- flag so that we can break out of these nested for loops break; -- no need to search the rest of the aliases table for name so go on to the next k, v pair end end if found then -- true when we found an alias that matched name found = false; -- reset the flag break; -- go do next args k/v pair end end end else unnamed_params = true; -- flag for unsupported positional parameters end end -- for k, v return new_args, origin, unnamed_params; end --[[--------------------------< W E B A R C H I V E >---------------------------------------------------------- template entry point ]] local function webarchive(frame) local args = getArgs (frame); local data = mw.loadData (table.concat ({ -- make a data module name; sandbox or live 'Module:Webarchive/data', frame:getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true) and '/sandbox' or '' -- this instance is ./sandbox then append /sandbox })); categories = data.categories; -- fill in the forward declarations config = data.config; if data.digits.enable then digits = data.digits; -- for i18n; table of digits in the local wiki's language non_western_digits = true; -- use_non_western_digits end err_warn_msgs = data.err_warn_msgs; excepted_pages = data.excepted_pages; month_num = data.month_num; -- for i18n; table of month names in the local wiki's language prefixes = data.prefixes; services = data.services; s_text = data.s_text; uncategorized_namespaces = data.uncategorized_namespaces; uncategorized_subpages = data.uncategorized_subpages; local origin = {}; -- holds a map of English to local language parameter names used in the current template; not currently used local unnamed_params; -- boolean set to true when template call has unnamed parameters args, origin, unnamed_params = parameter_name_xlate (args, data.params, data.enum_params); -- translate parameter names in args to English local date, format, msg, udate, uri, url; local ldf = 'iso'; -- when there is no |date= parameter, render url dates in iso format if args.url and args.url1 then -- URL argument (first) return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.conflicting, {origin.url, origin.url1}); end url = args.url or args.url1; if not url then return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.empty); end -- these iabot bugs perportedly fixed; removing these causes lua script error --[[ -- at Template:Webarchive/testcases/Production; resolve that before deleting these tests if mw.ustring.find( url, "https://web.http", 1, true ) then -- track bug - TODO: IAbot bug; not known if the bug has been fixed; deferred track[categories.error] = 1; return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.iabot1); end if url == "https://web.archive.org/http:/" then -- track bug - TODO: IAbot bug; not known if the bug has been fixed; deferred track[categories.error] = 1; return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.iabot2); end ]] if not (url:lower():find ('^http') or url:find ('^//')) then return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.invalid_url ); end ulx.url1 = {} ulx.url1.url = url ulx.url1.extraurls = parseExtraArgs(args) local good = false; good, uri = pcall (mw.uri.new, ulx.url1.url); -- get a table of uri parts from this url; protected mode to prevent lua error when ulx.url1.url is malformed if not good or nil == uri.host then -- abandon when ulx.url1.url is malformed return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.invalid_url); end serviceName(uri.host, args.nolink) if args.date and args.date1 then -- Date argument return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.conflicting, {origin.date, origin.date1}); end date = args.date or args.date1; date = date and date:gsub (' +', ' '); -- replace multiple spaces with a single space if date and config.verifydates then if '*' == date then date = 'index'; ldf = 'iso'; -- set to default format elseif 'mdy' == date then date = nil; -- if date extracted from URL, ldf = 'mdy'; -- then |date=mdy overrides iso elseif 'dmy' == date then date = nil; -- if date extracted from URL, ldf = 'dmy'; -- then |date=dmy overrides iso elseif 'ymd' == date then date = nil; -- if date extracted from URL, ldf = 'ymd'; -- then |date=ymd overrides iso else date, ldf = decode_date (date); -- get an iso format date from date and get date's original format end end if 'wayback' == ulx.url1.service or 'locwebarchives' == ulx.url1.service or 'ukgwa' == ulx.url1.service then if date then if config.verifydates then if ldf then udate, msg = decodeWaybackDate (uri.path); -- get the url date in iso format and format of date in |date=; 'index' when wayback url date is * if not udate then -- this is the only 'fatal' error return return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs[msg]); end if udate ~= date then -- date comparison using iso format dates date = udate; msg = table.concat ({ inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.mismatch, 'warning'), -- add warning message msg, -- add message if there is one }); end end end else -- no |date= udate, msg = decodeWaybackDate (uri.path); if not udate then -- this is the only 'fatal' error return return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs[msg]); end if '' == udate then date = nil; -- unset else date = udate; end end elseif 'webcite' == ulx.url1.service then if date then if config.verifydates then if ldf then udate = decodeWebciteDate (uri.path); -- get the url date in iso format if 'query' ~= udate then -- skip if query if udate ~= date then -- date comparison using iso format dates date = udate; msg = table.concat ({ inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.mismatch, 'warning'), }); end end end end else date = decodeWebciteDate( uri.path, "iso" ) if date == "query" then date = nil; -- unset msg = inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.date_miss, 'warning'); elseif not date then -- invalid base62 string date = inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.date1, 'error'); end end elseif 'archiveis' == ulx.url1.service then if date then if config.verifydates then if ldf then udate, msg = decodeArchiveisDate (uri.path) -- get the url date in iso format if 'short link' ~= udate then -- skip if short link if udate ~= date then -- date comparison using iso format dates date = udate; msg = table.concat ({ inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.mismatch, 'warning'), -- add warning message msg, -- add message if there is one }); end end end end else -- no |date= udate, msg = decodeArchiveisDate( uri.path, "iso" ) if udate == "short link" then date = nil; -- unset msg = inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.date_miss, 'warning'); elseif '' == udate then date = nil; -- unset else date = udate; end end elseif 'megalodon' == ulx.url1.service then if date then if config.verifydates then if ldf then udate, msg = decodeMegalodonDate (uri.path) -- get the url date in iso format if not udate then -- this is the only 'fatal' error return return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs[msg]); end if udate ~= date then -- date comparison using iso format dates date = udate; msg = table.concat ({ inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.mismatch, 'warning'), -- add warning message msg, -- add message if there is one }); end end end else -- no |date= udate, msg = decodeArchiveisDate( uri.path, "iso" ) if not udate then -- this is the only 'fatal' error return return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs[msg]); end if '' == udate then date = nil; -- unset else date = udate; end end else -- some other service if not date then msg = inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.date_miss, 'warning'); end end if 'index' == date then ulx.url1.date = date .. (msg or ''); -- create index + message (if there is one) elseif date then ulx.url1.date = makeDate (date, nil, nil, ldf) .. (msg or ''); -- create a date in the wiki's local language + message (if there is one) else ulx.url1.date = msg; end format = args.format; -- Format argument if not format then format = "none" else for k, v in pairs (data.format_vals) do -- |format= accepts two specific values loop through a table of those values local found; -- declare a nil flag for _, p in ipairs (v) do -- loop through local language variants if format == p then -- when |format= value matches format = k; -- use name from table key found = true; -- declare found so that we can break out of outer for loop break; -- break out of inner for loop end end if found then break; end end if format == "addlpages" then if not ulx.url1.date then format = "none" end elseif format == "addlarchives" then format = "addlarchives" else format = "none" end end ulx.url1.format = format if args.title and args.title1 then -- Title argument return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.conflicting, {origin.title, origin.title1}); end ulx.url1.title = args.title or args.title1; local rend = createRendering() if not rend then return inlineError (data.crit_err_msgs.unknown); end return rend .. ((unnamed_params and inlineRed (err_warn_msgs.unnamed_params, 'warning')) or '') .. createTracking(); end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return {webarchive = webarchive}; 65n1m5hr2hdspk5vcr6ped9grfdod4g 828 36562 303112 237773 2026-07-21T15:33:00Z Isma4l 41797 303112 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< C O N F I G U R A T I O N >---------------------------------------------------- global configuration settings ]] local config = { maxurls = 10, -- Max number of URLs allowed. tname = 'Webarchive', -- name of calling template. Change if template rename. verifydates = true, -- See documentation. Set false to disable. } --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces that should not be included in citation error categories. Note: Namespace names should use underscores instead of spaces. ]] local uncategorized_namespaces = { -- same list as specified at [[Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration]] ['User']=true, ['Talk']=true, ['User_talk']=true, ['Wikipedia_talk']=true, ['File_talk']=true, ['Template_talk']=true, ['Help_talk']=true, ['Category_talk']=true, ['Portal_talk']=true, ['Book_talk']=true, ['Draft_talk']=true, ['Module_talk']=true, ['MediaWiki_talk']=true, } local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Ss]andbox', '/[Tt]estcases'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize local excepted_pages = { -- these pages will be categorized if set true; set to nil to disable ['Module talk:Webarchive/testcases'] = true, -- test cases pages used during development ['Template:Webarchive/testcases/Production'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< C A T E G O R I E S >---------------------------------------------------------- this is a table of all categories supported by Module:Webarchive ]] local categories = { archiveis = 'Category:Webarchive template archiveis links', error = 'Category:Webarchive template errors', other = 'Category:Webarchive template other archives', unknown = 'Category:Webarchive template unknown archives', warning = 'Category:Webarchive template warnings', wayback = 'Category:Webarchive template wayback links', webcite = 'Category:Webarchive template webcite links', } --[[--------------------------< P R E F I X E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- used only with serviceName(), this table holds the two generic tail-text prefixes specified by services['<service name>'][1] ]] local prefixes = { at = 'at', atthe = 'at the', } --[=[-------------------------< S E R V I C E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- this is a table of tables for archive services. Each service table has: [1]=prefix; may be boolean true or false, or text string where: true indicates that the prefix is taken from prefixes.atthe false indicates that the prefix is taken from prefixes.at 'text string' is used in lieu of the typical 'at' or 'at the' prefix [2]=wikilink target article that describes the service; set to nil if not used [3]=wikilink label; the label in [[target|label]]; set to nil if not used; when there is not article ([2] is nil) use this to name the service; see wikiwix in the table [4]=service ID; set to nil if not used [5]=tracking category key from the categories table; set to nil if not used [6]=postfix; text string to be appended at the end of the tail string - see webarchive.loc.gov in the table ]=] local services = { ['archive.ec'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive.fo'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive.is'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive.li'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive.md'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive.org'] = {true, 'Wayback Machine', nil, 'wayback', categories.wayback}, ['archive.ph'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive.today'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive.vn'] = {false, 'archive.today', nil, 'archiveis', categories.archiveis}, ['archive-it.org'] = {false, 'Archive-It', nil, 'archiveit'}, ['arquivo.pt'] = {true, nil, 'Portuguese Web Archive'}, ['bibalex.org'] = {false, 'Bibliotheca Alexandrina#Internet Archive partnership', 'Bibliotheca Alexandrina'}, ['collectionscanada'] = {true, 'Canadian Government Web Archive'}, ['conifer.rhizome.org'] = {false, 'Rhizome_(organization)#Digital_Preservation_Program', 'Conifer Rhizome'}, ['europarchive.org'] = {true, 'National Library of Ireland'}, ['freezepage.com'] = {false, nil, 'Freezepage'}, ['ghostarchive.org'] = {false, nil, 'Ghost Archive'}, ['haw.nsk'] = {true, 'Croatian Web Archive (HAW)'}, ['langzeitarchivierung.bib-bvb.de'] = {false, 'Bavarian State Library'}, ['loc.gov'] = {true, 'Library of Congress'}, ['megalodon.jp'] = {false, 'Megalodon (website)', 'megalodon.jp', 'megalodon'}, ['nationalarchives.gov.uk'] = {true, 'UK Government Web Archive', nil, 'ukgwa'}, ['nlb.gov.sg'] = {false, 'Web Archive Singapore'}, ['parliament.uk'] = {true, 'UK Parliament\'s Web Archive'}, ['perma.cc'] = {false, 'Perma.cc'}, ['perma-archives.cc'] = {false, 'Perma.cc'}, ['proni.gov'] = {true, 'Public Record Office of Northern Ireland'}, ['screenshots.com'] = {false, nil, 'Screenshots'}, ['stanford.edu'] = {true, 'Stanford University Libraries', 'Stanford Web Archive'}, ['timetravel.mementoweb.org'] = {false, 'Memento Project'}, ['uni-lj.si'] = {true, nil, 'Slovenian Web Archive'}, ['veebiarhiiv.digar.ee'] = {true, nil, 'Estonian Web Archive'}, ['vefsafn.is'] = {true, 'National and University Library of Iceland'}, ['webarchive.bac-lac.gc.ca'] = {false, 'Library and Archives Canada'}, ['webarchive.loc.gov'] = {true, 'Library of Congress', nil, 'locwebarchives', nil, 'Web Archives'}, ['webarchive.nla.gov.au'] = {true, 'Australian Web Archive'}, ['webarchive.org.uk'] = {true, 'UK Web Archive'}, ['webcache.googleusercontent.com'] = {false, nil, 'Google Cache'}, ['webcitation.org'] = {false, 'WebCite', nil, 'webcite', categories.webcite}, ['webharvest.gov'] = {true, 'National Archives and Records Administration'}, ['webrecorder.io'] = {false, 'webrecorder.io'}, ['wikiwix.com'] = {false, nil, 'Wikiwix'}, ['yorku.ca'] = {false, 'York University Libraries', 'York University Digital Library'}, } --[[--------------------------< S T A T I C T E X T >-------------------------------------------------------- for internationalzation ]] local s_text = { addlarchives = 'Additional archives', addlpages = 'Additional pages archived&nbsp;on', -- TODO why the &nbsp; there? replace with regular space? Archive_index = 'Archive index', Archived = 'Archived', archived = 'archived', archive = 'archive', Page = 'Page', deprecated = '[[Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance|Deprecated link]]' } --[[--------------------------< E R R _ W A R N _ M S G S >---------------------------------------------------- these tables hold error and warning message text ]] local err_warn_msgs = { date_err = '(Date error)', -- decodeWebciteDate, decodeWaybackDate, decodeArchiveisDate date_miss = '(Date missing)', -- parseExtraArgs deprecated = '(Error: Deprecated archiving service)', -- See [[Wikipedia:Archive.today guidance]] ts_short = '(Timestamp date length)', -- decodeWaybackDate timestamp less than 8 digits ts_date = '(Timestamp date invalid)', -- decodeWaybackDate timestamp not a valid date unknown_url = '(Error: unknown archive URL)', -- serviceName unnamed_params = '(Positional parameters ignored)', --warnings mismatch = '^{(Date mismatch)}', -- webarchive ts_len = '^{(Timestamp length)}', -- decodeWaybackDate, decodeArchiveisDate timestamp not 14 digits ts_cal = '^(Calendar)', -- decodeWaybackDate timestamp has trailing splat } local crit_err_msgs = { -- critical error messages conflicting = 'Conflicting |$1= and |$2=', empty = 'Empty url', -- iabot1 = 'https://web.http', -- TODO: these iabot bugs perportedly fixed; removing these causes lua script error -- iabot2 = 'Invalid URL', -- at Template:Webarchive/testcases/Production; resolve that before deleting these messages invalid_url = 'Invalid URL', ts_nan = 'Timestamp not a number', unknown = 'Unknown problem. Please report on template talk page', } --[[--------------------------< D A T E I N T E R N A T I O N A L I Z A T I O N >---------------------------- these tables hold data that is used when converting date formats from non-English languages (because mw.language.getContentLanguage:formatDate() doesn't understand non-English month names) ]] local month_num = { -- retain English language names even though they may not be strictly required on the local wiki ['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12, ['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12, -- add local wiki month-names to number translation here -- [''] = 1, [''] = 2, [''] = 3, [''] = 4, [''] = 5, [''] = 6, [''] = 7, [''] = 8, [''] = 9, [''] = 10, [''] = 11, [''] = 12, }; -- when the local wiki uses non-western digits in dates, local wiki digits must be -- translated to western digits; lua only understands western digits local digits = { -- use this table to aid translation -- [''] = 0, [''] = 1, [''] = 2, [''] = 3, [''] = 4, [''] = 5, [''] = 6, [''] = 7, [''] = 8, [''] = 9, -- fill these table indexes with local digits enable = false -- set to true to enable local-digit to western-digit translation }; --[[--------------------------< P A R A M E T E R I N T E R N A T I O N A L I Z A T I O N >------------------ this table holds tables of parameter names and their non-English aliases. In the enum_params table '#' is a single character placeholder for 1 or more digit characters parameter names in this table shall be lowercase ]] local params = { ['url'] = {'url'}, ['date'] = {'date', 'datum'}, ['title'] = {'title', 'titel'}, ['nolink'] = {'nolink'}, ['format'] = {'format'} } local enum_params = { ['url#'] = {'url#'}, ['date#'] = {'date#', 'datum#'}, ['title#'] = {'title#', 'titel#'}, } local format_vals = { -- |format= accepts two values; add local language variants here ['addlpages'] = {'addlpages'}, ['addlarchives'] = {'addlarchives'}, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D T A B L E S >------------------------------------------------ ]] return { categories = categories, config = config, crit_err_msgs = crit_err_msgs, digits = digits, enum_params = enum_params, err_warn_msgs = err_warn_msgs, excepted_pages = excepted_pages, format_vals = format_vals, month_num = month_num, params = params, prefixes = prefixes, services = services, s_text = s_text, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, } snj0coaylefgrnbrxw6287n56cu8bh3 0 36928 303104 302373 2026-07-21T11:42:18Z ~2026-40845-67 46595 Changes are made 303104 wikitext text/x-wiki Somalia, is a Sovereign country in Africa, sida rasmiga ah Jamhuuriyadda '''Federaalka Soomaaliya''' waa dalka bari ee qaaradda Afrika . Waxay ku fidsan tahay Geeska Afrika , waxay xad la wadaagtaa [[Itoobiya]] galbeed, [[Jabuuti]] waqooyi-galbeed, [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, Gacanka Cadmeed oo waqooyi, iyo bari [[badweynta Hindiya]] . Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika. Soomaaliya waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 18.1 milyan, kuwaas oo 2.7 milyan ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee [[Muqdisho]] . Mid ka mid ah wadamada Afrika ee isku isir ahaan isku hayb ah, ku dhawaad ​​85% dadka Soomaaliya deggan waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah . Luuqadaha rasmiga ah ee dalka waa [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaali]] iyo [[carabi]] in kastoo [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaaligu]] yahay luuqadda koowaad . Soomaaliya waxay xiriir taariikhi ah iyo mid diimeed la leedahay dalalka Carabta . Dadku waa muslimiin , oo raacsan laanta sunniga . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br /> Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Somalia_svg_map.svg|frameless]]<br />{{Legend|#336830|Dhulka gacanta lagu hayo}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Somaliland|Dhul sheegta balse aan la xakameyn]]}}|Show globe|[[File:Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Somalia|default=1}} | capital = [[Muqdisho]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Muqdisho]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] <ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/the-government/|title=The Government|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Maryan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa|editor1-first=Esther Mukewa|editor1-last=Lisanza|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Muaka|chapter=Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2024|isbn=9783031573071|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24|pages=511–524}}</ref><ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | recognized_languages = [[Carabi]] | religion = [[Islaam|Sunni Islaam]] (Rasmiga ah)<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] <ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyadda baarlamaanka Federal]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]] | leader_title2 = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]] | legislature = [[Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Guurtida]] | lower_house = Golaha Shacabka | sovereignty_type =Dhisidda | established_event1 = [[Dhul Udug]] | established_date1 = 2350 BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobia]] | established_date2 = 980 BC | established_event3 = [[Barbaria (region)|Barbaria]] | established_date3 = 100 BC | established_event4 = [[Saldanadii Cadal]] | established_date4 = Qarniga 9aad <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ |title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho |date=1969 |publisher=International African Institute |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[Muqdisho|Saldanadii Muqdisho]] | established_date5 = Qarniga 10aad | established_event6 = [[Saldanadi Ifat]] | established_date6 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event7 = [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] | established_date7 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event8 = [[Hiraab|Hiraab Imamate]] | established_date8 = Qarniga 16aad | established_event9 = [[Geledi|Saldanadii Geledi]] | established_date9 = 1695–1911 | established_event10 = [[ Majeerteen |Saldanadii Majeerteen]] | established_date10 = 1648–1927 | established_event11 = [[Hobyo|Saldanadii Hobyo]] | established_date11 = 1878–1927 | established_event12 = [[Isimtooyada Isaaq|Saldanadii isaaq]] | established_date12 = 1749–1884 | established_event13 = [[British Somaliland]] | established_date13 = 1884 | established_event14 = [[Italian Somaliland]] | established_date14 = 1889 | established_event15 = [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Soomaaliya|Xorriyadda]] iyo midowga la leh [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlada Somaliland]] | established_date15 = 1 July 1960 | established_event16 = [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date16 = 1 Ogosto 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 19,280,850<ref name="data.humdata.org">{{Cite web |title=OCHA Somalia - Subnational Population Statistics |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ps-som}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects |edition=online |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $32.500 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 151aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,920<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.990 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 147aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $766<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 177aad | Gini = 36.8<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.404 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 192aad | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]]: 85% * [[Tirakoobka daljoogaha Soomaaliya|Kuwa kale ]]: 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} Waagii hore, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii dhexe, dhowr boqortooyo oo xoog badan ayaa ka talinayay ganacsiga gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Suldaanka Ajuran]] , [[Adal Sultanate]] , iyo Suldaanka Geledi . Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, suldaanadii Soomaaliyeed waxa gumaystay boqortooyadii [[Talyaaniga]] iyo [[Ingiriiska]] kuwaas oo dhammaan dhulalkaas qabyaaladda isugu daray laba gumaysi oo kala ah : Italian Somaliland iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|British Somaliland]] . 1960kii, labada dhul ayaa midoobay si ay u dhistaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Soomaaliyeed oo madax bannaan oo hoos timaada dowlad rayid ah. Siyaad Barre oo ka tirsanaa Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) ayaa xukunka la wareegay 1969-kii, wuxuuna aasaasay [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyaddii Dimuqraadiga]] ahayd ee Soomaaliya , isagoo isku dayay inuu si naxariis darro ah u burburiyo Dagaalkii Madax-bannaanida [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee waqooyiga dalka. SRC waxay burburtay 1991 markii uu bilaabmay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya . Dawladdii ku meel gaadhka ahayd ee Soomaaliya (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay 2000, ka dibna waxaa la dhisay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya (TFG) 2004tii, taasoo dib u soo celisay ciidamadii qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya . Dhamaadkii 2006dii, duullaan ay Xabashida Maraykanku dabada ka riixayeen ayaa afgambiyay Maxkamadihii Islaamiga ahaa (ICU), taasoo keentay in ay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee [[Muqdisho]] ka dhisto Muqdisho oo ay ciidammada Itoobiya qabsadeen . Kacdoonkii xigay ee soo shaac baxay ayaa maxaakiimta u kala jabay jabhado kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto kooxda xagjirka ah ee [[al-Shabaab]] , kuwaas oo dagaal daba dheeraaday kula jiray ciidamada Itoobiya. Al-Shabaab waxay markiiba bilawday inay xaqiijiso in ay ka talinayso dhuleed markii ugu horaysay, iyadoo dabayaaqadii 2008 ay jabhadu ka saartay ciidamada Itoobiya inta badan Soomaaliya. Sannadkii 2009, dawlad cusub oo TFG ah ayaa la dhisay. Bartamihii 2012, al-Shabaab waxay lumisay inta badan dhulalkeeda intii ay socdeen dagaalladii ka dhanka ahaa TFG iyo [[ciidamada Midowga Afrika]] . Isla sanadkaas, al-Shabaab waxay ballan-qaadday inay la midoobayaan al-Qaacida . Muqaawamada ayaa weli gacanta ku haysa inta badan bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, waxayna saameyn ku leeyihiin meelaha ay dowladdu maamusho, iyadoo magaalada Jilib ay u tahay caasimadda u ah fallaagada. Dastuur cusub oo ku meel gaar ah ayaa la ansixiyay Agoosto 2012, dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay Soomaaliya sida federaal . Isla bishaas, waxaa la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya , waxaana dib u dhis lagu sameeyay Muqdisho. Soomaaliya waxa ay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu horumarsan caalamka, waxaana daliil u ah sida ay u qiimeeyeen mitirka mitirka sida GDP per capita iyo halka ay ku dhowdahay halka ugu hooseysa ee Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha , waxa ay ka sareysaa oo kaliya South Sudan . Waxay ilaalisay dhaqaale aan rasmi ahayn oo inta badan ku salaysan xoolaha nool, xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee dibadda ka shaqeeya iyo isgaarsiinta. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , [[Jaamacada Carabta|Jaamacadda Carabta]] , Midowga Afrika , Dhaqdhaqaaq aan Isbahaysi ahayn , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , iyo Ururka [[Islaam|Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Asalka erayga== Samaale , oo ah awoowaha ugu da'da weyn dhowr qabiil oo Soomaaliyeed , ayaa guud ahaan lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay halka ay ka soo jeedaan magaca Soomaali . Aragti kale ayaa ah in magaca loo haysto inuu ka soo jeedo ereyada soo iyo maal , kuwaas oo marka la isu geeyo macneheedu yahay " tag" iyo "caano". Fasiraaddani way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran gobolka iyadoo Soomaalida waqooyi ay tilmaamayso inay ula jeedaan tag iyo caano xagga caanaha geela, Soomaalida koonfureed waxay adeegsadaan tarjumaada "sa' maal" oo tilmaamaysa caanaha lo'da. Tani waxay tilmaan u tahay xoolo-dhaqatada meel walba leh ee dadka Soomaaliyeed. Etymology kale oo macquul ah ayaa soo jeedinaya in ereyga Soomaali uu ka yimid ereyga Carabiga ee "hodanka ah" ( zāwamāl ), isagoo mar kale tilmaamaya hodantinimada Soomaalida ee xoolaha. Taa beddelkeeda, magaca Soomaaliga waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka yimid Automoli (Asmach), koox dagaalyahanno ah oo ka yimid Masar hore oo uu ku tilmaamay Herodotus . Asmach waxaa loo maleynayaa inuu ahaa magacooda Masar, iyadoo Automoli uu yahay asal Giriig ah oo ka yimid ereyga Cibraaniga ah ee S'mali (macnaha "dhinaca bidixda"). Dukumeenti Shiinees ah oo laga soo xigtay qarnigii 9-aad ee CE ayaa tilmaamaya waqooyiga xeebaha Soomaaliya - oo markaa ka mid ahaa gobolka ballaaran ee Waqooyi Bari Afrika ee loo yaqaan Barbaria , iyada oo la tixraacayo dadka deggan Barbars ( Kushitic ) ee degaanka - sida Po-pa-li . Tixraac qoraaleedkii ugu horreeyay ee cad ee Soomaalidii sobriquet waxay soo bilaabatay horraantii qarnigii 15-aad ee miilaadiyada xilligii boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Isxaaq I oo lahaa mid ka mid ah saraakiishii maxkamadaha oo tiriyay hees uu ugu dabbaaldegayo guushii milateri ee ay ka gaareen Saldanada Ifat . Simur wuxuu kaloo ahaa Harari qadiimiga ah oo loogu yeeri jiray dadka Soomaaliyeed. Soomaalidu waxay si xad dhaaf ah u door bidaan shaydaanka Soomaaliga oo ka door bida qofka Soomaaliga ah ee aan saxda ahayn mar haddii kan hore uu yahay halqabsi, halka kan dambe uu yahay hal-ku-dhegyo laba-jibbaaran ah. Erayga af - soomaaliga marka laga yimaaddo juqraafi-siyaasadeed waa Horner oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadda, waa Kuush. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Farshaxanka Neolithic ee dhismaha Laas Geel oo muujinaya sac gees-dheer]] Soomaaliya waxay u badan tahay inay ka mid ahayd dhulkii ugu horreeyay ee ay dageen bini'aadam hore, iyadoo loo eegayo meesha ay ku taal. Ugaarsadayaasha oo hadhow Afrika ka haajiray waxay u badan tahay inay halkan degeen ka hor intaanay guurin. Intii lagu jiray xilligii dhagaxa, dhaqamada Dooyan iyo reer Hargeysa ayaa halkan ku soo barbaaray. Caddaynta ugu da'da weyn ee caadooyinka aaska Geeska Afrika waxay ka timid qabuuraha Soomaaliya ilaa qarnigii 4aad ee BC. Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga soo qaaday goobta Jaleelo ee waqooyiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamay 1909 inay yihiin farshaxanno muhiim ah oo muujinaya caalimnimada qadiimiga ah inta lagu jiro Paleolithic ee u dhexeeya Bariga iyo Galbeedka. Sida laga soo xigtay khubarada afafka, dadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla Afafka ayaa yimid gobolka intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic ee xigay oo ka yimid qoyska urheimat ee la soo jeediyay ("Dhulka asalka ah") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Dhismaha Laas -geel oo ku yaalla duleedka magaalada Hargeysa ee Waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya ayaa soo jirtay qiyaastii 5,000 oo sano, waxaana ku yaalla farshaxanno dhagax ah oo muujinaya xayawaanka duur-joogta ah iyo lo'da la qurxiyay. Sawirro kale oo godad ah ayaa laga helay gobolka Dhambalin ee woqooyiga , kaas oo ka muuqda mid ka mid ah sawirradii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan ugaarsiga fardaha. Farshaxanka dhagaxa waxa uu taariikhdiisu ahayd 1,000 ilaa 3,000 BCE. Intaa waxaa dheer, inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka Laas-Khorey iyo Ceel Ayo ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya waxaa ku taal Karinhegane , oo ah goobta lagu sawiray godad fara badan, kuwaas oo wadar ahaan lagu qiyaasay ilaa 2,500 oo sano Geela waxa la rumaysan yahay in uu ku dhaqmi jiray gobolka Geeska intii u dhaxaysay qarnigii 2aad iyo 3aad ee BC. Halkaa waxa ay ku fiday Masar iyo Maghrib . ===Waagii qadiimiga iyo qadiimiga ahaa=== [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Rag reer Punt ah oo sita hadiyado, Qabriga Rekhmire .]] Dhismayaasha Ahraamta qadiimiga ah , Mowlacyo , magaalooyin burburay iyo gidaaryo dhagax ah, sida darbigii Wargade , waxay daliil u yihiin ilbaxnimo hore oo ka hanaqaadi jirtay gayiga Soomaaliyeed. Ilbaxnimadani waxay ku naaloonaysay xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd Masar hore iyo Giriiggii Mycenaean tan iyo qarnigii labaad ee BC . Puntites oo u dhashay gobolka waxay ka ganacsan jireen malmalka , xawaashka, dahabka, eboniga, lo'da gees-gaaban, fool-maroodi iyo fooxa oo ay la socdeen Masaarida, Finiisiyaanka, Baabiliyiinta, Hindida, Shiinaha iyo Roomaanka iyaga oo u maraya dekedahooda ganacsi. Duulaan Masri ah oo ay u soo dirtay boqortooyadii 18-aad ee boqorad Hatshepsut ayaa lagu duubay macbudka Deir el-Bahari , xilligii boqortooyadii Boqorka Puntite Parahu iyo Queen Ati. Waagii qadiimiga ahaa , Macrobiyaanka , oo laga yaabo in ay awoow u ahaayeen Soomaalida, ayaa aasaasay boqortooyo awood leh oo ka talinaysay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Soomaaliya casriga ah. Waxaa lagu magacaabi jiray cimrigooda iyo maalkooda, waxaana la sheegay inay ahaayeen kuwa ugu dheer oo ugu quruxda badan ragga oo dhan. Macrobiyadu waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanno xoolo-dhaqato ah iyo badmaaxayaal. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Herodotus, Imbaraadoorkii Faaris Cambyses II , markii uu qabsaday Masar 525 BC, wuxuu u diray safiirro Macrobia, isagoo u keenay hadiyado qaali ah boqorka Macrobiya si uu u soo gudbiyo. Hogaamiyihii Macrobiya oo lagu doortay dhererkiisa iyo quruxdiisa, waxa uu taa beddelkeeda kaga jawaabay loolan uu dhiggiisa Beershiya uga dhigay qaanso aan xidhnayn: haddii Faaris ay awoodaan in ay sawiraan, waxa ay xaq u yeelan lahaayeen in ay dalkiisa ku soo duulaan; laakiin ilaa iyo markaas, waa in ay u mahad naqayaa ilaahyada in Macrobians waligood go'aansan in ay ku duulaan boqortooyadooda. Macrobians-ku waxay ahaayeen awood gobol oo lagu asteeyay qaab-dhismeedkooda horumarsan iyo hantidooda dahabka ah , taas oo aad u badan oo ay maxaabiistooda ku xidheen silsilado dahab ah. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qadiimiga ah, gobollada Barbara ee Mosylon , Opone , Mundus , Isis , Malao , Avalites , Essina , Nikon iyo Sarapion waxay sameeyeen shabakad ganacsi oo faa'iido leh, oo ku xiran ganacsato ka timid Ptolemaic Masar , Giriiggii hore , Fenisiya , Parthian Persian , Boqortooyadii Roomaanka , Boqortooyada Saban , Nabata . Waxay isticmaali jireen markabkii qadiimiga ahaa ee badda Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaanay beden si ay shixnadooda u daabulaan. [[File:Beden.jpg|thumb|Beden waa mid dheereeya, oo qadiimi ah markab badeed keligiis ah ama laba-jibbaaran.]] Ka dib qabsashadii Roomaanku ee Boqortooyadii Nabataean iyo joogitaankii ciidamada badda ee Roomaanka ee Cadan si ay u xakameeyaan budhcad-badeedda, ganacsato Carbeed iyo Soomaali ah waxay ku heshiiyeen Roomaanku in maraakiibta Hindiya laga mamnuuco inay ka ganacsadaan magaalooyinka dekedaha xorta ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta si loo ilaaliyo danaha ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ee ganacsiga faa'iidada badan leh ee u dhexeeya badaha Cas iyo Mediterranean. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay sii wadeen ganacsiga magaalooyinka dekedaha ah ee jasiiradda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo ka madax bannaan faragelinta Roomaanka. Qarniyo badan, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay Soomaaliya iyo Carabta u keeni jireen tiro badan oo qorfe ah Ceylon iyo Jasiiradaha Spice . Meesha laga helo qorfaha iyo xawaashka kale waxa la sheegaa in ay ahayd sirta ugu fiican ee ay ka heli jireen ganacsatadii Carabta iyo Soomaalida ee ka ganacsan jiray Rome iyo Giriigga; Roomaanka iyo Giriiggu waxay rumaysnaayeen in isha laga soo xigtay ay ahayd jasiiradda Soomaalida. Heshiiskii wada shaqayneed ee dhexmaray ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ayaa sicir barar ku keenay qiimaha qorfaha Hindiya iyo Shiinaha ee Waqooyiga Afrika, Bariga dhow iyo Yurub, wuxuuna ganacsiga qorfaha ka dhigay mid dakhli abuur ah oo faa'iido badan leh, gaar ahaan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed. ===Dhalashada Islaamka iyo qarniyadii dhexe=== [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Waddada xariirta oo ku fidsan Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta Yurub, Carabta, Soomaaliya, Masar, Faaris, Hindiya, iyo Java]] Islamka waxa deegaanka soo galiyay horraantii muslimiintii ugu horaysay ee ka soo carartay dacwooyinkii xiijii ugu horaysay iyada oo Masjid al-Qiblatayn ee Saylac laga dhisay ka hor inta aanu Qiblada u socon dhanka Maka . Waa mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu faca weyn Afrika. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, Al-Yaqubi waxa uu qoray in Muslimiintu ay ku noolaayeen hareeraha badda woqooyi ee Soomaaliya. Waxa kale oo uu xusay in Boqortooyada Adal ay caasimad u ahayd magaalada. Sida uu qabo Leo Africanus , Adal Sultanate waxa maamuli jiray boqortooyo Soomaaliyeed oo deegaanka ah , dhulkeeduna waxa uu ka koobnaa dhulka juqraafi ahaan u dhexeeya Bab el Mandeb iyo Cape Guardafui. Sidaas waxaa dhanka koonfureed uga xigay Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan , dhanka galbeedna waxaa ka xigay Boqortooyadii Xabashida . Qarniyadii dhexe oo dhan waxa Somaliland yimi dad Carbeed, waayo-aragnimo taariikhi ah oo hadhow horseedi doonta sheekooyinka halyeyga ah ee sheekhyadii Muslimiinta sida Daarood iyo Isxaaq Binu Axmed (oo la sheegay in ay ka soo jeedaan beelaha Daarood iyo Isaaq , siday u kala horreeyaan) iyaga oo ka soo socdaalay Carabta una socdaalay Soomaaliya kuna guursaday qabiilka Dir ee deegaanka . Sannadkii 1332-kii, Boqorkii Adal ee Saylac ahaa ayaa lagu dilay olole millatari oo ujeedkiisu ahaa in la hakiyo socodkii ay magaalada ku soo jeedday Amda Seyon 1aad ee Xabashida. Markii Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, Sacad Ad-Diin II , lagu dilay Saylac 1410 , caruurtiisii ​​waxay u baxsadeen Yaman , ka hor intaysan ku soo laaban 1415 . II, oo saldhig cusub ka samaystay Yemen ka dib [[File:Imaam Ahmed Gurey.jpg|thumb|Taalada Axmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Imaamkii Boqortooyada Adal]] Xarunteedii Adal ayaa mar kale loo raray qarnigii xigay, markan dhanka koonfureed waxa loo raray Harar . Caasimaddan cusub, Adal waxa uu abaabulay ciidan wax ku ool ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Imaam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , (Ahmad "Gurey" ama "Gran"; labaduba waxay ka dhigan yihiin "gacanta bidix") iyo Jeneraalka ugu dhow dhow iyo seedigii Garaad Mataan . Qabiilka Imaam Axmed waxaa la caddeeyey inay ka soo jeedaan Geri Koombe , oo ah jifada Daarood. Ololahan qarniga 16-aad waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yaqaanaa Gumeysiga Xabashida ( Futuh al-Habash ). Intii uu dagaalka socday, Imaam Axmad waxa uu hormood u noqday adeegsiga madfac ay ka heli jirtay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, kuwaas oo uu ka soo waariday Saylac oo uu ku soo daad-gureeyey ciidamadii Xabashida iyo xulafadooda Bortuqiisku ee uu hoggaaminayay Cristovão da Gama . Xilligii Ajuuraan Sultanate-ka , magaalooyinka iyo jamhuuriyadaha Merca , Muqdisho , Baraawa , Hobyo iyo dekedooda waxay lahaayeen ganacsi faa'iido badan oo shisheeye ah oo ay ka heli jireen maraakiib u kala goosha dalalka Carabta, Hindiya, Venetia , Paris, Masar, Portugal iyo ilaa Shiinaha. Vasco da Gama , oo soo maray Muqdisho qarnigii 15-aad, ayaa xusay inay ahayd magaalo weyn oo ay ku yaallaan dhowr dabaq oo dhaadheer iyo daaro waaweyn oo ku yaalla bartamaha magaalada, iyadoo ay u dheer tahay masaajidyo badan oo leh minaarado cylindrical ah. Harla , oo ah koox hore oo Hamitic ah oo dhererkeedu dheeraa oo degi jiray qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya, Tchertcher iyo meelo kale oo Geeska ah, waxay sidoo kale dhiseen tuuli kala duwan . Dhagarqabayaashan ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay awoow u ahaayeen qowmiyadaha Soomaalida. [[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|[[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuran Sultanate]] waxa ay sii waday xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd boqortooyadii Ming iyo boqortooyooyinkii kale.]] Qarnigii 16-aad, Duarte Barboosa waxa uu xusay in maraakiib badan oo ka timid Boqortooyadii Cambaya ee waqtigan casriga ah ee Hindiya ay u shiraacdeen Muqdisho iyagoo wata maryo iyo xawaash, taas beddelkeedana ay heleen dahab, dhux iyo fool maroodi. Barbosa waxa kale oo ay iftiimisay hilibka, sarreenka, shaciga, fardaha iyo khudaarta ee suuqyada xeebaha, kuwaas oo ganacsatadu ka soo saarteen hanti aad u badan. Muqdisho, oo ah xarunta warshadaha dharka ee kobcaya ee loo yaqaan toob benadir ( oo ku takhasusay suuqyada Masar, iyo meelo kale , oo ay weheliyaan Merca iyo Barawa, waxay sidoo kale u ahayd meel ay ku sii maraan ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ee Mombasa iyo Malindi iyo ganacsiga dahabka ee Kilwa . Ganacsato Yuhuudi ah oo ka timid Hormuz waxay keeneen dharkoodii Hindida iyo miraha badda Soomaaliya si ay ugu beddelaan hadhuudh iyo alwaax. Xiriirka ganacsiga waxaa la aasaasay Malacca qarnigii 15aad, oo leh maro, ambergris iyo porcelain oo ah badeecadaha ugu muhiimsan ee ganacsiga. Geri, zebras iyo fooxa ayaa loo dhoofin jiray Boqortooyadii Ming ee Shiinaha, taasoo ka dhigtay ganacsatada Soomaalida inay hormuud ka noqdaan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Bariga Aasiya iyo Geeska. Ganacsato Hinduuga ah oo ka soo jeeda Surat iyo ganacsatada Koonfur-bari Afrikaanka ee Pate , iyagoo doonaya inay ka gudbaan labada go'doominta Boortaqiiska ee Hindiya (iyo markii dambe faragelintii Cumaan), waxay adeegsadeen dekedaha Soomaaliya ee Merca iyo Barawa (kuwaas oo ka baxsan xukunka tooska ah ee labada awoodood) si ay ganacsigooda ugu sameeyaan ammaan iyo faragelin la'aan. ===Waagii hore ee casriga ah iyo u halgamidda Afrika=== [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|magaalada Muqdisho ee xarunta dalka Talyaaniga ayaa waxaa ku yaalla xarunta kaniisada Kathedral-ka ee Catholic-ga iyo taallada weyn ee lagu maamuusayo Boqor Umberto I ee Talyaaniga.]] Waagii hore ee casriga ahaa , dawladihii bedeli lahaa Adal Sultanate iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka koraan Soomaaliya. Waxaa ka mid ahaa Imaamyadii Hiraab , Suldaan Isaaq oo uu hoggaaminayay reer Guuleed , Suldaankii Habr Yuunis oo uu hoggaaminayey reer Caynaanshe , Suldaankii Geledi (Boqortooyadii Gobroon), Saldanada Majeerteen (Migiurtinia), iyo Saldanadda Hobyo . Waxay sii wateen dhaqankii qalcado-dhisidda iyo ganacsiga badda mara ee ay aasaaseen boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Soomaaliya. Suldaan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim oo ahaa Suldaankii Sadexaad ee Golaha Deegaanka Gobroon ayaa Bilaabay Taariikhdii dahabiga ahayd ee Boqortooyadii Gobroon. Ciidankiisu waxay guulo ka soo hoyeen Jihaadka Baardheere, kaasoo dib u soo celiyay xasiloonidii Gobolka, dib u soo nooleeyay ganacsigii fool-maroodiga ee Bariga Afrika . Waxa kale oo uu lahaa xidhiidh wanaagsan oo uu hadiyado ka heli jiray saldanada boqortooyooyinka dariska iyo kuwa fog sida Cumaan, Witu iyo salaadiinta Yemen. Inankii Suldaan Ibraahim Axmed Yuusuf waxa uu ku beddelay mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee qarnigii 19-aad ee Bariga Afrika, isaga oo ka heli jiray abaal-marinno guddoomiyeyaasha Cumaan, isla markaana abuuray isbahaysi qoysas Muslimiin ah oo muhiim ah oo ku nool xeebaha Bariga Afrika Somaliland waxa la aas aasay Suldaanka Isaaq 1750. Suldaanka Isaaq waxa uu ahaa boqortooyo Somaliyeed oo ka talinaysay qaybo ka mid ah Geeska Afrika qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Waxay ku teedsantay dhulka beesha Isaaq , oo ka soo farcamay qabiilka Banu Haashim , ee Somaliland iyo Itoobiya maanta. Suldaanka waxaa maamuli jiray garabka Rer Guuleed oo uu aasaasay suldaankii ugu horeeyay ee beesha Ciidagale Suldaan Guuleed Cabdi . Sida dhaqanka afka ah lagu sheegay, ka hor reer Guuleed beesha Isaaq waxaa ka talin jiray boqortooyo laanta Toljeclo oo ka soo jeeda reer Axmed oo lagu naanaysi jiray Tol Jeelo, oo ahaa curadkii Sheekh Isxaaq xaaskiisii ​​Harari . Guud ahaan waxa jiray sideed taliye Toljelo ah oo uu ugu horreeyo Boqor Haaruun ( Somali : Boqor Haaruun ) oo soo xukumayay Suldaan Isaaq qarniyo laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13aad. Garaad Dhux Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) waxaa afgambiyay isbahaysigii beelaha Isaaq. Toljeelo oo berigii hore xoog lahaa way kala firxadeen oo waxay gabaad ka dhigteen Habr Awal oo ay ilaa hadda inta badan la nool yihiin. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, shirkii Berlin ee 1884 ka dib, quwadaha reer Yurub waxay bilaabeen inay u halgamaan Afrika . Sannadkaas, maxmiyad Ingiriis ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya, oo ku taal xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeeda Yementa Koonfureed. Bilowgii, gobolkani wuxuu ku hoos jiray xukunka Xafiiska Hindiya, sidaas darteedna loo maamulay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Hindiya; 1898-kii waxa loo wareejiyay maamulka London. 1889kii, maxmiyaddii iyo gumaysigii Soomaaliya ee Talyaanigu si rasmi ah u aasaasay Talyaanigu iyadoo loo marayo heshiisyo kala duwan oo ay la saxeexdeen madax iyo suldaanno badan; Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid ayaa markii ugu horreysay codsi u diray Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii Diseembar 1888 si uu Suldaannimadiisa Hobyo uga dhigo maxmiyad Talyaani ah ka hor inta uusan markii dambe saxiixin heshiis 1889 [[File:Hobyo Sultanate Cavalry And Fort.jpg|thumb|Fardooley iyo dhufeyskii Hobyo Sultanate]] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dervish ayaa si guul leh u celiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska afar jeer waxayna ku qasbeen inay dib ugu noqdaan gobolka xeebta. Daraawiishtu waxay jebisay gumaystihii Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska, Xabashida marar badan, gaar ahaan, guushii 1903-dii ee Cagaarweyne ee uu hoggaaminayey Suleymaan Aaden Galaydh , waxay ku khasabtay Boqortooyadii Ingriiska inay dib ugu gurtaan gobolka xeebta horraantii 1900aadkii. Dervishes ayaa ugu dambeyntii laga adkaaday 1920-kii xoogga hawada Ingiriiska. Bilawgii Faashiistaha horraantii 1920-aadkii waxa ay ku bishaaraysay is-beddelka istiraatijiyadda Talyaanigu, iyadoo suldaannada waqooyi-bari dhawaan lagu khasbi lahaa soohdinta La Grande Somalia (" Soomaali-weyn ") sida uu qorshuhu ahaa Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa. Markii uu yimid Badhasaab Cesare Maria De Vecchi 15-kii December 1923kii, waxa bilaabmay in wax iska beddelaan qayb ka mid ah Somaliland oo loo yaqaanay Italian Somaliland . Dhulkii ugu dambeeyay ee Talyaanigu ka helo Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa Oltre Giuba , gobolka Jubaland ee maanta , 1925. [[File:Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.jpeg|thumb|Taalada Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , Hogaamiyihii Daraawiishta]] Talyaanigu wuxuu bilaabay mashruucyo kaabayaasha deegaanka ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha isbitaallo, beero iyo dugsiyo. Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa , ee Benito Mussolini , wuxuu weeraray Abyssinia (Itoobiya) 1935, ujeeddadiisuna ahayd inay gumeysato. Duulaankaas waxaa cambaareeyey Ururka Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka dhaxaysa , balse wax yar lagama qaban sidii loo joojin lahaa ama looga xorayn lahaa gumaysiga Itoobiya. 1936kii, Soomaaliyadii Talyaanigu waxay ku biirtay Bariga Afrika ee Talyaanigu , oo ay weheliso Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya, oo ah Maamul-goboleedka Soomaaliya . 3-dii Agoosto 1940-kii, ciidamadii Talyaanigu oo ay ku jireen cutubyo ka tirsan gumaystaha Soomaaliya, ayaa ka soo tallaabay Itoobiya si ay u soo galaan Somaliland , 14kii Agoosto, waxay ku guuleysteen inay Berbera ka qabsadaan Ingiriiska. Ciidan Ingiriis ah oo ay ku jiraan ciidamo ka socda dalal badan oo Afrikaan ah ayaa bishii January 1941kii ka bilaabay Kenya ololihii ay ku xorreeyeen British Somaliland iyo Itoobiya oo Talyaanigu gumaysan jiray, una qabsan lahaa Somaliland Talyaani. Bishii Feebarweri inta badan Somaliland Talyaanigu waa la qabsaday, bishii Maarj, British Somaliland waa lagala wareegay badda. Ciidamadii Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska ee ka hawl-gala Somaliland waxay ka koobnaayeen saddex qaybood oo kala ahaa Koonfur Afrika, Galbeedka Afrika iyo Ciidamada Bariga Afrika. Waxa kaalmaynayay ciidammadii Somaliyeed ee uu hogaaminayay C/laahi Xasan iyadoo ay si wayn uga qayb galeen Somalida beesha Isaaq , Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali . Tirada Soomaalida Talyaanigu waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, iyada oo in ka yar 10,000 ay soo hartay 1960. ===Madaxbanaanidii (1960-1969)=== Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu sii haystay gacan ku haynta British Somaliland iyo Somaliland Somaliland oo ah maxmiyad. 1945kii, intii lagu jiray shirkii Potsdam , Qaramada Midoobay waxay u oggolaatay Talyaanigu inuu Talyaanigu u dhiibo Talyaani Somaliland inuu noqdo dhul-xakameedka Somaliland , iyadoo shuruud looga dhigay markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo jeediyaan xisbigii SYL iyo ururradii kale ee curdinka ahaa ee siyaasadda Soomaaliya, sida Xizbiya DigilMirifle Somali (HDMS) iyo Somali National League (SNL) — in Soomaaliya ay ku hesho madaxbannaani toban sano gudahood. British Somaliland waxay ahaan jirtay maxmiyad Ingiriiska ilaa 1960 [[File:Chieftains of the Isaaq clan cropped.jpg|thumb|Madaxdii beesha Isaaq oo Hargeysa lagu sawiray 1958 kii markii Duke & Duchess of Gloucester booqasho ku yimaadeen Somaliland.]] Ilaa heer uu Talyaanigu dhulkaas ku haysto amarka Qaramada Midoobay, qodobbada ammaanadu waxay siiyeen Soomaalida fursad ay khibrad ugu yeeshaan waxbarashada siyaasadda reer galbeedka iyo is-xukunka. Waxa ay ahaayeen faa’iidooyin aanay lahayn British Somaliland, oo la rabay in lagu daro dawladnimada cusub ee Soomaaliya. In kasta oo 1950-meeyadii saraakiisha gumaystaha Ingiriiska ay isku dayeen, dadaallo horumarineed oo maamul oo kala duwan, si ay uga soo kabtaan dayacaadii hore, maxmiyadku waxa ay fadhiid ku noqotay horumarka maamulka siyaasadda. Farqiga u dhexeeya labada dhul ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo waayo-aragnimada siyaasadeed ayaa hadhow keeni doonta dhibaatooyin culus oo isku dhafan labada qaybood. [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|1963kii oo ku yaal bartamaha magaalada Muqdisho]] Dhanka kale, 1948-kii, cadaadis kaga yimid xulafadooda Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Soomaalidana ay aad uga xumaadeen, Ingriisku wuxuu dib u soo celiyay Haud (Dhul daaqsimeed Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo loo maleynayo inuu ilaalinayay heshiisyadii Ingiriiska uu la galay Soomaalida 1884 iyo 1886) iyo Gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, taasoo ku saleysan heshiis ay saxiixeen 1897-kii oo ay ka soo horjeedaan Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Menelik oo ay suurtagal tahay in Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ay ku beddesho Imbaraadoor. Faransiisku. Ingriiska ayaa ku daray shuruud ah in dadka Soomaalida ah ay sii haysanayaan ismaamulkooda, laakiin Itoobiya ayaa isla markiiba sheegatay inay iyadu leedahay madax-bannaanideeda. Taasi waxay keentay in 1956-kii uu Ingiriisku ku guul darraystay inuu dib u iibsado dhulkii Soomaaliyeed ee uu la wareegay. Ingriisku waxa uu sidoo kale siiyay maamulka ku dhawaad ​​​​Soomaalida ay degto Waqooyiga xudduudaha Waqooyi (NFD) wadaniiyiinta Kenya. Tani waxay ahayd in kasta oo ay raali ka tahay , sida laga soo xigtay guddigii gumaystaha Ingiriiska, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qowmiyadaha Soomaalida ee dhulkaas degganaa waxay door bideen inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee dhawaan la sameeyay. Waxa sannadkii 1958- kii ka qabsoontay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti (oo loo yaqaannay French Somaliland ) sannadkii 1958-kii, maalintii ay Soomaaliya xornimada qaadatay sannadkii 1960-kii, si go'aan looga gaadho in lagu biiro Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya iyo in kale iyo inay ka sii mid ahaato Faransiiska. Aftidu waxay u soo baxday in la sii wado xidhiidhka Faransiiska, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku-darka haa ee ay ku codeeyeen qoomiyada Canfarta iyo dadka degan Yurub. Waxa kale oo jirtay ku shubasho codbixineed oo baahsan, iyada oo Faransiisku uu ka eryay kumannaan Soomaali ah ka hor inta aanay aftidu gaadhin goobaha codbixinta. Inta badan dadka 'maya' ku codeeyay waxay ahaayeen Soomaali aad u taageersan inay ku biiraan Soomaaliya oo mid ah, sida uu soo jeediyay Maxamuud Xarbi , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Golaha Xukuumadda. Xarbi ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed labo sano kadib. Djibouti ugu dambayntii waxay xornimada ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1977, iyo Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , oo ahaa Soomaali oo u ololaynayey "haa" codbixintii 1976, aakhirkii wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jabuuti (1977-1999). [[File:President Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Sharmarke.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne Aadan Cadde oo uu weheliyo Ra’iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma’arke oo Salaaddii Ciidda 1964-kii ku Tukaday Masjidka Arbaca Rukun]] 26 June 1960 -kii British Somaliland protectorate waxa ay xornimadeeda qaadatay 26 June 1960. 1dii Luulyo 1960kii waxa xornimada qaatay dhulkii la isku halayn lahaa ee Somaliland, labadoodiina waxay ku midoobeen dhismihii Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya , in kasta oo ay ku jireen xuduud ay kala sameeyeen Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Dawlad ay dhiseen Cabdullaahi Ciise iyo Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal oo ay weheliyaan xubno kale oo ka tirsan dawladihii ammaanada iyo maxmiyad ahaa, iyadoo Cabdulqaadir Muxamed Aadan uu noqday Madaxweynaha Golaha Shacbiga Soomaaliyeed , Aadan Cabdallah Cismaan Daar oo ahaa Madaxweynihii Jamhuriyadda Soomaaliya, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare (kadibna noqday Madaxweyne 1967 ilaa 1969). 20kii Luulyo 1961kii iyo afti dadweyne oo dadweynihii Soomaaliyeed ay ku ansixiyeen talyaanigu, badi dadkii ka soo jeeday Maxmiyadii hore ee Somaliland ayaan ka qaybgelin aftida, in kasta oo tiro yar oo reer Somaliland ah oo ka qaybqaatay aftida ay ka soo horjeesteen dastuurkii cusbaa , oo markii ugu horreysay la sameeyay 1367kii , Muxammad . Wasiir, xilkaas oo uu u magacaabay Sharmaarke. Cigaal waxa uu mar dambe noqon lahaa Madaxweynaha maamul-goboleedka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya ===Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969-1991)=== ===Inqilaab=== 15kii Oktoobar, isaga oo madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke socdaal ku marayay magaalada Laascaanood ee ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen, ayaa ilaaladiisa gaarka ahi toogasho ku dileen. Xoghayihii hore ee arrimaha dibadda ee Mareykanka Henry Kissinger ayaa hadalkiisa ku soo gabagabeeyay in ilaaladu uu iskiis u dhaqmayo. Lix maalmood ka dib, 21kii Oktoobar, Jeneraal Siyaad Barre wuxuu hoggaaminayey afgambi militari, wuxuuna ku guuleystay afgambigii dowladdii baarlamaanka. Falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda casriga ah ayaa sheegaya in afgambiga uu ka dambeeyay musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira xukuumadda baarlamaanka. Waardiyihii waxaa maxkamadeeyay, jirdilay oo toogtay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC). Waxa ay kasoo jeedaan madaxweynaha uu dilay. [[File:Mohamed Ainanshe and Kim Il Sung -1970.jpg|thumb|Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya kula kulmay Madaxweyne Kim Il Sung 1970kii]] Dhinaca Barre, SRC oo xukunka la wareegtay dilkii Madaxweyne Sharma’arke ka dib waxaa hoggaaminayay Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed , Gaashaanle Sare Salaad Gabeyre Kediye iyo Taliyaha Booliska Jaamac Korsheel . Kediye waxa uu si rasmi ah u haystay magaca “Aabihii Kacaanka”, wax yar ka dibna Barre waxa uu noqday madaxa SRC. SRC dabadeed waxay u bixisay magaca dalka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Soomaaliya, waxay kala dirtay baarlamaanka iyo maxkamadda sare, oo laalay dastuurkii. Dawladdii kacaanku waxay dejisay barnaamijyo ballaaran oo hawlaha guud waxayna si guul leh u hirgelisay olole wax-qoris oo magaalo iyo miyi ah , kaasoo gacan ka geystay inuu si weyn u kordhiyo heerka wax-akhris-qoraalka. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay gaartay heerka wax-akhris 70%, taasoo ka mid ahayd kuwa ugu sarreeya Afrika waagaas. Marka laga soo tago barnaamijka qarameynta warshadaha iyo dhulka, siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee maamulka cusub waxay xoogga saartay xiriirka soo jireenka ah iyo diinta ee Soomaaliya ay la leedahay dunida Carabta , ugu dambeyntii waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta bishii Febraayo 1974. Isla sanadkaas, Barre wuxuu sidoo kale noqday guddoomiyaha Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU), oo ah hoggaamiyihii ka horreeyay Midowga Afrika (AU). Bishii Luulyo 1976-kii, SRC-da Barre ayaa iskeed u kala dirtay, waxayna halkeeda ka dhistay Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XDSHSI), dowlad hal xisbi ah oo ku dhisan hantiwadaag cilmiyeed iyo caqiidada Islaamka. SRSP waxa ay ahayd isku day lagu heshiisiinayo fikirka dawladda ee rasmiga ah iyo diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyada oo la waafajinayo xeerarkii Marxist xaaladaha deegaanka. Waxa xoogga la saaray mabaadi’da Muslimka ee horumarka bulshada, sinnaanta iyo caddaaladda, taas oo ay dawladdu ku doodday in ay aasaas u tahay udub-dhexaadka hantiwadaagga cilmiyeed iyo lahjad u gaar ah oo ku aaddan isku filnaansho, ka qayb-qaadashada dadweynaha iyo xakamaynta dadweynaha, iyo sidoo kale lahaanshaha tooska ah ee habka wax-soo-saarka. Iyadoo SRSP ay dhiirigelisay maalgashiga gaarka ah ee xad xaddidan, jihada guud ee maamulku waxay ahayd mid shuuci ah . Bishii Luulyo 1977, dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya wuxuu qarxay ka dib markii dawladdii Barre adeegsatay codsi ku saabsan midnimada qaranka si ay u caddeyso ku darista gardarrada ah ee gobolka Ogaadeeniya ee ay Soomaalida u badan tahay ee Itoobiya oo lagu daray Soomaali- weyn oo dhan , oo ay weheliso dhul-beereedyo hodan ah oo ku yaal koonfurta-bari ee Itoobiya, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo meelaha istiraatiijiga ah ee woqooyiga ilaa Jabuuti. Todobaadkii ugu horeeyey ee colaada ayaa xoogag hubaysan oo Soomaali ahi qabsadeen koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Ogadenia, dagaalka intiisa badana waxay ciidanka Soomaalidu guulo isdaba joog ah ka gaadheen ciidanka gumaysiga Itoobiya waxayna daba socdeen ilaa Sidamo . Bishii Sebtembar 1977kii, Soomaaliya waxay gacanta ku dhigtay 90% dhulka Ogaadeeniya waxayna qabsatay magaalooyin istiraatiiji ah sida Jijiga waxayna cadaadis xoog leh saartay Diridhaba , waxayna halis geliyeen wadadii tareenka ee magaalada dambe ee Jabuuti. Go’doomintii Harar ka dib, waxaa u soo gurmaday taliskii Shuuciga ahaa ee Dergiga Itoobiya faragelin baaxad leh oo aan hore loo arag oo ka kooban 20,000 oo ciidamada Kuuba ah iyo dhowr kun oo khubaro ah oo Soofiyeedka ah . Sannadkii 1978-kii, ciidamadii Soomaalida ayaa laga saaray Ogadenya. Isbeddelka taageerada ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa ku kallifay dowladdii Barre inay xulafo ka raadsato meelo kale. Aakhirkii waxa ay ku degtay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Soofiyeedka oo ay xafiiltamaan, Maraykanka , kaas oo in muddo ah ku haminayey dawladdii Soomaaliya. Saaxiibtinimada ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ay la yeelato Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo iskaashigii dambe ee ay la yeelatay Mareykanka ayaa u sahashay in ay dhisto ciidanka ugu badan ee Afrika. [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Sareeye Gaas Maxamed Siyaad Barre , Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka , oo la kulmay Madaxweynaha Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu]] Dastuur cusub ayaa la soo saaray 1979kii kaas oo lagu qabtay doorashada Golaha Shacabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed ee Barre ayaa sii waday xukunka. Bishii Oktoobar 1980, SRSP waa la kala diray, Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ayaa dib loo dhisay booskiisii. Waqtigaas, dawladdii Barre waxay noqotay mid aan la jeclayn. Soomaali badan ayaa ka niyad jabay nolosha ay ku hoos nool yihiin kalitalis ciidan. Waxaa sii wiiqmay taliskii 1980-meeyadii markii dagaalkii qaboobaa uu soo dhawaaday, waxaana hoos u dhacay muhiimaddii istiraatijiyadeed ee Soomaaliya. Dawladdu waxay noqotay mid sii xoogaysata , waxaana dalka oo dhan ka curtay dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo ay dhiirigelisay Itoobiya, taasoo keentay in Soomaaliya dagaal sokeeye ka dhacdo . Kooxahan malayshiyaadka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), United Somali Congress (USC), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SPM) oo ay weheliyaan Mucaarad aan Rabshado lahayn oo ka kala tirsan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDM), Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA) iyo Kooxda Somali Manifesto Group (SMG). ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Somali Civil War (Google Live Map).svg|thumb|Qiyaasta khariidadda marxaladda hadda ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (La cusbooneysiiyay Luulyo 2025)]] Markii ay si aayar aayar aayar aayar ah u yaraatay hankii iyo akhlaaqdii dowladdii Barre, ayaa dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ay ka niyad jabeen nolosha xukunkii militariga. Bartamihii 1980-aadkii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayey maamulkii Dergiga ee shuuciga ahaa ee Itoobiya ayaa ka curtay dalka oo dhan. Barre ayaa ku jawaabay in uu amar ku bixiyay in tallaabo laga qaado dadka uu u arko in ay deegaan ahaan taageersan yihiin jabhadda, gaar ahaan gobollada Waqooyi. Xakamayntaas waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyinka, oo ay ku taal xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa , oo ah xaruntii SNM , oo ka mid ahayd goobihii la beegsaday 1988. Xakamaynta ay bilawday dawladdii Barre waxay gaadhsiisay in ka badan qaraxyadii hore ee woqooyiga si ay u koobto gobollo kala duwan oo dalka ah. Soo saariddan xeeladaha gardarada ah ee looga dan leeyahay in lagu caburiyo dadka ka soo jeeda iyo in lagu sii hayo awoodda dadweynaha waxay astaan ​​u ahayd tallaabooyinka caburinta ah ee dowladdu ay ka waddo Koonfurta. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu caansan ayaa dhacay 1991-kii, markii taliskii Barre bilaabay weerar cirka ah oo sababay dhimashada dad badan oo aan waxba galabsan magaalada Beledweyn , oo ku taal koonfurta Soomaaliya. Arxan-darrada iyo baaxadda falkan waxashnimada ah waxa ay iftiimisay heerka ay dawladdu u diyaar-garowday in ay meesha ka saarto nooc kasta oo mucaarad ah ama wax iska caabin ah, iyada oo ay muujinayso in aan tix-gelin badheedh ah u lahayn xuquuqda aadamaha iyo qiimaha nolosha bani’aadamka. Mid kale oo xusid mudan siyaasaddii caburinta Barre ayaa ka dhacday magaalada Baydhabo oo lagu naaneeso ‘Magaalada dhimashada’ taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhacdooyinkii murugada lahaa ee ka dhacay halkaasi xilliyadii abaarta iyo dagaalada sokeeye . Boqolaal kun oo qof ayaa naftooda ku waayey istiraatijiyad dawladeed oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay bulshada Raxanweyn ee deggan deegaannadaas. 1990kii, magaalada caasimadda ah ee Muqdisho, dadka deggan waxaa laga mamnuucay inay meel fagaare ah isugu yimaadaan kooxo ka badan saddex ama afar. Shidaal yaraan, sicir-bararka, iyo qiima dhaca lacagta ayaa saameeyay dhaqaalaha. Suuq madoow oo aad u wanaagsan ayaa ka jiray bartamaha magaalada iyadoo bangiyada ay la kulmeen gabaabsi lacagta gudaha ah ee lagu sarifto. Waxaa la soo saaray sharciyo lagu xakameynayo sarifka lacagaha qalaad si looga hortago dhoofinta lacagaha qalaad. Inkastoo aan la saarin xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah oo lagu soo rogay ajaanibta, sawir qaadista goobo badan ayaa la mamnuucay. Xilliyada maalinlaha ah ee magaalada Muqdisho, muuqaalka ciidan kasta oo dowladda ayaa ahaa mid naadir ah. Hawlgallada habeenkii dambe ee ay sameeyeen mas'uuliyiinta dowladda, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa "la'aanta" shaqsiyaadka guryahooda. 1991kii, maamulkii Barre waxaa xukunka ka tuuray isbahaysi mucaarad ku ah qabiil, oo ay taageerayeen taliskii Itoobiya ee Dergiga iyo Liibiya . Ka dib shir ay yeesheen Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Somaliyeed iyo odayaasha beelaha waqooyi, qaybtii waqooyi ee Ingiriisku ka talin jiray dalka waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay gooni isu taagtay jamhuuriyadda Somaliland May 1991. In kasta oo ay madax bannaani tahay oo xasiloon tahay marka loo eego koonfurta qalalaasaha ah, haddana dawlad shisheeye ma aqoonsan. [[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Dagaaladii sokeeye ka hor, Muqdisho waxaa loo yaqaannay "Luul cad oo badweynta Hindiya]] In badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha mucaaradka ayaa markii dambe bilaabay inay u tartamaan sidii ay saamayn ugu yeelan lahaayeen awood la'aanta ka dib markii la riday taliskii Barre. Koonfurta, waxaa isku dhacay kooxo hubaysan oo ay kala hogaaminayaan taliyayaasha USC General Maxamed Faarax Ceydiid iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed , gaar ahaan, iyadoo mid walba uu doonayo inuu awood ku yeesho caasimadda. 1991kii, shir caalami ah oo wajiyo badan lahaa ayaa lagu qabtay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti. Iyadoo loo eegayo sharcinimada uu Muxammad ku siiyey shirkii Jabuuti, ayaa beesha caalamku u aqoonsatay inuu yahay madaxweynaha cusub ee Soomaaliya. Ma uu awoodin in uu awoodiisa ku dhaqmo meelo ka baxsan caasimadda. Awoodda ayaa taas beddelkeeda lagu heshiiyey hoggaamiye kooxeedyadii kale ee koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo maamul-goboleedyo ka madax bannaan waqooyiga. Shirkii Jibouti waxaa ku xigay laba heshiis oo aan la iska dhicin oo dib-u-heshiisiin qaran iyo hub ka dhigis, oo ay saxeexeen 15 daneeyayaal siyaasadeed: heshiis in la qabto shir aan rasmi ahayn oo diyaarinta dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka, iyo heshiiskii Addis Ababa 1993 ee lagu sameeyay shirkii dib u heshiisiinta qaranka. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, la'aanta daba-dheeraatay ee la'aanta maamul dhexe oo joogto ah, Soomaaliya waxay billowday inay ku sifowdo " Qaran guuldarreystay . ===Hay'adaha ku meel gaarka ah=== [[File:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (28-03-2006).jpg|thumb|C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed , Madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG ah ee Soomaaliya]] Dawladda Ku-Meel-Gaarka ah (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay bilihii April-May 2000 shirkii Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNPC) ee lagu qabtay Carta, Jabuuti. Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa loo doortay in uu noqdo Madaxweynaha dowladda KMG ah ee cusub ee qaranka, maamul ku meel gaar ah oo loo sameeyay in uu Soomaaliya ku hago dowlad Jamhuuriyad rasmi ah oo saddexaad. Dhibaatooyinka gudaha ee TNG ayaa keenay in la bedelo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha afar jeer saddex sano gudahood, iyo hay'adda maamulka ayaa sheegay inay kacday December 2003. Waqtigeediina isku mar wuu dhamaaday. 10kii Oktoobar 2004tii, sharci-dajiyayaashu waxay u doorteen Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed inuu noqdo Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Dawladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFG), oo beddelaya Dawladdii Ku Meel Gaarka ahayd. DFKMG waxay ahayd maamulkii labaad ee ku meel gaadhka ahaa ee hiigsanayay in dib loo soo celiyo hay’adihii qaranka ee Soomaaliya kadib burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre 1991 iyo dagaaladii sokeeye ee xigay. DFKMG waxay ahayd dowladda Soomaaliya oo caalamku aqoonsan yahay ilaa 20kii Agoosto 2012, markaas oo ay si rasmi ah u dhammaatay waqtigeedii. Waxaa loo asaasay mid ka mid ah Hay'adaha Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFIs) ee dowladda sida lagu qeexay Axdiga Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFC) ee uu ansixiyay Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFP) bishii Nofembar 2004. Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay si rasmi ah uga koobneyd waaxda fulinta ee dowladda, iyadoo TFP ay tahay waaxda sharci dejinta. Xukuumadda ayaa waxaa madax ka ahaa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, iyadoo golaha wasiirradu ay warbixin ka siiyeen Ra’iisul Wasaaraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday erey guud si loo tixraaco dhammaan saddexda laan si wadajir ah. ===Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga=== [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|Khariidad muujinaysa ICU marka ugu sarraysa saamaynteeda]] Sanadkii 2006, Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah (ICU) waxay la wareegeen gacan ku haynta inta badan koonfurta dalka muddo 6 bilood ah waxayna soo rogeen ku dhaqanka shareecada Islaamka . Mas’uuliyiinta ugu sareysa Qaramada Midoobay ayaa ku tilmaamay muddadan kooban in ay tahay xilli dahab ah oo ku jira taariikhda siyaasadda Soomaaliya. ===Dowladda KMG ah=== Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay isku dayday inay dib u soo ceshato awoodeeda, iyadoo kaashanaysa ciidamada Itoobiya , ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika iyo taageerada hawada ee Mareykanka, waxay ka saartay maxaakiimta oo ay xoojisay xukunkeeda. [ 191 ] January 8, 2007, Madaxweynaha DFKMG, C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo galay Muqdisho isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidamada Itoobiya tan iyo markii xilka loo doortay. Dawladdu waxay markaas u guurtay xarunta Villa Somalia ee caasimadda oo ay si ku meel gaar ah uga ahayd Baydhabo . Tani waxay noqonaysaa markii ugu horeysay tan iyo burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre sanadkii 1991-kii oo ay dowladda Federaalka gacanta ku hayso inta badan dalka. ===Falaagada Al-Shabaab=== Al-Shabaab ayaa ka soo horjeestay joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya, waxaana ay sii wadeen dagaallada ka dhanka ah dowladda KMG ah. Intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2008, Al-Shabaab waxay dhalisay guulo ciidan, iyagoo la wareegay gacan ku haynta magaalooyin iyo dekedo muhiim ah oo ku yaal bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Janaayo 2009, Al-Shabaab iyo maleeshiyaadkii kale waxay ku qasbeen ciidamada Itoobiya inay dib u gurtaan, iyagoo ka tagay ciidan aan qalabeyn oo nabad ilaalin ah oo Midowga Afrika ah si ay u caawiyaan ciidamada dowladda KMG ah.  Dhaqaale la’aan iyo dhaqaale la’aan, cunaqabatayn dhanka hubka ah oo adkeyd in dib loo yagleelo ciidan qaran oo suga amniga, iyo danayn la’aanta guud ee beesha caalamka, Yuusuf waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in kumannaan ciidamo ah oo Puntland ka socda la geeyo Muqdisho si ay u sii joogteeyaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan Koonfurta dalka. Taageerada maaliyadeed ee dadaalkan waxaa bixisay dawladda ismaamulka. Taasi waxay keentay in dakhli yar oo soo galo ciidamada ammaanka Puntland iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah, taasoo ka dhigtay dhul u nugul burcad-badeedda iyo weerarrada argagixisada.  29-kii December 2008, Yuusuf wuxuu kaga dhawaaqay baarlamaanka ku midoobay Baydhabo inuu iska casilayo xilka madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Khudbadiisa oo laga sii daayay Idaacadda Qaranka, ayuu Yuusuf ku sheegay inuu ka xun yahay inuu ku guul-darreystay inuu soo afjaro colaaddii dalka ka jirtay toddoba iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, sidii dowladdiisa loo igmaday. Wuxuu kaloo ku eedeeyay beesha caalamka inay ka gaabiyeen taageerada dowladda, wuxuuna sheegay in guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka uu xilka ku wareejin doono sida uu qabo Axdiga KMG ah ===Dhamaadka xilliga ku meel gaarka=== Intii u dhaxaysay 31 May iyo 9 June 2008, wakiilo ka socday dawladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Isbahaysiga Dib u xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS) ayaa ka qayb galay wada-hadallo nabadeed oo Jabuuti ka dhacay oo uu garwadeen ka ahaa ergeygii hore ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsanaa Soomaaliya, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah . Shirka ayaa ku soo idlaaday heshiis la kala saxiixday oo dhigaya in ciidamada Itoobiya laga saaro dalka si loo joojiyo iska hor imaadyada hubeysan. Baarlamaanka ayaa ka dib la balaariyay oo la gaarsiiyay 550 kursi si ay u helaan xubnaha ARS, oo markaas madaxweyne u doortay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed .Iyadoo gacan ka heleysa koox yar oo ka tirsan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, dowladda KMG ayaa biloowday weerar rogaal celis ah bishii Febraayo 2009 si ay si buuxda ula wareegto maamulka qeybta koonfureed ee dalka. DFKMG si ay xukunkeeda u xoojiso waxay isbahaysi la samaysatay Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ah, Xubnihii kale ee Isbaheysiga Dib u xoreynta Soomaaliya iyo Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca oo ah Maleeshiyo Suufi ah oo qunyar socod ah . Intaa waxaa dheer, Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam, oo ah labada kooxood ee Islaamiyiinta ah ee mucaaradka ah, waxay bilaabeen inay dhexdooda dagaallamaan bartamihii 2009kii. Xabbad ahaan, bishii Maarso 2009, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ku dhawaaqday inay dib u dhaqan gelinayso Shareecada oo ah nidaamka garsoorka rasmiga ah ee qaranka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, colaaddu waxay ka sii socotay koonfurta iyo badhtamaha dalka. Muddo bilo gudahood ah, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ka baxday in ay gacanta ku dhigto ilaa 70% koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya aagagga iskahorimaadyada, oo ay 80% dhulka lagu muransan yahay ku lumisay xoogaga Islaamiyiinta ah. Bishii Oktoobar 2011, hawlgal qorsheysan, Operation Linda Nchi oo u dhexeeya militariga Soomaaliya iyo Kenya iyo ciidamada caalamiga ah ayaa ka billowday Al-Shabaab ee koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Sebtembar 2012, ciidamada Soomaaliya, Kenya, iyo Raaskaambooni waxay ku guulaysteen inay qabsadaan Al-Shabaab xaruntii ugu dambaysay ee ugu weynayd, dekedda koonfurta ee Kismaayo. Bishii Luulyo 2012, saddex hawlgal oo Midowga Yurub ayaa la bilaabay si ay ula macaamilaan Soomaaliya: EUTM Somalia , Hawlgalka Ciidamada Badda ee Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya Atalanta off the Horn of Africa, iyo EUCAP Nestor. [[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|Dhismaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya]] Iyada oo qayb ka ah "Roadmap-ka Dhammaadka Ku-meel-gaarka" ee rasmiga ah, oo ah geeddi-socod siyaasadeed oo siinaya jaan-gooyo cad-cad oo horseedaya samaynta hay'ado dimoqraadi ah oo joogto ah oo Soomaaliya ah, xilliga ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ayaa dhammaaday 20kii Agoosto 2012 ===Dowladda Federaalka=== Dowladda Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya , oo ah dowladdii dhexe ee ugu horreysay oo joogto ah oo dalka yeelato tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaallada sokeeye, ayaa la aas aasay Agoosto 2012. Bishii Agoosto 2014-kii, howlgalka Badweynta Hindiya ee ay hormuudka ka tahay dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa la bilaabay ka hortagga jeebabka kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan baadiyaha ===2021-2023 abaar=== Abaarta Soomaaliya ee 2021-2023 ayaa ahayd abaartii ugu darneyd ee Soomaaliya soo marta muddo 40 sano ah, waxaana ay saameysay 7.8 milyan oo qof. ==Juqraafiga== Soomaaliya waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Jabuuti dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, galbeedna Itoobiya , waqooyiga Gacanka Cadmeed , badda Soomaaliya iyo kanaalka Guardafui oo bari ah, iyo Koonfur-galbeed Kenya . Baaxadda dhuleedku waa 637,657 kiiloo mitir laba jibaaran, dhulka Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo buuraha . Xeebteedu waxay dhererkeedu ka badan tahay 3,333 kiiloomitir, waana tan ugu dheer dhul weynaha Afrika. Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay mid si qiyaas ah u qaabaysan "sida lambar foorarsan oo toddoba ah". Waqooyiga fog, safafka bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Oogo waxay ku yaalaan masaafo kala duwan oo u jirta xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed. Xaalado kulul ayaa jira sanadka oo dhan, oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Geology waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka kaydka macdanta qiimaha leh. Soomaaliya waxaa Seychelles ka go'ay badda Soomaaliya, waxaana ka go'ay Socotra oo lagu magacaabo Guardafui Channel ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Soomaaliya waxay si rasmi ah u qaybsantaa siddeed iyo toban gobol ( sara , gobol keli ah ), oo iyana loo qaybiyo degmooyin. [[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|Maabka gobollada Soomaaliya]] Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda waa goorma ? Waxay u kala qaybsameen maamul-goboleedka Puntland ( oo isku haysta maamul-goboleedka ), Somaliland ( maamul-goboleed iskeed ugu dhawaaqday balse aan la aqoonsan ) iyo Khaatumo State of Somalia oo dhawaan la dhisay . Bartamaha Soomaaliya, Galmudug waa maamul-goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. Jubaland oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa ismaamulka afaraad ee federaalka.Sannadkii 2014-kii, ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay maamul-goboleedka cusub ee Koonfur-galbeed . Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la daah furay shirweyne lagu dhisayo dowlad goboleedka cusub ee Hirshabeelle . Baarlamaanka Federaalka waxaa loo xilsaaray 2012-kii in uu soo xulo tirada ugu dambeysa iyo xuduudaha dowlad goboleedyada is-maamul goboleedyada (sida rasmiga ah ee xubnaha ka ah Federaalka ) ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. ===Goobta=== [[File:Somalia (orthographic projection)2.png|thumb|Odoroska afafka ee Soomaaliya]] Soomaaliya waxaa ka xiga Kenya dhanka koonfur galbeed, waqooyi gacanka cadmeed , kanaalka Guardafui iyo badweynta Hindiya bari, galbeedna Itoobiya. Dalku wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay Jabuuti . Waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 2°S iyo 12°N , iyo longitudes 41° iyo 52°E . Istaraatiijiyad ahaan waxay ku taal afka laga galo Bab el Mandeb ee laga soo galo Badda Cas iyo kanaalka Suweys , waddanku wuxuu ku yaal cirifka gobol, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay u ekaanshaheeda khariidadda geeska wiyisha , oo badanaa loogu yeero Geeska Afrika. ===Biyaha=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika, oo leh boodh badeed dhererkeedu yahay 3,333 kiiloomitir (2,071 mi). Dhulkeedu waxa uu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo dhulka sare . Qaranku wuxuu leeyahay bedka guud ee 637,657 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (246,201 sq mi) kaas oo ka kooban dhul, oo leh 10,320 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (3,980 sq mi) oo biyo ah. Soohdimaha dhulka ee Soomaaliya ayaa gaaraya ilaa 2,340 kiiloomitir (1,450 mi); 58 kiiloomitir (36 mi) ka mid ah waxaa la wadaaga Jabuuti, 682 kiiloomitir (424 mi) Kenya, iyo 1,626 kiiloomitir (1,010 mi) Itoobiya. Sheegashadeeda badda waxaa ka mid ah dhul-badeed dhan 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi). Soomaaliya waxaa xeebaheeda ku yaal jasiirado iyo jaziirado dhowr ah oo ay ku jiraan Jaziiradaha Bajuuni iyo Jaziiradaha Sacad-Diin : eeg jasiiradaha Soomaaliya . [[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|Webiga Jubba]] ===Degaan=== Soomaaliya waxay ka kooban tahay todobo dhuleed oo kala ah: Xabashida montane kaymaha , Waqooyiga Zanzibar–Inhambane mosaic kaynta xeebta , Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands iyo kayn , dhul daaqsimeed Xabashi ah iyo dhir dhireed , dhul daaqsimeed hobyo iyo geedo yaryar , Somali montane xeric woodlands , iyo mangroves Bariga Afrika Dhanka waqooyi, bannaan saxare-meel-mareen ah oo xoqan, oo loo yaqaan Guban ayaa barbar-socda Gacanka Cadmeed . Iyada oo ballaciisu yahay laba iyo toban kiiloomitir galbeedka ilaa in yar oo laba kiiloomitir ah oo bari ah, bannaanka waxaa u kala qaybiya maro-biyoodyo asal ahaan ah sariiro ciid qallalan marka laga reebo xilliyada roobaadka. Marka roobabku da'aan, Guban's duurka hooseeya iyo cawska cawska ayaa isu beddela dhir cagaaran. Xariggaan xeebeedku waa qayb ka mid ah dhul- daaqsimeedkii Xabashida iyo dhir-dhireedka . Cal Madow waa silsilad buuraley ah oo ku taal waqooyi bari ee dalka. Waxay ku dherersan tahay dhowr kiilo mitir dhanka galbeed ee magaalada Boosaaso ilaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Ceerigaabo , waxay ku taal meesha ugu sarreysa Soomaaliya , Shimbiris , oo ku fadhida meel sare ah ilaa 2,416 mitir (7,927 ft). Silsilada bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Karkaar waxay sidoo kale ku yaalliin gudaha gudaha Gacanka Cadmeed. Gobollada dhexe, silsiladaha buuraha waqooyi ee dalka waxay u baneeyaan dhul-badeed-gacmeedyo iyo marin-biyoodyo qallalan oo deegaan ahaan loogu yeero Oogo . Dhulka galbeedka ee Oogo, ayaa isna si tartiib tartiib ah ugu biira Haud , oo ah aag muhiim u ah daaqa xoolaha. Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba webi oo kala ah Jubba iyo Shabeele oo labaduba ka bilaabma buuraleyda Itoobiya . Wabiyadan ayaa inta badan u socda dhanka koofureed, iyadoo webiga Jubba uu ka galo badweynta Hindiya ee magaalada Kismaayo . Wabiga Shabeelle ayaa mar sida muuqata gali jiray badda u dhow magaalada Marka , balse hadda waxa uu gaaray meel dhanka Koonfur-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Muqdisho. Intaa ka dib, waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhiiqo iyo meelo qallalan ka hor inta aan aakhirka lagu waayin dhulka saxaraha ah ee bariga Jilib , una dhow webiga Jubba. ===Deegaanka=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|Xeebaha Soomaaliya , jardiinooyinka deegaanka iyo meelaha la ilaaliyo]] Soomaaliya waa dal oomane ah oo leh qiyaastii 1.6% dhul beereed . Ururada deegaanka ee ugu horeeya waxay ahaayeen Ecoterra Somalia iyo Somali Ecological Society, labaduba waxay gacan ka geysteen kor u qaadista wacyiga ku saabsan walaaca deegaanka iyo abaabulida barnaamijyada deegaanka ee dhammaan qaybaha dawladda iyo sidoo kale bulshada rayidka ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1971-kii, olole ballaaran oo dhir beeris ah oo heer qaran ah ayaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre bilowday si ay u joojiso horu-marintii kumannaanka hektar ee dunta bacaadka ah ee ay dabeyshu kaxeyso oo halis ku ah inay qariso magaalooyinka, waddooyinka iyo dhul beereed. Sannadkii 1988-kii, 265 hektar oo ah 336 hektar oo la saadaaliyay ayaa la daweeyay, iyadoo 39 goobood oo kayd ah iyo 36 goobood oo kaymo ah la aasaasay. 1986, Xarunta Badbaadinta Duurjoogta, Cilmi-baarista iyo Kormeerka waxaa aasaasay Ecoterra International, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu wacyigeliyo dadweynaha arrimaha deegaanka. Dadaalkaas waxbarasho waxa uu horseeday 1989 kii waxa loogu yeero "soo jeedinta Soomaaliya" iyo go'aan ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku gaartay in ay raacdo Axdiga ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee dabar-goynta xayawaanka duurjoogta iyo dhirta (CITES), kaas oo markii ugu horreysay aasaasay adduunka oo dhan mamnuucidda ka ganacsiga Maroodiga Maroodiga . [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|Xeebta koofureed ee Muqdisho]] Ka dib, Faadumo Jibrell , oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqe caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka, ayaa qaaday olole guul leh oo lagu ilaalinayo kaymaha geedaha qudhaca ah ee koray ee waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya. Geedahan, oo noolaan kara 500 oo sano, ayaa la jari jiray si looga sameeyo dhuxusha oo aad looga doonayay Jasiiradda Carabta, halkaas oo qabaa'ilka Baadiyaha ee gobolka ay aaminsan yihiin in qudhacdu ay tahay mid muqadas ah. Inaad noqoto shidaal aan qaali ahayn, soo saarista dhuxusha waxay inta badan keentaa xaalufka iyo xaalufka . Si wax looga qabto dhibaatadan, Jibrell iyo Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organisation (Horn Relief; hadda Adeso ), oo ah hay'ad ay aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha fulinta ka ahayd, waxay tababareen koox dhalinyaro ah si ay bulshada uga wacyigeliyaan waxyeelada joogtada ah ee soo saarista dhuxusha ay abuuri karto. 1999kii, Horn Relief waxay isku dubariday socod nabadeed waqooyi-bari Puntland ee Soomaaliya si loo soo afjaro waxa loogu yeero "dagaallada dhuxusha". Natiijadii ololaha Jibrell iyo dadaalkii waxbarashada, dawladda Puntland 2000 waxay mamnuucday dhoofinta dhuxusha. Dowladda ayaa sidoo kale tan iyo markii ay dhaqan galisay mamnuucidaasi, taasoo la sheegay inay keentay in 80% hoos u dhac ku yimaado dhoofinta badeecada. Jibrell waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Abaalmarinta Deegaanka Goldman ee 2002 dadaalkeeda ka dhanka ah xaalufka deegaanka iyo xaalufka. Sannadkii 2008, waxay sidoo kale ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Mu'asasada Qaranka ee Juqraafiga / Buffett ee Hoggaanka Ilaalinta. Ka dib tsunamigii weynaa ee Diisambar 2004 , waxaa sidoo kale soo baxay eedeymo sheegaya in ka dib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, in xeebta dheer ee Soomaaliya ee fog fog loo isticmaalay goob qashin ah oo lagu aaso qashinka sunta ah. Mowjadaha waaweyn ee ku dhuftay waqooyiga Soomaaliya kadib tsunamigii ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay kiciyeen tan oo ah haraadiga sunta nukliyeerka ah oo laga yaabo inay si sharci darro ah dalka ugu daadiyeen shirkado shisheeye. Xisbiga Cagaaran ee Yurub waxa uu daba socday cadaymahaas isagoo horgeeyay saxaafadda iyo baarlamaanka Yurub ee Strasbourg nuqulo qandaraasyo ah oo ay kala saxiixdeen laba shirkadood oo reer Yurub ah - Shirkadda Swiss Swiss, Achair Partners, iyo dilaaliinta qashinka Talyaaniga Progresso - iyo wakiillo ka socday Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Hogaamiye kooxeed Cali Mahdi Maxamed, si ay u qaataan 10 milyan oo tan oo qashinka sunta ah oo ay ku bedesheen 80 milyan oo gini. Sida lagu sheegay warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan deegaanka (UNEP), qashinka ayaa sababay in uu aad uga sarreeyo xaaladaha caadiga ah ee caabuqyada neef-mareenka, boogaha afka iyo dhiig-baxa, dhiigbaxa caloosha iyo caabuqa maqaarka oo aan caadi ahayn oo ku dhacay dad badan oo deggan deegaannada ku teedsan waqooyi-bari ee magaalooyinka Hobyo iyo Banaadir ee xeebta Badweynta Hindiya - cudurro la socda xanuunka shucaaca. UNEP waxay intaas ku dartay in xaaladda xeebaha Soomaaliya ay khatar deegaan oo aad u daran aysan ka jirin Soomaaliya oo keliya, balse sidoo kale gobolka bariga Afrika. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 SOM 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen–Geiger map-ka kala soocida cimilada ee 1-km xallinta Soomaaliya 1991-2020]] Sababo la xiriira u dhawaanshaha Soomaaliya ee dhulbaraha , ma jiro isbeddel xilliyeed badan oo cimiladeeda ah. Xaalado kulul ayaa sanadka oo dhan jira oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee maalin kasta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 30 ilaa 40 ° C (86 ilaa 104 °F), marka laga reebo meelaha sare ee xeebta bari, halkaasoo laga dareemi karo saamaynta qabow ee hadda taagan. Muqdisho, tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerka galabnimada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 28 ilaa 32 °C (82 ilaa 90 °F) bisha Abriil. Qaar ka mid ah heerkulka celceliska sannadlaha ah ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay waddanka; Berbera oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed waxay leedahay galab sare oo celcelis ahaan ka badan 38 °C (100 °F) laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar. Qaran ahaan, celceliska celceliska maalinlaha ahi badanaa way kala duwan yihiin qiyaastii 15 ilaa 30 ° C (59 ilaa 86 ° F). Kala duwanaanshaha ugu badan ee cimiladu waxay ka dhacdaa waqooyiga Soomaaliya, halkaas oo heerkulku mararka qaarkood dhaafo 45 ° C (113 ° F) bisha Luulyo ee bannaanka litoral oo hoos uga dhaco barta qabowga bisha Disembar ee buuraha sare. Gobolkan, qoyaanka qaraabada ahi wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 40% badhtamaha galabnimada ilaa 85% habeenkii, isbeddelaya waxoogaa marka loo eego xilliga. Si ka duwan cimilada dalalka kale ee ugu badan ee loolkan, xaaladaha Soomaaliya waxay u dhexeeyaan oomane waqooyi-bari iyo gobollada dhexe ilaa waqooyi -galbeed iyo koonfurta. Waqooyi-bari, roobka sannadlaha ahi wuxuu ka yar yahay 100 mm (4 in); Taagga dhexe, waa qiyaastii 200 ilaa 300 mm (8 ilaa 12 inji). Qaybaha waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed ee qaranka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay helaan roobab aad u badan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan 510 ilaa 610 mm (20 ilaa 24 in) ay dhacaan sannadkii. Inkasta oo gobollada xeebuhu ay kulul yihiin oo qoyan yihiin sannadka oo dhan, dhul-badeedku caadi ahaan waa qalalan oo kulul. Waxa jira afar xilli oo nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda ah ku wareegsan yihiin, kuwaasna waxa lagu maamulaa isbeddellada dabaysha. Laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Maarso waa Jiilaalka , xilliga xagaaga ee ugu adag sanadka. Xilli-roobaadka ugu muhiimsan, oo loo yaqaan Gu'ga , wuxuu socdaa Abriil ilaa Juunyo. Xilligan waxaa lagu gartaa dabeylaha koonfur-galbeed, kuwaas oo dib u soo nooleeya dhul-daaqsimeedka, gaar ahaan dhul-daaqsimeedka dhexe, oo muddo kooban saxaraha u beddela dhir cagaaran. Laga bilaabo Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar waa xilliga labaad ee qalalan, Xagaa (waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa "Xagaa"). Dayr , oo ah xilli-roobaadka ugu gaaban, wuxuu socdaa Oktoobar ilaa Disembar. Xilliyada tangambili ee dhexgala labada dabaylaha (Oktoobar-Noofambar iyo Maarso-May) waa kulayl iyo qoyaan. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|Geela buuraha waqooyi]] Soomaaliya waxaa ku jira naasley kala duwan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay kala duwanaanshiyaha cimilada iyo deegaanka. Duurjoogta weli dhacaya waxaa ka mid ah Haramcadka , libaaxa ,geriga xiiran , baboon , serval , maroodi , bushpig , cawska , lawska , kudu , dik-dik , oribi , dabada duurjoogta somaliyeed , reedbuck iyo zebra , maroodi shrew , dhagaxa dhagaxa ah . Waxa kale oo ay leedahay dad aad u tiro badan oo geel-jiif ah . Soomaaliya waxay hoy u tahay ilaa 727 nooc oo shimbiro ah. Siddeed ka mid ah kuwan waa cudur, mid waxaa keenay aadanaha, midna waa dhif ama shil. Afar iyo toban nooc ayaa caalamka khatar ku ah. Noocyada shimbiraha ee sida gaarka ah looga helo dalka waxaa ka mid ah xamaamka Soomaalida ; Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Hoopoe-Lark ka yar; Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark; Mirafra ashi , Ash's Bushlark; Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark; Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark; Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae); iyo Warsangli Linenet. Dhul-badeedka Soomaaliya ayaa ah goobaha ugu horreeya ee kalluumeysiga ee noocyada badda ee aad u guura, sida tuna. Qalfoof qaarad oo cidhiidhi ah laakiin wax soo saar leh ayaa ka kooban dhawr nooc oo kalluun -demersal ah iyo nooc qolof ah . Noocyada kalluunka laga helo si gaar ah qaranka waxaa ka mid ah Cirrhitichthys randalli ( Cirrhitidae ), Symphurus fuscus ( Cynoglossidae ), Parapercis simulata OC ( Pinguipedidae ), Cociella somaliensis OC ( Platycephalidae ), iyo Pseudochromis melanotus ( Pseudochromis ). Waxaa jira qiyaastii 235 nooc oo xamaarato ah. Kuwaas, ku dhawaad ​​kala bar waxay ku nool yihiin aagga waqooyi. Xamaaratada ku baahsan Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Viper-ka Hughes , Maska Garter-ka ee Koonfurta Soomaaliya, orodyahan ( Platyceps messanai ), mas diadem ( Spalerosophis josephscorteccii ), ciidda ciidda Soomaaliyeed , Qorraxda Gooryaanka xaglaha leh , Qorraxda aagagga dhabarka leh, Macmacaanka Laaluushka ah ee Laaluushka ah ( dyfani'ssty' Lizard ) gecko ( Hemidactylus granchii ), gecko-ga Soomaaliyeed ee semaphore , iyo qorratada ciidda ( Mesalina ama Eremias ). Mas colubrid ( Aprosdoketophis andreonei ) iyo maqaarka Haacke-Greer ( Hackgreerius miopus ) waa noocyo cidhiidhi ah. ==Siyaasadda iyo dawladnimada== <!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below -->{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 350 | image1 = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud-ldn2.jpg | caption1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]]<br /><small>[[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweyne]] tan iyo 2022</small> | image2 = AU delegation meets Somalia Prime Minister to discuss support and collaboration (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]]<br /><small>Ra'iisul Wasaare tan iyo 2022</small> }} jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo wakiil ka ah baarlamaanka . Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ayaa ah madaxa qaranka iyo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya , waxaana uu soo xulaa Ra’iisul wasaare si uu u noqdo madaxa xukuumadda . Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya waa baarlamaanka qaranka Soomaaliya. Labada Aqal ee Sharci-dejinta Qaranka waxa ay ka kooban yihiin Golaha Shacabka (Aqalka Hoose) iyo Senatka (Aqalka Sare), kuwaas oo xubnahooda loo doortay in ay qabtaan muddo afar sano ah. Baarlamaanka ayaa dooranaya Madaxweynaha, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka iyo ku xigeenadiisa. Waxa kale oo ay awood u leedahay in ay ansixiso oo diido sharciyada. [[File:Adan Mohamed Nuur.jpg|thumb|[[Aaden Nuur|Aadan Madoobe]], [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]]]] Garsoorka Soomaaliya waxaa qeexaya Dastuurka kumeel gaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Waxaa 1-dii Agoosto 2012 ku ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka Qaranka ee Muqdisho, dukumeentiga waxaa dejiyay guddi khubaro ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay qareenka iyo Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka, Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari . Waxay bixisaa aasaaska sharciga ah ee jiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka iyo isha awood sharci. Qaab dhismeedka maxkamadaha qaranka waxaa loo habeeyay saddex heer: Maxkamada Dastuuriga ah, Maxkamadaha heer Federaal iyo maxkamado heer dowlad goboleed . Golaha Adeegga Garsoorka oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood ayaa magacaabaya xubin kasta oo heer Federaal ah oo ka tirsan garsoorka. Waxa kale oo ay soo xulaysaa oo ay horgeynaysaa golaha shacabka ee baarlamaanka federaalka ah garsoorayaasha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah si ay u ansixiyaan. Haddii la ansixiyo, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu musharraxa u magacaabayaa garsoore Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo ka kooban shan xubnood ayaa ka garnaqsa arrimaha dastuurka, marka laga soo tago arrimo kala duwan oo heer federaal iyo heer maamul goboleed ah. Sharciga Soomaalidu waxa uu ka soo jeedaa saddex hab oo isku dhafan oo kala ah: Sharciga Madaniga ah , Shareecada Islaamka iyo Xeer-dhaqameedka . Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tilmaanta Soomaaliya waa dalka 5-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Burburkii Soomaaliya ka dib 1991 ma jirin wax xidhiidh ah ama xidhiidh dhex maray dawladda Somaliland oo ku dhawaaqday in ay dal tahay iyo dawladda Soomaaliya ===Qaybaha maamulka=== {{Main|Gobolada Soomaaliya|Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya}} ​Soomaaliya si rasmi ah waxay u qaybsantaa toddoba [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|dawlad goboleed]] iyo siddeed iyo toban [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]] (''gobollada'', kaligeed waa ''gobol''),<ref name="factbook"/> kuwaas oo iyana u sii qaybsama degmooyin. Gobolladu waa: {| |rowspan="2"|[[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.3|Gobollada Soomaaliya oo leh dowlad-goboleedyo midabbo leh]] |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Somaliland}}{{color box|#72FE6E}}'''[[Somaliland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Awdal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Maroodi Jeex|Woqooyi Galbeed]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]]*{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Khatumo}}'''{{color box|#6CCAFE}} [[Waqooyibari|Waqooyi Bari]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Puntland}}'''{{color box|#AEA9FE}} [[Puntland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Nugaal|Nugaal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Galmudug}}'''{{color box|#DFA9FE}} [[Galmudug]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Galguduud]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |- |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">'''{{flag icon|Hirshabeelle}}{{color box|#FE3A46}} [[Hirshabeelle]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Hiiraan|Hiiraan]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Dhexe|Shabeellaha Dhexe]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|South West State of Somalia}}'''{{color box|#FE9C5A}} [[Koonfur Galbeed|Koonfur Galbeed]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bakool]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Baay|Baay]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Hoose|Shabeellaha Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Jubaland}}'''{{color box|#FEBB5A}} [[Jubaland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Gedo]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Dhexe|Jubbada Dhexe]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flagicon image|Flag of Mogadishu, Somalia.svg}}'''{{color box|#F5F601}} [[Banaadir]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Muqdisho|Muqdisho]]{{pb}} |} <small> * Lagu muransan yahay</small> <small> ** Waxaa Somaliland u kala saartay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> <small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ** Waxay Somaliland u qaybisay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> ​<small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ​Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda ''de facto'' waxay u qaybsan tahay [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|gobollada ismaamulka]] ee [[Puntland]] (oo isu tixgelisa dawlad goboleed ismaamul ah), [[Somaliland]] (dawlad iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madax-bannaani, aqoonsi xaddidan leh) iyo [[Waqooyibari|Dawlad Goboleedka Woqooyi Bari ee Soomaaliya]] oo dhowaan la aasaasay. Bartamaha Soomaaliya, [[Galmudug]] waa maamul goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. [[Jubaland]] oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa gobolka afaraad ee ismaamul ee ka tirsan federaalka.<ref name="factbook"/> Sannadkii 2014-kii, waxaa sidoo kale la aasaasay [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dawlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=International community welcomes newly-elected President of Somalia's Interim South West Administration|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|access-date=5 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la furay shirka dhismaha ee dawlad goboleedka cusub ee [[Hirshabeelle |Hirshabeelle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Adado conference kicks off in central Somalia|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|access-date=15 May 2015|agency=Garowe Online|date=16 April 2015|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811104021/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​[[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] waxaa loo xilsaaray sannadkii 2012-kii inay soo xulaan tirada kama dambaysta ah iyo xuduudaha dawlad goboleedyada ismaamulka (si rasmi ah ''[[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Dawlad Goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah Federaalka]]'') ee ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya.<ref name="Frspc"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Madaxweynaha Turkiga Recep Tayyip Erdogan ayaa xariga ka jaray Terminalka cusub ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cabdulle ee magaalada Muqdisho. (25 Janaayo 2015)]] Xiriirka dibadda ee Soomaaliya waxaa maamula madaxweynaha sida madaxa dowladda, Ra’iisul wasaaraha oo ah madaxa xukuumadda, iyo wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee federaalka . Sida ku cad qodobka 54-aad ee dastuurka qaranka, qeybsiga awoodaha iyo kheyraadka ee dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya waa in ay ka wadahadlaan oo ay ku heshiiyaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada, marka laga reebo arrimaha la xiriira arrimaha dibadda, difaaca qaranka, jinsiyadda iyo socdaalka iyo siyaasadda lacagta. Qodobka 53-aad ayaa sidoo kale dhigaya in Dowladda Federaalka ay kala tashato Dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Dowladda Federaalka arrimaha waaweyn ee la xiriira heshiisyada caalamiga ah oo ay ku jiraan wada-xaajoodka ganacsiga dibadda, maaliyadda iyo heshiisyada. Dowladda Federaalka waxay xiriir laba geesood ah la leedahay dhowr dowladood oo dhexe oo ka tirsan beesha caalamka. Waxaa ka mid ah Jabuuti , Itoobiya , Masar , Imaaraadka Carabta , Yemen , Turkiga , Talyaaniga , Ingiriiska , Denmark , Faransiiska , Maraykanka , Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha , Japan , Federaalka Ruushka iyo Koonfurta Kuuriya . Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr safaaradood oo dibadda ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira safaarado iyo qunsuliyado shisheeye oo kala duwan oo fadhigoodu yahay caasimadda Muqdisho iyo meelo kale oo dalka ah. Soomaaliya waxay kaloo xubin ka tahay ururo badan oo caalami ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta . Waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka 1969. Xubnaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , Kooxda 77 , Urur Goboleedka IGAD , Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Dib-u-dhiska iyo Horumarinta , Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Caalamiga ah , Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah , Hay'adda Maaliyadda Caalamiga ah , Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ee Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ===Milatari=== [[File:Colonel Abdullahi Ahmed Irro - 1977.jpg|thumb|Gaashaanle Sare C/laahi Axmed Cirro oo ahaa Taliyihii Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed 1977kii.]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya (SAF) waa ciidamada milateriga ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Isagoo Madaxwaynuhu ka yahay Taliyaha Guud ee Qaranka, waxa dastuurku u igmaday inay sugaan qarannimada, madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee qaranka. SAF waxa ay markii hore ka koobnaayeen Ciidanka , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , Ciidanka Booliska iyo Nabadsugida . Muddadii xorriyadda ka dib, waxay kortay inay ka mid noqoto ciidamada waaweyn ee qaaradda. Kaddib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991kii wuxuu horseeday in la kala diro ciidankii xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed. Sannadkii 2004-tii, waxaa si tartiib-tartiib ah dib-u-dhis ciidan loogu sameeyay dhismihii KMG ahaa. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya ayaa hadda waxaa dusha kala socda Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Xukuumadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo la dhisay bartamihii sanadkii hore ee 2012-ka. Bishii Janaayo 2013, dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa sidoo kale dib u howlgelisay hay’addii sirdoonka qaranka ee Muqdisho, iyadoo magaca hay’addaas loo bixiyay NISA . Dawlad- goboleedka Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay ilaashadaan ammaankooda iyo ciidamadooda booliiska. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Xuquuqda aadanaha waxaa lagu damaanad qaaday [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka Federaalka]]. Waxay hoos yimaadaan Wasaaradda Xuquuqda Aadanaha oo la aasaasay bishii Agoosto 2013.<ref name="Usthrs">{{cite news|title=Somalia takes human rights steps|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2013/09/03/Somalia-takes-human-rights-steps/UPI-34071378218185/|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Isla waqtigaas, maamulka dhexe wuxuu bilaabay Maalinta Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha, ansixiyay Khariidadda Rasmiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha,<ref name=Suehhrebubcp>{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=#.UwVrE5gju1E |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220063126/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=%23.UwVrE5gju1E |url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=UN News Centre |date=3 September 2013 |archive-date = 2014-02-20}}</ref> wuxuuna dhameystiray Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Jinsiga ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{cite web|title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|publisher=AMISOM|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Galmada lab iyo dhedig labadaba waxay ku muteysanayaan dil Soomaaliya gudaheeda. Oktoobar 3, 2020, baadhaha xuquuqul insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa walaac ka muujiyay dib u dhigista dowladda Soomaaliya ee ballanqaadyada xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|Diyaaradda Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154 ee magaalada Sharjah ee dalka Imaaraadka Carabta. Soomaaliya maanta waxay leedahay diyaarado dhowr ah oo gaar loo leeyahay.]] Sida laga soo xigtay CIA-da iyo Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , iyadoo ay socdaan kacdoono sokeeye, dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ku kooban yahay marka hore xoolaha iyo xawaaladaha / xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee ku nool wadamada dhaqaalahoodu horumaray, iyo isgaarsiinta gudaha . Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay yaraanta tirakoobka rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo soo noqnoqoshada dagaalka sokeeye ee tobanaan sano socday , way adagtahay in la qiyaaso xajmiga ama kobaca dhaqaalaha. Sannadkii 1994-kii, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay GDP-ga $3.3 bilyan. Sannadkii 2001, waxa lagu qiyaasay inay dhan tahay $4.1 bilyan. Sannadkii 2009, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay in GDP-gu uu koray $5.731 bilyan, iyada oo la saadaaliyay heerka kobaca dhabta ah ee 2.6%. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintii Rugta Ganacsiga ee Ingiriiska 2007 , intii lagu jiray dagaal gudaha ah oo aad u yar, qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale koray, gaar ahaan qaybta adeegga. Si ka duwan xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ka hor, oo inta badan adeegyada iyo waaxda warshaduhu ay ahaayeen kuwo ay dowladdu maamusho , warbixintii 2007dii waxay xustay maalgashi gaar ah oo la taaban karo, inkastoo aan la qiyaasi karin, ee hawlaha ganacsiga; Taas waxaa inta badan maalgeliyay qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed , waxaana ka mid ahaa ganacsiga iyo suuqgeynta, adeegyada xawilaadaha, gaadiidka, isgaarsiinta, qalabka kalluumeysiga, shirkadaha diyaaradaha, isgaarsiinta, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, dhismaha iyo hoteellada. Sannadkii 2007, dhaqaaleyahan Libertarian Peter Leeson waxa uu dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee korodhay u sababeeyay xeer dhaqameedka Soomaalida (oo loo yaqaan Xeer ), kaas oo uu soo jeediyay in uu helo jawi xasiloon oo ganacsi lagu sameeyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, GDP qofkiiba sanadkii 2012 wuxuu ahaa $226, wax yar ayaa hoos u dhacay marka la eego 1990. Qiyaastii 43% dadweynaha waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar 1 doolarka Mareykanka ah maalintii, qiyaastii 24% dadka laga helo magaalooyinka iyo 54% waxay ku nool yihiin miyiga. Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay wax-soo-saar dhaqameed iyo mid casri ah, iyadoo si tartiib-tartiib ah loogu guurayo farsamada casriga ah ee warshadaha. Soomaaliya ayaa leh geela ugu badan adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, qiyaastii 80% dadku waa xoolo-dhaqato reer-guuraa ah, oo xoolo dhaqato ari, ido, geel iyo lo'. Reer guuraagu waxa kale oo ay ururiyaan xabag iyo xabag si ay u kabaan dakhligooda. ===Beeraha=== Beeraha ayaa ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Waxay ka dhigan tahay qiyaastii 65% GDP waxayna shaqaaleysiisaa 65% xoogga shaqada. Xooluhu waxay ka qaybqaataan qiyaastii 40% GDP iyo in ka badan 50% dakhliga dhoofinta. dhoofinta ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah kalluunka , dhuxusha iyo muuska ; Sonkorta , hadhuudhka iyo galleyda waa wax soo saarka suuqa gudaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , badeecadaha la soo dejiyo waxay dhan yihiin $460 milyan sannadkii, taasoo ka badan wadarta guud ee la soo dejiyo ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991. Dhoofinta, oo dhan $270 milyan sannadkii, ayaa sidoo kale kor u dhaaftay wadarta guud ee dhoofinta wadarta guud ee dagaalka ka hor. Soomaaliya waxaa ka jirta hoos u dhac ganacsi oo gaaraya ilaa 190 milyan oo dollar sanadkii, balse taasi waxaa dhaaftay lacagaha ay soo diraan Soomaalida qurbaha ku nool, taasoo lagu qiyaasay ilaa hal bilyan oo dollar. Iyada oo laga faa'ideysanayo in ay ku yaallaan meel u dhow Jasiiradda Carabta, ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ayaa si isa soo taraysa u billaabay in ay ka hor yimaadaan dhaqanka Australia ee ku aaddan suuqa xoolaha iyo hilibka Carbeed, iyaga oo siinaya xoolo tayo leh qiimo aad u jaban. Taas oo taas ka duulaysa, dalalka Khaliijka Carabta ayaa bilaabay inay dalka ku sameeyaan maalgashi istiraatijiyad ah, iyadoo Sucuudigu dhisay kaabayaashii dhoofinta xoolaha, Imaaraadkuna iibsaday dhul beereed aad u ballaadhan. Soomaaliya sidoo kale waa dalka ugu badan ee keena Beeyada iyo Malmalka [[File:Mogadishu Sea Port.jpg|thumb|Dekada Muqdisho]] Qaybta warshadaha ee dhexdhexaadka ah , oo ku salaysan habaynta wax soo saarka beeraha, ayaa 10% ka ah GDP-ga Soomaaliya. Sida laga soo xigtay Rugta Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha Soomaaliyeed , in ka badan lix shirkadood oo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale bixiya duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin doollar ah la saxeexatay Dubai 's Lootah Group, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgelinta uu ku kacayo 170 m, waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala, maamula iyo dhismaha suuqa ganacsiga xorta ah ee magaalada Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhisto dhismaha garoonka si ay u buuxiso heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3,400 m (11,200 ft) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo caawiye ah, tagaasida iyo garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Kahor inta uusan dillaacin dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991, qiyaastii 53 shirkadood oo yar yar, dhexe iyo waaweyn oo wax soo saar ah oo ay dowladdu leedahay ayaa aasaasay, iyada oo iskahorimaadkii xigay uu burburiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha soo haray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horrayn natiijada maalgashi maxalli ah oo la taaban karo oo ay sameeyeen qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed, in badan oo ka mid ah dhirtan yar yar ayaa dib loo furay kuwa cusubna waa la abuuray. Kuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah warshado ka sameysan kalluunka oo ku yaalla gobollada waqooyi, sidoo kale waxaa ku yaalla 25 warshadood oo ku yaalla agagaarka Muqdisho, kuwaas oo soo saara baastada , biyaha macdanta , macmacaanka , bacaha , dharka , hargaha iyo saabuunta, saabuunta iyo saabuunta , aluminium , furaashyo xumbo ah iyo barkimo , doonyo kalluumeysi , oo sameeya baakadaha, iyo kuwa dhagxaanta lagu farsameeyo . Sannadkii 2004tii, waxaa sidoo kale magaalada laga furay warshad lagu shubo Coca-cola oo dhan $8.3 milyan, iyadoo maalgashadayaasha ay ka kala yimaaddeen degaanno kala duwan oo Soomaaliya ah. Maalgelinta shisheeye waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray dad caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan General Motors iyo Dole Fruit . ===Habka lacagta iyo lacag bixinta=== [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Soomaaliya 1 oz lacag ah Leopard (100 shilin)]] Bangiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya waa maamulka rasmiga ah ee lacagta Soomaaliya. Xagga maamulka maaliyadda, waxa ay ku guda jirtaa hawsha dejinta iyo hirgelinta siyaasadda lacagta . Kalsooni la’aanta lagu qabo lacagta dalka ayaa keentay in sarifka lacagaha doolarka ah si weyn loo qaato marka la barbar dhigo shilinka Soomaaliga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, lacag- is-weydaarsiga lacagta shilinka Soomaaliga oo aad u badan ayaa sare u kac ku yimid, gaar ahaan wax kala iibsiga oo aad u hooseeya. Sida uu sheegay Baanka Dhexe, deegaankan sicir-bararka ayaa la filayaa inuu soo afjarmo isla marka uu bangigu si buuxda ula wareego siyaasadda lacagta oo uu beddelo lacagta hadda wareegta ah ee ay shirkaduhu soo kordhiyeen. In kasta oo Soomaaliya aysan lahayn awood lacageed oo dhexe muddo ka badan 15 sano intii u dhaxeysay markii uu qarxay dagaalladii sokeeye ee 1991-kii iyo dib-u-soo-celinta Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya 2009-kii, nidaamka lacag-bixinta ee qaranka ayaa si cadaalad ah u horumaray iyadoo ay ugu horreyso jiritaanka baahsanaanta shirkadaha xawaaladaha ee gaarka loo leeyahay (MTO) oo u dhaqmay sidii shabakado bangi oo aan rasmi ahayn. Xawaaladahan ( xawaaladaha ) ayaa noqday warshado waaweyn oo Soomaaliya ka jira, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa US$1.6 bilyan in ay sanad walba gobolka u soo xawilaan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee qurbaha ku nool oo ay u soo marsiiyaan shirkadaha xawaaladaha. Intooda badan waxa ay xubno ka yihiin Ururka Xawaaladaha Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA), oo ah dallad maamusha xawaaladaha bulshada, ama ururka ka horreeyay ee Ururka Adeegyada Maaliyadeed ee Soomaaliya (SFSA). MTO-yada Soomaalida ugu weyn waa Dahabshiil , oo ah shirkad ay Soomaalidu leedahay oo ay ka shaqeeyaan in ka badan 2,000 oo qof oo ku kala nool 144 waddan oo laamo ku leh London iyo Dubai [[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|500 oo shilin Soomaali ah]] Horumar la taaban karo oo laga gaaray amniga gudaha, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay dalka ugu soo laabtaan fursado maalgashi. Marka lagu daro maal-gashi yar oo shisheeye ah, dhaqaalaha soo gala ayaa ka caawiyay shilinka Soomaaliga inuu si aad ah u kordho qiimihiisu. Bishii Maarso 2014, lacagtu waxay qiimaysay ku dhawaad ​​60% marka loo eego dollarka Maraykanka 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Shilinka Soomaaliga ayaa ahaa kan ugu xooggan 175-ka lacag ee caalamka ee ay iibgeyso Bloomberg , taasoo kor ugu kacday ku dhawaad ​​50-dhibcood marka loo eego lacagta soo socota ee ugu xoogga badan isla muddadaas. Sarrifka saamiyada Soomaaliya (SSE) waa deymaha qaranka Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aasaasay 2012 si ay u soo jiitaan maalgashi ay ka helaan shirkado ay Soomaalidu leedahay iyo shirkado caalami ah si loo dardargeliyo dib u dhiska ka socda Soomaaliya kadib colaadaha. ===Tamarta iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah=== Baanka Adduunka waxa uu sheegay in, 2007-dii, in korontadu ay inta badan bixiyeen ganacsiyo maxalli ah. Shirkadahan gudaha waxaa ka mid ah Shirkadda Tamarta Soomaaliyeed , oo qabata abuurista, gudbinta iyo qaybinta korontada.Sannadkii 2010, qaranku wuxuu soo saaray 310 milyan kWh wuxuuna cunay 288.3 milyan kWh oo koronto ah, oo kala galay 170aad iyo 177aad, siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ay CIA-du sheegtay. [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|Shidaalkii Puntland]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay kayd khayraad badan oo dabiici ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Yuranium , iron ore , tin , gypsum , bauxite , copper , cusbo iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah . CIA-da ayaa sheegtay in ay jiraan 5.663 bilyan cubic mitir oo kayd gaas dabiici ah oo la xaqiijiyey. Lama hubo joogitaanka iyo inta uu le'eg yahay kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya. CIA-da waxa ay cadaysay in laga bilaabo 2011 aanay dalka ka jirin kayd shidaal oo la xaqiijiyey, halka UNCTAD ay soo jeedinayso in kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya ugu badan uu ku yaal xeebaha waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland. Koox saliideed ah oo ku taxan Sydney , Kheyraadka Buuraleyda , waxay ku qiyaaseen in gobolka Puntland ee waqooyi-bari uu awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro 5 bilyan oo fuusto (790 × 10 6 m 3 ) ilaa 10 bilyan fuusto (1.6 × 10 9 m 3 ) oo saliid ah, ayaa caddeeyey in kaydka saliidda ee Suudaan uu yahay 6.7 bilyan. Horumarradaas dartood, Shirkadda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxaa dhistay dowladda federaalka. Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, khubarada juqraafi ee Qaramada Midoobay waxa ay Soomaaliya ka heleen kayd weyn oo Yuraaniyaam ah iyo kayd macdaneed oo naadir ah. Helitaanka ayaa ahayd tii ugu waynayd ee nooceeda ah, iyada oo khubarada warshadaha ay qiyaaseen in cadadka kaydka ahi ay noqon karto in ka badan 25% kaydka uranium-ka adduunka ee wakhtigaas la yaqaan ee 800,000 oo tan. Sannadkii 1984kii, Hawlgalka Wajiga Hanuuninta IUREP ee Soomaaliya wuxuu soo sheegay in waddanku leeyahay 5,000 tan oo uranium ah oo si macquul ah loo dammaanad qaaday (RAR), 11,000 tan oo uranium ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay kheyraad dheeraad ah (EAR) ee kaydka calcrete , iyo sidoo kale 0-150,000 oo kheyraad ah oo uranium ah. kaydka calcrete. Soomaaliya waxa ay u xuub-siibatay soo saarista Yuraaniyaamka adduunka ugu weyn, iyada oo ay ku tartamayaan shirkado macdano ah oo Maraykan ah, Imaaraadka, Talyaaniga iyo Baraasiil. Xiriir Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah waxay saami ku leedahay gobollada dhexe, Kilimanjaro Capital waxay saami ku leedahay 1,161,400 acres (470,002 ha) ee Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), oo ay ku jirto sahaminta uranium-ka. Shirkadda Korontada iyo Gaaska warshadaha ee Is-dhexgalka Caalamiga ah waa shirkad tamareed oo fadhigeedu yahay Muqdisho. Waxaa ku midoobay shan shirkadood oo waaweyn oo Soomaali ah oo ka kala socda dhinacyada ganacsiga , maaliyadda , amniga iyo isgaarsiinta , kaddib heshiiskii wadajirka ahaa ee 2010-kii lagu saxiixay magaalada Istanbul ee dalka Turkiga si ay u bixiyaan kaabayaasha korontada iyo gaaska ee Soomaaliya. Iyada oo miisaaniyadii hore ee maalgelinta ahayd $1 bilyan, shirkaddu waxay bilawday Mashruuca Kala qaybinta Nabadda Soomaaliya, oo ah barnaamij tamar xoog leh oo xoog leh oo loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo hindisayaasha warshadaynta gudaha. Sida uu sheegay Bankiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya, marka ay qarankani cagta saartay wadadii dib u dhiska dalka, waxaa laga filayaa in dhaqaalaha uusan la jaanqaadi karin heerarkii uu soo maray dagaalladii sokeeye ka hor, balse waxaa la filayaa in la dardargeliyo kobaca iyo horumarka dalka maadaama aan laga faa’ideysan kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Soomaaliya. ===Isgaarsiinta iyo warbaahinta=== [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Hormuud Telecom ee Muqdisho]] Bilawgii dagaalkii sokeeye ka dib, shirkado isgaarsiineed oo kala duwan ayaa bilaabay in ay abuurmaan oo u tartamaan sidii ay u heli lahaayeen kaabayaal dhaqaale oo maqan. Shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah oo ay maalgaliyeen ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ayna taageerayaan khubaro ka kala socota Shiinaha , Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Yurub, shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah ayaa bixiya adeegyo taleefoonnada gacanta iyo internetka ah oo jaban oo aan laga helin meelo badan oo kale oo qaaradda ah. Macaamiishu waxa ay ku samayn karaan xawaaladaha lacagaha (sida Dahabshiil-ka caanka ah ) iyo hawlaha kale ee bangiyada iyaga oo isticmaalaya telefoonnada gacanta, iyo sidoo kale in ay si fudud u helaan internet wireless. Ka dib markii ay iskaashi la sameeyeen shirkado caalami ah sida Sprint , ITT iyo Telenor , shirkadahani hadda waxay bixiyaan wicitaanada telefoonka ugu jaban uguna nadiifsan Afrika. Shirkadahan isgaarsiinta Soomaalida ayaa sidoo kale adeegyo u fidiya magaalo kasta iyo magaalo kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah. Hadda waxa jira ilaa 25 khadadka ugu muhiimsan 1,000kii qofba, helida khadadka taleefoonada ee maxaliga ah ( tele-density ) ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa wadamada deriska ah; saddex jeer in ka badan Itoobiya dariska la ah. Shirkadaha Isgaarsiinta Soomaaliya ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Golis Telecom Group , Hormuud Telecom , Somafone , Nationlink , Netco , Telcom iyo Somali Telecom Group . Shirkadda Hormuud Telecom oo kaliya ayaa sanadkii soo xareeysa ilaa 40 milyan oo dollar. Inkasta oo ay xafiiltamaan, dhowr shirkadood oo kuwan ka mid ah ayaa saxiixay heshiis isku xirnaanta 2005 kaas oo u oggolaanaya inay dejiyaan qiimaha, ilaalinta iyo ballaarinta shabakadahooda, iyo hubinta in tartanka uusan ka bixin xakamaynta. Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee ay dowladdu maamusho waa kan ugu weyn ee adeegga dadweynaha ee qaranka. Muddo labaatan sano ah ka dib, waxaa si rasmi ah dib loo howlgeliyay idaacadda 4 - tii Abriil 2011 . TV-ga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Puntland TV iyo Radio hawada gobolada waqooyi. Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr telefishin iyo shabakado raadiyo oo gaar loo leeyahay. Waxaana ka mid ah Telefishanka Horn Cable iyo Universal TV . Wargeysyada Xog Doon iyo Xog Ogaal iyo Horyaal Sports oo ka soo baxa caasimadda dalka dibaddiisa. Waxa kale oo jira tiro warbaahin oo online ah oo tabisa wararka gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan Garowe Online , Wardheernews, iyo Puntland Post . Koodhka dalka internetka ee heerka sare (ccTLD) ee Soomaaliya waa .so . Waxa si rasmi ah dib u hawl-galiyey 1-dii November 2010-kii oo ay samaysay Diiwaanka .SO, kaas oo ay nidaamisay Wasaaradda Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Qaranka. Bishii Nofembar 2013, ka dib Heshiis Is-afgarad ah oo lala saxiixday Boostada Emirates bishii Abriil ee sanadka, Wasaaradda Boostada iyo Isgaarsiinta dowladda federaalka ayaa si rasmi ah dib ugu dhistay Adeegga Boostada Soomaaliyeed (Boostada Soomaaliyeed). Bishii Oktoobar 2014, wasaaraddu waxay sidoo kale dib u bilawday keenista boostada ee dibadda. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Sawirro qadiimi ah oo ku yaal Laas Geel , Hargeysa]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay meelo soo jiidasho leh oo maxalli ah, oo ka kooban goobo taariikhi ah, xeebo, biyo-dhacyo, silsilado buuro iyo jardiinooyin qaran. Warshadaha dalxiiska waxa maamusha wasaaradda dalxiiska ee qaranka. Maamulada Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin xafiisyo dalxiis oo u gaar ah. Ururka Dalxiiska Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA) ayaa sidoo kale bixiya adeegyo la-talin ah oo dalka gudihiisa ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha dalxiiska qaranka. Laga bilaabo Maarso 2015, Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Duurjoogta ee Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ayaa ku dhawaaqday in la qorsheeyay in la sameeyo kaydad dheeri ah iyo noocyada duurjoogta. Dowladda Mareykanka waxay kula talisay dadka safarka ah inaysan u safrin Soomaaliya. Muuqaallada xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah godadka Laas-geel oo ay ku jiraan fanka dhagaxa Neolithic ; Cal Madow , Buuraha Golis iyo Buuraha Oogo ; biyo-dhacyada Isku -shuban iyo Lamadaya ; iyo Seeraha Qaranka ee Hargeysa , Jilibka Qaranka , Beerta Qaranka ee Kismaayo iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Lag Badana . ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde]] Shabakadda waddooyinka Soomaaliya waa 22,100 km (13,700 mi). Laga bilaabo 2000 , 2,608 km (1,621 mi) jidad ayaa la saaray 19,492 km (12,112 mi) lama laami ah. Waddo dheer oo dhererkeedu yahay 750 km (470 mi) ayaa isku xirta magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka, sida Boosaaso , Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Laba iyo lixdan garoon diyaaradeed oo Soomaaliya oo dhan ah ayaa qaada gaadiidka hawada; toddobo ka mid ah kuwan ayaa laami la saaray. Kuwa dambe, afar garoon diyaaradeed ayaa leh dhabbaha dayuuradaha ee ka badan 3,047 mitir (9,997 ft); laba waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 iyo 3,047 m (7,999 iyo 9,997 ft) midna waa 1,524 ilaa 2,437 m (5,000 ilaa 7,995 ft) dheer. Waxa jira shan iyo konton garoon diyaaradeed oo leh meelo ay ka soo degaan oo aan laami ahayn. Mid waxa uu leeyahay dhabo diyaaradeed oo ka badan 3,047 m; afar waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 m iyo 3,047 m dherer; labaatan waa 1,524 m ilaa 2,437 m; afar iyo labaatan waa 914 m ilaa 1,523 m; lixna waxay ka hooseeyaan 914 mitir (2,999 ft). Garoomada ugu waaweyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho, Garoonka Diyaaradaha Hargeysa ee Hargeysa, Garoonka Kismaayo ee Kismaayo , Garoonka Baydhabo ee Baydhabo iyo Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Bender Qaasim ee Boosaaso. Somali Airlines oo la aas aasay 1964-tii, waxay ahayd duulimaadka calanka Soomaaliya. Waxa ay joojisay hawlihii ay ka shaqayn jirtay intii lagu jiray dagaalladii sokeeye. Si kastaba ha ahaatee , dawladdii Soomaaliya ee dib loo dhisay ayaa markii dambe bilowday diyaargarow loogu jiro dib u hawlgelinta shirkadii la filayey in dib loo bilaabo sannadkii 2012 . In ka badan lix ka mid ah shirkadahan diyaaradeed ee gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Iyadoo leh xeebta ugu dheer qaaradda, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr dekedood oo waaweyn . Gaadiidka badda ayaa laga helaa dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso, Berbera , Kismaayo iyo Marka . Waxaa kaloo jira hal badeecooyin badeed ah . Waxa la aasaasay 2008, waxa ay ku salaysan tahay xamuulka. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== {{Further|Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya dadka ku nool}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Tirada Dadka{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Sano ! style="background:#cfb;"|Milyan |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Soomaaliya waxaa ka maqan xog la isku halayn karo. Wadanku waxa lagu qiyaasaa dad lagu qiyaasay 17.1 milyan oo degan 2021; wadarta dadka marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1975 waxay ahaayeen 3.3 milyan. Sahan ay samaysay Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay oo la sameeyay 2013 iyo 2014 ayaa lagu qiyaasay tirada guud ee dadka inay tahay 12,316,895. Qiyaastii 85% dadka deegaanka waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah , kuwaas oo taariikh ahaan deggenaa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka. Waxay dhaqan ahaan u abaabulan yihiin reer guuraa xoolo-dhaqato ah, boqortooyo dabacsan, suldaanno iyo dawlad-goboleedyo. Dagaalladii sokeeye ee billowgii sagaashamaadkii waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen tirada qurbo-joogta Soomaalida , iyadoo in badan oo ka mid ah Soomaalidii aqoonta sare lahayd ay dalka ka tageen. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ayaa ah inta ka hartay shacabka Soomaaliyeed, waxayna inta badan ku badan yihiin gobollada koonfureed. Waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , Bantus , Bajuuni , Xabashi (gaar ahaan Oromo ) Yamaniyiin , Hindi , Faaris , Talyaani iyo Ingiriis . Qowmiyadda Bantus oo ah qowmiyadda ugu badan ee laga tirada badan yahay Soomaaliya, waa faracii addoomo laga keenay Koonfur-bari Afrika oo ay lahaayeen ganacsato Carab iyo Soomaali ah. 1940kii, waxa ku noolaa Somaliland Talyaani ilaa 50,000 Talyaani ah . Inta badan reer Yurub waxay ka tageen xorriyadda ka dib, iyadoo tiro yar oo reer galbeed ah ay weli joogaan Soomaaliya oo u badan kuwa u shaqeeya hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|Dadka da' kasta]] Qurba joog Soomaaliyeed oo aad u tiro badan ayaa ka jira wadamo kala duwan oo reer galbeed ah sida Maraykanka (gaar ahaan gobolka Minnesota ) iyo Ingiriiska (gaar ahaan London ), Sweden , Canada , Norway , Netherlands , Germany , Denmark , Finland , Australia , Switzerland , Austria , Italy , iyo sidoo kale Jasiiradda Carabta , iyo dalal dhowr ah oo Afrikaan ah sida Uganda iyo Koonfur Afrika . Qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa si weyn ugu lug leh siyaasadda iyo horumarka Soomaaliya. Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed , ayaa horay u ahaa qurbo-joog, wuxuuna heystay dhalashada Mareykanka oo uu si iskii ah uga tanaasulay 2019. Dadka Soomaaliya waxa ay ku sii fidayaan kobac dhan 1.75% sanadkii, halka 1,000 qofba ay dhallaan 40.87. Wadarta heerka bacriminta Soomaaliya waa 6.08 carruur ah oo dhashey haweeneydiiba (qiyaastii 2014), waana tan afaraad ee ugu sareysa adduunka, sida uu qabo CIA World Factbook . Inta badan dadka deegaanka ayaa ah dhalinyaro, da'da dhexdhexaadka ah waa 17.7 sano; Qiyaastii 44% dadku waxay da'doodu u dhaxaysaa 0-14 sano, 52% waxay u dhexeeyaan da'da 15-64 sano, kaliya 2% waa 65 sano ama ka weyn. Saamiga lab iyo dheddig waa qiyaas dheelli tiran, iyadoo saami ahaan lagu qiyaaso inta ragga ah sida dumarka. Ma jiraan xog la isku halayn karo oo ku saabsan magaalooyinka Soomaaliya. Qiyaaso adag ayaa la sameeyay oo tilmaamaya heerka magaalaynta 4.8% sanadkii (2005-2010 est.), iyadoo magaalooyin badan ay si degdeg ah u korayaan magaalooyinka. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ayaa sidoo kale ka soo guuray miyiga una guuray magaalooyinka tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaalladii sokeeye, gaar ahaan Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo . Laga soo bilaabo 2008 , 37.7% dadweynaha qaranku waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka, iyadoo boqolkiiba ay si degdeg ah u kordheyso. ===Luuqadaha=== Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu horreysa ee Soomaaliya halka Carabiga uu yahay luqadda labaad ee rasmiga ah ee dastuurka. Af-Soomaaligu waa afkii hooyo ee dadka Soomaaliyeed oo ah qowmiyadda ugu tirada badan qaranka. Waa xubin ka tirsan laanta Kushitigga ee qoyska afafka Afro-Aasiyatiga , qaraabada ugu dhowna waa afafka Oromada , Canfarta iyo Saho . Af-Soomaaligu waa kan ugu wanaagsan ee laga diiwaan geliyo luqadaha Kushitigga, iyada oo daraasado tacliimeed lagu sameeyay laga soo bilaabo 1900 ka hor. [[File:Somali Stone.jpg|thumb|Looxa dhagaxa ah ee laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 14-aad ee suugaanta Wadaad]] Af- Soomaaligu waxay u qaybsamaan saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: Waqooyi , Banaadir iyo Maayga . Soomaali-waqooyi (ama Waqooyi-Bartamaha Soomaaliya) ayaa saldhig u ah heerka Soomaaliga. Benaadir (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xeebta Soomaaliya) waxaa looga hadlaa xeebta Banaadir , laga bilaabo Cadale ilaa koonfurta magaalada Marka oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho, iyo sidoo kale dhulka hoose ee dhow. Lahjadaha xeebuhu waxay leeyihiin telefoono dheeraad ah oo aan ku qornayn Standard Somali. Maayga waxaa ku hadla inta badan beelaha Digil iyo Mirifle ( Raxanweyn ) ee dega deegaanada koonfurta Soomaaliya. Banaadiri waa lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo dalka, marka la barbardhigo Waqooyiga Soomaaliya oo ah lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo Somaliland. Dhowr hab oo qoraal ah ayaa sannadihii la soo dhaafay la isticmaalayey si loo qoro afka Soomaaliga. Farta Soomaaliga ayaa ah tan ugu isticmaalka badan, waana farta rasmiga ah ee Soomaaliya laga isticmaalo tan iyo markii Golihii Sare ee Kacaanka ay si rasmi ah u hirgeliyeen bishii Oktoobar 1972. Qoraallada kale ee qarniyo badan loo adeegsan jiray qorista Soomaaliga waxaa ka mid ah far Carabi oo muddo dheer soo jirtay iyo qorista Wadaad . Nidaamyada qoraalka wadaniga ah ee la sameeyay qarnigii 20aad waxaa ka mid ah farta Cismaanya , Boorama iyo Kaddare . Af-soomaaliga ka sokow, Carabigu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee qaranka Soomaaliya. Ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo Soomaali ah ayaa ku hadla Dunida Carabta, saameynta baahsan ee warbaahinta Carabiga, iyo waxbarashada diinta. Ingriiska si weyn baa loogu hadlaa waana la baraa. Waxa ay ahaan jirtay af maamul oo ka tirsan maxmiyadda British Somaliland oo ay sabab u tahay caalamiyaynta ayaa sidoo kale caan ka ah Soomaaliya oo dhan. Ingiriisigu waa barta wax lagu baro jaamacado badan oo ku yaal Soomaaliya, waana mid ka mid ah luuqadaha shaqo ee aasaasiga ah ee NGO-yada waaweyn ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. Talyaanigu waxa uu ahaa luqad rasmi ah oo ku taal Somaliland Talyaanigii iyo xilligii wakiilnimada, laakiin isticmaalkiisu aad buu u yaraaday xorriyadda ka dib. Hadda waxa inta badan laga maqlaa jiilalka waaweyn, saraakiisha dawladda, iyo goobaha aqoonta leh. Luqadaha kale ee laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , oo ah nooc ka mid ah luqadda Sawaaxiliga Bantu ee ay ku hadlaan xeebta dadka Bravanese , iyo sidoo kale Kibajuni , oo ah lahjad sawaaxili ah oo ah luqadda hooyo ee qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee Bajuni . ===Gobolada iyo magaalooyinka=== {{Magaalooyinka Soomaaliya}} ===Diinta=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Diinta Soomaalida]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Diin|right1=Boqolkiiba |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islaam|Islaam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Mid Kale|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Diinta Soomaalida}} '''Diinta Soomaaliya 2010''' Diinta Boqolkiiba Islaamka 99.8% Mid kale 0.2% [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Isbaheysiga Islaamka ee magaalada Muqdisho ayaa ah masjidka ugu weyn gobolka Geeska.]] Sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew , 99.8% dadka Soomaaliya waa Muslim 315. Inta badan waxay ka tirsan yihiin laanta Islaamka ee sunniga iyo mad-habta shaaficiga ee fiqiga islaamka . suufiyada , dariiqada suufiga ah ee Islaamka, ayaa sidoo kale si fiican u dhisan, oo leh jamacooyin badan oo maxalli ah ( zawiya ) ama jameeco ka mid ah tariiqooyinka kala duwan ama suufiyada. Dastuurka Soomaaliya wuxuu kaloo qeexayaa diinta Islaamka inay tahay diinta dowladda ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, shareecada Islaamkana ay tahay isha aasaasiga ah ee sharci-dejinta qaranka. Waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa in aan la samayn karin xeer aan waafaqsanayn mabaadi’da aasaasiga ah ee shareecada. Diinta Masiixiga waa diimo laga tiro badan yahay Soomaaliya, dadka raacsani waxay matalaan in ka yar 0.1% dadweynaha sanadka 2010 sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew. Tirada Masiixiyiinta Soomaaliya waxa lagu qiyaasaa 1,000 qof. Waxaa jira hal dariiqo Katoolik ah oo dalka oo dhan u yaal, Diocese-ka Muqdisho , taas oo ku qiyaastay in 2004 ay jireen ku dhawaad ​​boqol dhakhaatiir Katoolik ah. Sannadkii 1913kii, waagii hore ee gumaystaha, ma jirin wax Masiixiyiin ah oo ku noolaa dhulka Soomaalida, iyada oo ilaa 100-200 oo keliya ay ka yimaaddeen dugsiyada iyo xarumaha agoomaha ee hawlgalladii Kaatooligga ee British Somaliland protectorate . Sidoo kale ma jirin hawl-wadeenno Katoolik ah oo la yaqaan oo ka socday Somaliland Talyaani isla muddadaas. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, xilligii ay Soomaaliya ka talinaysay dowladdii Marxist-ta , waxaa la xiray iskuulladii ay kaniisaddu maamuli jirtay, adeegayaashana waxaa loo diray guryahooda. Tan iyo 1989-kii ma jirin wax Baasaboor ah oo dalka ka howlgala, waxaana cathedral- ka Muqdisho ka dhacay burbur xooggan oo soo gaaray dagaalladii sokeeye. Bishii Disembar 2013, Wasaaradda Caddaaladda iyo Arrimaha Diinta ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay awaamiir mamnuucaysa in dalka laga qabto xafladaha Kiristaanka. Marka loo eego xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sanadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diimaha dadweynaha . Kuwaas oo u badnaan ka koobnaa qaar ka mid ah qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ee ku nool qaybaha koonfureed ee dalka, kuwaas oo ku dhaqma nacayb . Dhanka Bantuda , dhaqamadaas diineed waxay ka dhaxleen awoowayaashood Koonfur Bari Afrika . Intaa waxaa dheer, marka loo eego Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sannadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diinta Yuhuudda , Hinduismka , Budhiismka , ama aan ku xidhnayn diin kasta . ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.png|thumb|Cimriga Soomaaliya, 1950 ilaa 2023]] Ilaa burburkii dawladdii dhexe ee sannadkii 1991-kii, haykalka hab-dhismeedka iyo hab-dhismeedka maamulka ee waaxda daryeelka caafimaadka ee Soomaaliya waxa dusha kala socday Wasaaradda Caafimaadka. Saraakiisha caafimaadka ee gobolku waxay ku raaxaysanayeen xoogaa awood ah, laakiin daryeelka caafimaadku wuxuu ahaa mid si weyn u dhexeya. Dawladii hantiwadaaga ee Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya Siyaad Barre waxay joojisay dhaq-dhaqaaqii caafimaadka ee gaarka ahaa 1972 . Nidaamkii daryeelka bulshada ee Soomaaliya ayaa si weyn u burburay dagaalladii sokeeye ee xigay. Sida waaxaha kale ee hore loo qarameeyay, bixiyayaasha aan rasmiga ahayn ayaa buuxiyey booskii banaanaa waxayna bedeleen kalidii dawladii hore ee daryeelka caafimaadka, iyada oo helitaanka tas-hiilaadka ay markhaati ka tahay koror weyn. Xarumo daryeel caafimaad oo badan, rugo caafimaad, isbitaallo iyo farmasiyo ayaa howsha lagu dhisay iyadoo loo marayo dadaallo Soomaaliyeed oo gurigooda lagu beeray. Qiimaha la-talinta caafimaadka iyo daaweynta xarumahan waa mid hooseeya, $ 5.72 booqasho kasta oo xarumaha caafimaadka ah (oo leh daboolida dadweynaha ee 95%), iyo $ 1.89-3.97 booqasho bukaan-socod iyo $ 7.83-13.95 maalintii sariiraha aasaasiga ah ilaa isbitaallada sare. Isbarbardhigga muddada 2005-2010 iyo tobankii sano ee badhkii ka hor dillaaca iskahorimaadka (1985-1990), rajada nolosha ayaa dhab ahaantii kor u kacday celcelis ahaan 47 sano ragga iyo dumarka ilaa 48.2 sano ragga iyo 51 sano haweenka. Sidoo kale, tirada hal sano jirka ah ee si buuxda looga tallaalay jadeecada ayaa kor uga kacday 30% 1985-1990 ilaa 40% 2000-2005, iyo qaaxada , waxay kor u kacday ku dhawaad ​​20% ilaa 50% isla muddadaas. Tirada dhallaanka miisaankoodu hooseeyo ayaa hoos uga dhacay min 16 1,000kiiba ilaa 0.3, taasoo ah 15% hoos u dhac ku yimid wadar ahaan isla waqtigaas. Intii u dhaxaysay 2005 iyo 2010 marka la barbardhigo 1985-1990, dhimashada dhallaanka ee 1,000 dhalasho waxay sidoo kale hoos uga dhacday 152 ilaa 109.6. Muhiimad weyn, dhimashada hooyada 100,000 ee dhallaanka waxay ka dhacday 1,600 dagaalkii ka hor 1985-1990 tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay ilaa 1,100 muddadii 2000-2005. Tirada dhakhaatiirta 100,000 ee qof ayaa sidoo kale ka kacay 3.4 ilaa 4 isla waqti isku mid ah, sida boqolkiiba dadka helay adeegyada fayadhowrka, kuwaas oo ka kordhay 18% ilaa 26%. Marka loo eego xogta Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee shaqaalaha umulisooyinka, wadar ahaan 429 umulisooyin ah (oo ay ku jiraan kalkaalisooyin- umulisooyin) Soomaaliya, oo leh cufnaanta hal umuliso 1,000kii carruur ah ee nool. Siddeed xarumood oo umulisooyin ah ayaa hadda dalka ka jira, oo laba ka mid ah ay yihiin kuwo gaar loo leeyahay. Umulisada waxaa nidaamisa dowladda, waxaana loo baahan yahay shatiga si loogu shaqeeyo si xirfadeysan. Diiwaangelin toos ah ayaa sidoo kale jirta si loola socdo umulisooyinka shatiga haysta. Intaa waxaa dheer, umulisooyinka dalka waxaa si rasmi ah uga wakiil ah ururka umulisooyinka maxalliga ah, oo ka diiwaangashan 350 xubnood Marka loo eego qiyaasta hay'adda caafimaadka adduunka ee 2005, qiyaastii 97.9% haweenka iyo gabdhaha Soomaaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah, caadada guurka ka hor inta badan waxay ku dhacdaa Geeska Afrika iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga dhow. Waxaa dhiirigeliyay haweenka bulshada dhexdeeda, waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in la ilaaliyo dhawrsanaanta, laga hortago sinada, lagana ilaaliyo weerarka. Sannadkii 2013, UNICEF oo kaashanaysa maamullada Soomaaliya ayaa sheegtay in heerka baahsanaanta ee gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1- ilaa 14-sano ee ku nool gobollada waqooyi ee Puntland iyo Somaliland ay hoos ugu dhacday 25% ka dib olole wacyigelin bulsho iyo diineed ah. Qiyaastii 93% ragga Soomaaliyeed ayaa sidoo kale la sheegay in la guday Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya heerka caabuqa HIV ee qaaradda. Taasna waxaa loo aaneynayaa dabeecadda Muslimka ah ee bulshada Soomaaliyeed iyo ku-dhaqanka Soomaalida ku dhaqanka akhlaaqda Islaamka. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay heerka faafidda HIV ee Soomaaliya 1987 (sannadkii warbixinta kiiskii ugu horreeyay) uu ahaa 1% dadka waaweyn, warbixin 2012 ka soo baxday UNAIDS ayaa sheegaysa in tan iyo 2004, qiyaasaha laga soo bilaabo 0.7% ilaa 1.0% la qiyaasay. In kasta oo daryeelka caafimaadku hadda inta badan ku urursan yahay ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay, nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka guud ee dalku waxa uu ku socdaa dib-u-dhiskiisa, waxaana dusha kala socota wasaaradda caafimaadka. Wasiirka caafimaadka Qamar Aadan Cali. Ismaamulka Puntland waxa uu leeyahay Wasaarad u gaar ah Caafimaadka, sida gobolka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya. Xarumaha caafimaadka ee dalka caanka ka ah ayaa waxaa ka mid ah Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Bariga Baardheere , Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Caabudwaaq , Isbitaalka Hooyada ee Edna Aadan iyo qeybta Hooyada ee Galbeedka Baardheere . ===Waxbarashada=== Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ayaa si rasmi ah uga mas’uul ah waxbarashada Soomaaliya, waxaana ay dusha kala socotaa dugsiyada hoose dhexe , sare ,farsamada iyo farsamada gacanta , iyo sidoo kale tababaridda macallimiinta hoose iyo kuwa farsamada iyo waxbarashada dadban . Qiyaastii 15% ee miisaaniyadda dawladda waxa loo qoondeeyey hab-waxbarasho. Maamul-goboleedka Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa iska leh wasaaradaha waxbarashada. [[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|Xarunta ugu weyn ee Jaamacadda Muqdisho ee Muqdisho]] Waxbarashada sare ee Soomaaliya hadda waa mid gaar loo leeyahay. Dhawr jaamacadood oo dalka ku yaala oo ay ku jirto jaamacadda Muqdisho ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 100-ka jaamacadood ee ugu wanaagsan qaaradda Afrika in kasta oo ay jiraan deegaan qallafsan, taasoo lagu tilmaamay inay tahay guul laga gaaray hindisayaal salka ku haya . Jaamacadaha kale ee sidoo kale bixiya tacliinta sare ee koonfurta waxaa ka mid ah Jaamacadda Banaadir , Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed , Jaamacadda Kismaayo iyo Jaamacadda Gedo . Puntland waxbarashada sare waxaa bixiya Jaamacadaha Puntland iyo Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika . Somaliland waxa bixiya Jaamacada Camuud , Jaamacada Hargeysa , Somaliland University of Technology iyo Burco University . Dugsiyada Qur'aanka (sidoo kale loo yaqaan dugsi quran ama malcamad quran ) ayaa ah nidaamka aasaasiga ah ee barashada diinta dhaqameed. Loo yaqaan habka ugu xasilloon ee deegaanka, nidaamka aan tooska ahayn ee waxbarashada oo bixiya waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee diinta iyo akhlaaqda, xooggoodu waxay ku tiirsan yihiin taageerada bulshada iyo adeegsigooda agab waxbarasho oo gudaha laga sameeyay oo si weyn loo heli karo. Nadaamka Qur’aanka oo wax lagu baro tirada ugu badan ee ardayda marka loo eego qeybaha kale ee waxbarashada, ayaa inta badan ah nidaamka kaliya ee ay heli karaan Soomaalida reer guuraaga ah marka loo eego magaalooyinka. Si wax looga qabto khaladaadka dhanka culuumta diinta, dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa dhankeeda sidoo kale ka dib dhistay Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Islaamka, taasoo hadda lagu maamulo waxbarashada Qur’aanka. ==Dhaqanka== ===Cunto=== [[File:Banadir3.jpg|thumb|Noocyada kala duwan ee cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Soomaalida]] Cunnada Soomaalidu waa isku dhaf noocyo kala duwan oo cuntooyin ah kuwaas oo laga soo dheegtay dhadhanka Carabta , Hindida iyo Talyaaniga taas oo si toos ah uga dhalatay taariikhda baaxadda leh ee Soomaaliya ee ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga. Tusaalooyinka cuntooyinka Soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah cunnooyinka sida bariiska iyo baasto , iyo hilibka sida wan , lo'da , iyo digaagga . Xawaashyada udgoonka ah sida cumin , karoomada , iyo kiraanta ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu siiyo dhadhan kala duwan suxuunta. Waxaa barbar socda maraqa , rootiga fidsan , iyo rootiga , cunnada kale ee Soomaalida waa Canjeero /Laxooh , oo ah nooc canjeero khamiir leh oo u eg roodhida fidsan ee laga dhadhamiyo Soomaaliya iyo dalalka deriska ah sida Itoobiya , Eritera iyo Yemen . Additionally, camel meat and milk are considered a delicacy. Bariiska Soomaaliya oo ah cuntada caadiga ah ee cashada ama qadada , ayaa sida caadiga ah la dhadhamiyey waxaana lagu daraa maaddooyin kala duwan sida hilibka , khudaarta , iyo, si xoogaa gaar ah, sabiib . Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in saxankan loo soo bandhigo qaab muuqaal ah iyadoo lagu darayo midabyo badan, sababtoo ah qaybo gaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa in si macmal ah loogu dhejiyo hadhka jaalaha ah ama orange-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo saffron iyo dhir kale si kor loogu qaado bilicdeeda [[File:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb|Bariis Soomaali ah (bariis) iyo kalluun (kalluun), Beerka (biir) khudaar leh sidoo kale (Sabaayad) canjeelo]] Xiligii gumaystaha talyaanigu waxa si wayn loo qaatay baastada iyo laasgaabka gaar ahaan koonfurta. Shaaha iyo kafeega ayaa sidoo kale runtii caan ah. Soomaalida ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii hore u qaatay cunista kafeega , waxaana ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ay ka mid ahaayeen ganacsatadii ugu horreysay ee dhoofisa digirta Kafeega. Qaxwaha Soomaalida, oo gudaha loo yaqaan ' Qahwo ' iyo shaaha 'Shah', ayaa aad uga dhex muuqda habka diyaarinta, kaas oo ku lug leh xulashada xawaashka kala duwan si kor loogu qaado muuqaalkeeda dhadhanka. 'Xalwo', oo si dhow ula xiriirta Cumaan ' Xalwaa ', waa daweyn jelly-la mid ah oo siman oo lagu sameeyay xawaash , iniin, laws , iyo sonkor la shiiday . Macmacaankan waxa si caadi ah loogu wada adeegaa " Qahwo ". Cunto ka dib, guryaha sida dhaqameedka ah waxaa lagu cadariyaa fooxa ama fooxa ( unsi ), kaas oo lagu diyaariyo gudaha fooxa r loo yaqaan dabqaad . ===Muusiga=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay hiddaha faneed hodanka ah oo ku qotoma suugaan-dhaqameedka Soomaalida . Heesaha Soomaalida intooda badan waa hal-abuur . Muusiga Soomaaliyeed waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaldo dhawaaqyada gobollada u dhow sida Itoobiya, Suudaan ama Jasiiradda Carabta, laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa laxankeeda iyo qaababka gaarka ah. Aaladaha dhaqameed ee sida weyn looga dhex muuqday fanka Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah oud lute . Inta badan waxaa la socda durbaan yaryar iyo biibiile cawsduur ah oo gadaal ka ah. Heesaha Soomaalidu inta badan waa wax ka dhasha wada shaqaynta ka dhaxaysa hal-abuurayaasha ( midho ), abwaannada ( laxan ) iyo fannaaniinta ( codka ama "codka") ===Suugaanta=== Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ayaa sanadihii lasoo dhaafay ahaa ilo ay ka soo jeedaan abwaanno, qorayaal iyo hal-abuuro caan ah, kuwaas oo qayb weyn ka qaatay soo saarista iyo qaabaynta hab-raacyada aqoonta iyo dhaqanka Muslimiinta, mana aha oo kaliya Geeska Afrika ee waxa ay gaadheen meelo fog-fog oo ka mid ah Jasiiradda Carabta iyo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Soomaaliya waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa, oo ay ka mid yihiin, qoraaga Canadian-ka ah iyo aqoonyahanada Margaret Laurence , "Qaranka Abwaanada " iyo "Qaranka Baadiyada ". Sahmiye iyo qoraa Ingiriis oo caan ah Richard Burton ayaa si hufan wax uga qoray Soomaaliya: Dalku wuxuu la socdaa, 'Abwaanada, Abwaanada, Abwaanada, Abwaanada': nin kastaa wuxuu leeyahay mawqifkiisa la aqoonsan yahay ee suugaanta sida saxda ah ee loo qeexay sida in dib loo eegay qarniyo joornaal ah - dhegta wanaagsan ee dadkani waxay keenaysaa in ay qaataan raaxada ugu weyn ee dhawaaqyada iswaafaqsan iyo tibaaxaha maansada, halka tiro been ah ama weedh qallafsan ay ku kicinayaan." ===Casri ah=== [[File:Hadrawi.jpg|thumb|Abwaan , faylasuuf iyo hal-abuure, Maxamed Ibraahim Warsame (Hadraawi)]] Markii la qaatay farta laatiinka sannadkii 1972-kii oo laga dhigay halbeegga alifbeetada qaranka, waxaa kaloo soo saaray qorayaal Soomaali ah oo aad u tiro badan, kuwaas oo qaarkood sumcad weyn ku helay caalamka oo dhan. Qorayaashan casriga ah, Nuruddin Farah waa kan ugu caansan, isagoo helay, abaal-marinno kale, 1998-kii Neustadt ee abaalmarinta caalamiga ah ee suugaanta . Faarax MJ Cawl waa qoraa kale oo caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ku ahaa sheeko-qoraalkiisii ​​xilligii Dervish , Jahligu waa cadowga jacaylka . Waxa kale oo maansada Soomaalidu aad u kobcaysay wakhtigan iyadoo Hadraawi uu sumcad qaran ku helay tiraabtiisa iyo maansadiisa. ===Ciyaaraha=== Kubadda cagta waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Soomaaliya. Tartamada gudaha ee muhiimka ah ayaa ah horyaalka Soomaaliya iyo koobka Soomaaliya , iyadoo xulka qaranka Soomaaliya uu ciyaaro heer caalami. Kubadda kolayga ayaa sidoo kale laga ciyaaraa dalka. Horyaalkii FIBA ​​Africa 1981 ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Muqdisho 15 ilaa 23 December 1981, xiligaasi oo xulka qaranka kubada koleyga ay heleen bilada maarta ah. Sannadkii 2013-kii, waxaa magaalada Borlänge laga dhisay koox qaran oo ka tirsan kooxaha burcad badeeda Soomaalida . Waxa ay ka qaybgashay tartankii Bandy World Championship 2014 . Dhanka fanka dagaalka waxaa billad qalin ah iyo kaalinta afraad ku qaatay Faysal Jeylaani Aweys iyo Maxamed Deeq Cabdulle oo ka tirsan xulka qaranka Teekwondo-ga , waxayna ku guuleysteen koobka Taekwondo-ga Adduunka ee 2013 ee Tongeren . [ 364 ] Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxamed Jaamac waxa uu ku guuleystay labada koob ee adduunka iyo Yurub ee K-1 iyo feerka Thai . ===Dhismaha=== [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Gondershe]] Qaab-dhismeedka Soomaalidu waa dhaqan qani ah oo kala duwan oo xagga injineernimada iyo naqshadeynta ah. Iyadoo la eegayo wakhtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga ahaa ee dalka, waxa kale oo ay soo dhawaynaysaa isku dhafka qaab dhismeedka Somali-Islaamka oo leh nashqado casri ah oo reer galbeed ah. Soomaalidii hore, dhismooyinka haramka ah ee Soomaalidu u taqaan Taalo waxay ahaayeen qaab caan ah oo lagu aaso, iyadoo boqolaal ka mid ah taallooyinkii dhagaxaanta qallalan ay maanta ku baahsan yihiin dalka. Guryo ayaa laga dhisay dhagxaan lebisan oo la mid ah kuwii Masar hore . Waxa kale oo jira tusaaleyaal barxadaha iyo darbiyada waaweyn ee dhagaxa ah ee lagu soo dejiyey deegaamada, sida darbiga Wargade. Qaadashada Islaamka ee taariikhda dhexe ee hore ee Soomaaliya waxa ay Islaamku ka keentay Carabta iyo Faaris . Tani waxay kicisay isbeddelka dhismaha ee dhagaxa engegan iyo agabka kale ee la xidhiidha oo loo beddelay dhagaxa kooraska , lebennada qorraxda qallalan , iyo isticmaalka baahsan ee dhagaxa nuuradda ee dhismaha Soomaalida. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah naqshadaha cusub ee naqshadaha, sida masaajidda, ayaa lagu dhisay burburka dhismooyinkii hore, dhaqankaas oo socon doona qarniyada soo socda. ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Warbixin Soomaaliya]] ==Taariikh nololeed== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Diriye Abdullahi |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ |title=Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaaliya |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |series=Dhaqanka iyo caadooyinka Afrika |location=Westport, Conn}} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat iyo Ganacsiga Bariga Afrika, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke |year= 2009 |title= Kacaankii Itoobiya: Dagaalka Geeska Afrika |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Siyaasad, Luuqad, iyo Fikir: Khibradda Soomaalida |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= Qalab Software ah oo loogu talagalay Cilmi-baarista Luuqadda iyo Qaamuusyada: Codsiga Soomaaliga |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mauri |first=Arnaldo |chapter-url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 |title=Nidaamyada Bangiyada Afrika |publisher=[[Cariplo]] – Finafrica |year=1971 |editor-last=Dell'Amore |editor-first=Giordano |location=Milan |pages=209–217 |chapter=Horumarinta Bangiyada Soomaaliya}} * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Gabayada Afka iyo Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |editor-last=Barrington |editor-first=Lowell W. |chapter-url=https://press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch5.pdf |title=Ka Dib Xorriyadda: Samaynta iyo Ilaalinta Qaranka ee Dowladaha Dhacdooyinka Kadib |pages=107–137 |chapter=Laga bilaabo Irredentism ilaa Kala-go'id: Hoos u dhaca Qaranimada Pan-Soomaali |location= Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Shay |first=Shaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqw0DwAAQBAJ |title=Soomaaliya oo is-beddelaysa Tan iyo 2006 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-5390-3 |location=New Brunswick}} * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Boqortooyadii Roomaanka iyo Hindiya |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |author-link1=Aristide Zolberg |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author-link3= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Ka Baxsiga Rabshadaha: Khilaafaadka iyo Qaxootiga Dalalka Horumarka |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Rosati |first1=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169 |title=Soosaarista Xoolaha iyo Sayniska Xoolaha Caalamka |last2=Tewolde |first2=A. |last3=Mosconi |first3=C. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Wageningen Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-8686-034-0 |series=WAAP buugga sanadka |location=Wageningen |page=169}} {{Refend}} ==Xusuusin== {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|audio=Somalia pronunciation (English).wav}} '''Soomaali:''' Soomaaliya [soːmaːlija], qoraalka Osmanya: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; Carabi: الصومال, la turjumay: aṣ-Ṣūmāl '''Soomaali rasmi ah:''' Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Carabi: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية Xuduudka Jabuuti–Soomaaliya waxaa si sharci ah u maamula Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay, laakiin dhab ahaan waxaa gacanta ku haya ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} * [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ "Qaramada Midoobay, Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada, Qaybta Dadweynaha (2022). Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |date=20220711213112 }} * [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf "Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2025"] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada ee Qaramada Midoobay] *[https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 <nowiki>Buug-gacmeedka Aagga Soomaaliya: La-qorayaasha: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Cilmi-baadhis iyo qoraal ayaa la dhammaystiray Juun 15, 1969</nowiki>] *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo is-casilay iyadoo lagu jiro loolan dhanka awoodda ah"] *[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ Islaam qunyar socod ah ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} *[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Ciidamada Kenya oo la wareegay saldhigii Al-Shabaab ee Soomaaliya] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Soomaaliya: Ergayga Qaramada Midoobay oo sheegay in la furayo baarlamaanka cusub ee Soomaaliya "Xilligii Taariikhiga ahaa"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201 Dhaqamada Horyaala ee Geeska Afrika: Falanqaynta Casrigii Dhagaxa ee Dhaqanka iyo Cimilada ee Somaliland iyo Qaybaha Bari ee Xabashida] *[https://archive.org/stream/geographyofherod00whee/geographyofherod00whee_djvu.txt Juqraafiga Herodotus: Waxaa laga soo sawiray Cilmi-baadhisyo Casri ah iyo daahfurkii] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+sultanate&pg=PA274 Dabeecadda Is-dilitaanka ee Waddamada Muslinka ah ee u badan: Cudurrada faafa, Waxyaabaha halista ah, iyo Ka-hortagga] 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*[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Guul weyn Malta ee K1 Kickboxing"] *[http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf Gudniinka Labka ah iyo AIDS-ka: Saamaynta Dhaqaale-dhaqaale ee Dhibaatada Caafimaadka ee Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, iyo Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Waraaqaha :: Shirarka Horumarinta Jaamacadaha Waqooyi Bari"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006071502/http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html "Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928150305/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Hagaha Doorashada Puntland 2009"] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Iyadoo dhibaatada Soomaaliya ay sii kordhayso, ayay khubaradu u arkaan in ay meesha ka maqan tahay gargaarka"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410 "Beesha Caalamka Oo Soo Dhaweysay Madaxweynaha Cusub Ee Maamulka Kumeel Gaarka Ah Ee Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya"] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7802622.stm "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo xilka ka dagay"] *[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Furitaanka Doodda Shirka Sannadlaha ah ee Sannadlaha, Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu ku booriyay Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah inay saxafada u sheegaan wax ka qabashada faqriga, argagixisanimada, xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, colaadaha"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ Dhaxalkii Gumeysiga ee Soomaaliya: Rome iyo Muqdisho: Laga soo bilaabo Maamulkii Gumeysiga ilaa Howlgalkii Rajada soo celinta] *[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120810180135/http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Soomaaliya oo kor u kacaysa labaatan sano oo dagaal sokeeye iyo qalalaase ka socday"] * 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The Times"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece |date=20110810033244 }} * [http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Monetary policy"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html |date=20090125062011 }} * [http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system"] {{Wayback|url=http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |date=20090122232449 }} * [http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf "UK Somali Remittances Survey"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf |date=20201109191722 }} * [http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 "Decades of community service recognised with award - Tower Hamlets Recorder"] 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{{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905210305/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM |date=20130905210305 }} * [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia "Soma Oil & Gas May Invest $20 Million to Survey Somalia - Bloomberg"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825065126/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia |date=20130825065126 }} * [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 "Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia - The New York Times"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709212617/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 |date=20200709212617 }} * [https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) - Somalia Report"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119113709/https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} * [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 "Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered - MarketWatch"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517211900/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 |date=20140517211900 }} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/world/somalia-business-keen-to-join-forces-for-peace-idUSTRE64M158/ "Somalia business keen to join forces for peace - Reuters"] * [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 "Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War - The Wall Street Journal"] 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{{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |date=20231130043543 }} * [https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf "UNFPA: Population Estimation Survey of Somalia 2014"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014649/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |date=20170804014649 }} * [http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html "The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191857/http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html |date=20140416191857 }} * [http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf "The Global Religious Landscape - Pew Research Center"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf |date=20130806002044 }} * 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[https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|pp=170–1}} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=109}} * [https://ethnomed.org/resource/report-on-somali-diet/ "Report on Somali Diet"] * [https://hooyoshouse.medium.com/exploring-the-aromatic-world-of-traditional-somali-spice-blends-3ab93879b74e "Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends"] * [https://www.deliciousisrael.com/blog/lahoh "Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)"] * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|page=113}} * [http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 "Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 |date=20231004063819 }} * [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000007780223669 "Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 "Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 |date=20230923064942 }} * [https://www.saveur.com/how-lasagna-landed-africa/ "How Lasagna Landed in Africa"] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/spaghetti-and-bananas-is-somali-comfort-food/ "Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food"] * [https://www.cafedirect.co.uk/shop/the-history-of-coffee/ "The History of Coffee"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar "Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967"] * [https://www.mysomalifood.com/qahwe/ "Qahwe"] * [https://archive-stories.com/Halwa-Mahyawa-and-Multiple-Registers-of-Life-in-the-Gulf "Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf"] * {{Cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohammed |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa) |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2012 |isbn=9780313313332 |pages=98–99}} * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia - Britannica"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ |date=20221014163003 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969839-4 |pages=58–59}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ "Ancient Trade and Society - Lionel Casson"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ |date=20160805112006 }} * {{cite book|last1=Suárez|first1=Jorge Alejandro|title=Geopolítica de lo Desconocido|isbn=979-8393720292|page=227}} * {{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=8}} * {{cite book|author=Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe|title=The Collapse of the Somali State|year=1996|isbn=1-874209-91-X|pages=34–35}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 "Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 |date=20230207231426 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations - Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080323/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier - NYT"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html |date=20181128005934 }} * [[suspicious link removed] "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"] * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"] * {{Cite book |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780197690390 |page=111}} * [[suspicious link removed] "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Somali president resigns amid power struggle - The Guardian"] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president - CNN"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16979440 "Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda - BBC News"] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 |date=20220928121250 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab - Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia - Anadolu Agency"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 |date=20230930234435 }} * [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm |date=20131007224547 }} * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ |date=20120627101741 }} * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance - United Nations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |date=20220329160054 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SO Saadaasha Horumarka Muhiimka ah ee Soomaaliya] laga helay [[International Futures]] === Dawladda === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so Albaabka rasmiga ah ee dowladda] – albaabka u furmaya bogagga dowladda * [https://villasomalia.gov.so/en Madaxtooyada] {{Wayback|url=https://villasomalia.gov.so/en |date=20250715221010 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha Soomaaliya * [https://opm.gov.so Ra’iisul Wasaaraha] – bogga rasmiga ah ee ra’iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya * [https://senate.gov.so Aqalka Sare] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya * [http://www.parliament.gov.so Baarlamaanka] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya * [https://nbs.gov.so Xog-ururin] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Xafiiska Qaranka ee Xog-ururinta Soomaaliya === Taariikh === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so/about-somalia "Taariikh"] – Taariikhda Soomaaliya ee bogga Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya === Dalxiis === * [https://tourism.gov.so Waaxda Dalxiiska] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Dalxiiska, Wasaaradda Warfaafinta, Dhaqanka & Dalxiiska === Khariidado === * {{Wikiatlas}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|192799}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Midowga Afrika}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Subject bar|Soomaaliya|Afrika|Dalalka|auto=yes|voy=Soomaaliya}} {{Authority control}} <!-- ugu hooseeya per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - hoosaadka dalalka ee hoostaga qaybaha gobolka --> 0otn9t1s39cf9dnlvznkhtrbmgxwfis 303109 303104 2026-07-21T15:19:34Z Isma4l 41797 Dib u celin 303109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soomaaliya''', sida rasmiga ah Jamhuuriyadda '''Federaalka Soomaaliya''' waa dalka bari ee qaaradda Afrika . Waxay ku fidsan tahay Geeska Afrika , waxay xad la wadaagtaa [[Itoobiya]] galbeed, [[Jabuuti]] waqooyi-galbeed, [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, Gacanka Cadmeed oo waqooyi, iyo bari [[badweynta Hindiya]] . Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika. Soomaaliya waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 18.1 milyan, kuwaas oo 2.7 milyan ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee [[Muqdisho]] . Mid ka mid ah wadamada Afrika ee isku isir ahaan isku hayb ah, ku dhawaad ​​85% dadka Soomaaliya deggan waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah . Luuqadaha rasmiga ah ee dalka waa [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaali]] iyo [[carabi]] in kastoo [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaaligu]] yahay luuqadda koowaad . Soomaaliya waxay xiriir taariikhi ah iyo mid diimeed la leedahay dalalka Carabta . Dadku waa muslimiin , oo raacsan laanta sunniga . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br /> Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Somalia_svg_map.svg|frameless]]<br />{{Legend|#336830|Dhulka gacanta lagu hayo}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Somaliland|Dhul sheegta balse aan la xakameyn]]}}|Show globe|[[File:Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Somalia|default=1}} | capital = [[Muqdisho]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Muqdisho]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] <ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/the-government/|title=The Government|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Maryan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa|editor1-first=Esther Mukewa|editor1-last=Lisanza|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Muaka|chapter=Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2024|isbn=9783031573071|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24|pages=511–524}}</ref><ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | recognized_languages = [[Carabi]] | religion = [[Islaam|Sunni Islaam]] (Rasmiga ah)<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] <ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyadda baarlamaanka Federal]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]] | leader_title2 = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]] | legislature = [[Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Guurtida]] | lower_house = Golaha Shacabka | sovereignty_type =Dhisidda | established_event1 = [[Dhul Udug]] | established_date1 = 2350 BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobia]] | established_date2 = 980 BC | established_event3 = [[Barbaria (region)|Barbaria]] | established_date3 = 100 BC | established_event4 = [[Saldanadii Cadal]] | established_date4 = Qarniga 9aad <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ |title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho |date=1969 |publisher=International African Institute |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[Muqdisho|Saldanadii Muqdisho]] | established_date5 = Qarniga 10aad | established_event6 = [[Saldanadi Ifat]] | established_date6 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event7 = [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] | established_date7 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event8 = [[Hiraab|Hiraab Imamate]] | established_date8 = Qarniga 16aad | established_event9 = [[Geledi|Saldanadii Geledi]] | established_date9 = 1695–1911 | established_event10 = [[ Majeerteen |Saldanadii Majeerteen]] | established_date10 = 1648–1927 | established_event11 = [[Hobyo|Saldanadii Hobyo]] | established_date11 = 1878–1927 | established_event12 = [[Isimtooyada Isaaq|Saldanadii isaaq]] | established_date12 = 1749–1884 | established_event13 = [[British Somaliland]] | established_date13 = 1884 | established_event14 = [[Italian Somaliland]] | established_date14 = 1889 | established_event15 = [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Soomaaliya|Xorriyadda]] iyo midowga la leh [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlada Somaliland]] | established_date15 = 1 July 1960 | established_event16 = [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date16 = 1 Ogosto 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 19,280,850<ref name="data.humdata.org">{{Cite web |title=OCHA Somalia - Subnational Population Statistics |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ps-som}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects |edition=online |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $32.500 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 151aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,920<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.990 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 147aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $766<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 177aad | Gini = 36.8<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.404 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 192aad | currency = [[Somali shilling]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]]: 85% * [[Tirakoobka daljoogaha Soomaaliya|Kuwa kale ]]: 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} Waagii hore, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii dhexe, dhowr boqortooyo oo xoog badan ayaa ka talinayay ganacsiga gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Suldaanka Ajuran]] , [[Adal Sultanate]] , iyo Suldaanka Geledi . Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, suldaanadii Soomaaliyeed waxa gumaystay boqortooyadii [[Talyaaniga]] iyo [[Ingiriiska]] kuwaas oo dhammaan dhulalkaas qabyaaladda isugu daray laba gumaysi oo kala ah : Italian Somaliland iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|British Somaliland]] . 1960kii, labada dhul ayaa midoobay si ay u dhistaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Soomaaliyeed oo madax bannaan oo hoos timaada dowlad rayid ah. Siyaad Barre oo ka tirsanaa Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) ayaa xukunka la wareegay 1969-kii, wuxuuna aasaasay [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyaddii Dimuqraadiga]] ahayd ee Soomaaliya , isagoo isku dayay inuu si naxariis darro ah u burburiyo Dagaalkii Madax-bannaanida [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee waqooyiga dalka. SRC waxay burburtay 1991 markii uu bilaabmay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya . Dawladdii ku meel gaadhka ahayd ee Soomaaliya (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay 2000, ka dibna waxaa la dhisay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya (TFG) 2004tii, taasoo dib u soo celisay ciidamadii qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya . Dhamaadkii 2006dii, duullaan ay Xabashida Maraykanku dabada ka riixayeen ayaa afgambiyay Maxkamadihii Islaamiga ahaa (ICU), taasoo keentay in ay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee [[Muqdisho]] ka dhisto Muqdisho oo ay ciidammada Itoobiya qabsadeen . Kacdoonkii xigay ee soo shaac baxay ayaa maxaakiimta u kala jabay jabhado kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto kooxda xagjirka ah ee [[al-Shabaab]] , kuwaas oo dagaal daba dheeraaday kula jiray ciidamada Itoobiya. Al-Shabaab waxay markiiba bilawday inay xaqiijiso in ay ka talinayso dhuleed markii ugu horaysay, iyadoo dabayaaqadii 2008 ay jabhadu ka saartay ciidamada Itoobiya inta badan Soomaaliya. Sannadkii 2009, dawlad cusub oo TFG ah ayaa la dhisay. Bartamihii 2012, al-Shabaab waxay lumisay inta badan dhulalkeeda intii ay socdeen dagaalladii ka dhanka ahaa TFG iyo [[ciidamada Midowga Afrika]] . Isla sanadkaas, al-Shabaab waxay ballan-qaadday inay la midoobayaan al-Qaacida . Muqaawamada ayaa weli gacanta ku haysa inta badan bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, waxayna saameyn ku leeyihiin meelaha ay dowladdu maamusho, iyadoo magaalada Jilib ay u tahay caasimadda u ah fallaagada. Dastuur cusub oo ku meel gaar ah ayaa la ansixiyay Agoosto 2012, dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay Soomaaliya sida federaal . Isla bishaas, waxaa la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya , waxaana dib u dhis lagu sameeyay Muqdisho. Soomaaliya waxa ay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu horumarsan caalamka, waxaana daliil u ah sida ay u qiimeeyeen mitirka mitirka sida GDP per capita iyo halka ay ku dhowdahay halka ugu hooseysa ee Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha , waxa ay ka sareysaa oo kaliya South Sudan . Waxay ilaalisay dhaqaale aan rasmi ahayn oo inta badan ku salaysan xoolaha nool, xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee dibadda ka shaqeeya iyo isgaarsiinta. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , [[Jaamacada Carabta|Jaamacadda Carabta]] , Midowga Afrika , Dhaqdhaqaaq aan Isbahaysi ahayn , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , iyo Ururka [[Islaam|Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Asalka erayga== Samaale , oo ah awoowaha ugu da'da weyn dhowr qabiil oo Soomaaliyeed , ayaa guud ahaan lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay halka ay ka soo jeedaan magaca Soomaali . Aragti kale ayaa ah in magaca loo haysto inuu ka soo jeedo ereyada soo iyo maal , kuwaas oo marka la isu geeyo macneheedu yahay " tag" iyo "caano". Fasiraaddani way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran gobolka iyadoo Soomaalida waqooyi ay tilmaamayso inay ula jeedaan tag iyo caano xagga caanaha geela, Soomaalida koonfureed waxay adeegsadaan tarjumaada "sa' maal" oo tilmaamaysa caanaha lo'da. Tani waxay tilmaan u tahay xoolo-dhaqatada meel walba leh ee dadka Soomaaliyeed. Etymology kale oo macquul ah ayaa soo jeedinaya in ereyga Soomaali uu ka yimid ereyga Carabiga ee "hodanka ah" ( zāwamāl ), isagoo mar kale tilmaamaya hodantinimada Soomaalida ee xoolaha. Taa beddelkeeda, magaca Soomaaliga waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka yimid Automoli (Asmach), koox dagaalyahanno ah oo ka yimid Masar hore oo uu ku tilmaamay Herodotus . Asmach waxaa loo maleynayaa inuu ahaa magacooda Masar, iyadoo Automoli uu yahay asal Giriig ah oo ka yimid ereyga Cibraaniga ah ee S'mali (macnaha "dhinaca bidixda"). Dukumeenti Shiinees ah oo laga soo xigtay qarnigii 9-aad ee CE ayaa tilmaamaya waqooyiga xeebaha Soomaaliya - oo markaa ka mid ahaa gobolka ballaaran ee Waqooyi Bari Afrika ee loo yaqaan Barbaria , iyada oo la tixraacayo dadka deggan Barbars ( Kushitic ) ee degaanka - sida Po-pa-li . Tixraac qoraaleedkii ugu horreeyay ee cad ee Soomaalidii sobriquet waxay soo bilaabatay horraantii qarnigii 15-aad ee miilaadiyada xilligii boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Isxaaq I oo lahaa mid ka mid ah saraakiishii maxkamadaha oo tiriyay hees uu ugu dabbaaldegayo guushii milateri ee ay ka gaareen Saldanada Ifat . Simur wuxuu kaloo ahaa Harari qadiimiga ah oo loogu yeeri jiray dadka Soomaaliyeed. Soomaalidu waxay si xad dhaaf ah u door bidaan shaydaanka Soomaaliga oo ka door bida qofka Soomaaliga ah ee aan saxda ahayn mar haddii kan hore uu yahay halqabsi, halka kan dambe uu yahay hal-ku-dhegyo laba-jibbaaran ah. Erayga af - soomaaliga marka laga yimaaddo juqraafi-siyaasadeed waa Horner oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadda, waa Kuush. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Farshaxanka Neolithic ee dhismaha Laas Geel oo muujinaya sac gees-dheer]] Soomaaliya waxay u badan tahay inay ka mid ahayd dhulkii ugu horreeyay ee ay dageen bini'aadam hore, iyadoo loo eegayo meesha ay ku taal. Ugaarsadayaasha oo hadhow Afrika ka haajiray waxay u badan tahay inay halkan degeen ka hor intaanay guurin. Intii lagu jiray xilligii dhagaxa, dhaqamada Dooyan iyo reer Hargeysa ayaa halkan ku soo barbaaray. Caddaynta ugu da'da weyn ee caadooyinka aaska Geeska Afrika waxay ka timid qabuuraha Soomaaliya ilaa qarnigii 4aad ee BC. Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga soo qaaday goobta Jaleelo ee waqooyiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamay 1909 inay yihiin farshaxanno muhiim ah oo muujinaya caalimnimada qadiimiga ah inta lagu jiro Paleolithic ee u dhexeeya Bariga iyo Galbeedka. Sida laga soo xigtay khubarada afafka, dadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla Afafka ayaa yimid gobolka intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic ee xigay oo ka yimid qoyska urheimat ee la soo jeediyay ("Dhulka asalka ah") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Dhismaha Laas -geel oo ku yaalla duleedka magaalada Hargeysa ee Waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya ayaa soo jirtay qiyaastii 5,000 oo sano, waxaana ku yaalla farshaxanno dhagax ah oo muujinaya xayawaanka duur-joogta ah iyo lo'da la qurxiyay. Sawirro kale oo godad ah ayaa laga helay gobolka Dhambalin ee woqooyiga , kaas oo ka muuqda mid ka mid ah sawirradii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan ugaarsiga fardaha. Farshaxanka dhagaxa waxa uu taariikhdiisu ahayd 1,000 ilaa 3,000 BCE. Intaa waxaa dheer, inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka Laas-Khorey iyo Ceel Ayo ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya waxaa ku taal Karinhegane , oo ah goobta lagu sawiray godad fara badan, kuwaas oo wadar ahaan lagu qiyaasay ilaa 2,500 oo sano Geela waxa la rumaysan yahay in uu ku dhaqmi jiray gobolka Geeska intii u dhaxaysay qarnigii 2aad iyo 3aad ee BC. Halkaa waxa ay ku fiday Masar iyo Maghrib . ===Waagii qadiimiga iyo qadiimiga ahaa=== [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Rag reer Punt ah oo sita hadiyado, Qabriga Rekhmire .]] Dhismayaasha Ahraamta qadiimiga ah , Mowlacyo , magaalooyin burburay iyo gidaaryo dhagax ah, sida darbigii Wargade , waxay daliil u yihiin ilbaxnimo hore oo ka hanaqaadi jirtay gayiga Soomaaliyeed. Ilbaxnimadani waxay ku naaloonaysay xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd Masar hore iyo Giriiggii Mycenaean tan iyo qarnigii labaad ee BC . Puntites oo u dhashay gobolka waxay ka ganacsan jireen malmalka , xawaashka, dahabka, eboniga, lo'da gees-gaaban, fool-maroodi iyo fooxa oo ay la socdeen Masaarida, Finiisiyaanka, Baabiliyiinta, Hindida, Shiinaha iyo Roomaanka iyaga oo u maraya dekedahooda ganacsi. Duulaan Masri ah oo ay u soo dirtay boqortooyadii 18-aad ee boqorad Hatshepsut ayaa lagu duubay macbudka Deir el-Bahari , xilligii boqortooyadii Boqorka Puntite Parahu iyo Queen Ati. Waagii qadiimiga ahaa , Macrobiyaanka , oo laga yaabo in ay awoow u ahaayeen Soomaalida, ayaa aasaasay boqortooyo awood leh oo ka talinaysay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Soomaaliya casriga ah. Waxaa lagu magacaabi jiray cimrigooda iyo maalkooda, waxaana la sheegay inay ahaayeen kuwa ugu dheer oo ugu quruxda badan ragga oo dhan. Macrobiyadu waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanno xoolo-dhaqato ah iyo badmaaxayaal. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Herodotus, Imbaraadoorkii Faaris Cambyses II , markii uu qabsaday Masar 525 BC, wuxuu u diray safiirro Macrobia, isagoo u keenay hadiyado qaali ah boqorka Macrobiya si uu u soo gudbiyo. Hogaamiyihii Macrobiya oo lagu doortay dhererkiisa iyo quruxdiisa, waxa uu taa beddelkeeda kaga jawaabay loolan uu dhiggiisa Beershiya uga dhigay qaanso aan xidhnayn: haddii Faaris ay awoodaan in ay sawiraan, waxa ay xaq u yeelan lahaayeen in ay dalkiisa ku soo duulaan; laakiin ilaa iyo markaas, waa in ay u mahad naqayaa ilaahyada in Macrobians waligood go'aansan in ay ku duulaan boqortooyadooda. Macrobians-ku waxay ahaayeen awood gobol oo lagu asteeyay qaab-dhismeedkooda horumarsan iyo hantidooda dahabka ah , taas oo aad u badan oo ay maxaabiistooda ku xidheen silsilado dahab ah. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qadiimiga ah, gobollada Barbara ee Mosylon , Opone , Mundus , Isis , Malao , Avalites , Essina , Nikon iyo Sarapion waxay sameeyeen shabakad ganacsi oo faa'iido leh, oo ku xiran ganacsato ka timid Ptolemaic Masar , Giriiggii hore , Fenisiya , Parthian Persian , Boqortooyadii Roomaanka , Boqortooyada Saban , Nabata . Waxay isticmaali jireen markabkii qadiimiga ahaa ee badda Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaanay beden si ay shixnadooda u daabulaan. [[File:Beden.jpg|thumb|Beden waa mid dheereeya, oo qadiimi ah markab badeed keligiis ah ama laba-jibbaaran.]] Ka dib qabsashadii Roomaanku ee Boqortooyadii Nabataean iyo joogitaankii ciidamada badda ee Roomaanka ee Cadan si ay u xakameeyaan budhcad-badeedda, ganacsato Carbeed iyo Soomaali ah waxay ku heshiiyeen Roomaanku in maraakiibta Hindiya laga mamnuuco inay ka ganacsadaan magaalooyinka dekedaha xorta ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta si loo ilaaliyo danaha ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ee ganacsiga faa'iidada badan leh ee u dhexeeya badaha Cas iyo Mediterranean. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay sii wadeen ganacsiga magaalooyinka dekedaha ah ee jasiiradda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo ka madax bannaan faragelinta Roomaanka. Qarniyo badan, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay Soomaaliya iyo Carabta u keeni jireen tiro badan oo qorfe ah Ceylon iyo Jasiiradaha Spice . Meesha laga helo qorfaha iyo xawaashka kale waxa la sheegaa in ay ahayd sirta ugu fiican ee ay ka heli jireen ganacsatadii Carabta iyo Soomaalida ee ka ganacsan jiray Rome iyo Giriigga; Roomaanka iyo Giriiggu waxay rumaysnaayeen in isha laga soo xigtay ay ahayd jasiiradda Soomaalida. Heshiiskii wada shaqayneed ee dhexmaray ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ayaa sicir barar ku keenay qiimaha qorfaha Hindiya iyo Shiinaha ee Waqooyiga Afrika, Bariga dhow iyo Yurub, wuxuuna ganacsiga qorfaha ka dhigay mid dakhli abuur ah oo faa'iido badan leh, gaar ahaan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed. ===Dhalashada Islaamka iyo qarniyadii dhexe=== [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Waddada xariirta oo ku fidsan Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta Yurub, Carabta, Soomaaliya, Masar, Faaris, Hindiya, iyo Java]] Islamka waxa deegaanka soo galiyay horraantii muslimiintii ugu horaysay ee ka soo carartay dacwooyinkii xiijii ugu horaysay iyada oo Masjid al-Qiblatayn ee Saylac laga dhisay ka hor inta aanu Qiblada u socon dhanka Maka . Waa mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu faca weyn Afrika. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, Al-Yaqubi waxa uu qoray in Muslimiintu ay ku noolaayeen hareeraha badda woqooyi ee Soomaaliya. Waxa kale oo uu xusay in Boqortooyada Adal ay caasimad u ahayd magaalada. Sida uu qabo Leo Africanus , Adal Sultanate waxa maamuli jiray boqortooyo Soomaaliyeed oo deegaanka ah , dhulkeeduna waxa uu ka koobnaa dhulka juqraafi ahaan u dhexeeya Bab el Mandeb iyo Cape Guardafui. Sidaas waxaa dhanka koonfureed uga xigay Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan , dhanka galbeedna waxaa ka xigay Boqortooyadii Xabashida . Qarniyadii dhexe oo dhan waxa Somaliland yimi dad Carbeed, waayo-aragnimo taariikhi ah oo hadhow horseedi doonta sheekooyinka halyeyga ah ee sheekhyadii Muslimiinta sida Daarood iyo Isxaaq Binu Axmed (oo la sheegay in ay ka soo jeedaan beelaha Daarood iyo Isaaq , siday u kala horreeyaan) iyaga oo ka soo socdaalay Carabta una socdaalay Soomaaliya kuna guursaday qabiilka Dir ee deegaanka . Sannadkii 1332-kii, Boqorkii Adal ee Saylac ahaa ayaa lagu dilay olole millatari oo ujeedkiisu ahaa in la hakiyo socodkii ay magaalada ku soo jeedday Amda Seyon 1aad ee Xabashida. Markii Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, Sacad Ad-Diin II , lagu dilay Saylac 1410 , caruurtiisii ​​waxay u baxsadeen Yaman , ka hor intaysan ku soo laaban 1415 . II, oo saldhig cusub ka samaystay Yemen ka dib [[File:Imaam Ahmed Gurey.jpg|thumb|Taalada Axmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Imaamkii Boqortooyada Adal]] Xarunteedii Adal ayaa mar kale loo raray qarnigii xigay, markan dhanka koonfureed waxa loo raray Harar . Caasimaddan cusub, Adal waxa uu abaabulay ciidan wax ku ool ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Imaam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , (Ahmad "Gurey" ama "Gran"; labaduba waxay ka dhigan yihiin "gacanta bidix") iyo Jeneraalka ugu dhow dhow iyo seedigii Garaad Mataan . Qabiilka Imaam Axmed waxaa la caddeeyey inay ka soo jeedaan Geri Koombe , oo ah jifada Daarood. Ololahan qarniga 16-aad waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yaqaanaa Gumeysiga Xabashida ( Futuh al-Habash ). Intii uu dagaalka socday, Imaam Axmad waxa uu hormood u noqday adeegsiga madfac ay ka heli jirtay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, kuwaas oo uu ka soo waariday Saylac oo uu ku soo daad-gureeyey ciidamadii Xabashida iyo xulafadooda Bortuqiisku ee uu hoggaaminayay Cristovão da Gama . Xilligii Ajuuraan Sultanate-ka , magaalooyinka iyo jamhuuriyadaha Merca , Muqdisho , Baraawa , Hobyo iyo dekedooda waxay lahaayeen ganacsi faa'iido badan oo shisheeye ah oo ay ka heli jireen maraakiib u kala goosha dalalka Carabta, Hindiya, Venetia , Paris, Masar, Portugal iyo ilaa Shiinaha. Vasco da Gama , oo soo maray Muqdisho qarnigii 15-aad, ayaa xusay inay ahayd magaalo weyn oo ay ku yaallaan dhowr dabaq oo dhaadheer iyo daaro waaweyn oo ku yaalla bartamaha magaalada, iyadoo ay u dheer tahay masaajidyo badan oo leh minaarado cylindrical ah. Harla , oo ah koox hore oo Hamitic ah oo dhererkeedu dheeraa oo degi jiray qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya, Tchertcher iyo meelo kale oo Geeska ah, waxay sidoo kale dhiseen tuuli kala duwan . Dhagarqabayaashan ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay awoow u ahaayeen qowmiyadaha Soomaalida. [[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|[[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuran Sultanate]] waxa ay sii waday xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd boqortooyadii Ming iyo boqortooyooyinkii kale.]] Qarnigii 16-aad, Duarte Barboosa waxa uu xusay in maraakiib badan oo ka timid Boqortooyadii Cambaya ee waqtigan casriga ah ee Hindiya ay u shiraacdeen Muqdisho iyagoo wata maryo iyo xawaash, taas beddelkeedana ay heleen dahab, dhux iyo fool maroodi. Barbosa waxa kale oo ay iftiimisay hilibka, sarreenka, shaciga, fardaha iyo khudaarta ee suuqyada xeebaha, kuwaas oo ganacsatadu ka soo saarteen hanti aad u badan. Muqdisho, oo ah xarunta warshadaha dharka ee kobcaya ee loo yaqaan toob benadir ( oo ku takhasusay suuqyada Masar, iyo meelo kale , oo ay weheliyaan Merca iyo Barawa, waxay sidoo kale u ahayd meel ay ku sii maraan ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ee Mombasa iyo Malindi iyo ganacsiga dahabka ee Kilwa . Ganacsato Yuhuudi ah oo ka timid Hormuz waxay keeneen dharkoodii Hindida iyo miraha badda Soomaaliya si ay ugu beddelaan hadhuudh iyo alwaax. Xiriirka ganacsiga waxaa la aasaasay Malacca qarnigii 15aad, oo leh maro, ambergris iyo porcelain oo ah badeecadaha ugu muhiimsan ee ganacsiga. Geri, zebras iyo fooxa ayaa loo dhoofin jiray Boqortooyadii Ming ee Shiinaha, taasoo ka dhigtay ganacsatada Soomaalida inay hormuud ka noqdaan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Bariga Aasiya iyo Geeska. Ganacsato Hinduuga ah oo ka soo jeeda Surat iyo ganacsatada Koonfur-bari Afrikaanka ee Pate , iyagoo doonaya inay ka gudbaan labada go'doominta Boortaqiiska ee Hindiya (iyo markii dambe faragelintii Cumaan), waxay adeegsadeen dekedaha Soomaaliya ee Merca iyo Barawa (kuwaas oo ka baxsan xukunka tooska ah ee labada awoodood) si ay ganacsigooda ugu sameeyaan ammaan iyo faragelin la'aan. ===Waagii hore ee casriga ah iyo u halgamidda Afrika=== [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|magaalada Muqdisho ee xarunta dalka Talyaaniga ayaa waxaa ku yaalla xarunta kaniisada Kathedral-ka ee Catholic-ga iyo taallada weyn ee lagu maamuusayo Boqor Umberto I ee Talyaaniga.]] Waagii hore ee casriga ahaa , dawladihii bedeli lahaa Adal Sultanate iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka koraan Soomaaliya. Waxaa ka mid ahaa Imaamyadii Hiraab , Suldaan Isaaq oo uu hoggaaminayay reer Guuleed , Suldaankii Habr Yuunis oo uu hoggaaminayey reer Caynaanshe , Suldaankii Geledi (Boqortooyadii Gobroon), Saldanada Majeerteen (Migiurtinia), iyo Saldanadda Hobyo . Waxay sii wateen dhaqankii qalcado-dhisidda iyo ganacsiga badda mara ee ay aasaaseen boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Soomaaliya. Suldaan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim oo ahaa Suldaankii Sadexaad ee Golaha Deegaanka Gobroon ayaa Bilaabay Taariikhdii dahabiga ahayd ee Boqortooyadii Gobroon. Ciidankiisu waxay guulo ka soo hoyeen Jihaadka Baardheere, kaasoo dib u soo celiyay xasiloonidii Gobolka, dib u soo nooleeyay ganacsigii fool-maroodiga ee Bariga Afrika . Waxa kale oo uu lahaa xidhiidh wanaagsan oo uu hadiyado ka heli jiray saldanada boqortooyooyinka dariska iyo kuwa fog sida Cumaan, Witu iyo salaadiinta Yemen. Inankii Suldaan Ibraahim Axmed Yuusuf waxa uu ku beddelay mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee qarnigii 19-aad ee Bariga Afrika, isaga oo ka heli jiray abaal-marinno guddoomiyeyaasha Cumaan, isla markaana abuuray isbahaysi qoysas Muslimiin ah oo muhiim ah oo ku nool xeebaha Bariga Afrika Somaliland waxa la aas aasay Suldaanka Isaaq 1750. Suldaanka Isaaq waxa uu ahaa boqortooyo Somaliyeed oo ka talinaysay qaybo ka mid ah Geeska Afrika qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Waxay ku teedsantay dhulka beesha Isaaq , oo ka soo farcamay qabiilka Banu Haashim , ee Somaliland iyo Itoobiya maanta. Suldaanka waxaa maamuli jiray garabka Rer Guuleed oo uu aasaasay suldaankii ugu horeeyay ee beesha Ciidagale Suldaan Guuleed Cabdi . Sida dhaqanka afka ah lagu sheegay, ka hor reer Guuleed beesha Isaaq waxaa ka talin jiray boqortooyo laanta Toljeclo oo ka soo jeeda reer Axmed oo lagu naanaysi jiray Tol Jeelo, oo ahaa curadkii Sheekh Isxaaq xaaskiisii ​​Harari . Guud ahaan waxa jiray sideed taliye Toljelo ah oo uu ugu horreeyo Boqor Haaruun ( Somali : Boqor Haaruun ) oo soo xukumayay Suldaan Isaaq qarniyo laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13aad. Garaad Dhux Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) waxaa afgambiyay isbahaysigii beelaha Isaaq. Toljeelo oo berigii hore xoog lahaa way kala firxadeen oo waxay gabaad ka dhigteen Habr Awal oo ay ilaa hadda inta badan la nool yihiin. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, shirkii Berlin ee 1884 ka dib, quwadaha reer Yurub waxay bilaabeen inay u halgamaan Afrika . Sannadkaas, maxmiyad Ingiriis ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya, oo ku taal xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeeda Yementa Koonfureed. Bilowgii, gobolkani wuxuu ku hoos jiray xukunka Xafiiska Hindiya, sidaas darteedna loo maamulay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Hindiya; 1898-kii waxa loo wareejiyay maamulka London. 1889kii, maxmiyaddii iyo gumaysigii Soomaaliya ee Talyaanigu si rasmi ah u aasaasay Talyaanigu iyadoo loo marayo heshiisyo kala duwan oo ay la saxeexdeen madax iyo suldaanno badan; Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid ayaa markii ugu horreysay codsi u diray Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii Diseembar 1888 si uu Suldaannimadiisa Hobyo uga dhigo maxmiyad Talyaani ah ka hor inta uusan markii dambe saxiixin heshiis 1889 [[File:Hobyo Sultanate Cavalry And Fort.jpg|thumb|Fardooley iyo dhufeyskii Hobyo Sultanate]] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dervish ayaa si guul leh u celiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska afar jeer waxayna ku qasbeen inay dib ugu noqdaan gobolka xeebta. Daraawiishtu waxay jebisay gumaystihii Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska, Xabashida marar badan, gaar ahaan, guushii 1903-dii ee Cagaarweyne ee uu hoggaaminayey Suleymaan Aaden Galaydh , waxay ku khasabtay Boqortooyadii Ingriiska inay dib ugu gurtaan gobolka xeebta horraantii 1900aadkii. Dervishes ayaa ugu dambeyntii laga adkaaday 1920-kii xoogga hawada Ingiriiska. Bilawgii Faashiistaha horraantii 1920-aadkii waxa ay ku bishaaraysay is-beddelka istiraatijiyadda Talyaanigu, iyadoo suldaannada waqooyi-bari dhawaan lagu khasbi lahaa soohdinta La Grande Somalia (" Soomaali-weyn ") sida uu qorshuhu ahaa Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa. Markii uu yimid Badhasaab Cesare Maria De Vecchi 15-kii December 1923kii, waxa bilaabmay in wax iska beddelaan qayb ka mid ah Somaliland oo loo yaqaanay Italian Somaliland . Dhulkii ugu dambeeyay ee Talyaanigu ka helo Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa Oltre Giuba , gobolka Jubaland ee maanta , 1925. [[File:Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.jpeg|thumb|Taalada Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , Hogaamiyihii Daraawiishta]] Talyaanigu wuxuu bilaabay mashruucyo kaabayaasha deegaanka ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha isbitaallo, beero iyo dugsiyo. Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa , ee Benito Mussolini , wuxuu weeraray Abyssinia (Itoobiya) 1935, ujeeddadiisuna ahayd inay gumeysato. Duulaankaas waxaa cambaareeyey Ururka Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka dhaxaysa , balse wax yar lagama qaban sidii loo joojin lahaa ama looga xorayn lahaa gumaysiga Itoobiya. 1936kii, Soomaaliyadii Talyaanigu waxay ku biirtay Bariga Afrika ee Talyaanigu , oo ay weheliso Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya, oo ah Maamul-goboleedka Soomaaliya . 3-dii Agoosto 1940-kii, ciidamadii Talyaanigu oo ay ku jireen cutubyo ka tirsan gumaystaha Soomaaliya, ayaa ka soo tallaabay Itoobiya si ay u soo galaan Somaliland , 14kii Agoosto, waxay ku guuleysteen inay Berbera ka qabsadaan Ingiriiska. Ciidan Ingiriis ah oo ay ku jiraan ciidamo ka socda dalal badan oo Afrikaan ah ayaa bishii January 1941kii ka bilaabay Kenya ololihii ay ku xorreeyeen British Somaliland iyo Itoobiya oo Talyaanigu gumaysan jiray, una qabsan lahaa Somaliland Talyaani. Bishii Feebarweri inta badan Somaliland Talyaanigu waa la qabsaday, bishii Maarj, British Somaliland waa lagala wareegay badda. Ciidamadii Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska ee ka hawl-gala Somaliland waxay ka koobnaayeen saddex qaybood oo kala ahaa Koonfur Afrika, Galbeedka Afrika iyo Ciidamada Bariga Afrika. Waxa kaalmaynayay ciidammadii Somaliyeed ee uu hogaaminayay C/laahi Xasan iyadoo ay si wayn uga qayb galeen Somalida beesha Isaaq , Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali . Tirada Soomaalida Talyaanigu waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, iyada oo in ka yar 10,000 ay soo hartay 1960. ===Madaxbanaanidii (1960-1969)=== Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu sii haystay gacan ku haynta British Somaliland iyo Somaliland Somaliland oo ah maxmiyad. 1945kii, intii lagu jiray shirkii Potsdam , Qaramada Midoobay waxay u oggolaatay Talyaanigu inuu Talyaanigu u dhiibo Talyaani Somaliland inuu noqdo dhul-xakameedka Somaliland , iyadoo shuruud looga dhigay markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo jeediyaan xisbigii SYL iyo ururradii kale ee curdinka ahaa ee siyaasadda Soomaaliya, sida Xizbiya DigilMirifle Somali (HDMS) iyo Somali National League (SNL) — in Soomaaliya ay ku hesho madaxbannaani toban sano gudahood. British Somaliland waxay ahaan jirtay maxmiyad Ingiriiska ilaa 1960 [[File:Chieftains of the Isaaq clan cropped.jpg|thumb|Madaxdii beesha Isaaq oo Hargeysa lagu sawiray 1958 kii markii Duke & Duchess of Gloucester booqasho ku yimaadeen Somaliland.]] Ilaa heer uu Talyaanigu dhulkaas ku haysto amarka Qaramada Midoobay, qodobbada ammaanadu waxay siiyeen Soomaalida fursad ay khibrad ugu yeeshaan waxbarashada siyaasadda reer galbeedka iyo is-xukunka. Waxa ay ahaayeen faa’iidooyin aanay lahayn British Somaliland, oo la rabay in lagu daro dawladnimada cusub ee Soomaaliya. In kasta oo 1950-meeyadii saraakiisha gumaystaha Ingiriiska ay isku dayeen, dadaallo horumarineed oo maamul oo kala duwan, si ay uga soo kabtaan dayacaadii hore, maxmiyadku waxa ay fadhiid ku noqotay horumarka maamulka siyaasadda. Farqiga u dhexeeya labada dhul ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo waayo-aragnimada siyaasadeed ayaa hadhow keeni doonta dhibaatooyin culus oo isku dhafan labada qaybood. [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|1963kii oo ku yaal bartamaha magaalada Muqdisho]] Dhanka kale, 1948-kii, cadaadis kaga yimid xulafadooda Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Soomaalidana ay aad uga xumaadeen, Ingriisku wuxuu dib u soo celiyay Haud (Dhul daaqsimeed Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo loo maleynayo inuu ilaalinayay heshiisyadii Ingiriiska uu la galay Soomaalida 1884 iyo 1886) iyo Gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, taasoo ku saleysan heshiis ay saxiixeen 1897-kii oo ay ka soo horjeedaan Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Menelik oo ay suurtagal tahay in Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ay ku beddesho Imbaraadoor. Faransiisku. Ingriiska ayaa ku daray shuruud ah in dadka Soomaalida ah ay sii haysanayaan ismaamulkooda, laakiin Itoobiya ayaa isla markiiba sheegatay inay iyadu leedahay madax-bannaanideeda. Taasi waxay keentay in 1956-kii uu Ingiriisku ku guul darraystay inuu dib u iibsado dhulkii Soomaaliyeed ee uu la wareegay. Ingriisku waxa uu sidoo kale siiyay maamulka ku dhawaad ​​​​Soomaalida ay degto Waqooyiga xudduudaha Waqooyi (NFD) wadaniiyiinta Kenya. Tani waxay ahayd in kasta oo ay raali ka tahay , sida laga soo xigtay guddigii gumaystaha Ingiriiska, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qowmiyadaha Soomaalida ee dhulkaas degganaa waxay door bideen inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee dhawaan la sameeyay. Waxa sannadkii 1958- kii ka qabsoontay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti (oo loo yaqaannay French Somaliland ) sannadkii 1958-kii, maalintii ay Soomaaliya xornimada qaadatay sannadkii 1960-kii, si go'aan looga gaadho in lagu biiro Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya iyo in kale iyo inay ka sii mid ahaato Faransiiska. Aftidu waxay u soo baxday in la sii wado xidhiidhka Faransiiska, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku-darka haa ee ay ku codeeyeen qoomiyada Canfarta iyo dadka degan Yurub. Waxa kale oo jirtay ku shubasho codbixineed oo baahsan, iyada oo Faransiisku uu ka eryay kumannaan Soomaali ah ka hor inta aanay aftidu gaadhin goobaha codbixinta. Inta badan dadka 'maya' ku codeeyay waxay ahaayeen Soomaali aad u taageersan inay ku biiraan Soomaaliya oo mid ah, sida uu soo jeediyay Maxamuud Xarbi , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Golaha Xukuumadda. Xarbi ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed labo sano kadib. Djibouti ugu dambayntii waxay xornimada ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1977, iyo Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , oo ahaa Soomaali oo u ololaynayey "haa" codbixintii 1976, aakhirkii wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jabuuti (1977-1999). [[File:President Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Sharmarke.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne Aadan Cadde oo uu weheliyo Ra’iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma’arke oo Salaaddii Ciidda 1964-kii ku Tukaday Masjidka Arbaca Rukun]] 26 June 1960 -kii British Somaliland protectorate waxa ay xornimadeeda qaadatay 26 June 1960. 1dii Luulyo 1960kii waxa xornimada qaatay dhulkii la isku halayn lahaa ee Somaliland, labadoodiina waxay ku midoobeen dhismihii Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya , in kasta oo ay ku jireen xuduud ay kala sameeyeen Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Dawlad ay dhiseen Cabdullaahi Ciise iyo Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal oo ay weheliyaan xubno kale oo ka tirsan dawladihii ammaanada iyo maxmiyad ahaa, iyadoo Cabdulqaadir Muxamed Aadan uu noqday Madaxweynaha Golaha Shacbiga Soomaaliyeed , Aadan Cabdallah Cismaan Daar oo ahaa Madaxweynihii Jamhuriyadda Soomaaliya, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare (kadibna noqday Madaxweyne 1967 ilaa 1969). 20kii Luulyo 1961kii iyo afti dadweyne oo dadweynihii Soomaaliyeed ay ku ansixiyeen talyaanigu, badi dadkii ka soo jeeday Maxmiyadii hore ee Somaliland ayaan ka qaybgelin aftida, in kasta oo tiro yar oo reer Somaliland ah oo ka qaybqaatay aftida ay ka soo horjeesteen dastuurkii cusbaa , oo markii ugu horreysay la sameeyay 1367kii , Muxammad . Wasiir, xilkaas oo uu u magacaabay Sharmaarke. Cigaal waxa uu mar dambe noqon lahaa Madaxweynaha maamul-goboleedka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya ===Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969-1991)=== ===Inqilaab=== 15kii Oktoobar, isaga oo madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke socdaal ku marayay magaalada Laascaanood ee ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen, ayaa ilaaladiisa gaarka ahi toogasho ku dileen. Xoghayihii hore ee arrimaha dibadda ee Mareykanka Henry Kissinger ayaa hadalkiisa ku soo gabagabeeyay in ilaaladu uu iskiis u dhaqmayo. Lix maalmood ka dib, 21kii Oktoobar, Jeneraal Siyaad Barre wuxuu hoggaaminayey afgambi militari, wuxuuna ku guuleystay afgambigii dowladdii baarlamaanka. Falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda casriga ah ayaa sheegaya in afgambiga uu ka dambeeyay musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira xukuumadda baarlamaanka. Waardiyihii waxaa maxkamadeeyay, jirdilay oo toogtay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC). Waxa ay kasoo jeedaan madaxweynaha uu dilay. [[File:Mohamed Ainanshe and Kim Il Sung -1970.jpg|thumb|Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya kula kulmay Madaxweyne Kim Il Sung 1970kii]] Dhinaca Barre, SRC oo xukunka la wareegtay dilkii Madaxweyne Sharma’arke ka dib waxaa hoggaaminayay Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed , Gaashaanle Sare Salaad Gabeyre Kediye iyo Taliyaha Booliska Jaamac Korsheel . Kediye waxa uu si rasmi ah u haystay magaca “Aabihii Kacaanka”, wax yar ka dibna Barre waxa uu noqday madaxa SRC. SRC dabadeed waxay u bixisay magaca dalka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Soomaaliya, waxay kala dirtay baarlamaanka iyo maxkamadda sare, oo laalay dastuurkii. Dawladdii kacaanku waxay dejisay barnaamijyo ballaaran oo hawlaha guud waxayna si guul leh u hirgelisay olole wax-qoris oo magaalo iyo miyi ah , kaasoo gacan ka geystay inuu si weyn u kordhiyo heerka wax-akhris-qoraalka. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay gaartay heerka wax-akhris 70%, taasoo ka mid ahayd kuwa ugu sarreeya Afrika waagaas. Marka laga soo tago barnaamijka qarameynta warshadaha iyo dhulka, siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee maamulka cusub waxay xoogga saartay xiriirka soo jireenka ah iyo diinta ee Soomaaliya ay la leedahay dunida Carabta , ugu dambeyntii waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta bishii Febraayo 1974. Isla sanadkaas, Barre wuxuu sidoo kale noqday guddoomiyaha Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU), oo ah hoggaamiyihii ka horreeyay Midowga Afrika (AU). Bishii Luulyo 1976-kii, SRC-da Barre ayaa iskeed u kala dirtay, waxayna halkeeda ka dhistay Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XDSHSI), dowlad hal xisbi ah oo ku dhisan hantiwadaag cilmiyeed iyo caqiidada Islaamka. SRSP waxa ay ahayd isku day lagu heshiisiinayo fikirka dawladda ee rasmiga ah iyo diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyada oo la waafajinayo xeerarkii Marxist xaaladaha deegaanka. Waxa xoogga la saaray mabaadi’da Muslimka ee horumarka bulshada, sinnaanta iyo caddaaladda, taas oo ay dawladdu ku doodday in ay aasaas u tahay udub-dhexaadka hantiwadaagga cilmiyeed iyo lahjad u gaar ah oo ku aaddan isku filnaansho, ka qayb-qaadashada dadweynaha iyo xakamaynta dadweynaha, iyo sidoo kale lahaanshaha tooska ah ee habka wax-soo-saarka. Iyadoo SRSP ay dhiirigelisay maalgashiga gaarka ah ee xad xaddidan, jihada guud ee maamulku waxay ahayd mid shuuci ah . Bishii Luulyo 1977, dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya wuxuu qarxay ka dib markii dawladdii Barre adeegsatay codsi ku saabsan midnimada qaranka si ay u caddeyso ku darista gardarrada ah ee gobolka Ogaadeeniya ee ay Soomaalida u badan tahay ee Itoobiya oo lagu daray Soomaali- weyn oo dhan , oo ay weheliso dhul-beereedyo hodan ah oo ku yaal koonfurta-bari ee Itoobiya, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo meelaha istiraatiijiga ah ee woqooyiga ilaa Jabuuti. Todobaadkii ugu horeeyey ee colaada ayaa xoogag hubaysan oo Soomaali ahi qabsadeen koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Ogadenia, dagaalka intiisa badana waxay ciidanka Soomaalidu guulo isdaba joog ah ka gaadheen ciidanka gumaysiga Itoobiya waxayna daba socdeen ilaa Sidamo . Bishii Sebtembar 1977kii, Soomaaliya waxay gacanta ku dhigtay 90% dhulka Ogaadeeniya waxayna qabsatay magaalooyin istiraatiiji ah sida Jijiga waxayna cadaadis xoog leh saartay Diridhaba , waxayna halis geliyeen wadadii tareenka ee magaalada dambe ee Jabuuti. Go’doomintii Harar ka dib, waxaa u soo gurmaday taliskii Shuuciga ahaa ee Dergiga Itoobiya faragelin baaxad leh oo aan hore loo arag oo ka kooban 20,000 oo ciidamada Kuuba ah iyo dhowr kun oo khubaro ah oo Soofiyeedka ah . Sannadkii 1978-kii, ciidamadii Soomaalida ayaa laga saaray Ogadenya. Isbeddelka taageerada ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa ku kallifay dowladdii Barre inay xulafo ka raadsato meelo kale. Aakhirkii waxa ay ku degtay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Soofiyeedka oo ay xafiiltamaan, Maraykanka , kaas oo in muddo ah ku haminayey dawladdii Soomaaliya. Saaxiibtinimada ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ay la yeelato Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo iskaashigii dambe ee ay la yeelatay Mareykanka ayaa u sahashay in ay dhisto ciidanka ugu badan ee Afrika. [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Sareeye Gaas Maxamed Siyaad Barre , Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka , oo la kulmay Madaxweynaha Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu]] Dastuur cusub ayaa la soo saaray 1979kii kaas oo lagu qabtay doorashada Golaha Shacabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed ee Barre ayaa sii waday xukunka. Bishii Oktoobar 1980, SRSP waa la kala diray, Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ayaa dib loo dhisay booskiisii. Waqtigaas, dawladdii Barre waxay noqotay mid aan la jeclayn. Soomaali badan ayaa ka niyad jabay nolosha ay ku hoos nool yihiin kalitalis ciidan. Waxaa sii wiiqmay taliskii 1980-meeyadii markii dagaalkii qaboobaa uu soo dhawaaday, waxaana hoos u dhacay muhiimaddii istiraatijiyadeed ee Soomaaliya. Dawladdu waxay noqotay mid sii xoogaysata , waxaana dalka oo dhan ka curtay dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo ay dhiirigelisay Itoobiya, taasoo keentay in Soomaaliya dagaal sokeeye ka dhacdo . Kooxahan malayshiyaadka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), United Somali Congress (USC), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SPM) oo ay weheliyaan Mucaarad aan Rabshado lahayn oo ka kala tirsan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDM), Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA) iyo Kooxda Somali Manifesto Group (SMG). ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Somali Civil War (Google Live Map).svg|thumb|Qiyaasta khariidadda marxaladda hadda ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (La cusbooneysiiyay Luulyo 2025)]] Markii ay si aayar aayar aayar aayar ah u yaraatay hankii iyo akhlaaqdii dowladdii Barre, ayaa dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ay ka niyad jabeen nolosha xukunkii militariga. Bartamihii 1980-aadkii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayey maamulkii Dergiga ee shuuciga ahaa ee Itoobiya ayaa ka curtay dalka oo dhan. Barre ayaa ku jawaabay in uu amar ku bixiyay in tallaabo laga qaado dadka uu u arko in ay deegaan ahaan taageersan yihiin jabhadda, gaar ahaan gobollada Waqooyi. Xakamayntaas waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyinka, oo ay ku taal xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa , oo ah xaruntii SNM , oo ka mid ahayd goobihii la beegsaday 1988. Xakamaynta ay bilawday dawladdii Barre waxay gaadhsiisay in ka badan qaraxyadii hore ee woqooyiga si ay u koobto gobollo kala duwan oo dalka ah. Soo saariddan xeeladaha gardarada ah ee looga dan leeyahay in lagu caburiyo dadka ka soo jeeda iyo in lagu sii hayo awoodda dadweynaha waxay astaan ​​u ahayd tallaabooyinka caburinta ah ee dowladdu ay ka waddo Koonfurta. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu caansan ayaa dhacay 1991-kii, markii taliskii Barre bilaabay weerar cirka ah oo sababay dhimashada dad badan oo aan waxba galabsan magaalada Beledweyn , oo ku taal koonfurta Soomaaliya. Arxan-darrada iyo baaxadda falkan waxashnimada ah waxa ay iftiimisay heerka ay dawladdu u diyaar-garowday in ay meesha ka saarto nooc kasta oo mucaarad ah ama wax iska caabin ah, iyada oo ay muujinayso in aan tix-gelin badheedh ah u lahayn xuquuqda aadamaha iyo qiimaha nolosha bani’aadamka. Mid kale oo xusid mudan siyaasaddii caburinta Barre ayaa ka dhacday magaalada Baydhabo oo lagu naaneeso ‘Magaalada dhimashada’ taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhacdooyinkii murugada lahaa ee ka dhacay halkaasi xilliyadii abaarta iyo dagaalada sokeeye . Boqolaal kun oo qof ayaa naftooda ku waayey istiraatijiyad dawladeed oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay bulshada Raxanweyn ee deggan deegaannadaas. 1990kii, magaalada caasimadda ah ee Muqdisho, dadka deggan waxaa laga mamnuucay inay meel fagaare ah isugu yimaadaan kooxo ka badan saddex ama afar. Shidaal yaraan, sicir-bararka, iyo qiima dhaca lacagta ayaa saameeyay dhaqaalaha. Suuq madoow oo aad u wanaagsan ayaa ka jiray bartamaha magaalada iyadoo bangiyada ay la kulmeen gabaabsi lacagta gudaha ah ee lagu sarifto. Waxaa la soo saaray sharciyo lagu xakameynayo sarifka lacagaha qalaad si looga hortago dhoofinta lacagaha qalaad. Inkastoo aan la saarin xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah oo lagu soo rogay ajaanibta, sawir qaadista goobo badan ayaa la mamnuucay. Xilliyada maalinlaha ah ee magaalada Muqdisho, muuqaalka ciidan kasta oo dowladda ayaa ahaa mid naadir ah. Hawlgallada habeenkii dambe ee ay sameeyeen mas'uuliyiinta dowladda, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa "la'aanta" shaqsiyaadka guryahooda. 1991kii, maamulkii Barre waxaa xukunka ka tuuray isbahaysi mucaarad ku ah qabiil, oo ay taageerayeen taliskii Itoobiya ee Dergiga iyo Liibiya . Ka dib shir ay yeesheen Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Somaliyeed iyo odayaasha beelaha waqooyi, qaybtii waqooyi ee Ingiriisku ka talin jiray dalka waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay gooni isu taagtay jamhuuriyadda Somaliland May 1991. In kasta oo ay madax bannaani tahay oo xasiloon tahay marka loo eego koonfurta qalalaasaha ah, haddana dawlad shisheeye ma aqoonsan. [[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Dagaaladii sokeeye ka hor, Muqdisho waxaa loo yaqaannay "Luul cad oo badweynta Hindiya]] In badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha mucaaradka ayaa markii dambe bilaabay inay u tartamaan sidii ay saamayn ugu yeelan lahaayeen awood la'aanta ka dib markii la riday taliskii Barre. Koonfurta, waxaa isku dhacay kooxo hubaysan oo ay kala hogaaminayaan taliyayaasha USC General Maxamed Faarax Ceydiid iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed , gaar ahaan, iyadoo mid walba uu doonayo inuu awood ku yeesho caasimadda. 1991kii, shir caalami ah oo wajiyo badan lahaa ayaa lagu qabtay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti. Iyadoo loo eegayo sharcinimada uu Muxammad ku siiyey shirkii Jabuuti, ayaa beesha caalamku u aqoonsatay inuu yahay madaxweynaha cusub ee Soomaaliya. Ma uu awoodin in uu awoodiisa ku dhaqmo meelo ka baxsan caasimadda. Awoodda ayaa taas beddelkeeda lagu heshiiyey hoggaamiye kooxeedyadii kale ee koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo maamul-goboleedyo ka madax bannaan waqooyiga. Shirkii Jibouti waxaa ku xigay laba heshiis oo aan la iska dhicin oo dib-u-heshiisiin qaran iyo hub ka dhigis, oo ay saxeexeen 15 daneeyayaal siyaasadeed: heshiis in la qabto shir aan rasmi ahayn oo diyaarinta dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka, iyo heshiiskii Addis Ababa 1993 ee lagu sameeyay shirkii dib u heshiisiinta qaranka. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, la'aanta daba-dheeraatay ee la'aanta maamul dhexe oo joogto ah, Soomaaliya waxay billowday inay ku sifowdo " Qaran guuldarreystay . ===Hay'adaha ku meel gaarka ah=== [[File:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (28-03-2006).jpg|thumb|C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed , Madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG ah ee Soomaaliya]] Dawladda Ku-Meel-Gaarka ah (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay bilihii April-May 2000 shirkii Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNPC) ee lagu qabtay Carta, Jabuuti. Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa loo doortay in uu noqdo Madaxweynaha dowladda KMG ah ee cusub ee qaranka, maamul ku meel gaar ah oo loo sameeyay in uu Soomaaliya ku hago dowlad Jamhuuriyad rasmi ah oo saddexaad. Dhibaatooyinka gudaha ee TNG ayaa keenay in la bedelo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha afar jeer saddex sano gudahood, iyo hay'adda maamulka ayaa sheegay inay kacday December 2003. Waqtigeediina isku mar wuu dhamaaday. 10kii Oktoobar 2004tii, sharci-dajiyayaashu waxay u doorteen Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed inuu noqdo Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Dawladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFG), oo beddelaya Dawladdii Ku Meel Gaarka ahayd. DFKMG waxay ahayd maamulkii labaad ee ku meel gaadhka ahaa ee hiigsanayay in dib loo soo celiyo hay’adihii qaranka ee Soomaaliya kadib burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre 1991 iyo dagaaladii sokeeye ee xigay. DFKMG waxay ahayd dowladda Soomaaliya oo caalamku aqoonsan yahay ilaa 20kii Agoosto 2012, markaas oo ay si rasmi ah u dhammaatay waqtigeedii. Waxaa loo asaasay mid ka mid ah Hay'adaha Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFIs) ee dowladda sida lagu qeexay Axdiga Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFC) ee uu ansixiyay Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFP) bishii Nofembar 2004. Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay si rasmi ah uga koobneyd waaxda fulinta ee dowladda, iyadoo TFP ay tahay waaxda sharci dejinta. Xukuumadda ayaa waxaa madax ka ahaa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, iyadoo golaha wasiirradu ay warbixin ka siiyeen Ra’iisul Wasaaraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday erey guud si loo tixraaco dhammaan saddexda laan si wadajir ah. ===Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga=== [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|Khariidad muujinaysa ICU marka ugu sarraysa saamaynteeda]] Sanadkii 2006, Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah (ICU) waxay la wareegeen gacan ku haynta inta badan koonfurta dalka muddo 6 bilood ah waxayna soo rogeen ku dhaqanka shareecada Islaamka . Mas’uuliyiinta ugu sareysa Qaramada Midoobay ayaa ku tilmaamay muddadan kooban in ay tahay xilli dahab ah oo ku jira taariikhda siyaasadda Soomaaliya. ===Dowladda KMG ah=== Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay isku dayday inay dib u soo ceshato awoodeeda, iyadoo kaashanaysa ciidamada Itoobiya , ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika iyo taageerada hawada ee Mareykanka, waxay ka saartay maxaakiimta oo ay xoojisay xukunkeeda. [ 191 ] January 8, 2007, Madaxweynaha DFKMG, C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo galay Muqdisho isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidamada Itoobiya tan iyo markii xilka loo doortay. Dawladdu waxay markaas u guurtay xarunta Villa Somalia ee caasimadda oo ay si ku meel gaar ah uga ahayd Baydhabo . Tani waxay noqonaysaa markii ugu horeysay tan iyo burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre sanadkii 1991-kii oo ay dowladda Federaalka gacanta ku hayso inta badan dalka. ===Falaagada Al-Shabaab=== Al-Shabaab ayaa ka soo horjeestay joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya, waxaana ay sii wadeen dagaallada ka dhanka ah dowladda KMG ah. Intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2008, Al-Shabaab waxay dhalisay guulo ciidan, iyagoo la wareegay gacan ku haynta magaalooyin iyo dekedo muhiim ah oo ku yaal bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Janaayo 2009, Al-Shabaab iyo maleeshiyaadkii kale waxay ku qasbeen ciidamada Itoobiya inay dib u gurtaan, iyagoo ka tagay ciidan aan qalabeyn oo nabad ilaalin ah oo Midowga Afrika ah si ay u caawiyaan ciidamada dowladda KMG ah.  Dhaqaale la’aan iyo dhaqaale la’aan, cunaqabatayn dhanka hubka ah oo adkeyd in dib loo yagleelo ciidan qaran oo suga amniga, iyo danayn la’aanta guud ee beesha caalamka, Yuusuf waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in kumannaan ciidamo ah oo Puntland ka socda la geeyo Muqdisho si ay u sii joogteeyaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan Koonfurta dalka. Taageerada maaliyadeed ee dadaalkan waxaa bixisay dawladda ismaamulka. Taasi waxay keentay in dakhli yar oo soo galo ciidamada ammaanka Puntland iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah, taasoo ka dhigtay dhul u nugul burcad-badeedda iyo weerarrada argagixisada.  29-kii December 2008, Yuusuf wuxuu kaga dhawaaqay baarlamaanka ku midoobay Baydhabo inuu iska casilayo xilka madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Khudbadiisa oo laga sii daayay Idaacadda Qaranka, ayuu Yuusuf ku sheegay inuu ka xun yahay inuu ku guul-darreystay inuu soo afjaro colaaddii dalka ka jirtay toddoba iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, sidii dowladdiisa loo igmaday. Wuxuu kaloo ku eedeeyay beesha caalamka inay ka gaabiyeen taageerada dowladda, wuxuuna sheegay in guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka uu xilka ku wareejin doono sida uu qabo Axdiga KMG ah ===Dhamaadka xilliga ku meel gaarka=== Intii u dhaxaysay 31 May iyo 9 June 2008, wakiilo ka socday dawladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Isbahaysiga Dib u xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS) ayaa ka qayb galay wada-hadallo nabadeed oo Jabuuti ka dhacay oo uu garwadeen ka ahaa ergeygii hore ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsanaa Soomaaliya, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah . Shirka ayaa ku soo idlaaday heshiis la kala saxiixday oo dhigaya in ciidamada Itoobiya laga saaro dalka si loo joojiyo iska hor imaadyada hubeysan. Baarlamaanka ayaa ka dib la balaariyay oo la gaarsiiyay 550 kursi si ay u helaan xubnaha ARS, oo markaas madaxweyne u doortay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed .Iyadoo gacan ka heleysa koox yar oo ka tirsan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, dowladda KMG ayaa biloowday weerar rogaal celis ah bishii Febraayo 2009 si ay si buuxda ula wareegto maamulka qeybta koonfureed ee dalka. DFKMG si ay xukunkeeda u xoojiso waxay isbahaysi la samaysatay Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ah, Xubnihii kale ee Isbaheysiga Dib u xoreynta Soomaaliya iyo Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca oo ah Maleeshiyo Suufi ah oo qunyar socod ah . Intaa waxaa dheer, Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam, oo ah labada kooxood ee Islaamiyiinta ah ee mucaaradka ah, waxay bilaabeen inay dhexdooda dagaallamaan bartamihii 2009kii. Xabbad ahaan, bishii Maarso 2009, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ku dhawaaqday inay dib u dhaqan gelinayso Shareecada oo ah nidaamka garsoorka rasmiga ah ee qaranka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, colaaddu waxay ka sii socotay koonfurta iyo badhtamaha dalka. Muddo bilo gudahood ah, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ka baxday in ay gacanta ku dhigto ilaa 70% koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya aagagga iskahorimaadyada, oo ay 80% dhulka lagu muransan yahay ku lumisay xoogaga Islaamiyiinta ah. Bishii Oktoobar 2011, hawlgal qorsheysan, Operation Linda Nchi oo u dhexeeya militariga Soomaaliya iyo Kenya iyo ciidamada caalamiga ah ayaa ka billowday Al-Shabaab ee koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Sebtembar 2012, ciidamada Soomaaliya, Kenya, iyo Raaskaambooni waxay ku guulaysteen inay qabsadaan Al-Shabaab xaruntii ugu dambaysay ee ugu weynayd, dekedda koonfurta ee Kismaayo. Bishii Luulyo 2012, saddex hawlgal oo Midowga Yurub ayaa la bilaabay si ay ula macaamilaan Soomaaliya: EUTM Somalia , Hawlgalka Ciidamada Badda ee Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya Atalanta off the Horn of Africa, iyo EUCAP Nestor. [[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|Dhismaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya]] Iyada oo qayb ka ah "Roadmap-ka Dhammaadka Ku-meel-gaarka" ee rasmiga ah, oo ah geeddi-socod siyaasadeed oo siinaya jaan-gooyo cad-cad oo horseedaya samaynta hay'ado dimoqraadi ah oo joogto ah oo Soomaaliya ah, xilliga ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ayaa dhammaaday 20kii Agoosto 2012 ===Dowladda Federaalka=== Dowladda Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya , oo ah dowladdii dhexe ee ugu horreysay oo joogto ah oo dalka yeelato tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaallada sokeeye, ayaa la aas aasay Agoosto 2012. Bishii Agoosto 2014-kii, howlgalka Badweynta Hindiya ee ay hormuudka ka tahay dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa la bilaabay ka hortagga jeebabka kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan baadiyaha ===2021-2023 abaar=== Abaarta Soomaaliya ee 2021-2023 ayaa ahayd abaartii ugu darneyd ee Soomaaliya soo marta muddo 40 sano ah, waxaana ay saameysay 7.8 milyan oo qof. ==Juqraafiga== Soomaaliya waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Jabuuti dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, galbeedna Itoobiya , waqooyiga Gacanka Cadmeed , badda Soomaaliya iyo kanaalka Guardafui oo bari ah, iyo Koonfur-galbeed Kenya . Baaxadda dhuleedku waa 637,657 kiiloo mitir laba jibaaran, dhulka Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo buuraha . Xeebteedu waxay dhererkeedu ka badan tahay 3,333 kiiloomitir, waana tan ugu dheer dhul weynaha Afrika. Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay mid si qiyaas ah u qaabaysan "sida lambar foorarsan oo toddoba ah". Waqooyiga fog, safafka bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Oogo waxay ku yaalaan masaafo kala duwan oo u jirta xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed. Xaalado kulul ayaa jira sanadka oo dhan, oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Geology waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka kaydka macdanta qiimaha leh. Soomaaliya waxaa Seychelles ka go'ay badda Soomaaliya, waxaana ka go'ay Socotra oo lagu magacaabo Guardafui Channel ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Soomaaliya waxay si rasmi ah u qaybsantaa siddeed iyo toban gobol ( sara , gobol keli ah ), oo iyana loo qaybiyo degmooyin. [[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|Maabka gobollada Soomaaliya]] Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda waa goorma ? Waxay u kala qaybsameen maamul-goboleedka Puntland ( oo isku haysta maamul-goboleedka ), Somaliland ( maamul-goboleed iskeed ugu dhawaaqday balse aan la aqoonsan ) iyo Khaatumo State of Somalia oo dhawaan la dhisay . Bartamaha Soomaaliya, Galmudug waa maamul-goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. Jubaland oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa ismaamulka afaraad ee federaalka.Sannadkii 2014-kii, ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay maamul-goboleedka cusub ee Koonfur-galbeed . Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la daah furay shirweyne lagu dhisayo dowlad goboleedka cusub ee Hirshabeelle . Baarlamaanka Federaalka waxaa loo xilsaaray 2012-kii in uu soo xulo tirada ugu dambeysa iyo xuduudaha dowlad goboleedyada is-maamul goboleedyada (sida rasmiga ah ee xubnaha ka ah Federaalka ) ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. ===Goobta=== [[File:Somalia (orthographic projection)2.png|thumb|Odoroska afafka ee Soomaaliya]] Soomaaliya waxaa ka xiga Kenya dhanka koonfur galbeed, waqooyi gacanka cadmeed , kanaalka Guardafui iyo badweynta Hindiya bari, galbeedna Itoobiya. Dalku wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay Jabuuti . Waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 2°S iyo 12°N , iyo longitudes 41° iyo 52°E . Istaraatiijiyad ahaan waxay ku taal afka laga galo Bab el Mandeb ee laga soo galo Badda Cas iyo kanaalka Suweys , waddanku wuxuu ku yaal cirifka gobol, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay u ekaanshaheeda khariidadda geeska wiyisha , oo badanaa loogu yeero Geeska Afrika. ===Biyaha=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika, oo leh boodh badeed dhererkeedu yahay 3,333 kiiloomitir (2,071 mi). Dhulkeedu waxa uu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo dhulka sare . Qaranku wuxuu leeyahay bedka guud ee 637,657 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (246,201 sq mi) kaas oo ka kooban dhul, oo leh 10,320 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (3,980 sq mi) oo biyo ah. Soohdimaha dhulka ee Soomaaliya ayaa gaaraya ilaa 2,340 kiiloomitir (1,450 mi); 58 kiiloomitir (36 mi) ka mid ah waxaa la wadaaga Jabuuti, 682 kiiloomitir (424 mi) Kenya, iyo 1,626 kiiloomitir (1,010 mi) Itoobiya. Sheegashadeeda badda waxaa ka mid ah dhul-badeed dhan 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi). Soomaaliya waxaa xeebaheeda ku yaal jasiirado iyo jaziirado dhowr ah oo ay ku jiraan Jaziiradaha Bajuuni iyo Jaziiradaha Sacad-Diin : eeg jasiiradaha Soomaaliya . [[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|Webiga Jubba]] ===Degaan=== Soomaaliya waxay ka kooban tahay todobo dhuleed oo kala ah: Xabashida montane kaymaha , Waqooyiga Zanzibar–Inhambane mosaic kaynta xeebta , Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands iyo kayn , dhul daaqsimeed Xabashi ah iyo dhir dhireed , dhul daaqsimeed hobyo iyo geedo yaryar , Somali montane xeric woodlands , iyo mangroves Bariga Afrika Dhanka waqooyi, bannaan saxare-meel-mareen ah oo xoqan, oo loo yaqaan Guban ayaa barbar-socda Gacanka Cadmeed . Iyada oo ballaciisu yahay laba iyo toban kiiloomitir galbeedka ilaa in yar oo laba kiiloomitir ah oo bari ah, bannaanka waxaa u kala qaybiya maro-biyoodyo asal ahaan ah sariiro ciid qallalan marka laga reebo xilliyada roobaadka. Marka roobabku da'aan, Guban's duurka hooseeya iyo cawska cawska ayaa isu beddela dhir cagaaran. Xariggaan xeebeedku waa qayb ka mid ah dhul- daaqsimeedkii Xabashida iyo dhir-dhireedka . Cal Madow waa silsilad buuraley ah oo ku taal waqooyi bari ee dalka. Waxay ku dherersan tahay dhowr kiilo mitir dhanka galbeed ee magaalada Boosaaso ilaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Ceerigaabo , waxay ku taal meesha ugu sarreysa Soomaaliya , Shimbiris , oo ku fadhida meel sare ah ilaa 2,416 mitir (7,927 ft). Silsilada bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Karkaar waxay sidoo kale ku yaalliin gudaha gudaha Gacanka Cadmeed. Gobollada dhexe, silsiladaha buuraha waqooyi ee dalka waxay u baneeyaan dhul-badeed-gacmeedyo iyo marin-biyoodyo qallalan oo deegaan ahaan loogu yeero Oogo . Dhulka galbeedka ee Oogo, ayaa isna si tartiib tartiib ah ugu biira Haud , oo ah aag muhiim u ah daaqa xoolaha. Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba webi oo kala ah Jubba iyo Shabeele oo labaduba ka bilaabma buuraleyda Itoobiya . Wabiyadan ayaa inta badan u socda dhanka koofureed, iyadoo webiga Jubba uu ka galo badweynta Hindiya ee magaalada Kismaayo . Wabiga Shabeelle ayaa mar sida muuqata gali jiray badda u dhow magaalada Marka , balse hadda waxa uu gaaray meel dhanka Koonfur-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Muqdisho. Intaa ka dib, waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhiiqo iyo meelo qallalan ka hor inta aan aakhirka lagu waayin dhulka saxaraha ah ee bariga Jilib , una dhow webiga Jubba. ===Deegaanka=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|Xeebaha Soomaaliya , jardiinooyinka deegaanka iyo meelaha la ilaaliyo]] Soomaaliya waa dal oomane ah oo leh qiyaastii 1.6% dhul beereed . Ururada deegaanka ee ugu horeeya waxay ahaayeen Ecoterra Somalia iyo Somali Ecological Society, labaduba waxay gacan ka geysteen kor u qaadista wacyiga ku saabsan walaaca deegaanka iyo abaabulida barnaamijyada deegaanka ee dhammaan qaybaha dawladda iyo sidoo kale bulshada rayidka ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1971-kii, olole ballaaran oo dhir beeris ah oo heer qaran ah ayaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre bilowday si ay u joojiso horu-marintii kumannaanka hektar ee dunta bacaadka ah ee ay dabeyshu kaxeyso oo halis ku ah inay qariso magaalooyinka, waddooyinka iyo dhul beereed. Sannadkii 1988-kii, 265 hektar oo ah 336 hektar oo la saadaaliyay ayaa la daweeyay, iyadoo 39 goobood oo kayd ah iyo 36 goobood oo kaymo ah la aasaasay. 1986, Xarunta Badbaadinta Duurjoogta, Cilmi-baarista iyo Kormeerka waxaa aasaasay Ecoterra International, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu wacyigeliyo dadweynaha arrimaha deegaanka. Dadaalkaas waxbarasho waxa uu horseeday 1989 kii waxa loogu yeero "soo jeedinta Soomaaliya" iyo go'aan ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku gaartay in ay raacdo Axdiga ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee dabar-goynta xayawaanka duurjoogta iyo dhirta (CITES), kaas oo markii ugu horreysay aasaasay adduunka oo dhan mamnuucidda ka ganacsiga Maroodiga Maroodiga . [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|Xeebta koofureed ee Muqdisho]] Ka dib, Faadumo Jibrell , oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqe caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka, ayaa qaaday olole guul leh oo lagu ilaalinayo kaymaha geedaha qudhaca ah ee koray ee waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya. Geedahan, oo noolaan kara 500 oo sano, ayaa la jari jiray si looga sameeyo dhuxusha oo aad looga doonayay Jasiiradda Carabta, halkaas oo qabaa'ilka Baadiyaha ee gobolka ay aaminsan yihiin in qudhacdu ay tahay mid muqadas ah. Inaad noqoto shidaal aan qaali ahayn, soo saarista dhuxusha waxay inta badan keentaa xaalufka iyo xaalufka . Si wax looga qabto dhibaatadan, Jibrell iyo Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organisation (Horn Relief; hadda Adeso ), oo ah hay'ad ay aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha fulinta ka ahayd, waxay tababareen koox dhalinyaro ah si ay bulshada uga wacyigeliyaan waxyeelada joogtada ah ee soo saarista dhuxusha ay abuuri karto. 1999kii, Horn Relief waxay isku dubariday socod nabadeed waqooyi-bari Puntland ee Soomaaliya si loo soo afjaro waxa loogu yeero "dagaallada dhuxusha". Natiijadii ololaha Jibrell iyo dadaalkii waxbarashada, dawladda Puntland 2000 waxay mamnuucday dhoofinta dhuxusha. Dowladda ayaa sidoo kale tan iyo markii ay dhaqan galisay mamnuucidaasi, taasoo la sheegay inay keentay in 80% hoos u dhac ku yimaado dhoofinta badeecada. Jibrell waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Abaalmarinta Deegaanka Goldman ee 2002 dadaalkeeda ka dhanka ah xaalufka deegaanka iyo xaalufka. Sannadkii 2008, waxay sidoo kale ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Mu'asasada Qaranka ee Juqraafiga / Buffett ee Hoggaanka Ilaalinta. Ka dib tsunamigii weynaa ee Diisambar 2004 , waxaa sidoo kale soo baxay eedeymo sheegaya in ka dib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, in xeebta dheer ee Soomaaliya ee fog fog loo isticmaalay goob qashin ah oo lagu aaso qashinka sunta ah. Mowjadaha waaweyn ee ku dhuftay waqooyiga Soomaaliya kadib tsunamigii ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay kiciyeen tan oo ah haraadiga sunta nukliyeerka ah oo laga yaabo inay si sharci darro ah dalka ugu daadiyeen shirkado shisheeye. Xisbiga Cagaaran ee Yurub waxa uu daba socday cadaymahaas isagoo horgeeyay saxaafadda iyo baarlamaanka Yurub ee Strasbourg nuqulo qandaraasyo ah oo ay kala saxiixdeen laba shirkadood oo reer Yurub ah - Shirkadda Swiss Swiss, Achair Partners, iyo dilaaliinta qashinka Talyaaniga Progresso - iyo wakiillo ka socday Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Hogaamiye kooxeed Cali Mahdi Maxamed, si ay u qaataan 10 milyan oo tan oo qashinka sunta ah oo ay ku bedesheen 80 milyan oo gini. Sida lagu sheegay warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan deegaanka (UNEP), qashinka ayaa sababay in uu aad uga sarreeyo xaaladaha caadiga ah ee caabuqyada neef-mareenka, boogaha afka iyo dhiig-baxa, dhiigbaxa caloosha iyo caabuqa maqaarka oo aan caadi ahayn oo ku dhacay dad badan oo deggan deegaannada ku teedsan waqooyi-bari ee magaalooyinka Hobyo iyo Banaadir ee xeebta Badweynta Hindiya - cudurro la socda xanuunka shucaaca. UNEP waxay intaas ku dartay in xaaladda xeebaha Soomaaliya ay khatar deegaan oo aad u daran aysan ka jirin Soomaaliya oo keliya, balse sidoo kale gobolka bariga Afrika. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 SOM 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen–Geiger map-ka kala soocida cimilada ee 1-km xallinta Soomaaliya 1991-2020]] Sababo la xiriira u dhawaanshaha Soomaaliya ee dhulbaraha , ma jiro isbeddel xilliyeed badan oo cimiladeeda ah. Xaalado kulul ayaa sanadka oo dhan jira oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee maalin kasta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 30 ilaa 40 ° C (86 ilaa 104 °F), marka laga reebo meelaha sare ee xeebta bari, halkaasoo laga dareemi karo saamaynta qabow ee hadda taagan. Muqdisho, tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerka galabnimada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 28 ilaa 32 °C (82 ilaa 90 °F) bisha Abriil. Qaar ka mid ah heerkulka celceliska sannadlaha ah ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay waddanka; Berbera oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed waxay leedahay galab sare oo celcelis ahaan ka badan 38 °C (100 °F) laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar. Qaran ahaan, celceliska celceliska maalinlaha ahi badanaa way kala duwan yihiin qiyaastii 15 ilaa 30 ° C (59 ilaa 86 ° F). Kala duwanaanshaha ugu badan ee cimiladu waxay ka dhacdaa waqooyiga Soomaaliya, halkaas oo heerkulku mararka qaarkood dhaafo 45 ° C (113 ° F) bisha Luulyo ee bannaanka litoral oo hoos uga dhaco barta qabowga bisha Disembar ee buuraha sare. Gobolkan, qoyaanka qaraabada ahi wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 40% badhtamaha galabnimada ilaa 85% habeenkii, isbeddelaya waxoogaa marka loo eego xilliga. Si ka duwan cimilada dalalka kale ee ugu badan ee loolkan, xaaladaha Soomaaliya waxay u dhexeeyaan oomane waqooyi-bari iyo gobollada dhexe ilaa waqooyi -galbeed iyo koonfurta. Waqooyi-bari, roobka sannadlaha ahi wuxuu ka yar yahay 100 mm (4 in); Taagga dhexe, waa qiyaastii 200 ilaa 300 mm (8 ilaa 12 inji). Qaybaha waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed ee qaranka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay helaan roobab aad u badan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan 510 ilaa 610 mm (20 ilaa 24 in) ay dhacaan sannadkii. Inkasta oo gobollada xeebuhu ay kulul yihiin oo qoyan yihiin sannadka oo dhan, dhul-badeedku caadi ahaan waa qalalan oo kulul. Waxa jira afar xilli oo nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda ah ku wareegsan yihiin, kuwaasna waxa lagu maamulaa isbeddellada dabaysha. Laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Maarso waa Jiilaalka , xilliga xagaaga ee ugu adag sanadka. Xilli-roobaadka ugu muhiimsan, oo loo yaqaan Gu'ga , wuxuu socdaa Abriil ilaa Juunyo. Xilligan waxaa lagu gartaa dabeylaha koonfur-galbeed, kuwaas oo dib u soo nooleeya dhul-daaqsimeedka, gaar ahaan dhul-daaqsimeedka dhexe, oo muddo kooban saxaraha u beddela dhir cagaaran. Laga bilaabo Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar waa xilliga labaad ee qalalan, Xagaa (waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa "Xagaa"). Dayr , oo ah xilli-roobaadka ugu gaaban, wuxuu socdaa Oktoobar ilaa Disembar. Xilliyada tangambili ee dhexgala labada dabaylaha (Oktoobar-Noofambar iyo Maarso-May) waa kulayl iyo qoyaan. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|Geela buuraha waqooyi]] Soomaaliya waxaa ku jira naasley kala duwan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay kala duwanaanshiyaha cimilada iyo deegaanka. Duurjoogta weli dhacaya waxaa ka mid ah Haramcadka , libaaxa ,geriga xiiran , baboon , serval , maroodi , bushpig , cawska , lawska , kudu , dik-dik , oribi , dabada duurjoogta somaliyeed , reedbuck iyo zebra , maroodi shrew , dhagaxa dhagaxa ah . Waxa kale oo ay leedahay dad aad u tiro badan oo geel-jiif ah . Soomaaliya waxay hoy u tahay ilaa 727 nooc oo shimbiro ah. Siddeed ka mid ah kuwan waa cudur, mid waxaa keenay aadanaha, midna waa dhif ama shil. Afar iyo toban nooc ayaa caalamka khatar ku ah. Noocyada shimbiraha ee sida gaarka ah looga helo dalka waxaa ka mid ah xamaamka Soomaalida ; Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Hoopoe-Lark ka yar; Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark; Mirafra ashi , Ash's Bushlark; Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark; Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark; Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae); iyo Warsangli Linenet. Dhul-badeedka Soomaaliya ayaa ah goobaha ugu horreeya ee kalluumeysiga ee noocyada badda ee aad u guura, sida tuna. Qalfoof qaarad oo cidhiidhi ah laakiin wax soo saar leh ayaa ka kooban dhawr nooc oo kalluun -demersal ah iyo nooc qolof ah . Noocyada kalluunka laga helo si gaar ah qaranka waxaa ka mid ah Cirrhitichthys randalli ( Cirrhitidae ), Symphurus fuscus ( Cynoglossidae ), Parapercis simulata OC ( Pinguipedidae ), Cociella somaliensis OC ( Platycephalidae ), iyo Pseudochromis melanotus ( Pseudochromis ). Waxaa jira qiyaastii 235 nooc oo xamaarato ah. Kuwaas, ku dhawaad ​​kala bar waxay ku nool yihiin aagga waqooyi. Xamaaratada ku baahsan Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Viper-ka Hughes , Maska Garter-ka ee Koonfurta Soomaaliya, orodyahan ( Platyceps messanai ), mas diadem ( Spalerosophis josephscorteccii ), ciidda ciidda Soomaaliyeed , Qorraxda Gooryaanka xaglaha leh , Qorraxda aagagga dhabarka leh, Macmacaanka Laaluushka ah ee Laaluushka ah ( dyfani'ssty' Lizard ) gecko ( Hemidactylus granchii ), gecko-ga Soomaaliyeed ee semaphore , iyo qorratada ciidda ( Mesalina ama Eremias ). Mas colubrid ( Aprosdoketophis andreonei ) iyo maqaarka Haacke-Greer ( Hackgreerius miopus ) waa noocyo cidhiidhi ah. ==Siyaasadda iyo dawladnimada== <!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below -->{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 350 | image1 = Hassan Sheikh Mohamud-ldn2.jpg | caption1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]]<br /><small>[[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweyne]] tan iyo 2022</small> | image2 = AU delegation meets Somalia Prime Minister to discuss support and collaboration (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]]<br /><small>Ra'iisul Wasaare tan iyo 2022</small> }} jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo wakiil ka ah baarlamaanka . Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ayaa ah madaxa qaranka iyo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya , waxaana uu soo xulaa Ra’iisul wasaare si uu u noqdo madaxa xukuumadda . Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya waa baarlamaanka qaranka Soomaaliya. Labada Aqal ee Sharci-dejinta Qaranka waxa ay ka kooban yihiin Golaha Shacabka (Aqalka Hoose) iyo Senatka (Aqalka Sare), kuwaas oo xubnahooda loo doortay in ay qabtaan muddo afar sano ah. Baarlamaanka ayaa dooranaya Madaxweynaha, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka iyo ku xigeenadiisa. Waxa kale oo ay awood u leedahay in ay ansixiso oo diido sharciyada. [[File:Adan Mohamed Nuur.jpg|thumb|[[Aaden Nuur|Aadan Madoobe]], [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]]]] Garsoorka Soomaaliya waxaa qeexaya Dastuurka kumeel gaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Waxaa 1-dii Agoosto 2012 ku ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka Qaranka ee Muqdisho, dukumeentiga waxaa dejiyay guddi khubaro ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay qareenka iyo Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka, Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari . Waxay bixisaa aasaaska sharciga ah ee jiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka iyo isha awood sharci. Qaab dhismeedka maxkamadaha qaranka waxaa loo habeeyay saddex heer: Maxkamada Dastuuriga ah, Maxkamadaha heer Federaal iyo maxkamado heer dowlad goboleed . Golaha Adeegga Garsoorka oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood ayaa magacaabaya xubin kasta oo heer Federaal ah oo ka tirsan garsoorka. Waxa kale oo ay soo xulaysaa oo ay horgeynaysaa golaha shacabka ee baarlamaanka federaalka ah garsoorayaasha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah si ay u ansixiyaan. Haddii la ansixiyo, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu musharraxa u magacaabayaa garsoore Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo ka kooban shan xubnood ayaa ka garnaqsa arrimaha dastuurka, marka laga soo tago arrimo kala duwan oo heer federaal iyo heer maamul goboleed ah. Sharciga Soomaalidu waxa uu ka soo jeedaa saddex hab oo isku dhafan oo kala ah: Sharciga Madaniga ah , Shareecada Islaamka iyo Xeer-dhaqameedka . Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tilmaanta Soomaaliya waa dalka 5-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Burburkii Soomaaliya ka dib 1991 ma jirin wax xidhiidh ah ama xidhiidh dhex maray dawladda Somaliland oo ku dhawaaqday in ay dal tahay iyo dawladda Soomaaliya ===Qaybaha maamulka=== {{Main|Gobolada Soomaaliya|Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya}} ​Soomaaliya si rasmi ah waxay u qaybsantaa toddoba [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|dawlad goboleed]] iyo siddeed iyo toban [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]] (''gobollada'', kaligeed waa ''gobol''),<ref name="factbook"/> kuwaas oo iyana u sii qaybsama degmooyin. Gobolladu waa: {| |rowspan="2"|[[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.3|Gobollada Soomaaliya oo leh dowlad-goboleedyo midabbo leh]] |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Somaliland}}{{color box|#72FE6E}}'''[[Somaliland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Awdal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Maroodi Jeex|Woqooyi Galbeed]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]]*{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Khatumo}}'''{{color box|#6CCAFE}} [[Waqooyibari|Waqooyi Bari]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Puntland}}'''{{color box|#AEA9FE}} [[Puntland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Nugaal|Nugaal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Galmudug}}'''{{color box|#DFA9FE}} [[Galmudug]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Galguduud]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |- |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">'''{{flag icon|Hirshabeelle}}{{color box|#FE3A46}} [[Hirshabeelle]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Hiiraan|Hiiraan]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Dhexe|Shabeellaha Dhexe]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|South West State of Somalia}}'''{{color box|#FE9C5A}} [[Koonfur Galbeed|Koonfur Galbeed]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bakool]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Baay|Baay]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Hoose|Shabeellaha Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Jubaland}}'''{{color box|#FEBB5A}} [[Jubaland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Gedo]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Dhexe|Jubbada Dhexe]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flagicon image|Flag of Mogadishu, Somalia.svg}}'''{{color box|#F5F601}} [[Banaadir]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Muqdisho|Muqdisho]]{{pb}} |} <small> * Lagu muransan yahay</small> <small> ** Waxaa Somaliland u kala saartay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> <small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ** Waxay Somaliland u qaybisay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> ​<small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ​Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda ''de facto'' waxay u qaybsan tahay [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|gobollada ismaamulka]] ee [[Puntland]] (oo isu tixgelisa dawlad goboleed ismaamul ah), [[Somaliland]] (dawlad iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madax-bannaani, aqoonsi xaddidan leh) iyo [[Waqooyibari|Dawlad Goboleedka Woqooyi Bari ee Soomaaliya]] oo dhowaan la aasaasay. Bartamaha Soomaaliya, [[Galmudug]] waa maamul goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. [[Jubaland]] oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa gobolka afaraad ee ismaamul ee ka tirsan federaalka.<ref name="factbook"/> Sannadkii 2014-kii, waxaa sidoo kale la aasaasay [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dawlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=International community welcomes newly-elected President of Somalia's Interim South West Administration|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|access-date=5 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la furay shirka dhismaha ee dawlad goboleedka cusub ee [[Hirshabeelle |Hirshabeelle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Adado conference kicks off in central Somalia|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|access-date=15 May 2015|agency=Garowe Online|date=16 April 2015|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811104021/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​[[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] waxaa loo xilsaaray sannadkii 2012-kii inay soo xulaan tirada kama dambaysta ah iyo xuduudaha dawlad goboleedyada ismaamulka (si rasmi ah ''[[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Dawlad Goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah Federaalka]]'') ee ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya.<ref name="Frspc"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Madaxweynaha Turkiga Recep Tayyip Erdogan ayaa xariga ka jaray Terminalka cusub ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cabdulle ee magaalada Muqdisho. (25 Janaayo 2015)]] Xiriirka dibadda ee Soomaaliya waxaa maamula madaxweynaha sida madaxa dowladda, Ra’iisul wasaaraha oo ah madaxa xukuumadda, iyo wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee federaalka . Sida ku cad qodobka 54-aad ee dastuurka qaranka, qeybsiga awoodaha iyo kheyraadka ee dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya waa in ay ka wadahadlaan oo ay ku heshiiyaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada, marka laga reebo arrimaha la xiriira arrimaha dibadda, difaaca qaranka, jinsiyadda iyo socdaalka iyo siyaasadda lacagta. Qodobka 53-aad ayaa sidoo kale dhigaya in Dowladda Federaalka ay kala tashato Dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Dowladda Federaalka arrimaha waaweyn ee la xiriira heshiisyada caalamiga ah oo ay ku jiraan wada-xaajoodka ganacsiga dibadda, maaliyadda iyo heshiisyada. Dowladda Federaalka waxay xiriir laba geesood ah la leedahay dhowr dowladood oo dhexe oo ka tirsan beesha caalamka. Waxaa ka mid ah Jabuuti , Itoobiya , Masar , Imaaraadka Carabta , Yemen , Turkiga , Talyaaniga , Ingiriiska , Denmark , Faransiiska , Maraykanka , Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha , Japan , Federaalka Ruushka iyo Koonfurta Kuuriya . Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr safaaradood oo dibadda ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira safaarado iyo qunsuliyado shisheeye oo kala duwan oo fadhigoodu yahay caasimadda Muqdisho iyo meelo kale oo dalka ah. Soomaaliya waxay kaloo xubin ka tahay ururo badan oo caalami ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta . Waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka 1969. Xubnaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , Kooxda 77 , Urur Goboleedka IGAD , Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Dib-u-dhiska iyo Horumarinta , Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Caalamiga ah , Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah , Hay'adda Maaliyadda Caalamiga ah , Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ee Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ===Milatari=== [[File:Colonel Abdullahi Ahmed Irro - 1977.jpg|thumb|Gaashaanle Sare C/laahi Axmed Cirro oo ahaa Taliyihii Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed 1977kii.]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya (SAF) waa ciidamada milateriga ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Isagoo Madaxwaynuhu ka yahay Taliyaha Guud ee Qaranka, waxa dastuurku u igmaday inay sugaan qarannimada, madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee qaranka. SAF waxa ay markii hore ka koobnaayeen Ciidanka , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , Ciidanka Booliska iyo Nabadsugida . Muddadii xorriyadda ka dib, waxay kortay inay ka mid noqoto ciidamada waaweyn ee qaaradda. Kaddib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991kii wuxuu horseeday in la kala diro ciidankii xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed. Sannadkii 2004-tii, waxaa si tartiib-tartiib ah dib-u-dhis ciidan loogu sameeyay dhismihii KMG ahaa. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya ayaa hadda waxaa dusha kala socda Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Xukuumadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo la dhisay bartamihii sanadkii hore ee 2012-ka. Bishii Janaayo 2013, dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa sidoo kale dib u howlgelisay hay’addii sirdoonka qaranka ee Muqdisho, iyadoo magaca hay’addaas loo bixiyay NISA . Dawlad- goboleedka Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay ilaashadaan ammaankooda iyo ciidamadooda booliiska. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Xuquuqda aadanaha waxaa lagu damaanad qaaday [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka Federaalka]]. Waxay hoos yimaadaan Wasaaradda Xuquuqda Aadanaha oo la aasaasay bishii Agoosto 2013.<ref name="Usthrs">{{cite news|title=Somalia takes human rights steps|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2013/09/03/Somalia-takes-human-rights-steps/UPI-34071378218185/|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Isla waqtigaas, maamulka dhexe wuxuu bilaabay Maalinta Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha, ansixiyay Khariidadda Rasmiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha,<ref name=Suehhrebubcp>{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=#.UwVrE5gju1E |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220063126/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=%23.UwVrE5gju1E |url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=UN News Centre |date=3 September 2013 |archive-date = 2014-02-20}}</ref> wuxuuna dhameystiray Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Jinsiga ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{cite web|title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|publisher=AMISOM|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Galmada lab iyo dhedig labadaba waxay ku muteysanayaan dil Soomaaliya gudaheeda. Oktoobar 3, 2020, baadhaha xuquuqul insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa walaac ka muujiyay dib u dhigista dowladda Soomaaliya ee ballanqaadyada xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|Diyaaradda Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154 ee magaalada Sharjah ee dalka Imaaraadka Carabta. Soomaaliya maanta waxay leedahay diyaarado dhowr ah oo gaar loo leeyahay.]] Sida laga soo xigtay CIA-da iyo Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , iyadoo ay socdaan kacdoono sokeeye, dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ku kooban yahay marka hore xoolaha iyo xawaaladaha / xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee ku nool wadamada dhaqaalahoodu horumaray, iyo isgaarsiinta gudaha . Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay yaraanta tirakoobka rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo soo noqnoqoshada dagaalka sokeeye ee tobanaan sano socday , way adagtahay in la qiyaaso xajmiga ama kobaca dhaqaalaha. Sannadkii 1994-kii, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay GDP-ga $3.3 bilyan. Sannadkii 2001, waxa lagu qiyaasay inay dhan tahay $4.1 bilyan. Sannadkii 2009, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay in GDP-gu uu koray $5.731 bilyan, iyada oo la saadaaliyay heerka kobaca dhabta ah ee 2.6%. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintii Rugta Ganacsiga ee Ingiriiska 2007 , intii lagu jiray dagaal gudaha ah oo aad u yar, qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale koray, gaar ahaan qaybta adeegga. Si ka duwan xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ka hor, oo inta badan adeegyada iyo waaxda warshaduhu ay ahaayeen kuwo ay dowladdu maamusho , warbixintii 2007dii waxay xustay maalgashi gaar ah oo la taaban karo, inkastoo aan la qiyaasi karin, ee hawlaha ganacsiga; Taas waxaa inta badan maalgeliyay qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed , waxaana ka mid ahaa ganacsiga iyo suuqgeynta, adeegyada xawilaadaha, gaadiidka, isgaarsiinta, qalabka kalluumeysiga, shirkadaha diyaaradaha, isgaarsiinta, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, dhismaha iyo hoteellada. Sannadkii 2007, dhaqaaleyahan Libertarian Peter Leeson waxa uu dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee korodhay u sababeeyay xeer dhaqameedka Soomaalida (oo loo yaqaan Xeer ), kaas oo uu soo jeediyay in uu helo jawi xasiloon oo ganacsi lagu sameeyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, GDP qofkiiba sanadkii 2012 wuxuu ahaa $226, wax yar ayaa hoos u dhacay marka la eego 1990. Qiyaastii 43% dadweynaha waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar 1 doolarka Mareykanka ah maalintii, qiyaastii 24% dadka laga helo magaalooyinka iyo 54% waxay ku nool yihiin miyiga. Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay wax-soo-saar dhaqameed iyo mid casri ah, iyadoo si tartiib-tartiib ah loogu guurayo farsamada casriga ah ee warshadaha. Soomaaliya ayaa leh geela ugu badan adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, qiyaastii 80% dadku waa xoolo-dhaqato reer-guuraa ah, oo xoolo dhaqato ari, ido, geel iyo lo'. Reer guuraagu waxa kale oo ay ururiyaan xabag iyo xabag si ay u kabaan dakhligooda. ===Beeraha=== Beeraha ayaa ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Waxay ka dhigan tahay qiyaastii 65% GDP waxayna shaqaaleysiisaa 65% xoogga shaqada. Xooluhu waxay ka qaybqaataan qiyaastii 40% GDP iyo in ka badan 50% dakhliga dhoofinta. dhoofinta ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah kalluunka , dhuxusha iyo muuska ; Sonkorta , hadhuudhka iyo galleyda waa wax soo saarka suuqa gudaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , badeecadaha la soo dejiyo waxay dhan yihiin $460 milyan sannadkii, taasoo ka badan wadarta guud ee la soo dejiyo ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991. Dhoofinta, oo dhan $270 milyan sannadkii, ayaa sidoo kale kor u dhaaftay wadarta guud ee dhoofinta wadarta guud ee dagaalka ka hor. Soomaaliya waxaa ka jirta hoos u dhac ganacsi oo gaaraya ilaa 190 milyan oo dollar sanadkii, balse taasi waxaa dhaaftay lacagaha ay soo diraan Soomaalida qurbaha ku nool, taasoo lagu qiyaasay ilaa hal bilyan oo dollar. Iyada oo laga faa'ideysanayo in ay ku yaallaan meel u dhow Jasiiradda Carabta, ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ayaa si isa soo taraysa u billaabay in ay ka hor yimaadaan dhaqanka Australia ee ku aaddan suuqa xoolaha iyo hilibka Carbeed, iyaga oo siinaya xoolo tayo leh qiimo aad u jaban. Taas oo taas ka duulaysa, dalalka Khaliijka Carabta ayaa bilaabay inay dalka ku sameeyaan maalgashi istiraatijiyad ah, iyadoo Sucuudigu dhisay kaabayaashii dhoofinta xoolaha, Imaaraadkuna iibsaday dhul beereed aad u ballaadhan. Soomaaliya sidoo kale waa dalka ugu badan ee keena Beeyada iyo Malmalka [[File:Mogadishu Sea Port.jpg|thumb|Dekada Muqdisho]] Qaybta warshadaha ee dhexdhexaadka ah , oo ku salaysan habaynta wax soo saarka beeraha, ayaa 10% ka ah GDP-ga Soomaaliya. Sida laga soo xigtay Rugta Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha Soomaaliyeed , in ka badan lix shirkadood oo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale bixiya duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin doollar ah la saxeexatay Dubai 's Lootah Group, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgelinta uu ku kacayo 170 m, waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala, maamula iyo dhismaha suuqa ganacsiga xorta ah ee magaalada Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhisto dhismaha garoonka si ay u buuxiso heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3,400 m (11,200 ft) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo caawiye ah, tagaasida iyo garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Kahor inta uusan dillaacin dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991, qiyaastii 53 shirkadood oo yar yar, dhexe iyo waaweyn oo wax soo saar ah oo ay dowladdu leedahay ayaa aasaasay, iyada oo iskahorimaadkii xigay uu burburiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha soo haray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horrayn natiijada maalgashi maxalli ah oo la taaban karo oo ay sameeyeen qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed, in badan oo ka mid ah dhirtan yar yar ayaa dib loo furay kuwa cusubna waa la abuuray. Kuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah warshado ka sameysan kalluunka oo ku yaalla gobollada waqooyi, sidoo kale waxaa ku yaalla 25 warshadood oo ku yaalla agagaarka Muqdisho, kuwaas oo soo saara baastada , biyaha macdanta , macmacaanka , bacaha , dharka , hargaha iyo saabuunta, saabuunta iyo saabuunta , aluminium , furaashyo xumbo ah iyo barkimo , doonyo kalluumeysi , oo sameeya baakadaha, iyo kuwa dhagxaanta lagu farsameeyo . Sannadkii 2004tii, waxaa sidoo kale magaalada laga furay warshad lagu shubo Coca-cola oo dhan $8.3 milyan, iyadoo maalgashadayaasha ay ka kala yimaaddeen degaanno kala duwan oo Soomaaliya ah. Maalgelinta shisheeye waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray dad caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan General Motors iyo Dole Fruit . ===Habka lacagta iyo lacag bixinta=== [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Soomaaliya 1 oz lacag ah Leopard (100 shilin)]] Bangiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya waa maamulka rasmiga ah ee lacagta Soomaaliya. Xagga maamulka maaliyadda, waxa ay ku guda jirtaa hawsha dejinta iyo hirgelinta siyaasadda lacagta . Kalsooni la’aanta lagu qabo lacagta dalka ayaa keentay in sarifka lacagaha doolarka ah si weyn loo qaato marka la barbar dhigo shilinka Soomaaliga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, lacag- is-weydaarsiga lacagta shilinka Soomaaliga oo aad u badan ayaa sare u kac ku yimid, gaar ahaan wax kala iibsiga oo aad u hooseeya. Sida uu sheegay Baanka Dhexe, deegaankan sicir-bararka ayaa la filayaa inuu soo afjarmo isla marka uu bangigu si buuxda ula wareego siyaasadda lacagta oo uu beddelo lacagta hadda wareegta ah ee ay shirkaduhu soo kordhiyeen. In kasta oo Soomaaliya aysan lahayn awood lacageed oo dhexe muddo ka badan 15 sano intii u dhaxeysay markii uu qarxay dagaalladii sokeeye ee 1991-kii iyo dib-u-soo-celinta Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya 2009-kii, nidaamka lacag-bixinta ee qaranka ayaa si cadaalad ah u horumaray iyadoo ay ugu horreyso jiritaanka baahsanaanta shirkadaha xawaaladaha ee gaarka loo leeyahay (MTO) oo u dhaqmay sidii shabakado bangi oo aan rasmi ahayn. Xawaaladahan ( xawaaladaha ) ayaa noqday warshado waaweyn oo Soomaaliya ka jira, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa US$1.6 bilyan in ay sanad walba gobolka u soo xawilaan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee qurbaha ku nool oo ay u soo marsiiyaan shirkadaha xawaaladaha. Intooda badan waxa ay xubno ka yihiin Ururka Xawaaladaha Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA), oo ah dallad maamusha xawaaladaha bulshada, ama ururka ka horreeyay ee Ururka Adeegyada Maaliyadeed ee Soomaaliya (SFSA). MTO-yada Soomaalida ugu weyn waa Dahabshiil , oo ah shirkad ay Soomaalidu leedahay oo ay ka shaqeeyaan in ka badan 2,000 oo qof oo ku kala nool 144 waddan oo laamo ku leh London iyo Dubai [[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|500 oo shilin Soomaali ah]] Horumar la taaban karo oo laga gaaray amniga gudaha, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay dalka ugu soo laabtaan fursado maalgashi. Marka lagu daro maal-gashi yar oo shisheeye ah, dhaqaalaha soo gala ayaa ka caawiyay shilinka Soomaaliga inuu si aad ah u kordho qiimihiisu. Bishii Maarso 2014, lacagtu waxay qiimaysay ku dhawaad ​​60% marka loo eego dollarka Maraykanka 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Shilinka Soomaaliga ayaa ahaa kan ugu xooggan 175-ka lacag ee caalamka ee ay iibgeyso Bloomberg , taasoo kor ugu kacday ku dhawaad ​​50-dhibcood marka loo eego lacagta soo socota ee ugu xoogga badan isla muddadaas. Sarrifka saamiyada Soomaaliya (SSE) waa deymaha qaranka Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aasaasay 2012 si ay u soo jiitaan maalgashi ay ka helaan shirkado ay Soomaalidu leedahay iyo shirkado caalami ah si loo dardargeliyo dib u dhiska ka socda Soomaaliya kadib colaadaha. ===Tamarta iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah=== Baanka Adduunka waxa uu sheegay in, 2007-dii, in korontadu ay inta badan bixiyeen ganacsiyo maxalli ah. Shirkadahan gudaha waxaa ka mid ah Shirkadda Tamarta Soomaaliyeed , oo qabata abuurista, gudbinta iyo qaybinta korontada.Sannadkii 2010, qaranku wuxuu soo saaray 310 milyan kWh wuxuuna cunay 288.3 milyan kWh oo koronto ah, oo kala galay 170aad iyo 177aad, siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ay CIA-du sheegtay. [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|Shidaalkii Puntland]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay kayd khayraad badan oo dabiici ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Yuranium , iron ore , tin , gypsum , bauxite , copper , cusbo iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah . CIA-da ayaa sheegtay in ay jiraan 5.663 bilyan cubic mitir oo kayd gaas dabiici ah oo la xaqiijiyey. Lama hubo joogitaanka iyo inta uu le'eg yahay kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya. CIA-da waxa ay cadaysay in laga bilaabo 2011 aanay dalka ka jirin kayd shidaal oo la xaqiijiyey, halka UNCTAD ay soo jeedinayso in kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya ugu badan uu ku yaal xeebaha waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland. Koox saliideed ah oo ku taxan Sydney , Kheyraadka Buuraleyda , waxay ku qiyaaseen in gobolka Puntland ee waqooyi-bari uu awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro 5 bilyan oo fuusto (790 × 10 6 m 3 ) ilaa 10 bilyan fuusto (1.6 × 10 9 m 3 ) oo saliid ah, ayaa caddeeyey in kaydka saliidda ee Suudaan uu yahay 6.7 bilyan. Horumarradaas dartood, Shirkadda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxaa dhistay dowladda federaalka. Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, khubarada juqraafi ee Qaramada Midoobay waxa ay Soomaaliya ka heleen kayd weyn oo Yuraaniyaam ah iyo kayd macdaneed oo naadir ah. Helitaanka ayaa ahayd tii ugu waynayd ee nooceeda ah, iyada oo khubarada warshadaha ay qiyaaseen in cadadka kaydka ahi ay noqon karto in ka badan 25% kaydka uranium-ka adduunka ee wakhtigaas la yaqaan ee 800,000 oo tan. Sannadkii 1984kii, Hawlgalka Wajiga Hanuuninta IUREP ee Soomaaliya wuxuu soo sheegay in waddanku leeyahay 5,000 tan oo uranium ah oo si macquul ah loo dammaanad qaaday (RAR), 11,000 tan oo uranium ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay kheyraad dheeraad ah (EAR) ee kaydka calcrete , iyo sidoo kale 0-150,000 oo kheyraad ah oo uranium ah. kaydka calcrete. Soomaaliya waxa ay u xuub-siibatay soo saarista Yuraaniyaamka adduunka ugu weyn, iyada oo ay ku tartamayaan shirkado macdano ah oo Maraykan ah, Imaaraadka, Talyaaniga iyo Baraasiil. Xiriir Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah waxay saami ku leedahay gobollada dhexe, Kilimanjaro Capital waxay saami ku leedahay 1,161,400 acres (470,002 ha) ee Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), oo ay ku jirto sahaminta uranium-ka. Shirkadda Korontada iyo Gaaska warshadaha ee Is-dhexgalka Caalamiga ah waa shirkad tamareed oo fadhigeedu yahay Muqdisho. Waxaa ku midoobay shan shirkadood oo waaweyn oo Soomaali ah oo ka kala socda dhinacyada ganacsiga , maaliyadda , amniga iyo isgaarsiinta , kaddib heshiiskii wadajirka ahaa ee 2010-kii lagu saxiixay magaalada Istanbul ee dalka Turkiga si ay u bixiyaan kaabayaasha korontada iyo gaaska ee Soomaaliya. Iyada oo miisaaniyadii hore ee maalgelinta ahayd $1 bilyan, shirkaddu waxay bilawday Mashruuca Kala qaybinta Nabadda Soomaaliya, oo ah barnaamij tamar xoog leh oo xoog leh oo loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo hindisayaasha warshadaynta gudaha. Sida uu sheegay Bankiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya, marka ay qarankani cagta saartay wadadii dib u dhiska dalka, waxaa laga filayaa in dhaqaalaha uusan la jaanqaadi karin heerarkii uu soo maray dagaalladii sokeeye ka hor, balse waxaa la filayaa in la dardargeliyo kobaca iyo horumarka dalka maadaama aan laga faa’ideysan kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Soomaaliya. ===Isgaarsiinta iyo warbaahinta=== [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Hormuud Telecom ee Muqdisho]] Bilawgii dagaalkii sokeeye ka dib, shirkado isgaarsiineed oo kala duwan ayaa bilaabay in ay abuurmaan oo u tartamaan sidii ay u heli lahaayeen kaabayaal dhaqaale oo maqan. Shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah oo ay maalgaliyeen ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ayna taageerayaan khubaro ka kala socota Shiinaha , Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Yurub, shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah ayaa bixiya adeegyo taleefoonnada gacanta iyo internetka ah oo jaban oo aan laga helin meelo badan oo kale oo qaaradda ah. Macaamiishu waxa ay ku samayn karaan xawaaladaha lacagaha (sida Dahabshiil-ka caanka ah ) iyo hawlaha kale ee bangiyada iyaga oo isticmaalaya telefoonnada gacanta, iyo sidoo kale in ay si fudud u helaan internet wireless. Ka dib markii ay iskaashi la sameeyeen shirkado caalami ah sida Sprint , ITT iyo Telenor , shirkadahani hadda waxay bixiyaan wicitaanada telefoonka ugu jaban uguna nadiifsan Afrika. Shirkadahan isgaarsiinta Soomaalida ayaa sidoo kale adeegyo u fidiya magaalo kasta iyo magaalo kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah. Hadda waxa jira ilaa 25 khadadka ugu muhiimsan 1,000kii qofba, helida khadadka taleefoonada ee maxaliga ah ( tele-density ) ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa wadamada deriska ah; saddex jeer in ka badan Itoobiya dariska la ah. Shirkadaha Isgaarsiinta Soomaaliya ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Golis Telecom Group , Hormuud Telecom , Somafone , Nationlink , Netco , Telcom iyo Somali Telecom Group . Shirkadda Hormuud Telecom oo kaliya ayaa sanadkii soo xareeysa ilaa 40 milyan oo dollar. Inkasta oo ay xafiiltamaan, dhowr shirkadood oo kuwan ka mid ah ayaa saxiixay heshiis isku xirnaanta 2005 kaas oo u oggolaanaya inay dejiyaan qiimaha, ilaalinta iyo ballaarinta shabakadahooda, iyo hubinta in tartanka uusan ka bixin xakamaynta. Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee ay dowladdu maamusho waa kan ugu weyn ee adeegga dadweynaha ee qaranka. Muddo labaatan sano ah ka dib, waxaa si rasmi ah dib loo howlgeliyay idaacadda 4 - tii Abriil 2011 . TV-ga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Puntland TV iyo Radio hawada gobolada waqooyi. Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr telefishin iyo shabakado raadiyo oo gaar loo leeyahay. Waxaana ka mid ah Telefishanka Horn Cable iyo Universal TV . Wargeysyada Xog Doon iyo Xog Ogaal iyo Horyaal Sports oo ka soo baxa caasimadda dalka dibaddiisa. Waxa kale oo jira tiro warbaahin oo online ah oo tabisa wararka gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan Garowe Online , Wardheernews, iyo Puntland Post . Koodhka dalka internetka ee heerka sare (ccTLD) ee Soomaaliya waa .so . Waxa si rasmi ah dib u hawl-galiyey 1-dii November 2010-kii oo ay samaysay Diiwaanka .SO, kaas oo ay nidaamisay Wasaaradda Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Qaranka. Bishii Nofembar 2013, ka dib Heshiis Is-afgarad ah oo lala saxiixday Boostada Emirates bishii Abriil ee sanadka, Wasaaradda Boostada iyo Isgaarsiinta dowladda federaalka ayaa si rasmi ah dib ugu dhistay Adeegga Boostada Soomaaliyeed (Boostada Soomaaliyeed). Bishii Oktoobar 2014, wasaaraddu waxay sidoo kale dib u bilawday keenista boostada ee dibadda. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Sawirro qadiimi ah oo ku yaal Laas Geel , Hargeysa]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay meelo soo jiidasho leh oo maxalli ah, oo ka kooban goobo taariikhi ah, xeebo, biyo-dhacyo, silsilado buuro iyo jardiinooyin qaran. Warshadaha dalxiiska waxa maamusha wasaaradda dalxiiska ee qaranka. Maamulada Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin xafiisyo dalxiis oo u gaar ah. Ururka Dalxiiska Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA) ayaa sidoo kale bixiya adeegyo la-talin ah oo dalka gudihiisa ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha dalxiiska qaranka. Laga bilaabo Maarso 2015, Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Duurjoogta ee Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ayaa ku dhawaaqday in la qorsheeyay in la sameeyo kaydad dheeri ah iyo noocyada duurjoogta. Dowladda Mareykanka waxay kula talisay dadka safarka ah inaysan u safrin Soomaaliya. Muuqaallada xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah godadka Laas-geel oo ay ku jiraan fanka dhagaxa Neolithic ; Cal Madow , Buuraha Golis iyo Buuraha Oogo ; biyo-dhacyada Isku -shuban iyo Lamadaya ; iyo Seeraha Qaranka ee Hargeysa , Jilibka Qaranka , Beerta Qaranka ee Kismaayo iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Lag Badana . ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde]] Shabakadda waddooyinka Soomaaliya waa 22,100 km (13,700 mi). Laga bilaabo 2000 , 2,608 km (1,621 mi) jidad ayaa la saaray 19,492 km (12,112 mi) lama laami ah. Waddo dheer oo dhererkeedu yahay 750 km (470 mi) ayaa isku xirta magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka, sida Boosaaso , Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Laba iyo lixdan garoon diyaaradeed oo Soomaaliya oo dhan ah ayaa qaada gaadiidka hawada; toddobo ka mid ah kuwan ayaa laami la saaray. Kuwa dambe, afar garoon diyaaradeed ayaa leh dhabbaha dayuuradaha ee ka badan 3,047 mitir (9,997 ft); laba waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 iyo 3,047 m (7,999 iyo 9,997 ft) midna waa 1,524 ilaa 2,437 m (5,000 ilaa 7,995 ft) dheer. Waxa jira shan iyo konton garoon diyaaradeed oo leh meelo ay ka soo degaan oo aan laami ahayn. Mid waxa uu leeyahay dhabo diyaaradeed oo ka badan 3,047 m; afar waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 m iyo 3,047 m dherer; labaatan waa 1,524 m ilaa 2,437 m; afar iyo labaatan waa 914 m ilaa 1,523 m; lixna waxay ka hooseeyaan 914 mitir (2,999 ft). Garoomada ugu waaweyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho, Garoonka Diyaaradaha Hargeysa ee Hargeysa, Garoonka Kismaayo ee Kismaayo , Garoonka Baydhabo ee Baydhabo iyo Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Bender Qaasim ee Boosaaso. Somali Airlines oo la aas aasay 1964-tii, waxay ahayd duulimaadka calanka Soomaaliya. Waxa ay joojisay hawlihii ay ka shaqayn jirtay intii lagu jiray dagaalladii sokeeye. Si kastaba ha ahaatee , dawladdii Soomaaliya ee dib loo dhisay ayaa markii dambe bilowday diyaargarow loogu jiro dib u hawlgelinta shirkadii la filayey in dib loo bilaabo sannadkii 2012 . In ka badan lix ka mid ah shirkadahan diyaaradeed ee gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Iyadoo leh xeebta ugu dheer qaaradda, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr dekedood oo waaweyn . Gaadiidka badda ayaa laga helaa dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso, Berbera , Kismaayo iyo Marka . Waxaa kaloo jira hal badeecooyin badeed ah . Waxa la aasaasay 2008, waxa ay ku salaysan tahay xamuulka. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== {{Further|Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya dadka ku nool}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Tirada Dadka{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Sano ! style="background:#cfb;"|Milyan |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Soomaaliya waxaa ka maqan xog la isku halayn karo. Wadanku waxa lagu qiyaasaa dad lagu qiyaasay 17.1 milyan oo degan 2021; wadarta dadka marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1975 waxay ahaayeen 3.3 milyan. Sahan ay samaysay Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay oo la sameeyay 2013 iyo 2014 ayaa lagu qiyaasay tirada guud ee dadka inay tahay 12,316,895. Qiyaastii 85% dadka deegaanka waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah , kuwaas oo taariikh ahaan deggenaa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka. Waxay dhaqan ahaan u abaabulan yihiin reer guuraa xoolo-dhaqato ah, boqortooyo dabacsan, suldaanno iyo dawlad-goboleedyo. Dagaalladii sokeeye ee billowgii sagaashamaadkii waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen tirada qurbo-joogta Soomaalida , iyadoo in badan oo ka mid ah Soomaalidii aqoonta sare lahayd ay dalka ka tageen. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ayaa ah inta ka hartay shacabka Soomaaliyeed, waxayna inta badan ku badan yihiin gobollada koonfureed. Waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , Bantus , Bajuuni , Xabashi (gaar ahaan Oromo ) Yamaniyiin , Hindi , Faaris , Talyaani iyo Ingiriis . Qowmiyadda Bantus oo ah qowmiyadda ugu badan ee laga tirada badan yahay Soomaaliya, waa faracii addoomo laga keenay Koonfur-bari Afrika oo ay lahaayeen ganacsato Carab iyo Soomaali ah. 1940kii, waxa ku noolaa Somaliland Talyaani ilaa 50,000 Talyaani ah . Inta badan reer Yurub waxay ka tageen xorriyadda ka dib, iyadoo tiro yar oo reer galbeed ah ay weli joogaan Soomaaliya oo u badan kuwa u shaqeeya hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|Dadka da' kasta]] Qurba joog Soomaaliyeed oo aad u tiro badan ayaa ka jira wadamo kala duwan oo reer galbeed ah sida Maraykanka (gaar ahaan gobolka Minnesota ) iyo Ingiriiska (gaar ahaan London ), Sweden , Canada , Norway , Netherlands , Germany , Denmark , Finland , Australia , Switzerland , Austria , Italy , iyo sidoo kale Jasiiradda Carabta , iyo dalal dhowr ah oo Afrikaan ah sida Uganda iyo Koonfur Afrika . Qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa si weyn ugu lug leh siyaasadda iyo horumarka Soomaaliya. Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed , ayaa horay u ahaa qurbo-joog, wuxuuna heystay dhalashada Mareykanka oo uu si iskii ah uga tanaasulay 2019. Dadka Soomaaliya waxa ay ku sii fidayaan kobac dhan 1.75% sanadkii, halka 1,000 qofba ay dhallaan 40.87. Wadarta heerka bacriminta Soomaaliya waa 6.08 carruur ah oo dhashey haweeneydiiba (qiyaastii 2014), waana tan afaraad ee ugu sareysa adduunka, sida uu qabo CIA World Factbook . Inta badan dadka deegaanka ayaa ah dhalinyaro, da'da dhexdhexaadka ah waa 17.7 sano; Qiyaastii 44% dadku waxay da'doodu u dhaxaysaa 0-14 sano, 52% waxay u dhexeeyaan da'da 15-64 sano, kaliya 2% waa 65 sano ama ka weyn. Saamiga lab iyo dheddig waa qiyaas dheelli tiran, iyadoo saami ahaan lagu qiyaaso inta ragga ah sida dumarka. Ma jiraan xog la isku halayn karo oo ku saabsan magaalooyinka Soomaaliya. Qiyaaso adag ayaa la sameeyay oo tilmaamaya heerka magaalaynta 4.8% sanadkii (2005-2010 est.), iyadoo magaalooyin badan ay si degdeg ah u korayaan magaalooyinka. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ayaa sidoo kale ka soo guuray miyiga una guuray magaalooyinka tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaalladii sokeeye, gaar ahaan Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo . Laga soo bilaabo 2008 , 37.7% dadweynaha qaranku waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka, iyadoo boqolkiiba ay si degdeg ah u kordheyso. ===Luuqadaha=== Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu horreysa ee Soomaaliya halka Carabiga uu yahay luqadda labaad ee rasmiga ah ee dastuurka. Af-Soomaaligu waa afkii hooyo ee dadka Soomaaliyeed oo ah qowmiyadda ugu tirada badan qaranka. Waa xubin ka tirsan laanta Kushitigga ee qoyska afafka Afro-Aasiyatiga , qaraabada ugu dhowna waa afafka Oromada , Canfarta iyo Saho . Af-Soomaaligu waa kan ugu wanaagsan ee laga diiwaan geliyo luqadaha Kushitigga, iyada oo daraasado tacliimeed lagu sameeyay laga soo bilaabo 1900 ka hor. [[File:Somali Stone.jpg|thumb|Looxa dhagaxa ah ee laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 14-aad ee suugaanta Wadaad]] Af- Soomaaligu waxay u qaybsamaan saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: Waqooyi , Banaadir iyo Maayga . Soomaali-waqooyi (ama Waqooyi-Bartamaha Soomaaliya) ayaa saldhig u ah heerka Soomaaliga. Benaadir (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xeebta Soomaaliya) waxaa looga hadlaa xeebta Banaadir , laga bilaabo Cadale ilaa koonfurta magaalada Marka oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho, iyo sidoo kale dhulka hoose ee dhow. Lahjadaha xeebuhu waxay leeyihiin telefoono dheeraad ah oo aan ku qornayn Standard Somali. Maayga waxaa ku hadla inta badan beelaha Digil iyo Mirifle ( Raxanweyn ) ee dega deegaanada koonfurta Soomaaliya. Banaadiri waa lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo dalka, marka la barbardhigo Waqooyiga Soomaaliya oo ah lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo Somaliland. Dhowr hab oo qoraal ah ayaa sannadihii la soo dhaafay la isticmaalayey si loo qoro afka Soomaaliga. Farta Soomaaliga ayaa ah tan ugu isticmaalka badan, waana farta rasmiga ah ee Soomaaliya laga isticmaalo tan iyo markii Golihii Sare ee Kacaanka ay si rasmi ah u hirgeliyeen bishii Oktoobar 1972. Qoraallada kale ee qarniyo badan loo adeegsan jiray qorista Soomaaliga waxaa ka mid ah far Carabi oo muddo dheer soo jirtay iyo qorista Wadaad . Nidaamyada qoraalka wadaniga ah ee la sameeyay qarnigii 20aad waxaa ka mid ah farta Cismaanya , Boorama iyo Kaddare . Af-soomaaliga ka sokow, Carabigu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee qaranka Soomaaliya. Ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo Soomaali ah ayaa ku hadla Dunida Carabta, saameynta baahsan ee warbaahinta Carabiga, iyo waxbarashada diinta. Ingriiska si weyn baa loogu hadlaa waana la baraa. Waxa ay ahaan jirtay af maamul oo ka tirsan maxmiyadda British Somaliland oo ay sabab u tahay caalamiyaynta ayaa sidoo kale caan ka ah Soomaaliya oo dhan. Ingiriisigu waa barta wax lagu baro jaamacado badan oo ku yaal Soomaaliya, waana mid ka mid ah luuqadaha shaqo ee aasaasiga ah ee NGO-yada waaweyn ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. Talyaanigu waxa uu ahaa luqad rasmi ah oo ku taal Somaliland Talyaanigii iyo xilligii wakiilnimada, laakiin isticmaalkiisu aad buu u yaraaday xorriyadda ka dib. Hadda waxa inta badan laga maqlaa jiilalka waaweyn, saraakiisha dawladda, iyo goobaha aqoonta leh. Luqadaha kale ee laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , oo ah nooc ka mid ah luqadda Sawaaxiliga Bantu ee ay ku hadlaan xeebta dadka Bravanese , iyo sidoo kale Kibajuni , oo ah lahjad sawaaxili ah oo ah luqadda hooyo ee qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee Bajuni . ===Gobolada iyo magaalooyinka=== {{Magaalooyinka Soomaaliya}} ===Diinta=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Diinta Soomaalida]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Diin|right1=Boqolkiiba |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islaam|Islaam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Mid Kale|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Diinta Soomaalida}} '''Diinta Soomaaliya 2010''' Diinta Boqolkiiba Islaamka 99.8% Mid kale 0.2% [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Isbaheysiga Islaamka ee magaalada Muqdisho ayaa ah masjidka ugu weyn gobolka Geeska.]] Sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew , 99.8% dadka Soomaaliya waa Muslim 315. Inta badan waxay ka tirsan yihiin laanta Islaamka ee sunniga iyo mad-habta shaaficiga ee fiqiga islaamka . suufiyada , dariiqada suufiga ah ee Islaamka, ayaa sidoo kale si fiican u dhisan, oo leh jamacooyin badan oo maxalli ah ( zawiya ) ama jameeco ka mid ah tariiqooyinka kala duwan ama suufiyada. Dastuurka Soomaaliya wuxuu kaloo qeexayaa diinta Islaamka inay tahay diinta dowladda ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, shareecada Islaamkana ay tahay isha aasaasiga ah ee sharci-dejinta qaranka. Waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa in aan la samayn karin xeer aan waafaqsanayn mabaadi’da aasaasiga ah ee shareecada. Diinta Masiixiga waa diimo laga tiro badan yahay Soomaaliya, dadka raacsani waxay matalaan in ka yar 0.1% dadweynaha sanadka 2010 sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew. Tirada Masiixiyiinta Soomaaliya waxa lagu qiyaasaa 1,000 qof. Waxaa jira hal dariiqo Katoolik ah oo dalka oo dhan u yaal, Diocese-ka Muqdisho , taas oo ku qiyaastay in 2004 ay jireen ku dhawaad ​​boqol dhakhaatiir Katoolik ah. Sannadkii 1913kii, waagii hore ee gumaystaha, ma jirin wax Masiixiyiin ah oo ku noolaa dhulka Soomaalida, iyada oo ilaa 100-200 oo keliya ay ka yimaaddeen dugsiyada iyo xarumaha agoomaha ee hawlgalladii Kaatooligga ee British Somaliland protectorate . Sidoo kale ma jirin hawl-wadeenno Katoolik ah oo la yaqaan oo ka socday Somaliland Talyaani isla muddadaas. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, xilligii ay Soomaaliya ka talinaysay dowladdii Marxist-ta , waxaa la xiray iskuulladii ay kaniisaddu maamuli jirtay, adeegayaashana waxaa loo diray guryahooda. Tan iyo 1989-kii ma jirin wax Baasaboor ah oo dalka ka howlgala, waxaana cathedral- ka Muqdisho ka dhacay burbur xooggan oo soo gaaray dagaalladii sokeeye. Bishii Disembar 2013, Wasaaradda Caddaaladda iyo Arrimaha Diinta ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay awaamiir mamnuucaysa in dalka laga qabto xafladaha Kiristaanka. Marka loo eego xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sanadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diimaha dadweynaha . Kuwaas oo u badnaan ka koobnaa qaar ka mid ah qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ee ku nool qaybaha koonfureed ee dalka, kuwaas oo ku dhaqma nacayb . Dhanka Bantuda , dhaqamadaas diineed waxay ka dhaxleen awoowayaashood Koonfur Bari Afrika . Intaa waxaa dheer, marka loo eego Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sannadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diinta Yuhuudda , Hinduismka , Budhiismka , ama aan ku xidhnayn diin kasta . ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.png|thumb|Cimriga Soomaaliya, 1950 ilaa 2023]] Ilaa burburkii dawladdii dhexe ee sannadkii 1991-kii, haykalka hab-dhismeedka iyo hab-dhismeedka maamulka ee waaxda daryeelka caafimaadka ee Soomaaliya waxa dusha kala socday Wasaaradda Caafimaadka. Saraakiisha caafimaadka ee gobolku waxay ku raaxaysanayeen xoogaa awood ah, laakiin daryeelka caafimaadku wuxuu ahaa mid si weyn u dhexeya. Dawladii hantiwadaaga ee Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya Siyaad Barre waxay joojisay dhaq-dhaqaaqii caafimaadka ee gaarka ahaa 1972 . Nidaamkii daryeelka bulshada ee Soomaaliya ayaa si weyn u burburay dagaalladii sokeeye ee xigay. Sida waaxaha kale ee hore loo qarameeyay, bixiyayaasha aan rasmiga ahayn ayaa buuxiyey booskii banaanaa waxayna bedeleen kalidii dawladii hore ee daryeelka caafimaadka, iyada oo helitaanka tas-hiilaadka ay markhaati ka tahay koror weyn. Xarumo daryeel caafimaad oo badan, rugo caafimaad, isbitaallo iyo farmasiyo ayaa howsha lagu dhisay iyadoo loo marayo dadaallo Soomaaliyeed oo gurigooda lagu beeray. Qiimaha la-talinta caafimaadka iyo daaweynta xarumahan waa mid hooseeya, $ 5.72 booqasho kasta oo xarumaha caafimaadka ah (oo leh daboolida dadweynaha ee 95%), iyo $ 1.89-3.97 booqasho bukaan-socod iyo $ 7.83-13.95 maalintii sariiraha aasaasiga ah ilaa isbitaallada sare. Isbarbardhigga muddada 2005-2010 iyo tobankii sano ee badhkii ka hor dillaaca iskahorimaadka (1985-1990), rajada nolosha ayaa dhab ahaantii kor u kacday celcelis ahaan 47 sano ragga iyo dumarka ilaa 48.2 sano ragga iyo 51 sano haweenka. Sidoo kale, tirada hal sano jirka ah ee si buuxda looga tallaalay jadeecada ayaa kor uga kacday 30% 1985-1990 ilaa 40% 2000-2005, iyo qaaxada , waxay kor u kacday ku dhawaad ​​20% ilaa 50% isla muddadaas. Tirada dhallaanka miisaankoodu hooseeyo ayaa hoos uga dhacay min 16 1,000kiiba ilaa 0.3, taasoo ah 15% hoos u dhac ku yimid wadar ahaan isla waqtigaas. Intii u dhaxaysay 2005 iyo 2010 marka la barbardhigo 1985-1990, dhimashada dhallaanka ee 1,000 dhalasho waxay sidoo kale hoos uga dhacday 152 ilaa 109.6. Muhiimad weyn, dhimashada hooyada 100,000 ee dhallaanka waxay ka dhacday 1,600 dagaalkii ka hor 1985-1990 tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay ilaa 1,100 muddadii 2000-2005. Tirada dhakhaatiirta 100,000 ee qof ayaa sidoo kale ka kacay 3.4 ilaa 4 isla waqti isku mid ah, sida boqolkiiba dadka helay adeegyada fayadhowrka, kuwaas oo ka kordhay 18% ilaa 26%. Marka loo eego xogta Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee shaqaalaha umulisooyinka, wadar ahaan 429 umulisooyin ah (oo ay ku jiraan kalkaalisooyin- umulisooyin) Soomaaliya, oo leh cufnaanta hal umuliso 1,000kii carruur ah ee nool. Siddeed xarumood oo umulisooyin ah ayaa hadda dalka ka jira, oo laba ka mid ah ay yihiin kuwo gaar loo leeyahay. Umulisada waxaa nidaamisa dowladda, waxaana loo baahan yahay shatiga si loogu shaqeeyo si xirfadeysan. Diiwaangelin toos ah ayaa sidoo kale jirta si loola socdo umulisooyinka shatiga haysta. Intaa waxaa dheer, umulisooyinka dalka waxaa si rasmi ah uga wakiil ah ururka umulisooyinka maxalliga ah, oo ka diiwaangashan 350 xubnood Marka loo eego qiyaasta hay'adda caafimaadka adduunka ee 2005, qiyaastii 97.9% haweenka iyo gabdhaha Soomaaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah, caadada guurka ka hor inta badan waxay ku dhacdaa Geeska Afrika iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga dhow. Waxaa dhiirigeliyay haweenka bulshada dhexdeeda, waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in la ilaaliyo dhawrsanaanta, laga hortago sinada, lagana ilaaliyo weerarka. Sannadkii 2013, UNICEF oo kaashanaysa maamullada Soomaaliya ayaa sheegtay in heerka baahsanaanta ee gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1- ilaa 14-sano ee ku nool gobollada waqooyi ee Puntland iyo Somaliland ay hoos ugu dhacday 25% ka dib olole wacyigelin bulsho iyo diineed ah. Qiyaastii 93% ragga Soomaaliyeed ayaa sidoo kale la sheegay in la guday Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya heerka caabuqa HIV ee qaaradda. Taasna waxaa loo aaneynayaa dabeecadda Muslimka ah ee bulshada Soomaaliyeed iyo ku-dhaqanka Soomaalida ku dhaqanka akhlaaqda Islaamka. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay heerka faafidda HIV ee Soomaaliya 1987 (sannadkii warbixinta kiiskii ugu horreeyay) uu ahaa 1% dadka waaweyn, warbixin 2012 ka soo baxday UNAIDS ayaa sheegaysa in tan iyo 2004, qiyaasaha laga soo bilaabo 0.7% ilaa 1.0% la qiyaasay. In kasta oo daryeelka caafimaadku hadda inta badan ku urursan yahay ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay, nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka guud ee dalku waxa uu ku socdaa dib-u-dhiskiisa, waxaana dusha kala socota wasaaradda caafimaadka. Wasiirka caafimaadka Qamar Aadan Cali. Ismaamulka Puntland waxa uu leeyahay Wasaarad u gaar ah Caafimaadka, sida gobolka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya. Xarumaha caafimaadka ee dalka caanka ka ah ayaa waxaa ka mid ah Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Bariga Baardheere , Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Caabudwaaq , Isbitaalka Hooyada ee Edna Aadan iyo qeybta Hooyada ee Galbeedka Baardheere . ===Waxbarashada=== Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ayaa si rasmi ah uga mas’uul ah waxbarashada Soomaaliya, waxaana ay dusha kala socotaa dugsiyada hoose dhexe , sare ,farsamada iyo farsamada gacanta , iyo sidoo kale tababaridda macallimiinta hoose iyo kuwa farsamada iyo waxbarashada dadban . Qiyaastii 15% ee miisaaniyadda dawladda waxa loo qoondeeyey hab-waxbarasho. Maamul-goboleedka Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa iska leh wasaaradaha waxbarashada. [[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|Xarunta ugu weyn ee Jaamacadda Muqdisho ee Muqdisho]] Waxbarashada sare ee Soomaaliya hadda waa mid gaar loo leeyahay. Dhawr jaamacadood oo dalka ku yaala oo ay ku jirto jaamacadda Muqdisho ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 100-ka jaamacadood ee ugu wanaagsan qaaradda Afrika in kasta oo ay jiraan deegaan qallafsan, taasoo lagu tilmaamay inay tahay guul laga gaaray hindisayaal salka ku haya . Jaamacadaha kale ee sidoo kale bixiya tacliinta sare ee koonfurta waxaa ka mid ah Jaamacadda Banaadir , Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed , Jaamacadda Kismaayo iyo Jaamacadda Gedo . Puntland waxbarashada sare waxaa bixiya Jaamacadaha Puntland iyo Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika . Somaliland waxa bixiya Jaamacada Camuud , Jaamacada Hargeysa , Somaliland University of Technology iyo Burco University . Dugsiyada Qur'aanka (sidoo kale loo yaqaan dugsi quran ama malcamad quran ) ayaa ah nidaamka aasaasiga ah ee barashada diinta dhaqameed. Loo yaqaan habka ugu xasilloon ee deegaanka, nidaamka aan tooska ahayn ee waxbarashada oo bixiya waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee diinta iyo akhlaaqda, xooggoodu waxay ku tiirsan yihiin taageerada bulshada iyo adeegsigooda agab waxbarasho oo gudaha laga sameeyay oo si weyn loo heli karo. Nadaamka Qur’aanka oo wax lagu baro tirada ugu badan ee ardayda marka loo eego qeybaha kale ee waxbarashada, ayaa inta badan ah nidaamka kaliya ee ay heli karaan Soomaalida reer guuraaga ah marka loo eego magaalooyinka. Si wax looga qabto khaladaadka dhanka culuumta diinta, dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa dhankeeda sidoo kale ka dib dhistay Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Islaamka, taasoo hadda lagu maamulo waxbarashada Qur’aanka. ==Dhaqanka== ===Cunto=== [[File:Banadir3.jpg|thumb|Noocyada kala duwan ee cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Soomaalida]] Cunnada Soomaalidu waa isku dhaf noocyo kala duwan oo cuntooyin ah kuwaas oo laga soo dheegtay dhadhanka Carabta , Hindida iyo Talyaaniga taas oo si toos ah uga dhalatay taariikhda baaxadda leh ee Soomaaliya ee ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga. Tusaalooyinka cuntooyinka Soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah cunnooyinka sida bariiska iyo baasto , iyo hilibka sida wan , lo'da , iyo digaagga . Xawaashyada udgoonka ah sida cumin , karoomada , iyo kiraanta ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu siiyo dhadhan kala duwan suxuunta. Waxaa barbar socda maraqa , rootiga fidsan , iyo rootiga , cunnada kale ee Soomaalida waa Canjeero /Laxooh , oo ah nooc canjeero khamiir leh oo u eg roodhida fidsan ee laga dhadhamiyo Soomaaliya iyo dalalka deriska ah sida Itoobiya , Eritera iyo Yemen . Additionally, camel meat and milk are considered a delicacy. Bariiska Soomaaliya oo ah cuntada caadiga ah ee cashada ama qadada , ayaa sida caadiga ah la dhadhamiyey waxaana lagu daraa maaddooyin kala duwan sida hilibka , khudaarta , iyo, si xoogaa gaar ah, sabiib . Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in saxankan loo soo bandhigo qaab muuqaal ah iyadoo lagu darayo midabyo badan, sababtoo ah qaybo gaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa in si macmal ah loogu dhejiyo hadhka jaalaha ah ama orange-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo saffron iyo dhir kale si kor loogu qaado bilicdeeda [[File:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb|Bariis Soomaali ah (bariis) iyo kalluun (kalluun), Beerka (biir) khudaar leh sidoo kale (Sabaayad) canjeelo]] Xiligii gumaystaha talyaanigu waxa si wayn loo qaatay baastada iyo laasgaabka gaar ahaan koonfurta. Shaaha iyo kafeega ayaa sidoo kale runtii caan ah. Soomaalida ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii hore u qaatay cunista kafeega , waxaana ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ay ka mid ahaayeen ganacsatadii ugu horreysay ee dhoofisa digirta Kafeega. Qaxwaha Soomaalida, oo gudaha loo yaqaan ' Qahwo ' iyo shaaha 'Shah', ayaa aad uga dhex muuqda habka diyaarinta, kaas oo ku lug leh xulashada xawaashka kala duwan si kor loogu qaado muuqaalkeeda dhadhanka. 'Xalwo', oo si dhow ula xiriirta Cumaan ' Xalwaa ', waa daweyn jelly-la mid ah oo siman oo lagu sameeyay xawaash , iniin, laws , iyo sonkor la shiiday . Macmacaankan waxa si caadi ah loogu wada adeegaa " Qahwo ". Cunto ka dib, guryaha sida dhaqameedka ah waxaa lagu cadariyaa fooxa ama fooxa ( unsi ), kaas oo lagu diyaariyo gudaha fooxa r loo yaqaan dabqaad . ===Muusiga=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay hiddaha faneed hodanka ah oo ku qotoma suugaan-dhaqameedka Soomaalida . Heesaha Soomaalida intooda badan waa hal-abuur . Muusiga Soomaaliyeed waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaldo dhawaaqyada gobollada u dhow sida Itoobiya, Suudaan ama Jasiiradda Carabta, laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa laxankeeda iyo qaababka gaarka ah. Aaladaha dhaqameed ee sida weyn looga dhex muuqday fanka Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah oud lute . Inta badan waxaa la socda durbaan yaryar iyo biibiile cawsduur ah oo gadaal ka ah. Heesaha Soomaalidu inta badan waa wax ka dhasha wada shaqaynta ka dhaxaysa hal-abuurayaasha ( midho ), abwaannada ( laxan ) iyo fannaaniinta ( codka ama "codka") ===Suugaanta=== Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ayaa sanadihii lasoo dhaafay ahaa ilo ay ka soo jeedaan abwaanno, qorayaal iyo hal-abuuro caan ah, kuwaas oo qayb weyn ka qaatay soo saarista iyo qaabaynta hab-raacyada aqoonta iyo dhaqanka Muslimiinta, mana aha oo kaliya Geeska Afrika ee waxa ay gaadheen meelo fog-fog oo ka mid ah Jasiiradda Carabta iyo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Soomaaliya waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa, oo ay ka mid yihiin, qoraaga Canadian-ka ah iyo aqoonyahanada Margaret Laurence , "Qaranka Abwaanada " iyo "Qaranka Baadiyada ". Sahmiye iyo qoraa Ingiriis oo caan ah Richard Burton ayaa si hufan wax uga qoray Soomaaliya: Dalku wuxuu la socdaa, 'Abwaanada, Abwaanada, Abwaanada, Abwaanada': nin kastaa wuxuu leeyahay mawqifkiisa la aqoonsan yahay ee suugaanta sida saxda ah ee loo qeexay sida in dib loo eegay qarniyo joornaal ah - dhegta wanaagsan ee dadkani waxay keenaysaa in ay qaataan raaxada ugu weyn ee dhawaaqyada iswaafaqsan iyo tibaaxaha maansada, halka tiro been ah ama weedh qallafsan ay ku kicinayaan." ===Casri ah=== [[File:Hadrawi.jpg|thumb|Abwaan , faylasuuf iyo hal-abuure, Maxamed Ibraahim Warsame (Hadraawi)]] Markii la qaatay farta laatiinka sannadkii 1972-kii oo laga dhigay halbeegga alifbeetada qaranka, waxaa kaloo soo saaray qorayaal Soomaali ah oo aad u tiro badan, kuwaas oo qaarkood sumcad weyn ku helay caalamka oo dhan. Qorayaashan casriga ah, Nuruddin Farah waa kan ugu caansan, isagoo helay, abaal-marinno kale, 1998-kii Neustadt ee abaalmarinta caalamiga ah ee suugaanta . Faarax MJ Cawl waa qoraa kale oo caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ku ahaa sheeko-qoraalkiisii ​​xilligii Dervish , Jahligu waa cadowga jacaylka . Waxa kale oo maansada Soomaalidu aad u kobcaysay wakhtigan iyadoo Hadraawi uu sumcad qaran ku helay tiraabtiisa iyo maansadiisa. ===Ciyaaraha=== Kubadda cagta waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Soomaaliya. Tartamada gudaha ee muhiimka ah ayaa ah horyaalka Soomaaliya iyo koobka Soomaaliya , iyadoo xulka qaranka Soomaaliya uu ciyaaro heer caalami. Kubadda kolayga ayaa sidoo kale laga ciyaaraa dalka. Horyaalkii FIBA ​​Africa 1981 ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Muqdisho 15 ilaa 23 December 1981, xiligaasi oo xulka qaranka kubada koleyga ay heleen bilada maarta ah. Sannadkii 2013-kii, waxaa magaalada Borlänge laga dhisay koox qaran oo ka tirsan kooxaha burcad badeeda Soomaalida . Waxa ay ka qaybgashay tartankii Bandy World Championship 2014 . Dhanka fanka dagaalka waxaa billad qalin ah iyo kaalinta afraad ku qaatay Faysal Jeylaani Aweys iyo Maxamed Deeq Cabdulle oo ka tirsan xulka qaranka Teekwondo-ga , waxayna ku guuleysteen koobka Taekwondo-ga Adduunka ee 2013 ee Tongeren . [ 364 ] Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxamed Jaamac waxa uu ku guuleystay labada koob ee adduunka iyo Yurub ee K-1 iyo feerka Thai . ===Dhismaha=== [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Gondershe]] Qaab-dhismeedka Soomaalidu waa dhaqan qani ah oo kala duwan oo xagga injineernimada iyo naqshadeynta ah. Iyadoo la eegayo wakhtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga ahaa ee dalka, waxa kale oo ay soo dhawaynaysaa isku dhafka qaab dhismeedka Somali-Islaamka oo leh nashqado casri ah oo reer galbeed ah. Soomaalidii hore, dhismooyinka haramka ah ee Soomaalidu u taqaan Taalo waxay ahaayeen qaab caan ah oo lagu aaso, iyadoo boqolaal ka mid ah taallooyinkii dhagaxaanta qallalan ay maanta ku baahsan yihiin dalka. Guryo ayaa laga dhisay dhagxaan lebisan oo la mid ah kuwii Masar hore . Waxa kale oo jira tusaaleyaal barxadaha iyo darbiyada waaweyn ee dhagaxa ah ee lagu soo dejiyey deegaamada, sida darbiga Wargade. Qaadashada Islaamka ee taariikhda dhexe ee hore ee Soomaaliya waxa ay Islaamku ka keentay Carabta iyo Faaris . Tani waxay kicisay isbeddelka dhismaha ee dhagaxa engegan iyo agabka kale ee la xidhiidha oo loo beddelay dhagaxa kooraska , lebennada qorraxda qallalan , iyo isticmaalka baahsan ee dhagaxa nuuradda ee dhismaha Soomaalida. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah naqshadaha cusub ee naqshadaha, sida masaajidda, ayaa lagu dhisay burburka dhismooyinkii hore, dhaqankaas oo socon doona qarniyada soo socda. ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Warbixin Soomaaliya]] ==Taariikh nololeed== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Diriye Abdullahi |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ |title=Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaaliya |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |series=Dhaqanka iyo caadooyinka Afrika |location=Westport, Conn}} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat iyo Ganacsiga Bariga Afrika, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke |year= 2009 |title= Kacaankii Itoobiya: Dagaalka Geeska Afrika |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Siyaasad, Luuqad, iyo Fikir: Khibradda Soomaalida |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= Qalab Software ah oo loogu talagalay Cilmi-baarista Luuqadda iyo Qaamuusyada: Codsiga Soomaaliga |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mauri |first=Arnaldo |chapter-url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 |title=Nidaamyada Bangiyada Afrika |publisher=[[Cariplo]] – Finafrica |year=1971 |editor-last=Dell'Amore |editor-first=Giordano |location=Milan |pages=209–217 |chapter=Horumarinta Bangiyada Soomaaliya}} * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Gabayada Afka iyo Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |editor-last=Barrington |editor-first=Lowell W. |chapter-url=https://press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch5.pdf |title=Ka Dib Xorriyadda: Samaynta iyo Ilaalinta Qaranka ee Dowladaha Dhacdooyinka Kadib |pages=107–137 |chapter=Laga bilaabo Irredentism ilaa Kala-go'id: Hoos u dhaca Qaranimada Pan-Soomaali |location= Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Shay |first=Shaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqw0DwAAQBAJ |title=Soomaaliya oo is-beddelaysa Tan iyo 2006 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-5390-3 |location=New Brunswick}} * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Boqortooyadii Roomaanka iyo Hindiya |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |author-link1=Aristide Zolberg |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author-link3= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Ka Baxsiga Rabshadaha: Khilaafaadka iyo Qaxootiga Dalalka Horumarka |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Rosati |first1=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169 |title=Soosaarista Xoolaha iyo Sayniska Xoolaha Caalamka |last2=Tewolde |first2=A. |last3=Mosconi |first3=C. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Wageningen Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-8686-034-0 |series=WAAP buugga sanadka |location=Wageningen |page=169}} {{Refend}} ==Xusuusin== {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|audio=Somalia pronunciation (English).wav}} '''Soomaali:''' Soomaaliya [soːmaːlija], qoraalka Osmanya: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; Carabi: الصومال, la turjumay: aṣ-Ṣūmāl '''Soomaali rasmi ah:''' Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Carabi: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية Xuduudka Jabuuti–Soomaaliya waxaa si sharci ah u maamula Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay, laakiin dhab ahaan waxaa gacanta ku haya ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} * [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ "Qaramada Midoobay, Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada, Qaybta Dadweynaha (2022). 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{{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 <nowiki>Buug-gacmeedka Aagga Soomaaliya: La-qorayaasha: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Cilmi-baadhis iyo qoraal ayaa la dhammaystiray Juun 15, 1969</nowiki>] *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo is-casilay iyadoo lagu jiro loolan dhanka awoodda ah"] *[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ Islaam qunyar socod ah ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} *[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Ciidamada Kenya oo la wareegay saldhigii Al-Shabaab ee Soomaaliya] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Soomaaliya: Ergayga Qaramada Midoobay oo sheegay in la furayo baarlamaanka cusub ee Soomaaliya "Xilligii Taariikhiga ahaa"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201 Dhaqamada Horyaala ee Geeska Afrika: Falanqaynta Casrigii Dhagaxa ee Dhaqanka iyo Cimilada ee Somaliland iyo Qaybaha Bari ee Xabashida] *[https://archive.org/stream/geographyofherod00whee/geographyofherod00whee_djvu.txt Juqraafiga Herodotus: Waxaa laga soo sawiray Cilmi-baadhisyo Casri ah iyo daahfurkii] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+sultanate&pg=PA274 Dabeecadda Is-dilitaanka ee Waddamada Muslinka ah ee u badan: Cudurrada faafa, Waxyaabaha halista ah, iyo Ka-hortagga] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/ "Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/ "Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002022805/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2013/10/22/state-sponsored-violence-and-conflict-under-mahamed-siyad-barre-the-emergence-of-path-dependent-patterns-of-violence/ "Rabshadaha iyo colaadaha ay dowladdu soo qabanqaabisay ee Mahamed Siyaad Barre: soo ifbaxa qaabab rabshado ah oo ku tiirsan waddada"] *[https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604082615/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6acb654.html "Somalia: Warbixin ku saabsan qabsashadii magaalada Beled Uen ee United Somali Congress (USC) ee dhamaadkii 1990 ama horraantii 1991 iyo dhibaatadii Daarood ee Beled Uen ee askarta USC"] *[https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "Mashruuca Qiimaynta Khayraadka Uranium-ka Caalamiga ah (IUREP) Warbixinta Hawlgalka Wajiga ee Hanuuninta, Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar Cadan oo hoos imanaysa Gumaysiga Ingiriiska, 1839–1967] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175949/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Soomaaliya waxay horay ugu socotaa ciyaaraha Taekwondo-ga aduunka"] *[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Guul weyn Malta ee K1 Kickboxing"] *[http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf Gudniinka Labka ah iyo AIDS-ka: Saamaynta Dhaqaale-dhaqaale ee Dhibaatada Caafimaadka ee Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, iyo Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Waraaqaha :: Shirarka Horumarinta Jaamacadaha Waqooyi Bari"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006071502/http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html "Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928150305/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Hagaha Doorashada Puntland 2009"] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Iyadoo dhibaatada Soomaaliya ay sii kordhayso, ayay khubaradu u arkaan in ay meesha ka maqan tahay gargaarka"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410 "Beesha Caalamka Oo Soo Dhaweysay Madaxweynaha Cusub Ee Maamulka Kumeel Gaarka Ah Ee Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya"] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7802622.stm "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo xilka ka dagay"] *[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Furitaanka Doodda Shirka Sannadlaha ah ee Sannadlaha, Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu ku booriyay Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah inay saxafada u sheegaan wax ka qabashada faqriga, argagixisanimada, xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, colaadaha"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ Dhaxalkii Gumeysiga ee Soomaaliya: Rome iyo Muqdisho: Laga soo bilaabo Maamulkii Gumeysiga ilaa Howlgalkii Rajada soo celinta] *[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120810180135/http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Soomaaliya oo kor u kacaysa labaatan sano oo dagaal sokeeye iyo qalalaase ka socday"] * ​[https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "Mylonas, Harris. De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations. Somaliland Parade"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab. Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia. Anadolu Agency"] * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"] * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Dinfin Mulupi. Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] [https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698394.001.0001 "James Ker-Lindsay (2012). 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world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia - Britannica"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ |date=20221014163003 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969839-4 |pages=58–59}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ "Ancient Trade and Society - Lionel Casson"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ |date=20160805112006 }} * {{cite book|last1=Suárez|first1=Jorge Alejandro|title=Geopolítica de lo Desconocido|isbn=979-8393720292|page=227}} * {{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=8}} * {{cite book|author=Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe|title=The Collapse of the Somali State|year=1996|isbn=1-874209-91-X|pages=34–35}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 "Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 |date=20230207231426 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations - Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080323/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier - NYT"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html |date=20181128005934 }} * [[suspicious link removed] "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"] * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"] * {{Cite book |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780197690390 |page=111}} * [[suspicious link removed] "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Somali president resigns amid power struggle - The Guardian"] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president - CNN"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16979440 "Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda - BBC News"] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 |date=20220928121250 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab - Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia - Anadolu Agency"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 |date=20230930234435 }} * [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm |date=20131007224547 }} * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ |date=20120627101741 }} * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance - United Nations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |date=20220329160054 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SO Saadaasha Horumarka Muhiimka ah ee Soomaaliya] laga helay [[International Futures]] === Dawladda === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so Albaabka rasmiga ah ee dowladda] – albaabka u furmaya bogagga dowladda * [https://villasomalia.gov.so/en Madaxtooyada] {{Wayback|url=https://villasomalia.gov.so/en |date=20250715221010 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha Soomaaliya * [https://opm.gov.so Ra’iisul Wasaaraha] – bogga rasmiga ah ee ra’iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya * [https://senate.gov.so Aqalka Sare] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya * [http://www.parliament.gov.so Baarlamaanka] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya * [https://nbs.gov.so Xog-ururin] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Xafiiska Qaranka ee Xog-ururinta Soomaaliya === Taariikh === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so/about-somalia "Taariikh"] – Taariikhda Soomaaliya ee bogga Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya === Dalxiis === * [https://tourism.gov.so Waaxda Dalxiiska] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Dalxiiska, Wasaaradda Warfaafinta, Dhaqanka & Dalxiiska === Khariidado === * {{Wikiatlas}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|192799}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Midowga Afrika}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Subject bar|Soomaaliya|Afrika|Dalalka|auto=yes|voy=Soomaaliya}} {{Authority control}} <!-- ugu hooseeya per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - hoosaadka dalalka ee hoostaga qaybaha gobolka --> tsk5i71e2jv8w72cxnf5b8oo3cjbs9l 0 39797 303203 303085 2026-07-22T12:45:04Z ~2026-39539-85 46503 /* Notable figures */ 303203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Eratareya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. ==Distribution== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road (Wadada Madaarka Egal)'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagale) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Wa'eys Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Salah Mohamed *************Osman Salah **************Abokor Osman ***************Hassan Abokor ****************Muuse Hassan ****************Laqshe Hassan ****************Basiralle Hassan ****************Dhimbil Hassan *****************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) ******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) ******************Musa Mohamed *******************Farah Muuse *******************Adawe Muuse *******************Aden Muuse *****************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ******************Abdalle Muse *******************Muse Abdalle ********************Mahamoud Muuse *********************Shirdon Mohamoud **********************Hamud Shirdon **********************Jama Shirdon **********************Geele Shirdon *********************Hildiid Mohamoud **********************Ali Hildiid **********************Osman Hildiid **********************Geedi Hildiid **********************Hersi Hildiid ********************Abdalleh Muuse *********************Jibirl Abdalle **********************Kalil Jibirl ***********************Hersi Kalil ***********************Egal Kalil ***********************Wais Kalil ***********************Ali kalil ************************Said Ali ************************Koshin Ali ************************Arale Ali ************************Osman Ali ************************Guled Ali ************************Amare Ali ************************Boqorreh Ali **********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ***********************Aden Mohamed ************************Benin Aden ************************Nour Aden ************************Ali Aden ************************Adan Aden **********************Abdi Jibril ***********************Ali Abdi ************************Mumin Ali ************************Naleye Ali ************************Hussein Ali *************************Mohamed Hussien *************************Nour Hussein *************************Dirie Hussien **************************Hassan Dirie **************************Aden Dirie **************************Guled Dirie ***************************Abdalle Guled ***************************Mohamed Guled ***************************Jama Guled ***********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ************************Ismail Nour ************************Hersi Nour ************************Gabal Nour ************************Mohamed Nour ***********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ************************Naleye Benin ************************Ahmed Benin ************************Hersi Benin ************************Warfa Benin ************************Samter Benin ************************Abdi Benin ************************Fatah Benin ************************Aden Benin ************************Dirie Benin ************************Farah Benin ************************Dahir Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Guled Benin ************************Shirwa Benin ************************Abane Benin ************************Abdille Benin ************************Yusuf Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Roble Benin ************************Osman Benin ***********************Abdille Abdi ************************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) *************************Ismail Gallab *************************Asker Gallab ***********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ************************Gulled Eiye ************************Sharmake Eiye ***********************Mohamed Abdille ************************Ahmed Mohamed *************************Samter Ahmed *************************Ziyad Ahmed *************************Mayle Ahmed *************************Elmi Ahmed *************************Warfa Ahmed *************************Geedi Ahmed *************************Amanle Ahmed *************************Food Ahmed *************************Roble Ahmed *************************Ainanshe Ahmed *************************Wais Ahmed *************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **************************Ismail Dhible **************************Barre Dhible *************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Osman Abdi **********************Ismail Abdi **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Farah Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Aadan Mooge Hirsi– was a respected SNM freedom fighter and intellectuals * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} j8x4fomt8oxj98fospn431h2oraxvqm 303204 303203 2026-07-22T12:46:10Z ~2026-39539-85 46503 /* Clan tree */ 303204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Eratareya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. ==Distribution== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road (Wadada Madaarka Egal)'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagale) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Wa'eys Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Salah Mohamed *************Osman Salah **************Abokor Osman ***************Hassan Abokor ****************Muuse Hassan ****************Laqshe Hassan ****************Basiralle Hassan ****************Dhimbil Hassan *****************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' ******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) ******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) ******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) ******************Musa Mohamed *******************Farah Muuse *******************Adawe Muuse *******************Aden Muuse *****************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' ******************Abdalle Muse *******************Muse Abdalle ********************Mahamoud Muuse *********************Shirdon Mohamoud **********************Hamud Shirdon **********************Jama Shirdon **********************Geele Shirdon *********************Hildiid Mohamoud **********************Ali Hildiid **********************Osman Hildiid **********************Geedi Hildiid **********************Hersi Hildiid ********************Abdalleh Muuse *********************Jibirl Abdalle **********************Kalil Jibirl ***********************Hersi Kalil ***********************Egal Kalil ***********************Wais Kalil ***********************Ali kalil ************************Said Ali ************************Koshin Ali ************************Arale Ali ************************Osman Ali ************************Guled Ali ************************Amare Ali ************************Boqorreh Ali **********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ************************Benin Aden ************************Nour Aden ************************Ali Aden ************************Adan Aden **********************Abdi Jibril ***********************Ali Abdi ************************Mumin Ali ************************Naleye Ali ************************Hussein Ali *************************Mohamed Hussien *************************Nour Hussein *************************Dirie Hussien **************************Hassan Dirie **************************Aden Dirie **************************Guled Dirie ***************************Abdalle Guled ***************************Mohamed Guled ***************************Jama Guled ***********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ************************Ismail Nour ************************Hersi Nour ************************Gabal Nour ************************Mohamed Nour ***********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ************************Naleye Benin ************************Ahmed Benin ************************Hersi Benin ************************Warfa Benin ************************Samter Benin ************************Abdi Benin ************************Fatah Benin ************************Aden Benin ************************Dirie Benin ************************Farah Benin ************************Dahir Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Guled Benin ************************Shirwa Benin ************************Abane Benin ************************Abdille Benin ************************Yusuf Benin ************************Arale Benin ************************Roble Benin ************************Osman Benin ***********************Abdille Abdi ************************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) *************************Ismail Gallab *************************Asker Gallab ***********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ************************Gulled Eiye ************************Sharmake Eiye ***********************Mohamed Abdille ************************Ahmed Mohamed *************************Samter Ahmed *************************Ziyad Ahmed *************************Mayle Ahmed *************************Elmi Ahmed *************************Warfa Ahmed *************************Geedi Ahmed *************************Amanle Ahmed *************************Food Ahmed *************************Roble Ahmed *************************Ainanshe Ahmed *************************Wais Ahmed *************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **************************Ismail Dhible **************************Barre Dhible *************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Osman Abdi **********************Ismail Abdi **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Farah Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Aadan Mooge Hirsi– was a respected SNM freedom fighter and intellectuals * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 75tp712d7gjabxv10ihapdrj4euduk0 0 40777 303167 267426 2026-07-22T05:26:32Z ~2026-40951-89 46607 303167 wikitext text/x-wiki Wuxu aha abwaan weyn oo somaliyeed dhiwan ayab soo buuxin doona pageja dead 22-july-2026 hk9romvwzi3d7da28m07bub1cu87n39 303187 303167 2026-07-22T10:43:07Z ~2026-41106-38 46610 Waa xiliga uu dhashay. Meesha uu ku dhashay .Xiliga uu magaalo soo galay. Iyo heestii ugu horeysay ee uu sameeyey 303187 wikitext text/x-wiki Abwaan Aadan Tarabi jaamac wuxuu ku dhashay miyiga caynaba 1948, waxa uu ku barbaaray yaraantiisii inta u dhaxaysa sanaag iyo sool, markii danbe-na usoo wareegay berbera. Abwaanku wuxuu sameeyey gabayo iyo heeso badan oo ay qaadaan fanaaniin waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin Aamina abdilaahi, kinsi xaaji aadan. heestii ugu horeysay ee masrax tagta ee uu sameeyey waxay ahyd "goor iyo ayaan" oo ay qaaday shankaroon Axmed. dead 22-july-2026 ardhqa9795kx395o0xru4t3f6emr1i8 0 42375 303210 298392 2026-07-23T09:33:56Z ~2026-40930-65 46626 Waxaan kudary waxyar 303210 wikitext text/x-wiki Xirsi Cismaan 1, Caynaasher Hersi 17jifo 1.1 Sugule Caynaashe waa (17 jifo) 1.2 Guutaale caynaashe (16 jifo) 1.3 Kooshin Caynaashe (7 jifo) 1.4 wacays Caynaashe 1.5 Xirsi Caynaashe 1.6 OmerCaynaashe 1.7 Ahmed Caynaashe 1.8 Samaale Caynaashe 1.9 Maygaag Caynaashe 1.10 Suubaan Caynaashe 1.11 cabdi Caynaashe 1.12 butiye Caynaashe 1.13 Liibaan Caynaashe 1.14 Faarax Caynaashe 1.15 Ciise Caynaashe 1.16 Liibaan Caynaashe 1.17 Guuleed Caynaashe 2. Cali Xirsi 2jifo 2.1 Warsame Cali 2.2 Shirwac cali 3. Saeed Hersi 4jifo 3.1 Wayd siciid 12jifo 3.2 warsame siciid (waraabe) 3.3 Cigaal siciid 3.4 Cabdi siciid 4. Cabdi xirsi 3jifo 4.1 Cawad cabdi 4.2 Diriye Cabdi 4.3 BA baasla 5. Yuusuf Xirsi 5.1 Gobdoon (rer gobdon) 6. Faahiye Hirsi 7. Warsame Xirsi 8.Xildiid Xirsi 4nuihu7cbqm2vzz1o5b6r56r30hdah7 303211 303210 2026-07-23T09:45:41Z ~2026-40930-65 46626 Waxyar ayaan ka badalay 303211 wikitext text/x-wiki Xirsi Cismaan 1, Caynaasher Hersi 17jifo 1.1 Sugule Caynaashe waa (17 jifo) 1.2 Guutaale caynaashe (16 jifo) 1.3 Kooshin Caynaashe (7 jifo) 1.4 wacays Caynaashe 1.5 Xirsi Caynaashe 1.6 OmerCaynaashe 1.7 Ahmed Caynaashe 1.8 Samaale Caynaashe 1.9 Maygaag Caynaashe 1.10 Suubaan Caynaashe 1.11 cabdi Caynaashe 1.12 butiye Caynaashe 1.13 Liibaan Caynaashe 1.14 Faarax Caynaashe 1.15 Ciise Caynaashe 1.16 Liibaan Caynaashe 1.17 Guuleed Caynaashe 2. Cali Xirsi 2jifo 2.1 Warsame Cali 2.2 Shirwac cali 3. Saeed Hersi 4jifo 3.1 Wayd siciid 12jifo 3.1 faarax wayd 3.2 ahmed wayd 3.3 boqorre wayd 3.4 ismail wayd 3.5 kaliil wayd 3.6 buraale wayd 3.7 cabsiiye wayd 3.8 warsame wayd 3.9 cali wayd 3.10 hagar wayd 3.11 sharmaake wayd 3.12 cabdi wayd 3.2 warsame siciid (waraabe) 3.3 Cigaal siciid 3.4 Cabdi siciid 4. Cabdi xirsi 3jifo 4.1 Cawad cabdi 4.2 Diriye Cabdi 4.3 BA baasla 5. Yuusuf Xirsi 5.1 Gobdoon (rer gobdon) 6. Faahiye Hirsi 7. Warsame Xirsi 8.Xildiid Xirsi 73udf1fcfiqeitore7bh5i21b0469nq 303212 303211 2026-07-23T09:51:14Z ~2026-40930-65 46626 /* */ waxyar ayaan kabadalay 303212 wikitext text/x-wiki Xirsi Cismaan 1, Caynaasher Hersi 17jifo 1.1 Sugule Caynaashe waa (17 jifo) 1.2 Guutaale caynaashe (16 jifo) 1.3 Kooshin Caynaashe (7 jifo) 1.4 wacays Caynaashe 1.5 Xirsi Caynaashe 1.6 OmerCaynaashe 1.7 Ahmed Caynaashe 1.8 Samaale Caynaashe 1.9 Maygaag Caynaashe 1.10 Suubaan Caynaashe 1.11 cabdi Caynaashe 1.12 butiye Caynaashe 1.13 Liibaan Caynaashe 1.14 Faarax Caynaashe 1.15 Ciise Caynaashe 1.16 Liibaan Caynaashe 1.17 Guuleed Caynaashe 2. Cali Xirsi 2jifo 2.1 Warsame Cali 2.2 Shirwac cali 3. Saeed Hersi 4jifo 3.1 waraabe saeed 3.2 cabdi saeed 3.3Cigal saeed 3.4 Wayd siciid 12jifo 4.1 faarax wayd 4.2 ahmed wayd 4.3 boqorre wayd 4.4 ismail wayd 4.5 kaliil wayd 4.6 buraale wayd 4.7 cabsiiye wayd 4.8 warsame wayd 4.9 cali wayd 4.10 hagar wayd 4.11 sharmaake wayd 4.12 cabdi wayd 4. Cabdi xirsi 3jifo 4.1 Cawad cabdi 4.2 Diriye Cabdi 4.3 BA baasla 5. Yuusuf Xirsi 5.1 Gobdoon (rer gobdon) 6. Faahiye Hirsi 7. Warsame Xirsi 8.Xildiid Xirsi lhxu8nvj49fn5nbaemfwlocnx6dv23i 10 43392 303119 286039 2026-07-21T15:46:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{1}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> fn8tqid63i93yvrdfxns6x4osbo0iqp 10 43600 303102 286731 2026-07-21T10:26:52Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Spain_(1873–1874).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 303102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Spanish Empire | shortname alias = Spain | flag alias = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg | flag alias-1506 = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg | flag alias-1701 = Flag of Spain (1701–1760).svg | flag alias-1760 = Flag of Spain (1760–1785).svg | flag alias-1785 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag alias-1873 = Flag of Spain (1873–1874).svg | flag alias-1874 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag link = List of Spanish flags | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1506 | var2 = 1701 | var3 = 1760 | var4 = 1785 | var5 = 1873 | var6 = 1874 | related1 = Spain | related2 = Kingdom of Spain </noinclude> }} 4x6zexbxkzv45iy7qz11j3ccflc9oug 10 43601 303103 286732 2026-07-21T10:29:22Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Spain_(1873–1874).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 303103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = History of Spain (1700–1810) | shortname alias = Spain | flag alias = Bandera de España 1701-1760.svg | flag alias-1506 = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg | flag alias-1701 = Bandera de España 1701-1748.svg | flag alias-1748 = Bandera de España 1748-1785.svg | flag alias-1760 = Flag of Spain (1760–1785).svg | flag alias-1785 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag alias-1873 = Flag of Spain (1873–1874).svg | flag alias-1874 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag alias-1931 = Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg | flag alias-1936 = Flag of the Bando Nacional (1936–1938).svg | flag alias-1938 = Flag of Spain (1938–1945).svg | flag alias-1945 = Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg | flag alias-1977 = Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg | flag alias-civil = Flag of Spain (civil).svg | flag alias-civil-1785 = BandMercante1785.svg | flag alias-navy = Naval Jack of Spain.svg | link alias-navy = Spanish Navy | flag alias-marines = Naval Jack of Spain.svg | link alias-marines = Spanish Navy Marines | link alias-army = Spanish Army | link alias-naval = Spanish Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1506 | var2 = 1701 | var3 = 1748 | var4 = 1760 | var5 = 1785 | var6 = 1873 | var7 = 1874 | var8 = 1931 | var9 = 1936 | var10 = 1938 | var11 = 1945 | var12 = 1977 | var13 = civil | var14 = civil-1785 | related1 = Spain | related2 = Spanish Empire | related3 = Spanish Republic | related4 = Spanish State | related5 = Francoist Spain | cat = Spain, Kingdom </noinclude> }} qa8a57brggidc7tx9h6e4f6ne3r5m6u 0 44974 303090 290461 2026-07-20T23:37:20Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:F_O-3-2.jpg|F_O-3-2.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 22 June 2026. 303090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Phyno | image = | image_size = | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = | caption = Phyno oo bandhig faneed ka sameynayay Diseembar 2014 | birth_name = Chibuzor Nelson Azubuike<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amdb.co/artist/phyno/|title=Phyno Biography|website=amdb.co|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105725/https://amdb.co/artist/phyno|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | native_name = | native_name_lang = | alias = *Ezege *Obiagu | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|10|09}} | birth_place = [[Enugu, Enugu State]], Nigeria<ref name="TNT" /> | origin = <!-- This field is reserved for the place Phyno started his music career, not the place his parents are from --> | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --> | death_place = | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Igbo rap]] * [[Hip hop muusig|hip hop]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * heesaa * qoraa heesaha * soo saare rikoodh }} | years_active = 2003–hadda | label = {{hlist|Sputnet|Penthauze}} | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> }} '''Chibuzo Nelson Azubuike''' dhashay 9 Oktoobar 1986), kaasoo xirfad ahaan loo yaqaanPhyno, waareer Nigeria ah, heesaa, heesaa iyo soo saare rikoodh ah Phyno waxa uu ku dhashay kuna barbaarayGobolka Enugulaakiin waxa uu u dhashayGobolka Anambra. Waxa uu xirfadiisa muusiga ka bilaabay soo saare 2003dii waxana uu ugu horrayn ku heesaa afkaIgbo. Albumkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee istuudiyaha No Guts No Glory , kaas oo la sii daayay bishii Maarso 2014, waxa uu soo saaray hal-ku-dhegyada "Qofka Ruuxa", "Man of the Year", "Parcel" iyo "O Set ==Nolosha hore iyo xirfadda muusiga== Waxa uu u dhashay Gobolka Anambra , Chibuzor Nelson Azubuike waxa uu ku dhashay kuna barbaaray Gobolka Enugu . Marxaladdiisa moniker waxa ay ka timid ereyga phenomenal, oo mid ka mid ah asxaabtiisa dugsiga sare uu siiyay. Phyno waxa uu xiiseeyey wax-soo-saarka muusigga intii uu dugsiga sare ku jiray. Markii hore wuxuu rabay inuu noqdo duuliye, laakiin waxaa loo sheegay inuu noqon karo dhakhtar. Waxa uu bartay tumashada durbaanka iyo biyaano ilaa dugsigii sare oo dhan waxana uu sameeyay qaab u gaar ah duubis kasta oo uu maqlo. Wuxuu wax ku bartay maamulka dadweynaha Machadka Maareynta iyo Tignoolajiyada ee Enugu , wuxuuna bilaabay inuu ka faa'iidaysto muusigga sanadka labaad ee uu halkaas joogo. Phyno ayaa u sheegtay Ifeoma Onoye in Mr Raw uu ka mid ahaa dhowr qof oo uu eegayay Wuxuu bilaabay heesaha 2010 wuxuuna u guuray Lagos si uu u sii wato xirfadiisa muusiga ==Farshaxan== Phyno ayaa u sheegay Nigerian Tribune inuu ku kufsado Igbo sababtoo ah wuxuu ixtiraamayaa dhaqankiisa wuxuuna jecel yahay naftiisa. In kasta oo uu ugu horrayn ku kufsado Igbo, haddana wuxuu ku daraa xoogaa Pidgin Nigeria ah iyo Ingiriisi muusiggiisa. Phyno waxay aaminsan tahay in qaybaha muusiggu ka dhigayaan mid aan xuduud lahayn ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20140907010326/http://tribune.com.ng/kleiglight/item/4446-my-wild-hairdo-my-fans-love-it-and-that-s-what-matters-phyno/4446-my-wild-hairdo-my-fans-love-it-and-that-s-what-matters-phyno "Timahayga duurjoogta ah? Taageerayaashaydu way jecel yihiin, taasina waa waxa muhiimka ah - Phyno "] [https://thenet.ng/happy-birthday-cheers-for-phyno-from-olamide-illbliss-lil-kesh-others/ "Dhalasho farxad leh oo farxad leh Phyno oo ka socota Olamide, Illbliss, Lil Kesh, kuwa kale"] [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/152139-olamide-phyno-davido-others-win-big-headies-2013.html "Olamide, Phyno, Davido, kuwa kale ayaa si weyn ugu guuleystay Headies 2013"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140907004432/http://royaltimes.net/entertainment/nbc-bans-wizkid-phynos-song-olamide-wande-coal-should-be-banned-too-charles-novia-reacts/ "NBC waxay mamnuucday Wizkid & Phyno heestii: "Olamide & Wande Coal sidoo kale waa in la mamnuucaa" Charles Novia ayaa ka falceliyay] neeycnqbnt7pdtweqyii6rk8pseamxk 0 45215 303173 290897 2026-07-22T08:10:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mary Lazarus | image = | caption = | birth_name = Mary Lazarus | nationality = [[Nigerian]] | birth_date = <!-- reliable source needed for [[WP:DOB]] --> | birth_place = [[Lagos State]], Hails from Abia State [[Nigeria]] | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Ibadan]] | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Movie producer|}} | years_active = 2002–hadda | children = | awards = Abaalmarinta Filimka Dadka Magaalada ee Aktarada ugu Rajada Badan Sanadka (Ingiriis) ee Abaalmarinta Madadaalada Dadka Magaalada Magaalada sanadka 2018. Abaalmarinta Filimka Dadka Magaalada, Abaalmarinta Filimka Dadka Magaalada Magaalada 2018 | website = }} '''Mary Lazarus''' (dhashay 5tii Maajo) waa atariisho Nayjeeriya ah iyo soo saare filim oo ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Filimka Dadka ee City People ee Aktarada ugu Ballanqaadka badan sanadka (Ingiriis) Abaalmarinta City People Entertainment Awards sanadkii 2018 waxaana loo magacaabay Aktarada ugu Fiican door hoggaamineed isla sanadkaas Abaalmarinta Best of Nollywood. Waxay sidoo kale ku guuleysatay abaalmarinta Aktarada ugu Nabadda badan sanadka. ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Lazarus wuxuu ka soo jeedaa Gobolka Abia ee Nigeria, oo ah juqraafi ahaan koonfur bari ee Nigeria oo ay u badan yihiin dadka Igbo ee Nigeria. Lazarus wuxuu si gaar ah uga soo jeedaa Ismaamulka Ukwa East ee Gobolka Abia, wuxuuna ka dhashay qoys ka kooban sagaal qof oo ka kooban hooyo, aabbe iyo lix walaalo ah oo ay mataano tahay, mid ka mid ah carruurtii ugu dambeysay ee qoyska ay dhaleen oo ay weheliso walaalkeed mataanaha ah oo lagu magacaabo Joseph Laasaros, markii uu qaatay waxbarashada aasaasiga ah iyo dugsiga sare oo uu qaatay Shahaadada Dugsiga Sare iyo Shahaadada Dugsiga Sare ee Galbeedka Afrika siday u kala horreeyaan, waxay codsatay Jaamacadda Ibadan si ay u hesho shahaado jaamacadeed. Waa la aqbalay waxaana loo oggolaaday in ay barato Juquraafiga machadka halkaas oo ay aakhirkii ku qalin jabisay 4.4 celcelis dhibco isugeyn ah oo ay qaadatay B.Sc. shahaadada Juqraafiga. ==Tixraac== [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-lazarus-5-nollywood-movies-featuring-actress/f0486ex.amp"Mary Lazarus 5 filim oo Nollywood ah oo ay ka muuqato atariisho] {{Wayback|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mary-lazarus-5-nollywood-movies-featuring-actress/f0486ex.amp |date=20200228060129 }} [https://www.kemifilani.ng/entertainment/actress-mary-lazarus-laments-bitterly-on-the-tradition-of-burying-people-in-igbo-culture "Aktarada Mary Lazarus waxay si qadhaadh uga cabatay dhaqanka ah in dadka lagu aaso dhaqanka Igbo"] [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/bon-awards-2018-mercy-aigbe-tana-adelana-shine-at-10th-edition/v9fvvnn "Abaalmarinta BON 2018: Mercy Aigbe, Tana Adelana oo iftiimisay daabacaadda 10aad"] mt9euzq3yfp9a129mlrbqu5ww8iqia6 828 45331 303114 291132 2026-07-21T15:36:49Z Isma4l 41797 303114 Scribunto text/plain --[[************************************************************************* This module provides support to the automated taxobox system – the templates Automatic taxobox, Speciesbox, Subspeciesbox, Infraspeciesbox, etc. In particular it is part of the configuration of the system, defining the rank names that are recognized and the way they are displayed in English in taxoboxes and viewed taxonomy templates. *****************************************************************************]] require('strict') local TableRow = '|-\n' local TableEnd = '|}\n' local p = {} -- functions made public local l = {} -- internal functions, kept separate --*************************** CONFIGURATION ********************************* --[[============================ ranks ====================================== Set up a constant to hold the rank names and their English equivalents. If adding to this list, note that rank names containing spaces or - must be enclosed in [' ']. =============================================================================]] local ranks = { --Special cases, alphabetic order alliance = '<i>Alliance</i>', ['basic shell type'] = '<i>Basic shell type</i>', branch = '<i>Branch</i>', clade = '<i>Clade</i>', cladus= '<i>Clade</i>', ['form taxon'] = '<i>Form taxon</i>', grade = '<i>Grade</i>', gradus = '<i>Grade</i>', informal = '<i>Informal group</i>', ['informal group'] = '<i>Informal group</i>', morphotype = '<i>Morphotype</i>', node = '<i>Node</i>', plesion = '<i>Plesion</i>', ['plesion-group'] = '<i>Plesion-group</i>', ['possible clade'] = '<i>Clade?</i>', ['species complex'] = '<i>Species complex</i>', ['species group'] = '<i>Species group</i>', ['species subgroup'] = '<i>Species subgroup</i>', ['stem group'] = '<i>Stem group</i>', supergroup = '<i>Supergroup</i>', ['total group'] = '<i>Total group</i>', --Special virus ranks realm = 'Realm', serotype = 'Serotype', strain = 'Strain', virus = 'Virus', ['virus group'] = 'Group', --Linnaean taxonomy, alphabetic order classis = 'Class', cohort = 'Cohort', divisio = 'Division', domain = 'Domain', epifamilia = 'Epifamily', familia = 'Family', forma = 'Form', genus = 'Genus', grandordo = 'Grandorder', ['grandordo-mb'] = 'Grandorder', --McKenna & Bell version hyperfamilia = 'Hyperfamily', infraclassis = 'Infraclass', infrafamilia = 'Infrafamily', infralegio = 'Infralegion', infralegion = 'Infralegion', infraordo = 'Infraorder', infraphylum = 'Infraphylum', infraregnum = 'Infrakingdom', infratribus = 'Infratribe', legio = 'Legion', legion = 'Legion', magnordo = 'Magnorder', micrordo = 'Microrder', microphylum = 'Microphylum', mirordo = 'Mirorder', ['mirordo-mb'] = 'Mirorder', --McKenna & Bell version nanordo = 'Nanorder', nanophylum = 'Nanophylum', ordo = 'Order', parafamilia = 'Parafamily', parvclassis = 'Parvclass', parvordo = 'Parvorder', phylum = 'Phylum', regnum = 'Kingdom', sectio = 'Section', series = 'Series', species = 'Species', subclassis = 'Subclass', subcohort = 'Subcohort', subdivisio = 'Subdivision', subfamilia = 'Subfamily', subgenus = 'Subgenus', sublegio = 'Sublegion', sublegion = 'Sublegion', subordo = 'Suborder', subphylum = 'Subphylum', subregnum = 'Subkingdom', subsectio = 'Subsection', subseries = 'Subseries', subspecies = 'Subspecies', subterclassis = 'Subterclass', --used in WoRMS subtribus = 'Subtribe', superclassis = 'Superclass', supercohort = 'Supercohort', superdivisio = 'Superdivision', superdomain = 'Superdomain', superfamilia = 'Superfamily', superlegio = 'Superlegion', superlegion = 'Superlegion', superordo = 'Superorder', superphylum = 'Superphylum', superregnum = 'Superkingdom', supersectio = 'Supersection', supertribus = 'Supertribe', tribus = 'Tribe', varietas = 'Variety', zoodivisio = 'Division', zoosectio = 'Section', zooseries = 'Series', zoosubdivisio = 'Subdivision', zoosubsectio = 'Subsection', --trace fossil taxonomy, alphabetic order-->', ichnoclassis = 'Ichnoclass', ichnocohort = 'Ichnocohort', ichnodivisio = 'Ichnodivision', ichnofamilia = 'Ichnofamily', ichnogenus = 'Ichnogenus', ichnograndordo = 'Ichnograndorder', ['ichnograndordo-mb'] = 'Ichnograndorder', --McKenna & Bell version ichnoinfraclassis = 'Ichnoinfraclass', ichnoinfradivisio = 'Ichnoinfradivision', ichnoinfraordo = 'Ichnoinfraorder', ichnolegio = 'Ichnolegion', ichnolegion = 'Ichnolegion', ichnomagnordo = 'Ichnomagnorder', ichnomicrordo = 'Ichnomicrorder', ichnoordo = 'Ichnoorder', ichnoparvordo = 'Ichnoparvorder', ichnospecies = 'Ichnospecies', ['ichnostem-group'] = 'Ichnostem-Group', ichnosubclassis = 'Ichnosubclass', ichnosubdivisio = 'Ichnosubdivision', ichnosubfamilia = 'Ichnosubfamily', ichnosublegio = 'Ichnosublegion', ichnosublegion = 'Ichnosublegion', ichnosubordo = 'Ichnosuborder', ichnosuperclassis = 'Ichnosuperclass', ichnosupercohort = 'Ichnosupercohort', ichnosuperfamilia = 'Ichnosuperfamily', ichnosuperordo = 'Ichnosuperorder', --fossilized egg taxonomy, alphabetic order ooclassis = 'Ooclass', oocohort = 'Oocohort', oofamilia = 'Oofamily', oogenus = 'Oogenus', oomagnordo = 'Oomagnorder', oordo = 'Oorder', oospecies = 'Oospecies', oosubclassis = 'Oosubclass', oosubgenus = 'Oosubgenus', oosubspecies = 'Oosubspecies', oosupercohort = 'Oosupercohort', oosuperordo = 'Oosuperorder', } --[[========================== rank values=================================== Constant to set up a table of numerical values corresponding to 'Linnaean' ranks, with upper ranks having higher values. In a valid taxonomic hierarchy, a lower rank should never have a higher value than a higher rank. The actual numerical values are arbitrary so long as they are ordered. The ranks should be a subset of those in Template:Anglicise ranks. =============================================================================]] local rankValTable = { classis = 1400, cohort = 1100, divisio = 1500, domain = 1700, epifamilia = 802, familia = 800, forma = 100, genus = 600, grandordo = 1005, ['grandordo-mb'] = 1002, hyperfamilia = 805; infraclassis = 1397, infrafamilia = 797, infralegio = 1197, infralegion = 1197, infraordo = 997, infraphylum = 1497, infraregnum = 1597, infratribus = 697, legio = 1200, legion = 1200, magnordo = 1006, microphylum = 1495, micrordo = 995, mirordo = 1004, ['mirordo-mb'] = 1001, nanophylum = 1494, nanordo = 994, ordo = 1000, parafamilia = 800, parvclassis = 1396; -- same as subterclassis parvordo = 996, phylum = 1500, regnum = 1600, sectio = 500, --series = 400, used too inconsistently to check species = 300, subclassis = 1398, subcohort = 1098, subdivisio = 1498, subfamilia = 798, subgenus = 598, sublegio = 1198, sublegion = 1198, subordo = 998, subphylum = 1498, subregnum = 1598, subsectio = 498, subspecies = 298, subterclassis = 1396; -- same as parvclassis subtribus = 698, superclassis = 1403, supercohort = 1103, superdivisio = 1503, superdomain = 1703, superfamilia = 803, superlegio = 1203, superlegion = 1203, superordo = 1003, superphylum = 1503, superregnum = 1603, supersectio = 503, supertribus = 703, tribus = 700, varietas = 200, zoodivisio = 1300, zoosectio = 900, zoosubdivisio = 1298, zoosubsectio = 898, } --***************** Process ranks + English equivalents ********************* --[[======================== angliciseRank ================================== Returns the English language equivalent of a rank name used in a taxonomy template. If the rank name is not in the table of ranks, then the first letter of the rank name is capitalized and used as the English name. If checked=yes, then the generated English name is highlighted in red. If called from a taxonomy template, the page is put in Category:Taxonomy templates using capitalized rank parameters =============================================================================]] function p.doAngliciseRank(rankName, check) rankName = string.gsub(rankName, '_', ' ') -- replace all underscores by spaces -- is rankName capitalized? local testName = string.lower(string.sub(rankName,1,1)) .. string.sub(rankName,2) local wasCapitalized = testName ~= rankName if wasCapitalized then rankName = testName end -- try uncapitalized version if string.sub(rankName, 1,8) == 'unranked' then return '(unranked)' end -- now look for an English version of the rank name local res = ranks[rankName] local notFound = not res if notFound then --rankName is not in the table of recognized ranks; just capitalize rankName res = string.upper(string.sub(rankName,1,1)) .. string.sub(rankName,2) end if check == 'no' then return res elseif notFound then res = '<span style="background-color:#F99">' .. res .. '</span>' -- highlight returned English name end -- tracking caegories required only if called from a taxonomy template local pageTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if pageTitle.nsText == 'Template' and pageTitle.rootText == 'Taxonomy' then if notFound then res = res .. '[[Category:Taxonomy templates using unrecognized rank parameters]]' elseif wasCapitalized then res = res .. '[[Category:Taxonomy templates using capitalized rank parameters]]' end end return res end function p.angliciseRank(frame) local rankName = frame.args[1] local check = frame.args['check'] or 'no' return p.doAngliciseRank(rankName, check) end --[[========================== showRanks ==================================== Returns a wikitable showing all the recognized ranks, how they are shown in taxoboxes, whether they are automatically italicized, and whether they are checked for consistency of rank order. Usage: {{#invoke:Taxobox ranks|showRanks}} =============================================================================]] function p.showRanks(frame) local res = '{| class="wikitable sortable"\n' res = res ..'|+ Ranks recognized in taxonomy templates\n' res = res .. '!style="text-align: left;"|Rank name in<br/>taxonomy<br/>template' res = res .. '!!style="text-align: left;"|Shown in<br/>taxobox as' res = res .. '!! style="text-align: left;" |Taxon name<br/>automatically<br/>italicized?' res = res .. '!! style="text-align: left;" |Rank checked<br/>for consistent<br/>order?' res = res .. '\n' for k, t in pairs(ranks) do res = res .. TableRow .. '|' .. k .. '||' .. t .. '||' .. frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Is italic taxon', args = { k } } .. '||' .. l.hasRankVal(k) .. '\n' end return res .. TableEnd end --************************* Process rank values ***************************** --[[========================= lookupRankVal ================================= Function to look up the arbitrary numerical value of a rank in a rank value table. "Ichno" and "oo" ranks are not stored separately, so if present the prefix is removed. =============================================================================]] function p.lookupRankVal(rank) local rankVal = rankValTable[rank] if not rankVal then -- may be an "ichno" or "oo" rank; try removing "ichno-" or "oo-" local baseRank = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(rank, '^ichno', ''), '^oo', '') if baseRank == 'rdo' then baseRank = 'ordo' end -- if an "ichno" or "oo" rank, lower rank value slightly so it is ok below the base rank rankVal = rankValTable[baseRank] if rankVal then rankVal = rankVal - 0.1 end end return rankVal end --[[=========================== hasRankVal ================================= Utility function to determine whether the rank has a value in rank value table. Returns 'yes' or 'no'. =============================================================================]] function l.hasRankVal(rank) if rank == '' then return 'no' end local rankVal = p.lookupRankVal(rank) if not rankVal then rankVal = 'no' else rankVal = 'yes' end return rankVal end --[[========================== showRankTable ================================ Returns a wikitable showing the ranks and their values as set up in the constant rankValTable. Usage: {{#invoke:Taxobox ranks|showRankTable}} =============================================================================]] function p.showRankTable(frame) local res = '{| class="wikitable sortable"\n|+ Ranks checked in taxonomy templates\n! Rank !! Shown as !! Value\n' for k, v in pairs(rankValTable) do local rankShown = p.doAngliciseRank(k, 'no') res = res .. TableRow .. '|' .. k .. '||' .. rankShown .. '||' .. v .. '\n' end return res .. TableEnd end return p 7j9k1r2lz4zyoczf1fliruybzhsroqx 0 46079 303172 292333 2026-07-22T08:05:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Marisa Drummond | other_names = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|5|3|df=yes}} | birth_name = Marisa Bosman | birth_place = [[Bloemfontein]], [[South Africa]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = [[Koonfur Afrika]]n | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Free State]] | education = | height = | years_active = 2007–hadda | partner = | spouse = Christopher Drummond | children = | awards = | father = | mother = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | occupation = Atariisho, agaasime }} '''Marisa Bosman''' (waxay dhalatay 3 Maajo 1980), oo caan ku ah Marisa Drummond , waa atariisho iyo agaasime Koonfur Afrikaan ah . Waxaa si fiican loogu yaqaanaa doorkeeda taxanaha caanka ah ee Elke Skewe Pot , Stom iyo Isidingo . ==Nolosha shaqsiyeed== Waxay ku dhalatay 3dii Maajo 1980kii Bloemfontein , Koonfur Afrika. Waxay ka qalin jabisay shahaadada BA ee Riwaayadaha iyo Farshaxanka Tiyaatarka Jaamacadda Free State . Kadib waxay u guurtay Johannesburg si ay u sii wadato shaqadeeda jilitaanka Waxay guursatay Christopher Drummond ka dib markii ay dhashay ilmaheeda Annabel, waxay la ildarnayd niyad-jabka dhalmada kadib (PND) saddexdii bilood ee ugu dambeysay, waxay ku dhacday cudurka pre-eclampsia . Kadib waxay foolatay saddex toddobaad ka hor waxayna u baahday qalliin degdeg ah oo Caesarean ah . ==Tixraac== [https://www.mediclinicinfohub.co.za/youre-stronger-fix-thing/ 'Adigaa ka xoog badan tan. Hagaaji waxani.'"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.mediclinicinfohub.co.za/youre-stronger-fix-thing/ |date=20251210114743 }} [https://www.mediclinicinfohub.co.za/marisa-drummond-postnatal-depression/ "Marisa Drummond oo ku saabsan niyad-jabka dhalmada kadib"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.mediclinicinfohub.co.za/marisa-drummond-postnatal-depression/ |date=20240308091411 }} 0lohmqwh8h1nhs785xk50iwwhh7vm2e 0 47630 303159 300751 2026-07-22T01:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Helitaanka biyaha la cabbo iyo nadaafadda ee Aljeeriya''' waxaa lagu gartaa guulo iyo caqabado. Guulaha waxaa ka mid ah koror weyn oo ku yimid xaddiga biyaha la cabbo ee laga keeno haro-biyoodyada, wareejinta biyaha ee masafada dheer iyo sifaynta biyaha badda iyadoo qiimo jaban lagu siiyo macaamiisha, taasoo ay ku mahadsan tahay dakhliga weyn ee dalku ka helo saliidda iyo gaaska. Tallaabooyinkan ayaa kordhiyey helitaanka biyaha ee qofkiiba in kasta oo dadku ay si degdeg ah u kordhayeen. Guul kale ayaa ah u guuritaanka helitaanka biyaha ee dalka caasimaddiisa Aljeers laga soo bilaabo kuwo goos-goos ah loo beddelay biyo joogto ah sanadkii 2011, iyadoo ay weheliso horumar ballaaran oo lagu sameeyay daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah taasoo keentay tayada biyaha oo wanaagsanaata ee xeebaha. Guulahan waxaa suurtagaliyay iskaashi dowladda iyo shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo Faransiis ah oo qaabilsan biyaha.<ref name=SEEAL/> Tirada dhirta daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee dalka oo dhan ayaa si degdeg ah uga korortay kaliya 18 sanadkii 2000 iyadoo gaartay 113 sanadkii 2011, iyadoo 96 kale ay dhismo ku jiraan.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa kale oo jira caqabado badan. Mid ka mid ah waa tayada adeegga oo liidata magaalooyin badan oo ka baxsan Aljeers iyadoo 78% dadka ku nool magaalooyinka ay dhibaataysan yihiin [[helitaanka biyaha ee goos-gooska ah]].<ref name=Terra/> Caqabada kale ayaa ah wasakhowga khayraadka biyaha. Waxaa kale oo jiray horumar aan ku filnayn oo ku saabsan dib-u-isticmaalka biyaha la daawayntay, taasoo ah ahmiyad dowladeed oo dalkan qallalan leeyahay. ==Helitaanka== [[File:Fontaine dans la haute Casbah Alger.JPG|thumb|300px|Isha biyaha dhaqanka ah sida midda ku taal magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Aljeers waxaa lagu beddelayaa tuubooyinka biyaha la cabbo ee guryaha.]] Sanadkii 2015, dalka Aljeeriya 84% dadka waxay haysteen helitaanka biyo "la hagaajiyey", 84% iyo 82%, meelaha magaalooyinka iyo miyiga, siday u kala horreeyaan. Sanadkii 2015, waxaa weli jiray ku dhowaad 7 milyan oo aan haysan helitaanka biyo "la hagaajiyey". Marka la eego nadaafadda, 88% dadka waxay haysteen helitaanka nadaafad "la hagaajiyey", 90% iyo 82%, meelaha magaalooyinka iyo miyiga, siday u kala horreeyaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://washwatch.org/en/countries/algeria/summary/statistics/|title=WASHwatch.org – Algeria|website=washwatch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-12|archive-date=2019-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918164536/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/algeria/summary/statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</ref> Sida ay sheegtay QM, 83% dadka Aljeeriya waxay haysteen helitaanka [[isha biyaha la hagaajiyey]] sanadkii 1978, oo ay ku jiraan 74% kuwaas oo haystay helitaanka biyaha la cabbo ee goobahooda. Inta kale waxay helayeen ilo, tubooyinka dadweynaha, ceelal la ilaaliyo ama ilo la ilaaliyo, badankoodu meelaha miyiga ah. 95% dadka Aljeeriya waxay haysteen helitaanka [[nadaafadda la hagaajiyey]].<ref name="JMP table" /> Dawladda Aljeeriya waxay sheegtay in helitaanka biyaha ay ka sarreyso tan ka muuqata isbaxshiga QM, iyadoo 93% lagu xiray shabakadaha biyaha la cabbo sanadkii 2010. Waxay kale oo ay sheegtay in 86% dadka ay ku xiran yihiin shabakadaha bulaacadaha.<ref name="Bouteflika">[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7327833.html Algeria's drinking water supply increases by 3 times within a decade: president], Xinhua, 22 March 2011</ref> ==Tayada adeegga== Kaliya 22% dadka ku nool magaalooyinka Aljeeriya ayaa hela biyo 24 saac maalintii. 34% waxay helaan biyo kaliya hal sano maalintii, 24% labadii maalintoodba mar iyo 14% kaliya saddexdii maalintoodba mar.<ref name=Terra>Messaoud Terra from the Ministry of Water Resources quoting AdE figures, quoted in Algérie-Focus: [http://www.algerie-focus.com/blog/2013/08/un-algerien-sur-quatre-na-leau-potable-quun-jour-sur-deux/ Un Algérien sur quatre n’a l’eau potable qu’un jour sur deux]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 19 August 2013</ref> Gobollada qaar biyaha waxay yimaadaan kaliya 10-kii maalmoodba mar, sida [[Degmada Bouzeguène]] iyo degmooyinka kale ee gobolka [[Kabylie]]. Yaraantan waxaa sabab u ah fulinta liidata iyo dhammaystir la'aanta hawshooda, dayactirka xun iyo xiriirada sharci-darrada ah ee badan ee shabakadda. Dadka deegaanka waxay biyaha ku kaydsadaan taangiyo ama caagado guryahooda, ama waxay ka buuxsadaan caagadaha munaaradaha biyaha gaar ahaan xilliga xagaaga.<ref>Kamel Kaci: [http://observers.france24.com/content/20121210-algeria-kabylie-water-shortage-bouzeguene Water shortages in northern Algeria: “Washing and cooking have become luxuries”], France 24, 10 December 2012</ref> Magaalada [[Sétif]] ee ku taal Waqooyiga Bari ee Aljeeriya yaraanta biyaha waxay keentay dibad-baxyo iyo isku-dhacyo dhexmaray booliska.<ref>Middle East Online:[http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=61157 Algeria's Setif region fumes: Water shortages trigger protests], 2013-09-05</ref> Taa beddelkeeda, magaalada Aljeers helitaanka biyo joogto ah ayaa la aasaasay iyadoo la kaashanayo shirkad gaar loo leeyahay oo Faransiis ah, SUEZ, sanadkii 2011.<ref name=SEEAL>Jean-Marc Jahn, CEO of SEEAL: SEEAL performance in Algiers:From 8% to 100% 24/7 water supply in 3.5 years, in: Global water summit 2011:Focusing on performance, Global Water Intelligence 2011, p. 46-49.</ref> ==Khayraadka biyaha iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha== Biyaha la cabbo ee Aljeeriya waxay ka yimaadaan khayraadka caadiga ah – biyaha dusha sare iyo biyaha dhulka hoose – iyo sidoo kale khayraadka aan caadiga ahayn sida sifaynta biyaha badda. ===Khayraadka biyaha ee caadiga ah=== [[image:Taksebt Dam, Tizi Ouzou Province (Algéria).jpg|thumb|300px|Haro-biyoodyadu waa il weyn oo laga helo biyaha la cabbo ee Aljeeriya. Tusaale ahaan, haro-biyoodka Taksebt wuxuu siiyaa biyo la cabbo dadka deggan saddex gobol.]] Maadaama roobabku ay yihiin kuwo xilliyeed ah, biyaha dusha sare waxaa lagu kaydiyaa 72 haro-biyood oo leh wadarta awoodda wax-soo-saarka oo gaaraysa 7.4 bilyan m³ sanadkii 2009.<ref name=Takheroubt/> Badankooda biyahan waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka. Wadarta guud ee biyaha la cabbo ee la bixiyo waxay ahayd qiyaastii 2.8 bilyan m³ sanadkii.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Mid ka mid ah nidaamyada haro-biyoodka ugu weyn Aljeeriya waa dhismaha Beni Haroun ee [[Gobolka Mila]] kaas oo biyaha waraabka iyo biyaha la cabbo siiya 4 milyan oo qof oo ku nool lix gobol oo ku yaalla Bariga Aljeeriya. Nidaam kale oo weyn waa dhismaha Taksebt ee [[Tizi Ouzou]] ee Kabylie. Waxay siisaa saddex gobol, oo ay ku jiraan qaybo ka mid ah caasimadda [[Aljeers]], biyo la cabbo. [[Gobolka Bouïra]], biyaha waxaa laga keenaa biyo-xireenka Koudiat Acerdoune. Mashruuca ugu dheer ee wareejinta biyaha ee Aljeeriya, ee loogu magac daray "mashruucii qarniga", wuxuu ka wareejiyaa biyaha dhulka hoose ee aan dib u cusboonaan karin [[In Salah]] ilaa [[Tamanrasset]] ee Saxaraha isagoo dhexmaraya masaafo dhererkeedu yahay 750&nbsp;km.<ref name=Takheroubt>Brahim TAKHEROUBT: [http://www.semide.dz/FR/news/news_item.asp?NewsID=13090200 L'eau c'était lui!]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, L'Expression, 2 September 2013</ref> Waxaa la dhammaystiray sanadkii 2011 iyadoo ku kacday qiimo dhan US$2.5 bilyan.<ref>Algeria Press Service:[http://www.aps.dz/Algeria-s-experience-in-water,106511.html Algeria’s experience in water resources management presented in Cairo], 6 June 2013</ref> Qaybaha qaar ee dalka, sida dooxooyinka [[El Oued]] iyo [[Ouargla]], kor u kaca heerka biyaha dhulka hoose sababtoo ah dheecaanka ka imanaya taangiyada bulaacadaha ayaa ahaa dhibaato weyn. Laba bilaabay sanadkii 2005 iyadoo ay ku kacday ku dhowaad US$1 bilyan ayaa bulaacado la dhigay, saldhigyo bamka ah iyo dhirta daawaynta ayaa la dhisay si loogu gudbiyo [[biyaha dib loo soo celiyey]] meelaha beeraha si dib loogu isticmaalo.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Wasakhowga khayraadka biyaha ayaa gaaray heer laga walwalo. Biyaha dhulka hoose ee ku yaal bannaanada Mitidja ee u dhow Aljeers waxaa wasakheeyay amooniyam, biyaha dhulka hoose ee aagga xeebaha badanaa waxaa waxyeelleeyay biyo cusbo leh oo badda ka soo gala sababtoo ah bamgariinka xad-dhaafka ah. Tani waa xaaladda aagagga Oran, Aljeers iyo [[Jijel]]. Qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wabiyada Tafna, Macta, [[Chéliff]], Soummam iyo Seybousse waa wasakheysan yihiin. Qaar ka mid ah, sida wabiga ugu weyn dalka, Chéliff oo siiya aagga Oran, waxaa loo isticmaalaa bixinta biyaha la cabbo. Aagga [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] heerka [[manganis]] iyo [[koloraydh]] ee biyaha la cabbo wuxuu ku dhowaa kuwa ay oggoshahay WHO markay ahayd 2004.<ref>UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO): [https://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/DZA/index.stm Algérie], Aquastat, 2005</ref> ===Khayraadka biyaha ee aan caadiga ahayn=== ==== Sifaynta biyaha ==== Aljeeriya waxay lahayd 15 warshadood oo sifaynta biyaha badda ah oo ku yaal xeebteeda sanadkii 2011 iyadoo leh awood 2.3 milyan m³/maalintii. Waxay qorshaynaysaa inay dhisto 43 kale ilaa 2019. Dhowr warshadood oo sifaynta biyaha ah ayaa siiya aagga [[Oran]] oo ah meel si gaar ah ugu liidata biyaha. Midda ugu horreysay waxaa xadhigga laga jaray sanadkii 2005 iyadoo wadata magaca Kahrama oo u dhow aagga warshadaha ee [[Arzew]]. 20,000 m³/maalintii waxaa la siiyaa warshadaha halka 70,000 m³/maalintii la siiyo magaalada. Laba warshadood oo ka yar ayaa shaqo bilaabay dhowr bilood ka dib. Sanadkii 2009 wajigii kowaad ee warshad aad u weyn oo leh awood 200,000 m³/maalintii ayaa wax-soo-saar laga bilaabay Chatt el Hilal si loo siiyo [[Aïn Témouchent]] iyo Oran. Warshad kale oo 200,000 m³/maalintii ah oo ku taal [[Mostaganem]] ayaa dhismo ku jirtay markay ahayd 2010, iyo sidoo kale warshad ku taal Mactaa oo leh awood 500,000 m³/maalintii, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah warshadaha ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>SEOR: [http://www.seor.dz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94&Itemid=137 Dessalement de l'eau de mer], retrieved on November 2, 2013</ref> Ka hor intaan la dhammaystirin warshadda Mactaa, warshadda Hamma ee Aljeers oo la dhammaystiray sanadkii 2008 waxay ahayd warshadda ugu weyn ee sifaynta biyaha ee Afrika iyadoo leh awood 200,000 m³/maalintii.<ref>Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC):[http://www.opic.gov/projects/hamma Hamma Water Desalination: Bringing drinking water to the desert] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opic.gov/projects/hamma |date=20141027235801 }}, no date, retrieved on 3 November 2013</ref>[[File:Mouton buvant au milieu des poissons morts.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Wasakhowga biyaha waa arrin halis ah Aljeeriya, sida halkan ka muuqata Oued Soummam.]] ==== Dib-u-isticmaalka biyaha ==== Dib-u-isticmaalka biyaha wasakhda ah ee la daawayntay ee waraabka waa ahmiyad si weyn u leh qaranka. Digreetada dawladda – Digreetada lambarkeedu yahay 07-149 ee May 20, 2007 – waxay dejisay habraacyada lagu siinayo oggolaanshaha isticmaalka biyaha la soo celiyey ee waraabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markay ahayd 2010 kaliya 510 hektar ayaa lagu waraabiyey biyo la soo celiyey. Qiyaastii 3,800 hektar oo kale ayaa si buuxda loogu qalabeeyay dib-u-isticmaalka iyadoo aan la hawlgelin. Daraasado ku saabsan mashaariic dheeri ah oo loogu talagalay waraabka 9,800 hektar oo kale oo biyo la soo celiyey ah ayaa la dhammaystiray.<ref name="MWR AWC" /> ===Kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha=== [[Nidaamka qaybinta biyaha]] ee Aljeeriya dhererkiisu waa 105,000&nbsp;km.<ref name=Terra/> AdE waxay maamushaa shabakad dhererkeedu yahay 50,000&nbsp;km iyo sidoo kale 2,528 ceelal, 72 warshadood oo daawaynta biyaha ah, 10 warshadood oo sifaynta biyaha ah, 1,141 saldhig oo bamka ah iyo 4,798 haro-biyood ah.<ref name="AdE Organisation">{{cite web|title=Organisation|url=http://www.ade.dz/index.php/l-entreprise-2/organisation|publisher=AdE|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-date=13 Bisha Afraad 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413082741/http://www.ade.dz/index.php/l-entreprise-2/organisation|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nidaamka bulaacadaha dhererkiisu waa 41,000&nbsp;km waxaana jira 113 warshadood oo dawladeed oo daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah ah, oo ay ku jiraan 56 isticmaala tiknoolajiyada dhiatada firfircoon (activated sludge) iyo 67 warshadood oo inta badan ka yar oo isticmaala noocyo kala duwan oo tiknoolajiyada harada ah (lagoon technologies). Waxaa dalka ka jiray kaliya 18 warshadood sanadkii 2000; 96 warshadood oo kale ayaa dhismo ku jiray sanadkii 2011.<ref name="MWR AWC">Ministry of Water Resources:[http://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf ALGERIA REPORT COUNTRY] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Algeria-Country-Report.pdf |date=20130512233002 }}, presented by Hassina Hammouche, Chief Engineer DAPE, 22–24 May 2011, Dubai, retrieved on November 3, 2013</ref> ==Isticmaalka biyaha== [[File:Oran mer.jpg|thumb|300px|Magalada Oran oo ku taal qaybta galbeed ee qallalan ee Aljeeriya waxay aad ugu tiirsan tahay sifaynta biyaha, ka dib markii ay la dhibaataysatay abaaro daba dheeraaday.]] Sida laga soo xigtay ilo dowladeed, sanadkii 2011 celcelis ahaan wax-soo-saarka biyaha wuxuu gaaray ilaa 170 litir qofkiiba maalintii.<ref name=Bouteflika/> Markay ahayd sanadkii 2000, wax-soo-saarka biyaha ee qofkiiba wuu ku kala duwanaa qaybaha kala duwan ee dalka. Wuxuu ugu sarreeyay Ghardaïa oo ahaa 220 litir qofkiiba maalintii, wuxuuna ugu hooseeyay Sidi Bel Abbès oo ahaa kaliya 65 litir. [[Oran]] iyo Mostaganem wax-soo-saarka biyaha wuxuu ahaa kaliya 70 litir. Isticmaalka biyaha ee dhabta ah ayaa ka hooseeya tirooyinka kor ku xusan sababtoo ah lumitaanka qaybinta biyaha. Biyaha dakhliga aan keenin, oo ka kooban khasaare jireed iyo mid maamul, ayaa lagu qiyaasay 40% sanadkii 2004.<ref name=SOGESID>SOGESID, for SEMIDE-EMWIS:[http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/semide/PDF/Sogesid-algeria Approvisionnement en eau et assainissement au niveau local:Rapport par pays - Algérie] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emwis.org/countries/fol749974/semide/PDF/Sogesid-algeria |date=20221126095548 }}, Novembre 2005, p. 4 and p. 16-17</ref> ==Masuuliyadda bixinta biyaha iyo nadaafadda== ===Siyaasadda iyo nidaaminta=== Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha ayaa mas'uul ka ah dejinta siyaasadda bixinta biyaha la cabbo iyo nadaafadda, iyo sidoo kale maamulka khayraadka biyaha. Wasaaradda dhexdeeda waxaa ku yaal agaasime biyaha la cabbo ah iyo agaasime kale oo nadaafadda iyo deegaanka ah. Wasaaraddu waxay kaloo leedahay 48 laamood gobol kasta (wilaya) oo Aljeeriya ah. ===Bixinta adeegga=== 80% nidaamyada qaybinta biyaha ee Aljeeriya waxay hoos yimaadaan mas'uuliyadda Algérienne des Eaux (AdE), oo ah shirkad dowladeed.<ref name="AdE Organisation"/> Inta badan nidaamyada bulaacadaha waxay hoos yimaadaan mas'uuliyadda Office National d'Assainissement (ONA). Labada hay'adoodba waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 2001 waxayna hoos tagaan kormeerka Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha oo la aasaasay sanad ka hor.<ref name=ONA/> AdE waxay u adeegtaa 3.4 milyan oo macaamiil ah oo ku nool 814 ka mid ah 1,541 degmo. Sharciga wuxuu farayaa kaliya inaysan bixin adeegga biyaha, laakiin sidoo kale inay dhiirigeliso dhowrista biyaha iyo inay kordhiso wacyiga dadweynaha. Shirkaddu waxay maamushaa nidaamyo ballaaran oo gudbinta biyaha ah kuwaas oo biyaha u wareejiya masafada dheer, badanaana daboola dhowr gobol. AdE waxay leedahay laamood (unités) mid kasta oo ka mid ah 48-da gobol ee dalka. Afarta magaalo ee ugu waaweyn Aljeeriya, shirkad ay wadaagaan AdE iyo ONA ayaa bixisa adeegyada biyaha iyo nadaafadda: * SEEAL ee [[Aljeers]] iyo dariska [[Tipaza]], * SEACO ee [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], * SEOR ee [[Oran]], iyo * SEATA ee [[Annaba]] iyo dariska [[El Taref]]. Qaybaha kale ee aagga adeeggeeda, AdE waxay si toos ah u bixisaa adeegyada biyaha iyadoo u dhexmarta 15 "aag", mid kastaaba wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba ilaa afar gobol. Sanadkii 2014, AdE waxay lahayd 25,000 oo shaqaale ah.<ref name="AdE Organisation"/> ONA waxay maamushaa nidaamyada nadaafadda magaca 708 degmo waxayna leedahay wax ka badan 8,000 oo shaqaale ah.<ref name=ONA>ONA:[http://www.ona.dz/article/l-ona-en-chiffres.html ONA en chiffres] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ona.dz/article/l-ona-en-chiffres.html |date=20220618020353 }}, retrieved on November 2, 2013</ref> Waxay maamushaa 68 warshadood oo daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah, qiyaastii kala badh warshadaha dalka. Inta kale waxaa maamula shirkado gaar loo leeyahay oo ku shaqeeya qandaraasyada maamulka ee magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ama degmooyinka.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Shirkadda Tamarta ee Aljeeriya (AEC) waxay horumarisaa warshadaha korontada iyo sidoo kale warshadaha sifaynta biyaha. Waa laan ka mid ah [[Sonatrach]] iyo [[Sonelgaz]]. {{see also|Water privatization in Algeria}} Qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay waxay maamushaa nidaamyada bixinta biyaha iyo nadaafadda ee saddex magaalo oo waaweyn, kuwaas oo kala ah Aljeers, Oran iyo Constantine, iyadoo la raacayo qandaraasyada maamulka ee ay la leeyihiin AdE iyo ONA. ==Arrimaha maaliyadda== ===Maalgashiga iyo maalgelinta=== [[File:Iharen.jpg|thumb|300px|Aagga Tamanrasset ee Saxaraha Aljeeriya wuxuu ka faa'iidaystay wareejinta biyaha ee masaafo dhererkeedu yahay 750km, kaas oo la dhammaystiray sanadkii 2001 iyadoo ay ku kacday 2.5 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah.]] Aljeeriya waxay qorshaynaysaa inay maalgashato 20 bilyan oo doolarka Maraykanka ah qaybta biyaha inta lagu jiro Qorshaha Shanta Sano ah 2010–2014.<ref name=Eldjazair>{{cite web |first=Ammar |last=Belhimer |author-link=Ammar Belhimer |publisher=Eldjazair |url=http://www.eldjazaircom.dz/index.php?id_rubrique=263&id_article=2638 |title=L'eau, une priority de l'État |trans-title=Water, a priority of the State |language=fr |access-date=November 3, 2013}}</ref> Biyo-xireenada, kuwaas oo u taagnaa 43% maalgashiga biyaha ee 1995–2004, waxay sii qabsanayaan diiradda muhiimka ah ee maalgashiga biyaha.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> Inta badan maalgashiga waxaa maalgelisa dowladda Aljeeriya oo ka helaysa dakhliga weyn ee saliidda iyo gaaska. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warshado badan oo sifaynta biyaha ah waxaa maalgeliyey maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeye iyada oo loo marayo qandaraasyada [[Build-Operate-Transfer]] (BOT). ===Qiimaha iyo soo celinta kharashka=== Asaasiga sharciga ah ee qiimaha biyaha iyo nadaafadda waa Digreetada 05-13 ee January 9, 2005, ee ku saabsan siyaasadda qiimaha (politique de tarification). Waxay cayimaysaa shan aag oo qiimaha ah: aagagga biyaha ee Aljeers, Oran, Constantine, Chlef iyo Ouargla oo wada daboolaya dalka oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ficil ahaan qiimaha biyaha iyo nadaafadda waa isku mid dhamaan aagagga, iyadoo qiimuhu yahay kaliya 3 boqolkiiba ka hooseeya aagga [[Chlef]] iyo qiyaastii 8 boqolkiiba ka hooseeya aagga Ouargla marka loo barbar dhigo saddexda aag ee kale. Qiimuhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay qayb go'an iyo qayb isbedbedesha. Digreetada waxay kale oo ay qeexaysaa saddex qaybood oo isticmaala ah: kuwa deegaanka; maamulka iyo adeegyada; iyo sidoo kale warshadaha iyo dalxiiska. Qaybta qiimaha isbedbedesha ee isticmaalayaasha deegaanka waxay ku kordheysaa qaybaha isticmaalka (consumption blocks). Kan ugu sarreeya afarta qaybood wuxuu 6.5 jeer ka qaalisan yahay kan ugu hooseeya. Qiimaha labada qaybood ee kale ee isticmaalaha wuxuu u dhigmaa qiimaha qaybta ugu sarreysa ee isticmaalka deegaanka.<ref name="SOGESID"/> Qiimuhu waa mid aad u hooseeya oo aad uga fog inuu daboolo kharashka saadka. Kor u kaca qiimaha waa inay ansixiso dowladda qaranka. Qaybta koowaad ee qiimaha deegaanka, ee sidoo kale loo yaqaan "qaybta bulshada" (tranche sociale), waxaa la dacwaynayaa ilaa isticmaalka 25 mitir kuyuubik rubucii, taasoo u dhiganta 55 litir qofkiiba maalintii qoys ka kooban shan qof. Sanadkii 2005 qiimahani wuxuu ahaa 6.3 Diinaarka Aljeeriya halkii mitir kuyuubik ama 9 Senti oo Maraykan ah aagagga Aljeers, Oran iyo Constantine.<ref name=Boukhari>Boukhari S, Djebbar Y, Abida H:[http://www.iwra.org/congress/2008/resource/authors/abs412_article.pdf Prix des services de l’eau en Algérie, un outil de gestion durable] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iwra.org/congress/2008/resource/authors/abs412_article.pdf |date=20231203101810 }}</ref> Sanadkii 2014, qiimahani wuxuu ahaa mid isbeddelin sida ku cad websaydhka AdE.<ref>[http://www.ade.dz/index.php/espace-client/procedure-de-branchement AdE: La tarification de l'eau potable] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ade.dz/index.php/espace-client/procedure-de-branchement |date=20220628232639 }}, retrieved on March 27, 2014</ref> Qiimahani wuxuu qiyaastii 20 jeer ka hooseeyaa qiimaha biyaha ee Bartamaha Yurub. Qiimaha bulaacadaha xitaa waa ka hooseeyaa qiimaha biyaha. Isticmaalayaasha deegaanka ee qaybta koowaad ee aagagga [[Aljeers]], [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] iyo [[Annaba]] waa 2.35 diinaarka Aljeeriya halkii mitir kuyuubik ama 3 senti oo Maraykan ah.<ref name="MWR AWC"/> ==Iskaashiga dibadda== Midowga Yurub (EU), iyada oo loo marayo Guddiga Yurub, waa tanaasul muhiim ah oo dibadda ah oo loogu talagalay qaybta biyaha ee Aljeeriya. Waxay bixisay deeq lacageed oo dhan 30 milyan oo Euro sanadkii 2011 si loo taageero nadaafadda iyada oo loo marayo barnaamij la yiraahdo EAU II. Deeq hore oo 20 milyan oo Euro ah oo la oran jiray EAU I ayaa lagu maalgeliyey casriyeynta Qorshaha Biyaha Qaranka, qorshe hawleedka biyo-xireenka Ghrib, nidaamka digniinta rasmiga ah iyo saadaasha daadadka ee Sidi Bel Abbès iyo nidaamka diiwaangelinta elektaroonigga ah ee Wasaaradda Khayraadka Biyaha.<ref>Algeriainvest: [http://www.adnsolution.net/invest/index.php?news=156 Programme d'assainissement de l'eau en Algérie : Un plan de 4 milliards de DA]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 25 July 2011</ref> Sanadkii 2011 Société Wallonne des Eaux (SWDE) ee dalka Beljimka iyo AdE waxay kala saxiixdeen qandaraas mataano ah si loo horumariyo kormeerka tayada biyaha. Qandaraasku wuxuu lahaa muddo 18 bilood ah waxaana taageeray Midowga Yurub.<ref>{{cite web|title=Activités de Jumelage en 2011: Algérie – Qualité de l'eau|url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/overview/documents/activity-report-2011_fr.pdf|publisher=EU|access-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> Waxaa ku xigay qandaraas labaad oo lahaa muddo saddex sano ah oo la saxiixay December 2013.<ref>AdE:[http://www.ade.dz/index.php/projets-2/partenariat/10-signature-d-une-convention-de-cooperation-ade-swde Signature d’une convention de coopération ADE/SWDE] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ade.dz/index.php/projets-2/partenariat/10-signature-d-une-convention-de-cooperation-ade-swde |date=20141129215455 }}, retrieved on March 27, 2014. the city's water and sanitation systems have been the focus of upgrades and improvements, aiming to meet international standards</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.mre.dz/com/ Ministère des Ressources en Eau] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mre.dz/com/ |date=20140329104123 }} * [http://www.ade.dz/ Algérienne des Eaux] * [http://www.seor.dz/ La Société de l'eau et de l'Assainissement d'Oran (SEOR)] afagy9zaxje9fc35wimuh7c0sdtbfsx 0 47701 303094 299063 2026-07-21T03:34:39Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Large.P1110381.JPG.2112e0146a8ac5a6b77dd52809fcfdd6.jpg|Large.P1110381.JPG.2112e0146a8ac5a6b77dd52809fcfdd6.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Didym|Didym]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensing|Commons: 303094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |infobox_caption=''Naxos Jet'' |display_title=ital |section1={{Infobox ship/image | image = |image_caption = Naxos Jet oo ku sugan [[Irakleia, Cyclades|Irakleia]] }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career | country =Giriigga | flag = {{shipboxflag|Greece}} | name = *1992–1994: ''Seacat Scotland'' *1994–1995: ''Q Ship Express'' *1995–2007: ''Seacat Scotland'' *2007-2007: ''Shikra'' *2007–2010: ''Al Huda II'' *2010–2016: ''Cyclades Express'' *2016–Hadda: ''Naxos Jet'' | namesake = | owner = | operator = *1992–1994: [[SeaCat]] *1994–1995: [[Q Ships]] *1995–1997: [[SeaCat]] *1997–1998: [[Navegacion Atlantica]] *1998–2003: [[SeaCat]] *2003–2004: [[Hoverspeed]] *2004–2007: laid up *2007–2010: [[Fortune Maritime]] *2010–2016: [[NEL Lines]] *2016–hadda: [[Seajets]] | registry = *1992–1997: {{flag|Bahamas}} *1997–2007: {{flag|United Kingdom|civil}} *2007–2010: {{flag|Panama}} *2010–hadda: {{flag|Greece|civil}} | builder = [[Incat]], Awstraaliya | yard_number = 028 | route = | ordered = | awarded = | laid_down = | launched = 29 Oktoobar 1991 | christened = | completed = | maiden_voyage = 1992 | in_service = 1992 | out_of_service = | renamed = | homeport = | identification = {{IMO Number|8919518}} | status = Adeegga ku jira. | notes = | badge = }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics | hide_header = | header_caption = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/seacat_scotland_1992.htm|title = HSC Seacat Scotland (1992)}}</ref> | class = | type = | tonnage = {{GT|3,003}} | length = {{convert|74|m|ft|abbr=on}} | beam = {{convert|26|m|ft|abbr=on}} | draught = {{convert|2.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} | propulsion = *4 × [[Ruston (engine builder)|Ruston]] 16RK 270 matoorro naafto ah *4 × [[Wartsila|Lips]] water-jets | speed = {{convert|36|kn|km/h}} | range = | capacity = *500 rakaab ah *88 gaadiid ah | sensors = | notes = }} }} '''''Naxos Jet''''' waa markab [[High-speed craft|xawaare sare]] oo [[catamaran]] ah oo ay maamusho [[Seajets]] gudaha [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]]. ==Taariikh== '''''Naxos Jet''''' waxaa la dhisay sannadkii 1992-kii iyada oo ah '''''Seacat Scotland''''' oo loo dhisay shirkadda [[Sea Containers]]. Waxaa loo dhisay si loo [[Inauguration|daahfuro]] adeeg markab xawaare sare leh oo cusub oo u dhexeeya [[Stranraer]] iyo [[Belfast]]. Kahor inta aan la bilaabin adeegga [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]] waxay si kooban uga shaqaynaysay waddada [[Dover]] ilaa [[Calais]] ee loogu talagalay [[Hoverspeed]]. Jiilaalkii 1994/1995 waxaa loo [[Chartering (shipping)|kireeyay]] hawlwadeenka bariga dhexena [[Middle East|middle eastern]] ee Q Ships si ay ugu adeegaan [[Red Sea]]. doorkan waxaa loo beddelay magaca '''''Q Ship Express'''''. Intii uu socday kireynta, waddada Stranraer – Belfast waxaa maamuli jiray [[HSC Snaefell|Seacat Isle of Man]]. Markii la dhammaystiray kireynta, waxay ku noqotay waddada [[Stranraer]] – [[Belfast]], iyada oo u beddeshay magaceedii asalka ahaa. ''Seacat Scotland'' ayaa markale la kireeyay jiilaalkii 1997/1998. Markan shirkadda maraakiibta ee [[Uruguay]]an ee Navegacion Atlantida S.A. si ay ugu adeegto [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]]. Waxay ku soo noqotay North Channel xilliga xagaaga ee 1998. [[Sea Containers]] waxay ka baxday Stranraer sannadkii 2000 iyada oo doorbiday [[Troon]] ka dib tartankii culus ee ka yimid [[Stena Line]] iyo [[P&O Irish Sea]] ee [[Loch Ryan]]. ''Seacat Scotland'' waxay ka shaqaynaysay waddada Belfast – Troon ilaa 2003 markii lagu beddelay [[HSC Jaume II|''Rapide'']]. ''Seacat Scotland'' waxay u wareegtay waddada Hoverspeed Dover – Calais oo ay ka shaqaynaysay ''Seacat Danmark'' iyo ''Seacat France''. Waxay ku sii jirtay [[English Channel]] ilaa Sebteembar 2005 markii mar kale lagu beddelay [[HSC Jaume II|''Rapide'']]. Waxay ka baxday Dover Sebteembar 2004 iyada oo u sii jeedda dayrka Pallion ee [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]]. Waxay ku sii jirtay Sunderland ilaa laga iibinayay Fortune Maritime Enterprises. Waxay ka baxtay Sunderland Abriil 2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.doverferryphotos.co.uk/pastandpresent/scot.htm |title=Welcome to Dover Ferry Photos &#124; Past and Present - Seacat Scotland |access-date=2010-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106175640/http://www.doverferryphotos.co.uk/pastandpresent/scot.htm |archive-date=2010-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyada oo u sii jeedda [[Keratsini]] sida '''''Shikra'''''. Kahor inta aan la gelin adeegga u dhexeeya [[Port Safaga|Safaga]] iyo [[Dhuba]] waxaa loo beddelay magaca '''''Al Huda I'''''. Bishii Luulyo 2010 ''Al Huda I'' waxay timid [[Perama]]. Intii lagu jiray dayactirkeeda waxaa lagu rinjiyeeyay livery-ga [[NEL Lines]] waxaana loo beddelay magaca '''''Cyclades Express'''''. Horraantii 2016, ''Cyclades Express'' waxaa loo iibiyay shirkadda markabka ee Seajets waxaana la qorsheeyay in loo beddelo magaca '''''Naxos Jet'''''. Laga soo bilaabo 2016 oo hoos timaada magaca ''Naxos Jet'' wuxuuna shaqeeyaa xagaa kasta laga bilaabo Piraeus ilaa jasiiradaha Aegean. ==Maraakiibta la walaalka ah== * ''[[HSC Cat|Cat]]'' * ''[[High Speed Jet|Speedrunner 1]]'' * ''[[Caldera Vista|Master Jet]]'' * ''Pescara Jet'' * ''[[Condor 10]]'' * ''Mandarin'' Waxaa sidoo kale jira laba maraakiib kale oo 74m ah oo ay dhistay Incat laakiin waxay muujinayaan farqi cad oo u dhexeeya maraakiibta naqshadeynta 74m ee heerka sare ah. Kuwani waa:- * ''Patricia Olivia'' – Hoyga rakaabka oo wax laga beddelay iyo daaqadaha hore. * ''Atlantic III'' – Waxay leedahay muuqaalka naqshadda Incat 78m. Waxaa sidoo kale jira laba maraakiib kale oo 74m ah oo ay dhistay Incat laakiin waxay muujinayaan farqi cad oo u dhexeeya maraakiibta naqshadeynta 74m ee heerka sare ah. Kuwani waa:- * ''Patricia Olivia'' – Hoyga rakaabka oo wax laga beddelay iyo daaqadaha hore. * ''Atlantic III'' – Waxay leedahay muuqaalka naqshadda Incat 78m. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} mj0j9jybaaekhl9z2t64e49zokryya4 0 47737 303162 299905 2026-07-22T03:40:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Water transit |name = Kivukada Likoni |logo = |logo_size = |image = Jambo, Mombasa, 2025 (03).jpg |image_size = |caption = MV ''Jambo'' oo rakaabka ka qaadaya jasiiradda [[Mombasa]] sanadkii 2025 |locale = [[Mombaaso]], Kenya |waterway = [[Dekedda Kilindini]] |transit_type = [[Lugeeyayaal]] iyo [[Gaadiidka waddooyinka|gaadiidka]] [[kivukada]] |began_operation = |ended_operation = |system_length = {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} |lines = |vessels = MV ''Harambee''<br />MV ''Pwani''<br />MV ''Kilindini''<br />MV ''Mvita''<br />MV ''Nyayo''<br />MV ''Likoni''<br />MV ''Kwale''<br />MV ''Jambo'' |terminals = Jasiiradda Mombasa<br />Likoni |ridership = |operator = Kenya Ferry Services |owner = }} '''Kivukada Likoni''' waa adeeg kivuko ah oo ka gudba [[Dekedda Kilindini]], una adeega magaalada Kenya ee [[Mombaaso]] inta u dhexeysa [[Jasiiradda Mombasa]] iyo [[xaafadda]] weyn ee [[Likoni]]. [[Ferry#Double-ended|Kivukada labada dhinac leh]] ayaa ku kala beddela dekedda, iyagoo wada gaadiidka waddooyinka iyo dadka lugeynaya. Kivukadahan waxaa maamula Kenya Ferry Services (KFS), waana adeeggii kivuko ee kaliya ee ay maamusho KFS. Kivukada Likoni waxay bilowday hawlgalkeeda 1937.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KFS History|url=https://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/index.php/about-us/about-kfs-ltd/kfs-history|website=www.kenyaferry.co.ke|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> Adeegga rakaabka waa lacag la'aan; gaadiidka (oo ay ku jiraan [[tuktuk]]-yada, mootooyinka, iyo gawaarida waaweyn) ayaa bixiya lacag. Gudubku waa qiyaastii {{convert|500|m}}. ==Adeegga== [[File:Hamburg Dradenau MV Kwale MV Likoni 3735.jpg|thumb|left|Kivukada cusub ee MV ''Kwale'' iyo MV ''Likoni'' oo ku xiran Terminalka Dradenau ee Dekedda Hamburg, Jarmalka.]] Waxaa jira toddobo kivuko oo shaqeeya. MV ''Mvita'' iyo MV ''Pwani'' waxaa la iibsaday 1969 iyo 1974, siday u kala horreeyaan; MV ''Nyayo'', MV ''Harambee'', iyo MV ''Kilindini'' waxaa loo iibsaday gacan labaad 1990. MV ''Kwale'' iyo MV ''Likoni'' waxaa la helay Juun 2010. MV ''Jambo'' waxaa laga iibsaday Turkiga 2020.<ref name="Barasa 2020">{{cite news |last1=Barasa |first1=Lucas |title=New Likoni ferry, MV Jambo, leaves Turkey for Kenya |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/mombasa/new-likoni-ferry-mv-jambo-leaves-turkey-for-kenya-412794 |access-date=6 July 2023 |work=Nation |date=29 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 2010, ''Harambee'', ''Nyayo'', iyo ''Kilindini'' ayaa laga saaray [[Lloyd's Register]] sababtoo ah waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan u qalmin badda.<ref>Daily Nation, 7 March 2010: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/875106/-/vr7qqq/-/index.html New ferries no magic wand, say experts]</ref> Ilaa laga gaaray Maajo 2011, MV ''Nyayo'' waxay weli isticmaalka ugu jirtay sidii kivuko gargaar ah. [[Dongo Kundu bypass]] ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay fududeyso kivukada ciriiriga ah iyadoo isku xiraysa . Waddada ayaa mari lahayd [[Diani Beach|Diani]] ilaa [[Miritini]], iyadoo dhaafi lahayd Mombasa lafteeda.<ref>The Standard, 28 January 2010: [http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mag/InsidePage.php?id=2000001834&cid=470& A bypass might solve the ferry debacle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314134625/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mag/InsidePage.php?id=2000001834&cid=470& |date=14 March 2012}}</ref> Buundo toos ah ama tunnel ka imanaya Likoni oo u socda Jasiiradda Mombasa ayaa sidoo kale la soo jeediyay, laakiin qiimaha sare ee dhisiddooda ayaa ka dhigay fursadahan kuwo aan suurtagal ahayn.<ref>Daily Nation, 7 March 2010: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/State%20sitting%20on%20grand%20proposals%20over%20ferry%20problems/-/1056/875118/-/l7cj21/-/index.html State sitting on grand proposals over ferry problems] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/State%20sitting%20on%20grand%20proposals%20over%20ferry%20problems/-/1056/875118/-/l7cj21/-/index.html |date=20171029014015 }}</ref> Sannadkii 2018, [[Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka]] ayaa ka digtay dadka safraya inay isticmaalaan kivukada sababo la xiriira welwelka ammaanka.<ref name="KTA">{{cite web |title=Kenya Travel Advisory |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/kenya-travel-advisory.html |website=travel.state.gov |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> == Dhacdooyinka == ===''Mtongwe'' Musiibadii (1994)=== 29 Abriil 1994, kivukada ''Mtongwe'' oo ku sii jeeday dhulweynaha ayaa kula gadoontay {{convert|40|m}} dekedda, taasoo dishay 272 ka mid ah 400 oo qof oo saarnaa.<ref>Daily Nation, Wednesday Magazine, 19 November 2003: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427035859/http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/Supplements/wednesday/19112003/story19111.htm The restless ghosts of Mtongwe]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Business|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/2560-246764-uuyore/index.html|website=The East African|language=en|access-date=29 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Musiibada ka dib, waxaa la soo wariyay in awoodda markabka ay ahayd 300. Ilaa 2005, KFS waxay magdhow siisay 81 qoys wadar ahaan [[Shilinka Kenya|KSh]] 36,902,472 ([[Doolarka Mareykanka|US$]]486,840).<ref>[http://ferrynews.com/stories/kenyan-ferry-firm-compensates-tragedy-victims Kenyan ferry firm compensates tragedy victims — Ferrynews<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===''Harambee'' dhacdadii (2019)=== 29 Sebteembar 2019, 35-jir Mariam Kighenda iyo gabadheeda 4-jirka ah Amanda Wambua ayaa dhintay ka dib markii ay raaceen ''Harambee'' iyadoo gaarigooda [[Toyota Isis]] uu ka siibtay dhabarka dambe ee raritaanka dekedda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Car-plunges-into-Indian-Ocean/4552908-5292398-view-asAMP-59w0n4z/index.html|title=Search and rescue underway in Kenya after car plunges into ocean|work=The East African|date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001343853/mother-and-daughters-identified-as-victims-of-likoni-ferry-tragedy|title=Mother and daughters identified as victims of Likoni Ferry tragedy|work=Standard Media|date=30 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001343916/body-of-woman-and-daughter-still-trapped-60m-underwater|title=Body of woman and daughter still trapped 60m underwater|work=Standard Media|date=1 October 2019}}</ref> 2 Oktoobar, kooxda samatabbixinta ayaa adeegsatay robot-yo si ay u helaan meydadka dhibanayaasha oo ku xayiran gaariga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001344131/state-use-robots-to-locate-likoni-ferry-tragedy-victims|title=State using robots to locate Likoni Ferry tragedy victims|work=Standard Media|date=2 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2019/10/search-for-sunday-0ferry-tragedy-victims-widened-to-9-probable-locations/|title=Search for Sunday ferry tragedy victims widened to 9 probable locations|work=Capital FM Kenya|date=2 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 9 Oktoobar, gaariga iyo meydadka ayaa laga helay qoto dheer oo ah {{convert|58|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Divers-locate-car-that-slid-off-Kenya-ferry/4552908-5305000-view-asAMP-770qj0z/index.html|title=Divers locate car that slid off Kenyan ferry|work=The East African|date=9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001345166/family-of-likoni-victims-left-frustrated-as-retrieval-of-bodies-is-delayed|title=Family of Likoni victims left frustrated as retrieval of bodies is delayed|work=Standard Media|date=11 October 2019}}</ref> Waxaa la soo saaray laba maalin ka dib.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kahawatungu.com/2019/10/11/breaking-ill-fated-vehicle-in-likoni-ferry-tragedy-finally-retrieved/amp/#aoh=15708157660462&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|title=Likoni Ferry Tragedy, Bodies Finally Retrieved [Video]|work=Kahawa Tungu|date=11 October 2019|access-date=24 Bisha Lixaad 2026|archive-date=11 Bisha Tobnaad 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011175011/https://www.kahawatungu.com/2019/10/11/breaking-ill-fated-vehicle-in-likoni-ferry-tragedy-finally-retrieved/amp/#aoh=15708157660462&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kharashaadka == Mootooyinka waxay bixiyaan KSh 50, gawaarida sedan waxay bixiyaan KSh 120, minibuses waxay bixiyaan KSh 600, iyo basaska waxay bixiyaan KSh 1,100.<ref>{{cite web|title=KFS toll charges|url=http://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/index.php/bonus-pages/about-us|accessdate=5 March 2019}}</ref> Dadka lugeynaya iyo baaskiilleyda waa lacag la'aan. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.kenyaferry.co.ke Kenya Ferry Services] - "la hakiyay" tan iyo 2022 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221116172633/http://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/] iyo hadda (Nofeembar 2025) dib u sii hagida goob su'aalo [https://web.archive.org/web/20250101000000*/http://www.kenyaferry.co.ke/] 1ki1lydt7mfle06ze5rvwi5wshwtxau 0 47956 303180 300803 2026-07-22T09:05:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Nxuba | other_name = Cradock | settlement_type = [[Town|Magaalo]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | total_width = 280 | border = infobox | perrow = 1/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Cradock, South Africa.jpg | image2 = 38 Bree Street - Cradock-001.jpg | image3 = 9 2 024 0012-DRC-1-Cradock-s.jpg | image4 = South Africa-Cradock01.jpg}} | image_caption = '''Saacad-u-jeedin xagga sare''': Waddo ku taal Cradock, 38 Bree Street, [[Dutch Reformed Church, Cradock|Kaniisadda Dutch Reformed]], Calaamadda soo dhawaynta | pushpin_map = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa | coordinates = {{Coord|32|09|54|S|25|37|03|E|region:ZA_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Country|Dal]] | subdivision_name = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = [[District|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chris Hani District Municipality|Chris Hani]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Municipality|Degmo]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality|Inxuba Yethemba]] | subdivision_type4 = Meel Weyn | established_title = La aasaasay | established_date = 1816<ref name=established /> | leader_title = Xildhibaan | area_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/278003001 |title=Sub Place Cradock |work=Census 2011 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711055647/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/278003001 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 118.57 | population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | population_total = 8626 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = Qowmiyada (2011) | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics1_title1 = [[White South African|Caddaan]] | demographics1_info1 = 50.0% | demographics1_title2 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Madowga Afrika]] | demographics1_info2 = 30.5% | demographics1_title3 = [[Coloureds|Midabo kale]] | demographics1_info3 = 17.9% | demographics1_title4 = [[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiya]] | demographics1_info4 = 0.9% | demographics1_title5 = Kale | demographics1_info5 = 0.7% | demographics_type2 = [[First language|Afaf]] (2011) | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="census2011" /> | demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]] | demographics2_info1 = 68.8% | demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] | demographics2_info2 = 20.0% | demographics2_title3 = [[South African English|Ingiriisi]] | demographics2_info3 = 7.9% | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = | demographics2_title5 = Kale | demographics2_info5 = 2.3% | timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Koodka boostada]] (waddo) | postal_code = 5880 | postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]] | postal2_code = 5880 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Koodka deegaanka]] | area_code = 048 }} '''Nxuba''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Cradock''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=85 towns hit with name changes in South Africa – and more are on the way |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/766851/85-towns-hit-with-name-changes-in-south-africa-and-more-on-the-way/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=BusinessTech}}</ref> waa magaalo ku taal Gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee Koonfur Afrika, qaybta sare ee dooxada [[Great Fish River]], 250 km marka loo eego waddo waqooyi ka xigta [[Gqeberha]]. Magaaladu waa xarunta maamulka ee [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality]] ee [[Chris Hani District Municipality|Degmada Chris Hani]] ee Eastern Cape. Magaalada waxaa markii hore loogu magacdaray [[John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden|John Cradock]], guddoomiyihii [[Cape Colony]] horraantii qarnigii 19-aad iyo taliyihii ciidamada.<ref name="Raper1989" /> ==Taariikhda== Kumanaan sano oo la soo dhaafay dadka [[San people|San]] ee ugaarsada-ururiya ayaa ahaa dadka kaliya ee deggan koonfurta Afrika. Qiyaastii 2000 sano ka hor dhalashadii Ciise (BC) dadka [[Khoikhoi]] ayaa yimid iyagoo wata lo', ido iyo riyo. Dadkan xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa u haajiray koonfurta xagga xeebta. Sawirrada dhagaxyada iyo petroglyphs-ka ayaa weli ah caddeyn u ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee halkaan ku noolaa. Qarnigii 4-aad ee dhalashada Ciise (AD) dadka ku hadla afka Bantu ayaa bilaabay inay ka haajiraan bartamaha Afrika ilaa xeebta bari ee koonfurta Afrika. Dadka [[amaXhosa]] ayaa u riixday si ka sii fog koonfurta xagga bangiyada [[Great Fish River]] halkaas oo ay kula kulmeen dadka ugaarsada-ururiya ee San iyo xoolo-dhaqatada [[Khoikhoi]], ka dibna dadka deggan Dutch-ka iyo Ingiriiska. ===Taariikhda gumeysiga=== Degmada ku xeeran Nxuba waxaa markii hore deganaa beeraleyda Dutch-ka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, laakiin waxaa aad uga horreeyay ugaarsatada kuwaas oo si sharci-darro ah uga gudbay xuduudda iyagoo raadinaya ugaar iyo fool-maroodi. Duullaankii ugu horreeyay ee rasmiga ah ee Dutch-ka ee sare ee Great Fish River wuxuu ahaa bartamihii 1752 markii koox uu hoggaaminayey Ensign [[August Frederik Beutler]] ay booqdeen aagga.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Beutler, oo raacaya tilmaamaha Guddoomiyaha [[Ryk Tulbagh]] si uu u baaro suurtagalnimada horumarinta gobollada bari ee Cape, waxaa la socday tiro saraakiil kale ah oo ay ku jiraan qoraa, Carl Haupt, iyo sahmiye, Carl Wentzel, oo sawiray khariidadda jidka la maray. Ku dhawaad xusidda kaliya ee laga sameeyay aagga buugga xusuus-qorka ayaa ahayd inuu ahaa mid aad u qalalan oo daaqsin aan la heli karin. Afartan iyo shan sano ka dib safar [[Sir John Barrow]] ayaa ka gudbay Great Fish River. Meeshii uu ka gudbay wuxuu ku xusay khariidaddiisa jiritaanka dhinaca webiga ee "Hepatic wells" – ilo baaruud ah. Sannadihii dambe ilaha waxaa loo isticmaali jiray dhaqidda dhogorta iyo dharka magaalada.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Ka dib [[Xhosa Wars#Fourth War (1811–12)|Dagaalkii Xhosa 1811–12]], waxay noqotay mid muuqata in si loo ilaaliyo nidaamka xuduudda in xarumo maamul iyo ciidan oo badan laga dhiso Great Fish River. Degmada [[Graaff-Reinet]] waxay ahayd mid aad u weyn si loo maamulo si habboon magaaladuna aad ayey uga fogayd webiga, sidaas darteed waxaa la go'aamiyay in la dhiso sub-drostdy cusub, iyo Juun 1812 Ensign [[Andries Stockenstrom]] waxaa loo magacaabay ku-xigeenka landdrost. Beerta Piet van Heerden ee Buffels Kloof ee Great Fish River waxaa lagu iibsaday 3 500 oo rix dollars. Mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka iibsiga ayaa ahaa in guriga derbiga dhagaxa ah ee Van Heerden uu u adeegi karo sidii xabsi, shuruudda ugu horreysay ee muhiimka ah ee magaalo kasta. Guriga wuxuu sidoo kale bixiyay hoy loogu talagalay boolis iyo laba askari oo boolis ah. Baaqii rasmiga ahaa wuxuu ka muuqday [[Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette|Cape Town Gazette]] 21 Janaayo 1814. [[Sir John Cradock]] wuxuu ansixiyay kharash dhan 12 000 [[rixdollar]]s oo ku saabsan dhismayaasha dadweynaha iyo shaqada ayaa isla markiiba ka bilaabatay guriga ku-xigeenka landdrost. Intaas waxaa sii dheer waxaa loo oggolaaday beerta si "looga dhigo booskiisa mid raaxo leh oo xushmad leh intii suurtagal ah". Beerta la doortay waxay ahayd Driefontein, midda walaalkiis Piet van Heerden, W J van Heerden. Julaay 1817 Reverend John Evans waxaa loo magacaabay wasiirkii ugu horreeyay wuxuuna bilaabay ururinta lacag loogu talagalay kaniisad. Wasiir, ku-xigeen landdrost, boolis iyo askari boolis, dadka deggan waxay u tixgelin karaan tuuladooda yar inay si wanaagsan u marayso inay noqoto "magaalo".<ref name="LogieSnaddon2006" /> 1830-meeyadii [[Great Trek]] wuxuu bilaabmay, maadaama [[Afrikaners]] oo aan ku qanacsanayn xukunka Ingiriiska ay ka tageen ''en masse'' xagga gudaha. Inta badan socdaalku wuxuu ka baxay (iyo iyada oo loo marayo) aagga ku xeeran Cradock.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Cape Colony]] waxay heshay heer madax-bannaanideed 1872 markii "[[Responsible Government]]" lagu dhawaaqay iyo, 1877, dowladda Ra'iisul Wasaare [[John Molteno]] waxay ansixisay dhismaha khadka tareenka oo ku xiraya [[Port Elizabeth]] xeebta iyo gudaha. Isagoo maraya Cradock waxay keentay koritaan weyn iyo horumar dhaqaale gudaha iyo hareeraha magaalada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burman |first=Jose |title=Early railways at the Cape |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6YMAQAAIAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Human & Rousseau |page=73 |isbn=9780798117609}}</ref><ref name="Schoeman2014">{{cite book |last=Schoeman |first=Chris |title=The Historical Karoo: Traces of the Past in South Africa's Arid Interior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4OGngEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Zebra |isbn=978-1-77022-568-8 |page=117}}</ref> Horraantii 1900-meeyadii, kor u kac ku yimid baahida loo qabo baalasha gorayada waxay keentay kor u kac baaxad leh oo barwaaqo u ah beeraleyda gorayada ee maxalliga ah.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} ===The Cradock Four=== {{Main|The Cradock Four}} [[Matthew Goniwe]], [[Sparrow Mkhonto]], [[Fort Calata]] iyo [[Sicelo Mhlauli]], oo loo yaqaan [[The Cradock Four]] – waxaa la afduubtay iyagoo ka safraya [[Port Elizabeth]] ilaa Cradock 1985.<ref>[http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98217_0x6849810596.htm STATEMENT BY THE TRC: AMNESTY APPLICATIONS FOR CRADOCK FOUR KILLINGS, 16 February 1998] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98217_0x6849810596.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> Kadib waxaa loo kaxeeyay meel aan la aqoon, halkaas oo lagu garaacay, lagu dilay meydadkooda iyo gaarigii ay ku safrayeen lagu gubay. Qaar ka mid ah dhacdooyinkan waxay dhaceen habeenkii 27 Juun 1985 (habeenkii afduubkooda) iyo qaar ka mid ah waxay dhaceen waqti dambe oo aan la aqoon. Saddex askari oo [[Security Branch (South Africa)|Security Branch]] ah, Sergeant Faku, Sergeant Mgoduka, iyo hal Sakati oo ka qayb qaatay dilka dadka u ololeeya ayaa dambe laga dilay qarax gaari oo ka dhacay [[Motherwell, Eastern Cape|Motherwell]] 1989. Cradock Four Memorial waa taallo ku taal Lingelihle, degmo u dhow Nxuba. Taallada waxaa la dhisay 22 Julaay 2000 iyadoo lagu xusayo Cradock Four.<ref name="news_Crad">{{Cite web |title=Cradock Four memorial neglected, forgotten |last=Spies |first=Derrick |work=News24 |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=2017-10-11 |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cradock-Four-memorial-neglected-forgotten-20150407 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906180503/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cradock-Four-memorial-neglected-forgotten-20150407 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha iyo dalxiiska== {{unreferenced section|date=January 2025}} [[File:View of Cradock, Eastern Cape, South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|Calaamad ku taal hareeraha Nxuba]] Nxuba waa mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu waaweyn ee Cape ee warshadaha [[dhogorta]], sidoo kale waxay soo saartaa hilibka lo'da, caanaha, miraha, [[alfalfa|lucerne]], iyo [[mohair]]. Muhiimad aad u weyn u leh horumarka dhaqaale ee Nxuba waxay ahayd dhismaha [[Orange-Fish River Tunnel]]. Waxaa la dhammaystiray 1975 oo dhererkeedu yahay 83 km wuxuu ka weeciyaa biyaha [[Gariep Dam]] ee [[Orange River]] ilaa Great Fish River ka dibna ilaa Addo Valley, [[Makhanda, South Africa|Makhanda]] iyo [[Gqeberha]] waraabka, isticmaalka qoyska iyo warshadaha. Dhismaha tunnel-ka ayaa sidoo kale suurtageliyay sanadlaha ah [[Fish River Canoe Marathon]]. Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii hoose ee 1982 labada maalmood, 80 km dhacdada hadda waxay soo jiidataa in ka badan 1 500 oo kuwa doonyaha wata oo adduunka oo dhan ah. Soojiidashada la xuso waa [[Mountain Zebra National Park]] kaliya 15 km magaalada, halkaas oo noocyada [[Mountain zebra|zebra]] ee mar halis ku jiray oo ay weheliyaan libaax, geeta, buffalo iyo noocyo badan oo antelope ah laga arki karo meel cajiib ah. Soojiidashada lagu xuso magaalada waa "tuishuise" (guryaha-guriga), guryaha farsamada ee Victorian era oo si heer sare ah loo soo celiyay ee Market Street kuwaas oo ka mid ah Victoria Manor Hotel; [[NG church|Dutch Reformed Moederkerk]] oo soo bilaabatay 1868 waxaana loo qaabeeyay ka dib qaabka [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] ee [[Trafalgar Square]], London; iyo [[List of heritage sites in Eastern Cape|Schreiner House]] halkaas oo qoraaga ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' ku noolaa iyadoo gabar yar ah. Guriga, oo ku yaal 9 Cross Street waana satellite-ka [[National English Literary Museum]], wuxuu ka kooban yahay bandhigyo casri ah oo muujinaya nolosha Olive Schreiner. ==Dadka caanka ah== * [[William Faulds]], qaataha [[Victoria Cross]] * General [[Pieter Hendrik Kritzinger]], Boer general iyo Assistant Commandant of the Forces of the Orange Free State iyo Commander-in-Chief of the Boer Rebel Forces in the Cape Colony intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Boer-ka labaad * [[Douglas Gilfillan]], qareen iyo ururiyaha dhirta * [[Olive Schreiner]], qoraa iyo u ololeeya xuquuqda aadanaha * [[Guy Butler (poet)|Guy Butler]], qoraa iyo abwaan * [[Etienne van Heerden]], qoraa iyo abwaan * [[Neville Alexander]], qoraa * [[James Arthur Calata]], wadaad iyo u ololeeya * [[Mary Ngalo]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Clifford Isaacs]], garsoore cricket * [[T. O. Honiball]], kaartooniste * [[Abe Bailey]], tycoon dheeman, siyaasi, maalgaliye iyo cricket * [[Baby Michau]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[Sir Joseph Robinson, 1st Baronet]], magnate macdanta * [[Paul Schoeman]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1884)|Harry Smith]], cricket * [[Joshua Stander]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[Deon Stegmann]], ciyaaryahan rugby * [[George Weideman]], abwaan iyo qoraa * [[Leigh Julius]], cayaaryahan * Samantha Stander, qoraa, abwaan iyo cayaaryahan naaf ah{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/matie-voice/samantha-stander/ |title=Samantha Stander |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617214851/https://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/matie-voice/samantha-stander/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/student-determined-not-to-let-hip-disorder-grind-her-down-2007280 |title=Student determined not to let hip disorder grind her down |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619030448/https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/student-determined-not-to-let-hip-disorder-grind-her-down-2007280 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://saocr.co.za/2016/04/22/samantha-stander-the-grind/ |title=Interview with Samantha Stander |date=22 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617232102/https://saocr.co.za/2016/04/22/samantha-stander-the-grind/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mabin |first=Alan |date=2021 |title=History and hope in Cradock, Eastern Cape |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trn.2021.0015 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=35–67 |doi=10.1353/trn.2021.0015 |s2cid=239828874 |issn=1726-1368|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ===Siyaasiyiin=== * [[Fort Calata]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Matthew Goniwe]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Sicelo Mhlauli]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid * [[Sparrow Mkhonto]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid ==Coat of arms== Cradock waxaa loo aasaasay degmo 1840. 1902, golaha magaalada waxay qaateen coat of arms.<ref name=med>Hubka waxaa lagu sawiray [http://southafricanmedals.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=828&category_id=1&keyword=Cradock&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1 medallion] {{Wayback|url=http://southafricanmedals.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=828&category_id=1&keyword=Cradock&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1 |date=20151222144550 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222144550/http://southafricanmedals.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=flypage.tpl&product_id=828&category_id=1&keyword=Cradock&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=1 |date=22 December 2015 }} oo la soo saaray 1902.</ref><ref name=cig>Hubka waxaa lagu sawiray [http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Category:UTC_South_African_town_arms cigarette card] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106052637/http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Category:UTC_South_African_town_arms |date=6 January 2018 }} oo la soo saaray 1931.</ref> Hubka waxaa si rasmi ah u bixiyay maamulaha gobolka Maajo 1966<ref name=og1>Cape of Good Hope ''Official Gazette'' 3348 (27 Maajo 1966).</ref> waxaana lagu diiwaangeliyay [[Bureau of Heraldry]] Sebtembar 1969. Hubka wuxuu ahaa: ''Quarterly: I, Argent, a tree Vert; II, Gules, a beehive, Or; III, Gules, a fleece Or; IV, Azure, a garb Or''. Erayada layman-ka, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in gaashaan loo qaybiyay afar meelood oo muujinaya (1) geed cagaaran oo ku yaal asalka lacagta, (2) xiniinyo malab dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka cas, (3) dhogor dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka cas, iyo (4) xidhmo sarreen dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka buluugga ah.<ref name="ngw._Crad">{{Cite web |title=Cradock |work=Heraldry of the World |access-date=2016-01-04 |url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Cradock |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164514/http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Cradock |url-status=live }}</ref> Ilaa 1966, gaashaan waxaa hareereeyay laba baal oo gorayo ah. Waxaa lagu beddelay laba mountain zebras, sidii taageerayaal. Crest-ka wuxuu ahaa cornucopia iyo hal ku dhiggu wuxuu ahaa ''Perseverantia vincit''. ===Magac bixinta=== Cradock waxaa si rasmi ah loogu magacdaray Nxuba 26 Ogosto 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cradock- Nxba |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/cradock-nxba |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/737785/all-the-new-name-changes-for-south-african-cities-towns-and-villages-in-2023/ | title=All the new name changes for South African cities, towns, and villages in 2023 }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Beer Hall Boycott]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="LogieSnaddon2006">{{cite book |last1=Logie |first1=Bartle |last2=Snaddon |first2=Ann |title=Water in the wilderness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3ARAQAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Bluecliff |isbn=9780620361637}}</ref> <ref name=established>{{cite thesis |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |title=The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact |date=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |chapter=Annexure A |chapter-url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y#page=31 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |hdl=2263/26503 |pages=xlv–lii |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030353/https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Raper1989">{{cite book |last=Raper |first=P. E. |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names |url=https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames#page/n123/mode/2up |year=1989 |publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |isbn=978-0-947464-04-2 |page=123 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za The Cradock Four] * [http://www.gardenroute.co.za/cradock/ Cradock South Africa Guide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gardenroute.co.za/cradock/ |date=20200517132529 }} * [http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ Cradock history and other information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ |date=20041226155953 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226155953/http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ |date=26 December 2004 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051205081316/http://www.suntimes.co.za/explorer/05/13/today.asp Panoramas of Cradock and further information on the area] * [https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/cradock-four-memorial.php The Cradock Four Memorial] * [http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/cradock.php About Cradock] * {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cradock |volume=7 |page=360}} {{Geographic location |Center = Cradock |North = [[Steynsburg]] {{convert|96|km|0|abbr=off}} <br /> [[Hofmeyr]] {{cvt|63|km|mi|0}} |East = [[Tarkastad]] {{cvt|76|km|0}}, [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]] {{cvt|120|km|mi|0}} |Southeast = [[Bedford, Eastern Cape|Bedford]] {{cvt|85|km|mi|0}} |Southwest = [[Pearston]] |South = [[Somerset East]] {{cvt|100|km|mi|0}} |West = [[Graaff-Reinet]] {{cvt|140|km|0}} |Northwest = [[Middelburg, Eastern Cape|Middelburg]] {{cvt|95|km|0}} |Northeast = [[Burgersdorp]], [[Aliwal North]] }} {{Chris Hani District Municipality}} {{Authority control}} fvi7rzu0jde7pg5i7cdpeela6pxw42p 0 48080 303185 300807 2026-07-22T10:12:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Dibwangui | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Gabon#Africa#World | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Gabon oo muujinaysa goobta ay ku taal Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Dibwangui. | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|02|13|08|S|11|33|42|E|region:GA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location_map_relief = | country = [[Gabon]] | location = Tuulada Mandji, [[Gobolka Ngounié]] | purpose = P | status = P | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = [[Eranove]] | operator = ''Louetsi Energy'' | dam_type = | dam_crosses = [[Webiga Louetsié]] | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 21 Maarso 2019 | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 3 x 5.1 MW [[Kaplan turbine|Kaplan]] | plant_capacity = {{convert|15|MW}} | plant_annual_gen = 90 GWh | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Dibwangui''' waa xarun korontada biyaha oo la qorsheeyay oo dhan 15 megawatt oo ku taalla dalka [[Gabon]]. Xarunta korontada ayaa waxaa horumarinaya urur ka kooban (a) [[Eranove]], oo ah shirkad Faransiis ah oo [[soo saarta korontada]] (IPP) iyo (b) Sanduuqa Maalgashiga Istaraatiijiga ah ee Gabon (FGIS), oo ah shirkad [[parastatal]] oo ay dowladdu leedahay. [[Heshiis iibsashada korontada]] (PPA) oo wakhti dheer ah ayaa waxaa saxiixay mas'uuliyiinta Gabon iyo ''Louetsi Energy'', oo ah shirkad ujeedo gaar ah u leh (SPV) oo iska leh xaruntan korontada dhisaysa.<ref name="1R">{{cite web | url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydroelectric-power-plants/ | title=Gabon: AfDB finances construction of two hydroelectric power plants | date=10 January 2019 | author=Luchelle Feukeng | access-date=11 May 2022 | archive-date=11 Bisha Shanaad 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511083259/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/gabon-afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydroelectric-power-plants/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Goobta== Xarunta korontada ayaa ku taalla Webiga Louetsié, oo ku yaalla tuulada Mandji, ee [[Gobolka Ngounié]], ee koonfur-galbeed ee Gabon. Biyo-xireenka iyo xarunta korontada ayaa ku yaalla qiyaastii {{convert|550|km|0}} oo waddada loo maro, koonfur-bari ka xigta [[Libreville]], oo ah caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee dalka.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R">{{cite web |url=https://born2invest.com/articles/the-sustainability-of-the-dibwangui-hydroelectric-power-plant-project-was-certified/ |title=The sustainability of the Dibwangui hydroelectric power plant project was certified |date=26 August 2020 |work=Born2Invest.com |access-date=11 May 2022 |author=Anthony Donaghue |location=London, United Kingdom |archive-date=9 Bisha Sideedaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809200514/https://born2invest.com/articles/the-sustainability-of-the-dibwangui-hydroelectric-power-plant-project-was-certified/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Dulmar== Naqshaddu waxay ku baaqaysaa biyo-xireen laamiga dhagaxa ah oo leh [[xadhig biyo]] oo dhan {{convert|23.7|m|ft}}. Saddex marawaxadood oo [[Kaplan turbine|Kaplan]] ah, oo mid kastaa lagu qiimeeyay 5.1 MW ayaa la rakibi doonaa. Qiyaas dhan {{convert|25|m3|liter}} oo socodka biyaha ah ilbidhiqsi kasta ayaa lagu ilaalin doonaa marawaxad kasta. Shaqada waxaa ka mid ah dhismaha xarun koronto oo dibadda ah oo ku taalla xarunta korontada. Xarigo cusub oo koronto oo hawada sare ah ayaa korontada ka soo saari doona Dibwangui ilaa Bongolo. Xarunta korontada ee Bongolo ayaa la ballaarin doonaa lana qaabayn doonaa si ay u qaabisho tamarta soo galaysa.<ref name="3R">{{cite web|url=https://www.setec.fr/en/uncategorized/amenagement-hydroelectrique-de-dibwangui |title=Dibwangui hydroelectric development project: Overview |date=2018 |work=Setec France | access-date=11 May 2022 |author=Setec France |place=Paris, France}}</ref> ==Lahaanshaha== Ururka iska leh xarunta korontada ee dhisaya, ayaa sameeyay shirkad ujeedo gaar ah u leh oo la yiraahdo '''Louetsi Energy''', si ay u yeelato, u naqshadayso, u maalgeliso, u horumariso, u dhisto, u hawlgeliso oo u dayactirto kaabayaasha tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa saamiga shirkadda ujeeddada gaarka ah.<ref name="2R"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+ Saamiga ''Louetsi Energy'' ! Darajo !! Saamilayda !!Hoyga !! Boqolkiiba !! Fiiro gaar ah |- | 1 || [[Eranove|Eranove Group]] ||[[Faransiiska]] || ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | 2 || Sanduuqa Maalgashiga Istaraatiijiga ah ee Gabon (FGIS) ||[[Gabon]] || ||<ref name="1R"/><ref name="2R"/> |- | || '''Wadarta''' || || '''100.0''' || |- |} ==Tixgelinno kale== Daraasad la sameeyay si loo go'aamiyo waaritaanka xaruntan korontada ayaa qiimeysay xarunta korontada ee la soo jeediyay iyadoo loo marayo "kow iyo toban shuruudood oo waxqabadka deegaanka, bulshada iyo maamulka (ESG)". Warbixin la soo saaray sanadkii 2020, xarunta korontada ayaa "gaartay dhaqan wanaagsan oo caalami ah qiimeynta ESG" waxaana "lagu qiimeeyay tusaale ahaan dhaqanka wanaagsan ee caalamiga ah ee naqshadeynta iyo qorsheynta waaritaanka".<ref name="4R">{{cite web| work=Hydropower.Org | url=https://www.hydropower.org/news/gabons-dibwangui-project-achieves-global-good-practice-in-esg-assessment |title=Gabon's Dibwangui project achieves global good practice in ESG assessment |date=25 August 2020 |author=International Hydropower Association |access-date=11 May 2022 |location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Afrika|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Gabon]] *[[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Ngoulmendjim]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.eranove.com/en/africa/louetsi-energy/ Ku saabsan Louetsi Energy] {{Authority control}} 24zoz87zpqexkg2x0108mayy952lr6n 0 48094 303186 301300 2026-07-22T10:15:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Xarunta Korontada ee Mutwanga | name_official = Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda goobta Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo ee Mutwanga | location_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|00|20|24|N|29|45|36|E|region:CD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] | location = '''Mutwanga''', [[North Kivu]] | purpose = | status = O | construction_began = | opening = | demolished = | cost = | owner = | operator = | dam_type = | dam_crosses = | dam_height = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_length = | dam_elevation_crest = | dam_width_crest = | dam_width_base = | dam_volume = | spillway_count = | spillway_type = | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = | res_capacity_active = | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = | res_surface = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | res_max_depth = | res_elevation = {{convert|1290|m|abbr=on}} | res_tidal_range = | plant_name = | plant_coordinates = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga ayaa shaqo bilowday Ogosto 2013 |url=http://humanitariannews.org/20130820/virungas-hydropower-potential |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2020-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110035825/http://humanitariannews.org/20130820/virungas-hydropower-potential |url-status=dead }}</ref> | plant_decommission = | plant_type = R | plant_hydraulic_head = | plant_turbines = 2 | plant_capacity = {{convert|9.4|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga''', sidoo kale loogu yeero '''Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Mutwanga''', ([[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]: ''Centrale hydroélectrique de Mutwanga'') waa xarun koronto oo biyaha ku shaqaysa oo dhan {{convert|9.4|MW|adj=on}} oo ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]]. ==Goobta== Xarunta korontadu waxay ku taal meel u dhow tuulada '''Mutwanga''', mid ka mid ah webiyada ku yaalla [[Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga]], ee [[North Kivu|Gobolka North Kivu]], ee bariga [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]]. Goobta xarunta korontadu waxay ku taal jiirarka galbeed ee [[Buuraleyda Rwenzori]], oo u dhow xadka caalamiga ah ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Uganda]]. Mutwanga waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|290|km}}, dhanka waddada, waqooyi-bari ee [[Goma]], oo ah goobta caasimadda gobolka.<ref>[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Congo_(Kinshasa)_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Goma%20(Nord-Kivu)&toplace=Mutwanga%20()%20&fromlat=-1.6791667&tolat=0.3333333&fromlng=29.2227778&tolng=29.75 Khariidadda muujinaysa Goma iyo Mutwanga oo leh calaamad masaafada]</ref> ==Guudmarka== Xarunta Korontada ee Mutwanga waa [[run of river]], xarun yar oo koronto biyaha ku shaqaysa, oo leh awood lagu rakibay oo dhan 9.4 Megawatts. Waa mid ka mid ah saddex xarumood oo koronto biyaha ku shaqaysa oo yaryar oo loo qorsheeyay in laga dhiso [[Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga]], ee [[North Kivu]], ee bariga DRC. Labada kale ee xarumaha korontada ee biyaha ku shaqaysa ee yaryar waa [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Lubero]] oo la qorsheeyay,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awoodda Korontada Biyaha ee Virunga |url=http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/wwfintl/dalbergreport2013/index.php#/40 |access-date=2026-06-27 |archive-date=2024-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816034408/http://europe.nxtbook.com/nxteu/wwfintl/dalbergreport2013/index.php#/40 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[Xarunta Korontada Biyaha ee Rutshuru]], oo hadda la dhisayo.<ref>[https://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/congos-mountain-gorilla-park-announces-partnership-for-economic-revival-in-war-torn-eastern-province-226855991.html Beerta Gorilla-ha ee Buurta Kongo ayaa ku dhawaaqday iskaashi loogu talagalay dib-u-soo-nolaynta dhaqaalaha]</ref><ref>[http://wwf.panda.org/?213450/Construction-begins-on-new-Virunga-hydropower-plant Dhismaha oo ka bilaabmay xarunta cusub ee korontada biyaha ee Virunga]</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{stack|{{Portal|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo|Biyaha|Tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiyadda Kongo]] *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada biyaha ee Afrika]] *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada biyaha]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=0.3400N,+29.7600E&hl=en&ll=0.329588,33.925781&spn=6.785462,11.645508&sll=0.342205,29.764667&sspn=0.013261,0.039096&t=p&z=6 Goobta Qiyaasaha ee Xarunta Korontada ee Mutwanga ee Google Maps] euc8ynxg9cqzyp9r1u9zvuuz5ckdxbn 0 48115 303160 300755 2026-07-22T02:07:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Tichy-Haf | location = [[Gobolka Béjaïa|Béjaïa]] | dam_type = [[Biyo-xireen qaanso-cufis ah]] | construction_began = 1999 | opening = 2009 | cost = | owner = Agence Nationale des Barrages et Transferts | res_name = Kaydka Tichy-Haf | res_capacity_total = 80 milyan oo mitir kuyuub | location_map = Algeria | coordinates = {{coord|36|25|45.05|N|4|39|8.46|E|type:structure|display = inline}} | location_map_caption = Biyo-xireen ku yaalla Algeria | country = [[Algeria]] | purpose = I | dam_height_foundation = 90 m | res_surface = 5km2 | res_max_length = 2km }} Biyo-xireenka '''Tichy-Haf''' waa [[biyo-xireen qaanso-cufis ah]] oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Bou Sellam|Oued Bousellam]] oo ku yaalla [[Mahfouda]], [[Bouhamza|Degmada Bouhamza]], [[Gobolka Béjaïa|Béjaïa]], [[Algeria]]. ==Taariikhda== Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa bilaabmay dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii oo ay bilowday shirkadda [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] ee Hydrotchnika, ka dibna ay dhammaystirtay shirkadda Algeria ee Cosider Group. Biyo-xireenka waxaa la dhammaystiray 2008, waxaana la furay 26-kii Febraayo 2009. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu soo saaraa 47 milyan oo mitir kuyuub sannadkii oo biyo la cabbi karo ah oo loogu talagalay marin-biyoodka Akbou-Béjaïa, iyo 43 milyan oo mitir kuyuub sannadkii oo loogu talagalay waraabka. Biyo-xireenka agtiisa waxaa ku yaalla Warshadda Daweynta ee Tichy-Haf, taas oo leh awood dhan 120,000 oo mitir kuyuub maalintii, dhuun-biyood dhererkeedu yahay 70km iyo haamo lagu kaydiyo oo leh awood dhan {{cvt|42,000|m3}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nieuwe Trends Voor Heren & Dames |url=http://www.soudoud-dzair.com/index.php?action=esmap_vect&table=chahidgis_barrage&id=66 |website=Soudoud Dzair }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=EN RAISON DE LA VALEUR “TRÈS ÉLEVÉE” DE LA TURBIDITÉ : L’ADE de Béjaïa suspend la distribution d’eau du barrage de Tichy Haf - L’Actualité : Liberté |url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/l-ade-de-bejaia-suspend-la-distribution-d-eau-du-barrage-de-tichy-haf-367254 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.liberte-algerie.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Youcef |first=BELHANI |date=1980-01-31 |title=ESMA, Développement des applications full web, Webmapping |url=http://197.112.0.211/soudoud-dzair/index.php?action=esmap_vect&table=chahidgis_barrage&id=66 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=197.112.0.211 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boudjadi |first=Kamel |date=2024-07-18 |title=De l’eau à partir du barrage de Bouhamza |url=https://www.lexpression.dz/societe/de-l-eau-a-partir-du-barrage-de-bouhamza-383681 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=L'Expression}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=L'Expression: Société - De l’eau à partir du barrage de Bouhamza |url=https://www.lexpression.dz/societe/de-l-eau-a-partir-du-barrage-de-bouhamza-383681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718032521/https://www.lexpression.dz/societe/de-l-eau-a-partir-du-barrage-de-bouhamza-383681 |archive-date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2026-03-13 |work=L'Expression |language=fr-dz |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=samir |date=2017-07-10 |title=TIFRA. Les habitants bloquent la mairie - |url=https://leflaye.net/tifra-les-habitants-bloquent-la-mairie |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tichy haf |url=https://www.anbt.dz/en/tichy-haf-2/ }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |date=2025-01-16 |title=Bejaïa : Le barrage de Tichy Haff reçoit un million de mètres cubes en 48 heures |url=https://lavoiedalgerie.dz/bejaia-le-barrage-de-tichy-haff-recoit-un-million-de-metres-cubes-en-48-heures/2025/16/13/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=La voie dAlgérie |language=fr-FR }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dhismaha biyo-xireenka iyo kaydka biyuhu wuxuu ku yaallay dhul-beereed hore, kaas oo dadka degaanku ay ka mudaaharaadeen dhismihiisa sannadihii 2000-meeyadii iyo 2011-kii. Sannadkii 2023 biyo-xireenku wuxuu ahaa 6% oo keliya awooddiisa, taas oo keentay in ceelal biyood laga qodo dooxada iyo in kaydka biyuhu uu qayb ahaan qallalo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=samir |date=2011-09-19 |title=Béjaïa en proie à la protestation - |url=https://leflaye.net/bejaia-en-proie-a-la-protestation |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dadka degaanku waxay inta badan u isticmaalaan biyo-xireenka iyo kaydka biyaha dabaasha, quusitaanka, doon-wadidda, waxaana jira geedo saytuun ah oo safan dhinaca webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabah |first=Irbah |date=2015-08-03 |title=Barrage de Tichy Haf (Béjaïa) : Des baigneurs bravent le danger |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/500863 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052653/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/500863 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commune de Darguina : Un programme pour désenclaver les villages |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/106446 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153758/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/106446 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalluumeysigu wuxuu kaloo ka dhacaa kaydka biyaha, gaar ahaan [[Common carp]] iyo [[Common bream]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pêche continentale sur le barrage de Tichy Haf |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/10078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623001853/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/10078 |archive-date=2023-06-23 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.djazairess.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa khatar in lagu dabaasho ama lagu quusto meel aad ugu dhow biyo-xireenka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amghar |first=Kamel |date=2009-08-05 |title=Dangers omniprésents dans de nombreuses localités à Béjaïa |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/20731 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Djazairess |archive-date=2017-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153914/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/latribune/20731 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} fblaxd0k4phnuk7q257pscuuj8r4o74 0 48171 303163 299820 2026-07-22T04:14:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--Fiiri miiska ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii faahfaahin ah --> <!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah ----------------> |official_name = El Jebelein |other_name = Al Jabalayn |native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ar|الجبلين}}}} |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--Magaalo ama Tuulo --> |motto = <!-- sawirada iyo khariidadaha -----------> |image_skyline =طريق الجبلين (cropped).jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = Goobta El Jebelein ee Sudan dhexdeeda |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Sudan |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Goobta Sudan <!-- Goobta ------------------> |subdivision_type = Dal |subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan]] |subdivision_type1 = Gobol |subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Niilka Cad]] |subdivision_type2 = Degmo |subdivision_name2 = [[Al Jabalian District|Al Jabalian]] <!-- Siyaasadda -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Bedka ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Dadweynaha -----------------------> |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Qoomiyadaha |population_blank1 =[[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], [[Collo people|Collo]] |population_blank2_title =Diimaha |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Macluumaad guud ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|12|35|07|N|32|48|26|E|region:SD|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 380 |elevation_ft = <!-- Koodhka boostada & kuwa kale --------> |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''El Jebelein''' ({{langx|ar|الجبلين}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Al Jabalayn''', waa magaalo ku taal bartamaha [[Sudan]] oo ku taal xeebta bari ee [[Wabiga Niil]]. == Taariikh == Magaaladu waxay mar qayb ka ahayd [[Boqortooyadii Shilluk]], taas oo ka jirtay [[Niilka Cad]] isla markaana lala xiriiriyay dadka asaliga ah ee [[Shilluk]] ee gobolka. Dad badan oo deegaanka ah ayaa ka shaqeyn jiray beeraha sababtoo ah magaaladu waxay u dhowdahay Niilka Cad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sudaneseonline.com/board/285/msg/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-28-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-1989-1185693024.html|trans-title=Xasuuqii Jabalayn, 28-kii Diseembar, 1989|title=مذبحة الجبلين 28/ديسمبر/1989|date=28 Diseembar 2003|access-date=22 Abriil 2026}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 28 ilaa 29 Diseembar 1989, [[1989 El Jebelein massacre|Xasuuqii El Jebelein]] ayaa ka dhacay deegaanka, iyadoo lala beegsaday shaqaalaha Shilluk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ku dhawaad 200 la soo wariyay in lagu dilay isku dhac Sudan - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/01/03/Nearly-200-reported-killed-in-Sudan-clash/2297631342800/ |website=UPI |access-date=20 Abriil 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Qiyaasaha dowladda ayaa sheegay in dhimashadu u dhaxaysay 150 ilaa 250, halka ilo wareedyo maxalli ah ay ku qiyaaseen in ilaa 1,500 oo rayid ah la dilay. Laga soo bilaabo 2 ilaa 3 Diseembar 2024, qiyaastii 3,069 qoys ayaa ka barakacay lix tuulo oo ku yaal El Jebelein iyo hareeraheeda sababo la xiriira weeraro ay fuliyeen [[Rapid Support Forces|RSF]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/dtm-sudan-flash-alert-conflict-aj-jabalain-altboon-village-white-nile-update-001-05-december-2024|title=DTM Sudan Flash Alert: Isku dhaca Aj Jabalain (Tuulada Altboon), Niilka Cad (Cusbooneysiin 001): 05 Diseembar 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|work=[[International Organization for Migration]]|date=5 Diseembar 2024|access-date=20 Abriil 2026}}</ref> 1-dii Abriil 2026, intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Sudan (2023-hadda)]], laba weerar oo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn (drone) ah oo ay fuliyeen RSF ayaa lala beegsaday isbitaalka El Jebelein, waxaana ku dhintay 7 ilaa 12 qof, oo ay ku jiraan toddobo dhakhtar. Laba iyo labaatan qof ayaa ku dhaawacmay weerarka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/statement-attack-al-jabalain-hospital-white-nile-state|title=Bayaan ku saabsan weerarkii isbitaalka Al-Jabalain, Gobolka Niilka Cad|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|work=Plan International|date=7 Abriil 2026|access-date=20 Abriil 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/3/drone-strike-on-sudan-hospital-kills-10-medical-charity-msf-says|title=Weerar drone oo lagu qaaday isbitaal Sudan oo dilay 10, hay'adda samafalka caafimaadka MSF ayaa tiri|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=3 Abriil 2026|access-date=20 Abriil 2026}}</ref> Waxay dhacday maalin ka dib markii duqeyn kale ay bartilmaameedsatay bakhaar daawo oo ku yaal Gobolka Niilka Cad taasoo dhaawacday saddex qof, oo ay ku jiraan farmashiiste.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sudantribune.com/article/312373|title=Weerar drone oo lagu qaaday isbitaalka Al-Jabalain ee Sudan oo dilay 12|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=3 Abriil 2026|access-date=20 Abriil 2026}}</ref> [[Muslim World League]] ayaa si adag u cambaareysay weerarkii lagu qaaday xarunta caafimaadka, iyadoo sheegtay inuu ahaa "xadgudub halis ah oo ka dhan ah dhammaan qiyamka diinta, iyo sharciyada iyo qawaaniinta caalamiga ah iyo kuwa bani'aadamnimada." Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Sudan ayaa sidoo kale cambaareysay weerarka, iyadoo ku tilmaantay "dambi arxan darro ah" oo xadgudub ku ah sharciyada iyo qawaaniinta bani'aadamnimada.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://al24news.dz/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3/|title=Sudan: Muslim World League oo cambaareysay beegsiga RSF ee isbitaal ku yaal Gobolka Niilka Cad|trans-title=Sudan: Muslim World League oo cambaareysay beegsiga RSF ee isbitaal ku yaal Gobolka Niilka Cad.|work=[[AL24 News]]|date=Abriil 2026|access-date=22 Abriil 2026}}</ref> == Kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha == Waxaa adeegsan jiray laan ka mid ah [[Sudan Railways]] laga bilaabo 1943 ilaa 1950.<ref>{{cite web |title=SUDAN RAILWAYS - Saldhigyada Rakaabka & Joogsiyada |url=https://www.branchline.uk/jfpdf/sudanrlys.pdf |access-date=20 Abriil 2026 |pages=Maarso 2002 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312224728/https://www.branchline.uk/jfpdf/sudanrlys.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saldhigga El Jebelain ee magaalada waa qayb ka mid ah kaabayaasha gaadiidka saliidda oo isku xira goobaha saliidda ee [[Gobolka Niilka Sare]], [[South Sudan]], iyo terminalka dhoofinta saliidda ceyriin ee Marsa Bashayer Port ee ku yaal [[Badda Cas]], koonfurta [[Port Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ports.marinelink.com/ports/port/marsa-bashayer|title=MARSA BASHAYER|website=[[World Ports Directory]]|access-date=22 Abriil 2026}}</ref> Nofeembar 2025, saldhigga waxaa ku dhacay diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn iyo gantaallo ay soo ridayeen ciidamada RSF, taasoo keentay burburka xarumaha goobta. Afar ka mid ah weerarada drone-ka ayaa lala beegsaday xarunta bamgareynta saliidda ee aagga, iyadoo lagu dilay hal injineer oo ka shaqaynayay goobta iyo dhaawaca afar kale.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%884-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D8%AE-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6/3744835|title=Sudan.. hal qof oo dhintay iyo 4 dhaawac ah oo ka dhashay weerar drone oo lagu qaaday saldhigga bamgareynta saliidda ee Gobolka Niilka Cad|trans-title=Sudan: Hal qof oo dhintay iyo afar dhaawac ah weerar drone ah oo lagu qaaday xarunta bamgareynta saliidda ee Gobolka Niilka Cad|language=ar|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=15 Nofeembar 2025|access-date=22 Abriil 2026}}</ref> Shirkadda Bashayer Pipeline ayaa amar ku bixisay in goobta si degdeg ah loo xiro. Agaasimaheeda, Mohamed Awad, ayaa warqad u diray saraakiil sarsare oo ka tirsan Wasaaradda Saliidda iyo Shirkadda Saliidda ee South Sudan oo ku saabsan dhacdada.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sudantribune.com/article/307205|title=Hal injineer oo lagu dilay weerar drone ah oo lagu qaaday saldhigga saliidda ee Bashayer|date=15 Nofeembar 2025|access-date=22 Abriil 2026}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == {{Portal|Africa}} == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} id8rsvgamyq3kh4flblok4aaaw8mtdl 0 48195 303170 300535 2026-07-22T07:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion | name = Kaymaha buuraha ee Albertine Rift<br>''Forêts montagnardes du Rift Albertin'' | image = Bwindi mountains.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]] ee [[Uganda]] | country = [[Burundi]] | country1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | country2 = [[Rwanda]] | country3 = [[Tanzania]] | country4 = [[Uganda]] | border = [[Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]] | border1 = [[East Sudanian savanna]] | border2 = [[Victoria Basin forest–savanna mosaic]] | border3 = [[Central Zambezian miombo woodlands]] | border4 = [[Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]] | border5 = [[Northeast Congolian lowland forests]] | border6 = [[Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands]] | bird_species = 732<ref name = "Atlas"> {{cite book |last1 = Hoekstra |first1 = J. M. |last2 = Molnar |first2 = J. L. |last3 = Jennings |first3 = M. |last4 = Revenga |first4 = C. |last5 = Spalding |first5 = M. D. |last6 = Boucher |first6 = T. M. |last7 = Robertson |first7 = J. C. |last8 = Heibel |first8 = T. J. |last9 = Ellison |first9 = K. |title = The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |editor1-last = Molnar |editor1-first = J. L. |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-520-26256-0 }}</ref> | mammal_species = 228<ref name = "Atlas"/> | habitat_loss = 27.433 | habitat_loss_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/> | protected = 12.48 | protected_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/> | area = 103900 | biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] | coordinates = {{coord|2.75|S|29.14|E|display=title,inline}} | map = Albertine Rift Montane Forests Ecoregion.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Khariidadda Albertine Rift Montane Forests }} '''Kaymaha buuraha ee Albertine Rift''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Forêts montagnardes du Rift Albertin'') waa [[kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran|ecoregion kayn qoyan oo kulaylaha ah]] oo ku taal bariga-bartamaha Afrika. Ecoregion-ku wuxuu dabooshaa buuraha waqooyiga [[Albertine Rift]], waana hoy u ah kaymaha [[Afromontane]] ee leh kala duwanaansho nooleed oo sarreeya.<ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name=dopa></ref><ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Albertine Rift montane forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Albertine_Rift_montane_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Kaymaha sare ee buuraleyda ah waxay daboolaan qaybaha galbeed ee [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Burundi]], xadka bari ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]], iyo qaybo ka mid ah galbeedka [[Uganda]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Aaggan wuxuu ku fadhiyaa buuraha isbarbar socda ee [[Albertine Rift Mountains]] kuwaas oo ku hareeraysan laanta galbeed ee [[East African Rift|East African Rift]]. Buuraha waxaa ka mid ah Lendu Plateau ee Uganda (kayntu waxay ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba ka banneeyeen halkan), iyo [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]] iyo [[Rwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Rwenzori]] ee [[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]], iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]. Joogga ugu sarreeya ee buuraha Rwenzori iyo Virunga (in ka badan 3000 mitir), kaymuhu waxay u gudbaan [[Afroalpine]] [[Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands|ecoregion-ka Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands]], oo ay ku jiraan meelaha ugu sarreeya ee [[Mount Stanley]] iyo [[Mount Karisimbi]]. Meesha ugu sarreysa ee Burundi, [[Mount Heha]] si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay ku taal ecoregion-kan. === Aagagga magaalooyinka iyo degsiimooyinka === Aagagga horumaray iyo kuwa la dejiyey ee gobolka waxaa ka mid ah: * Uganda — magaalada suuqa ee [[Fort Portal]], oo ah saldhigga daawashada chimpanzees-ka ee [[Kibale National Park]], iyo xarun loogu talagalay booqashada buuraha Ruwenzori ee waqooyiga. * Rwanda — [[Ruhengeri]] (oo u dhow [[Volcanoes National Park]]), iyo magaalooyinka [[Lake Kivu|Harada Kivu]] ee [[Gisenyi]], [[Kibuye, Rwanda|Kibuye]] (oo loogu talagalay safarada doonyaha ee [[Napoleon Island]] ee harada dhexdeeda), iyo [[Cyangugu]], oo ah saldhigga daawashada prímates-ka ee [[Nyungwe Forest]]. * Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo — magaalooyinka [[Harada Kivu]] ee [[Goma]], oo ka soo horjeeda Gisenyi iyo saldhigga booqashada Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga) iyo [[Bukavu]], oo ka soo horjeeda Cyangugu iyo u dhow [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]], kaas oo ah hoyga mountain gorillas, laakiin khatar ugu jira colaadda gobolka (eeg [[Second Congo War]]). * Burundi — magaalooyinka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Cibitoke]] iyo [[Bubanza]] oo fatahaaddu burburisay, iyo magaalada koonfureed ee [[Bururi]] halkaas oo [[Bururi Forest Nature Reserve]] ay ilaaliso qaar ka mid ah kaymaha Afromontane. == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Kaymaha roobka ee buuraleyda ah ee ecoregion-ku waxay leeyihiin cimilo ka qabow [[Congolian lowland forests|kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Congolian]] ama savana-da Uganda, Rwanda iyo Burundi, sidaas darteedna waa hoy u ah noocyo kala duwan oo dhirta [[Afromontane]] ah iyo gaar ahaan xayawaannada. Kaymaha buuraleyda ah ee Albertine Rift waxaa lagu daray liiska ilaalinta [[Global 200]]. [[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|alt=Computer generated oblique view from space showing lakes and mountain ranges|thumb|Topographic relief ee Albertine Rift, oo loo eegayo waqooyi laga bilaabo [[Lake Tanganyika]]]] [[Mountain gorilla|Gorilla-ha buurta]] naadirka ah (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') wuxuu ku badbaadaa oo keliya ecoregion-kan sida ay u sameeyaan [[L'Hoest's monkey|daanyeerka L'Hoest]], iyo nooc hoosaad ka mid ah [[Hamlyn's monkey|daanyeerka Hamlyn]] − iyo sidoo kale noocyo badan oo endemic ah oo balanbaalis iyo shimbiro ah oo ay ku jiraan: [[Grauer's warbler|Grauer's warbler]], [[Chapin's flycatcher|Chapin's flycatcher]], iyo [[Rwenzori turaco|Rwenzori turaco]]. [[Lendu Plateau clawed frog|Lendu Plateau clawed frog-ga]] waa [[endemic]] u ah qaab-dhismeedka dhulkaas ee ecoregion-ka. == Ilaalinta == Kaymaha inteeda badan mar hore ayaa loo nadiifiyey beeraha ama goynta alwaaxda, gaar ahaan Rwanda iyo Burundi oo dadku aad ugu badan yihiin, laakiin aagag ballaaran oo kayn ah ayaa weli ku jira kaydka kaynta iyo meelaha sare ee buuraha [[Virunga Mountains|Virunga]], [[Itombwe Mountains|Itombwe]], iyo [[Rwenzori Mountains|Rwenzori]]. Nadiifinta kayntu waa mid socota waana hanjabaad weyn oo ku wajahan deegaanka gobolka, iyo kaymaha sida kaydka kaarboonka oo muhiim ah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuni-Sanchez|first1=Aida|last2=Sullivan|first2=Martin J. P.|last3=Platts|first3=Philip J.|last4=Lewis|first4=Simon L.|last5=Marchant|first5=Rob|last6=Imani|first6=Gérard|last7=Hubau|first7=Wannes|last8=Abiem|first8=Iveren|last9=Adhikari|first9=Hari|last10=Albrecht|first10=Tomas|last11=Altman|first11=Jan|date=2021-08-25|title=High aboveground carbon stock of African tropical montane forests|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03728-4.epdf?sharing_token=bEqkRzgN33GRS15EArVbQ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NrP20v6tBYDXQx4YD3p4C_dUvqpqn22LnJwEyOGgD2loZqhnO_vOkXwECa6hZtic2kTEfvE4_nj7iQ64uteejvRwq0pqhS8_it9sTpvQkmKWDt2Bg7dc2LY7mxcLBuWIlOchgDKxKsdv5F7mynlaeIuV_9AWCL8gS_lLskAY_JW-qswzNp56qzXW3rzv1FI_w=&tracking_referrer=www.derstandard.de|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=536–542|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03728-4|pmid=34433947|s2cid=237307786|issn=0028-0836|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref> Taariikhda siyaasadeed iyo fallaagada ee rabshadaha wadata ee gobolka waayadii dambe ayaa sidoo kale u geystay dhaawac dheelitirka deegaanka, tusaale ahaan ku dhawaad baabi'inta dadka [[African bush elephant|maroodiga duurjoogta Afrika]] ee Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga ee DRC. === Aagagga la ilaaliyo === 11.93% ee ecoregion-ku waxay ku jiraan aagag la ilaaliyo. Aagagga la ilaaliyo waxaa ka mid ah:<ref name="dopa">"Albertine Rift montane forests". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 22 March 2022. [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30101]</ref> * [[Bururi Forest Nature Reserve]], Burundi * [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]], Uganda * [[Gishwati-Mukura National Park]], Rwanda * [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Kazinga Wildlife Sanctuary]], Uganda * [[Kibale National Park]], Uganda * [[Kibira National Park]], Burundi * [[Kisimba Ikobo Primate Nature Reserve]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Kyambura Wildlife Reserve]], Uganda * [[Mahale Mountains National Park]], Tanzania * [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]], Uganda * [[Monge Forest Nature Reserve]], Burundi * [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda * [[Rusizi National Park]], Burundi * [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], Uganda * [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]], Uganda * [[Semuliki National Park]], Uganda * [[Tayna Nature Reserve]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve]], Uganda * [[Virunga National Park]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Volcanoes National Park]], Rwanda == Dalxiiska == Hawlaha booqdayaasha ee deegaannada ecoregion-ka waxaa ka mid ah: * [[Mountain gorilla|Mountain gorilla]] daawashada ee {{convert|434|km2|mi2}} Virunga Conservation Area (VCA) ee [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]], kaas oo ay ku jiraan: :*[[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]] ee Uganda. :*[[Virunga National Park]] ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo. :*[[Volcanoes National Park]] ee Rwanda — saldhiggii hore ee saynisyahanka xayawaanka [[Dian Fossey]]. * [[Kibale National Park]] ee Uganda. * Socodka buuraha ee [[Rwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Rwenzori]], iyo gudaha [[Ruwenzori Mountains National Park]]. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * {{commons-inline||Albertine Rift Montane Forests Ecoregion}} *{{WWF ecoregion|name=Albertine Rift montane forests|id=at0101}} *[http://www.albertinerift.org/ Albertinerift.org: Albertine Rift Programme] — ''ee [[Wildlife Conservation Society]]''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100104014918/http://rwandatourism.com/ The Rwanda Tourist Board (ORTPN)] * [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre.org: Volcanoes National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm |date=20070929124424 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100428034457/http://www.footprint-adventures.co.uk/rwanda5.html Footprint Adventures.uk: The Virunga Primates] *[http://projects.bebif.be/enbi/albertinerift/common/ Bebif.be: Albertine Rift Projects] {{Wayback|url=http://projects.bebif.be/enbi/albertinerift/common/ |date=20120222170544 }} — ''ee [[Royal Museum for Central Africa]] − oo ay ku jiraan shimbiro hooyo, balanbaalis, kalluun, & qoyska [[Rubiaceae]] dhirta''. d10skh02n7mjef9j9xiav6at6n57985 0 48203 303174 301255 2026-07-22T08:22:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Mbandaka | official_name = ''Ville de Mbandaka'' | settlement_type = Caasimadda gobolka iyo [[Magaalooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|magaalo]] | image_skyline = Stadsaanzichten f.JPG | image_caption = Xarunta ganacsiga ee Mbandaka, 2008 | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type = Waddanka | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|DR Kongo]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Équateur|Gobolka Équateur]] | parts_type = [[Degmooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|Degmooyin]] | parts_style = para | p1 = Mbandaka | p2 = [[Wangata]] | established_title = La aas-aasay | established_date = 1883 | established_title2 = [[Heerka magaalada]] | established_date2 = 1958 | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |title=Equateur : le nouveau maire de la ville de Mbandaka prend ses fonctions |url=https://acpcongo.com/index.php/2023/01/01/equateur-le-nouveau-maire-de-la-ville-de-mbandaka-prend-ses-fonctions/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |agency=Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP) |date=1 January 2023 |language=fr |archive-date=1 Bisha Koobaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101203153/https://acpcongo.com/index.php/2023/01/01/equateur-le-nouveau-maire-de-la-ville-de-mbandaka-prend-ses-fonctions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | government_type = | leader_title = Duqa magaalada | leader_name = [[Yves Balo]] | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_km2 = 460 | area_land_sq_mi = | area_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-mbandaka/?domaine=fiche caid.cd/index.php/donnees-par-villes/ville-de-mbandaka/?domaine=fiche]</ref> | total_type = Magaalo | population_total = 1187837 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_urban_footnotes = <ref>[https://populationstat.com/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/mbandaka PopulationStat.com]</ref> | population_blank1_title = Qowmiyadaha | population_blank1 = [[Dadka Mongo|Anamongo]] | population_urban = 376000 | timezone = [[Waqtiga Galbeedka Afrika]] | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|0|02|52|N|18|15|21|E|region:CD|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = | elevation_m = 370 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Mbandaka''' ({{IPA|sw|mbaˈnda.ka|pron}}, oo hore loogu yaqaanay '''Coquilhatville''' oo [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]] ah, ama '''Coquilhatstad''' oo [[Af-Holandees|Holandees]] ah) waa [[Magaalooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|magaalo]] ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] oo ku taal meel u dhow isgoyska wabiyada [[Wabiga Kongo|Kongo]] iyo [[Wabiga Ruki|Ruki]]. Waa caasimadda [[Gobolka Équateur|Gobolka Équateur]]. Magaalada waxaa aas-aasay 1883 sahmintii reer Boqortooyada Midowday ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]] magaca Équateurville. Xarunta dhexe ee Gobolka Afraad ee Ciidamada Badda ee [[Ciidamada Badda ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] waxay ku taallaa magaalada. == Juqraafi == Mbandaka waxay ku taal bariga wabiga [[Wabiga Kongo]] ee ka hooseeya afka [[Wabiga Ruki]], oo ah wabi laan u ah Kongo. Koonfurta [[Kaydka Ngiri]], oo ah aag weyn oo kayn qoyan ah oo ku taal dhinaca kale ee Kongo, waxay ku taal bartamaha [[Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe]] dhulka qoyan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6059 |title=CD003 Ngiri |publisher=Birdlife International |access-date=2012-01-30}}</ref> ==Sharaxaad== Mbandaka waa caasimadda gobolka Équateur, waxayna ku taal dhowr kiiloomitir u jirta dhulbaraha. Waxay hoy u tahay [[Madaarka Mbandaka]] waxaana ku xiran safar afar ilaa toddobo maalmood ah oo wabiga ah oo lagu tago [[Kinshasa]] iyo [[Boende]]. Kinshasa waa saacad duulimaad ah. Mbandaka waxaa inta badan deggan dad ka tirsan qowmiyadda [[Dadka Mongo|Mongo]], inkasta oo dad ka kala yimid qabiillo iyo gobollo badan ay magaalada ku nool yihiin. Luuqadaha ugu muhiimsan ee lagaga hadlo Mbandaka waa [[Af-Lingala|Lingala]], [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]], iyo [[Af-Mongo|Mongo]]. Sanooyin dagaal iyo dayac ah ayaa sababay in kaabayaashii magaalada ay burburaan; qaybo waaweyn oo magaalada ka mid ah ma laha koronto ama biyo socda. Inta badan waddooyinka iyo jidadka magaalada waa waddooyin aan laami ahayn. ==Taariikh== [[File:Mbandaka koloniale architectuur Banque du Congo belge.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Bangiga Kongo ee Belgian]] Mbandaka waxaa aas-aasay 1883 sahmintii reer Boqortooyada Midowday ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]], kaas oo u bixiyay ''"Équateurville."'' (Wakhtigaas dhulku wuxuu hoos imaan jiray xukunka shakhsiyeed ee Boqor Leopold II, boqorkii Belgians-ka iyo luuqadda rasmiga ahna waxay ahayd Faransiis.) Hoolka magaalada wuxuu ku yaallaa qiyaastii {{convert|4|km|mi|1|abbr=in}} waqooyiga [[dhulbaraha]]. Mbandaka waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu dhow dhulbaraha ee magaalo kasta oo muhiim ah oo adduunka ah. Stanley wuxuu dhigay "Dhagaxii Dhulbaraha" oo weyn meel u dhow bangiga wabiga koonfurta magaalada si uu u calaamadiyo meesha uu rumaysnaa in dhulbaraha uu ka tallaabo wabiga. Waxay halkaas ku taal maanta. Sababo la xiriira goobteeda calaamadeed ee u dhow dhulbaraha iyo Wabiga Kongo, waxaa jiray qorshayaal hore oo lagu doonayay in caasimadda [[Congo Free State]] lagu meeleeyo Coquilhatville, sida magaalada loogu yeeri jiray, laakiin weligood kama rumoobin. Qorshayaashan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha]] ee dad lagu qiyaasay 100,000 oo qof, saldhig tareen, kaniisad Katoolik ah, hoyga guddoomiyaha, iyo qasriga booqashooyinka mustaqbalka ee [[Leopold II ee Belgium|Boqor Leopold II ee Belgians]].<ref>''Le Congo: de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance'', Auguste Maurel, page 94-95</ref> 1886, bilowgii xukunka gumeysiga, Belgians-ku waxay u beddeleen magaca magaalada "Coquilhatville" iyagoo ugu magac daray [[Camille-Aimé Coquilhat]]. 1938, shaqo ayaa ka bilaabatay buundada wabiga Kongo ee ku xirta Coquilhatville iyo [[Congo-ga Faransiiska]] (hadda ah [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]). Shaqadii waa laga tagay markii uu bilowday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], waxaana kaliya oo hadhay aasaaskii tiirarka buundada. 1930-meeyadii, Dowladda [[Congo-ga Belgian]] waxay bilowday mashaariic dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan warshado iyo hool magaalada cusub. Hoolka magaalada waxaa la dhammaystiray 1947, isla markiiba ka dib dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Wakhtigaas, oo dhererkiisu ahaa {{convert|39|m|ft|abbr=in}}, wuxuu ahaa dhismihii ugu sarreeyay ee Congo-ga Belgian. Taallo Leopold II ah ayaa la saaray saqafkeeda. Hoolka magaalada waxaa burburiyay dab 1963.<ref>''Le Congo : de la colonisation belge à l'indépendance,'' Auguste Maurel, pp. 153-155</ref> Ka dib markii Congo-ga Belgian ay heshay xorriyaddeeda oo ay noqotay [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo (Léopoldville)|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], dowladdii cusub ayaa u beddeshay magaca magaaladan 1966 ''"Mbandaka"'' si ay u sharfto hoggaamiye maxalli ah oo caan ah. ===Xasuuqii Hutu-ga=== Meel u dhow dhammaadkii [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Kongo]] dabayaaqadii qarnigii 20-aad, boqolaal qof (inta badan qaxooti [[Hutu]], haween, iyo carruur) ayaa lagu xasuuqay halkan 13-kii Maajo, 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombshell UN report leaked: 'Crimes of genocide' against Hutus in Congo |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=August 26, 2010 | author=Jason Stearn |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2010/0826/Bombshell-UN-report-leaked-Crimes-of-genocide-against-Hutus-in-Congo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/1997/11/14/world/hidden-horrors-special-report-uncovering-guilty-footprints-along-zaire-s-long.html |title=Hidden Horrors: Special Report: Tracing the Guilty Footsteps Along Zaire's Long Trail of Death|work=New York Times |date=November 14, 1997 |author1=James C. McKinley Jr |author2=Howard W. French}}</ref> Askartii reer Kongo waxay sheegeen in amarku ka yimid Col. Wilson, oo madax u ahaa guuto ka tirsan ciidamada [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila|Kabila]], iyo Col. Richard, oo ahaa madaxa hawlgallada guutada, labaduba waxay ahaayeen [[Rwanda|Rwanda]]-yiin. Gen. Gaston Muyango (Congolese) wuxuu haystay cinwaanka taliyaha militariga laakiin ma lahayn awood dhab ah, ayay yiraahdeen.<ref>{{cite web|title=MASSACRES WERE A WEAPON IN CONGO'S CIVIL WAR |author=John Pomfret |work=Washington Post |date=June 11, 1997 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/06/11/massacres-were-a-weapon-in-congos-civil-war/d108200d-90f7-4ee9-8331-e0be34b9ea79/}}</ref> ===Dillaacii Ebola=== 16-kii Maajo 2018, kiis [[Ebola]] ah ayaa ka dhacay magaalada, iyadoo cudurku ku faafay halkaas ka dib [[2018_Equateur province Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak|dillaac ka dhacay miyiga]].<ref name = "patient zero">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/first-confirmed-urban-ebola-case-is-a-game-changer-in-congo/2018/05/17/430babce-5890-11e8-9889-07bcc1327f4b_story.html|title=First confirmed urban Ebola case is a 'game changer' in Congo outbreak|last=Bearak|first=Max|date=2018-05-17|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="BBC-2">{{Cite web|title=DR Congo Ebola outbreak: WHO in emergency talks as cases spread |publisher=BBC | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44164027}}</ref> Dillaac cusub ayaa la soo sheegay 1-dii Juun 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second Ebola outbreak confirmed in DRC after four people die |publisher=Telegraph | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/experts-scramble-confirm-second-ebola-outbreak-drc/}}</ref> Saddex kiis ayaa waxaa xaqiijiyay [[WHO]] saddex kiis oo kalena waa suurtagal, kuwaas oo afar qof ay dhinteen ilaa 2-dii Juun, 2020. ==Meelaha ugu muhiimsan== ===Saldhigga Kaniisadda Katooliga iyo xarunta cilmi-baarista taariikhda Afrika ee Bamanya=== [[File:Missie kerk a.JPG|thumb|Kaniisadda Mashiiniyadii Qalbiga Quduuska ah (MSC) ee Bamanya, 2008.]] Xarun cilmi-baaris oo weyn oo ku saabsan taariikhda Afrika ee Bartamaha, oo ay markii hore aasaaseen Aabbayaasha [[Gustaaf Hulstaert]] iyo Honoré Vinck, waxay ku taal saldhigga kaniisadda Katooliga ee Bamanya (Ururka Qalbiga Quduuska ah ee Maryan (CCIM)), {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=in}} bari ka xigta Mbandaka.<ref>Eeg: www.aequatoria.be</ref> {{anchor|Beerta Botaniska ee Eala}} ===Beerta Botaniska ee Eala=== Waxaa jira beero botaniska oo ku yaalla Eala oo u dhow, qiyaastii {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=in}} bari ka xigta bartamaha magaalada. [[Beerta Botaniska ee Eala]], oo la aas-aasay 1900, waxay hore u lahayd inta u dhaxaysa 4,000 iyo 5,000 oo nooc. Waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|370|ha|acre|lk=in}} ururin gaar ah ({{convert|125|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}), kayn ({{convert|190|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}), marj ({{convert|50|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}) iyo savanna "Euobe" ({{convert|7|ha|acre|abbr=in|disp=or}}). Sababo la xiriira dagaal iyo khalkhal bulsho, beerta waa la dayacay. Waxaana lagu xiray xayndaab waana la tirsadaa [[qoryo goyn sharci darro ah]]. Buugga ugu dambeeyay ee hantideeda waxaa la daabacay 1924. ===Mashruuca guryaha ee ugu horreeya ee Habitat for Humanity International=== Mbandaka waa hoyga mashruuca ugu horreeya ee adduunka ee [[Habitat for Humanity]] International. Aasaasaha [[Millard Fuller]] wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii mashiin-yahan kaniisadda [[Disciples of Christ]] ee Mbandaka laga soo bilaabo 1973 ilaa 1976. Mashruuca guryaha ee Fuller ka bilaabay Mbandaka 1973 wuxuu caan ku noqday mashruuca ugu horreeya ee Habitat for Humanity markii Fuller uu aasaasay Habitat markii uu ku soo laabtay Mareykanka. [[File:Mbandaka Cathedral.jpg|260px|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Katooliga ee St Eugene ee Mbandaka. Erayada baiso baala nkolo, oo lagu qoray albaabka kaniisadda korkiisa, waa bilowgii Sabuurka 123 ee luuqadda Mongo.]] ==Cimilada== Mbandaka waxay leedahay [[cimilada kaynta roobka ee kulaylaha]] (''Af'') iyadoo la raacayo [[kala soocidda cimilada Köppen]]. Inkasta oo roobabka magaalada ay kala duwan yihiin, ma lahan [[xilli qalalan]]; bisha ugu qallalan waa Janaayo, celcelis ahaan qiyaastii {{convert|68|mm|in|1|disp=or}} roobab. Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Sebtembar oo leh {{convert|201|mm|in|1|disp=or}}. Heerkulku waa mid joogto ah sanadka oo dhan, iyadoo heerkulka dhexe uu u dhexeeyo {{convert|74|to|79|F|C|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=50046&cityname=Mbandaka%2C+Equateur%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&units= |title = Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Weather→Climate Summary) |publisher = weatherbase |access-date = 10 December 2022 |archive-date = 11 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221211064842/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=50046&cityname=Mbandaka,+Equateur,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&units= |url-status = dead }}</ref> {{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Mbandaka ([[Beerta Botaniska ee Eala]]), joogga {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1971–2000) |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C = 30.5 |Feb high C = 31.3 |Mar high C = 31.3 |Apr high C = 31.3 |May high C = 31.2 |Jun high C = 29.9 |Jul high C = 28.9 |Aug high C = 29.2 |Sep high C = 29.9 |Oct high C = 30.2 |Nov high C = 30.1 |Dec high C = 30.4 | year high C = |Jan low C = 20.7 |Feb low C = 20.8 |Mar low C = 21.0 |Apr low C = 21.2 |May low C = 21.3 |Jun low C = 20.8 |Jul low C = 20.3 |Aug low C = 20.3 |Sep low C = 20.4 |Oct low C = 20.6 |Nov low C = 20.7 |Dec low C = 20.9 | year low C = |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 68.0 |Feb rain mm = 94.0 |Mar rain mm = 168.0 |Apr rain mm = 137.0 |May rain mm = 111.0 |Jun rain mm = 90.0 |Jul rain mm = 104.0 |Aug rain mm = 166.0 |Sep rain mm = 201.0 |Oct rain mm = 186.0 |Nov rain mm = 134.0 |Dec rain mm = 96.0 |year rain mm = | source 1 = [[Ururka Cunnada iyo Beeraha|FAO]]<ref name=FAO>{{cite web | url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/ | title = CLIMWAT climatic database | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations | access-date = 28 August 2024 | archive-date = 27 Bisha Sideedaad 2025 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250827181014/https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/climwat-for-cropwat/en/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> }} ==Dadka== {{see also|Category:Dadka ka yimid Mbandaka|}} * [[Guy Loando Mboyo]], qareen iyo siyaasi * [[Roger Hitoto]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Frédéric Boyenga-Bofala]], siyaasi * [[José Bosingwa]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Adam Bombolé]], siyaasi * [[Issama Mpeko]], ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta * [[Banza Mukalay]], siyaasi * [[Jules Fontaine Sambwa]], dhaqaaleyahan iyo siyaasi ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Jaamacadda Mbandaka]] *[[Madaarka Mbandaka]] *[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mbandaka-Bikoro]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007132019/http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/0037/ Beeraha Botaniska ee Zaire iyo Xaaladda Hadda ee Kala-duwanaanshaha Nolosha ee Zaire] * {{cite web|url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11221|title=Villes de RD Congo - Mbandaka|date=2006-05-29|publisher=[[Howlgalka Qaramada Midoobay ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|MONUC]]|language=fr|access-date=2008-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304175734/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=11221 |archive-date=2008-03-04}} {{Authority control}} i4pww2mi0meksqs1h3kwujjypz2m8rg 0 48473 303188 302723 2026-07-22T11:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfurta Suudaan''' ('''Association of Media Women in South Sudan''' (AMWISS)) waa urur xirfadeed la aasaasay sannadkii 2008 si loo dhiirrigeliyo sinnaanta jinsiga iyo horumarinta haweenka ka shaqeeya warbaahinta [[South Sudan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=South Sudan |url=https://medialandscapes.org/country/south-sudan/education/professional-development |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Media Landscapes |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705121057/https://medialandscapes.org/country/south-sudan/education/professional-development |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ujeeddada ururku waa in uu tababaro haweenka [[Journalist|saxafiyiinta]] ah si ay u noqdaan xirfadlayaal, isla markaana ay si wanaagsan u fahmaan xirfaddooda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOUTH SUDAN: Association of Media Women trains Journalists on Gender Reporting Manual |url=https://communications.amecea.org/index.php/2017/04/11/south-sudan-association-of-media-women-trains-journalists-on-gender-reporting-manual/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=communications.amecea.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702145343/https://communications.amecea.org/index.php/2017/04/11/south-sudan-association-of-media-women-trains-journalists-on-gender-reporting-manual/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ururku wuxuu bixiyaa tababaro saxaafadeed, ololeyaal u doodid, iyo barnaamijyo badbaado oo si gaar ah loogu talagalay haweenka ka shaqeeya warbaahinta, isaga oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo codka haweenka ee doodaha bulshada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2017-03-30 |title=Media Women train Journalists on gender reporting manual |url=https://catholicradionetwork.org/2017/03/30/media-women-train-journalists-on-gender-reporting-manual/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}</ref> == Iskaashiyo == AMWISS waxay iskaashi la leedahay hay'ado ay ka mid yihiin: * '''[[Association for Media Development in South Sudan]] (AMDISS)''' – tababaro iyo ololeyaal wadajir ah.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Norwegian People’s Aid''' iyo '''International Media Support'''. * '''JMEC''' iyo '''South Sudan Women Empowerment Network'''. == Aasaasayaal == * [[Apollonia Mathia]], saxafiyad iyo u-dhaqdhaqaaqe bulsho, kana mid ahayd aas-aasayaashii AMWISS iyo [[Union of Journalists of Southern Sudan]] (UJOSS). * [[Veronica Lucy Gordon]], saxafiyad isla markaana ka mid ahayd aas-aasayaashii Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfurta Suudaan (AMWISS).<ref name=":0" /> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} gktjbi8zaqimdja8ykb206xd5q5z49y 0 48605 303190 301372 2026-07-22T11:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Hennops | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Wierda Bridge wide.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Biriijka Wierda ee ka dul maraya Webiga Hennops | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afka ka galo webiga Hennops <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|94|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Crocodile River (West)|Webiga Crocodile]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|50|37|S|27|55|56|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1212|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Rietvlei River|Webiga Rietvlei]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Hennops''' waa mid ka mid ah webiyada waaweyn ee qulqula [[Gauteng]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa meel u dhow [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]], dhanka bari ee [[Johannesburg]] wuxuuna la kulmaa [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] in yar ka hor [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]. Waa mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu wasakhaysan [[Gauteng]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA3CrocMarico.jpg Crocodile/Marico WMA 3], dwaf.gov.za. Accessed 6 August 2023.</ref> == Qulqulka == Webiga Hennops wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Terenure, Kempton Park|Terenure]], [[Kempton Park, Gauteng|Kempton Park]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo ku sii jeeda xaafadda [[Tembisa]]. Kadib wuxuu maraa [[Olifantsfontein]] wuxuuna la kulmaa [[Sesmyl Spruit]] oo ka soo qulqula [[Rietvlei Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rietvlei]]. Webigu wuxuu markaas u leexdaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed isagoo maraya bartamaha [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]. Webigu wuxuu sii wadaa jihadan isagoo maraya dhulalka hoose ee [[Magaliesberg]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] dhankiisa midig meel u dhow [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]. == Biyo-xireennada == [[Rietvlei Dam|Biyo-xireenka Rietvlei]], oo biyo siiya [[City of Tshwane|Magaalada Tshwane]], iyo sidoo kale biyo-xireenno beeraha ah oo badan ayaa ku yaal Dooxada Webiga Hennops. Lake Centurion iyo sidoo kale biyo-mareenno badan ayaa ku yaal webiga. == Wasakhowga == Webiga Hennops waa mid ka mid ah webiyada aadka u wasakhaysan ee [[Gauteng]]. Adeegyada fayadhowrka oo aan ku filnayn oo aan si fiican loo dayactirin ee [[Tembisa]], [[Ivory Park]], [[Olifantsfontein]] iyo [[Erasmia]] ayaa webiga u beddelay marin-biyo furan. [[AfriForum]] ayaa ururiyey muunado biyo ah oo ka yimid Webiga Hennops, natiijaduna waxay muujisay in in ka badan hal milyan oo unugyo ah oo ah noolaha tilmaamaha ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' ay joogaan 100 ml oo biyo ah. Khatarta caafimaad waa mid aad u sarreeya dadka la kulma xiriir buuxa ama qayb ahaan biyo leh in ka badan 2000 unug oo samaysma gumeysi 100 ml kasta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Du Preez |first1=Martella |last2=Kühn |first2=Anneli |last3=Van Niekerk |first3=Harold |last4=Venter |first4=S N |title=National Microbial Monitoring Programme for Surface Water (implementation manual) |url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/microbio/Document/NMMP_implementation_Surfaces.pdf |website=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |accessdate=28 July 2018}}</ref> Biyaha wasakhda ah ee aan la daweyn ama qayb ahaan la daweeyay ayaa sidoo kale ka kooban heerar sare oo fosfat iyo nitrate ah, kuwaas oo gacan ka geysta dhibaatooyinka [[eutrophication|nafaqaynta xad-dhaafka ah]] ee [[Hartbeespoort Dam|Biyo-xireenka Hartbeespoort]]. Sannadkii 2020, FRESH [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] waxay ku rakibtay dabinno qashin ah xaafadda Clayville ee [[Tembisa]], dadka deegaankana waxaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay inay ka saaraan qashinka oo si dhakhso ah u ururay.<ref name="yt1">{{cite web |title=FRESH removing plastic waste from litter traps placed on the Hennops River |url=https://www.facebook.com/chinaplussa/posts/3504659516287339 |website=China Plus South Africa |publisher=YouTube |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> == Dhacdooyinka == Bishii Abriil 2025, saddex askari oo booliis ah oo la la'aa ayaa laga helay Webiga Hennops oo ku teedsan [[N1 (South Africa)|N1]] ee Centurion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Orrin |title=Five bodies recovered from Hennops River in search for missing Free State officers |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/04/29/four-bodies-recovered-from-hennops-river-in-search-for-missing-free-state-officers |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> Waxay la'aayeen muddo todobaad ah waxayna la sheegay inay ku sii jeedeen [[Bloemfontein]] ee [[Free State (province)|Free State]] ilaa gobolka [[Limpopo]], halkaas oo loo diray.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mutsila |first=Lerato |date=2025-04-29 |title=Three missing police officers among five bodies found in Hennops River |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-04-29-three-missing-police-officers-among-five-dead-pulled-from-hennops-river-as-shocked-families-identify-bodies/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref> Booliiska ayaa sidoo kale helay laba meyd oo kale, mid ka mid ah oo ka tirsanaa shaqaalaha dhulka ee Adeegga Booliska Koonfur Afrika ee saldhigga booliiska Lyttleton iyo mid rayid ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sibiya |first=Noxolo |title=Remains of 3 missing officers identified among 5 bodies retrieved from Hennops River |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/remains-of-3-missing-officers-identified-among-5-bodies-retrieved-from-hennops-river-20250429 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=South African authorities find the bodies of 3 missing police officers in a river |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-missing-police-officers-4d82842e854bc87bccfeacf2d0be96d4 |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Goobaha dalxiiska == Dooxada webiga waa meel loo tago fasaxa iyo dhamaadka todobaadka dadka deggan magaalooyinka dhow. Xeebaha Hennops waa meel caan ah oo loogu talagalay [[hiking|socodka]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.footprint.co.za/hennops.htm |title=Hennops Hiking Trail |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=7 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507033055/http://www.footprint.co.za/hennops.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> kaluumaysiga, [[camping|xero dhigashada]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hennopspride.caravanparks.co.za/ |title=Hennops Pride Caravan Park |access-date=6 April 2012 |archive-date=14 Bisha Koobaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114051205/http://www.hennopspride.caravanparks.co.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[picnic|dalxiiska cunnada]]. Waxaa ka dul mara laba biriij oo yaryar oo laadlaada, mid ku yaal Centurion Mall, iyo midka kale oo ku yaal Hennops Pride. Waxa kale oo jira goobo loo dalxiis tago iyo jid 4x4 ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hennops 4x4 trail |url=http://www.hennops.co.za/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-date=2026-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260713191107/https://www.hennops.co.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064627/https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za/handle/10210/2008 Natural and anthropogenic influences on water quality: an example from rivers draining the Johannesburg Granite Dome] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20111218230304/http://www.internetaccommodation.co.za/town/hennopsriver Tourist Attractions near Hennops River, Gauteng, South Africa] {{Authority control}} 4b1ybpymzx7rbbh7hs3w6j7h6psji9m 0 48675 303183 301142 2026-07-22T09:21:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oued Guir | image = Oued Guir in Abadla.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Saoura OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Nidaamka webiga Saoura oo ay la socoto Guir (bidixda sare ee bartamaha) | source1_location = [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] oo u dhow [[Gourrama]] | mouth_location = [[Oued Saoura]] ee [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Waddamo | subdivision_name1 = [[Algeria]] iyo [[Marooko]] | etymology = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = {{convert|498|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Beni Yal]], [[Oued Zelmou]] | custom_label = | custom_data = }} '''Oued Guir''' waa webi xilliyeed ama [[wadi]] oo ku qulqula gobollada [[Drâa-Tafilalet]] iyo [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]] ee koonfur-bari [[Marooko]] iyo [[Béchar Province|Gobolka Béchar]] ee galbeedka [[Algeria]].<ref name="Merzougui">{{cite web|url=https://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|title=L’eau dans l’oasis de Béni Abbés : un patrimoine essentiel (Vallée de la Saoura, Sud Ouest algérien)|publisher=Nature Vivante|accessdate=21 February 2013|first=Touhami|last=Merzougui|archive-date=23 Bisha Koobaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123004611/http://www.naturevivante.org/documents/beni_abbes.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Koorsaha == Oued Guir wuxuu ka soo bilowdaa meel sare oo ka mid ah [[Atlas Mountains|Buuraha Atlas]] {{convert|22|km}} waqooyi-bari ee magaalada [[Gourrama]], [[Drâa-Tafilalet]], ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta [[Boudenib]] wuxuuna u jeestaa bari, isagoo u gudbaya Gobolka Oriental. Halkan wuxuu kula kulmaa [[Beni Yal]] iyo [[Oued Zelmou]] wuxuuna u jeestaa koonfurta ilaa xadka [[Algeria]]. Ka dib markii uu galay Algeria, webigu wuxuu galayaa xireenka [[Djorf Torba]], wuxuuna sii maraa [[Abadla]] ilaa [[Igli, Algeria|Igli]], halkaas oo uu kula biirayo [[Oued Zouzfana]] si uu u sameeyo [[Oued Saoura]].<ref name="Merzougui"/> <gallery> Barrage de djorf torba.jpg|Kaydka Djorf Torba La vallée du Guir (Algérie).jpg|Dooxada Guir, [[Algeria]] </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}}{{Commons}}{{Authority control}} {{Coord|31|44|N|2|48|W|display=title|region:MA_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} b0ihuta2jymkbvh1b10qhkpufhtqkn9 0 48683 303182 301150 2026-07-22T09:19:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Oued Fodda |other_name = |native_name = وادى الفضة |nickname = |settlement_type = Degmo iyo magaalo |motto = |image_skyline = Pont Baarge de Oued Fooda.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Xireenka Webiga Oued Fodda |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_map = DZ 02 Oued Fodda.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Algeria |pushpin_label_position = hoos |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption = |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name ={{flag|Algeria}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Algeria|Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 =[[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Algeria|Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 =[[Oued Fodda District|Oued Fodda]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |population_as_of = 2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Chlef : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w02_p2.pdf|access-date=2017-06-07}}. Xogta ka timid Tirakoobka Guud ee Dadweynaha iyo Guryaha ee 2008 ee goobta [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 41 710 |population_density_km2 = |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|36|11|N|1|32|E|display=title|region:DZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 200-230 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = 02100 |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Oued Fodda''' waa magaalo iyo [[Communes of Algeria|degmo]] ka tirsan [[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]], ee dalka [[Algeria]]. Sida uu sheegay tirakoobkii 1998, waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu tahay 36,187.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html |title=Statoids |access-date=2010-02-04 }}</ref> == Sharaxaadda == Oued Fodda waa mid ka mid ah degmooyinka [[Chlef Province|Gobolka Chlef]] ee [[Algeria]], waxay ku taal 20 km bari ka xigta magaalada [[Chlef]], waxaana la aasaasay 1883, isgoyska webiyada [[Fodda River|Oued Fodda]] iyo [[Oued Chelif]]. Waxaa mara waddada qaran ee 04, iyo ''waddada gobolka 132''. == Cimilada == <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box |location = Qued Fodda |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 57 |Feb high F = 60 |Mar high F = 68 |Apr high F = 73 |May high F = 80 |Jun high F = 91 |Jul high F = 100 |Aug high F = 100 |Sep high F = 91 |Oct high F = 78 |Nov high F = 66 |Dec high F = 59 |year high F = 77 |Jan low F = 39 |Feb low F = 41 |Mar low F = 44 |Apr low F = 48 |May low F = 53 |Jun low F = 62 |Jul low F = 68 |Aug low F = 68 |Sep low F = 62 |Oct low F = 55 |Nov low F = 48 |Dec low F = 41 |year low F = 51 |Jan precipitation inch = 2.2 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.9 |Mar precipitation inch = 1.7 |Apr precipitation inch = 1.6 |May precipitation inch = 1.3 |Jun precipitation inch = 0.3 |Jul precipitation inch = 0 |Aug precipitation inch = 0.1 |Sep precipitation inch = 0.8 |Oct precipitation inch = 1.6 |Nov precipitation inch = 2.2 |Dec precipitation inch = 2.4 |year precipitation inch = 16.1 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=604251&refer=wikipedia |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Qued Fodda, Algeria |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 |access-date=2011-11-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232219/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=604251&refer=wikipedia |url-status=dead }} Laga soo qaatay 24 Noofambar 2011.</ref> |date=Noofambar 2011 }} </div> == Xusuusin taariikheed == Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Algeria, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Faransiiska waxay halkan saldhig uga dhigeen '''''Centre d'Entrainement et de Perfectionnement des Commandos de Chasse No.1''''' <ref>[Faransiis > "Xaruntii ugu horreysay ee Tababarka iyo Horumarinta Commandos-ka Raad-raaca"]</ref>. Waxay ahayd dugsi hawlgallo gaar ah oo tababara ''Commandos de Chasse''.<ref>[Faransiis > "Commandos-ka Raad-raaca"]</ref> Waxay furtay bishii Luulyo 1959 waxayna xirtay bishii Maarso, 1962. ''Commandos de Chasse'' waxay ahaayeen cutubyo amni oo heer shirkad ah oo ka kooban ''Harkis'' reer Algeria ah ["Ciidamada Kaalmada Mutadawiciinta"] oo ay hoggaaminayeen saraakiil Faransiis ah iyo NCOs. Shaqadoodu waxay ahayd inay raad raacaan oo ay dejiyaan ''Katibas'' FLN ["cutubyo aan caadi ahayn oo leh awood qayb ama shirkad"] oo ka soo tallaabay Tunisia iyo Morocco ama ka hawlgala ''bled'' ["saxaraha sare"] si loogu weeraro ciidamada waaweyn ee Faransiiska. Cutubyada ciidanku waxay lahaayeen calaamadda wacitaanka ''Pagoda'' ama ''Kimono'' iyo cutubyada Gendarmerie waxay lahaayeen calaamadda wacitaanka ''Pirate'' ama ''Partisan''. == Dadka caanka ah ee deegaanka == * [[Auguste Rencurel|Auguste Rencorel]] (1896-1983), siyaasi reer Faransiis ah * [[Rabie Benchergui]] (dhashay 1978), ciyaaryahanka kubbadda cagta ee reer Algeria * [[Nour El Islam Fettouhi]] (dhashay 1999), ciyaaryahanka kubbadda cagta ee reer Algeria == Tixraac == {{Portal|Algeria}} {{reflist}} qppkbwyp0zb7m6qtnigt141iw5bs3ck 0 48697 303191 301392 2026-07-22T11:58:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanyati Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Kwe Kwe ee ku yaal biyaha webiga Sanyati (xagga hoose)]] '''Webiga Kwe Kwe'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zw.geoview.info/kwe_kwe_river,3649344p |title=Kwe Kew River map (not shown) |access-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 Bisha Tobnaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028194733/https://zw.geoview.info/kwe_kwe_river,3649344p }}</ref> (oo loo yaqaanay '''Webiga Que Que''' ilaa 1983) waa webi yar oo mara magaalada [[Kwekwe]] ee [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]. Waa tributary yar oo ka mid ah [[Sebakwe River|Webiga Sebakwe]] wuxuuna ku milmaa [[Sebakwe River|Webiga Sebakwe]] waqooyiga magaalada.<ref>Map of Kwekwe [https://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3002_8to.jpg]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(la galay 02/11/2008)</ref> Biyaha ka yimaada webiga waxaa isticmaala warshadaha birta ee samaysma lafdhabarta magaalada [[Kwekwe|Kwekwe]]. Webiga Sebakwe wuxuu ku milmaa [[Sanyati River|Webiga Sanyati]] kaas oo u qulqula waqooyi wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]]. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Kwekwe]] * [[Kadoma, Zimbabwe|Kadoma]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} bb52hdalgtasexhzeiolfyuxgsl45ur 0 48701 303198 301421 2026-07-22T12:31:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Pungwe | native_name = {{native name|pt|Rio Púngoè or Rio Púnguè}} | name_other = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = Dooxada Pungwe ee [[Nyanga National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nyanga]], Zimbabwe | image_alt = | map = Pungwe Basin OSM.svg | map_size = 250 | map_caption = Khariidadda dhaamka biyaha ee Webiga Pungwe | map_alt = <!---------------------- BASIN --> | river_system = Webiga Pungwe | progression = | source1_location = [[Mount Nyangani|Buurta Nyangani]] (Zimbabwe) | source1_coordinates = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1,500|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_location = [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-19.865278|34.818611|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | altitude_difference = | basin_size = {{convert|31,151|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|32,243.7|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = <!---------------------- PHYSIOGNOMY --> | length = {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|20.44|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> (Xilligii: 1971–2000) {{cvt|615.9|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast"/> {{convert|120|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/> ilaa {{convert|133|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- FEATURES --> | tributaries_left = Vunduzi, [[Urema River|Urema]] | tributaries_right = [[Honde River|Honde]] | waterbodies = | waterfalls = [[Pungwe Falls]] | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Pungwe''' ({{langx|pt|Rio Púngoè|links=no}} ama ''Rio Púnguè''<ref name=NGIA/>) waa webi dhererkiisu dhan yahay {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} oo mara [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Mozambique|Mozambique]].<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/><ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Wuxuu ka kacaa hoos-ta Buurta [[Mount Nyangani|Mount Nyangani]] ee ku taal [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] ee Zimbabwe ka dibna wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-bari isagoo maraya gobollada [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] ee Mozambique. Pungwe wuxuu galaa [[Urema Valley|Dooxada Urema]], oo ah qaybta ugu koonfureed ee [[Great Rift Valley|Dooxada Weyn ee Rift]], halkaas oo uu ka sameeyo xuduudda koonfureed ee [[Gorongosa National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gorongosa]]. [[Urema River|Webiga Urema]] ayaa ku milma, webiguna wuxuu raacaa dooxada rift koonfurta. Dhul-qoyan xilliyeed ballaaran ayaa ka samaysma agagaarka webiyada Pungwe iyo Urema ee qaybta dooxada rift. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] meel u dhow [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], isagoo sameeya estuary ballaaran.<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Waa mid ka mid ah webiyada waaweyn ee Mozambique oo inta badan keena fatahaado.<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/><ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> [[File:BeiraFromTheISS.jpg|right|thumb|Beira oo ku taal afka Webiga Pungwe, sida laga arkay [[International Space Station|Xarunta Hawada Caalamiga ah]]]] [[File:Flooding in Mozambique Púnguè River 2010-03-08.jpg|thumb|right|Fatahaadda Webiga Pungwe sida laga arkay dayax-gacmeedka NASA [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] sannadkii 2010.]] [[File:Sofala Province Mozambique 2009-03-12.jpg|thumb|right|Webiga Pungwe oo ku jira xaalad caadi ah sida laga arkay dayax-gacmeedka NASA [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] sannadkii 2009.]] == Tributaries == Tributaries-ka bidix ee ugu waaweyn, laga bilaabo kor-webiga ilaa hoos-webiga, waa Nhazonia, Txatola, Vinduzi, iyo Nhandugue-Urema. Tributaries-ka midig waa [[Honde River|Honde]] iyo Muda. == Dhaamka Pungwe == Dhanka maamulka, Dhaamka Pungwe wuxuu daboolaa qaybo ka mid ah gobollada Sofala iyo Manica ee Mozambique, iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah [[Mutasa District|Degmada Mutasa]] ee Zimbabwe. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah dhaamka Zimbabwe waxay ku dhacdaa [[Nyanga District|Degmada Nyanga]].<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Sannadkii 2003, dadka ku nool dhaamka Mozambique waxaa lagu qiyaasay 1,104,000 oo qof iyo kuwa Zimbabwe 96,000 oo qof.<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> == Nidaamyada sahayda biyaha == Aagga magaalada [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]] ee Mozambique waxay biyaha ka heshaa Webiga Pungwe. Baahida biyaha ee 2004 ee sahayda biyaha Beira/Dondo, oo ay ku jireen aagagga Mutua iyo Mafambisse, ayaa lagu qiyaasay {{convert|25,339|m3}}/maalintii. Magaalada [[Mutare]] waxaa laga siiyaa Webiga Pungwe iyada oo loo marayo xarun kala wareejin inter-catchment ah. Qadarka loo wareejiyo ayaa ku kooban ugu badnaan {{convert|0.7|m3/s}} iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha ruqsadda biyaha iyo naqshadaynta nidaamka. Intaa waxaa dheer, 27 Sebtember 1995, waxaa lagu heshiiyey kulan ay yeesheen wasiirrada Mozambique iyo Zimbabwe ee mas'uulka ka ah arrimaha biyaha in biyaha laga soo saari karo Webiga Pungwe si loo siiyo magaalada Mutare, iyada oo xadka sare uu yahay {{convert|1|m3/s}}. Sidaas darteed, soo saarista go'an ee {{convert|60,480|m3/day|e3ft3/day|abbr=unit}} ee magaalada Mutare ayaa loo qaatay sida baahida biyaha ee Webiga Pungwe. Degmada Reer Miyiga ee Mutasa ayaa sidoo kale la filayaa inay biyaha ka soo saarto dhuumaha Pungwe si ay u siiso tuulooyinka ku teedsan waddooyinkeeda.<ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph"/> Isbeddelka cimilada ayaa la saadaalinayaa inuu u horseedi doono ilaa 10% dhimis ku timaada roobabka sannadlaha ah. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay hoos u dhac ku yimaada qulqulka webiga iyo biyaha la heli karo ee dhaamka Webiga Pungwe, taas oo laga yaabo inay cawaaqib xumo ku yeelato wax soo saarka beeraha. In kasta oo isbeddelka u dhexeeya sannadaha ee qulqulka aan la saadaalinayn inuu si weyn isu beddelo, isbeddelka sannad-gudaha [[Masterplan Beira 2035|ayaa la filayaa inuu kordho]]. Tani waxay ka sii dari doontaa fatahaadaha iyo abaaraha labadaba.<ref name="Andersson et al. 2011"/> == Discharge == Qulqulka Webiga Pungwe ee '''Jangada''' ({{coord|19|26|56.7276|S|34|32|16.2204|E}}). Xilligii laga bilaabo 1998/01/01 ilaa 2023/12/31 (Xigasho: ''The Flood Observatory''):<ref name="The Flood Observatory">{{cite web|url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/260.htm|title=The Flood Observatory|access-date=2026-07-09|archive-date=2025-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518155545/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/260.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Sannad ! colspan="3" |Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) ! rowspan="2" |Sannad ! colspan="3" |Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) |- !''Celcelis'' !Min !Max !''Celcelis'' !Min !Max |- |1998 |''512'' |165 |1,152 |2011 |''496'' |219 |861 |- |1999 |''817'' |377 |1,570 |2012 |''196'' |28 |553 |- |2000 |''491'' |155 |1,125 |2013 |''471'' |108 |1,068 |- |2001 |''1,351'' |786 |2,388 |2014 |''565'' |199 |991 |- |2002 |''166'' |13 |531 |2015 |''263'' |53 |683 |- |2003 |''131'' |8 |362 |2016 |''329'' |86 |730 |- |2004 |''378'' |116 |839 |2017 |''798'' |304 |1,772 |- |2005 |''232'' |20 |651 |2018 |''800'' |298 |1,453 |- |2006 |''572'' |277 |1,000 |2019 |''1,010'' |297 |2,237 |- |2007 |''458'' |106 |966 |2020 |''647'' |165 |1,315 |- |2008 |''609'' |285 |1,158 |2021 |''884'' |381 |1,863 |- |2009 |''784'' |449 |1,213 |2022 |''524'' |164 |1,224 |- |2010 |''658'' |264 |1,325 |2023 |''718'' |237 |1,463 |} == Tixraac == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Andersson et al. 2011">{{cite journal|last1=Andersson|first1=Lotta|last2=Samuelsson|first2=Patrick|last3=Kjellström|first3=Erik |year=2011 |title=Assessment of climate change impact on water resources in the Pungwe river basin |journal=Tellus A |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=138–157 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00480.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=NGIA>{{cite web |url=http://geonames.nga.mil/namesviewer/ |title=GeoNames Search |work=Geographic Names Database |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, USA |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> <ref name="The Pungwe River Monograph">{{cite book |title=The Pungwe River Monograph. Main Report. SWECO Project No: 1150447 |author=SWECO & Associates |date=April 2004 |publisher=Government of the Republic of Mozambique; Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) |pages=64 pp |no-pp=y |url=http://www.elmed-rostov.ru/Projects/Pungwe%20CD/Reports/eng/Monograph/Monograph%20Main%20Report%20English.pdf |access-date=2026-07-09 |archive-date=2018-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126071157/http://www.elmed-rostov.ru/Projects/Pungwe%20CD/Reports/eng/Monograph/Monograph%20Main%20Report%20English.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141547/http://www.pungweriver.net/Eng/main/index.htm Pungwe River Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009082830/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/EFS/photoinfo.pl?PHOTO=STS61C-37-42 NASA: Earth from Space] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/biodiversity-and-livelihoods-in-the-pungwe-river-basin-under-threat |title=Biodiversity and Livelihoods in the Pungwe River basin under threat |work=IW:Learn |date=23 May 2024}} lq49p5eg32yaxlsbm8e2wajq026mbbc 0 48726 303196 302735 2026-07-22T12:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303196 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mettawee River.jpg|alt=Webiga Mettawee oo u dhow Whitehall, NY.|thumb|Webiga Mettawee oo u dhow Whitehall, NY.]][[File:Route 149 crossing the Mettawee River in Granville, New York.jpg|thumb|right|[[New York State Route 149]] ayaa ka gudbaysa Mettawee ee Granville.]] '''Webiga Mettawee''' (mararka qaarkood loo qoro "Mettowee River"<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYVTmedia |url=https://nyvtmedia.com/2022/02/10/granville-then-now-mettowee-river-its-spelled-with-an-o/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=NYVT Media |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520174458/https://www.nyvtmedia.com/2022/02/10/granville-then-now-mettowee-river-its-spelled-with-an-o/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) waa [[tributary]] ka mid ah [[Lake Champlain|Harada Champlain]] oo ku yaal galbeedka [[Vermont]] iyo bariga [[New York (state)|New York]] ee dalka [[Mareykanka|Mareykanka]]. Laga soo bilaabo isha uu ka soo bilowdo dhinaca koonfureed ee [[Dorset Mountain]], Vermont, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa xagga woqooyi masaafo dhan 47 mayl, isagoo mara [[Mettawee Valley]] ee Vermont wuxuuna dhaafaa magaalada [[Granville, New York|Granville, New York]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin Harada Champlain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1999 |title=Poultney - Mettawee Watersheds (December 1999) |url=https://dec.vermont.gov/sites/dec/files/documents/WSMD_mp_Poultney-Mettawee_AssessmentReport_1999.pdf |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (.gov)}}</ref> Waxa uu leeyahay dhaam biyo-qabatin ah oo dhan 167 mayl laba jibaaran, iyadoo celceliska qulqulkiisu yahay {{convert|254|cuft|m3}} ilbiriqsi kasta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Current Conditions for USGS 04280450 METTAWEE RIVER NEAR MIDDLE GRANVILLE NY |url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?cb_00060=on&cb_00065=on&format=gif_default&site_no=04280450&legacy=1&period=&begin_date=2024-11-13&end_date=2024-11-20 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=waterdata.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Surface Water data for USA: USGS Daily Statistics |url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/dvstat/?site_no=04280450&por_04280450_105875=1051061,00060,105875 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=waterdata.usgs.gov}}</ref> Webigu waa goob caan ah oo loogu talagalay raadinta [[rapids]]-ka iyo [[kayak|kayaking]]. == Taariikh == Webiga Mettawee wuxuu magaciisa ka helay [[Algonquin people|qabiilka Algonquin]] ee ku nool agagaarka webiga, in kasta oo asalkiisa rasmiga ah aan la aqoon. Soo jeedinta asalka magaca waxaa ka mid ah inuu ka yimid [[Algonquin language|luuqadda Algonquin]] oo macnaheedu yahay "ugu fog," ka soo jeedka [[Massachusett language|luuqadda Massachusett]] ee "geedka poplar," ama [[Abenaki language|luuqadda Abenaki]] ee isgoyska laba webi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bushnell |first=Mark |date=2021-08-01 |title=Then Again: Europeans obliterated most of Vermont's original place names |url=https://vtdigger.org/2021/08/01/then-again-europeans-obliterated-most-of-vermonts-original-place-names/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=VTDigger |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada New York]] *[[Liiska webiyada Vermont]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.granvillechamber.com/Mettawee%20River.html Mettawee River - Granville Area Chamber of Commerce] {{Wayback|url=http://www.granvillechamber.com/Mettawee%20River.html |date=20070813175828 }} {{coord|43|32|02|N|73|24|12|W|type:river|display=title}} {{Vermont rivers}} {{authority control}} f8l8chgfp17o91cyyolce7hl7i8nrks 0 48739 303195 301278 2026-07-22T12:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Lunga | map = Kafue OSM.svg | country = {{flag|Zambia}} | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|14|00|S|26|20|E|}} }} '''Webiga Lunga''' waa magaca laba webi oo ku yaal [[Zambia]]. Mid waa [[tributary|qulqul]] ka mid ah [[Webiga Kafue]] kan kalena waa qulqul ka mid ah [[Webiga Kabompo]], kuwaas oo labaduba ah [[Tributary|qulqullada]] [[Webiga Zambezi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kafue Rivers and Plains |url=http://www.jamelasafaris.co.za/kafueriversplains.html |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.jamelasafaris.co.za |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616090307/http://jamelasafaris.co.za/kafueriversplains.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxa kale oo jira Beerta Qaranka ee West Lunga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Lunga National Park {{!}} Zambia {{!}} Wild Safari Guide |url=https://wildsafariguide.com/listing/west-lunga-national-park/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=wildsafariguide.com}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}}{{Rivers of Zambia}} {{Coord|14|00|S|26|20|E|region:ZM_type:river|display=title}} 94ne5ofxfsgm8ic08293v8kn55io7fc 0 48909 303194 302734 2026-07-22T12:07:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Lugenda | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Lugenda River.png | map_size = 340px | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Harada Amaramba]] | mouth_location = [[Webiga Ruvuma]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-11.4239|38.4849|type:river_region:MZ|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique]] | progression = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = Webiga Ruvuma | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Lugenda''' ama '''Lujenda''' (magaca kale: '''Webiga Msambiti''')<ref name="ManchesterGeoSoc">{{cite book|last=Manchester Geographical Society|title=The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society (23-24)|year=1885|pages=[https://archive.org/details/journalmanchest01socigoog/page/n358 302]–304|url=https://archive.org/details/journalmanchest01socigoog|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref> waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Mozambique]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa jiho koonfur-waqooyi ah oo ka bilaabma [[Harada Amaramba]]/[[Harada Chiuta]] waana wabbiga ugu weyn ee ku shubma [[Webiga Ruvuma]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA686|title=A directory of African wetlands|publisher=Belhaven Press Book, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ([[IUCN]])|year=1992|author=Robert Mepham |author2=R. H. Hughes |author3=J. S. Hughes |page=686|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Wuxuu ku biiraa [[Webiga Luambala]] meel ku taal {{coord|13|26|12|S|36|18|20|E|}}. Dooxada webiga ayaa la sheegaa inay kaliya {{convert|800|ft|m}} ka sarreyso heerka badda.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoUcAAAAMAAJ&q=lugenda|title=Joseph Thomson and the exploration of Africa|first=Robert I. |last=Rotberg|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1971|page=123|isbn=978-0-7011-1544-9}}</ref> Waqooyiga Harada Chiuta, dadka ku nool daanta galbeed waxay u yaqaaniin Webiga Msambiti.<ref name="ManchesterGeoSoc"/> Hal mar, Lugenda wuxuu u kala qaybsamaa wabiyaal dhowr ah oo jasiirado u dhexeeyaan, qaarkoodna dad ayaa ku nool sida jasiiradda Achemponda.<ref>{{cite book|last=Manchester Geographical Society|title=The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society (23-24)|year=1885|url=https://archive.org/details/journalmanchest01socigoog|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalmanchest01socigoog/page/n365 307]}}</ref> [[File:Bridge over the Lugenda.jpg|thumb|Meel u dhow Cassembe, EN-242]] [[File:2014 Lugenda River-2.jpg|thumb|U dhexeeya Cassembe ee EN-242, u socda waqooyi dhanka Keydka Niassa]] [[File:2014 Lugenda River-3.jpg|thumb|Biyo-dhacii ugu horreeyay ee u dhexeeya Cassembe ee EN-242, u socda waqooyi dhanka Keydka Niassa]] [[File:2014 Lugenda River-4.jpg|thumb|U dhexeeya Cassembe ee EN-242, u socda waqooyi dhanka Keydka Niassa]] [[File:2014 Lugenda River-5.jpg|thumb|U dhexeeya Cassembe ee EN-242, meel gudaha ka ah Keydka Niassa]] Maroodiyaashu waxay door weyn ka ciyaaraan nolosha dadka Dooxada Webiga Lugenda. Dadka qabaa'ilka ah, ee ku noolaa dooxada webiga dhowr kun oo sano, ayaa inta badan ah qabaa'ilka [[Yao]] iyo [[Makua]]. Kooxaha kale ee halkan deggan waa [[Ngoni]], [[Marave]] iyo [[Matambwe]].<ref name=Preserve>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lugenda.com/pdf/africa_geographic_article.pdf |title=Emerging from the shadows, Nissa National Reserve |access-date=2010-10-11 |publisher=Africa Geographic Article |date=June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714001921/http://www.lugenda.com/pdf/africa_geographic_article.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-14 }}</ref> == Eraybixinta == Eraybixinta erayga Lugenda ee af-[[Yao]], oo ah [[af-Bantu]] ay ku hadlaan [[dadka Yao]] ee [[Afrika]], waxay leedahay macno ahaan "wabi weyn."<ref name="ManchesterGeoSoc"/> == Juqraafiga == [[File:Initiation ritual of boys in Malawi.jpg|thumb|right|Wiilasha qabiilka [[Yao]] ee [[Bartamaha Afrika]] oo ku jira dharkooda qarinta inta lagu jiro xafladda billowga]] Webiga Lugenda, oo ku biira nidaamka guud ee Webiga Ruvuma qaybihiisa hoose dhanka koonfur-bari, ayaa ka soo bilaawda meel u dhow Harada Chilwa, laga bilaabo [[Harada Chiuta]] ({{convert|1700|ft|m}}). Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa dherer dhan {{convert|300|km|mi}} ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Webiga Ruvuma tuulada [[Negomano]]. Asalkiisa waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay buur dhuuban oo kaymo ah (buur bacaad ah oo dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|25|m|ft}} isla markaana 9,000 sano jir ah)<ref name=irrigation>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzqBfdeSjgQC&pg=PA98|title=Irrigation potential in Africa: a basin approach|author=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division|pages=98–99|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|year=1997|isbn=92-5-103966-6}}</ref>) taas oo kala saarta dhulka qoyan ee dhanka koonfureed ee Harada Chuta iyo Harada Chilwa. Wabi-biyoodka meesha ay ka baxdo Harada Amaramba waa qiyaastii {{convert|80|m|ft}} ballac ah. Waa biyo-mareen qoyan oo u dhexeeya asalkiisa laga soo bilaabo Harada Chitwa iyo Harada Amaramba.<ref name= reserve>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airboatafrika.com/ruvuma-river-niassa-national-reserve/|title=Ruvuma River & Niassa National Reserve |access-date=2010-10-11|publisher=Airboat Afrika Company}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Buur Mecula]] ({{convert|1441|m|ft}}) waa buurta dhexe ee dooxada. Buurtu waxay qani ku tahay dhirta waxaana loo arkaa inay tahay aag cilmiyeed muhiim ah oo ka mid ah keydka dooxada. Webiga Lugenda iyo Buurta Mecula ayaa sidaas darteed ah meelaha dalxiiska ee muhiimka ah ee gobolka waqooyi ee Mozambique.<ref name=Preserve/> Webigu wuxuu leeyahay qaab qulqul oo adag. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed iyada oo loo marayo "wadooyin ay ku hareeraysan yihiin timirta Pandanus". Dhanka bari, qulqulkiisu waa iyada oo loo marayo marinka dhagaxa ah iyada oo dhammaan webigu uu ku baaba'ayo "goobaha daldaloolada" oo muujinaya waddooyin biyo leh oo ciid ah. Tani waa goobta ay ku tarmaan [[Skimmer (bird)|skimmers]] Afrikaan ah oo caalami ahaan loo hanjabo.<ref name=Preserve/> Isha webiga Lugenda waxay ku taal Harada Chilwa iyo Chiuta oo ku taal xadka u dhexeeya Mozambique iyo [[Malawi]], meeshaas oo webigu u qulqulo waqooyi-bari iyada oo ay weheliyaan niyad-jabka loo maleeyo ugu dambeyntiina ku biiraya Webiga Ruvuma, ee xadka Mozambique / [[Tanzania]], u qulqulaya [[Badweynta Hindiya]].<ref name= Thieme>{{Cite book|last= Thieme|first= Michele L.|title= Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment|page=173|access-date=2010-10-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA173|publisher= Island Press|year=2005|isbn= 1-55963-365-4}}</ref> Qaybta qulqulka ee ka timaada Webiga Lugenda ee loo dhiibo Webiga Ruvuma ayaa lagu qiyaasay inay tahay {{convert|18|km3|mi3}}. Inta badan aagga wabiga ayaa ku yaal [[Gobolka Niassa]] halkaas oo awoodda [[waraabka]] lagu soo waramayo inay tahay {{convert|200000|ha|acre}}.<ref name=irrigation/> Waa wabi si tartiib ah u socda oo inta badan u muuqda, marka uu ka soo baxo Harada Amaramba, sida haro sababtoo ah baaxaddiisa weyn ee biyaha.<ref name="ManchesterGeoSoc"/> Dooxada wabigu waxay leedahay [[ciid alluvium]] bacrin ah oo leh kheyraad biyo oo wanaagsan maadaama ay ku quudinayaan wabiyaal badan oo joogto ah oo ku yaal labada daamood. Ilo-biyoodyada joogtada ah ee dooxada ayaa sidaas darteed leh beerasho wanaagsan si ay u taageeraan dadka ku nool. [[Tubaakada]] waxaa lagu beeraa daamaha wabiga. [[Berde duurjoog ah]] iyo noocyo kale oo geedo ah ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa dooxada.<ref name=Society>{{Cite book|title=Journal of the African Society, Volume 1|pages=131–132|access-date=2010-10-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41Q8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131|author=African Society, African Society. London, JSTOR (Organization)|publisher=MacMillan|year=1901}}</ref> Wabiyaashiisa ugu waaweyn waa [[Webiga Luambala|Luambala]], [[Webiga Lureco|Lureco]], Luambeze, Nicondocho iyo Jurege.<ref name="2016source">[http://www.ppa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mo%C3%A7ambique_v02-vf.pdf DIAGNÓSTICO DE NECESSIDADES E GAPS DE CAPACIDADES] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ppa.pt/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Mo%C3%A7ambique_v02-vf.pdf |date=20240616224347 }}, p3lp (2010)</ref> Webiga waxaa laga dhisay buundo meel u dhow [[Luambala]] halkaas oo ballaciisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|150|m|ft}}.<ref name=Society/> == Kheyraadka macdanta == Dooxada wabiga ee ay samaysay Webiga Lugenda, oo ku qulqula daamo qoto dheer, ayaa qani ku ah [[birta]] [[Intercalation (chemistry)|intercalated]] ee [[quartz]] iyo [[granite]] dhagaxaan. [[Lime carbonate]] la kristallay ayaa sidoo kale la helaa.<ref name=Society/> [[Dhuxul]] waxaa laga soo saaraa laba goobood oo dhuxul ah, oo ku yaal labada dhinac ee wabiga, mid u dhow [[Pemba Bay]] midna u dhow magaalada [[Itule]]. Birta waxaa laga soo saaraa meelo waaweyn oo dhanka galbeed ka ah Pemba Coalfield. [[Dahab]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa dooxada qaybaha sare ee Webiga Rarico, oo ah wabi ku biira Webiga Lugenda.<ref name=Commons>{{Cite book|title=Papers by command, Volume 116, Part 2|page=432|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j20OAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA432|publisher=HMSO|year=1902}}</ref> == Taariikhda == Dooxada wabiga, iyo Keydka Duurjoogta Niassa oo ku dhex jira, waxay leedahay taariikh ku xiran [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]]. [[Jarmal|Jarmalka]], oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck|General Von Lettow-Vorbeck]], ayaa ka tallaabay Webiga Ruvuma ee [[Negomano]] waxayna galeen Mozambique oo ay haysteen [[Bortuqaal|Bortuqaaliyiintu]] si ay cunto u raadiyaan ciidamadooda. Diseembar 1917, ka dib markii uu ka tallaabay webiga, guud ahaan ciidankiisa ayaa u socday koonfurta Webiga Lugenda waxayna yimaadeen [[Metarica]]. Mid ka mid ah guutada loo diray [[Buurta Mecula]] iyaga oo raadinaya cunto ayaa lagu qasbay inay la dagaallamaan dagaal qaraar oo ay la galeen Bortuqaaliyiinta. Markhaatiyaasha dagaalkan ayaa lagu arkaa qaabka dhawr qabri oo ku yaal jiirarka buuraha ee Mecula, caasimadda degmada Niassa.<ref name=Preserve/> == Deegaanka == Dooxada Webiga Lugenda, oo ay samaysay wabiga, waa qayb ka mid ah marinka deegaanka ee hodanka ah oo ka kooban [[Messalo]] iyo Rurumana Lugenda, Messalo iyo webiyaasha Rumana, kuwaas oo samaynaya [[Keydka Qaranka ee Niassa]] iyo [[Lurio conservation area]]. Waddadan ayaa loo horumarinayaa ciyaaraha iyo dalxiiska deegaanka iyada oo la qorsheynayo kalluumeysiga, daawashada duurjoogta, raacitaanka doonyaha iyo wixii la mid ah.<ref name=zoning>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malonda.co.mz/eng/content/download/487/3723/file/Relat%C3%B3rio%20Volume%206.pdf|title=Zoning and Identification of Areas for Investment in the Agrarian Sector and Socio-Environmental Analysis for Niassa Province|access-date=2010-10-11|publisher=Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Mozambique|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090520161432/http://www.malonda.co.mz/eng/content/download/487/3723/file/Relat%C3%B3rio%20Volume%206.pdf|archive-date=2009-05-20}}</ref> [[File:Yet another inselberg.jpg|thumb|left|An [[inselberg]]]] Lugenda Wilderness Camp, oo qayb ka ah Keydka Duurjoogta, wuxuu ku yaal daanta bari ee webiga Lugenda, oo ku dhex yaal [[Ngalongue Mountains]] ([[inselberg]]s); inselberg waa eray caalami ah oo caadi ah oo loo isticmaalo in lagu qeexo buur dhagax ah oo go'doonsan, gunti, jiirada, ama buur yar oo si lama filaan ah uga kacda meel si tartiib ah u qulqulaya ama ku dhow heer [[bannaan]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289113/inselberg Inselberg], Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Nov. 2009.</ref> Xeryuhu waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka ee duurjoogta [[Afrika]]. [[Safari]]s ayaa laga soo diyaariyaa xeradan si loogu booqdo duurjoogta Afrika. Xeradu waxay leedahay 16 teendho oo qaabka bariga Afrika ah, oo ah meel si wanaagsan loo habeeyay oo loogu talagalay dadka soo booqanaya.<ref name= reserve/><ref name="OurPristineLocation">{{cite web|url=http://www.lugenda.com/location/default.php|title=Our Pristine Location|work=lugenda.com|access-date=10 October 2010|archive-date=10 Bisha Tobnaad 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010082020/http://www.lugenda.com/location/default.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Pemba (Mozambique)|Pemba Airport]] waa garoonka diyaaradaha ee ugu dhow Xerada Wilderness iyo adeegyada hawada waxaa ku shaqeeya CFA Air Charters oo leh diyaarado fudud.<ref name=air>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lugenda.com/location/default.php|title=Our Pristine Location|access-date=2010-10-11|publisher=Lugenda Wilderness Camp|archive-date=2010-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010082020/http://www.lugenda.com/location/default.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhanka bari ee webiga, xeradu waxay leedahay waddooyin wasakh ah, oo si cadaalad ah loo ilaaliyo ujeedada safarrada safari si loo fududeeyo la socodka duurjoogta. [[Doonyaha]] waa ciyaar caan ka ah webiga, marka laga reebo fuulista [[inselbergs]] ee aagga beerta ee laga soo bilaabo "bush fly camps" ee webiga ku teedsan.<ref name=Murphy>{{Cite book|last= Murphy|first= Alan|title= Southern Africa|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740595452/page/272 272]|access-date=2010-10-11|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781740595452|url-access= registration|publisher= Lonely Planet|year=2010|isbn= 978-1-74059-545-2}}</ref> Waxa kale oo jira soo jeedin ah in la dhiso xero kale oo dalxiiska deegaanka ah oo ku taal Webiga Lugenda, oo qiyaastii {{convert|200|km|mi}} u jirta [[Lichinga]].<ref name=Briggs>{{Cite book|last=Briggs|first=Phillip|title=Mozambique, 4th: The Bradt Travel Guide|page=208|access-date=2010-10-11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ8ZJaxdbIQC&pg=PA208|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year= 2007|isbn=978-1-84162-177-7}}</ref> ;Duurjoogta iyo dhirta [[File:African wild dog3.jpg|thumb|right|Eeyaha duurjoogta ah ee Afrika]] [[Keydka Niassa]], oo loogu magac daray gobolka uu ku yaallo, wuxuu daboolayaa aag dhan {{convert|45000|km2|mi2}}. Waxay leedahay Johnston's [[impala]], Niassa [[wildebeest]] iyo Boehm's [[zebra]]. Keydku wuxuu kaloo leeyahay [[African wild dog|eeyaha duurjoogta ah]] iyo 800 ilaa 1000 libaax. Waxay leedahay 400 oo nooc oo shimbirro ah, kuwaas oo afar nooc ay yihiin kuwo caalami ahaan loo hanjabo. [[Taita falcon]], [[banded snake-eagle]] koonfureed, [[African skimmer]] iyo Starling's [[woodpecker]] waa noocyada shimbiraha ee la helay, marka laga reebo [[African pitta]] oo dhif ah.<ref name=Province>{{Cite web|url=http://www.25degreez.com/_Media/mozambique.pdf|title=Mozambique|page=3|access-date=2010-10-11|publisher=Mozambique|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707061930/http://www.25degreez.com/_Media/mozambique.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Afartan nooc oo [[kalluun]] ah ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay webiga, kaas oo ilaaliya warshad kalluumeysi oo weyn oo siiya nolol dhaqaale dadka deegaanka. Waxay leedahay dad badan oo [[Hippopotamus|hippos]] ah. [[Yaxaasyada]] ayaa laga soo wariyaa barkadaha qoto dheer ee webiga. Safari doon ayaa la sheegay inay tahay guul. Nooc cusub oo loo yaqaan [[Cordylus|girdle lizard]] ayaa la diiwaangeliyay. Kaymaha buuraha ee keydka ayaa hoy u ah tiro badan oo lacag [[hornbills]], [[African buffalo|buffalo]] iyo raxan raxan [[maroodi]] duurjoogta ah.<ref name=Preserve/> [[Black heron]], [[black rough-winged swallow]], emerald-spotted [[dove]], green-winged glossy [[starling]], [[iladadah]], [[little egret]], [[Shelley's francolin]], [[South Africa]]n [[Southern pochard|pochard]], iyo spot-headed [[Weaver (bird)|weaver]] ayaa sidoo kale soo noqnoqda aagga.<ref name="OrnithologistsUnion">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnJNVyUmrsEC&pg=PA77|title=The Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union|last=Gunning|first=J W B|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2009|isbn=978-1-110-86096-8|pages=73–74, 77–78}}</ref> Keydka Niassa oo kale waa laga sameeyay 95% biomass-ka keydka waa dhir. Waxay leedahay 21 nooc oo dhir ah iyo 191 nooc oo geedo iyo baadi ah.<ref name= reserve/> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} nx62lvv2dfq9jrllq5re3e7xte2gjsi 0 48938 303193 301705 2026-07-22T12:02:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Linta''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = ISS012-E-11232_-_View_of_Madagascar.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Webiga Linta | map = Rijeka-Linta.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda wabiyaasha Madagascar (Linta wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]]). | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Ejeda]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|173|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|520|m|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = Fotadrevo | source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_coordinates= | source_confluence_elevation = | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Androka]], [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|02|00|S|44|01|00|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|5800|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Manakaralahy|Manakaralahy]], [[Webiga Manakaravavy|Manakaravavy]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''''Linta''''' waa wabi ku yaal gobolka [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] ee koonfurta [[Madagascar]]. Wuxuu ka gudbaa [[Route nationale 10 (Madagascar)|Route nationale 10]] meel u dhow [[Ejeda]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Gacanka Langarano]], bariga [[Androka]]. Meesha uu dur-durka wabiga Linta kula kulmo badda, ayaa waxaa ka muuqda farqi ku yaal xariga coral-ka, taasoo muujinaysa in wabigu uu mar qulquli jiray markii badda ay ka hoosaysay heerka hadda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-12 |title=Linta River Delta and Dunes |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/86764/linta-river-delta-and-dunes |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Wabi-laamaha ugu muhiimsan waa [[Webiga Manakaralahy|Manakaralahy]] iyo [[Webiga Manakaravavy|Manakaravavy]] kuwaas oo qalala inta lagu jiro xilliga abaaraha ee u dhaxeeya Luulyo ilaa Noofembar. Qulqulka sanadlaha ah waa mid hooseeya, qiyaastii 1–2 L/s/km{{sup|2}}. Abaaraha ka jira gobolka ayaa sababay in dadka deegaanku ay qodaan qaybo ka mid ah sariirta wabiga ee qalalan si ay u helaan biyo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-27 |title=How drought is pushing more people into hunger in southern Madagascar {{!}} World Food Programme |url=https://www.wfp.org/stories/how-drought-pushing-more-people-hunger-southern-madagascar |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.wfp.org |language=en |archive-date=2025-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430073344/https://www.wfp.org/stories/how-drought-pushing-more-people-hunger-southern-madagascar |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 97lut036hxak1j5oeyd5x14g8x3m96n 0 48966 303199 301741 2026-07-22T12:34:04Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Saharenana''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Antananandrenitelo (Diana) - Riviere Saharenana.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Saharenana oo u dhow [[Antananandrenitelo]] | map = Rijeke-Masiva-Ambre.png | map_size = | map_caption = Nidaamka wabiga [[Ambohitra Massif]] | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 52 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Biriijka [[Route Nationale 6 (Madagascar)|RN6]] | discharge1_min = {{convert|0.86|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|1.48|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|8.1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Ambohitra Massif]], [[Diana Region|Diana]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1445|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|12|39|40|S|49|33|20|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 140 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Andranotsimisiamalona|Andranotsimisiamalona]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = *[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers12-07/010013840.pdf Bauduin & Servat, ''Etude d'Hydrologie à usage Agricole'' - ORSTOM pp.1-829] - page 16–17 }} '''Webiga Saharenana''' wuxuu ku yaallaa waqooyiga [[Madagascar]] wuxuuna ka gudbaa [[Route Nationale 6 (Madagascar)|Route Nationale 6]] meel u dhow [[Antananandrenitelo]]. Isha uu ka soo qulqulo waxay ku taallaa meel u dhow [[Joffreville]] ee [[Ambohitra Massif]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. == Tixraacyo == *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.agriculture.gov.mg/pdf/Monographie2003_Diana.pdf Monographie de la Région Diana] {{Wayback|url=https://www.agriculture.gov.mg/pdf/Monographie2003_Diana.pdf |date=20131105062815 }} (bogga 13) {{reflist}} moq54fj2j0tyspjn1ki4s91j6dsa5rn 0 48987 303200 301868 2026-07-22T12:34:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = '''Webiga Sambirano''' | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Rijeka Sumbiruno.png | image_size = | image_caption = Nidaamka wabiga [[Tsaratanana Massif]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Madagascar]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Magaalo | subdivision_name5 = [[Ambanja]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 124 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|134.6|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=159&catid=322&Itemid=179|title=Madagascar}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = meesha ugu sarreysa ee [[Maromokotra (mountain)|Maromokotra]] | source1_location = [[Tsaratanana Massif]], [[Diana Region|Diana]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|2,500|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Diana Region|Diana]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|37|02|S|48|20|01|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Sambirano | basin_size_km2 = 2,800 | basin_size_ref = ilaa {{cvt|2,979.4|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Madagascar"/> | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Ramena|Ramena]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Sambirano''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyi-galbeedka [[Madagascar]] ee gobolka [[Diana Region|Diana]]. Wuxuu isha ka bilaabmaa meesha ugu sarreysa ee [[Maromokotra (buur)|Maromokotra]] wuxuuna maraa [[Kaydka Tsaratanana]] ilaa uu ku shubo [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Delta-diisu waxay ku fadhidaa 250&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}. Nidaamka deegaanka ee wabiga, oo u badan kaymo iyo duur, ayaa leh noocyo badan oo asal ah, sida [[Sambirano mouse lemur]] iyo [[Sambirano woolly lemur]].<ref name="KennerleyPearson2010">{{cite book|last1=Kennerley|first1=Peter|last2=Pearson|first2=David|title=Reed and Bush Warblers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EbjzHc_T0UC&pg=PA528|accessdate=8 January 2013|date=15 September 2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7136-6022-7|page=528}}</ref> [[Kaymaha qallalan ee Madagascar]] ayaa ku yaal qayb badan oo ka mid ah bassin-ka wabiga, inkastoo mangroves ay ka muuqdaan qaybo ka mid ah xeebta.<ref>World Wildlife Fund, C. Michael Hogan. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests?topic=49597 ''Madagascar dry deciduous forests''. eds. Sahotra Sarkar & Mark McGinley. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment]. Washington DC. rev. 2013</ref> [[File:Assortiment de cabosse-Madagascar-oct-09.JPG|thumb|left|Midhaha kookaha ee Madagascar]] Dooxada Sambirano waa aagga ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka [[Theobroma cacao|kookaha]] ee Madagascar. 60% (ama 7500 ilaa 10 000 tan sanadkiiba) ayaa ka yimaada aaggan. Waxaa jira waddo aan laami ahayn oo ka timaada [[Ambanja]] ilaa [[Marovato, Ambanja|Marovato]], iyadoo la sii marayo [[Benavony]], [[Ambodimanga Ramena]], [[Bemaneviky Ouest]], [[Maevatanana, Diana|Maevatanana]] oo ay adag tahay in la maro.<ref>[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/165771531380104866/pdf/PAR-Piste-Haut-Sambirano-Final.pdf PAR-Piste-Haut-Sambirano-Final.pdf]</ref> Inta badan kookaha la dhoofiyo ayaa sidaas darteed waxaa lagu qaadaa doonyo ku socda wabiga Sambirano ilaa [[Ambanja]] iyo [[Route nationale 6 (Madagascar)|Wadada qaran ee 6]]. == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.agriculture.gov.mg/pdf/Monographie2003_Diana.pdf Monographie de la Région Diana] {{Wayback|url=https://www.agriculture.gov.mg/pdf/Monographie2003_Diana.pdf |date=20131105062815 }} (bogga 13) regpy2byyjgltuch802oujmnytu8s7b 0 49044 303189 301939 2026-07-22T11:42:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gudar | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9.863615|N|37.671039|E|display=title, inline}} | other_name = Guder | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|932|m}} | progression = [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|7011|km2}} | image_caption = Khariidada muujinaysa bassin-ka Abbay (Niilka Buluugga ah), iyadoo uu ku jiro Webiga Gudar (midigta hoose) }} '''Gudar''' waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Abbay |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/abbay-(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%AD) }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Waa [[wabi laamood]] dhinaca bidix ka ah Abay ama [[Webiga Niilka Buluugga ah|Niilka Buluugga ah]]; wabiyaasha laamood ee Gudar waxaa ka mid ah Dabissa iyo Taranta. Webiga Gudar wuxuu leeyahay aag qulqulaya oo cabbirkiisu yahay qiyaastii 7,011 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran.<ref>[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/05/09/000334955_20080509032052/Rendered/PDF/434000PAD0P09617372B01off0use0only1.pdf "Tana & Beles Integrated Water Resources Development: Project Appraisal Document (PAD), Vol.1"], World Bank, 2 May 2008 (accessed 5 May 2009)</ref> Waxaa xuduud la lahaa gobolka taariikhiga ah ee [[Endagabatan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Endagabatan |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/e-nda-ga-bta-n-(%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0-%E1%8C%88%E1%89%A5%E1%8C%A0%E1%8A%95)}}</ref> Qarnigii 1600-meeyadii, boqor [[Susenyos I]] iyo ciidamadiisu waxay ka tallaabeen wabigan si ay ula kulmaan hoggaamiyaha Hadiya [[Sidi Mohammed]] xilligii [[Dagaalkii Hadiya (1600s)|Dagaalkii Hadiya]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindahl |first1=Bernhard |title=Local History of Ethiopia |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |page=9 |url=https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248ded/1580829012069/ORTHAA05.pdf |access-date=2026-07-12 |archive-date=2025-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113092435/https://nai.uu.se/download/18.39fca04516faedec8b248ded/1580829012069/ORTHAA05.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qof [[Giriig ah oo ku nool Itoobiya|Giriig ah]] ayaa dhisay buundadii ugu horreysay ee laga dul dhiso Gudar sanadkii 1897-kii.<ref>[[Richard Pankhurst (academic)|Richard Pankhurst]], ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 299</ref> == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} apr0122rqgq9og0zab69wuopc9455gt 0 49120 303192 302129 2026-07-22T11:59:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Lagabora | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = Itoobiya | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} '''Webiga Lagabora''' waa wabi ku yaal koonfurta-bartamaha [[Itoobiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-06 |title=The Rivers of Ethiopia |url=https://addisabram.wordpress.com/2009/05/06/the-rivers-of-ethiopia/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Addis Ethiopia Weblog |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402225150/https://addisabram.wordpress.com/2009/05/06/the-rivers-of-ethiopia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} fchium4zsrqrblph4lzyrimqjr92ulv 0 49122 303197 302736 2026-07-22T12:13:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303197 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Modjo''' waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Awash]], wabi laamoodkiisa waxaa ka mid ah Wedecha iyo Belbela. Warbixin ay soo saartay Ururka Xirfadlayaasha Waxqabadka ee Dadka, oo ah [[urur aan dowli ahayn]], ayaa ku andacootay in falanqaynta shaybaarka ee kiimikooyinka warshadaha sunta ah ee ku jira biyaha wabiga iyo xogta caafimaad ee dadka ku nool biyo-qabashada ay shaaca ka qaaday in Modjo uu yahay mid ka mid ah labada wabi ee ugu wasakhaysan Itoobiya.<ref>Habtamu Dugo, [http://old.i2i.org/main/article.php?article_id=1733&print=1 "Environment in Peril in Oromia, Ethiopia"] {{Wayback|url=http://old.i2i.org/main/article.php?article_id=1733&print=1 |date=20120323043519 }}, Independence Institute website, la daabacay 8 May 2009</ref><ref>Wondwossen Sintayehu, [http://www2.unitar.org/cwm/publications/cw/tw/tw10/written/gov/Ethiopia_Wondwossen_Sintayehu.pdf "Action Professionals’ Association for the People vs. Environmental Protection Authority: Report on the Public Interest Litigation Case instituted at the Federal First Instance Court of Ethiopia"] {{Wayback|url=http://www2.unitar.org/cwm/publications/cw/tw/tw10/written/gov/Ethiopia_Wondwossen_Sintayehu.pdf |date=20110725184933 }}, soo gudbinta Aqoon-is-weydaarsiga Mawduuca ee Maamulka, Ka-qaybgalka Bulshada Rayidka iyo Xoojinta Iskaashiga Maareynta Kiimikooyinka iyo Qashinka iyo Hirgelinta [[SAICM]], Machadka Qaramada Midoobay ee Tababarka iyo Cilmi-baarista (la helay 24 Abriil 2011)</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] *[[Liiska webiyada ugu wasakhaysan]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == * Mario Sagria, ''et alia'', "Latest Pleistocene and Holocene river network evolution in the Ethiopian Lakes Region", ''Geomorphology'', '''94''' (2008), 79–97. {{coord|8|25|16|N|39|0|0|E|display=title}} 9k41qvxghinduylljv2pabbssuwptrs 0 49154 303168 302585 2026-07-22T05:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Naivasha | image = Naivasha lake.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|46|6.70|S|36|21|2.32|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|139|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,884|m|ft|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta harada ee Kenya |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 10 April 1995 | designation1_number = 724<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Naivasha|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/724|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} [[File:Naivasha ast 2008033 lrg.jpg|thumb|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harada Naivasha]] [[File:KE-Naivasha.png|thumb|Goobta Naivasha ee Kenya]] '''Harada Naivasha''' waa [[haro]] [[biyo macaan|biyo macaan]] oo ku taal [[Kenya]], oo ka baxsan magaalada [[Naivasha]] ee [[Degmada Nakuru]], waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta [[Nairobi]] ee [[Dooxada Weyn ee Rift|Great Rift Valley]]. Magacu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa magaca [[Af-Maasai|Maasai]] ee ''ɛnaɨpɔ́sha'', kaas oo macnihiisu yahay "waxa kacaya," waa erey caadi ah oo Maasai ah oo loogu talagalay [[Meydadka biyaha|goobaha biyaha]] oo waaweyn oo leh hirar marka ay dabayshu dhacayso ama duufaantu jirto. Naivasha waxay ka timid isku daygii Ingiriiska ee ahaa inuu ku dhawaaqo magaca [[Maasai Mara|Maasai]]. Erey ahaan, ''Harada Naivasha'' macnaheedu waa "Haro Haro." == Goobta == [[File:Quiet dusk over Lake Naivasha (5232083375).jpg|thumb|Fiidkii Harada Naivasha]] Harada Naivasha waa haro biyo macaan oo ku taal dooxada Rift ee Kenya. Waxay ku taal isku-dar adag oo ah [[dhagax foolkaaneed]] iyo [[Dhagaxa fadhiga|dhigaal fadhiisasho]] oo ka yimid haro ka weynayd [[Pleistocene]]. Marka laga reebo durdurrada ku-meel-gaadhka ah, harada waxaa quudiya webiyada [[Webiga Malewa|Malewa]] iyo [[Webiga Gilgil|Gilgil]]. Ma jiro meel laga baxo oo la yaqaan, laakiin maadaama biyaha haradu ay yihiin kuwo biyo macaan ah waxaa loo qaadanayaa inay leedahay meel biyo-mareen dhulka hoostiisa ah.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1pfcjMae8C&pg=PA1 |title=Lake Naivasha, Kenya |first=David M. |last=Harper |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-1236-5}}</ref> Haradu waxay lahayd baaxad dusha sare ah oo dhan {{convert|139|km2}}<ref name="MoiArusei">"THE OUTFLOW OF LAKE NAIVASHA BASED ON THE STABLE ISOTOPE COMPOSITION" (sifooyinka), M.K. Arusei, J. K Sanga, M.P Tole, Waaxda Kiimikada, Dugsiga Daraasaadka Deegaanka, [[Moi University]], P.O Box 3900 [[Eldoret, Kenya]], mareegta:[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050612173509/http://www.unep.org/gef/content/pdf/35-Arusei.pdf UNEP-Moi-Arusei-PDF] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050612173509/http://www.unep.org/gef/content/pdf/35-Arusei.pdf |date=2005-06-12 }}</ref> ka hor 2010, waxayna u korodhay {{convert|198|km2}} marka la gaaro 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Dawladda Kenya iyo UNDP |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxaa ku wareegsan dhul qoyan oo dhan {{convert|64|km2}}, kaas oo kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran roobabka. Joog dhan {{convert|1,884|m}},<ref name="MoiArusei" /> haradu waxay leedahay qoto dheer oo celcelis ahaan ah {{convert|6|m}}, iyadoo meesha ugu qoto dheer ay tahay Crescent Island, oo leh qoto dheer oo ugu badan oo dhan {{convert|30|m}}.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> Njorowa Gorge mar ayay samaysay meesha harada laga baxo, laakiin hadda waxay ka sarreysaa harada waxayna samaysaa irdaha laga galo [[Hell's Gate National Park]]. Magaalada [[Naivasha]] (oo hore loo odhan jiray East Nakuru) waxay ku taal cidhifka waqooyi-bari ee harada. == Deegaanka == [[File:Lake Naivasha, Kenya (32487531978).jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Naivasha]] Haradu waxay hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo duurjoog ah oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo [[shimbiro]] kala duwan ah iyo dad aad u tiro badan oo [[Hippopotamus|hibooyin]] ah. Bulshada kalluunka ee harada ayaa aad isu bedbeddelay waqti ka dib, taas oo ay saameeyeen isbeddellada cimilada, dadaalka kalluumeysiga iyo soo bandhigidda noocyada duullaanka ah. Isbeddelkii ugu dambeeyay ee dadka kalluunka ayaa raacay soo bandhigidda shilka ah ee [[common carp]] sanadkii 2001.<ref>Becht, R., Odada, E. O., & Higgins, S. (2005). Lake Naivasha: Experience and Lessons Learned Brief. Maareynta harooyinka iyo kaydadka isticmaalka waarta, warbixin loogu talagalay maamulayaasha kaydka harada iyo daneeyayaasha (pp. 277–298). Kusatsu: International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC)</ref> Sagaal sano ka dib, sanadkii 2010, common carp wuxuu ka dhignaa in ka badan 90% tirada kalluunka lagu qabtay harada.<ref>Warbixinta Kalluumeysiga Sannadlaha ah ee Harada Naivasha, 2010</ref> Waxaa jira laba haro oo yaryar oo u dhow Harada Naivasha: Harada Oloiden iyo [[Harada Sonachi]] (haro [[cratarka foolkaaneed|haro cratar ah]] oo cagaar ah). Crater Lake Game Sanctuary ayaa u dhow, halka xeebta harada ay caan ku tahay dadka [[Yurub]] ee [[soo galootiga]] iyo degayaasha. == Taariikh == Intii u dhaxaysay 1937 iyo 1950, harada waxaa loo isticmaali jiray meel ay ku dagaan [[maraakiibta duulaya]] ee [[Imperial Airways]] rakaabka iyo jidka boostada ee ka yimid [[Southampton]] ee [[UK|Britain]] ilaa [[South Africa]]. Waxay isku xidhay [[Kisumu]] iyo [[Nairobi]]. [[Joy Adamson]], qoraaga ''[[Born Free]]'', wuxuu ku noolaa xeebaha harada bartamihii 1960-meeyadii. Xeebaha harada waxaa ku yaal [[Oserian]] ("Djinn Palace"), oo sumcad xumo ku heshay maalmihii [[Happy Valley set|Happy Valley]] intii u dhaxaysay labada [[dagaal adduun]]. Sannadkii 1999, Lake Naivasha Riparian Association waxay heshay [[Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award]] dadaalkooda ilaalinta ee la xidhiidha goobta [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] ee Harada Naivasha. == Beeraha iyo warshadaha == [[File:Lake Naivasha Fishermen.jpg|thumb|left|Harada Naivasha]] [[Floriculture]] waa warshadaha ugu waaweyn ee ku wareegsan harada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isticmaalka aan nidaamsanayn ee biyaha harada ee waraabka ayaa hoos u dhigaya heerka harada waana mawduuc welwel ku haya Kenya. <ref name="FAOroses">{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/3789-en.html | title=A thorn on every rose for Kenya's flower industry | publisher=United Nations FAO | access-date=2010-06-20 | archive-date=2017-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216125803/http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/3789-en.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kalluumeysiga]] ee harada waa il shaqo iyo dakhli u ah dadka deegaanka. Haradu way kala duwan tahay heerka waxayna ku dhowaatay inay gebi ahaanba qallajiso 1890-meeyadii. Heerarka harada guud ahaan waxay raacaan qaabka roobabka ee aagga kaydka. Harada Naivasha, oo mar lagu tilmaamay inay tahay Jawharaddii taajka ee dhammaan harooyinka Bariga Afrika, ayaa tobannaankii sano ee u dambeeyay la kulantay dhibaatooyin bini'aadam oo ba'an, oo aan ahayn oo kaliya aasaasidda warshado waaweyn oo beeraha iyo beeralayda ah oo ku teedsan xeebaheeda, laakiin sidoo kale qulqulka sii kordhaya ee nafaqooyinka ka yimaada siltation-ka, qashinka iyo qashinka kale ee ka imanaya dadka bini'aadamka ah ee ku nool harada oo hadda gaadhaya ku dhawaad hal milyan oo qof.<ref>{{Citation|chapter=Megaceryle maxima (Pallas). African Giant Kingfisher. Alcyon géant.|title=The Birds of Africa|year=1988|publisher=Academic Press Limited|doi=10.5040/9781472927002.0171|isbn=978-1-4729-2700-2}}</ref> Sannadkii 1981, warshaddii ugu horreysay ee korontada dhulka hoostiisa ee Harada Naivasha ayaa la bilaabay, marka la gaaro 1985, wadar dhan 45 [[Megawatt|MW]] oo koronto ah ayaa laga dhalinayay aagga.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> == Heerarka biyaha == [[File:Lake Naivasha, Kenya (ASTER).jpg|thumb|Harada Naivasha]] Qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor, Harada Naivasha, oo ay la socoto [[Harada Elmenteita|Lake Elementaita]] iyo [[Harada Nakuru]] (60 km waqooyi), waxay samaysay hal haro oo qoto dheer oo biyo macaan ah oo ugu dambeyntii qallajisay, taas oo ka tagtay saddexda haro sidii haraa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuru {{!}} Lake Nakuru {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3588 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}</ref> Heerarka biyaha ee [[Harooyinka Dooxada Rift|Rift Valley Lakes]] ayaa tan iyo markii ay kala duwanaayeen si weyn, iyadoo dhowr ka mid ah harooyinka ay ku dhowaadeen inay qallalaan dhowr jeer.<ref name=":1" /> Heerka biyuhu wuxuu gaadhay qoto dheer oo 0.6 m ah 1945, laakiin heerka biyuhu wuxuu mar kale kor u kacay, iyadoo leh hoos u dhac yar, si uu u gaadho qoto dheer oo ugu badan oo ku dhow 6 m 1968.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> Waxaa jiray hoos u dhac kale oo weyn oo heerka biyaha ah 1987, markii qoto dheer ay gaadhay 2.25 m kor ku xusan gunta harada.<ref name="MoiArusei" /> Hoos u dhaca heerka biyaha harada ee 1987 ayaa kordhiyay welwelka ku saabsan mustaqbalka warshadaha [[Korontada dhulka hoostiisa|geothermal]], waxaa la qiyaasay in biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee Harada Naivasha ay quudin karaan kaydka [[korontada dhulka hoostiisa]] ee [[Olkaria]].<ref name="MoiArusei" /> Sidaa darteed, hoos u dhaca biyaha harada wuxuu saameyn lahaa mustaqbalka warshadaha korontada dhulka hoostiisa. Baaxadda dusha sare ee harada ayaa kordhay in ka badan 50% marka la gaaro 2020<ref name=":0" /> taasoo keentay in dad badan laga barakiciyo aagagga dadku aadka u degan yihiin ee ku teedsan harada. Mid ka mid ah saynisyahannadii ugu horreeyay ee ogaaday ballaarinta harada wuxuu ahaa cilmiga dhulka oo bartay, si nasiib ah, horraantii 2013 in haradu "ay u guurtay 2 km iyada oo aan noqonin war".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Harada Naivasha weli waxay taageertaa shirkado badan oo maxalli ah. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga oo u kaxeynaya dalxiisayaasha iyo dadka maxalliga ah agagaarka harada, iyagoo tusaya aagga weyn ee hippo iyo sidoo kale Crescent Island. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuhAeHPoNvw Warbixinta AFP-TV ee ku saabsan harada oo qallajinaysa] * [https://pertourmarket.com/lake-naivasha-national-park/ Maxay Harada Naivasha u caan tahay?] {{Wayback|url=https://pertourmarket.com/lake-naivasha-national-park/ |date=20250803152537 }} qa7dhmpixysfokf42ab5vlfrkreydd4 0 49165 303166 302584 2026-07-22T05:08:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari | official_name = | image_skyline = | image_caption = = | image_map = Ghana - North East.png | mapsize = 200px | map_caption = Goobta Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari ee Ghana | image_map1 = | map_caption1 = | subdivision_type = Waddan | subdivision_name = [[Ghana]] | seat_type = Caasimad | seat = [[Nalerigu]] | parts_type = Degmo | parts_style = para | p1 = 6 | leader_title = [[Liiska wasiirada gobolada Ghana|Wasiirka Gobolka]] | leader_name = [[Ibrahim Tia]] | leader_title1 = <!-- Xubnaha Baarlamaanka --> | leader_name1 = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 9,070 | area_rank = | population_total = 658,903 | population_as_of = 2021 | population_footnotes = <ref name="North East Region Population">{{cite web|url=https://statsghana.gov.gh/regionalpopulation.php?population=MTc0MTgzMzc0NC44NDk=&&NorthEast&regid=11|title=Ghana Statistical Services – Population by Regions, North East|access-date=2021-02-01|publisher=statsghana.gov.gh|archive-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513085614/https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/regionalpopulation.php?population=MTc0MTgzMzc0NC44NDk=&&NorthEast&regid=11|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | area_code = [[Lambarka telefoonka ee Ghana|+233 37]] | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GH|GH-NP]] | type = [[Gobolada Ghana|Gobol]] | demographics1_info1 = | demographics1_title2 = | demographics1_info2 = | demographics2_title2 = | demographics2_info2 = | timezone = [[GMT]] }} '''Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari''' waa mid ka mid ah lix iyo tobanka [[Gobolada Ghana]]. Wuxuu ku yaallaa woqooyiga dalka waxaana la abuuray Diseembar 2018 ka dib [[aftidii gobolada cusub ee Ghana ee 2018|afti]] loo qaaday in laga gooyo [[Gobolka Waqooyi (Ghana)|Gobolka Waqooyi]].<ref name="CitiNewsRoom2018">{{cite news |last1=Ngon |first1=Diana |title=Referendum: Residents endorse North East Region with 99.67 YES vote |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2018/12/28/referendum-residents-endorse-north-east-region-with-99-67-yes-vote/ |access-date=28 December 2018 |publisher=Citi Newsroom |date=28 December 2018}}</ref> Caasimadda gobolka waa [[Nalerigu]].<ref name="CitiNewsroom2019">{{cite news |last1=Citi Newsroom |title=Nalerigu selected as capital of newly created North East Region |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2019/02/12/nalerigu-selected-as-capital-of-newly-created-north-east-region/|access-date=12 February 2019 |publisher=Citinewsroom Online |date=12 February 2019}}</ref> ==Abuurista Gobolka== [[File:20181119RWH9978 NaYiri North East Region.jpg|thumb|left|NaYiri oo muujinaya taageeradiisa Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari]] '''Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari''' ee Ghana wuxuu ahaa gobol cusub oo la soo jeediyay in laga gooyo [[Gobolka Waqooyi (Ghana)|Gobolka Waqooyi]] ee [[Ghana]]. Abuurista gobolkan cusub waxay ahayd fulinta ballanqaad uu sameeyay [[New Patriotic Party]] ka hor doorashadii guud ee Ghana ee 2016. Ka dib markii uu ku guuleystay doorashadii, Madaxweyne [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] wuxuu abuuray [[Wasaaradda Dib-u-habaynta Gobolada iyo Horumarinta|Wasaaradda Dib-u-habaynta Gobolada]] si ay u kormeerto dejinta iyo hirgelinta siyaasadda, waxaana Hon. Solomon Namliit Boar, oo ahaa Xildhibaanka Degmada Bunkpurugu iyo ku-xigeenkii hore ee Wasiirka Gobolka Waqooyi, loo magacaabay Wasiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Gobolka ee Gobolka cusub ee Waqooyi-Bari. Guud ahaan lix gobol oo cusub ayaa laga abuuray tobankii gobol ee hore ee Ghana. Gobolada kale waa [[Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]], [[Gobolka Bono]], [[Gobolka Bono Bariga]], [[Gobolka Ahafo]], [[Gobolka Savannah]] iyo [[Gobolka Oti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/703-creation-of-6-new-regions-in-the-hands-of-ec-ghanaians-president-akufo-addo|title="Creation Of 6 New Regions In The Hands Of EC & Ghanaians" – President Akufo-Addo|website=www.presidency.gov.gh|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-12-21|archive-date=2022-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704050301/https://www.presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/703-creation-of-6-new-regions-in-the-hands-of-ec-ghanaians-president-akufo-addo|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afti la qaaday 27 Diseembar 2018 ayaa lagu guulaystay iyadoo 81% dadka u dareeray codbixinta ee gobolka la soo jeediyay ay 99.8% u codeeyeen abuurista Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari.<ref name="CitiNewsRoom2018" /> Caasimadda gobolka ee la soo jeediyay waa magaalada [[Nalerigu]] ee [[East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly]].<ref name="CitiNewsroom2019" />{{clear left}} ==Juquraafi iyo cimilada== ===Goobta iyo bedka=== Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari waxaa dhanka woqooyi ka xiga [[Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari (Ghana)|Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari]], dhanka bari waxaa ka xiga [[xuduudka caalamiga ah]] ee Ghana iyo Togo, dhanka koonfureed waxaa ka xiga [[Gobolka Waqooyi (Ghana)|Gobolka Waqooyi]], dhanka galbeedna waxaa ka xiga [[Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed (Ghana)|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]]. Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 degmo. ===Cimilada iyo dhirta=== Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari wuxuu aad uga qallalan yahay meelaha koonfureed ee Ghana, sababtoo ah u dhowaanshaha [[Sahel]], iyo [[Saxaraha]]. Dhirtu waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay caws, gaar ahaan [[savanna]] oo leh kooxo geedo qallalan u adkaysta sida [[baobab]] ama [[acacia]]. Inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Abriil waa [[xilliga abaaraha]]. [[Xilliga roobabka]] waa inta u dhaxaysa qiyaastii Juun iyo Nofeembar iyadoo celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah uu yahay 750 ilaa 1050 mm (30 ilaa 40 inches). Heerkulka ugu sarreeya ayaa la gaaraa dhammaadka xilliga abaaraha, kan ugu hooseeyana Diseembar iyo Janaayo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dabaysha kulul ee [[Harmattan]] ee ka timaadda Saxaraha ayaa afuufta inta badan inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo bilowga Febraayo. Heerkulku wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 17 °C (63 °F) habeenkii iyo 47 °C (117 °F) inta lagu jiro maalintii.{{clear left}} ==Qaab-dhismeedka Dhaqanka iyo Bulshada== Nayiri waa Boqorka (maamulaha) deegaanka dhaqanka Mamprugu oo gobolka oo dhan uu qayb ka yahay. Wuxuu leeyahay gole dhaqameed oo odayaal ah oo la taliya. Nayiri waxaa taageera madax sare, qeybiyo iyo madax kale oo hoose oo hoos yimaada. Maamulkiisu wuxuu ka sii fogaadaa xuduudaha Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari iyo xitaa qaranka. Waxaa ka mid ah madaxda caanka ah Wulugu Naaba, Wungu Naaba, Soo Naaba, Kulgu Naaba, Yunyoorana iyo Bunkpurugu Naaba iyo Zuarungu Naaba, Tongu Naaba, Sakuti (dhammaantood waxay ku yaallaan [[Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari (Ghana)|Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari]]). [[Dadka Mamprusi]] waa qowmiyadda ugu weyn ee Degmada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jira Dagombas, Bimobas, Konkombas, Talensis, Tampulma, Bissa, Mossis, Chakosis iyo Hausas kuwaas oo ku noolaaday aagga. Labo ciidood oo dhaqameed ayaa la dabaaldegaa sanad walba, Damba Festival, Bugum (Fire) Festival. Degmadu waa mid diimo badan oo diimaha ugu badan ay yihiin Masiixiyad, Islaam iyo Diinta Dhaqanka Afrika.{{clear left}} ==Dalxiiska iyo Goobaha soo jiidashada== [[File:20171104RWH0430 White Volta Gambaga Scarp.jpg|thumb|left|White Volta & Gambaga Scarp]] * Gambaga Escarpment * Wabiyaasha White Volta iyo Red Volta * Farshaxanka dhagaxa qadiimiga ah ee Gingana, Kpatiritinga, Jilik, iyo Tusugu * NaYiri Palace ee [[Nalerigu]] * NaJeringa historic slave wall ee [[Nalerigu]] * Qabuuraha boqorradii qadiimiga ahaa ee [[Dadka Mamprusi|Mamprusi]] iyo [[Boqortooyada Mossi|Mossi]] ee [[Gambaga]] * Masaajidka/Goobta cibaadada ee Zayaa ee Wulugu * Ancient Koma Figurines ee Yikpabongo * Buyuori Cave ee Yikpabongo<ref>{{cite web |url=https://northeastghana.com/ |title=Discover Ghana's North East Region |access-date=27 June 2019}}</ref>{{clear left}} ==Dhaqaalaha== In ka badan 85% dadka firfircoon ee dhaqaale ahaan waa [[Beeraha|beeralay]]. Cufnaanta dadka oo hooseeya waxaa qayb ahaan sababa qax, marka lagu daro juquraafi ahaan iyo cimilada. ==Demographics== Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari wuxuu leeyahay cufnaanta dadka oo hooseeya, iyo, oo ay la socoto [[luuqadda rasmiga ah]] ee [[Ingiriisi]], dadka intiisa badan waxay ku hadlaan luuqad ka tirsan hoos-qaybta [[Luuqadaha Gur|Gur]] ee [[Luuqadaha Niger-Congo|qoyska luqadda Niger-Congo]], sida [[Luuqadda Mampruli|Mampruli]], [[Tampulma]], [[Bimoba]], [[Kusaal]], [[Dagbani]], ama [[Konkomba]]. Boqortooyada [[Dadka Mamprusi|Mamprusi]] waxay ku taal gobolka. === Diinta === Dadka intiisa badan ee gobolka Waqooyi-Bari waxay xiriir la leeyihiin Masiixiyadda, Islaamka, iyo/ama Diinta Dhaqanka Afrika.<ref name="statsghana">{{cite web|url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf|author=Ghana Statistical Service|date=May 2013|title=2010 POPULATION & HOUSING CENSUS NATIONAL ANALYTICAL REPORT|access-date=28 December 2018|archive-date=12 Bisha Todobaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212518/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/National_Analytical_Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Qaybaha maamulka== Maamulka siyaasadeed ee gobolku wuxuu maraa nidaamka dawladda hoose. Nidaamkan maamul, gobolka waxaa loo qaybiyaa lix MMDA's (oo ka kooban 0 degmo oo magaalo madax ah, 2 degmo oo magaalooyin ah iyo 4 gole caadi ah). Degmo kasta, Magaalo ama Gole Magaalo, waxaa maamula Guddoomiye, oo matala dawladda dhexe laakiin awood ka helaya Gole uu hoggaamiyo guddoomiye laga soo dhex doortay xubnaha. Liiska hadda waa sida soo socota: [[Image:Districts of the North East Region (2018).png|thumb|right|500px|Degmooyinka Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Degmooyinka Gobolka Waqooyi-Bari |- ! # ! Magaca MMDA ! Caasimad ! Nooca MMDA ! Dadka |- ! 1 | [[Bunkpurugu Nyankpanduri District|Bunkpurugu-Nyankpanduri]] | [[Bunkpurugu]] | Caadi | |- ! 2 | [[Chereponi District|Chereponi]] | [[Chereponi]] | Caadi | 55,932 |- ! 3 | [[East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly|East Mamprusi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Health Service investigates suspected waterborne disease in Bunbuazio community - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-health-service-investigate-suspected-waterborne-disease-in-bunbuazio-community/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> | '''[[Nalerigu]]''' | Magaalo | 121,009 |- ! 4 | [[Mamprugu Moagduri District|Mamprugu-Moagduri]] | [[Yagaba]] | Caadi |- ! 5 | [[West Mamprusi District|West Mamprusi]] | [[Walewale]] | Magaalo | |- ! 6 | [[Yunyoo-Nasuan District|Yunyoo-Nasuan]] | [[Yunyoo]] | Caadi | |- |}{{clear}} ==Muwaadiniin caan ah== {| class="wikitable" |- |+ Muwaadiniin caan ah oo u dhashay gobolka Waqooyi-Bari |- ! # ! Muwaadin ! Degsiimo |- ! scope=row | 1 | [[Mahamudu Bawumia]] | [[Nalerigu]]/[[Walewale]] |- ! scope=row | 2 | Solomon Namliit Boar (MP) | [[Bunkpurugu]] |- ! scope=row | 3 | [[Edward Mahama]] | [[Nalerigu]] |- ! scope=row | 4 | [[Alima Mahama]] (MP) | [[Nalerigu]] |- ! scope=row | 5 | Sagri Banbangi (MP) | [[Walewale]] |} == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * {{statoids|id=ygh|title=Degmooyinka Ghana}} * [https://www.ghanadistricts.com/ GhanaDistricts.com] {{coord|10|31|N|0|22|W|region:GH_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}} {{Authority control}} 6koi5q77hy0mavhz6dk184h1jkwc2b1 0 49168 303164 302575 2026-07-22T05:03:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gobolka Bariga Sare, [[Boqortooyada Dagbon|Dagbon]] | official_name = | type = [[Gobolada Ghana|Gobol]] | image_skyline = Rocks in the Tongo Hills, Gorogo, Upper East Region, Ghana.JPG | image_caption = Dhagax-abuurka Tongo Hills oo u dhow Gorogo | image_map = Upper East in Ghana 2018.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Goobta Gobolka Bariga Sare ee Ghana | image_map1 = | map_caption1 = | subdivision_type = Waddan | subdivision_name = [[Ghana]] | leader_title = [[Liiska wasiirada gobolada Ghana|Wasiirka Gobolka]] | leader_name = [[Akamugri Donatus Atanga]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/regional-ministers |title=Regional Ministers |access-date=2019-07-12 |archive-date=2012-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103194849/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/regional-ministers |url-status=dead }}</ref> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | seat_type = Caasimad | seat = [[Bolgatanga]] | area_total_km2 = 8,842 | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=8&sa=102 |title=Upper East Region |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Ghanadistricts.com |archive-date=2011-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711092549/http://ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=8&sa=102 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = [[Liiska gobolada Ghana ee dhanka bedka|Kaalinta 9-aad]] | population_total = 1,301,226 | population_as_of = 2021 Tirakoob | population_footnotes = <ref name="Upper East Region Population">{{cite web|url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf|title=Upper East Region – Population|access-date=2013-01-20|publisher=statsghana.gov.gh|archive-date=2013-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_rank = [[Liiska gobolada Ghana ee dhanka dadka|Kaalinta 9-aad]] | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = [[Awoodda wax-iibsiga siman|GDP (PPP)]] | demographics1_footnotes = | demographics1_title1 = Sannad | demographics1_info1 = 2013 | demographics1_title2 = Qofkiiba | demographics1_info2 = $5,150 | demographics_type2 = [[GDP (Nominal)|GDP (Nominal)]] | demographics2_title1 = Sannad | demographics2_info1 = 2013 | demographics2_title2 = Qofkiiba | demographics2_info2 = $2,500 | blank_name_sec2 = [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|HDI]] {{nobold|(2017)}} | blank_info_sec2 = 0.520<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#900|hoose}} · [[Liiska gobolada Ghana ee dhanka Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|8-aad]] | parts_type = Degmooyin | parts_style = para | p1 = 15 | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GH|GH-UE]] | timezone = [[GMT]] | area_code = [[Lambarka telefoonka ee Ghana|039]] }} '''Gobolka Bariga Sare''' wuxuu ku yaallaa qaybta woqooyi ee [[Ghana]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-18|title=Upper East Region: Group pushes for sex education to reduce teenage pregnancies|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/05/upper-east-region-group-pushes-for-sex-education-to-reduce-teenage-pregnancies/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> waana gobolka saddexaad ee ugu yar 16-ka gobol ee maamul ee Ghana. In kasta oo uu le'eg yahay cabbirkiisa marka loo eego, gobolku wuxuu muhiimad weyn u leeyahay hidaha dhaqanka iyo sheekada taariikhiga ah ee qaranka. Waxa uu ku fadhiyaa bed dhan 8,842 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, sidaas awgeed wuxuu ka kooban yahay 2.7% oo ka mid ah guud ahaan bedka dhulka Ghana. Caasimadda gobolka waa [[Bolgatanga]], oo mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Bolga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=The cultural centre in Bolga |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/the-cultural-centre-in-bolga.html |location=Accra, Ghana|access-date=2025-11-18 |newspaper=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahama's SpeakOut train hits Bolgatanga - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/mahamas-speakout-train-hits-bolgatanga/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Waa xarun weyn oo wax soo saar iyo iibin dambiilo si heer sare ah loo tolay, alaabta maqaarka, iyo farsamada gacanta ee cawska. Bolga waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarunta maamulka iyo ganacsiga ee gobolka. Magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee gobolka waxaa ka mid ah [[Navrongo]], [[Paga]], [[Sandema]], [[Bawku]], [[Zebilla]], [[Degmada Tempane|Tempane]], [[Degmada Pusiga|Pusiga]], [[Degmada Garu-Tempane|Garu]], Googo, Pwalugu, iyo Widana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Upper East |url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/GH/10/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.fallingrain.com |archive-date=2024-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509024333/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/GH/10/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Juquraafi== ===Goobta iyo bedka=== Gobolka Bariga Sare wuxuu ku yaallaa geeska [[woqooyi-bari]] ee Ghana waxaana xuduud la leh [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka woqooyi iyo [[Togo]] dhanka bari. Wuxuu u dhexeeyaa dhigaha 0° iyo 1° Galbeed iyo loolka 10° 30′N iyo 11°N. Gobolku wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka woqooyi, [[Togo]] dhanka bari, [[Gobolka Galbeedka Sare]] dhanka galbeed, iyo [[Gobolka Waqooyi (Ghana)|Gobolka Waqooyi]] dhanka koonfureed. Gobolka Bariga Sare wuxuu u qaybsamaa 15 degmo, mid kasta waxaa hoggaamiya madaxa fulinta degmada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Upper East - National Road Safety Authority |url=https://nrsa.gov.gh/about-us/upper-east/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=nrsa.gov.gh |archive-date=2026-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216085503/https://www.nrsa.gov.gh/about-us/upper-east/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Nerve Centre :: Asaase Radio |url=https://elections.asaaseradio.com/2012/upper-east |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=elections.asaaseradio.com }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Muuqaalka gobolka waxaa inta badan lagu gartaa jiirar jilicsan oo lagu daray [[dhagax-baxyo]] iyo [[buuraley]] iyo dhagaxyada waaweyn ee Gambaga Scarp [[Bolgatanga|2]]. Juquraafiyaddan waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka Sudanian Savanna, oo leh geedo dhif ah oo u adkaysta abaarta sida baobabs, acacias, iyo geedaha shea. Cimilada [[Bolgatanga|Bariga Sare]] waa kulul tahay oo [[Cimilada qallalan-xigeen|qallalan-xigeen]] ah, oo leh hal xilli roobaad oo aan la saadaalin karin inta u dhaxaysa Maajo iyo Oktoobar. Xilliga abaarta ee dheer, daran [[Bolgatanga|(Nofeembar ilaa Abriil)]] ayaa gobolka ka dhigaya mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu nugul isbeddelka cimilada ee Ghana. ==Dalxiiska== ===Goobaha madadaalada=== *[[Tongo Hills]] *Bongo Rocks *[[Tono Dam (Ghana)|Tono Dam]] ===Goobaha taariikhiga ah=== *Kaniisadda Navrongo ee dhoobada laga dhisay *[[Xeryaha addoonta ee Pikworo]] *[[Naa Gbewa Shrine in PUSIGA]] ===Dabaaldegyo=== Gobolku wuxuu martigeliyaa dabaaldegyo badan sanadka oo dhan, kuwaas oo intooda badan loogu talagalay in lagu keeno xilli beerasho wanaagsan ama loo dabaaldego goosashada. *[[Dabaaldegga Samanpiid]] *[[Dabaaldegga Gologo]] *[[Dabaaldegga Fao]] *[[Dabaaldegga Fiok]] *[[Dabaaldegga Kuure]], Zaare *[[Dabaaldegga Feok]] *Zekula festival oo ay leeyihiin dadka Bissa *[[Dabaaldegga Boaram]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Festivals in the Upper East Region - Ghana Embassy Berlin |url=http://www.ghanaemberlin.de/en/tourism/festivals/festivals-in-the-upper-east-region/index.html |access-date=19 April 2018 |website=Ghanaemberlin Germany |archive-date=28 Bisha Afraad 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428214631/http://www.ghanaemberlin.de/en/tourism/festivals/festivals-in-the-upper-east-region/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Dabaaldegga Tengana]] oo ay leeyihiin dadka Balungu, Winkongo iyo Pwalugu * [[Dabaaldegga Ndaakoya]] oo ay leeyihiin bulshooyinka ku hadla Frafra, Talensi, iyo Nabdam. ===Goobaha kale ee soo jiidashada dalxiiska=== * [[Matxafka Gobolka Bariga Sare]] * [[Sirigu (Ghana)|Sirigu]] Xarunta Farshaxanka iyo Dhoobada * Suuqa Bolga: suuq beeraleyda iyo xoolaha, oo la qabto laba jeer toddobaadkii. *Bolgatanga Craft Village *[[Barkadda Yaxaaska ee Paga]] *Tongo Hills iyo Tenzug Shrines ==Dadka== ===Tirada dadka=== [[Xarunta dadweynaha]] ee Gobolka Bariga Sare waxay ku taal caasimaddeeda [[Bolgatanga]], taas oo u adeegta xarunta koowaad ee ganacsiga, maamulka, iyo adeegyada, taas oo si dabiici ah u soo jiidata dad badan oo ka kala yimid meelaha ku hareeraysan. Dadku waxay u badan yihiin reer miyi. Iyadoo 79% dadkeedu ay ku nool yihiin miyi, waxay haysataa kala soocidda inay tahay gobolka ugu yar ee Ghana ee magaaloobay. Iyadoo 21% dadka ay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka, gobolku waa kan ugu yar ee magaaloobay Ghana. Dhab ahaantii, iyada oo ay weheliso [[Gobolka Galbeedka Sare|Galbeedka Sare]], iyagu waa labada gobol ee leh in ka badan 20% [[dadka magaalooyinka]]. [[Muwaadiniinta]] Ghana ee dhalasho ahaan, carruurnimada, ama waalidnimada waxay ka kooban yihiin 92.5% dadka gobolka Bariga Sare. Muwaadiniinta Ghana ee dhalashada leh waxay ka kooban yihiin 5.3%. Gobolka Bariga Sare wuxuu leeyahay wadar dhan 1,301,221 oo qof, sida lagu sheegay tirakoobka Dadka iyo Guryaha (PHC) ee 2021 oo ay samaysay Hay'adda Tirakoobka Ghana, taas oo muujinaysa in Gobolka Bariga Sare uu ka kooban yahay 4.2% dadka Ghana. Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay wadar dhan 631,963 rag ah iyo 669,963 dumar ah, kuwaas oo matalaya 48.5 iyo 51.5% dadweynaha, siday u kala horreeyaan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=2021 PHC results: Upper East constitutes 4.2% of Ghana's population - A1 Radio Bolgatanga |url=https://www.a1radioonline.com/43532/2021-phc-results-upper-east-constitutes-4-2-of-ghanas-population/index.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Radionline |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Gaadiidka== Saddex [[shabakada wadooyinka Ghana|wadooyinka qaranka—]][[Wadada N2 (Ghana)|N2]], [[Wadada N10 (Ghana)|N10]], iyo [[Wadada N11 (Ghana)|N11]]—iyo dhawr wadooyin goboleed, sida R113, R114, R116, iyo R181, ayaa u adeega gobolka. [[Shabakada Wadooyinka Ghana|N10]] waxay ka bilaabataa [[Yamoransa|Yemoransa]] ee [[Gobolka Dhexe (Ghana)|Gobolka Dhexe]] waxayna ku xidhaa [[Kumasi]] ee [[Gobolka Ashanti]] waxayna ku dhammaataa Paga ee Gobolka Bariga Sare. Caasimadda qaranka [[Accra]] sidoo kale waxay ku xidhan tahay gobolka [[Shabakada Wadooyinka Ghana|N2]], oo ku dhammaata [[Kulungugu]] ee Gobolka Bariga Sare. Labadan wado ee qaran waxay ku xidhan yihiin [[Shabakada Wadooyinka Ghana|N11]], oo ku xidha caasimadda gobolka [[Bolgatanga]] iyo Bimpiela, oo sidoo kale gobolka ku taal. ==Qaybaha maamulka== Maamulka siyaasadeed ee gobolku wuxuu maraa nidaamka dawladda hoose. Nidaamkan maamul, gobolka waxaa loo qaybiyaa 15 MMDAs (oo ka kooban 0 degmo-magaalo, 4 [[Degmo-Magaalo|Degmooyin]] iyo 15 degmo caadi ah).<ref>{{cite web |title=Upper East |url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=8 |access-date=15 January 2013 |website=GhanaDistricts }}</ref> Degmo kasta, Degmo-Magaalo, ama Gole, waxaa maamula Madaxa fulinta, kaas oo matalaya dawladda dhexe laakiin awood ka helaya Gole uu hoggaamiyo xubin guddoomiye ah oo laga soo dhex doortay xubnaha laftooda. Liiska hadda waa sida soo socota: [[Image:Districts of the Upper East Region (2012).svg|thumb|right|500px|Khariidadii hore ee Degmooyinka Gobolka Bariga Sare (2016)]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Degmooyinka Gobolka Bariga Sare |- ! # ! Magaca MMDA ! Caasimad ! Nooca MMDA ! Dadka |- ! 1 | [[Degmada Bawku Municipal|Bawku]] | [[Bawku]] | Degmo-Magaalo | |- ! 2 | [[Degmada Bawku West|Bawku West]] | [[Zebilla]] | Caadi | |- ! 3 | [[Degmada Binduri|Binduri]] | [[Binduri]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana Districts - A repository of all districts in the republic of Ghana |url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=8&_=222 |website=GhanaDistricts.}}</ref> | Caadi | |- ! 4 | [[Degmada Bolgatanga Municipal|Bolgatanga]] | '''[[Bolgatanga]]''' | Degmo-Magaalo | |- ! 5 | [[Degmada Bolgatanga East|Bolgatanga East]] | [[Zuarungu]] | Caadi | |- ! 6 | [[Degmada Bongo|Bongo]] | [[Bongo, Ghana|Bongo]] | Caadi | |- ! 7 | [[Degmada Builsa North Municipal|Builsa North]] | [[Sandema]] | Degmo-Magaalo | |- ! 8 | [[Degmada Builsa South|Builsa South]] | [[Fumbisi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana Districts - A repository of all districts in the republic of Ghana |url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=8&_=223 |website=GhanaDistricts.}}</ref> | Caadi | |- ! 9 | [[Degmada Garu|Garu]] | [[Garu, Ghana|Garu]] | Caadi | |- ! 10 | [[Degmada Kassena-Nankana Municipal|Kassena Nankana East]] | [[Navrongo]] | Degmo-Magaalo | |- ! 11 | [[Degmada Kassena Nankana West|Kassena-Nankana West]] | [[Paga]] | Caadi | |- ! 12 | [[Degmada Nabdam|Nabdam]] | [[Nangodi, Ghana|Nangodi]] | Caadi | |- ! 13 | [[Degmada Pusiga|Pusiga]] | [[Pusiga]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana Districts - A repository of all districts in the republic of Ghana |url=http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=8&_=221 |website=GhanaDistricts.}}</ref> | Caadi | |- ! 14 | [[Degmada Talensi|Talensi]] | [[Tongo, Ghana|Tongo]] | Caadi | |- ! 15 | [[Degmada Tempane|Tempane]] | [[Tempane]] | Caadi | |}{{clear}} ==Waxbarashada== ===Dugsiyada sare ee sare=== {{Main|Waxbarashada Ghana}} *Azeem-Namoo Senior High School *Awe Senior High/Tech School *Bolga Girls Senior High School *[[Bawku Senior High/Tech School]] *[[Bolgatanga Senior High School]] *[[Binduri Community SHS]] *Bongo Senior High School *[[Chiana Senior High School]] *[[Fumbisi Senior High School]] *Gowrie Senior High Tech School *Gambigo Day Community SHS *Garu Day Community SHS *Kongo Senior High School *Kusanaba Senior High School *[[Navrongo Senior High School]] *Nabango Senior High *Notre Dame Sem/ Senior High School *Mirigu Community Day SHS *[[OLA Girls Senior High School (Ho)|O. L. L. Girls Senior High School]] *Paga Senior High School *Queen Of Peace Senior High School *Sandema Senior High/Tech School *Sandema Senior High School *[[Sapelliga Community SHS]] *Sirigu Senior High School *St John's Integrated Senior High/Tech *Tempane Senior High School *Zamse Senior High/Tech School *[[Zebilla Senior High/Tech School]] *Zorkor Senior High School *St John's Integrated SHTS *[[Zuarungu Senior High School]] * Bawku Senior High School *[[Bawku Technical School]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior High Schools in Upper East Region of Ghana |url=https://www.schoolsingh.com/senior-high-schools/regions/upper-east |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=schoolsInGh |language=en}}</ref> ===Machadyada Waxbarashada Sare=== * [[Bolgatanga Technical University]] * [[St. John Bosco's College of Education]] * [[Gbewaa College of Education]], Pusiga * [https://utas.edu.gh/ University of Technology & Applied Sciences] *Navrongo Community Nursing Training College * Regentropfen University College (ReCAS), Bongo * Bolgatanga Nursing and Midwifery Training College *Zuarungu Nursing & Midwifery Training College * Bawku Nursing Training College ==Isboortiga== * [[Bolgatanga Manchester City F.C.]] * Bolga F.C *Bawku Royals FC *Bawku Real United *Bawku United Stars ==Muwaadiniin caan ah== {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3 | Muwaadiniin caan ah oo u dhashay gobolka Bariga Sare |- ! # ! Muwaadin ! Degsiimo |- ! 1 | [[Joseph Kofi Adda]] | [[Navrongo]] |- ! 2 | [[Roland Agambire]] | [[Sirigu (Ghana)|Sirigu]] |- ! 3 |Roger A. Agana |[[Soe (Ghana)|Soe]] |- ! 4 |[[David Atanga]] |Namoo |- !5 |[[Theresa Lardi Awuni]] |Winkongo |- ! 6 | [[Adam Kwarasey]] | [[Navrongo]] |- ! 7 | [[Abedi Pele]] | [[Paga]] |- !8 | [[Mark Woyongo]] | [[Navrongo]] |- !9 | [[Hawa Yakubu]] | [[Pusiga]] |- ! 10 | [[Stephen Yakubu]] | [[Degmada Binduri|Binduri]] |- !11 | [[Adabere Adabre Donald]] | [[Bolgatanga]] |- !12 | [[John Akparibo Ndebugre]] | [[Bawku]] |- !13 | [[Cletus Apul Avoka]] | [[Bawku]] |- !14 | [[Mahama Ayariga]] | [[Bawku]] |- !15 | [[Awini Emmanuel Ayonde]] | [[Bawku]] |- !16 | [[Laadi Ayi Ayamga]] | [[Pusiga]] |- !17 | [[Rev.Professor John Azumah|Rev. Professor John Azumah]] | [[Bawku]] |- !18 | [[Simon Atingban Akunye]] | [[Pusiga]] |- !18 | [[Dr.Kingley Akurugu]] | [[Bawku]] |- !19 |[[Dominic Akuritinga Ayine]] |[[Zuarungu]] |- !20 |Eastwood Anaba |[[Bolgatanga]] |- !21 |[[Akuka Dickson Atule]] |[[Zebilla]] |} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Isha== * {{statoids|id=ygh|title=Degmooyinka Ghana}} * [https://www.ghanadistricts.com/ GhanaDistricts.com] * [http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/cen_surv.html Hay'adda Tirakoobka Ghana] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/cen_surv.html |date=20201203125108 }} {{Authority control}} efh5q93wsoiq4oug5x6y3yv6t5nvhvz 0 49176 303165 302187 2026-07-22T05:07:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gobolka Kilimanjaro | native_name = {{small|{{native phrase|sw|Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro}}}} | nickname = Saqafka Afrika | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Tanzania|Gobol]] | named_for = [[Buurta Kilimanjaro]] <!-- images and maps ----------->| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |photo1a = Uhuru Peak Mt. Kilimanjaro 1.JPG |photo2a = Materuni Falls, Uru mashariki.jpg |photo3a = View of west Kiusa Ward, Moshi.jpg |spacing = 2 |space = 2 |size = 225 |position = center |color_border = white |color = white | foot_montage = '''Laga bilaabo kor ilaa hoos:'''<br /> [[Uhuru Peak]], [[Biyadhaca Materuni]] iyo Magaalada [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] habeenkii}} | image_map = Tanzania Kilimanjaro location map.svg | map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Tanzania <!-- Location ------------------>| coordinates = {{coord|4|8|1.32|S|37|48|31.68|E|type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Waddan | subdivision_name = {{flag|Tanzania}} | subdivision_type1 = Aag | subdivision_name1 = Waqooyiga | established_title = Gobol Maamuleed | established_date = 1963 | seat_type = Caasimad | seat = [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] | parts_type = [[Degmooyinka Tanzania|Degmooyin]] | p1 = [[Degmada Hai]] | leader_title = Guddoomiyaha Gobolka | leader_name = Nurdin Babu | p2 = [[Degmada Moshi]] | p3 = [[Degmada Miyiga ee Moshi]] | p4 = [[Degmada Mwanga]] | p5 = [[Degmada Rombo]] | p6 = [[Degmada Same]] | p7 = [[Degmada Siha]] <!-- square kilometers -->| area_total_km2 = 13,250 | area_rank = [[Gobolada Tanzania|24 ka mid ah 31]] | elevation_max_m = 5,895 | elevation_max_point = [[Uhuru Peak]] <!-- Population ----------------------->| population_total = 1,861,934 | population_as_of = 2022 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = [[Gobolada Tanzania|19 ka mid ah 31]] | population_demonym = Kilimanjaran | demographics_type1 = [[Liiska qabaa'ilka Tanzania|Qabaa'ilka]] | demographics1_title1 = Dadka soo degay | demographics1_info1 = [[Dadka Sawaaxiliga|Sawaaxili]] | demographics1_title2 = Dadka u dhashay | demographics1_info2 = [[Dadka Chaga|Chaga]] | timezone1 = [[Waqtiga Bariga Afrika|EAT]] | utc_offset1 = +3 | postal_code_type = Koodhka boostada | postal_code = 25xxx | area_code = 027 | iso_code = TZ-09 | blank_name_sec1 = [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.640<ref name="GlobalDataLab" /><br />{{color|#fc0|dhex-dhexaad}} · [[Liiska gobolada Tanzania ee Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|3]] | website = {{URL|http://kilimanjaro.go.tz/|Bogga rasmiga ah}} | module = {{Infobox region symbols| embedded=yes |country = Tanzania |mammal = [[File:Panthera pardus close up.jpg|50px|left]] [[Shabeel]] |bird = [[File:Scarlet chested sunbird.jpg|50px|left]] [[Scarlet-tufted sunbird|Shimbirka Scarlet Tufted]] |fish = [[File:Oreochromis hunteri.jpg|50px|left]] [[Lake Chala tilapia]] |butterfly = [[File:Papilio sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1908.JPG|50px|left]] [[Papilio sjoestedti|Balanbaalista Kilimanjaro]] |tree = [[File:Cordia africana00.jpg|50px|left]] [[Cordia africana]] |mineral = [[File:Aquamarine P1000141.JPG|50px|left]] [[Aquamarine (gem)|Aquamarine]] }} }} '''Gobolka Kilimanjaro''' ({{langx|sw|Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro}}) waa mid ka mid ah 31 [[Gobolada Tanzania|gobol maamuleed]] ee [[Tanzania]].<ref name="Postcodes_21">{{cite web |title=Koodhka boostada |url=https://www.tcra.go.tz/uploads/text-editor/files/Kilimanjaro%2025000_1622732805.pdf |website=MAMLAKA YA MAWASILIANO TANZANIA |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en |date=2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Caasimadda gobolka iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa degmada [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]]. Iyadoo leh [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|HDI]]-ga 3-aad ee ugu sarreeya oo ah 0.640 ee dalka, Kilimanjaro waa mid ka mid ah shanta gobol ee ugu horumarsan Tanzania.<ref name="GlobalDataLab" /> Sida lagu sheegay tirakoobka qaranka ee 2012, gobolku wuxuu lahaa dadweyne dhan 1,640,087, taas oo ka hooseysay saadaashii tirakoobka ka horreeyay oo ahayd 1,702,207.<ref name="2012 Census">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf Qaybinta Dadweynaha ee unugyada maamulka, Jamhuuriyadda Midowga Tanzania, 2013]</ref>{{rp|page 2}} Intii u dhaxaysay 2002–2012, heerka koritaanka dadweynaha ee gobolka oo ahaa 1.8 boqolkiiba sanadkii ayaa ahaa kii 24-aad ee ugu sarreeyay dalka.<ref name="2012 Census"/>{{rp|page 4}} Waxa kale oo uu ahaa gobolka 8-aad ee ugu dadka badan oo leh 124 qof halkii kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran. Qabaa'ilka ugu caansan ee Gobolka Kilimanjaro waa [[Dadka Chaga|Chaga]].<ref name="2012 Census"/>{{rp|page 6}} Gobolku wuxuu qayb ka yahay wareegga dalxiiska ee waqooyiga ee Tanzania. Waxaa ku yaal [[Beerta Qaranka ee Kilimanjaro]] (oo ay ku jirto [[Buurta Kilimanjaro]]), [[Beerta Qaranka ee Mkomazi]], [[Buuraleyda Pare]], [[Harada Jipe]], iyo [[Harada Chala]]. Gobolka waxaa dhanka waqooyi iyo bari ka xiga [[Kenya]], dhanka koonfur [[Gobolka Tanga]], dhanka koonfur-galbeed [[Gobolka Manyara]], iyo dhanka galbeed [[Gobolka Arusha]]. == Magaca == Horraantii qarnigii 19-aad, [[Dadka Sawaaxiliga|Sawaaxiliga]] waxay horey ugu yeeri jireen buurta "''Kilima Ndsharo''" (ama "Dscharo"), "Dalka Dschagga," oo u dhow xeebta. Sannadihii 1848 iyo 1849, [[Johannes Rebmann|Rebmann]] wuxuu sheegay in magacyada Sawaaxiliga ee buurtu ay la macno yihiin "Buur Weyn" iyo "Buurta Safarrada" iyadoo loo tixraacayo buurta oo meel fog laga arki karo oo u adeegta sidii hage u ah dadka safarka ah. Isaga iyo [[Johann Ludwig Krapf|Krapf]] waxay ogaadeen in ereyga ay si kala duwan u tixraaceen dhowr qof oo u dhow: [[Dadka Taita|Taita]] waxay soo gaabiyeen ereyga Sawaaxiliga ee xeebta ilaa "''Ndscharo''." Waxaa loo yiqiin "''Kima ja Jeu''," taas oo ah [[Dadka Kamba|Kamba]] oo macnaheedu yahay "Buurta Cadaanka." Waxaa loo yiqiin "''Ol Donyo Eibor''," taas oo ah [[Dadka Maasai|Maasai]] oo macnaheedu yahay "Buur Cad." [[Dadka Chaga|Chagga]] laftoodu, gaar ahaan Kilema iyo [[Machame]], waxay si fudud u yiraahdeen "''Kibo''". ''Kilimandscharo'', oo Rebmann uu ku qoray Jarmal intii u dhaxaysay 1848 iyo 1849, waxaa loo beddelay "Kilimanjaro" 1860-kii.<ref>{{cite book |last= Stahl |first= Kathleen|date= 1964 |title=Taariikhda dadka Chagga ee Kilimanjaro|location= London |publisher= Mouton and Co.|page= 38}}</ref> == Qaybaha maamulka == === Degmooyin === Gobolka Kilimanjaro wuxuu u qaybsamaa hal magaalo iyo lix [[Degmooyinka Tanzania|degmo]], mid kasta oo ay maamusho gole, marka laga reebo Degmada Moshi oo leh laba, mid ka mid ahna u adeegta caasimadda gobolka. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" | Degmooyinka Gobolka Kilimanjaro |- style="text-align:center;" ! Khariidad ! style="width: 10em" | Degmada ! style="width: 10em" | Dadka<br />(2012 Tirakoob) ! style="width: 10em" | Dadka<br />(2017 Qiyaasta) |- | rowspan="8" |[[File:Kilimanjaro in Tanzania.svg|200px]]<br /> | [[Degmada Moshi]] | style="text-align:right;" |466,737 | style="text-align:right;" |509,431 |- |[[Degmada Moshi|Moshi Municipal]] | style="text-align:right;" |184,292 | style="text-align:right;" |201,150 |- | [[Degmada Hai]] | style="text-align:right;" | 210,533 | style="text-align:right;" |229,791 |- | [[Degmada Siha]] | style="text-align:right;" | 116,313 | style="text-align:right;" |126,953 |- | [[Degmada Rombo]] | style="text-align:right;" | 260,963 | style="text-align:right;" |284,834 |- | [[Degmada Mwanga]] | style="text-align:right;" | 131,442 | style="text-align:right;" |143,466 |- |[[Degmada Same]] | style="text-align:right;" | 269,807 | style="text-align:right;" |294,487 |- |'''Wadarta''' | style="text-align:right;" |'''1,640,087''' | style="text-align:right;" |'''1,790,113''' |- |} == Taariikh == Gobolka Kilimanjaro waxaa si rasmi ah loo aasaasay 1963 iyadoo leh laba degmo: Kilimanjaro iyo Pare.<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Myosorex zinki Kilimanjaro Mouse Shrew |title=Naasleyda Afrika |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}</ref> Gobolku wuxuu ka mid ahaa Gobolka Waqooyi ee [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]] ka hor xornimada. Degmooyinka Gobolka Waqooyi waxaa ka mid ahaa Arusha iyo Mbulu, halka Degmada Pare ay ka mid ahayd Gobolka Tanga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kilimanjaro.go.tz/region-history|title=Historia ya Mkoa {{!}} Gobolka Kilimanjaro|website=www.kilimanjaro.go.tz|access-date=2026-07-13|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416131151/http://www.kilimanjaro.go.tz/region-history|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lixda degmo ee gobolka, afar ayaa dhaqan ahaan lahaa degsiimooyinka [[Dadka Chaga|Chagga]], kuwaas oo kala ah Degmada Hai, Degmada Moshi, Degmada Rombo, iyo Degmada Siha. Labada kale, Degmada Mwanga iyo Degmada Same, ayaa taariikh ahaan ku jiray degsiimooyinka [[Dadka Pare|Pare]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, intii lagu jiray xukunka gumeysiga qarnigii 19-aad ilaa bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad, gobolka waxaa loo qaybiyay laba degmo oo waaweyn: Degmada Moshi, oo ka koobnayd dhammaan aagagga ay degeen dadka Chagga ee ku yaalla jiirada buurta, iyo Degmada Pare, oo ahayd degsiimada qabiilka Pare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murtazina |first=Farida Gafiullovna |date=2023-07-05 |title=Dib u eegista buugaagta: Degmada Mironova Ye.V. Laishevsky qarnigii 19-aad – horraantii qarnigii 20-aad |journal=Laga soo bilaabo Taariikhda iyo Dhaqanka Dadka ee Gobolka Volga Dhexe}}</ref> Gobolka, laga soo bilaabo wakhtiyadii hore, waxaa degenaa dadka si wada jir ah loogu yeero Chagga, [[Dadka Maasai|Maasai]], [[Dadka Kwavi|Wakwavi]], iyo [[Dadka Arusha|Waarusha]] (qaybaha hoose ee Buurta Kilimanjaro), iyo dadka Pare oo ku nool buuraleyda Pare. Kuwan ayaa is dhexgalayay, ka ganacsanayay, oo xitaa mararka qaarkood is dagaalayay sababo kala duwan oo bulsho-siyaasadeed ah. Goor dambe, qabaa'il kale ayaa sidoo kale u soo haajiray aagga. == Juqraafi == {{Main|Buurta Kilimanjaro}} [[File: Mountain at the border of Kenya and Tanzania- Mount Kilimanjaro 09.jpg|thumb|Buurta Kilimanjaro]] Buurta Kilimanjaro waxay ku taal isgoyska xariiqda taarikada tectonic 80 kiiloomitir bariga [[Dooxada Rift]]. Waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka 'Y'-qaabka ee rift qaaradaha firfircoon waxaana la sameeyay markii magma ay kor u kacday iyada oo loo marayo dillaacyo la abuuray markii ay dhaceen dillaacyo bilaabmay Miocene, qiyaastii 22–25 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buurta Kilimanjaro, Tanzania |publisher=Geological Society}}</ref> Stratovolcano-ku wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex koofiyadood oo foolkaanooyin is dulsaaran—Shira, Mawenzi, iyo Kibo—iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa foolkaanada ee qaabkeeda hadda waxay dib u dhacaysaa wax ka yar hal milyan oo sano.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Barnaamijka Foolkaanada Adduunka – Kilimanjaro |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}</ref> == Dadka caanka ah == * [[Barnaba Classic]], fannaan * [[Scholastica Kimaryo]], shaqaale rayid ah oo caalami ah, saxafi, iyo tababare nolosha * [[Abby Chams]], heesaa * [[Elieshi Lema]], qoraa * [[Freeman Mbowe]], siyaasi * [[Lucas Mkenda]], fannaan * [[Cleopa Msuya]], Ra'iisul Wasaarihii 3-aad ee Tanzania * [[Flower Msuya]], saynisyahan * [[Nathaniel Mtui]], taariikhyahan * [[Nandy (singer)|Nandy]], fannaan * [[Maua Sama]], fannaan * [[Leonard Shayo]], aqoonyahan iyo xisaabyahan * [[Bruno Tarimo]], feeryahan * [[Irene Tarimo]], saynisyahan == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Dadka Chagga]] * [[Beerta Qaranka ee Kilimanjaro]] * [[Marangu]] * [[Beerta Qaranka ee Mkomazi]] * [[Moshi, Tanzania]] * [[Dadka Pare]] * [[Buuraleyda Pare]] * [[Harada Chala]] == Tixraacyo == <references> <ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Gobolka – Database-ka Gobolka – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=2020-02-26}}</ref> </references> == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Sister project links | wikt=no | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no | mw=no | display=Gobolka Kilimanjaro}} * {{in lang|sw}} {{URL|http://kilimanjaro.go.tz/|Bogga rasmiga ah}} {{Authority control}} ey5oqi78bzdthishzzds5ax3g3uaqce 0 49186 303147 302236 2026-07-22T00:07:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place | type = Stadt | image_coa = DEU Abensberg COA.svg | image_photo = Abensberg Luftbild.jpg | image_caption = Muuqaalka hawada ee magaaladii hore ee Abensberg | coordinates = {{coord|48|48|N|11|51|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Abensberg in KEH.svg | state = Bavaria | region = Niederbayern | district = Kelheim | elevation = 370 | area = 60.27 | postal_code = 93326 | area_code = 09443 | licence = KEH | Gemeindeschlüssel = 09273111 | divisions = 7 [[Ortsteil]]e | website = {{URL|https://www.abensberg.de}} | mayor = Dr. Bernhard Resch<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik.bayern.de/mam/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ob_krfr_st.xlsx |title=Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden |trans-title=Liiska duqyada koowaad/duqyada sare ee degmooyinka ka tirsan degmada |language=de |website=statistik.bayern.de |publisher=[[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]] |date=n.d. |access-date=13 June 2024 |format=XLSX |archive-date=16 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216165712/https://www.statistik.bayern.de/mam/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ob_krfr_st.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;29 |party = }} [[File:Maderturm 2.jpg|thumb|Maderturm]] '''Abensberg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈaːbənsˌbɛʁk|-|De-Abensberg.ogg}}) waa magaalo ku taal degmada [[Lower Bavaria]] ee [[Kelheim (district)|Kelheim]], ee [[Bavaria]], Jarmalka, oo ku taal qiyaastii {{cvt|30|km}} koonfur-galbeed ee [[Regensburg]], {{cvt|40|km}} bari ee [[Ingolstadt]], {{cvt|50|km}} waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Landshut]] iyo {{cvt|100|km}} waqooyi ee [[Munich]]. Waxay ku taal webiga [[Abens]], oo ah gacan ka mid ah webiga [[Danube]]. ==Juqraafiga== Magaaladu waxay ku taal webiga [[Abens]], oo ah gacan ka mid ah [[Danube]], qiyaastii sideed kiiloomitir meel u jirta halka uu webigu ka soo maaxdo. Aagga ku xeeran Abensberg waxaa lagu gartaa dooxada cidhiidhiga ah ee Danube, halkaas oo [[Weltenburg Abbey]] ay ku taallo, dooxada [[Altmühl]] ee waqooyiga, oo ah gacan bidix ee Danube, iyo gobolka caanka ah ee [[Hallertau]] ee [[Humulus|beerista hops]] ee koonfurta. Magaalada waxaa loo qaybiyay degmooyinka Abensberg, Arnhofen, Holzharlanden, Hörlbach, Offenstetten, Pullach iyo Sandharland. ===Qaybaha=== Tan iyo dib-u-habayntii maamulka ee [[Bavaria]] sannadihii 1970-yadii, magaaladu waxay kaloo ka kooban tahay kuwan soo socda ''[[Quarter (country subdivision)|Ortsteile]]'': * Magaalada dhexdeeda: Abensberg (degmada ugu weyn), Aunkofen (xaafad), Badhaus (tuulo) * Bariga: Gaden (tuulo), See (tuulo), Offenstetten (xaafad) * Waqooyi bari: Arnhofen (xaafad), Baiern (tuulo), Pullach (xaafad), Kleedorf (tuulo) * Waqooyi: Sandharlanden (xaafad), Holzharlanden (xaafad), Buchhof (tuulo yar) * Galbeedka: Schwaighausen (tuulo), Schillhof (tuulo yar), Gilla (tuulo aad u yar) * Koonfurta: Aumühle (tuulo aad u yar), Allersdorf (tuulo yar) * Koonfur bari: Lehen (tuulo aad u yar), Mitterhörlbach (tuulo yar), Upper Hörlbach (tuulo), Lower Hörlbach (tuulo yar) ==Taariikhda== Waxaa jiray degsiimooyin qaybtan webiga [[Abens]] ah muddo aad u fog ka hor [[High Middle Ages]], oo dib ugu noqonaysa xilligii [[Neolithic]]. Waxa aad muhiim u ah macdanta dhagaxa weyn ee Arnhofen, halkaas oo, qiyaastii 7,000 sano ka hor, dadkii [[Stone Age]] ay ka samayn jireen dhagax weyn, oo loo qaabayn jiray qalab, daab, iyo madax fallaaro, waxaana loo arkayay inay tahay birta xilligii dhagaxa. Raadadka in ka badan 20,000 oo qof ayaa laga helay goobtan. Taariikhda casriga ah ee Abensberg, oo inta badan si khaldan loo barbar dhigo tii qarnigii saddexaad ee [[castra]] (xarun militari) ee Roomaanka ee Abusina, waxay ku bilaabataa Gebhard, oo ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee u magacaaba Abensberg magaalo, bartamihii qarnigii 12-aad. Tixraaca qoraalka ah ee ugu horreeya ee magaalada, oo lagu magacaabo ''Habensperch'', wuxuu ka yimid xilligan, qiyaastii 1138. Gebhard wuxuu ka soo jeeday qabiilka Babonen. Sannadkii 1256, [[castrum]]-kii ''Abensprech'' ayaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay, iyo 12 Juun 1348, Margrave Ludwig oo ka tirsan [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]], iyo walaalkiis, Duke Stephen oo ka tirsan [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]], ayaa Abensberg u kordhiyay heerka magaalo, iyagoo siiyay xuquuqda ay ku shaqeeyaan maxkamadaha hoose, inay ku xidhaan gidaar, iyo inay qabsadaan suuqyo. Gidaarka waxaa dhisay Count Ulrich III oo ka tirsan [[County of Abensberg|Abensberg]]. Qaar ka mid ah soddon iyo laba munaaradood oo wareegsan iyo siddeed turret ayaa ilaa maanta la ilaaliyay. [[Middle Ages]], dadka Abensberg waxay ku raaxaysanayeen heerar madax-bannaan oo ka sarreeya sayidkooda. Waxay doorteen gole magaalo, inkastoo tiro yar oo qoysas taajiriin ah ay u qalmeen doorashada. Qiyaastii 1390, Kaniisadda Carmelite Monastery ee Our Lady of Abensberg waxaa aasaasay Count John II iyo xaaskiisa, Agnes. In kasta oo Abensberg ay ahayd magaalo madax-bannaan, waxay ku sii xirnayd [[List of rulers of Bavaria|Dukes of Bavaria]] oo awood leh. Sayidkii ugu dambeeyay ee Abensberg, [[Niclas, Graf von Abensberg]], oo loo malaynayo in loogu magac daray aabbihiis (godfather), [[Nicholas of Kues]], oo ahaa kardinal Katolik ah, ayaa la dilay 1485 by Christopher, oo ahaa [[Herzog|Duke]] ka tirsan [[Bavaria-Munich]]. Sannad ka hor, Niclas wuxuu si aan sharaf lahayn u qabsaday Christopher markii uu ku qubaysanayay ka hor tartanka Munich. In kasta oo Christopher uu ka tanaasulay sheegashadiisa aargoosiga, wuxuu u galay Niclas meel uu kaga gabaadsado Freising. Markii uu kii dambe yimid, waxaa dilay Seitz von Frauenberg. Waxaa lagu aasay kaniisaddii hore ee Abensberg. Abensberg ka dibna waxay lumisay madax-bannaanideedii waxayna noqotay qayb ka mid ah Duchy of Bavaria, laga bilaabana waxaa maamulayay sarkaal ducal ah, oo loo yaqaanay kormeere. Qalcaddii Abensberg waxaa la burburiyay intii lagu jiray [[Thirty Years' War]], in kasta oo magaaladu ay ka iibsatay dammaanad ilaalin guudkii Iswiidhishka, [[Carl Gustaf Wrangel]]. Intii lagu jiray [[War of the Spanish Succession]] boqor [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], oo qabsaday Bavaria, wuxuu siiyay fief-ka Abensberg count Ernst von [[Abensberg-Traun|Abensperg und Traun]] (1608–1668) oo ka tirsan qoys sharaf leh oo Austrian ah oo la odhan jiray Traun oo hadda helay magaca counts-kii hore ee Abensberg (oo loo malaynayay inay yihiin qaraabo fog). Ka dib markii qabsashadii dhammaatay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa laga saaray. [[Johannes Aventinus]] (1477–1534) waa wiilka ugu caansan magaalada, aasaasihii daraasadda taariikhda ee Bavaria. Aventinus, oo magaciisa dhabta ah uu ahaa Johann ama Johannes Turmair (''Aventinus'' oo ah magaca Laatiinka ee meeshii uu ku dhashay) wuxuu qoray ''Annals of Bavaria'', diiwaan qiimo leh oo taariikhdii hore ee Jarmalka iyo shaqadii ugu horreysay ee qoran ee mawduuca. Waxaa lagu xusayaa [[Walhalla temple]], oo ah taallo u dhow [[Regensburg]] oo loogu talagalay shakhsiyaadka sharafta leh ee taariikhda Jarmalka. Ilaa 1800, Abensberg waxay ahayd degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Straubing]] ee [[Electorate of Bavaria]]. Abensberg waxay kaloo lahayd maxkamad maamul. [[Battle of Abensberg]] ee 19–20 Abriil 1809, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] wuxuu helay guul muhiim ah oo ka dhan ah Austrians-ka oo uu hoggaaminayay Archduke [[Archduke Louis of Austria|Ludwig]] of [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] iyo General [[Johann von Hiller]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Abensberg|volume=1|page=42}}</ref> ===Calaamadda magaalada=== [[File:DEU Abensberg COA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Calaamadda Abensberg]] Calaamadda magaalada waxay u qaybsan tahay laba qaybood. Dhanka bidix waxaa ku yaal rhombuses buluug iyo caddaan ah ee Bavaria, halka kala badhka midig loo kala qaybiyay laba saddexagal oo qalin iyo madow ah. Labo seef oo qalin ah oo isdhaafsan oo leh gacmo dahabi ah ayaa dul saaran. Magaaladu waxay lahayd calaamad tan iyo 1338, tii Counts of Abensberg. Geeridii Count-kii ugu dambeeyay, Nicholas of Abensberg, 1485, hantidii waxay u gacan gashay [[Duchy of Bavaria-Munich]], taas oo macnaheedu yahay in laga bilaabo wakhtigaas kaliya calaamadda Bavarian ayaa la isticmaali jiray. 31 Disembar 1809, wareegto ka timid [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|King Maximilian]] ee [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]] ayaa siisay magaalada calaamad cusub, iyada oo aqoonsi u ah adeegyadooda (inta badan bini'aadantinimo iyo saadka) ee [[Battle of Abensberg]] isla sannadkaas. Garoonka si diagonal ah loo qaybiyay ee qalin iyo madow ayaa ka yimid crest-kii hore ee Counts of Abensberg, halka dheeman caddaan iyo buluug ay ka yimaadeen tii [[House of Wittelsbach]], xukumayaasha Bavaria. Seeftu waxay xusuusinaysaa Dagaalkii Abensberg. Degmada Offenstetten horey waxay u lahayd calaamaddeeda. ===Mataanaynta=== * [[Parga]], Greece tan iyo 1986 * [[Lonigo]], Italy tan iyo 1999 * [[Saint-Gilles, Gard]], France tan iyo 2016 ==Dhaqaalaha iyo Kaabayaasha== [[File:GER Abensberg, Bahnhof 0001.jpg|thumb|Saldhigga tareenka ee Abensberg]] Aagga ku xeeran Abensberg, oo loo yaqaan suunka ciidda ee u dhexeeya [[Siegburg]], [[Neustadt an der Donau]], Abensberg iyo [[Langquaid]], waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[intensive farming]]-ka [[asparagus]], sababtoo ah xaaladda ciidda iyo cimilada ugu habboon. Qiyaastii 300 hektar ayaa loo qoondeeyay wax soo saarka asparagus.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abensberger-spargel.de/ |title=Abensberger Spargel |language=German}}</ref> Abensberg asparagus waxay ku raaxaysataa sumcad ka mid ah dadka yaqaana inay tahay cunto gaar ah oo macaan. Marka laga reebo asparagus, wax soo saarka hops wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraa maxaliga, gobolku wuxuu leeyahay calaamaddiisa, waxaana weli jira saddex warshadood oo biirka oo madax-bannaan oo aagga ah. Magaalada Abensberg waxay calaamad u tahay bilowga ''Deutsche Hopfenstraße'' (''German Hops Road''), oo ah naanaysta loo bixiyay [[Bundesstraße]] 301, oo ah waddo federaali ah oo Jarmal ah oo dhex marta wadnaha warshadaha hops-ka ee Jarmalka, kuna dhammaata [[Freising]]. ===Gaadiidka=== Saldhigga tareenka ee Abensberg wuxuu ku yaal [[Regensburg–Ingolstadt railway]] oo ka socda [[Regensburg Hauptbahnhof|Regensburg]] ilaa [[Ingolstadt Hauptbahnhof|Ingolstadt]]. Magaalada waxaa lagu gaadhi karaa waddada A-93 Holledau-Regensburg (bixitaanka Abensberg). Saddex [[Bundesstraße]] (waddooyinka federaalka Jarmalka) ayaa ka gudba koonfurta Abensberg: [[Bundesstraße 16|B 16]], [[Bundesstraße 299|B 299]] iyo B 301. ==Goobaha dadweynaha== ===Dugsiyada=== {{see also|Education in Germany}} Abensberg waxay leedahay laba Grundschulen (dugsi hoose) iyo [[Mittelschule]] (dugsi sare oo furan), iyo Johann-Turmair-[[Realschule]] (dugsi sare oo casri ah). Waxa kale oo jira Kulliyad Beeraha iyo Maamulka Guriga. Tan iyo 2007, Kelheim Berufsschule waxay lahayd xarun ku taal Abensberg, iyo meel ka baxsan qaybta dawladda waa Xarunta Tababarka Xirfadaha ee St. Francis, oo ay maamusho urur dhalinyaro oo Katolik ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira laba dugsi oo gaar ah, mid u dhow Abensberg,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prälat-Michael-Thaller-Schule – Privates Sonderpädagogisches Förderzentrum Abensberg |trans-title=Dugsiga Prelate Michael Thaller – Xarunta Waxbarashada Gaarka ah ee Gaarka ah ee Abensberg |url=https://www.pmt-schule.de |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=pmt-schule.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> kan kale oo ku yaal xaafadda Offenstetten.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabrini-Schule - Cabrini Zentrum - KJF Regensburg |trans-title=Dugsiga Cabrini - Xarunta Cabrini - KJF Regensburg |language=de |url=https://www.cabrini-zentrum.de/cabrini-schule |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=cabrini-zentrum.de}}</ref> ==Dhaqanka iyo dalxiiska== ===Tiyaatarka=== Sannadkii 2008, goob hore oo [[goods shed]] ah oo ku taal saldhigga tareenka ee Abensberg ayaa waxaa tiyaatar u beddelay mutadawiciin maxalli ah. "Theater am Bahnhof" (''Tiyaatarka Saldhigga Tareenka'') waxaa inta badan isticmaala ''Theatergruppe Lampenfieber'' waxaana la furay 19 Oktoobar 2008. ===Matxafyada=== Abensberg waxay leedahay dhaqan dheer oo matxafyo ah. Qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Nicholas Stark iyo Peter Paul Dollinger waxay bilaabeen ururin ku salaysan taariikhda maxalliga ah. Uruurintan iyo ururintii ''Heimatverein'' (bulshada taariikhda maxalliga ah) ayaa la mideeyay 1963 matxafka [[Johannes Aventinus|Aventinus]], oo ku yaal kaniisaddii hore ee Carmelite. 7 Luulyo 2006, Matxafka Cusub ee Abensberg ayaa laga furay qalcaddii hore ee duke ee magaalada. ===Warshadda biirka ee Kuchlbauer=== Laba baloog galbeedka magaaladii hore waa Warshadda biirka ee Kuchlbauer iyo beer biirka oo leh [[Kuchlbauer Tower]], munaarad kormeer oo midab leh oo aan caadi ahayn oo ay naqshadeeyeen naqshadeeyaha Viennese [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]]. Warshadda iyo munaaradda waa u furan yihiin dadweynaha. ===Sawirada=== <gallery class="center"> File:Abensberg Stadtansicht.jpg|Muuqaalka Magaaladii Hore File:Abensberg Klosterkirche.jpg|Kaniisadda Carmelite File:Abensberg Stadtplatz.jpg|Xarunta Magaalada oo leh Rathaus (xarunta magaalada) File:Abensberg RegensburgerTor.jpg|Regensburg Gate File:SchlossAbensberg LandkreisKelheim Niederbayern.JPG|Goobta qalcaddii hore File:Herzogskasten Abensberg.JPG|Herzogskasten (Dukaanka Duke) File:Abensberg Kuchlbauerturm von Hundertwasser.JPG|Kuchlbauer Tower </gallery> ===Taallo maqan=== Ilaa 1950-yadii, Abensberg iyo tuulooyinka ku xeeran waxay lahaayeen qaar ka mid ah qabriyo ay ku aasan yihiin dhibanayaasha [[Death marches (Holocaust)|Death March]] ee guga 1945 ka xerada hoose ee Hersbruck ee [[Dachau concentration camp]], kuwaas oo ay dileen [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] ama u dhintay daal. Waxaa markii hore lagu aasay meeshii ay ku dhinteen, laakiin waxaa markii dambe la geeyay amar ka yimid dawladda milatariga ee Maraykanka xabaalaha guryahoodii hore. Xabaalaha waxa hadda ah degmada [[Pullach]] waxaa taagnaa taallo la soo xusay ilaa 1967, laakiin aan hadda goobta ku oolin. Dhibaatadii toban dhibane oo aan la aqoon ee xerada ayaa lagu duubay dhagaxa.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} ===Dhacdooyinka caadiga ah=== *Kalandarka dhacdooyinka Abensberger wuxuu bilaabmaa Febraayo iyadoo la qabanayo ''[[Carnival|Faschingsgillamoos]]'' [[funfair]], kaas oo gaadha heerkiisii ugu sarreeyay Khamiista Mad. *Waxaa ku xiga ''Frühjahrsmarkt'' (Suuqa Gu'ga) laba toddobaad ka hor Easter-ka, marka dhammaan dukaamada magaalada loo oggol yahay inay furaan Axadda ([[Ladenschlussgesetz|taas oo sida caadiga ah laga mamnuucay Jarmalka]]). * *''Bürgerfest'' waxaa loo dabaaldegaa dhammaadka usbuuca ugu horreeya ee Luulyo, marka beeraha qasriga ee leh darbiyadoodii hore loo beddelo xero dhexe. *''Schlossgartenfest'' (Dabaaldegga Beerta Qasriga) wuxuu dhacaa sannad kasta bilowga Agoosto. Waxaa laga soo bilaabo 1977 u abaabulay [[Junge Union]], laanta dhalinyarada ee labada xisbi siyaasadeed ee ugu weyn muxaafidka Jarmalka, [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] iyo [[Christian Social Union of Bavaria|CSU]], waxayna soo jiidataa dhammaan kooxaha da'da ee Abensberg iyo aagga ku xeeran. *Sabtida labaad ee Agoosto, dadku waxay dhex mari karaan Suuqa Habeenimo ee fiidkii xagaaga ee raaxada leh. *''Gillamoos'', [[funfair]]-ka ugu da'da weyn uguna weyn ee [[Hallertau]] wuxuu furmaa Khamiista ka hor Axadda ugu horreysa ee Sebtembar wuxuuna socdaa ilaa Isniinta ka dambaysa. Waa iftiinka sannadka ee Abensberg waana dabbaaldegga dadka Abensberg iyo aagga ku xeeran. *''Herbstmarkt'' (suuqa dayrta), maalin kale oo suuq ah oo Axad ah, waa usbuuca ugu horreeya ee Oktoobar. *Tan iyo 1997, taxane ah dhacdooyinka dhaqanka, farshaxanka, muusiga iyo madadaalada ayaa ka dhacay Noofembar meelo kala duwan oo magaalada ah, cinwaanka hoostiisa, ''Novembernebel'' (ceeryaamo Noofembar) *[[Saint Nicholas#Germany|Saint Nicholas Day]] (6 Disembar), ''Niklasmarkt'' (Suuqa Nicholas) wuxuu xusayaa ''Niklasspende'', oo ah aasaas dhexe oo loogu talagalay dadka saboolka ah. Tani waxay calaamad u tahay bilowga Advent iyo xilliga Christmas-ka. ==Ciyaaraha== ===Speedway iyo kubadda cagta=== [[Wack Hofmeister Stadium]], oo horey u ahaan jiray Altes Stadion Abensberg (garoonkii hore) waa [[motorcycle speedway]] iyo [[association football]] garoon ku yaal bari ka xiga bartamaha Abensberg ee Jarmalka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europlan-online.de/speedwaystadion/stadion-16433.html |title=Speedwaystadion "Altes Stadion Abensberg" - Abensberg |trans-title=Garoonka Speedway "Garoonka Hore Abensberg" - Abensberg |language=de |website=europlan-online.de |date=n.d. |access-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109201546/https://www.europlan-online.de/speedwaystadion/stadion-16433.html |archive-date=9 November 2023 |url-status=deviated}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bahnsport-info.de/category/vereine/msc-abensberg/ |title=Category: MSC Abensberg |language=de |website=bahnsport-info.de |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> Waxay martigelisaa kooxda speedway MSC Abensberg<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msc-abensberg.de/ |title=Herzlich wilkommen beim Motorsportclub Abensberg E.V. |trans-title=Ku soo dhowow naadiga mootada Abensberg EV |language=de |website=msc-abensberg.de |access-date=9 November 2023 |date=n.d. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109201547/https://www.msc-abensberg.de/ |archive-date=9 November 2023 |url-status=deviated}}</ref> iyo kooxda kubadda cagta TSV Abensberg 1862.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abensberg-fussball.de/Events/Flutlichtbau-altes-Stadion/ |title=Flutlichtumrüstung auf LED-Technik im alten Stadion. |trans-title=Beddelka nalka daadka ee tignoolajiyada LED ee garoonka hore. |website=abensberg-fussball.de |language=de |date=n.d. |access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> ==Dadka caanka ah== ===Wiilasha iyo gabdhaha magaalada=== *[[Johannes Aventinus]] (1477–1534): Taariikhyahan Bavarian *[[Stephan Agricola]] (1491–1547): Dib-u-habeeyaha Lutheran *[[Joseph von Hazzi]] (1768–1845): La-taliye gaar ah oo Bavarian ah *[[Josef Hofmeister]] (ku dhashay 1934): Fardaha xawaaraha sare (speedway rider) *[[Uwe Brandl]] (ku dhashay 1959): Duqa Abensberg *[[Paul Smaczny]]: Soo saare muusig iyo filim *[[Christian Lohr]]: Muusikiiste iyo soo saare *[[Stephan Ebn]] (ku dhashay 1978): durbaanka iyo soo saaraha muusiga *[[Richard Resch]]: Tenor, heesaa classical iyo opera ===Dadka ka shaqeeyay magaalada=== *[[Wiguläus von Kreittmayr]] (1705–1790): guurka Sayidka Offenstetten iyo Hatzkofen *[[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]] (1928–2000): farshaxan iyo naqshadeeye *[[Radu Ivan]] (ku dhashay 1969): Horyaalka Judo ee caalamiga ah *[[Ole Bischof]] (ku dhashay 1979): Horyaalka Judo ee Olympic-ga == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Battle of Abensberg]] oo dhacay Abriil 20, 1809. * [[Battle of Landshut (1809)|Battle of Landshut]] oo dhacay Abriil 21, 1809. * [[Battle of Eckmühl]] oo dhacay 21–22 Abriil 1809. * [[Eckmühl]] * [[Landshut]] ==Tixraacyada== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.abensberger-impressionen.de/ Abensberger Impressionen - Sawirada Hore ee Abensberg] {{Commons category}} m561c2dr7egbdwipqc7fbxwi6thmoho 0 49188 303146 302238 2026-07-22T00:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Gemeinde |name = Aarbergen |image_coa = DEU Aarbergen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|15|N|8|4|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Aarbergen in RÜD.svg |state = |region = Darmstadt |district = Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis |elevation = 230 |area = 33.97 |postal_code = 65326 |area_code = 06120 |licence = RÜD |Gemeindeschlüssel = 06 4 39 001 |divisions = 6 districts |website = [http://www.aarbergen.de/ www.aarbergen.de] |mayor = Matthias Rudolf<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2022-10/direktwahlen_09_2022_10102022.xlsx|title=Ergebnisse der letzten Direktwahl aller hessischen Landkreise und Gemeinden|language=de|date=5 September 2022|publisher=[[Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt]]|format=XLS}}</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;25 |party = }} '''Aarbergen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈaːɐˌbɛʁɡn̩}}) waa degmo ku taal [[Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis]] oo ka tirsan ''[[Regierungsbezirk]]'' ee [[Darmstadt (region)|Darmstadt]] ee [[Hesse]], [[Germany]]. Sannadkii 2022, waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 6,374. == Juquraafi == === Goobta === Aarbergen waxay ku taallaa webiga [[Aar (Lahn)|Aar]] koonfurta [[Limburg an der Lahn]] iyo inta u dhaxaysa buuraha [[Taunus]] iyo webiga [[Lahn]] ee [[Western Hintertaunus]] ("Taunus-ka fog"). Bulshada waxaa laga helaa muuqaalka buuraleyda hoose ee galbeedka ''Hintertaunus'', taas oo qayb ka ah [[Rhenish Massif]] (Buuraha [[Slate]] ee Rhenish). Joogyada waxaa lagu gartaa muuqaal sare iyo hoose oo cad, qaar ka mid ah waxay muujinayaan qaabab ka yimid qoto dheer oo dhulka ah ([[kaolin]]). Muuqaalka dusha sare wuxuu lahaa dooxooyin si qoto dheer loogu xardhay xilligii [[Quaternary]] ee [[Aar (Lahn)|Aar]] iyo wabiyaasha ku shuba. Dhulka hoostiisa, dhagaxa waxaa badanaa laga sameeyaa buuraha Rhenish Slate ee [[Devonian]]-ka hoose [[shale]], [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] [[sandstone]] iyo [[quartzite]]. Dusha sare waxaa laga helaa, inta badan dhowr mitir oo qoto dheer, lakabyo waaweyn oo ah dhigaal [[periglacial]] ah oo badankood ka kooban [[carbonate]]-la'aan ilaa daciif [[carbonate]] [[loess]] [[loam]]. [[Oligocene]] [[Shingle beach|shingle]] (Vallendar [[facies]]) waxay dul taallaa dusha hore ee u dhow Kettenbach iyo Hausen über Aar. Si fiican loogu yaqaan goobo xirfad leh waa dhacdooyinka [[soil erosion]] (gullies iyo kanaalo la mid ah) qaybo ballaaran oo ka mid ah bulshada kuwaas oo bilaabmay xilligii taariikhiga ahaa. Muuqaalka dhuleed ee aagga degmada waxaa lagu gartaa dooxada dhexe ee Aar oo leh dooxooyin dhinac ah. Inta badan aagga degmada waa kayn. Isticmaalka ugu weyn ee dhulka ee meelaha furan waa dalagyada beeraha. Dooxooyinka waxaa ku yaal dhul daaqsimeed, mararka qaarkood leh seerayaal [[orchard]]s ([[Streuobstwiesen]]). Aubach, oo ah qaybta ugu weyn ee Aar, ayaa ku shubta webigaas gudaha xuduudaha bulshada, sidaas oo kale Bettenbach. === Bulshooyinka deriska la ah === Aarbergen waxay xuduud la leedahay waqooyiga bulshooyinka [[Mudershausen]], [[Schiesheim]], [[Burgschwalbach]] iyo [[Kaltenholzhausen]] (dhammaantood waxay ku yaallaan [[Rhein-Lahn-Kreis]] ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]) iyo [[Hünfelden]] ([[Limburg-Weilburg]]), dhanka bari waxay xuduud la leedahay bulshada [[Hünstetten]], dhanka koonfureed waxay xuduud la leedahay bulshada [[Heidenrod]] (dhammaantood waxay ku yaallaan Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis) iyo dhanka galbeed waxay xuduud la leedahay bulshooyinka [[Reckenroth]], [[Eisighofen]], [[Dörsdorf]] iyo [[Berghausen, Rhineland-Palatinate|Berghausen]] (dhammaantood waxay ku yaallaan Rhein-Lahn-Kreis). === Bulshooyinka ka kooban degmada === Aarbergen's ''[[Ortsteil]]e'' waa Hausen über Aar, Rückershausen, Kettenbach, Michelbach, Daisbach iyo Panrod. == Taariikh == Bulshada ka kooban Rückershausen waxay lahayd xusteedii ugu horreysay ee dukumeenti ah 879. Ilaa 1326, tuuladu waxay ka tirsanayd dhulkii uu haystay Count Gebhard of the Niederlohngau. Intaas ka dib, marka hore qayb ka mid ah tuulada ka dibna dhammaanteed waxay u gudubtay Nassau. Sannadkii 1532, Rückershausen waxaa la siiyay xuquuqda suuqa. Hausen über Aar sidoo kale waxay lahayd xusteedii ugu horreysay ee dukumeenti ah 879, markaas oo ay ka tirsanayd Niederlohngau waxayna heshay wadadeeda ilaa lahaanshaha St. Severus's Monastery ee Kettenbach, taas oo isla sannadkaas loo raray [[Gemünden, Westerwaldkreis|Gemünden]] ee [[Westerwald]]. Mar dambe, Hausen über Aar waxay lahayd laba sayid oo ilaa 1806 waxay ka tirsanayd [[Duchy of Nassau]]. Iyadoo la quduus ka dhigayo St. Severus's Monastery 845, tuulada Kettenbach waxaa aasaasay [[Gebhard, Count of the Lahngau]] waxayna lahayd xusteedii ugu horreysay ee dukumeenti ah. Waqti qiyaastii 1000, County of Diez waxay ka soo baxday Niederlahngau. Qarniyadii la soo dhaafay, Kettenbach waxay lahayd milkiilayaal kala duwan waxayna ku dhammaatay 1771 gabi ahaanba gacanta Nassau. == Siyaasad == === Golaha bulshada === {{update section|date=July 2021}} Doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 26 Maarso 2006 waxay keentay natiijooyinkii soo socda: {| class="wikitable" |--- class="hintergrundfarbe5" |colspan="2" | '''Xisbiyada iyo bulshooyinka codbixiyayaasha''' |align="center" | '''%<br />2006''' |align="center" | '''Kuraasta<br />2006''' |align="center" | '''%<br />2001''' |align="center" | '''Kuraasta<br />2001''' |---- |CDU |[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]] |align="right" |41.8 |align="right" |13 |align="right" |34.9 |align="right" |11 |---- |SPD |[[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] |align="right" |41.2 |align="right" |13 |align="right" |45.0 |align="right" |14 |---- |GREENS |[[Bündnis 90/Die Grünen]] |align="right" |7.9 |align="right" |2 |align="right" |5.9 |align="right" |2 |---- |BL |Bürgerliste Aarbergen |align="right" |9.0 |align="right" |3 |align="right" |14.2 |align="right" |4 |--- class="hintergrundfarbe5" |colspan="2" |'''Guud ahaan''' |align="right" |'''100.0''' |align="right" |'''31''' |align="right" |'''100.0''' |align="right" |'''31''' |--- class="hintergrundfarbe6" |colspan="2" |'''Codbixiyayaasha %''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''58.1''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''71.7''' |---- |} === Duqa degmada === {{update section|date=July 2021}} Tartamadii hore ee duqa magaalada waxay keeneen natiijooyinkii soo socda: {| | {| class="wikitable" |--- class="hintergrundfarbe5" !align="center" |'''Sannad''' !align="center" |'''Musharaxiinta''' !align="center" |'''Xisbiga''' |align="center" |'''%''' <br /> '''Natiijo''' |---- |rowspan="2" align="center" |'''2007''' |Udo Scheliga |CDU |align="right" |'''50.5''' |---- |Hartmut Bopp |SPD |align="right" |49.5 |--- class="hintergrundfarbe6" |colspan="2" |'''Codbixiyayaasha %''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''69.7''' |---- |rowspan="2" |'''2001'''⁽¹⁾ |Hartmut Bopp |SPD |align="right" |'''50.9''' |---- |Rolf-Dieter Finkler |CDU |align="right" |49.1 |--- class="hintergrundfarbe6" |colspan="2" |'''Codbixiyayaasha %''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''71.1''' |} | {| class="wikitable" align="right" |--- class="hintergrundfarbe5" !align="center" |'''Sannad''' !align="center" |'''Musharaxiinta''' !align="center" |'''Xisbiga''' |align="center" |'''%''' <br /> '''Natiijo''' |---- |rowspan="3" |'''2001''' |Hartmut Bopp |SPD |align="right" |'''38.9''' |---- |Monika Baumgartl |BL |align="right" |22.3 |---- |Rolf-Dieter Finkler |CDU |align="right" |'''38.8''' |--- class="hintergrundfarbe6" |colspan="2" |'''Codbixiyayaasha %''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''65.6''' |---- |rowspan="2" |'''1995''' |Wolf Schrader |SPD |align="right" |74.2 |---- |Rolf-Dieter Finkler |CDU |align="right" |25.8 |--- class="hintergrundfarbe6" |colspan="2" |'''Codbixiyayaasha %''' |colspan="2" align="right" |'''77.9''' |} | |} <small>⁽¹⁾[[Two-round system|Wareegga labaad]]</small> Doorashadii ugu dambaysay ee 11 Maarso 2007, Udo Scheligo (CDU) wuxuu ku guulaystay 50.5% codadkii uu ka helay duqa magaalada Hartmut Bopp (SPD), kaas oo helay 49.5% codadkii. Xisbiyo kale ma magacaabin musharixiin, sidoo kale, ma jirin musharaxiin madax-bannaan oo isku soo taagay. Codbixiyayaasha waxay ahaayeen 69.7%. == Dhaqanka iyo indha-indheynta == === Dhismayaasha === ==== Kettenbach ==== * Kaniisadda [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] laga soo bilaabo 1752. [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[organ (music)|organ]], oo loo yaqaan ''Schölerorgel'' laga soo bilaabo 1763 ayaa ku jira ilaalinta taallooyinka; dib u habeynteedii ugu dambeysay waxay ahayd 1969–1970. ==== Michelbach ==== * Kaniisadda qalcadda ee qabuuraha, qiyaastii 800 oo sano jir ah ([[Middle Ages|mediaeval]] quire tower, [[rib vault]]ing, siddeed-geesood cupola, round quire arch). Maanta, dhismihii ugu da'da weynaa ee Aarbergen waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii qolka meydka. * Kaniisadda Evangelical laga soo bilaabo xilligii dambe ee [[Gründerzeit]] (1908) * 450-sano jir [[Tilia|lime tree]] oo ku jira ilaalinta ilaalinta qabuuraha (''Apostellinde'') * ''Rahnstätter Hof'' (hantidii hore), si fiican oo leh darbiyo la soo celiyay oo leh loox lagu akhriyi karo taariikh kooban, oo ka hooseeya garoonka glider (markii ugu horreysay la xusay 1194–98, 1870 hantida waxaa loo dhigay dadweyne markii la kala diray) ====Rückershausen==== * Kaniisadda Evangelical oo la dhisay qiyaastii 1326, loo beddelay qarnigii 18-aad, organ laga soo bilaabo 1755 * ''Antonius-Sprudel'', oo la yaqaanay ilaa 1779, [[carbonic acid]] sparkling sour mineral water (''Säuerling''), biyo cabitaan iyo bogsasho ([[gout]], [[diabetes]], [[gastritis]] iyo [[enteritis]], [[kidney]] flushing, cudurada dheef-shiid kiimikaadka) ====Hausen über Aar==== * Buundada quruxda badan ee Aar oo laga dhisay dhagax jaban iyo [[cast iron]] balustrade laga soo bilaabo 1866. * Taallada dagaalka oo ku hoos jirta ilaalinta taallooyinka laga soo bilaabo 1926 oo leh magacyada kuwa ku dhintay labada dagaal ee adduunka. ====Panrod==== * Kaniisadda Evangelical oo la dhisay qiyaastii 1321 (Late [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] quire tower, good Baroque [[crucifix]]) ====Daisbach==== * [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] kaniisad la dhisay 1690-1709 (waxaa bixiyay Baron of Galen, khasnaji dhaxalgal ah). Kaniisadda waxaa si isku mid ah u isticmaala Masiixiyiinta Catholic iyo Evangelical. ====Michelbach, Kettenbach, Hausen über Aar, Rückershausen==== * Bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa mara ''Aartalbahn'' ([[railway]]), oo la furay 1894 oo hadda ku jirta ilaalinta taallooyinka. Waa taallada dhismaha ee ugu dheer Hesse waxaana la sheegaa inay tahay tusaale heer sare ah oo ka mid ah khadadka tareenka ee Jarmalka ee si taxadar leh loo naqshadeeyay. Qeybta diirran ee sanadka waxaa jira safarro [[Draisine]] oo ku saabsan raadadkan oo ay maamulaan inter[[States of Germany|state]] ''Aarbeitskreis Aartalbahn'' ("Aar Valley Railway Working Group", ereyga koowaad waa si kaftan ah oo khaldan – waxaa badanaa jira hal A oo keliya). === Dhacdooyinka joogtada ah === * Sannad kasta xilliga deyrta, bulsho kasta oo ka kooban degmada, ''Kerb'' dhaqameedka ([[kermis]] ama [[fair]]), kuwaas oo inta badan ay soo qabanqaabiyeen dhalinyaro jiilal badan. Michelbach dabbaaldegga waxaa loo yaqaan ''Hammelkerb'', Daisbach ''Klaa Frankfurter Kerb'', Hausen über Aar ''Häuser Kerb'', Panrod ''Panröder Kerb'' iyo Kettenbach ''Schulweihkerb''. * Rückershausen sannad kasta Talaadadii ugu dambaysay ee Oktoobar, ''Rückershäuser Markt'' waxaa la qabtaa ilaa 1532. Waa mid ka mid ah dabbaaldegyadii ugu da'da weynaa ee gobolka oo dhan. * ''Gebirgstrachten-Erhaltungsverein Huiberg Weiß-Blau e.V.'' (GTEV) waxay sannad kasta ku qabataa usbuuca labaad ee Juun dabbaaldegga teendhada Bavaria ee weyn ee Michelbacher Brühl (dhul dadweyne). * Inta lagu jiro dhacdada weyn ''Fahr zur Aar'', ''Aarstraße'' (''[[Bundesstraße]]'' 54) laga bilaabo [[Taunusstein]] ilaa Diez waxaa la xiraa xagaa kasta gaadiidka baabuurta. * Michelbach Christmas Market, sannad kasta maalinta labaad ee [[Advent]]. Tan iyo 2006, waxaa lagu qabtaa Brühl (horey waxaa loogu qaban jiray waddada weyn). * Sannad kasta Moto-Cross Hessencup ee Aarbergen-Kettenbach waxaa lagu qabtaa Michelbacher Hütte. === Takhasuska cunnada === * Rückershausen [[Apfelwein|apple wine]] takhasusyada ka yimid Geier winery. * Kettenbach [[brandy]] ka yimid Höhler distillery. == Dad caan ah == === Muwaadiniinta sharafta leh === * Wolf Schrader, duqii hore ee magaalada. * Karl Löhr (geeriyooday), taariikhyahan maxalli ah. === Wiilal iyo gabdho magaalada ah === * Adolph Samuel Passavant (1841–1926), warshadley (aasaasihii Passavant Works). * Wilhelm Passavant (7 Abriil 1886 – 31 Maarso 1959), warshadley. * Melchior Christian (laga bilaabo 1564 ilaa 1595 wadaad ka ahaa Michelbach), arday ka tirsan dib-u-habeeyaha muhiimka ah ee Wittenberg [[Philipp Melanchthon]]. == Waxbarasho == * Astrid-Lindgren-Schule ([[primary school]] ee Kettenbach). * Aartalschule Aarbergen (coöperative [[comprehensive school]] ee Aarbergen-Michelbach) * Freie Schule Untertaunus (Aarbergen-Kettenbach) ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.aarbergen.de Bogga rasmiga ah ee bulshada] {{in lang|de}} *[http://www.panrod.de Bogga gaarka ah ee ku saabsan Panrod] {{in lang|de}} *[http://www.hausen-ueber-aar.de Bogga gaarka ah ee ku saabsan Hausen über Aar] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hausen-ueber-aar.de/ |date=20240919144831 }} {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} kcsa9jsym153c329g89vu2o9ulqdce4 0 49250 303148 302309 2026-07-22T00:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen Aitrach.svg |coordinates = {{coord|47|56|24|N|10|05|24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Aitrach in RV.svg |state = |region = Tübingen |district = Ravensburg |elevation = 596 |area = 30.20 |postal_code = 88319 |area_code = 07565 |licence = RV |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 4 36 004 |website = [http://www.aitrach.de www.aitrach.de] |mayor = Thomas Kellenberger<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-aitrach-2023/ Bürgermeisterwahl Aitrach 2023], Staatsanzeiger. La helay 12 Juun 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;31 |party = CDU }} [[File:Illerkraftwerk05.JPG|thumb|180px|left|Saldhigga tamarta korontada ee [[Iller]]]] '''Aitrach''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Ravensburg (degmo)|Ravensburg]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee [[Jarmalka]]. Aitrach waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu diiwaangeliyay dukumeenti ka yimid [[Abbey of Saint Gall]] sannadkii 838 sidii ''Eitraha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aitrach stellt sich vor - Gemeinde Aitrach |url=https://www.gemeinde-aitrach.de/aitrach-stellt-sich-vor.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.gemeinde-aitrach.de |archive-date=2024-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517214501/https://www.gemeinde-aitrach.de/aitrach-stellt-sich-vor.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxay ku taallaa meesha uu [[Aitrach (Iller)|wabiga magaca isku midka ah]] iyo [[Iller]] ay ku kulmaan. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} ooe1iuz3qnqg48utmgno0zse1r96bvw 0 49261 303149 303040 2026-07-22T00:30:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Magaalo |image_coa = DEU Albstadt COA.svg |image_photo = Ebingen.jpg |image_caption = Muuqaal Ebingen |coordinates = {{coord|48|12|43|N|09|01|26|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Albstadt in BL.svg |state = |region = Tübingen |district = Zollernalbkreis |elevation = 731 |area = 134.4 |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08417079 |postal_code = 72421–72461 |area_code = 07431, 07432, 07435 |licence = BL |website = [https://www.albstadt.de/ www.albstadt.de] |mayor = Roland Tralmer<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/oberbuergermeisterwahl-albstadt-2023/ Oberbürgermeisterwahl Albstadt 2023], Staatsanzeiger. La helay 13 Juun 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;31 |party = CDU |Bürgermeistertitel = Duqa Magaalada }} '''Albstadt''' ({{IPA|de|ˈalpʃtat|-|De-Albstadt.ogg}}) waa magaalada ugu weyn ee [[districts of Germany|degmada]] [[Zollernalbkreis]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taallaa buuraha [[Swabian Jura]], qiyaastii kala badh u dhaxaysa [[Stuttgart]] iyo [[Lake of Constance|Harada Constance]]. ==Juqraafiga== Albstadt waxay ku baahsan tahay buuro iyo dooxooyin kala duwan, dhererkeedu wuxuu u dhexeeyaa {{convert|614|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} kor heerka badda iyo {{convert|966|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Mid ka mid ah dooxadu waa webiga [[Schmiecha]], oo ah marin bidix ka xiga [[Danube]], dooxada labaad waa webiga sare ee [[Eyach (Neckar)|Eyach]], oo ah marin ka mid ah [[Neckar]]. Albstadt waxaa kale oo ka tirsan buurta [[Raichberg]] ee waqooyiga, taas oo ay ku yaallaan [[Raichberg Transmitter]] iyo munaarad indho-indhayn ah. Koonfurta Albstadt waa [[Heuberg Training Area|Heuberg Military Training Area]]. ==Taariikhda== Degsiimooyinka gobolka waxay dib ugu noqdaan ugu yaraan [[Iron Age|Da'da Birta]]. Qabuuro [[Hallstatt culture|Hallstatt]] ah oo ku yaalla Albstadt ayaa waxaa qoday dad taariikh-yahanno hiwaayadda ah dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, waxayna soo bandhigeen noocyo kala duwan oo dheri iyo agab bir ah. Waxaa loo yaqaannaa qabuuraha 'Degerfeld Barrow', ururin ballaaran oo uu dhisay qofka deegaanka Hyronimus Edelmann kaas oo ugu dambeyntii lagu kaydiyay [[British Museum]].<ref>[http://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.albstadt-ein-apotheker-geht-auf-schatzsuche.f1c6f53e-331a-4949-8e70-8e3f6a51d0ee.html mareegta Schwarzwaelder-bote]</ref><ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?searchText=Degerfeld British Museum Collection]</ref> 16-kii Noofambar, 1911, Albstadt waxaa ku dhuftay {{M|s|link=yes}} 6.1 dhulgariir, gaar ahaan saameeyay aagagga Tailfingen, Lautlingen iyo Margrethausen. Waxaa jiray burbur hantiyeed oo badan, laakiin ma jirin wax dhimasho ah. Kumanaan dhismo ah, oo ay ku jiraan taallooyin, ayaa waxyeello soo gaartay, qaar ka mid ah ayaan la dayactiri karin. Dhulgariirku wuxuu kale oo keenay dhoobo-go'an, taas oo sababtay burbur hantiyeed oo dheeraad ah. Waa dhulgariirkii labaad ee ugu xoogga badnaa ee laga diiwaan geliyo Jarmalka, ka dib [[1756 Düren earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erdbebennews.de/2019/11/das-albstadt-erdbeben-1911/|title=Das Albstadt-Erdbeben 1911|publisher=Erdbebennews.de|date=2019-11-04|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.albstadt-kaum-ein-gebaeude-blieb-verschont.ac564bd1-61f8-42d0-9197-346c806bc3f1.html|title=Albstadt - Kaum ein Gebäude blieb verschont|publisher=[[Schwarzwälder Bote]]|date=2011-11-16|language=de|access-date=2026-07-14|archive-date=2013-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625004514/https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.albstadt-kaum-ein-gebaeude-blieb-verschont.ac564bd1-61f8-42d0-9197-346c806bc3f1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 28-kii Maajo, 1943, Albstadt waxaa ku dhuftay {{M|s|link=yes}} 5.6 dhulgariir, markale saameeyay aagagga Tailfingen, Lautlingen iyo Margrethausen. Waxaa mar kale jiray burbur hantiyeed oo badan oo ku saabsan kumanaan dhismo ah, laakiin ma jirin wax dhimasho ah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erdbebennews.de/2021/03/historisches-erdbeben-m5-7-28-mai-1943-albstadt/|title=Historisches Erdbeben (M5.7): 28. Mai 1943 Albstadt|publisher=Erdbebennews.de|date=2021-03-15|language=de}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray [[World War II]], duqeyn culus ayaa lagu sameeyay Albstadt 11-kii Luulyo, 1944, taas oo dishay 65 qof<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zak.de/Nachrichten/Blick-zurueck-Im-Juli-1944-fielen-Bomben-auf-Ebingen-65-Menschen-kamen-ums-Leben-136801.html|title= Albstadt - Blick zurück: Im Juli 1944 fielen Bomben auf Ebingen – 65 Menschen kamen ums Leben|publisher=Zollern-Alb-Kurier.de|date=2019-07-11|language=de}}</ref> iyo mid kale 20-kii Febraayo, 1945, taas oo dishay 19 qof.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.albstadt-heute-vor-75-jahren-fielen-die-bomben.4068766d-6a70-488b-88ad-4909a451c048.html|title=Albstadt - Heute vor 75 Jahren fielen die Bomben|publisher=[[Schwarzwälder Bote]]|date=2020-02-21|language=de|access-date=2026-07-14|archive-date=2020-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412165808/https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.albstadt-heute-vor-75-jahren-fielen-die-bomben.4068766d-6a70-488b-88ad-4909a451c048.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 1945, Faransiisku waa gudaha u galeen, Albstadt, oo qayb ka ahayd gobolka cusub ee la abuuray ee [[Württemberg-Hohenzollern]], waxay markii dambe ka mid ahayd aagga [[French occupation zone in Germany|qabsashadooda]] ilaa 1949. 3-dii Sebtembar, 1978, Albstadt waxaa ku dhuftay {{M|s|link=yes}} 5.7 dhulgariir [[:de:Erdbeben auf der Schwäbischen Alb 1978|(de)]], kaas oo sababay burbur hantiyeed oo badan laakiin ma jirin dhimasho. 6850 dhismo ayaa waxyeello soo gaartay, qaar ka mid ah ayaan la dayactiri karin. Kharashka burburku wuxuu gaaray 275 milyan oo [[Deutsche Mark]], taas oo ah dhulgariirkii ugu qaalisan Jarmalka ilaa maanta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erdbebennews.de/2019/09/das-albstadt-erdbeben-1978/|title=Das Albstadt-Erdbeben 1978|publisher=Erdbebennews.de|date=2019-09-03|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.alb-beben-1978-der-naechste-sechser-kommt-bestimmt.690a1e0b-a6b9-4afb-8dc6-234bbc63d239.html |title=Alb-Beben 1978: Der nächste Sechser kommt bestimmt |author=Heino Schütte |publisher=[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]]|date=2011-03-14|language=de}}</ref> == Diinta == Diimaha soo socda ayaa ka jira Albstadt: * [[Roman Catholic Church]] *[[YMCA]] Tailfingen<ref>[https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.albstadt-helfen-wenn-die-luft-raus-ist.a4e188e2-9aa7-4ca6-bf6b-ed1f15ebe9e0.html YMCA Tailfingen]</ref> * [[Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg]] * [[New Apostolic Church]] ee Tailfingen * Gospel Forum ee Ebingen * Pauluskirche, [[United Methodist Church]] parish ee [[Ebingen]] * Versammlung ee [[Brüderbewegung]] ee Johanneskirche, [[John Nelson Darby]]Tailfingen * Gemeinschaftsstunde Süddeutsche Gemeinschaft, [[Liebenzell Mission]], [[Evangelischer Gnadauer Gemeinschaftsverband]] looma oggola kaniisadda Protestant-ka ee Truchtelfingen iyo Tailfingen * Russian Orthodox Church ee Tailfingen Schlossstaße Tailfingen. Servie ee Balingen Siechenkirche iyo Meßstetten Lamprechtskirche<ref>[https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.orthodoxe-osternacht-ukrainerinnen-feiern-in-messstetten-vierstuendige-liturgie-mit.c7f81e02-ec1c-42ca-9195-33140b3bb987.html Ortodoxe Osternacht]</ref> *TOS<ref>[https://tos.info/en/about-us TOS]</ref> * Gemeinde Gottes<ref>[https://churchofgod.org/ Gemeinde Gottes]</ref> * Adventisten <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adventist.org/ |title=Adventisten |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2002-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020926145259/http://www.adventist.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha iyo Kaabayaasha== Inta badan warshadaha dharka (oo ay ka mid yihiin [[Hasana J. Hakenmüller]]) maanta way dabar go'een, iyagoo ka tegaya qaar ka mid ah taallooyin, sida [[Villa Haux]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn adduunka ee sameeya cirbadaha warshadaha, [[Groz-Beckert]], weli waxay ku saleysan tahay magaalada. Shirkado kale oo maxalli ah oo caan ah waxaa ka mid ah Mey (knitwear), [[Mettler Toledo]] (weighing systems) iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah [[Assa Abloy]] nidaamyada amniga (Eff-Eff Brand). Ebingen waxay sidoo kale martigelisaa kulliyadaha farsamada iyo sayniska kombiyuutarka ee [[Albstadt-Sigmaringen University]] oo leh qiyaastii 3,000 oo arday (2014). ===Waxbarashada=== Albstadt waxay maamushaa nidaamkeeda dugsi ee casriga ah, iyadoo dugsiga hoose ilaa dugsiga sare lagu bixiyo gudaha magaaladaas, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kindergarten|xannaanada carruurta]] iyo dugsiyada jiifka ah ee dadka naafada ah ee maskaxda iyo jirka. Sidoo kale, maktabadda magaaladu waxay bixisaa internet bilaash ah dadka deggan. ====Jaamacadda==== Jaamacadda waxaa la aasaasay 1971 waxayna leedahay laba goobood oo xerada ah, Albstadt iyo Sigmaringen. <ref>[https://www.hs-albsig.de/hochschule/organisation/international-office/information-in-english/ Jaamacadda]</ref> ====Dugsiga Isboortiga==== Baden Württemberg tababarka koox isboorti ama ciyaaryahan, oo loo yaqaan Übungsleiter C, wuxuu ku yaallaa Tailfingen, Landessportschule Langenwand, iyo sidoo kale huteel leh 120 sariirood.<ref>[https://ls-albstadt.de/ Dugsiga Isboortiga]</ref> ===Macdanta=== {{stack|[[File:Truchtelfingen.jpg|thumb|Truchtelfingen iyo Tailfingen]]}} Wakhtiyadii hore birta birta waxaa laga soo saari jiray Albstadt. Fidel Eppler wuxuu ahaa magaca kormeeraha macdanta. Qoryaha buttress-ka waxaa laga soo iibsaday Truchtelfingen waxaana laga isticmaalay Lautlinger Knappen aagga Hörnle .<ref>{{citation|surname1=Hermann Bitzer |title=Tailfinger Heimatbuch 1954|page=35|language=de}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo macdan 3,5&nbsp;km ah oo ku taal Doggererzflöz ee [[Rietheim-Weilheim|Weilheim]] waa qoryo ku yaalla Tuttlinger Fruchtkasten .<ref name="Ludwigsthal">Fruchtkasten: ''[https://www.tuttlingen.de/de/Die-Stadt/Tuttlingen-aktuell/Pressemitteilungen/Pressemitteilung?view=publish&item=article&id=6581https://www.tuttlingen.de/de/Die-Stadt/Tuttlingen-aktuell/Pressemitteilungen/Pressemitteilung?view=publish&item=article&id=6581 Abteilung Ludwigsthal].'' In: ''Pressemiteilungen.'' 21 Noofambar 2016.</ref> Birta waxaa laga soo saaray [[Tuttlingen]] ee Schwäbische Hüttenwerke ee Ludwigstal, maanta bareegyada birta. ===Isboortiga=== Magaalada Ebingen iyo Tailfingen, waxaa ku yaalla dhismaha garoonka [[Soccer|Kubadda Cagta]]. [[YMCA]] waxay qabataa [[Handball|Kubadda Gacanta]], [[indiaca]], [[Soccer|Kubadda Cagta]], iyo [[natural sports|isboortiga dabiiciga ah]] ee Halls iyo Sportgelände Markenberg YMCA.<ref>[https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.albstadt-helfen-wenn-die-luft-raus-ist.a4e188e2-9aa7-4ca6-bf6b-ed1f15ebe9e0.html YMCA]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnJ7VrCNidE FIT_UP]</ref> ==Degmooyinka== Degmooyinka Ebingen, Laufen, Lautlingen, Pfeffingen und Tailfingen waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay 793 dukumenti oo ka tirsan abbey St. Gallen. [[Ebingen]] waxay heshay xuquuqda magaalada qiyaastii 1250 qoyska ducal ee [[House of Hohenberg|Hohenberg]]. Albstadt waxay ka kooban tahay degmooyinka magaalooyinka soo socda, kuwaas oo ahaa magaalooyin madax-bannaan oo ku biiray Albstadt 1975: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Astaanta || [[File:Wappen Ebingen.svg|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:Wappen Tailfingen.png|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:DEU Onstmettingen COA.svg|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:Wappen Truchtelfingen.svg|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:Wappen Pfeffingen.svg|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:Wappen Lautlingen.svg|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:Wappen Laufen an der Eyach.svg|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:Wappen Margrethausen2.png|40px|Astaanta]] || [[File:Wappen Burgfelden.svg|40px|Astaanta]] |- !Degmo | [[Ebingen]] || [[Tailfingen (Albstadt)]] || [[Onstmettingen]] || [[Truchtelfingen]] || [[Pfeffingen (Albstadt)]] || [[Lautlingen (Albstadt)]] || [[Laufen (Albstadt)]] || [[Margrethausen]] || [[Burgfelden]] |- ! Tirada dadka (2006) | 19,618 || 12,234 || 5,384 || 3,229 || 2,168 || 1,998 || 1,753 || 1,084 || 345 |- ! Tirada dadka (2007) | 19,339 || 12,091 || 5,314 || 3,223 || 2,131 || 1,987 || 1,753 || 1,087 || 338 |- ! Tirada dadka (2008) | 19,265 || 12,072 || 5,260 || 3,189 || 2,147 || 1,988 || 1,777 || 1,069 || 346 |- ! Tirada dadka (2009) | 19,196 || 11,895 || 5,194 || 3,210 || 2,074 || 1,942 || 1,764 || 1,046 || 382 |- ! Tirada dadka (2010) | 18,718 || 11,522 || 5,006 || 3,101 || 2,144 || 1,833 || 1,709 || 1,023 || 364 |- ! Tirada dadka (2011) | 18,584 || 11,500 || 4,957 || 3,108 || 2,048 || 1,821 || 1,699 || 1,025 || 361 |- ! Tirada dadka (2012) | 18,478 || 11,329 || 4,900 || 3,028 || 1,993 || 1,771 || 1,699 || {{0}}997 || 314 |- ! Tirada dadka (2014)<ref>http://www.albstadt.de/stadt/zahlendatenfakten {{Wayback|url=http://www.albstadt.de/stadt/zahlendatenfakten |date=20240712050136 }} (Jarmal) Tirada dadka</ref> | 18,675 || 11,208 || 4,903 || 3,035 || 1,982 || 1,808 || 1,664 || {{0}}967 || 336 |} ==Dadka== * 1975: 50,772 * 1987: 46,369 * 1995: 49,463 * 2005: 46,505 * 2015: 44,431 ==Duqa Magaalada ee Albstadt== * 1975–1991: Hans Pfarr (CDU) * 1991–1999: Hans-Martin Haller (SPD) * 1999–2015: Jürgen Gneveckow (CDU) * tan iyo 2015: Klaus Konzelmann (Free voters Baden-Württemberg) ==Dadka caanka ah== [[File:Matthaeus-hahn.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Philipp Matthäus Hahn]]]] [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F029561-0008, Essen, CDU-Bundestagswahlkongress (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]], 1969)]] * [[Philipp Matthäus Hahn]] (1739–1790), wadaad, naqshadeeye iyo hal-abuur, wuxuu ku noolaa Onstmettingen 1764–1770 * [[Ignaz Anton Demeter]] (1773–1842), wadaad Katoolik ah, Archbishop of [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], 1836–1842 * [[Otto Hahn]] (1879–1968), chemist, saynisyahan nukliyeer, wuxuu ku guuleystay [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Abaalmarinta Nobel ee Chemistry]] 1944. wuxuu cilmi-baaris ku sameeyay deegaanka. * [[Kurt Georg Kiesinger]] (1904–1988), qareen iyo siyaasi (CDU), Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Baden-Württemberg (1958–1966) iyo Chancellor (1966–1969) * [[Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]] (1905–1944), jurist, ka qaybqaataha isku dayga dilka Adolf Hitler; ku koray Lautlingen * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] (1907–1944), sarkaal, isku day dilka Adolf Hitler; ku koray Lautlingen * [[Gregor Dorfmeister]] (1929–2018), wariye iyo qoraa, ku dhashay Tailfingen * [[Monika Herzig]] (dhashay 1964), muusikiiste jazz iyo musicologist * [[Thomas Bareiß]] (dhashay 1975), siyaasi (CDU) iyo wasiir hore oo ka tirsan Govt. === Isboortiga === * [[Martin Schaudt]] (dhashay 1958), dressage rider, billadda dahabka ah ee [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]] & [[2004 Summer Olympics]] * [[Marcus Klausmann]] (dhashay 1977), downhill mountain biker hore, ku guuleystaha badan ee [[German National Mountain Bike Championships|German Championships]] * [[Roberto Floriano]] (dhashay 1986), kubadda cagta oo ka fariistay Talyaani oo ciyaaray in ka badan 440 kulan * [[Kevin Dicklhuber]] (dhashay 1989), kubadda cagta oo ciyaaray in ka badan 330 kulan * [[Marcel Heister]] (dhashay 1992), kubadda cagta oo ciyaaray qiyaastii 300 oo kulan ==Magaalooyinka mataanaha ah - magaalooyinka walaalaha ah== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Albstadt waxaa lagu [[Sister city|twinned]] laa:<ref>{{cite web|title=Städtepartnerschaft - Unsere Partnerstadt Chambery|url=https://www.albstadt.de/Willkommen-auf-unseren-Seiten|website=albstadt.de|publisher=Albstadt|language=de|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2022-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619222657/https://www.albstadt.de/Willkommen-auf-unseren-Seiten|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chambéry]], France ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Kern & Sohn]] (1844) *[[Schlossfelsen]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{Commons category-inline}} *[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?keyword=albstadt Sammlung Hieronymus Edelmann (1853–1921), Hyronimus Edelmann] [[British Museum]] {{Authority control}} tptxvbe5e7u20te6bsis6p9xspx8tji 0 49301 303150 302385 2026-07-22T00:35:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen Altdoebern.png |image_photo = Altdoebern castle.jpg |image_caption = Qasr |coordinates = {{coord|51|39|N|14|02|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Altdöbern in OSL.svg |state = |district = Oberspreewald-Lausitz |Amt = Amt Altdöbern |elevation = 87 |area = 61.54 |postal_code = 03229 |area_code = 035434 |licence = OSL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 12 0 66 008 |divisions = 3 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.altdoebern.de/ www.altdoebern.de] |mayor = Peter Winzer<ref>[https://wahlen.brandenburg.de/wahlen/de/kommunalwahlen/ergebnisse/buergermeisterwahlen/ergebnisse/~12066000 Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz Wahl der Bürgermeisterin / des Bürgermeisters]. Waxaa la helay 3 July 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2024&ndash;29 |party = SPD }} '''Altdöbern''' ({{IPA|de|ˈaltˌdøːbɐn}}, {{lit|Döbern-gii hore}}, oo ka duwan "[[:de:Neudöbern|Döbern-ga cusub]]"; {{langx|dsb|Stara Darbnja}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Oberspreewald-Lausitz]], ee koonfurta [[Brandenburg]], [[Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafiga == Altdöbern waxay ku taal [[Lower Lusatia]], laakiin kama tirsana aagga ay deggan yihiin [[Sorbs|Sorbian-ka]]. Muuqaalka dhulku waa mid fidsan oo ay ku badan yihiin kaymo waaweyn iyo [[Lusatian Lake District|harooyin cusub]] oo laga sameeyay haraadiga miinooyinka [[Open-pit mining|furan]] ee [[lignite]] tan iyo 1990-meeyadii. Mid ka mid ah kuwan waa 880 [[Hectare|ha]] (2200 acre) oo ballac ah ''Altdöberner See'', oo dhanka bari ka xigta magaalada. Daadadkeeda ayaa la qorsheeyay inay dhammaadaan 2020-meeyada. Degmada Altdöbern waxay kaloo ka kooban tahay degmooyinka [[Pritzen]], [[Peitzendorf]] iyo [[Chransdorf]] iyo tuulooyinka [[Ranzow]] iyo [[Reddern]]. Degmooyinka Altdöbern, [[Bronkow]], [[Luckaitztal]], [[Neupetershain|Neupetershain (Nowe Wiki)]] iyo [[Neu-Seeland]] ayaa si wada jir ah u sameeya degmada wadareedka [[Amt Altdöbern]]. == Dhaqanka iyo dhismaha == Qasriga [[baroque]] ee Altdöbern (''Schloss Altdöbern'') oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin beero (''Schlosspark'') ayaa dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ka xiga fagaaraha suuqa dhexe (''Markt''). Qasrigii ugu horreeyay waxaa la dhisay qarnigii 16-aad qaabkii [[renaissance]], laakiin markii dambe waxaa lagu beddelay dhisme cusub oo [[baroque]] ah oo ay ku jiraan waxyaabo [[rococo]] ah. Dayactir xooggan ayaa weli socda, laakiin gudaha qasriga ayaa la booqan karaa inta lagu jiro munaasabadaha gaarka ah sida dabbaaldegga beeraha ee sannadlaha ah (''Parksommerträume''). [[English landscape garden|Beerta muuqaalka]] ayaa sidoo kale ka kooban [[French formal garden|beero Faransiis]] yar iyo harada weyn ee ''Salzteich''. Kaniisadda [[Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia|Protestant]]-ka ee fagaaraha suuqa waxaa la dhisay oo kaliya 1918–1921, ka dib markii kaniisaddii hore ee dhexe ay gubatay 1914. Kaniisadaha kale ee Protestant-ka ayaa ka jira ''Pritzen'' iyo ''Reddern''. Kaniisad yar oo [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Görlitz|catholic]] ah ayaa ka jirta ''Waldstraße'' ee Altdöbern. <gallery> File:Altdöbern Eingangstor Schloss.jpg|Albaabka loo galo qasriga iyo beerta File:Altdöbern Schloss Rückseite.jpg|Muuqaalka gadaal ee Qasriga Altdöbern File:Orangerie schlosspark-altdöbern.JPG|Orangerie-gii hore ayaa maanta martigeliya maqaaxi File:Blick vom Kirchturm am Marktplatz in Altdöbern.jpg|Guryaha fagaaraha suuqa iyo harada oo gadaal laga arkayo File:Altdoebern church.jpg|Kaniisadda Protestant-ka </gallery> == Gaadiidka == Wadada gobolka L&nbsp;53 Altdöbern waxay ku xiran tahay [[Großräschen]] ([[Bundesstraße|B&nbsp;96]]) dhanka koonfureed iyo [[Calau]] dhanka waqooyi. Isgoysyada Autobahn-ka ee ugu dhow waa ''Freienhufen'' iyo ''Bronkow'' ee [[Bundesautobahn 13|A&nbsp;13 (Berlin–Dresden)]] iyo ''Cottbus-West'' ee [[Bundesautobahn 15|A&nbsp;15 (Berlin–Forst)]]. Saldhigga tareenka ''Haltepunkt Altdöbern'' ayaa bixiya xiriir goboleed oo loo maro [[Berlin]], [[Cottbus]] iyo [[Dresden]] (iyada oo loo sii marayo [[Senftenberg]]). == Taariikhda == Laga bilaabo 1815 ilaa 1945, Altdöbern waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Brandenburg|Gobolka Brandenburg]]. Laga bilaabo 1952 ilaa 1990, waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Bezirk Cottbus]] ee [[East Germany|Jarmalka Bari]]. == Dadka == [[File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung Altdöbern.pdf|thumb|left|Horumarka dadka tan iyo 1875 xuduudaha hadda jira (Khadka buluuga ah: Dadweynaha; Khadka dhibcaha leh: Isbarbardhigga horumarka dadweynaha ee gobolka Brandenburg; Asalka cawlan: Waqtigii xukunka Nazi-ga; Asalka cas: Waqtigii xukunka shuuciga)]] {{historical populations |align=none | cols=2 | percentages=pagr |title = Altdöbern: Horumarka dadweynaha <br>xuduudaha hadda jira (2013)<ref>Ilaha xogta faahfaahsan waxaa laga heli karaa Wikimedia Commons.[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Population_projection_Brandenburg Population Projection Brandenburg at Wikimedia Commons]</ref> | 1875 | 2150 | 1890 | 2531 | 1910 | 3035 | 1925 | 2845 | 1933 | 2988 | 1939 | 2886 | 1946 | 3651 | 1950 | 3797 | 1964 | 4694 | 1971 | 4329 | 1981 | 3751 | 1985 | 3710 | 1989 | 3579 | 1990 | 3548 | 1991 | 3457 | 1992 | 3658 | 1993 | 3771 | 1994 | 3741 | 1995 | 3415 | 1996 | 3418 | 1997 | 3430 | 1998 | 3403 | 1999 | 3367 | 2000 | 3292 | 2001 | 3175 | 2002 | 3148 | 2003 | 3108 | 2004 | 3029 | 2005 | 2977 | 2006 | 2923 | 2007 | 2854 | 2008 | 2835 | 2009 | 2770 | 2010 | 2694 | 2011 | 2660 | 2012 | 2605 | 2013 | 2550 | 2014 | 2531 | 2015 | 2527 | 2016 | 2518 | 2020 | 2385 }} == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirka dibadda == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.gemeinde-altdoebern.de/ Website-ka rasmiga ah ee degmada Altdöbern] (Jarmal) * [http://www.amt-altdoebern.de/ Website-ka rasmiga ah ee degmada wadareedka ''Amt Altdöbern''] (Jarmal) * [http://www.schloesser-gmbh.de/01-altdoebern-en.php ''Qasriga Altdöbern'' ee Maamulka Qasriga Brandenburg] {{Wayback|url=http://www.schloesser-gmbh.de/01-altdoebern-en.php |date=20221127063622 }} (Ingiriis) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Altdobern}} 4hnaxca1ks73ian66pbke782c26czaw 0 49306 303151 302548 2026-07-22T00:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Altenbamberg.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|47|12|N|07|49|55|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Altenbamberg in KH.svg |state = |district = Bad Kreuznach |Verbandsgemeinde = Bad Kreuznach |elevation = 130 |area = 7.53 |postal_code = 55585 |area_code = 06708 |licence = KH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 33 003 |mayor = Holger Markus Conrad<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1330000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bad Kreuznach], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 2 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Altenbamberg''' waa ''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'' – [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal [[Bad Kreuznach (district)|degmada Bad Kreuznach]] ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Bad Kreuznach (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Bad Kreuznach]], oo xarunteedu tahay [[Bad Kreuznach|magaalada isku magaca ah]]. ==Juqraafi== ===Goobta=== Tuulada madadaalada ee Altenbamberg waxay ku taal dooxada [[Alsenz (river)|Alsenz]] oo ku taal cirifka [[North Palatine Uplands]] joog dhan 130 m oo ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]]. Aagga degmadu wuxuu cabbiraa 753 ha, kaas oo 286.5 ha uu yahay kayn, 50 ha waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[winegrowing|beeridda canabka]] ([[vineyard|beero canab ah]]) iyo 226 ha waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[agriculture|beerashada]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |title=Location |access-date=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034330/http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Degmooyinka dariska la ah=== Altenbamberg waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi magaalada [[Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg]], dhanka waqooyi-bari magaalada [[Bad Kreuznach]], dhanka bari degmooyinka [[Frei-Laubersheim]] iyo [[Fürfeld]], dhanka koonfureed degmada [[Hochstätten]] iyo dhanka galbeed degmada [[Feilbingert]]. ==Taariikhda== Qaybta cidhiidhiga ah ee dooxada Alsenz ee Altenbamberg hadda ay ku taal waxaa la og yahay in la degganaa xataa [[Prehistory|waagii hore]]. [[Stone Age|Da'dii Dhagaxa]] [[Archaeology|qadiimiga ah]] ee laga helay aagga Altenbamberg iyo [[Neu-Bamberg]] ayaa bixiyay tilmaamo ku saabsan degitaan halkan ka dhacay [[New Stone Age|Da'dii Dhagaxa Cusub]]. Raadadka guryaha [[Bronze Age|Da'dii Naxaasta]] ayaa laga xaqiijiyay isla aaggan iyo sidoo kale meel u dhow [[Frei-Laubersheim]] iyo [[Siefersheim]] (kan dambe wuxuu ku yaal degmada dariska la ah ee [[Alzey-Worms]]). Waxaa la qaadan karaa in guryaha Da'dii Naxaasta ay si cufan uga wakiil ahaayeen gobolka Waqooyi [[Palatinate (region)|Palatine]]-[[Rhenish Hesse|Rhenish-Hessian]]. Sannadkii 1903, meel u dhow Schäferplacken (aag kayn ah) oo ku dhex yaal xuduudaha Altenbamberg, qodis qadiimi ah oo ku taal ''Hünengräber'' ("Qabuuraha Huns" – dhab ahaan [[Tumulus|barrows]]) ayaa lagu sameeyay xamaasad weyn. Waxa laga soo saaray hawlgalkan waxay ahaayeen [[grave goods|alaab qabri]] kuwaas oo aad muhiim ugu ahaa xaqiijinta joogitaanka dhaqanka [[Iron Age|Da'dii Birta]] ee aagga ilaa 750 ilaa 15 BC.<ref name="History">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |title=History |access-date=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034330/http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tan iyo bilowgii, taariikhda Altenbamberg waxay ku xidhnayd [[castle|qasriga]], [[Altenbaumburg]]. Qasrigan, oo markii ugu horreysay lagu sheegay dukumenti 1129, wuxuu ahaa xarun u ah safka [[Raugraves]], farcanka [[Emichones]], kuwaas oo laga soo bilaabo 960 ahaa tirinta [[Nahegau]]. Magaca tuulada wax shaqo ah kuma laha magaalada [[Franconia]] ee [[Bamberg]], laakiin waxay ka soo jeedaa magaca qasriga. Magacyo kale oo tuuladu u bixisay qarniyadii: * 1140: ''Bomeneburg'' * 1181: ''Boumburg'' * 1186: ''Boimeneburg'' * 1325: ''Burg Alten-Beymborg'' * 1391: ''Alten-Beimborg'' * 1394: ''Alten Beumburg'' * 1412: ''Alten Beinborg'' * 1429: ''Altenbeymburg'' * 1444: ''Alten Baymberg'' * 1518: ''Altenbaumburg'' * 1528: ''Altenbeymburg'' * 1681: ''Altenbaumberg'' * 1828: ''Altenbamberg'' * 1837: ''Altenbaumberg'' Sannadkii 1798, natiijadii dib-u-habaynta maamulka ee [[French Revolution|Kacaankii Faransiiska]], Altenbamberg waxay iska aragtay [[Departments of France|Waaxda]] [[Mont-Tonnerre]] (ama Donnersberg ee [[German language|Jarmal]]).<ref name="History"/> Ka dib [[Congress of Vienna]], Altenbamberg waxay u gudubtay [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Boqortooyada Bavaria]] halkaas oo ay qayb ka noqotay ''Rheinkreis'', sida boqortooyadu u yeedhay [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], taas oo hadda ah [[exclave|dhul-baxsan]] Bavaria. Tuuladu waxay la joogtay [[Bavaria]] ilaa dhammaadkii [[Second World War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]]. Dib-u-habaynta maamulka ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], Altenbamberg waxaa loo wareejiyay 1969 laga soo bilaabo Rockenhausen [[Districts of Germany|degmada]] (oo iyadu kala dirtay) ilaa [[Bad Kreuznach (district)|degmada Bad Kreuznach]], oo ay maanta ku taal. Marka la eego ururka kaniisadaha, Altenbamberg waxay ka tirsan tahay sidii hore [[Evangelical Church of the Palatinate]] iyo [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer]]. ===Kobaca dadweynaha=== Shaxdu waxay muujinaysaa kobaca dadweynaha ee Altenbamberg. Tirooyinka ku jira shaxda laga bilaabo 1871 ilaa 1987 waxay ku salaysan yihiin [[census|tirakoobyo]]:<ref name="regionaldaten">[http://www.infothek.statistik.rlp.de/neu/MeineHeimat/detailInfo.aspx?topic=2047&ID=3537&key=0713302003&l=3 Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz – Regionaldaten]</ref> {| border="0" | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" ! Sannad !! Dadka |- | 1815 || align="right" | 343 |- | 1835 || align="right" | 465 |- | 1871 || align="right" | 559 |- | 1905 || align="right" | 608 |- | 1939 || align="right" | 573 |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" ! Sannad !! Dadka |- | 1950 || align="right" | 678 |- | 1961 || align="right" | 617 |- | 1970 || align="right" | 684 |- | 1987 || align="right" | 646 |- | 2005 || align="right" | 806 |} |} ==Diinta== Sida 31 Ogosto 2013, waxaa jira 739 oo degganayaal waqti-buuxa ah oo Altenbamberg ah, kuwaasna, 346 waa [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] (46.82%), 203 waa [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] (27.47%), 1 waa [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] (0.135%), 1 waa [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] (0.135%), 26 (3.518%) waxay ka tirsan yihiin kooxo kale oo diini ah iyo 162 (21.922%) midkoodna diin ma laha ama ma shaacin doonaan xidhiidhkooda diimeed.<ref>[http://www.ewois.de/Statistik/user/htmlgen.php?stichtag=31.08.2013&ags=13302003&type=OG&linkags=0713302003 Religion]</ref> ==Siyaasadda== ===Golaha degmada=== {{update section|date=Ogosto 2021}} Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 12 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu doortay [[Plurality voting system|codbixinta aqlabiyadda]] doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/1330200300.html Der Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz: Kommunalwahl 2009, Stadt- und Gemeinderatswahlen]</ref> ===Duqa Magaalada=== Duqa Altenbamberg waa Holger Markus Conrad, oo la doortay 2019.<ref name=mayor/> ===Calanka magaalada=== [[Coat of arms|Hubka]] degmadu waxa laga yaabaa in lagu sifeeyo sidan: Argent oo ku taal saldhigga dhulka oo leh buur dhexda vert oo ku taal taas oo iyo dhinac kasta oo geed isku mid ah, geedaha hoostooda bar wavy oo ah berrinka iyo madaxa, dhinac kasta oo ka mid ah geedka dhexda laba mullets Or. Hubku wuxuu ku xad-gudbay xeer dhaqameedka [[heraldry|hubka]] iyadoo la dhigayo bir bir kale (mullets dahabka ah ee berrinka lacagta). ==Dhaqanka iyo goobaha la soo booqdo== [[File:Altenbambergoldpic.png|thumb|Altenbamberg qarnigii 17-aad iyadoo Qasriga Altenbaumburg uu kor saaran yahay]] ===Dhismayaasha=== Kuwa soo socda waa dhismayaal ama goobo liis garaysan oo ku yaal Buugga Dhaqanka ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]:<ref>[http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Bad_Kreuznach.pdf Directory of Cultural Monuments in Bad Kreuznach district]</ref> * Hauptstraße 39 – [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Church (building)|Kaniisadda]] [[Nativity of Mary]] iyo [[Saint Maurice]] (''Katholische Kirche Maria Geburt und St. Mauritius''); [[Baroque architecture|Late Baroque]] [[aisleless church|kaniisad aan lahayn wadiiqo]], 1783 * Hauptstraße – [[Protestantism|Protestant]] kaniisad; [[Classicism|Classicist]] kaniisad aan lahayn wadiiqo, 1821–1823 * New [[Judaism|Jewish]] Graveyard (aagga taallo)<ref name="Kreisrecht">[http://www.kreisbadkreuznach.de/Inhaltsverzeichnis-des-Kreisre.205.0.html Landkreis Bad Kreuznach: Inhaltsverzeichnis des Kreisrechtes]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, retrieved 31 October 2011</ref> – aag gidaaran oo leh 23 xabaal-dhagax, 1884 ilaa 1937, xabaalaha [[Christianity|Christian]] * Am Rödelstein – [[railway station|xarunta tareenka]]; [[Gründerzeit]] dhisme, qayb ahaan [[Timber framing|timber-frame]], timber-frame bakhaar badeed, qarnigii 19-aad * Am Rödelstein 2 – villa, qiyaastii 1860, hal dabaq lagu daray * At Burgstraße 4 – albaabka guriga oo leh fanlight, lagu calaamadiyay 1809 * Burgstraße 12 (?) – Baroque timber-frame guri, lagu calaamadiyay 1770 * Burgstraße 20 – timber-frame guri, [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] portal, qarnigii 16-aad, dabaqa dhulka oo la beddelay qarnigii 19-aad * Burgstraße 22 – Baroque timber-frame guri, qarnigii 18-aad * Burgstraße 26 – timber-frame guri, qarnigii 18-aad ama bilowgii qarnigii 19-aad * At Burgstraße 27 – [[spolia]] lagu calaamadiyay 1580 * Graveyard – Kastl-Voelker xabaal-dhagax, façade, [[relief]] of a mourner, qiyaastii 1900 * Old Jewish Graveyard (aagga taallo),<ref name="Kreisrecht"/> Am Judengraben/Narrenbrunnen am Schloßberg – aag la dhigay 1750 oo leh 10 xabaal-dhagax * Brücklocherhof, on ''[[Kreisstraße]]'' 85 – qarnigii 18-aad iyo qeybta hore ee qarnigii 19-aad; dhisme ganacsi qayb ahaan timber-frame * Am Bernhardsschlößchen<ref name="Kreisrecht"/> – Castle Treuenfels burbur (waxa loogu yeero ''Bernhardschlößchen''), quarrystone derbiyada [[castle|qasriga]] [[ruin|burburka]], 1253; loo dhisay sidii [[outwork|outwork]] xor ah ee Castle Altenbaumburg (eeg galitaanka xiga) * Castle [[Altenbaumburg]] (aagga taallo)<ref name="Kreisrecht"/> – [[neck ditch]] iyo [[shield wall (fortification)|shield wall]], rectangular tower, derbi ku hadhay qarnigii 13-aad, hadhaagii [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] dhismayaasha guriga iyo Gothic [[chapel]] ee [[Raugraves]]' xarunta qasriga lagu sheegay 1129 oo ku dhacay burbur 1482; Gothic [[palas]] dib loo dhisay 1981–1983 (eeg sidoo kale gallery hoose) * Eilbacher Hang – [[vineyard|beero canab]] guri; Gründerzeit [[clinker brick]] dhisme, qiyaastii 1890 <gallery> File:16 03 04 006 Altenbaumburg Mittelburg.jpg|Muuqaalka Altenbaumburg xagga jidka u koraya ilaa bailey dhexe oo ka socda bailey hoose (maanta goobta baabuurta la dhigto) File:16 03 04 010 Altenbaumburg Oberburg.jpg|Jidka bailey dhexe oo u horseedaya bailey sare File:20000414_Altenbaumburg_Oberburg.png|Bailey-ga sare ee Altenbaumburg oo leh qayb ka mid ah buundada lugta ee qarnigii 19-aad File:Altenbaumburg.JPG|Muuqaalka Altenbaumburg ee dooxada </gallery> ===Dhacdooyinka joogtada ah=== Dad badan oo booqdayaal ah oo ka kala yimid meelo u dhow iyo meelo fog ayaa yimaada sannad kasta ''Burgfest'' ("Festifaalka Qasriga") si ay ugu dabaaldegaan jawi gaar ah oo ay ugu raaxaystaan Altenbamberg [[wine|khamri]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |title=Regular events |access-date=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034330/http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Isboorti iyo madadaalo=== Goobaha loo tago dalxiiska waa [[Altenbaumburg]], Treuenfels (labaduba waa [[castle|qasriga]] burburka), Schäferplacken iyo Rödelstein. Waxaa jira [[hiking|socod]] shabakad waddo aad u wanaagsan oo leh goob dubista iyo hoy deegaan kayn ah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |title=Sport and leisure |access-date=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034330/http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha== ===Gaadiidka=== Hogaaminta Altenbamberg waa ''[[Bundesstraße]]'' 48. U adeegidda tuulada waa [[railway station|xarunta tareenka]] ee [[Alsenz Valley Railway]] (''Alsenztalbahn''). ===Qaab-dhismeedka dhaqaalaha=== Altenbamberg waxay ku taal [[Nahe (wine region)|Nahe khamri gobolka]], oo weli leh hal khamri-sameeye waqti-buuxa ah. Dadka tuulada, waxaa jira [[supermarket]] iyo [[bakery|rootii]]. Adeegyada caafimaadka waxaa inta badan la wareegaya magaalooyinka xuduudka la leh [[Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg]] iyo [[Bad Kreuznach]]. Waxa kale oo jira "[[Gastronomy|gastronomical]]" xarumaha leh toban sariirood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |title=Economic structure |access-date=2013-08-02 |archive-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219034330/http://www.vg-bme.de/altenbamberg.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Kaniisadaha=== Altenbamberg waxay kaloo leedahay hal [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] [[church (building)|kaniisad]] iyo hal [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] kaniisad, mid kasta oo leh adeegyo toddobaadle ah. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.altenbamberg.com/ Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] (Jarmal) * [http://www.vg-bme.de/index.php?site=altenbamberg Altenbamberg oo ku taal bogagga degmada wadaagga ah]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Jarmal) * [http://www.rlb.de/cgi-bin/wwwalleg/wiki.pl?db=rpb&index=1&zeilen=1&s1=o13302003? Suugaanta ku saabsan Altenbamberg at ''Rheinland-Pfälzische Landesbibliographie''] (Jarmal) {{Authority control}} cf3j7f5k8qa3gedbfj2vxbwja23oav7 0 49307 303152 302392 2026-07-22T00:37:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |name = Altenbeken |type = |image_photo = Blick über Altenbeken mit Viadukt im Hintergrund.jpg |imagesize = <!-- Photo size. Default is 250px --> |image_caption = Muuqaalka Altenbeken |image_coa = Wappen der Gemeinde Altenbeken.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|46|N|8|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Altenbeken in PB.svg |state = |region = Detmold |district = Paderborn |elevation = 250 |area = 76.22 |postal_code = 33182–33184 |area_code = 0 52 55 |licence = PB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 7 74 004 |divisions = 3 |website = [http://www.altenbeken.de/ www.altenbeken.de] |mayor = Matthias Möllers |leader_term = 2025&ndash;30 |party = CDU }} '''Altenbeken''' ({{IPA|de|ˈaltn̩ˌbeːkn̩|-|De-Altenbeken.ogg}}, {{lit|Beken-tii hore}}, si loo kala sooco "[[:de:Neuenbeken|Beken-tii cusub]]") waa degmo ka tirsan [[Paderborn (district)|degmada Paderborn]], ee [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Juqraafi== Altenbeken waxay ku taal [[Eggegebirge]], qiyaastii 15 km dhanka waqooyi-bari ee [[Paderborn]]. Galbeedka magaalada waxaa ku yaal [[Altenbeken Viaduct]], oo ah buundo tareen oo ka gudubta dooxada Beke. ==Siyaasadda== Duqa magaalada ee hadda waa Matthias Möllers oo ka tirsan [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] kaas oo xilka hayay tan iyo 2020. [[2025 North Rhine-Westphalia local elections|Doorashadii maxalliga ahayd ee 2025]] ayaa dib loo doortay iyadoo uu helay 50.75 % codadkii doorashada labaad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stichwahl des/der Bürgermeisters/in 28.09.2025 - Gemeinde Altenbeken |url=https://wahlen.regioit.de/2/km2025/05774004/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=252&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_3_id_17 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=wahlen.regioit.de |language=de}}</ref> ===Golaha magaalada=== Kadib doorashadii 2025, golaha magaalada Altenbeken [[Stadtrat|Stadtrat]] wuxuu ka kooban yahay sidan: {{election table}} ! colspan=2| Xisbi ! Codad ! % ! +/- ! Kuraas ! +/- |- | bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| | align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) | 2,637 | 60.5 | {{increase}} 10.3 | 17 | {{increase}} 2 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| | align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) | 1,164 | 26.7 | {{increase}} 1.3 | 7 | ±0 |- | bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| | align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne) | 556 | 12.8 | {{decrease}} 3.1 | 4 | ±0 |- ! colspan=2| Codadka saxda ah ! 4,357 ! 94.5 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Codadka khaldan ! 256 ! 5.6 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Guud ahaan ! 4,613 ! 100.0 ! ! 28 ! ±0 |- ! colspan=2| Tirada dadka codayn kara/ka qaybgalayaasha ! 7,163 ! 64.4 ! ! ! |- | colspan=7| Isha: [https://wahlen.regioit.de/2/km2025/05774004/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=247&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_3_id_17 Magaalada Altenbeken] |} ===Qaybaha degmada=== Altenbeken waxay ka kooban tahay 3 degmo oo kala ah: * Altenbeken * Buke * Schwaney ===Bandhigga Viadukt=== [[file:2007 07 01 altenbeken vivat viadukt video 13 450.ogv|thumb|left|Video laga duubay Bandhigga Viadukt sanadkii 2007]] Tan iyo 2003, bandhigga tareenka iyo dhaqanka ee ''Vivat Viadukt'' ayaa ka dhaca Altenbeken labadii sanaba mar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vivat-viadukt.de/ |title=Sonderwebsite der Gemeinde Altenbeken |language=de |accessdate=7 January 2025 |archive-date=26 Bisha Tobnaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026194131/http://www.vivat-viadukt.de/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Xiriirka caalamiga ah=== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Altenbeken waxay mataano la tahay: * [[Betton, Ille-et-Vilaine|Betton]] (oo u dhow [[Rennes]]), ([[France]]) [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{commons category-inline}} * [http://www.altenbeken.de/ Bogga rasmiga ah] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} 6iu9s56a0uk0o3ir6xz7w7w9dzn0ln2 0 49330 303153 302417 2026-07-22T00:39:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place | image_photo = | image_coa = DEU Alterkülz COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|50|01|56|N|7|27|57|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Alterkülz in SIM.svg | state = | district = Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | Verbandsgemeinde = Kastellaun | elevation = 380 | area = 7.58 | postal_code = 56288 | area_code = 06762 | licence = SIM | Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 40 001 | website = {{URL|http://www.alterkuelz.de/}} }} '''Alterkülz''' waa ''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal [[Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis]] ([[Districts of Germany|degmo]]) ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxa kale oo ay tahay bulsho [[tourism|dalxiis]] (''Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde''). ==Juqraafi== ===Goobta=== Degmadu waxay ku taal dooxada Külzbach, iyada oo si aad ah u fidsan iyada oo la raacayo ''Landesstraße'' (Wadada Gobolka) 108, oo maxalli ahaan loo yaqaan ''Hauptstraße'' (“Waddada Weyn”) halkaas oo ay dhab ahaantii dhex marto tuulada. Dhererkeeda oo la socda waddadan ayaa horseeday in Alterkülz loogu yeero “Tuulada ugu Dheer [[Hunsrück]]”. Waxa kale oo degmada ka tirsan xarunta fog ee Osterkülzmühle ee dooxada Osterkülz, koonfur-bari ee xarunta ugu weyn. Dadaannada Alterkülz, marka loo eego jihada kombuyuutarka, waa sidan soo socota: {{Geographic Location|width=auto | Centre = Alterkülz | North = [[Spesenroth]] | Northeast = [[Laubach, Rhein-Hunsrück|Laubach]] | East = [[Klosterkumbd]] | Southeast = [[Neuerkirch]] | South = [[Michelbach, Rhein-Hunsrück|Michelbach]] | Southwest = [[Bell, Rhein-Hunsrück|Hundheim]] | West = | Northwest = [[Hasselbach, Rhein-Hunsrück|Hasselbach]] }} ==Taariikhda== [[File:alterkuelz01.jpg|thumb|left|Hoolka baadariga wuxuu ku yaallaa xarunta tuulada.]] Alterkülz waxay ilaa 1417 ka tirsanaan jirtay “Further” [[County of Sponheim]], iyo maxalli ahaan ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Amt]]'' ee Kastellaun. Ka dib markii xariiqdan Sponheims ay dhimatay, tuuladu waxay la tagtay Kastellaun qaybta “Hinder” ee Degmada. Qarniyadii la soo dhaafay, Alterkülz waxay ka soo koray tuulooyin dhowr ah: Unterdorf (“Tuulada Hoose”), Mitteldorf (“Tuulada Dhexe”), Überbach iyo Wehr. Sida goor dambe 1865, hadda ''[[Ortsteil]]'' ee Wehr waxaa loo sheegay inuu yahay [[Hamlet (place)|tuulo]] u gaar ah. Marka laga baxo tuulada oo loo sii jeedo koonfurta, meel u dhow Külzbach, wabiga maxalliga ah, waxaa laga helaa hadhaagii [[Middle Ages|qarniyadii dhexe]] [[iron|bir]] wax lagu dhalaaliyo iyo waxa ka hadhay miinadii uu [[Iron ore|macdanta birta]] ka iman jirtay, Grube Eid. Sidoo kale waxaa halkaas laga helaa jiirad ay mar ku taallay [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] hanti, a [[villa rustica]]. Laga bilaabo 1901 ilaa 1983, tuuladu waxay ahayd joogsi ku yaal [[Simmern]]–[[Kastellaun]]–[[Boppard]] ''[[Hunsrückbahn]]'' ([[tareen]]) hore. Bilowgii qarnigii 21-aad, xaqiiqadii tareenka ee hore waxaa loo beddelay waddo baaskiil iyo [[hiking|lugayn]] oo ah [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt-paved]], ''[[Schinderhannes]]-Radweg'', oo loo magacaabay tuug caan ah oo Jarmal ah. 2005, degmadu waxay gaartay meel shanaad aagga tartanka gobolka ''Unser Dorf hat Zukunft'' (“Tuuladeenu mustaqbal ayay leedahay”). ==Siyaasadda== ===Golaha degmada=== Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo loo doortay doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada oo ah guddoomiye. ===Duqa magaalada=== Duqa magaalada Alterkülz waa Alfons Rockenbach.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085434/http://www.stadt-kastellaun.de/Verbandsgemeinde-Alterkuelz.etc Duqa magaalada Alterkülz]</ref> ===Calanka magaalada=== Blazon-ka Jarmalka wuxuu akhrinayaa: ''Im geteilten Schild oben in Schwarz ein aufspringender goldener Ziegenbock, beseitet von zwei goldenen Ähren, unten von Rot und Silber geschachtet, belegt mit schräggekreuzten schwarzen Schlägel und Hammer.'' Gacmaha [[Coat of arms|hubka]] degmada waxaa laga yaabaa in luuqadda [[Heraldry|heraldic]] ee Ingiriisiga lagu tilmaami karo sidan: Per fess sable a billygoat springing between two ears of wheat couped in base Or and chequy of twenty-four gules and argent a hammer and a sledge per saltire of the first. Qaabka shaxanka cas iyo lacagta ee qaybta hoose ee [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] wuxuu tixraacayaa daacadnimadii hore ee tuulada ee “Hinder” [[County of Sponheim]] iyo ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Amt]]'' ee Kastellaun. Sida hore 1283, Alterkülz waxaa lagu sheegayay dhowr dukumenti oo Sponheim ah (''cule'', ''kultze''). [[charge (heraldry)|chara]], dubbaha iyo maqaarka, waxay xusuusiyaan macdanta birta ee laga qodayay Grube Eid (miinada) laga bilaabo 1780 (sida ay ku aasaasan tahay diiwaannada taariikhiga ah) ilaa [[First World War|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]]. Masagada sarreenka waxay u taagan yihiin [[agriculture|beeraha]], mar mar shaqada qof walba oo tuulo ah. Lordships badan ayaa halkan lagu siiyay, Sponheims, Koppensteins, Hunolsteins iyo Bourscheids. Bilygoat-ka soo boodayaa wuxuu matalaa xarunta fog ee Wehr, halkaas oo ''Wehrer Bick'' ku nool yihiin, ''Bick'' oo ah nooc maxalli ah oo [[German language|Jarmal]] ''Böcke'' (“bucks”, “xayawaan lab ah”, iyo sidaas darteed kiiskan, “billygoats”). Bilygoat-ku wuxuu kaloo qurxiyaa saqafka hoolka magaalada cusub. Gacmaha waxaa la waday tan iyo 23 Febraayo 1981.<ref>[http://www.alterkuelz.de/chronik/wappen.htm Sharaxaada iyo sharraxaadda hubka Alterkülz]</ref> ==Dhaqanka iyo goobaha la arko== ===Dhismaha=== Kuwa soo socdaa waa dhismooyin ama goobo ku qoran [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: * [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] kaniisad, Hauptstraße 12 – bipolar [[aisleless church]], calaamadeeyay 1759; dhismaha oo dhan oo leh qabuuraha * [[Saint Joseph]]’s [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Chapel]] (''Kapelle St. Josef''), Dorfstraße 79 – slate quarrystone aisleless church, 1920/1921, naqshadeeye Marx, [[Trier]]; dhismaha oo dhan oo leh qabuuraha * Hauptstraße 11 – Evangelical rectory; dhisme leh saqaf nus-hipped ah, qayb ahaan slated [[timber framing]], calaamadeeyay 1786, barn * Hauptstraße 28 – dhisme leh hipped [[mansard roof]], qayb ahaan slated timber framing, calaamadeeyay 1816, barn; dhismaha oo dhan * Hauptstraße 30 – dhisme leh hipped mansard roof, qayb ahaan slated timber framing, calaamadeeyay 1811, barn; dhismaha oo dhan * Hauptstraße 31 – estate complex; timber-frame house, qayb ahaan adag, hipped mansard roof, qiyaastii 1900, timber-frame barn * Hauptstraße 46 – dhisme leh hipped mansard roof, qayb ahaan slated timber framing, qarnigii 19-aad, barn, qayb ahaan timber-frame; dhismaha oo dhan * Meel u dhow Hauptstraße 48 – warriors’ memorial 1914-1918; complex with [[sandstone]] relief slab, 1926 * Hauptstraße 109 – dhisme leh hipped mansard roof, qayb ahaan slated, [[Swiss chalet style]], 1922 * Laubacher Straße 10 – L-shaped estate; timber-frame house, plastered, qarnigii 18-aad, commercial wing<ref>[http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Rhein-Hunsrueck-Kreis.pdf Directory of Cultural Monuments in Rhein-Hunsrück district]</ref> <gallery> File:Kirche-Alterkülz01.jpg|Hauptstraße 12: Evangelical church File:Alterkülz08.jpg|Hauptstraße 31: estate complex File:Kriegerdenkmal-Alterkülz01.jpg| Meel u dhow Hauptstraße 48: warriors’ memorial 1914-1918 </gallery> ===Naadiyada=== {| class="wikitable" ! Magaca !! Aasaasay !! Tiro ka mid ah xubnaha !! Guddoomiye !! Hawsha !! Sida at |- | ''Bauernverein''<br/>(“Farmers’ Club”) || qarnigii 19-aad || 30 || Horst Bender || Macluumaad, koorsooyin, caymiska dabka, matalaadda danaha iibsashada iyo iibinta dhulka || 1983 |- | ''Evangelische Frauenhilfe''<br/>(“Evangelical Women’s Aid”) || 1932 || 60 || Elisabeth Berg, Elli Schneider (Alterkülz) || Fasallada Baybalka, heesaha aaska || 1983 |- | ''Frauengymnastikgruppe''<br/>(“Women’s Gymnastic Group”) || 1975 || 23 || Ingrid Meurer || Isboortiga haweenka || 1983 |- | ''Feuerwehrverein Alterkülz''<br/>(“Alterkülz Firefighting Club”) || 1934 || 21 || Axel Werner || [[Firefighting]] ku celcelin, fiidkii macluumaadka ee [[fire prevention]] || 2007 |- | ''Gemischter Chor Alterkülz (Meisterchor)''<br/>(“Alterkülz Mixed Choir – Master Choir”) || 1830 || 36 || Horst Peuter || Concerts, iskaashiga xafladaha tuulada iyo bulshada, ka qaybgalka xafladaha heesaha || 2007 |- | ''Jugendraum Alterkülz''<br/>(“Alterkülz Youth Centre”) || 1999 || * || * || Kulanka bulshada || 2007 |- | ''Landfrauenvereinigung''<br/> (“Country Women’s Association”) || 1960 || ~36 || Regina Messerle || Koorsooyin, safarro macluumaad, dhacdooyin bulsho || 2007 |- | ''Musikverein Alterkülz e. V.''<br/>(“Alterkülz Music Club”) || 1924 || 60 firfircoon || Heinz-Walter Nowak || Concerts, iskaashiga dhacdooyinka tuulada, ka qaybgalka xafladaha muusikada, tababarka iyo horumarinta xirfadaha muusikada ee dhalinyarada || 2008 |- | ''Spielvereinigung Oberkülztal''<br/>(“Oberkülztal Games Club”) || 1928 || 82 firfircoon || Jürgen Meurer || [[Association football|football]], [[table tennis]] || 2008 |- |} ==Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha== ===Ganacsiyada la aasaasay=== Dadka kale, waxaa jira shirkad dhisme bir ah oo weyn, shirkad alwaax ah oo ku takhasusay dhismaha [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatories]], ganacsiga masonry, [[inn]] iyo dhowr ganacsi oo beeraha ah. Buur ka mid ah tuulada barigeeda waxaa ku yaal [[wind farm]] oo leh toddobo [[wind turbine]]s oo ay samaysay [[Vestas]]. ==Dadka caanka ah== * [[Sebastian Furck]] (qiyaastii 1600-1655), qarnigii 17-aad copper engraver ku dhashay Alterkülz ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=4586402/1lt509h/index.html Alterkülz] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=4586402/1lt509h/index.html |date=20121017170136 }} ee [[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] barnaamijka ''Hierzuland'' {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alterkulz}} ev861r9ct3plnm5jy0giyhy8pd9etlb 0 49348 303154 302435 2026-07-22T00:43:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_coa = DEU Altrich COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|57|29|N|06|54|41|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Altrich in WIL.svg |state = |district = Bernkastel-Wittlich |Verbandsgemeinde = Wittlich-Land |elevation = 180 |area = 16.25 |postal_code = 54518 |area_code = 06571 |licence = WIL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 31 001 |divisions = |website = [http://www.altrich.de/ www.altrich.de] |mayor = Sylvia Stoffel-Leuchter<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |Bürgermeistertitel = Ortsbürgermeisterin |party = }} '''Altrich''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal [[Bernkastel-Wittlich]] [[Districts of Germany|degmada]] ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany]]. == Juqraafi == Altrich waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 4&nbsp;km koonfurta ka xigta xarunta degmada, [[Wittlich]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Wittlich-Land|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Wittlich-Land]], oo xarunteedu tahay [[Wittlich]], inkastoo magaaladaasi aysan lafteedu ku jirin ''Verbandsgemeinde''. == Taariikhda == Kaniisadda xaafadda waxaa loo quduus dhigay [[Saint Andrew]]. Sannadkii 952, Altrich waxay heshay xusteedii ugu horreysay ee dukumeenti – xitaa ka hor magaaladii deriska la ahayd ee [[Wittlich]]. Xustii ugu horreysay ee qoraal ahaan waxay timid horraantii 636 taas oo lagu magacaabay ''Alta Regia''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stellungnahme des Landeshauptarchivs Koblenz |url=http://www.st-andreas-altrich.de/archiv/geschichte/chro_952.htm |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719084922/http://www.st-andreas-altrich.de/archiv/geschichte/chro_952.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Siyaasadda == === Golaha degmada === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 16 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu doortay [[proportional representation]] doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada oo sharaf leh oo ah guddoomiye. Doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009 waxay keentay natiijooyinkan soo socda:<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2310800100.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="270" ! Sannad || [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] || [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] || [[Free Voters|FWG]] || Wadarta |- align="center" | 2009 || 2 || 5 || 9 || 16 kursi |- align="center" | 2004 || 5 || 5 || 6 || 16 kursi |} === Astaanta === Astaanta Jarmalka waxay akhrinaysaa: ''Schild Rot und Weiß gespalten, vorne ein weißes Andreaskreuz, hinten 2 (2:1) rote Kugeln''. Astaanta degmada ee [[Heraldry|heraldic]] waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sidan: Per pale gules a saltire couped argent, and argent three roundels of the first. [[Saltire]]-ka (isgoyska X-qaabka ah) ee dhanka midig (midigta hayaha hubka, bidixda daawadaha) wuxuu u taagan yahay [[Saint Andrew]], oo ah aabbaha kaniisadda deegaanka kaas oo lagu sawiray shaabaddii maxkamadda ee hore ee 1764. Saddexda wareeg ee dhanka bidix (bidixda hayaha hubka, midigta daawadaha) waxay tixraacayaan qoys knightly ah oo u bixiyay magacooda Altrich kuwaas oo jiritaankooda qarnigii 14-aad la marag furay. [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctures]] gules iyo argent (cas iyo qalin) waa tixraac ku saabsan daacadnimadii hore ee tuulada ee [[Electorate of Trier]]. Altrich waxaa la siiyay xaq ay ku yeelato astaanteeda 1971. == Dhaqanka iyo goobaha la arko == * Burburka derbiga [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] oo u dhow Neuenhof (meel ka baxsan Altrich dhanka [[Klausen, Germany|Klausen]]) * “[[Nicholas of Kues|Cusanus]] Columns” oo ka yimid kaniisaddii hore ee xaafadda, hadda ku yaal beerta xaafadda ee Andreasstraße 31 * “Geedka Paluul” (''dicke Eiche'') – geed qiyaastii 300 sano jir ah oo dabiici ah oo ku yaal koonfur-galbeed ee tuulada (wadada Schneidkaul) == Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha == Degmadu waxay leedahay [[kindergarten]], [[primary school]] hal-qulqul ah iyo aag ujeedo badan leh oo leh [[gym]]nasium. == Sawirro == <gallery> File:KircheA4.jpg|Kaniisadda Saint Andrew File:KircheA7.jpg|Kaniisadda Saint Andrew File:Nikolausvonkues.jpg|Kaniisadda Saint Andrew File:Cusanus-Säulen2.jpg|Cusanus Columns File:DickeEiche1.jpg|''Alte Eiche'' (“Geedka Paluul”) File:Dickeeiche3.JPG|''Alte Eiche'' (“Geedka Paluul”) File:Altrichumland.jpg|Dhulka ku xeeran Altrich File:Altrich_Umland_(2).JPG|Dhulka ku xeeran Altrich </gallery> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirka dibadda == {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190156/http://www.altrich.de/altrich/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1 Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} pnlj5fl0lyendws2xavg3u4345lc0kb 0 49352 303155 302439 2026-07-22T00:45:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_coa = Wappen Altstrimmig.png |coordinates = {{coord|50|5|36.100|N|7|17|32.27|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Altstrimmig in COC.svg |state = |region = |district = Cochem-Zell |Verbandsgemeinde = Zell (Mosel) |elevation = 345 |area = 8.9 |postal_code = 56858 |area_code = 06545 |licence = COC |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 35 004 |divisions = |website = |mayor = Hans-Werner Peifer<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1350000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Cochem-Zell], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} [[File:Altstrimming01.jpg|thumb|295px|Kaniisadda ku taal bartamaha tuulada Altstrimmig]] '''Altstrimmig''' waa ''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'' – [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc degmo wadajir ah – oo ku taal [[Cochem-Zell]] [[Districts of Germany|degmada]] ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Zell (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Zell]], oo xarunteedu tahay degmada [[Zell (Mosel)|Zell an der Mosel]]. == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Degmadu waxay ku taallaa iyada iyo degmada deriska la ah ee [[Mittelstrimmig]] dhabarka buur ee waqooyiga [[Hunsrück]], ee Strimmiger Berg. == Taariikhda == Sannadkii 1357, Altstrimmig waxay heshay xusteedii ugu horreysay ee dukumeenti. Laga soo bilaabo 31 Maajo 1358 waxaa soo baxay dukumeenti uu Archbishop [[Bohemond II (Archbishop of Trier)|Bohemond II]] ee Trier uu ku siiyay Gerhard von Ehrenberg dhul. Strimmiger Berg waxay ahayd ilaa 1781 qayb ka mid ah "Dhulka Saddexda Sayid". Sida [[Beltheim|maxkamadda Beltheim]], lahaanshaha dhulka waxaa la wadaagay [[Electorate of Trier]], [[County of Sponheim]] iyo House of Braunshorn (ka dib Winneburg iyo Metternich). Laga bilaabo 1794, Altstrimmig waxay ku jirtay xukunka [[France|Faransiiska]]. Laga bilaabo 1798 Altstrimmig waxay ka tirsanayd ''Mairie'' ("Duqaynta") ee Beilstein. Sannadkii 1814 waxaa loo xilsaaray Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. === Qarnigii 19-aad === Sida ay ku ahayd guud ahaan Jarmalka, gudaha Altstrimmig sidoo kale, waxaa jiray rabitaan aad u weyn oo ah in loo haajiro Ameerika, sababtoo ah gobollada hadda ah [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] iyo [[Hesse]], qancin la'aan siyaasadeed iyo shaqo la'aan ayaa badnaa. Ka dib dhamaadkii [[French Revolution]], waxaa koray rajo dadka dhexdiisa ah oo ah in la gaaro xaalad bulsho oo wanaagsan. 26 Maajo 1852, 85 qof (36 ka mid ah oo da'doodu ahayd 14 iyo ka yar, iyo 49 ka weyn 14) waxay ka tageen Altstrimmig una kicitimeen [[New York City|New York]], halkaas oo ay gaareen 13 Juun 1852. Waxay guryahoodii cusub ka dhistay [[Wisconsin]] meelo ay ka mid yihiin, [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]], [[Washington County, Wisconsin|Washington County]], [[Sheboygan, Wisconsin|Sheboygan]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Germantown, Wisconsin|Germantown]], [[Farmington, Washington County, Wisconsin|Farmington]], [[Cedarburg, Wisconsin|Cedarburg]] iyo [[Appleton, Wisconsin|Appleton]]. 36 muhaajiriin kale ayaa ka tagay tuulada intii u dhaxaysay 1829 iyo 1890 una kicitimay [[South America|Koonfur]] iyo [[North America|Waqooyiga Ameerika]]. Koonfurta Ameerika, dadka degay waxay aadeen aagagga ku xeeran [[Porto Alegre]], [[Santa Cruz do Sul]] iyo San José. Waxaa weli jira bulshooyin ku barwaaqoobay [[Novo Hamburgo]], [[São Leopoldo]] iyo [[Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul|Rio Grande]]. Kharashka safarka oo gaaray 22,015 ''[[Thaler]]'', 221 ''[[Silbergroschen]]'' iyo 46 ''[[Pfennig]]'' (dhammaan muhaajiriinta ka yimid [[Mittelstrimmig]], Altstrimmig, [[Liesenich]], [[Grenderich]] iyo [[Senheim]]) waxaa qaaday degmooyinka halkan lagu magacaabay. Saamiga Altstrimmig ee tan wuxuu ahaa 3,156 ''Thaler''. === Waqtigan xaadirka ah === Laga soo bilaabo 1946, Altstrimmig waxay qayb ka ahayd [[States of Germany|gobolka]] cusub ee la aasaasay ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. Sida uu dhigayo ''Verwaltungsvereinfachungsgesetz'' ("Sharciga Fududeynta Maamulka") ee 18 Luulyo 1970, oo dhaqan galay 7 Noofambar 1970, degmada waxaa lagu daray [[Zell (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Zell]]. == Siyaasadda == === Golaha degmada === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu doortay [[Plurality voting system|codbixin aqlabiyad ah]] doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada oo sharaf leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/1350500400.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> === Duqa magaalada === Duqa Altstrimmig waa Hans-Werner Peifer. === Astaanta === Astaanta degmada waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sidan: Per pale argent a cross gules and chequy of fifteen of the first and second, on a base of the second a bugle-horn of the first. == Dhaqanka iyo goobaha la arko == === Dhismayaasha === Waxa loogu yeero ''Alte Mühle'' ("Mishiinkii Hore") ayaa la dayactiray waxaana ka dhigay mid shaqeynaya naadiga taariikhda deegaanka iyo gaadiidka. Kuwa soo socda waa dhismayaal ama goobo liis garaysan oo ku yaal Buugga Taallada Dhaqanka ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]: * Kaniisadda [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] ee Saint Anthony (''St. Antonius-Kirche''), Kirchstraße 35 – [[aisleless church]], bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad. * Kirchstraße, [[chapel]] – quarrystone, qarnigii 19-aad. * Kirchstraße 24 – guri [[Timber framing|timber-frame]], qayb ahaan adag, saqaf [[mansard roof]], qarnigii 19-aad. * Kirchstraße 28 – guri ka yimid xarun hanti, dhismo timber-frame, qayb ahaan adag, saqaf half-hipped, qarnigii 18-aad.<ref>[http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Cochem-Zell.pdf Directory of Cultural Monuments in Cochem-Zell district]</ref> === Dhacdooyinka joogtada ah === Dhowr sano ''Antoniusmarkt'' (suuq lagu magacaabay ka dib aabbaha ilaaliyaha degmada, [[Anthony of Padua]]) waxaa la qabtaa sannad kasta dabayaaqada Ogosto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altstrimmig.de/ |title=Home |website=altstrimmig.de}}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha == Altstrimmig waxay leedahay xarun bulsho, garoon carwo, goob lagu ciyaaro oo carruurta ah iyo barxad barbiikyu oo leh musqulo. == Panorama == {{wide image|Altstrimming02.jpg|1000px|Altstrimmig (laga soo daawaday galbeedka)}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirka dibadda == * [http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2356594/19jivk8/index.html Sawir kooban oo Altstrimmig ah oo leh filim] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2356594/19jivk8/index.html |date=20160504181957 }} oo ku yaal [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} hwyvhdbl0qw1d24xirhqpst399xjom6 0 49355 303156 302442 2026-07-22T00:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place | image_photo = | type = Ortsgemeinde | image_coa = DEU Altweidelbach COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|49|59|42.68|N|7|33|58.95|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Altweidelbach in SIM.svg | state = | district = Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | Verbandsgemeinde = Simmern-Rheinböllen | elevation = 412 | area = 4.1 | postal_code = 55469 | area_code = 06761 | licence = SIM | Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 40 002 | mayor = Volker Berg<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1400000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 4 August 2021.</ref> | leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} [[File:Altweidelbach01.jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda Altweidelbach]] '''Altweidelbach''' waa ''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'' – [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc degmo wadajir ah – oo ku taal [[Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis]] ([[Districts of Germany|degmada]]) ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Simmern-Rheinböllen]], oo xarunteedu tahay [[Simmern]]. == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Degmadu waxay ku taallaa meel banaan oo waqooyi ka xigta Soonwald, oo ah qayb kayn culus ah oo ku taal galbeedka-dhexe ee [[Hunsrück]], iyo waqooyi ka xigta ''[[Bundesstraße]]'' 50, qiyaastii 3&nbsp;km bari ka xigta xarunta degmada Simmern. Dhererkeedu waa 430&nbsp;m oo ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]]. == Taariikhda == [[Archaeology|Qoditaannada qadiimiga ah]] waxay caddaynayaan in aagga degmadu uu horay u degganaa xilligii [[Ancient Rome|Roomaanka]]. Koonfurta buuraha, waqooyiga [[Mutterschied]], waxaa laga helay goob ay ku taallay hanti tuulo Roomaan ah. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, aagga degmada Altweidelbach waxaa soo dhex maray mid ka mid ah waddooyinka isku xira ee ay dhisteen Roomaanku, oo loo yaqaan ''Steinstraße'' (“Waddada Dhagaxa”). Sidoo kale, weelka Roomaanka (urn) ayaa laga soo saaray aagga cadastral ee “Hammesheck” qiyaastii 1860-kii. Aasaaskii dhabta ahaa ee tuulada, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu yimid oo kaliya ka dib xukunka Roomaanka iyo xitaa ka dib markii [[Migration Period|Xilligii Socdaalka]] (''Völkerwanderung'') uu dhammaaday. Wejigii labaad ee hawlahooda degidda ee qarnigii 8-aad, [[Franks|Faransiisku]] waxay aasaaseen meelo badan oo magacyadoodu ku dhammaadaan ''—hausen'' iyo ''—bach''. Waxay u badan tahay in Altweidelbach la aasaasay xilligan sidoo kale. Sannadkii 1006, Altweidelbach waxay heshay xusteedii ugu horreysay ee dukumeenti kaas oo Archbishop Williges oo ka yimid [[Mainz]] uu ku daahfuray kaniisaddii cusayd ee [[Mörschbach]] uu ku dhisay kana xaqiijiyay xaaladdeeda kaniisad ahaan. Higgaadda ''Widimbach'' ee loo isticmaalay dukumeentigan, oo marka hore ''Widelbach'' ka dibna ''Weidelbach'' ay ka soo baxday, waxay bixinaysaa tilmaam ku saabsan asalka magaca. Aqoonyahannada luqaddu waxay aaminsan yihiin inay ka timid ereyga [[Old High German|Jarmalkii Hore ee Sare]] ee ''wida'' (“geedka safsaafka”; ''Weide'' oo ku jira [[German language|Jarmalka casriga ah]]), waxayna u sharxayaan macnaha magaca inuu yahay “Wabi leh Geedo Safsaaf ah”. Kaliya qarnigii 16-aad ayay degmadu isticmaashay horgalaha ''Alt—'' (“Duug”) si ay uga soocdo meel kale oo u dhow oo la yiraahdo Weidelbach, oo hadda loo yaqaan Kleinweidelbach (xarun dibadda ah oo ka tirsan [[Rheinböllen]]). Sannadkii 1006, tuuladu waxay hoos tagtay sayidnimada aasaasihii kaniisadda Mörschbach, Thidrich von Mörschbach, kaas oo sidoo kale hayay xafiiska ''[[Vogt]]''. Ka dib qarnigii 11-aad, tuuladu waxay u gudubtay qoyska tirada gobolka ee Bertholde (''Gaugrafen''), sannadkii 1074-kiina waxaa lagu daray Kaniisadda Ravengiersburg, kaas oo loo kordhiyay aasaas canonical, in kasta oo wakhtigan la joogo, ay haysatay maxkamaddeeda ''Schöffen'' (qiyaastii “lay jurists”) oo leh degmo garsoor u gaar ah. Garsoorka sare, oo ay ugu wacan tahay dambiyada halista ah ee la xiriira ciqaabta jidhka, waxaa fuliyay maxkamadda Ravengiersburg ''Vogtei'' ee Fagaaraha Maxkamadda Sare (''Hochgerichtsplatz'') ee ''Nunkirche'' (kaniisad). Mar kasta oo ay dhacaan maxkamadaha, dadka tuulada Altweidelbach waxaa lagu waajibiyay inay bixiyaan alwaaxda [[gallows|goobta laadlaadinta]], iyo sidoo kale sallaan. Maxkamadda tuulada, dhinaca kale, oo kursigeeda fadhiyay saddex ama afar ''Schöffen'', waxaa la qaban jiray laba jeer sannadkii, bishii Maajo iyo mar kale Maalinta [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]] (11 Noofambar), iyadoo hoos timaada geedka [[Tilia|liinta]] tuulada, oo uu guddoominayo agaasimaha kaniisadda ama ''[[Schultheiß]]''. Intii u dhaxaysay 1410 iyo 1598 iyo mar kale intii u dhaxaysay 1610 iyo 1673, Altweidelbach waxay ka tirsanayd Duchy-ga madax-bannaan ee Simmern, intii u dhaxaysay 1598 iyo 1610, iyo sidoo kale ka dib 1673 ilaa qabsashadii [[France|Faransiiska]] ee billaabatay 1794, waxay la jirtay inta kale ee dhulka Simmern ilaa [[Electoral Palatinate]]. Si loo adkeeyo maamulka, tuulo kasta waxaa laga dhigay ''[[Schultheiß]]erei'' u gaar ah. Qarnigii 17-aad, Altweidelbach waxaa lagu midoobay Mörschbach, [[Schnorbach]] iyo [[Wahlbach, Rhineland-Palatinate|Wahlbach]] hal ''Schultheißerei''. Maxkamadda heshiiskan waxaa ka koobnaa, marka laga reebo ''Schultheiß'' iyo xoghayaha maxkamadda, sagaal ''Schöffen'', kuwaas oo saddex laga soo qaatay Mörschbach, oo ay la socdaan laba xarumood oo kale. Xilligii qabsashadii Faransiiska ee 1794, Altweidelbach si buuxda ayaa loo bililiqaystay. Altweidelbach waxay hoos tagtay xukunka Faransiiska ilaa 1815, markii loo xilsaaray Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Dabab waaweyn ayaa ku dhuftay tuulada 1866, 1897 iyo 1975, markii saddex aqal iyo hal guri ay gubteen. [[First World War|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], toban nin oo ka yimid Altweidelbach ayaa dhintay labana waxaa lagu sheegay [[Missing in action|maqan]]. Dagaalka ka dib, Faransiiska ayaa la dejiyay tuulada ilaa 1919. Baabuurkii ugu horreeyay ayaa lagu arkay Altweidelbach 1937. Wax yar ka dib waxaa yimid [[Second World War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], kaas oo afar nin oo ka yimid Altweidelbach ay dhinteen saddexna lagu sheegay maqan. Bishii Maarso 1945, [[United States|Maraykanku]] waxay qabsadeen tuulada. Waxaa badalay Faransiiska bishii Ogosto maadaama [[Allies of World War II|Xulafadu]] ay ku heshiiyeen [[Allied-occupied Germany|aagagga qabsashada]]. Sannadkii 1946, Altweidelbach waxay qayb ka noqotay [[States of Germany|gobolkii]] cusub ee la aasaasay ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. Sannadkii 1963, ''[[Flurbereinigung]]'' waa la dhammaystiray. Waxay ahayd ilaa 1978 ka hor inta aysan waddooyinka tuulada yeelan magacyo. Sannadkii 2000 iyo 2001, Beeraha Dabaysha ee Altweidelbach ayaa la dhisay, oo leh toddobo [[wind turbine|turbines dabayl ah]]. Sannadkii 2006, degmada Altweidelbach waxay calaamadaysay sanad-guuradeedii kun-sano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Altweidelbach’s history |url=http://www.altweidelbach.de/gemeinde/dorfgeschichte.html |access-date=2026-07-15 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082923/http://www.altweidelbach.de/gemeinde/dorfgeschichte.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Horumarka dadweynaha === Waxaa hadda ku nool qiyaastii 250 qof Altweidelbach, laakiin qarniyadii hore, tirada dadku waxay ahayd mid aad u yar, wayna isbedbeddeshay si weyn. 1498, 67 qof oo qaangaar ah ayaa ku noolaa Altweidelbach, taas oo soo jeedinaysa wadarta guud ee dadka qiyaastii 100. 14-ka qoys ee halkan ku noolaa 1599 waxay lahaayeen tiro la mid ah, laakiin qarnigii 17-aad, dadku waxay hoos u dhaceen si weyn iyadoo laba jeer oo ay ku dhaceen [[Thirty Years' War|Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano]] iyo [[Plague (disease)|Faafa]] ilaa 7 qoys oo kaliya. 1672, tiradu waxay dib ugu soo laabatay 48 qof oo ku nool 12 qoys. 1698, waxaa jiray 58 qof. == Siyaasadda == === Golaha degmada === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu doortay doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada oo sharaf leh oo ah guddoomiye. === Duqa magaalada === Duqa Altweidelbach waa Volker Berg.<ref name=mayor/> === Astaanta === Astaanta degmada waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sidan: Per bend Or a church with ridge turret to dexter above a bend sinister wavy azure and sable a lion rampant of the first armed and langued gules. == Dhaqanka iyo goobaha la arko == === Dhismayaasha === Kuwa soo socda waa dhismayaal ama goobo liis garaysan oo ku yaal Buugga Taallada Dhaqanka ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]: * Kaniisadda [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]], Hauptstraße/geeska Lindenweg – [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[aisleless church]], calaamadaysan 1761 * Hauptstraße 1 – dhisme leh saqaf nus-hipped, qayb ahaan [[Timber framing|timber framing]], qiyaastii 1800 * Hauptstraße/geeska Heider Weg – [[Cast iron|cast-iron]] balliga isha, Stromberger Hütte (foundry), calaamadaysan 1885 * On ''Kreisstraße'' (Waddada Degmada) 53, koonfur-bari ee tuulada – xarun biyo; dhisme wareegsan oo leh saqaf cupola, calaamadaysan 1913 * Waqooyiga tuulada – Hammesmühle (ama Eselsmühle – mishiin); guri timber-frame, saqaf nus-hipped, calaamadaysan 1824, barn; dhammaan dhismaha dhismayaasha * Galbeedka tuulada – Weirichsmühle (ama Katzenlochermühle – mishiin kale); laba guri oo timber-frame ah, mid dhisme leh saqaf nus-hipped, qarnigii 19-aad, barn; dhammaan dhismaha dhismayaasha<ref>[http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Rhein-Hunsrueck-Kreis.pdf Directory of Cultural Monuments in Rhein-Hunsrück district]</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirka dibadda == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2358520/18i5f3d/index.html Sawir kooban oo Altweidelbach ah oo leh filim] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2358520/18i5f3d/index.html |date=20160422153031 }} oo ku yaal [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100719125332/http://www.wo-simmern.de/reisefuehrer-hunsrueck/verbandsgemeinden/vg-simmern/altweidelbach Altweidelbach in the Wo-Simmern.de travel guide] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} 7c5kvy3ywgkj0cxulqgcfephw9al5uv 0 49542 303158 303053 2026-07-22T01:26:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Stadt |image_skyline = Bad marienberg1.jpg |image_caption = Bad Marienberg |image_coa = Wappen Bad Marienberg.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|39|07|N|7|57|08|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bad Marienberg im Westerwaldkreis.png |state = |district = Westerwaldkreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Bad Marienberg (Westerwald) |elevation = 470 |area = 9.95 |postal_code = 56470 |area_code = 02661 |licence = WW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 43 206 |divisions = 3 |website = {{URL|https://www.badmarienberg.de/}} |mayor = Sabine Willwacher<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1430000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Westerwaldkreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, la helay 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = SPD }} [[File:Bad Marienberg, die Evangelische Pfarrkirche Dm foto9 2017-06-02 17.28.jpg|Bad Marienberg, reformed church|thumb|275px]] '''Bad Marienberg (Westerwald)''' ({{IPA|de|baːt maˈʁiːənˌbɛʁk|-|Bad marienberg.ogg}}) waa magaalo ku taal [[Westerwaldkreis]] ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany]], sidoo kale waa xarunta [[Bad Marienberg (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'']] oo la magac ah, oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah. == Juqraafiga == Bulshadu waxay ku taal [[Westerwald]] inta u dhaxaysa [[Limburg an der Lahn|Limburg]] iyo [[Siegen]]. Bari ilaa galbeed magaalada waxaa dhex mara wabiga [[Nister (river)|Nister]], kaas oo qayb ka ah [[Sieg (river)|Sieg]] [[drainage basin|qulqulka biyaha]]. Bad Marienberg's ''[[Stadtteil]]e'' waa Eichenstruth, Langenbach iyo Zinhain. == Taariikhda == === Dhexe === 1048, Bad Marienberg waxay heshay xuskii ugu horreeyay ee dukumenti ah. Waxaa suurtogal ah in ishaas ay keentay magaca Westerwald, maadaama aagga ku hareeraysan Bad Marienberg uu si toos ah u yaal galbeedka [[Herborn (Hesse)|Herborn]]. 1258, Marienberg waxaa lagu tilmaamay ''Mons sanctae Mariae''. Qarnigii 18-aad, bulshooyinkii hore ee kala go'ay ee Obermarienberg, oo maanta weli ah dejin qaab giraan ah oo si fudud loo aqoonsan karo oo ku wareegsan kaniisadda xaafadda, iyo Untermarienberg ayaa wada koray. Marienberg waxay qayb ka ahayd maamulkii lordly ee Westerwald ee laga sameeyay saddexda ''Gerichte'' (gobollada rasmiga ah) ee Marienberg, Emmerichenhain iyo Neukirch, kaas oo Count [[Otto I of Nassau]] uu ku guuleystay 1255 qaybinta dhaxalka Ottonian-[[Walram II of Nassau|Walramian]]. Ka dib qaybin kale 1303, aagga ayaa loo gudbiyay wiilka Otto Henry III ee Nassau-Siegen, taas oo ka dhigaysa qayb ka mid ah Nassau-Dillenburg. Laga soo bilaabo 1343 ilaa 1561, madax-bannaanida Westerwald waxaa markaas hayay laanta qoyska ee Nassau-Dillenburg-Beilstein. Ka dib markii ay dhinteen, Count [[John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg|Johann VI ee Nassau-Dillenburg]] ("ka Wayn") wuxuu helay dhaxalka, sidaasna ku midoobay dhulalkan Jarmalka – in kasta oo muddo gaaban oo keliya. === Waqtiyada casriga ah === Ka dib is-weydaarsiga dhuleed ee dheeraadka ah ee gudaha Nassau dynasty iyada oo loo marayo dhaxalka, Marienberg waxay ku dhammaatay, qayb ka mid ah maamulka Beilstein lordly, iyada oo hoos imanaysa maamulka Prince [[William IV, Prince of Orange|William IV]]. Mar kale, 1742–1743, wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu mideeyo dhammaan dhulalka Ottonian ee gudaha [[Holy Roman Empire|Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Roomaanka]]. Gudaha [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange]] hantidii Jarmalka ee hadda laga xukumayay Dillenburg, Marienberg waxaa ugu dambeyntii 1783 la geliyay [[Amt (administrative division)|''Amt'']] ee [[Beilstein (Westerwald)|Beilstein]]. Xaafadda Marienberg waxay tirisay qiyaastii 450 naf 1580 waxayna ku jirtay tuulooyinka Bach, Bölsberg, Eichenstruth, Fehl, Großseifen, Illfurth, Langenbach, Marienberg, Hof, Pfuhl, Ritzhausen, Stockhausen, Unnau iyo Zinhain. Degmooyinka [[Sayn-Hachenburg]] iyo [[Sayn-Altenkirchen]] labaduba waxay jiifaan dhowr kiiloomitir u jirta waqooyi-galbeed. Iyada oo ay weheliso maamulka lordly ee Beilstein, tuuladu waxay dhacday 1806 illaa Napoleonic Grand Duchy ee Berg, taas oo, 1808, loo qaybiyay ''Arrondissement'' ee Dillenburg gudaha ''Département'' ee Sieg. 1815, Marienberg waxay u tagtay [[Duchy of Nassau]]. ''Amt'' ee Marienberg, oo dib loo abaabulay 1816, wuxuu ka koobnaa 43 tuulo iyo 20 guri oo leh 1,805 qoys iyo 7,085 qof.<ref>''Handbuch der Geographie und Statistik des Herzogthums Nassau'', 1823</ref> Isla mar ahaantaana, ''Amt'' ee Marienberg waxay hoos timid awoodda Maxkamadda Dambiyada Dillenburg. Intii lagu guda jiray dib-u-habayn maamul oo gaaban, Marienberg waxaa lagu daray 1849 ''Landkreis'' (degmada miyiga) ee Hachenburg, ka hor inta aan nidaamkii hore dib loo soo celin 1854. 1866 Duchy ee Nassau waxay u gudubtay [[Prussia]] waxayna noqotay, sida ''[[Regierungsbezirk]]'' ee Wiesbaden, qayb ka mid ah gobolka [[Hesse-Nassau]]. Iyada oo la aasaasay degmooyinka miyiga ka dib qaabka Prussian, Marienberg waxay noqotay 1867 kursi ee Oberwesterwaldkreis oo leh ''Ämter'' ee Hachenburg, Marienberg iyo Rennerod. Midda dambe waxay u tagtay degmada Westerburg ee dhawaan la abuuray (taas oo sidoo kale heshay ''Amt'' ee Wallmerod iyo sidoo kale dhowr meelood oo ka socda ''Amt'' ee Selters ee Unterwesterwaldkreis) 1885–1886 munaasabadda dib-u-habeynta maamulka. In kasta oo 1890 Marienberg ay lahayd oo keliya 707 (badanaa [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]]) dad deggan oo si rasmi ah loogu sheegay inay tahay tuulo, waxay horey u lahayd kaabayaal la taaban karo: tuuladu waxay lahayd xafiis golaha gobolka (''Landratsamt''), [[court|maxkamad]] (''Landgericht Limburg an der Lahn''), xafiis [[taxation|cashuuraha]] iyo [[land registration|diiwaangelinta dhulka]], xafiis [[Post office|boostada]] iyo [[telegraph|telegraaf]], [[credit union|midowga amaahda]] iyo wakaalad ee ''Nassauische Landesbank''. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaa jiray [[Tanning (leather)|tannery]] tuulada, iyo meel u dhow waxay ahaayeen [[Lignite|brown coal]] iyo [[ironstone|macdan bir ah]] miinooyinka oo ay weheliyaan [[clay|dhoobo]] godad. Markii degmada Westerburg lagu mideeyay Oberwesterwaldkreis-kii hore si loo sameeyo Oberwesterwaldkreis cusub oo weyn 1932, Marienberg waxay lumisay shaqadeedii xarun maamul ee Westerburg. Ka dib markii la siiyay xuquuqda magaalada 1 Abriil 1939, Marienberg waxay markaa ka tirsanayd [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|aagga shaqada ee Faransiiska]] waxayna qayb ka ahayd Upper Presidium ee Rhineland-Hesse-Nassau. Laga soo bilaabo 1947, magaaladu waxay qayb ka ahayd ''Bundesland'' ee Rhineland-Palatinate. 10 Agoosto 1967 magaaladu waxay heshay cinwaanka ''Bad'' (macno ahaan "qubays" – cinwaanku wuxuu ka dhigan yahay in magaaladu tahay spa la aqoonsan yahay) oo lagu bixiyay iyada, ka dib markii ay hore u heshay cinwaanka [[Sebastian Kneipp|Kneipp]] resort 1961. 1972, Bad Marienberg, oo ay weheliso 17 kale ''Ortsgemeinden'' ayaa lagu daray ''Verbandsgemeinde'', taas oo maanta hoy u ah in ka yar 20,000 oo qof (laga bilaabo 2007). == Cimilada == {{Weather box | location = Bad Marienberg (1991–2020 celcelis ahaan) | metric first = Y | single line = Y |collapsed = Y |Jan high C = 1.9 |Feb high C = 2.9 |Mar high C = 7.1 |Apr high C = 12.1 |May high C = 15.9 |Jun high C = 19.0 |Jul high C = 21.1 |Aug high C = 20.8 |Sep high C = 16.4 |Oct high C = 11.3 |Nov high C = 5.9 |Dec high C = 2.7 | year high C = 11.4 |Jan mean C = -0.2 |Feb mean C = 0.4 |Mar mean C = 3.6 |Apr mean C = 7.8 |May mean C = 11.6 |Jun mean C = 14.6 |Jul mean C = 16.6 |Aug mean C = 16.4 |Sep mean C = 12.6 |Oct mean C = 8.1 |Nov mean C = 3.7 |Dec mean C = 0.7 |year mean C = 8.0 |Jan low C = -2.3 |Feb low C = -1.9 |Mar low C = 0.7 |Apr low C = 4.0 |May low C = 7.6 |Jun low C = 10.6 |Jul low C = 12.8 |Aug low C = 12.7 |Sep low C = 9.5 |Oct low C = 5.6 |Nov low C = 1.7 |Dec low C = -1.2 | year low C = 5.0 | precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 99.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 83.6 |Mar precipitation mm = 86.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 57.9 |May precipitation mm = 79.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 82.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 104.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 88.2 |Sep precipitation mm = 86.3 |Oct precipitation mm = 92.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 94.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 110.4 | year precipitation mm = 1064.6 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 19.0 |Feb precipitation days = 18.1 |Mar precipitation days = 17.8 |Apr precipitation days = 14.3 |May precipitation days = 15.7 |Jun precipitation days = 14.8 |Jul precipitation days = 16.2 |Aug precipitation days = 15.1 |Sep precipitation days = 14.9 |Oct precipitation days = 17.2 |Nov precipitation days = 19.7 |Dec precipitation days = 21.0 |year precipitation days = 204 |Jan sun = 46.2 |Feb sun = 70.4 |Mar sun = 121.6 |Apr sun = 177.5 |May sun = 198.1 |Jun sun = 200.9 |Jul sun = 211.2 |Aug sun = 200.2 |Sep sun = 146.0 |Oct sun = 96.9 |Nov sun = 43.8 |Dec sun = 34.5 |year sun = 1547.3 |Jan humidity = 84.1 |Feb humidity = 81.9 |Mar humidity = 79.0 |Apr humidity = 70.9 |May humidity = 73.1 |Jun humidity = 74.0 |Jul humidity = 73.2 |Aug humidity = 73.7 |Sep humidity = 79.0 |Oct humidity = 82.7 |Nov humidity = 86.0 |Dec humidity = 85.6 | source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Marienberg-Bad_10526.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Celceliska Cimilada ee 1991–2020 | work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref> }} == Siyaasadda == === Golaha bulshada === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 23 xubnood oo golaha ah, oo ay ku jiraan duqa magaalada ee sharafta leh iyo guddoomiyaha (''Bürgermeister''), kuwaas oo lagu doortay doorasho degmo ah 25 May 2014. {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:60%;" |- style="background:#eee; text-align:center;" | || [[Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands|CDU]] || [[Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands|SPD]] || [[Bündnis 90/Die Grünen|Grüne]] || '''Wadarta''' |- style="text-align:center;" |- | 2014 || 9 || 13 || 0 || 22 Kuraasta |- | 2009 || 8 || 14 || 0 || 22 Kuraasta |- | 2004 || 9 || 12 || 1 || 22 Kuraasta |} === Duqa magaalada === Duqa magaalada waa Sabine Willwacher (SPD), oo dib loo doortay 2019.<ref name="mayor" /> Willwacher waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo doortay duqa magaalada Bad Marienberg 25 May 2014. Waxay beddeshay xubin xisbiga ka tirsan Dankwart Neufurth, oo hawlgab noqday ka dib markii uu xafiiska maamulayay 2004 ilaa 2014.<ref>[http://www.bad-marienberg.de/fileadmin/daten/dokumente/wahl/ergebnisse_buergermeisterwahlen_2014_stadt.pdf ''Ergebnisse Buergermeisterwahl 2014''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bad-marienberg.de/fileadmin/daten/dokumente/wahl/ergebnisse_buergermeisterwahlen_2014_stadt.pdf |date=20150602191915 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602191915/http://www.bad-marienberg.de/fileadmin/daten/dokumente/wahl/ergebnisse_buergermeisterwahlen_2014_stadt.pdf |date=2015-06-02 }}. Website der Verbandsgemeinde Bad Marienberg (PDF, Jarmal). La helay June 2, 2015.</ref> === Iskaashiga magaalada === Magaaladu waxay haysataa heshiisyo iskaashi oo lala yeesho kursi degmo oo [[Marienberg]] ee [[Ore Mountains]] (''Erzgebirge'') iyo [[Pagny-sur-Moselle]] ee [[France]]. === Beero === Xuduudaha magaalada Bad Marienberg dhexdeeda waxaa ku yaal beerta spa oo leh xarunta Kneipp iyo bandshell halkaas oo riwaayado si joogto ah loogu qabto xagaaga. Ku xigta tan waa qayb cusub oo ka mid ah beerta oo leh beerta dhirta iyo koorsada kabo la'aan. [[File:Touristinfo Bad Marienberg.jpg|thumb|199px|Macluumaadka Dalxiiska Bad Marienberg]] Inta u dhaxaysa Bad Marienberg iyo xarunta fog ee Zinhain waa ''Basaltpark'', oo ah [[basalt|basalt]] [[quarry|god]] oo aan la isticmaalin kaas oo u furan dadweynaha oo lagu dhigay [[hiking|socodka]], looxyada macluumaadka ee ku saabsan [[geology|juqraafiyadda]], iyo [[museum|matxaf]]. Si toos ah u dhow ''Basaltpark'' waxaa laga helaa ''Wildpark Bad Marienberg'' (beerta duurjoogta). Inta u dhaxaysa Bad Marienberg iyo [[Nisterau|Nisterau Bach]] waa kaydka dabiiciga ah ee [[Bacher Lay]]. == Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha == === Dhaqaalaha === Bad Marienberg waa hoyga shirkadahan caalamiga ah ee ka shaqeeya: ''KEMPF Fahrzeugbau''<ref>[https://www.kempf.ag/index.php/en/ Fahrzeugbau KEMPF - English]. Bogga guriga. La helay June 2nd, 2015.</ref> ''LEBEK International Fashion Group''<ref>[http://lebek.de/en/lebek-the-house/virtual-tour.html Dalxiis dalwaddii - Lebek] {{Wayback|url=http://lebek.de/en/lebek-the-house/virtual-tour.html |date=20150602192352 }}. Lebek Bogga guriga. La helay June 2nd, 2015.</ref> ''MENK Apparatebau''<ref>[http://www.menk-gmbh.de/en/ MENK Apparatebau - Guriga]. La helay June 2nd, 2015.</ref> === Gaadiidka === Khadadka baska maxalliga ah 449, 455, 436, 464, 470, 483 iyo 962 waxay ku xiraan Bad Marienberg gaadiidka dadweynaha. Bad Marienberg waxay ku taal aagga ururka gaadiidka Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel (VRM), aagga 455 iyo 456. [[File:BadMarienbergWesterwaldBahnhofLangenbach2.jpg|thumb|right|Saldhigga tareenka ee hore ee Bad Marienberg]] Si toos ah u dhow magaalada waxaa ku yaal ''[[Bundesstraße]]'' 414 oo ka socda [[Driedorf]]-Hohenroth ilaa [[Altenkirchen (Westerwald)|Altenkirchen]]. Isgoyska [[Autobahn|Autobahn]] ee ugu dhow waa ''[[Burbach (Siegerland)|Haiger-Burbach]]'' ee [[Bundesautobahn 45|A 45]] ([[Dortmund]]–[[Gießen]]), qiyaastii 22&nbsp;km u jirta. Bad Marienberg waxaa lagu xiraa [[Oberwesterwaldbahn|Westerwald-Sieg-Bahn]] (RB90) tareenka (Limburg (Lahn) - [[Siegen]]) oo kaliya bas maxalli ah. [[Nistertal-Bad Marienberg station]] waxay ku taal tuulada [[Nistertal]], 6&nbsp;km u jirta Bad Marienberg. Saldhigga tareenka ee hore ee Bad Marienberg wuxuu ku yaallay kii hore [[Erbach - Fehl-Ritzhausen railway]], saldhigga Erbach waxaa loo magacaabay "Nistertal / Bad Marienberg". Bad Marienberg waxay ku taal Westerwaldsteig, wadada socodka iyo baaskiilka ee fog ee ka timaadda Herborn iyada oo loo marayo Rennerod, [[Westerburg]], Bad Marienberg iyo [[Hachenburg]]8 ilaa [[Bad Hönningen]]. Joogsiga [[InterCityExpress]] ee ugu dhow waa [[railway station|saldhigga tareenka]] ee Montabaur ee khadka tareenka [[Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line]], kaas oo qiyaastii 30&nbsp;km u jirta.<br /> Madaarka ugu dhow waa [[Siegerland Airport]] qiyaastii 15&nbsp;km waqooyi-bari ee Bad Marienberg.<br /> Tan iyo markii Siegerland Airport -laga bilaabo June 2015- uusan bixin wax duulimaad rakaab ah oo la qorsheeyay, garoomada caalamiga ah ee ugu dhow waa Frankfurt iyo [[Cologne Bonn Airport]], labaduba qiyaastii 100&nbsp;km u jira. === Warbaahinta === Bad Marienberg u dhow, [[T-Systems]] waxay maamushaa [[transmitter|transmitter]] loogu talagalay [[Very high frequency|VHF]] iyo [[television|telefishinka]] kaas oo leh 174-m oo sare oo xor ah oo taagan [[tubular steel|birta tuubada]] mast. [[Südwestrundfunk]] (SWR) waxay u dirtaa dhammaan afarteeda barnaamij ee raadiyaha halkan. Xagaagii 2008, u beddelashada [[Analog television|gudbinta TV-ga analogue]] ilaa [[DVB-T]] waa in la fuliyaa. Sidoo kale, ''[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]'' waxay maamushaa [[weather station|xarun cimilada]] si toos ah u dhow xaruntan gudbinta ee Bad Marienberg. === Europa-Haus === Bad Marienberg waxaa laga helaa laanta ugu weyn ee ''Europa-Haus'' ee 128 kale oo soo baxay. Waxaa lagu taageeraa deeq lacageed waxayna u adeegtaa sidii meel waxbarasho iyo kulan. == Dadka caanka ah == * [[Oliver Bimber]] (dhashay 1973), saynisyahan kombuyuutar iyo macallin jaamacadeed * [[Anette Rückes]], (dhashay 1951), [[track and field|ciyaaraha fudud]] * [[Frank Schimmelfennig]], (dhashay 1963), saynisyahan siyaasadeed == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Bad Marienberg (Westerwald)}} * [http://www.badmarienberg.de/ Magaalada Bad Marienberg] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.bad-marienberg.de/ Verbandsgemeinde Bad Marienberg] {{in lang|de}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510103244/http://www.europa-haus-marienberg.de/hauptindex.htm Europa-Haus Bad Marienberg] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.badmarienberg.de/cms/deutsch/die-stadt/geschichte/ Taariikhda magaalada] {{in lang|de}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005004748/http://cgi-host.uni-marburg.de/~hlgl/atlas/pdf/15a-b.pdf Horumarinta dhuleed ee Nassau] (pdf fayl) {{in lang|de}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071004214732/http://cgi-host.uni-marburg.de/~hlgl/atlas/id.cgi?ex=inhalt&page=2&current=29&id=29 Atlaska taariikhiga ah ee Hesse] (muujinta garaafka) {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} imkcqfxdgmdpyx58w6q8ytkzgnk57t0 1 49581 303091 2026-07-21T00:20:29Z Raganimo1 46590 Bog cusub: Faahfaahin kooban oo ku saabsan Beesha Reer Deer Siyaad: Beesha reer Deer Siyaad, waa jifo ka mid ah jifooyinka Beesha reer Iidow ee Howraarsame Amaanreer ee Mareexaan Sade. Beeshu waxa ay ka mid tahay todobada jifo ee ee ka kooban tahay Beesha reer Iidow, waxa ayna u kala baxdaa afar jilib oo kala; (1) Reer Cabdi Cumar. (2) Reer Cali Cumar. (3) Reer Cabdille Kheyre. (4) Iyo Reer Cabdille. Deegaana ahaan, waxa ay degtaa dhulka Jamhuuriyadda gaar ahaan gobolka Gedo, khaasatan d... 303091 wikitext text/x-wiki Faahfaahin kooban oo ku saabsan Beesha Reer Deer Siyaad: Beesha reer Deer Siyaad, waa jifo ka mid ah jifooyinka Beesha reer Iidow ee Howraarsame Amaanreer ee Mareexaan Sade. Beeshu waxa ay ka mid tahay todobada jifo ee ee ka kooban tahay Beesha reer Iidow, waxa ayna u kala baxdaa afar jilib oo kala; (1) Reer Cabdi Cumar. (2) Reer Cali Cumar. (3) Reer Cabdille Kheyre. (4) Iyo Reer Cabdille. Deegaana ahaan, waxa ay degtaa dhulka Jamhuuriyadda gaar ahaan gobolka Gedo, khaasatan deegaanka Daawo ee ay ku yaallaan magaalooyinka B/xaawo, Doolow iyo waliba magaalada Luuq. Sidoo kale, waxa ay degtaa deegaanka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan gobolka Liibaan Iyo waliba nawaaxiga magaalada weyn ee Negeyle. Beesha waxaa ka dhashay shaqsiyaad caan ka ahaa dhulka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan deegaanada ay Beesha Sade deggan tahay, waxaana ka mid duqii Cabdi Cumar, Garaad Xasan Cabdi, Xuseyn Ibrahim (Garey), Diiriye Cabdi G/sare Muxumed Xasan, G/sare Cabdiyare Ibrahim, G/dhexe Maxamuud Ibrahim iyo rag kale oo badan. Sidoo kale, Beesha waxaa ka dhashay siyaasiyiin iyo odoyaal Caan ah sida Xildhinaan Baalle Ibrahim, Cabdiqaadir Xuseyn Ibrahim (Dhegajuun) Suldaan Cabdi Xasan Cabdi iyo rag kale oo badan. ———————-Dhamaaad————— kcg7jf7k0ck3zs6g9lpv5s94ihdbqo0 0 49582 303093 2026-07-21T01:45:10Z Raganimo1 46590 Bog cusub: Faahfaahin kooban oo ku saabsan Beesha Reer Deer Siyaad: Beesha reer Deer Siyaad, waa jifo ka mid ah jifooyinka Beesha reer Iidow ee Howraarsame Amaanreer ee Mareexaan Sade. Beeshu waxa ay ka mid tahay todobada jifo ee ee ka kooban tahay Beesha reer Iidow ee kala ah;Deer Siyaad, Hagar, Cawl, Warsame, Guuleed, Samatar iyo Cigaal Diirshe. Beesha Deer Siyaad, waxa ay u kala baxdaa afar jilib oo kala; (1) Reer Cabdi Cumar. (2) Reer Cali Cumar. (3) Reer Cabdille Kheyre. (4) Iyo R... 303093 wikitext text/x-wiki Faahfaahin kooban oo ku saabsan Beesha Reer Deer Siyaad: Beesha reer Deer Siyaad, waa jifo ka mid ah jifooyinka Beesha reer Iidow ee Howraarsame Amaanreer ee Mareexaan Sade. Beeshu waxa ay ka mid tahay todobada jifo ee ee ka kooban tahay Beesha reer Iidow ee kala ah;Deer Siyaad, Hagar, Cawl, Warsame, Guuleed, Samatar iyo Cigaal Diirshe. Beesha Deer Siyaad, waxa ay u kala baxdaa afar jilib oo kala; (1) Reer Cabdi Cumar. (2) Reer Cali Cumar. (3) Reer Cabdille Kheyre. (4) Iyo Reer Cabdille. Deegaana ahaan, waxa ay degtaa dhulka Jamhuuriyadda gaar ahaan gobolka Gedo, khaasatan deegaanka Daawo ee ay ku yaallaan magaalooyinka B/xaawo, Doolow iyo waliba magaalada Luuq. Sidoo kale, waxa ay degtaa deegaanka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan gobolka Liibaan Iyo waliba nawaaxiga magaalada weyn ee Negeyle. Beesha waxaa ka dhashay shaqsiyaad caan ka ahaa dhulka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan deegaanada ay Beesha Sade deggan tahay, waxaana ka mid duqii Cabdi Cumar, Garaad Xasan Cabdi, Xuseyn Ibrahim (Garey), Diiriye Cabdi G/sare Muxumed Xasan, G/sare Cabdiyare Ibrahim, G/dhexe Maxamuud Ibrahim iyo rag kale oo badan. Sidoo kale, Beesha waxaa ka dhashay siyaasiyiin iyo odoyaal Caan ah sida Xildhinaan Baalle Ibrahim, Cabdiqaadir Xuseyn Ibrahim (Dhegajuun) Suldaan Cabdi Xasan Cabdi iyo rag kale oo badan. ———————-Dhamaaad————— o0vjsxfo6zl9oddjvnc8n6nj34qhvnc 0 49583 303100 2026-07-21T10:05:19Z Bedennf89 46550 Bog cusub: {{Short description|Irish mixed martial artist (born 1988)}} {{pp-blp|small=yes}} {{Use Hiberno-English|date=November 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Conor McGregor | image = Conor McGregor 2025.jpeg | image_size = | caption = McGregor in 2025 | children = 4 | criminal_charges = 20+, including driving offences and assault<ref name=2yrban /><ref name=ie-conor-mcgregor-avoids-jail-for-assa... 303100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Irish mixed martial artist (born 1988)}} {{pp-blp|small=yes}} {{Use Hiberno-English|date=November 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Conor McGregor | image = Conor McGregor 2025.jpeg | image_size = | caption = McGregor in 2025 | children = 4 | criminal_charges = 20+, including driving offences and assault<ref name=2yrban /><ref name=ie-conor-mcgregor-avoids-jail-for-assault /> | birth_name = Conor Anthony McGregor | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|7|14}} | birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland | other_names = Notorious | occupation = {{hlist|[[Mixed martial artist]]|businessman}} | spouse = {{marriage|Dee Devlin|2025}} | relatives = [[Keith Buckley (footballer)|Keith Buckley]] (cousin)<br>[[Warren Davis (footballer)|Warren Davis]] (cousin) | website = {{URL|conormcgregor.com}} | module = {{Infobox martial artist | embed = yes | height = 5 ft 8 in | weight = 170 lb | weight_class = [[Featherweight (MMA)|Featherweight]] (2008–2015)<br/>[[Lightweight (MMA)|Lightweight]] (2008–2012, 2016–2018, 2021-present)<br/>[[Welterweight (MMA)|Welterweight]] (2016, 2020, 2026) | reach = 74 in<ref name=ufcprofile>{{cite web|url=https://www.ufc.com/athlete/conor-mcgregor |title=Conor McGregor |publisher=UFC – Ultimate Fighting Championship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825234937/http://www.ufc.com/fighter/Conor-McGregor |archive-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fightmetric.com/fighter-details/f4c49976c75c5ab2 |title=Conor McGregor |website=FightMetric}}</ref> | style = | stance = Southpaw | rank = Black belt in [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/09/ufc-news-conor-mcgregor-awarded-brazilian-jiu-jitsu-black-belt |title=Conor McGregor Promoted To BJJ Black Belt|publisher=MMA Junkie |first=Simon|last=Samano |date=4 September 2023}}</ref> under [[John Kavanagh (martial artist)|John Kavanagh]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blackett |first1=Todd |title=Conor McGregor Promoted To BJJ Black Belt |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/conor-mcgregor-promoted-to-bjj-black-belt/ |website=Jitsmagazine |date=5 September 2023 |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> | team = [[Straight Blast Gym Ireland|SBG Ireland]] | trainer = {{unbulleted list|[[John Kavanagh (martial artist)|John Kavanagh]] (head coach)<ref>{{cite news|title=McGregor Plans On UFC Return This j0e60ehyq9c60igy1z5zmjuxjeujrul 4 49584 303110 2026-07-21T15:29:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303110 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Codsi maamule== Salaan sare asxaabta Waxaan doonayaa inaan codsado xilka maamule ku meel gaar ah si aan gacan uga geysto ilaalinta iyo horumarinta Wikipedia Soomaaliga Maalmahan waxaa jiray maqaallo si khaldan wax looga beddelay ama gebi ahaanba la masaxay taasoo dhaawac u geysaneysa tayada iyo kalsoonida bogga Ujeedadaydu waa inaan difaaco maqaallada muhiimka ah aan saxdo khaladaadka muuqda isla markaana aan hubiyo in macluumaadka lagu soo gudbiyo si hufan oo lagu kalsoonaan karo Waxaan rajeynayaa in bulshada tafatirayaasha ay iga taageerto codsigan si aan wadajir ugu ilaalino tayada iyo sumcadda Wikipedia Soomaaliga Mahadsanidiin [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] ([[User talk:Isma4l|wadahadal]]) 15:22, 21 Luulyo 2026 (UTC) 3fha3rx1qa2us1wmh0zd0xx21c4y2za 828 49585 303115 2026-07-21T15:38:57Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local conf = require( "Module:Science redirect/conf" ) local p = {} function p.R(frame) local template = mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args[1], ' ', '_') if conf.templates[template] then return p._main(frame, 'R_' .. template, conf.templates[template].name, conf.templates[template].from, conf.templates[template].to, conf.templates[template].category, conf.templates[template].info, conf.templates[template].removeA) elseif template then return '<span class="error">The template '..... 303115 Scribunto text/plain local conf = require( "Module:Science redirect/conf" ) local p = {} function p.R(frame) local template = mw.ustring.gsub(frame.args[1], ' ', '_') if conf.templates[template] then return p._main(frame, 'R_' .. template, conf.templates[template].name, conf.templates[template].from, conf.templates[template].to, conf.templates[template].category, conf.templates[template].info, conf.templates[template].removeA) elseif template then return '<span class="error">The template '..template..'is not valid.</span>\n' else return '<span class="error">No template specified</span>\n' end end function p.list(frame) local outstr = "" local ocats={} for k, v in pairs(conf.cats) do if(v[2]) then ocats[v[2]] = v[1] end end for k, v in pairs(ocats) do local h = mw.ustring.match(v, ".*%s(.*)") local catTitle = mw.title.new((h .. " redirects"), 14):getContent() and (h .. " redirects") or (k .. " redirects") outstr = outstr .. "\n=== " .. frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'cl', args = { catTitle, (mw.language.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(catTitle)), count = "yes" } } .. " ===\n" for kk, vv in pairs (conf.templates) do outstr = outstr .. "*" .. frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'cl', args = { ("Redirects " .. vv.category .. " of " .. k), count = "yes" } } .. "\n" end end return outstr end function p._main(frame, id, name, from, to, category, info, removeA) --initialize variables local args = frame:getParent().args local singleNoun, pluralNoun = '', '' local outStr = '' --Check for known parameter 1 local cat = mw.ustring.match(mw.ustring.lower(args[1] or 'none'), '^(.-)s?$') if conf.cats[cat] then singleNoun, pluralNoun = conf.cats[cat][1], conf.cats[cat][2] else singleNoun, pluralNoun = 'an organism' outStr = '[[Category:Redirects '..category..' using unknown values for parameter 1]]' end --strip article from singleNoun if removeA is true if removeA == true then if singleNoun == 'an organism' then singleNoun = '' else singleNoun = (mw.ustring.match(singleNoun, '^an? (.*)$') or singleNoun) end end --support alternative indications for printworthy if args[2] == 'unprintworthy' or args['unprintworthy'] == 'true' then args['printworthy'] = 'no' end --build template arguments local main_category = 'Redirects '..category if pluralNoun then main_category = main_category..' of '..pluralNoun end local outArgs = { id = id, name = mw.ustring.gsub(name, '$1', singleNoun), from = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(from, '$1', singleNoun), '$2', (pluralNoun or 'organisms')), to = mw.ustring.gsub(mw.ustring.gsub(to, '$1', singleNoun), '$2', (pluralNoun or 'organisms')), ['main category'] = main_category, printworthy = (args['printworthy'] or 'yes'), info = info, } --build output string if frame.args['debug'] == 'true' then local debugStr = '{{Redirect template<br />\n' for k,v in pairs( outArgs ) do debugStr = debugStr..'| '..k..' = '..v..'<br />\n' end outStr = debugStr..'}}'..frame:extensionTag{ name = 'nowiki', content = outStr} else outStr = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Redirect template', args = outArgs }..outStr end return outStr end return p hhim79ligzenzu1i9hbpgylbk9hu7d2 828 49586 303116 2026-07-21T15:39:29Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} p.templates = { --name, from, to, category, and info are parameters of {{Redirect template}} --category will have "Redirects " appended to the beginning and, if there is a subcategory specified, " of " and the subcategory name appended to the end --$1 will be replaced with the singular form of the subcategory name, e.g. "a plant", "an insect", "a fish"; "an organism" will be used if no subcategory applies --$2 will be replaced with the plural form of the sub... 303116 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} p.templates = { --name, from, to, category, and info are parameters of {{Redirect template}} --category will have "Redirects " appended to the beginning and, if there is a subcategory specified, " of " and the subcategory name appended to the end --$1 will be replaced with the singular form of the subcategory name, e.g. "a plant", "an insect", "a fish"; "an organism" will be used if no subcategory applies --$2 will be replaced with the plural form of the subcategory name, e.g. "plants", "insects", "fish"; "organisms" will be used if no subcategory applies --removeA should be set to true if the "a" or "an" should be removed from the singular form of the subcategory, e.g. "plant", "insect", "fish"; "an organism" will not be used if removeA = true from_alternative_scientific_name = { name = 'From alternative scientific name of $1', from = 'an alternative scientific name of $1 (or group of $2)', to = 'the accepted scientific name', category = 'from alternative scientific names', }, to_scientific_name = { name = 'To scientific name of $1', from = 'a [[Common name|vernacular ("common") name]]', to = 'the [[biological nomenclature|scientific name]] of $1 (or group of $2)', category = 'to scientific names', }, from_scientific_name = { name = 'From scientific name of $1', from = 'a [[biological nomenclature|scientific name]] of $1 (or group of $2)', to = 'a [[Common name|vernacular ("common") name]]', category = 'from scientific names', }, to_monotypic_taxon = { name = 'To a monotypic taxon', from = 'the only lower-ranking member of a monotypic $1 taxon', to = 'its monotypic taxon', category = 'to monotypic taxa', info = "In a biology-related article, when for example a genus has only one species, the [[binomial name]] may be a redirect to the genus.\n** Use {{[[:Template:R from monotypic taxon|R from monotypic taxon]]}} instead when making a redirect ''from'' a monotypic taxon ''to'' its only member, for example, from a family name to its sole genus.", removeA = true, }, from_monotypic_taxon = { name = 'From a monotypic taxon', from = 'a monotypic $1 taxon', to = 'its only lower-ranking member', category = 'from monotypic taxa', info = "In a biology-related article, when for example a family has only one genus, the family may be a redirect to the genus.\n** Use {{[[:Template:R to monotypic taxon|R to monotypic taxon]]}} when making a redirect ''to'' a monotypic taxon ''from'' its only member, for example, from a species to the genus of which it is the only member.", removeA = true, }, } p.cats = { -- List entries minus any trailing 's', e.g. "fungus" should be listed as "fungu" -- The first parameter is the singular form of the subcategory name with its indefinite article, e.g. "a plant", "an insect", "a fish". See $1 above. -- The second parameter, if it exists, is the plural form of the subcategory name, e.g. "plants", "insects", "fish". See $2 above. -- If the second parameter is missing, the subcategory name will be used in the explanatory text but not in the categorization of the redirect. whale = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, wasp = {'an insect', 'insects'}, viruse = {'a virus', 'viruses'}, viru = {'a virus', 'viruses'}, turtle = {'a reptile', 'reptiles'}, squid = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, spider = {'a spider', 'spiders'}, snake = {'a reptile', 'reptiles'}, snail = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, slug = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, shark = {'a fish', 'fish'}, rodent = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, reptile = {'a reptile', 'reptiles'}, pterosaur = {'a reptile', 'reptiles'}, protist = {'a microorganism', 'microorganisms'}, primate = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, plant = {'a plant', 'plants'}, octopuse = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, octopu = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, octopi = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, moth = {'an insect', 'insects'}, mollusc = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, mollusk = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, microorganism = {'a microorganism', 'microorganisms'}, microbe = {'a microorganism', 'microorganisms'}, mammal = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, lepidoptera= {'an insect', 'insects'}, insect = {'an insect', 'insects'}, horse = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, gastropod = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, fungu = {'a fungus', 'fungi'}, fungi = {'a fungus', 'fungi'}, frog = {'an amphibian', 'amphibians'}, fly = {'an insect', 'insects'}, flie = {'an insect', 'insects'}, fishe = {'a fish', 'fish'}, fish = {'a fish', 'fish'}, dolphin = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, dog = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, dinosaur = {'a reptile', 'reptiles'}, crustacean = {'a crustacean', 'crustaceans'}, cephalopod = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, cat = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, butterfly = {'an insect', 'insects'}, butterflie = {'an insect', 'insects'}, bivalve = {'a mollusc', 'molluscs'}, bird = {'a bird', 'birds'}, beetle = {'an insect', 'insects'}, bee = {'an insect', 'insects'}, bat = {'a mammal', 'mammals'}, bacteria = {'a bacterium', 'bacteria'}, bacterium = {'a bacterium', 'bacteria'}, arthropod = {'an arthropod', 'arthropods'}, arachnid = {'an arthropod', 'arthropods'}, archaea = {'a microorganism', 'microorganisms'}, ant = {'an insect', 'insects'}, animal = {'an animal', 'animals'}, amphibian = {'an amphibian', 'amphibians'}, algae = {'an alga', 'algae'}, alga = {'an alga', 'algae'}, none = {'an organism'}, } return p q94kgb8cbmfula3acbmy8bm60pgridh 10 49587 303118 2026-07-21T15:44:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303118 wikitext text/x-wiki background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> jhg2o3vt260rreflr1089q83rv86b1f 10 49588 303120 2026-07-21T15:48:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303120 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:#if: {{{1|}}} | {{safesubst:#invoke:Find country|main|string={{{1|}}}|match={{{match|}}}|nomatch={{{nomatch|}}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> nbrr6sj638b8hoevh29y2dvkl5n3jih 828 49589 303121 2026-07-21T15:49:12Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: --[[ v1.00 Test the string against the list of countries/continents. Return the first word which matches a country/continent name ... unless the "match=" parameter specifies a different match. If there is no match, then return an empty string ... unless the "nomatch" parameter specifies something different ]] local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local p = {} -- config local nomatch = "" local matchnum = 1 local countryList = { 'South Af... 303121 Scribunto text/plain --[[ v1.00 Test the string against the list of countries/continents. Return the first word which matches a country/continent name ... unless the "match=" parameter specifies a different match. If there is no match, then return an empty string ... unless the "nomatch" parameter specifies something different ]] local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local p = {} -- config local nomatch = "" local matchnum = 1 local countryList = { 'South Africa', 'the Central African Republic', 'Central African Republic', 'Africa', 'Antarctica', 'Central Asia', 'South Asia', 'South East Asia', 'Southeast Asia', 'Asia', 'the Caribbean', 'Caribbean', 'Eurasia', 'Europe', 'the Middle East', 'Middle East', 'Central America', 'North America', 'South America', 'Oceania', 'the Americas', 'Afghanistan', 'Albania', 'Algeria', 'American Samoa', 'Andorra', 'Angola', 'Anguilla', 'Antigua and Barbuda', 'Argentina', 'Armenia', 'Aruba', 'Australia', 'the Austrian Empire', 'Austrian Empire', 'Austria-Hungary', 'Austria', 'Azerbaijan', 'the Bahamas', 'Bahamas', 'Bahrain', 'Bangladesh', 'Barbados', 'Belarus', 'Belgium', 'Belize', 'Benin', 'Bermuda', 'Bhutan', 'Bolivia', 'Bosnia and Herzegovina', 'Botswana', 'Brazil', 'Brunei Darussalam', 'Brunei', 'Bulgaria', 'Burkina Faso', 'Burundi', 'Cambodia', 'Cameroon', 'Canada', 'Cape Verde', 'the Cayman Islands', 'Cayman Islands', 'Chad', 'Chile', "the People's Republic of China", "People's Republic of China", 'China PR', 'PR China', 'China', 'Colombia', 'Comoros', 'the Republic of the Congo', 'the Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'Democratic Republic of the Congo', 'Congo DR', 'DR Congo', 'DRC', 'the Congo', 'Congo', 'Cook Islands', 'Costa Rica', 'Croatia', 'Cuba', 'Curaçao', 'Curacao', 'Cyprus', 'the Czech Republic', 'Czech Republic', 'Czechia', 'Denmark', 'Djibouti', 'the Dominican Republic', 'Dominican Republic', 'Dominica', 'East Timor', 'Timor-Leste', 'Ecuador', 'Egypt', 'El Salvador', 'England', 'Eritrea', 'Estonia', 'Eswatini', 'Ethiopia', 'the Falkland Islands', 'Falkland Islands', 'the Faroe Islands', 'Faroe Islands', 'Fiji', 'Finland', 'France', 'Gabon', 'the Gambia', 'Gambia', 'Georgia (country)', 'Georgia', 'Germany', 'Ghana', 'Gibraltar', 'Great Britain', 'Britain', 'Greece', 'Grenada', 'Guam', 'Guatemala', 'Papua New Guinea', 'Equatorial Guinea', 'Guinea-Bissau', 'Guinea', 'Guyana', 'Haiti', 'Honduras', 'Hong Kong', 'Hungary', 'Iceland', 'India', 'Indonesia', 'Iran', 'Iraq', 'Northern Ireland', 'the Republic of Ireland', 'Republic of Ireland', 'Ireland', 'Israel', 'Italy', 'Ivory Coast', "Côte d'Ivoire", 'Jamaica', 'Japan', 'Jordan', 'Kazakhstan', 'Kenya', 'Kiribati', 'Kosovo', 'the Republic of Kosovo', 'Republic of Kosovo', 'Kuwait', 'Kyrgyzstan', 'the Kyrgyz Republic', 'Kyrgyz Republic', "the Lao People's Democratic Republic", "Lao People's Democratic Republic", 'Laos', 'Latvia', 'Lebanon', 'Lesotho', 'Liberia', 'Libya', 'Liechtenstein', 'Lithuania', 'Luxembourg', 'Macau', 'the Republic of Macedonia', 'Republic of Macedonia', 'North Macedonia', 'Macedonia', 'Madagascar', 'Malawi', 'Malaysia', 'the Maldives', 'Maldives', 'Mali', 'Malta', 'the Marshall Islands', 'Marshall Islands', 'Mauritania', 'Mauritius', 'Mexico', 'the Federated States of Micronesia', 'Federated States of Micronesia', 'Micronesia', 'FSM', 'Moldova', 'Monaco', 'Mongolia', 'Montenegro', 'Montserrat', 'Morocco', 'Mozambique', 'Myanmar', 'Namibia', 'Nauru', 'Nepal', 'the Netherlands', 'Netherlands', 'New Caledonia', 'New Zealand', 'Nicaragua', 'Nigeria', 'Niger', 'North Korea', "the People's Democratic Republic of Korea", "the Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "People's Democratic Republic of Korea", 'DPR Korea', 'Korea DPR', 'Norway', 'Oman', 'the Ottoman Empire', 'Ottoman Empire', 'Ottoman Egypt', 'Pakistan', 'Palau', 'Mandatory Palestine', 'Palestine', 'the Palestinian territories', 'Palestinian territories', 'Panama', 'Paraguay', 'Peru', 'the Philippines', 'Philippines', 'Poland', 'Portugal', 'Puerto Rico', 'the Spanish Virgin Islands', 'Spanish Virgin Islands', 'Qatar', 'Romania', 'the Russian Empire', 'Russian Empire', 'the Russian Federation', 'Russian Federation', 'Russia', 'Rwanda', 'Saint Kitts and Nevis', 'Saint Lucia', 'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines', 'Western Samoa', 'Samoa', 'San Marino', 'São Tomé and Príncipe', 'São Tomé and Príncipe', 'Sao Tome and Principe', 'Saudi Arabia', 'Scotland', 'Senegal', 'Serbia', 'Seychelles', 'Sierra Leone', 'Singapore', 'Slovakia', 'Slovenia', 'the Solomon Islands', 'Solomon Islands', 'Somalia', 'South Korea', 'the Republic of Korea', 'Korea Republic', 'South Sudan', 'Sudan', 'Spain', 'Sri Lanka', 'Suriname', 'Swaziland', 'Sweden', 'Switzerland', 'Syria', 'Tahiti', 'the Republic of China', 'Republic of China', 'Taiwan', 'Tajikistan', 'Tanzania', 'Thailand', 'Togo', 'Tonga', 'Trinidad and Tobago', 'Trinidad', 'Tobago', 'Tunisia', 'Turkey', 'Turkmenistan', 'Turks and Caicos Islands', 'Tuvalu', 'Uganda', 'Ukraine', 'the United Arab Emirates', 'the UAE', 'the U.A.E.', 'United Arab Emirates', 'UAE', 'U.A.E.', 'the United Kingdom', 'United Kingdom', 'the UK', 'the U.K.', 'UK', 'U.K.', 'the United States of America', 'the United States', 'the USA', 'the U.S.A.', 'United States of America', 'United States', 'US', 'U.S.', 'USA', 'U.S.A.', 'America', 'Uruguay', 'Uzbekistan', 'Vanuatu', 'Venezuela', 'Vietnam', 'the British Virgin Islands', 'British Virgin Islands', 'UK Virgin Islands', 'U.K. Virgin Islands', 'the United States Virgin Islands', 'the US Virgin Islands', 'the U.S. Virgin Islands', 'United States Virgin Islands', 'US Virgin Islands', 'U.S. Virgin Islands', 'the Virgin Islands', 'Virgin Islands', 'Wales', 'Yemen', 'Yugoslavia', 'Zambia', 'Zimbabwe', 'Find country/testcases' } -- returns the name of a country that is found in the string -- ... or an empty string if there is no match function findcountryinstring(str) nMatches = 0 myMatches ={} str=" " .. str:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") .. " " -- check agaist each country -- if there is a match, then return that country for i, thiscountry in ipairs(countryList) do if mw.ustring.find(str, thiscountry) then nMatches = nMatches + 1 myMatches[nMatches] = thiscountry end end if (nMatches == 0) then -- none of the title words matches a whole country return nomatch end if ((matchnum >= 1) and (matchnum <= nMatches)) then return myMatches[matchnum] end if (matchnum < 0) then matchnum = matchnum + 1 -- so that -1 is the last match etc if ((matchnum + nMatches) >= 1) then return myMatches[matchnum + nMatches] end end -- if we get here, we have not found a match at the position specified by "matchnum" return nomatch end function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) if (args['nomatch'] ~= nil) then nomatch = args['nomatch'] end -- by default, we return the first match -- but the optional "C" paarmeter sets the "matchnum" variable, which -- * for a positive matchnum "n", returns the nth match if it exists -- * for a positive matchnum "n", returns (if it exists) the nth match -- counting backwards from the end. -- So "match=-1" returns the last match -- and "match=-3" returns the 3rd-last match if (args['match'] ~= nil) then matchnum = tonumber(args['match']) if ((matchnum == nil) or (matchnum == 0)) then matchnum = 1 end end -- by default, we use the current page -- but if the "string=" parameters is supplied, we use that -- so we try the parameter first thispagename = nil if ((args['string'] ~= nil) and (args['string'] ~= "")) then -- we have a non-empty "string" parameter, so we use it thisstring = args['string'] else -- get the page title thispage = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() thisstring = thispage.text; end -- now check the pagename to try to find a country result = findcountryinstring(thisstring) if (result == "") then return nomatch end return result end return p gm2yjs2xfpt3v5mp9520uf6uvflu6qn 10 49590 303123 2026-07-21T15:52:40Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .monospaced { /* "monospace, monospace" per [[WP:MONO]] */ font-family: monospace, monospace; } 303123 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .monospaced { /* "monospace, monospace" per [[WP:MONO]] */ font-family: monospace, monospace; } np4jqak6c9salmg4ht0lxddkoh7wqt0 10 49591 303124 2026-07-21T15:53:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Country data {{{1}}}|Politician icon2|size={{{2|}}}}}<noinclude>[[Category:Data templates]]</noinclude> iez19rakn9t4x0sw070kjzlim4lpgj9 10 49592 303125 2026-07-21T15:54:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303125 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="vertical-align:middle; background:transparent; color:inherit;">[[Image:{{{flag alias}}}|{{{noborder|border}}}|{{{size|38}}}x{{{size|38}}}px|alt=Flag of {{{alias}}}]]<span style="margin-left:-{{{size|40}}}px;">[[Image:Crystal personal.svg|{{{size|40}}}x30px|alt=Politician icon]]</span></span><noinclude>[[Category:Data templates]]</noinclude> sfx2ebrnnx0j7it2jfnazswj6n4eoah 10 49593 303126 2026-07-21T15:54:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 303126 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{option|1}}}|0||{{userbox |float={{{float|left}}} |bodyclass={{{bodyclass|}}} |info-class={{{info-class|}}} |border-c={{{border-c|#0645AD}}} |id={{{id|[[File:{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|{{{herald|}}}{{!}}60x41px|{{{image|Flag of {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}.svg}}}{{!}}{{{width|}}}x45px}}]]}}} |id-a={{{id-a|{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|center|left}}}}} |id-c={{{id-c|{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|{{{color|white}}}|{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{color|white}}}|{{{border-c|#0645AD}}}}}}}}}} |id-p={{{id-p|{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|1px 0 1px 4px|}}}}} |id-w={{{id-w|{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|45|60}}}}} |info={{{info|{{#switch:{{{option|1}}} |A={{{activity|{{{title|'''Error!'''}}}}}} |ROL=[[Outline of {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}|'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">Outline of {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span 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style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |11=This user is proud to be a resident native citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |12=This user is a proud resident native citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |13=This user is a resident native citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span 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style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{nation|}}}</span>]] living in {{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]|resident citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}}}. |17=This user is a proud naturalized {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|citizen of {{#if:{{{nthe|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{nation|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{nation|}}}</span>]] living in {{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]|resident citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}}}. |18=This user is a naturalized {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|citizen of {{#if:{{{nthe|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{nation|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{nation|}}}</span>]] living in {{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]|resident citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}}}. |19=This user is a resident citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |20=This user is a citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |21=This user is a nonresident citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |22=This user is a nonresident native citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |23=This user is a proud native citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |24=This user is a native citizen of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |31=This user is a resident native citizen interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |32=This user is a resident citizen interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |33=This user is a resident interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |34=This user is a citizen interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |35=This user is a native interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |36=This user is a descendant interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |37=This user is a former resident interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |38=This user is interested in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |41=This user {{#ifeq:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|none|wishes to create|{{#switch:{{{member|participant}}} |coordinator=coordinates |participant={{#if:{{{cpro|}}}|[[:Category:{{{cpro|}}} participants|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>participates</span>]]|participates}} in |volunteer={{#if:{{{cpro|}}}|[[:Category:{{{cpro|}}} volunteers|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>volunteers</span>]]|volunteers}} with |member=is a {{#if:{{{cpro|}}}|[[:Category:{{{cpro|}}} participants|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>member</span>]]|member}} of}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{main|}}}|Tambayan Philippines|<br/>'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:Tambayan Philippines|Tambayan Philippines]]</span>'''|{{#if:{{#switch:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|WikiProject|none=yes}}|<br/>'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt;{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">WikiProject {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}</span>}}]]'''|&#32;the<br/>'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}/{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}} {{{group|}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}} {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{group|}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}}}]]</span>'''}}}}. |42={{#ifeq:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|none|Please help create|This user {{#ifeq:{{{wpm|cat}}}|cat|invites you to join|[[{{{wpm|{{{wpa|}}}}}}|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>invites you to join</span>]]}}}}&#32;{{#ifeq:{{{main|}}}|Tambayan Philippines|<br/>'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:Tambayan Philippines|Tambayan Philippines]]</span>'''|{{#if:{{#switch:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|WikiProject|none=yes}}|<br/>'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt;{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">WikiProject {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}</span>}}]]'''|&#32;the&#32;'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}/{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}} {{{group|}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}} {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{group|}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}}}]]</span>'''}}}}. |51=This user is a proud native of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |52=This user is a native of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |53=This user is a nonresident native of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |54=This user was born in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |55=This user is proud to be {{#if:{{{demonym|}}}|{{{an|a}}}<br/><span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">{{{demonym|}}}</span>]]&#8202;!</span>|from {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]&#8202;!</span>}} |56=This user is {{#if:{{{demonym|}}}|{{{an|a}}}<br/><span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">{{{demonym|}}}</span>]].</span>|from {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]].</span>}} |61=This user is of [[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{adj|{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}}}}</span>]] ancestry. |62=This user is of [[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{adj|{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}}}}</span>]] descent. |63=This user is of [[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{adj|{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}}}}</span>]] heritage. |64=An ancestor of this user was born in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |65=This user loves the people of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |66=This user loves the culture of {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span 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style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |74=This user has visited {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |75=This user frequently visits {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |76=This user wishes to visit {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |77=This user has hiked in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |78=This user has hiked to the [[Lists of highest points|{{#if:{{{info-fc|}}}|<span style="color:{{{info-fc|}}};">}}highest point{{#if:{{{info-fc|}}}|</span>}}]] in {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |79=This user has visited the lowest point of 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|id-c={{{id-c|{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|{{{color|white}}}|{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{color|white}}}|{{{border-c|#0645AD}}}}}}}}}} |id-p={{{id-p|{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|1px 0 1px 4px|}}}}} |id-w={{{id-w|{{#if:{{{herald|}}}|45|60}}}}} |info={{{info|{{#switch:{{{option|1}}} |A={{{activity|{{{title|'''Qalad!'''}}}}}} |ROL=[[Outline of {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}|'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">Saan-sheegga {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}</span>''']]. |RWP='''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">{{#ifeq:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|WikiProject|[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}|Wikibidhaaq {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}]]|[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}/{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}} {{{group|}}}|{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}} {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{group|}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}]]}}</span>'''. |option|1=Isticmaalahan {{{activity|wuxuu ku nool yahay}}} {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |2=Isticmaalahan wuxuu degan yahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |3=Isticmaalahan wuxuu deganaan sharci ah ku leeyahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |4=Isticmaalahan wuxuu si ku-meel-gaar ah uga degan yahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |5=Isticmaalahan waa arday ka tirsan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |6=Isticmaalahan inta badan wuxuu ka wax ka bartaa {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |7=Isticmaalahan inta badan wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |8=Isticmaalahan inta badan wuxuu ku nool yahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |9=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ku dhiirran yahay inuu yahay muwaadin degan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |10=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin degan oo ku dhiirran {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |11=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ku dhiirran yahay inuu yahay muwaadin u dhalad ah oo degan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |12=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin u dhalad ah oo degan oo ku dhiirran {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |13=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin u dhalad ah oo degan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |14=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin degan oo nafta oo dhan u joogay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |15=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ka dhashay wuxuuna ku nool yahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |16=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ku dhiirran yahay inuu yahay muwaadin loo jinsiyadeeyay {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|muwaadin ka tirsan {{#if:{{{nthe|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{nation|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{nation|}}}</span>]] oo ku nool {{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]|muwaadin degan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}}}. |17=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin ku dhiirran oo loo jinsiyadeeyay {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|muwaadin ka tirsan {{#if:{{{nthe|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{nation|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{nation|}}}</span>]] oo ku nool {{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]|muwaadin degan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}}}. |18=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin loo jinsiyadeeyay {{#if:{{{nation|}}}|muwaadin ka tirsan {{#if:{{{nthe|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{nation|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{nation|}}}</span>]] oo ku nool {{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]|muwaadin degan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|{{{the|}}}&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}}}. |19=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin degan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |20=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin ka tirsan {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |21=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin aan deganayn {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |22=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin u dhalad ah oo aan deganayn {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |23=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin u dhalad ah oo ku dhiirran {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |24=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin u dhalad ah {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |31=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin u dhalad ah oo degan kuna xiiso leh {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |32=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin degan oo xiiso u haya {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |33=Isticmaalahan waa reer degan oo xiiso u haya {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |34=Isticmaalahan waa muwaadin xiiso u haya {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |35=Isticmaalahan waa u dhalad xiiso u haya {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |36=Isticmaalahan waa awlaad xiiso u haya {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |37=Isticmaalahan waa qof hore u deganaan jiray oo xiiso u haya {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |38=Isticmaalahan wuxuu xiiseeyaa {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |41=Isticmaalahan {{#ifeq:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|none|wuxuu doonayaa inuu abuuro|{{#switch:{{{member|participant}}} |coordinator=wuxuu isku duba ridaa |participant={{#if:{{{cpro|}}}|[[:Category:{{{cpro|}}} participants|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>wuxuu ka qaybqaataa</span>]]|wuxuu ka qaybqaataa}} |volunteer={{#if:{{{cpro|}}}|[[:Category:{{{cpro|}}} volunteers|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>wuxuu iskii u caawiyaa</span>]]|wuxuu iskii u caawiyaa}} |member=waa {{#if:{{{cpro|}}}|[[:Category:{{{cpro|}}} participants|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>xubintii</span>]]|xubintii}} ka tirsan}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{main|}}}|Tambayan Philippines|<br/>'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:Tambayan Philippines|Tambayan Philippines]]</span>'''|{{#if:{{#switch:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|WikiProject|none=yes}}|<br/>'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt;{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">Wikibidhaaq {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}</span>}}]]'''|&#32;ee<br/>'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}/{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}} {{{group|}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}} {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{group|}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}}}]]</span>'''}}}}. |42={{#ifeq:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|none|Fadlan caawi abuurista|Isticmaalahan {{#ifeq:{{{wpm|cat}}}|cat|wuxuu kuugu invite-garaynayaa inaad ku biirto|[[{{{wpm|{{{wpa|}}}}}}|<span {{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|style="color:{{{link-c|white}}};"}}>wuxuu kuugu kaalay inaad ku biirto</span>]]}}}}&#32;{{#ifeq:{{{main|}}}|Tambayan Philippines|<br/>'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:Tambayan Philippines|Tambayan Philippines]]</span>'''|{{#if:{{#switch:{{{group|WikiProject}}}|WikiProject|none=yes}}|<br/>'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt;{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">Wikibidhaaq {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}</span>}}]]'''|&#32;ee&#32;'''<span style="font-size:{{{wp-s|10}}}pt">[[Wikipedia:WikiProject {{{main|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}/{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}} {{{group|}}}|{{#if:{{{wpa|}}}|{{{wpa|}}}|{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{sub|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}} {{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||<span style="white-space:nowrap">}}{{{group|}}}{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||</span>}}}}]]</span>'''}}}}. |51=Isticmaalahan waa qof u dhalad ah oo ku dhiirran {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |52=Isticmaalahan waa qof u dhalad ah {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |53=Isticmaalahan waa qof u dhalad ah oo aan deganayn {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |54=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ku dhashay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |55=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ku dhiirran yahay inuu yahay {{#if:{{{demonym|}}}|{{{an|a}}}<br/><span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">{{{demonym|}}}</span>]]&#8202;!</span>|oo ka yimid {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]&#8202;!</span>}} |56=Isticmaalahan waa {{#if:{{{demonym|}}}|{{{an|a}}}<br/><span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">{{{demonym|}}}</span>]].</span>|oo ka yimid {{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}font-size:{{{d-s|10}}}pt;">[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-weight:bold;letter-spacing=0.1em;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]].</span>}} |61=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ka soo jeedaa awoowayaashii [[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{adj|{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}}}}</span>]]. |62=Isticmaalahan waa asalkiisa [[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{adj|{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}}}}</span>]]. |63=Isticmaalahan wuxuu leeyahay taariikh [[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{adj|{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}}}}</span>]]. |64=Awoowe ka tirsan isticmaalahan wuxuu ku dhashay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |65=Isticmaalahan wuxuu jecel yahay shacabka {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |66=Isticmaalahan wuxuu jecel yahay dhaqanka {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |67=Isticmaalahan wuxuu jecel yahay fanka {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |68=Isticmaalahan wuxuu jecel yahay muusiga {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |69=Isticmaalahan wuxuu jecel yahay cuntada {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |70=Isticmaalahan wuxuu jecel yahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |72=Isticmaalahan waa qof hore u deganaan jiray {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |73=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ku noolaan jiray {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |74=Isticmaalahan wuxuu soo booqday {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |75=Isticmaalahan inta badan wuxuu soo booqdaa {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |76=Isticmaalahan wuxuu doonayaa inuu soo booqdo {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |77=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ku soo lugayn jiray {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |78=Isticmaalahan wuxuu u lug gooyay [[Lists of highest points|{{#if:{{{info-fc|}}}|<span style="color:{{{info-fc|}}};">}}qodobka ugu sareeya{{#if:{{{info-fc|}}}|</span>}}]] ee {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |79=Isticmaalahan wuxuu soo booqday qodobka ugu hooseeya ee {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |80=Isticmaalahan wuxuu ka kaxeeyay baaskilka {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |81=Isticmaalahan wuxuu jecel yahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |82=Isticmaalahan wuxuu u haraadsan yahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |83=Isticmaalahan wuxuu doonayaa inuu joogo {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |84=Isticmaalahan wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu soo booqdo {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |85=Isticmaalahan wuxuu koray [[Lists of highest points|{{#if:{{{info-fc|}}}|<span 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samaysadaa {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}. |Isticmaalahan wuxuu xiriir la leeyahay {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{{title|}}}|{{#if:{{{the|}}}|the&#32;}}[[{{{region|}}}|<span style="{{#if:{{{wrap|}}}||white-space:nowrap;}}{{#if:{{{link-c|}}}|color:{{{link-c|}}};}}font-size:{{{scale|100%}}};font-weight:bold;">{{{inflect|{{{simple|{{{region|}}}}}}}}}</span>]]}}.}}}}} |info-a={{{info-a|{{{align|center}}}}}} |info-c={{{info-c|{{{color|white}}}}}} |info-fc={{{info-fc|black}}} |info-lh={{{info-lh|{{#switch:{{{option|1}}}|41|42=130%|55|56=150%|125%}}}}} |info-s={{{info-s|8}}} }}}}{{#ifeq:{{{nocat|false}}}|false|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|User| {{#if:{{{cres|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{{option|1}}}|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|31|32|33={{{res|yes}}}|{{{res|no}}}}}|yes|{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cres|}}}|[[Category:{{{cres|}}}{{!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}} {{#if:{{{ccit|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{{option|1}}}|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|20|21|22|31|32|34|35={{{cit|yes}}}|{{{cit|no}}}}}|yes|{{#ifexist:Category:{{{ccit|}}}|[[Category:{{{ccit|}}}{{!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}} {{#if:{{{cint|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{{option|1}}}|31|32|33|34|35|36|37|38|41|42={{{int|yes}}}|{{{int|no}}}}}|yes|{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cint}}}|[[Category:{{{cint|}}}{{!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}} {{#if:{{{cpro|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:{{{option|1}}}|41|{{{pro|yes}}}|{{{pro|no}}}}}|yes|{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cpro}}} {{{member|participant}}}s|[[Category:{{{cpro|}}} {{{member|participant}}}s{{!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}} {{#if:{{{cnres|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{{option|1}}}|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|31|32|33={{{nres|yes}}}|{{{nres|no}}}}}|yes|{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cnres}}}|[[Category:{{{cnres|}}}{{!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}} {{#if:{{{cncit|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{#switch:{{{option|1}}}|9|10|11|12|13|14|15|16|17|18|19|20|21|22|23|24|31|32|34|51|52|53|54|55|56={{{ncit|yes}}}|{{{ncit|no}}}}}|yes|{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cncit}}}|[[Category:{{{cncit|}}}{{!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}} {{#if:{{{cnint|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{nint|no}}}|yes|{{#ifexist:Category:{{{cnint}}}|[[Category:{{{cnint|}}}{{!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}} }}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 8pnmgz82fk02dfz0r106p5tx7wh8ten 0 49594 303138 2026-07-21T21:04:37Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Peter Biar Ajak''' (wuxuu dhashay Noofambar 21, 1983) waa nin [[Activist|u dhaqdhaqaaqa]] nabadda [[South Sudanese|Koonfurta Suudaan]], aqoonyahan, iyo maxbuus siyaasadeed oo hore loogu xiray [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] laga bilaabo Luulyo 2018 ilaa Janaayo 2020. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-usa-rights-idUSKCN24P04J</ref> Markii lagu qasbay inuu ka baxsado koox weerar ah oo Koonfurta Suudaan ka timid bishii Luulyo 2020, hadda wuxuu ku nool yahay... 303138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Biar Ajak''' (wuxuu dhashay Noofambar 21, 1983) waa nin [[Activist|u dhaqdhaqaaqa]] nabadda [[South Sudanese|Koonfurta Suudaan]], aqoonyahan, iyo maxbuus siyaasadeed oo hore loogu xiray [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] laga bilaabo Luulyo 2018 ilaa Janaayo 2020. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-usa-rights-idUSKCN24P04J</ref> Markii lagu qasbay inuu ka baxsado koox weerar ah oo Koonfurta Suudaan ka timid bishii Luulyo 2020, hadda wuxuu ku nool yahay Mareykanka, <ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/my-escape-to-america-shows-the-price-of-dissent-in-south-sudan-11595545759</ref> halkaas oo uu ka sii wado u doodidda nabadda iyo dimuqraadiyadda Koonfurta Suudaan. <ref>https://africacenter.org/experts/peter-biar-ajak/</ref> Intii uu joogay Mareykanka, wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii saaxiib booqasho ah oo ka tirsan [[Africa Center for Strategic Studies|Xarunta Afrika ee Daraasaadka Istaraatiijiyadda]] <ref>https://africacenter.org/experts/peter-biar-ajak/</ref> iyo Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow oo ka tirsan [[National Endowment for Democracy]]. <ref>https://www.ned.org/fellows/peter-biar-ajak/</ref> == Tixraacyo == np1wli0s5itilvqaqa0cjczyx21accz 303184 303138 2026-07-22T09:29:41Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Biar Ajak''' (wuxuu dhashay Noofambar 21, 1983) waa nin [[Activist|u dhaqdhaqaaqa]] nabadda [[South Sudanese|Koonfurta Suudaan]], aqoonyahan, iyo maxbuus siyaasadeed oo hore loogu xiray [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] laga bilaabo Luulyo 2018 ilaa Janaayo 2020. <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-usa-rights-idUSKCN24P04J</ref> Markii lagu qasbay inuu ka baxsado koox weerar ah oo Koonfurta Suudaan ka timid bishii Luulyo 2020, hadda wuxuu ku nool yahay Mareykanka, <ref>https://www.wsj.com/articles/my-escape-to-america-shows-the-price-of-dissent-in-south-sudan-11595545759</ref> halkaas oo uu ka sii wado u doodidda nabadda iyo dimuqraadiyadda Koonfurta Suudaan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://africacenter.org/experts/peter-biar-ajak/ |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2024-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303121505/https://africacenter.org/experts/peter-biar-ajak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Intii uu joogay Mareykanka, wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii saaxiib booqasho ah oo ka tirsan [[Africa Center for Strategic Studies|Xarunta Afrika ee Daraasaadka Istaraatiijiyadda]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://africacenter.org/experts/peter-biar-ajak/ |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2024-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303121505/https://africacenter.org/experts/peter-biar-ajak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow oo ka tirsan [[National Endowment for Democracy]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.ned.org/fellows/peter-biar-ajak/ |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206102049/https://www.ned.org/fellows/peter-biar-ajak/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == 6hchhjzckl26fvz0j33d7kzbmc5uqt2 0 49595 303139 2026-07-21T21:12:43Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Mercy Akuot Marang''' waa fanaanad u dhaqdhaqaaqda arraimaha bulshada iyo fannaanad u dhalatay Koonfurta Suudaan. <ref>{{Citation|title=Mercy Akuot - Refugee Activist Fighting for Women's Rights and Education}}</ref> <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU7-NPjEK7M</ref> Waxay hadda ku nooshahay Kenya. <ref>https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html </ref> == Tixraacyo == 303139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mercy Akuot Marang''' waa fanaanad u dhaqdhaqaaqda arraimaha bulshada iyo fannaanad u dhalatay Koonfurta Suudaan. <ref>{{Citation|title=Mercy Akuot - Refugee Activist Fighting for Women's Rights and Education}}</ref> <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU7-NPjEK7M</ref> Waxay hadda ku nooshahay Kenya. <ref>https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html </ref> == Tixraacyo == qav5indclail87371vkj7i4sxrts6v6 303140 303139 2026-07-21T21:18:32Z Ayanfo189 46015 303140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mercy Akuot Marang''' waa fanaanad u dhaqdhaqaaqda arraimaha bulshada iyo fannaanad u dhalatay Koonfurta Suudaan. <ref>{{Citation|title=Mercy Akuot - Refugee Activist Fighting for Women's Rights and Education}}</ref> <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU7-NPjEK7M</ref> Waxay hadda ku nooshahay Kenya. <ref>https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html </ref> == Taariikh Nololeed == Waxay ku dhalatay Koonfurta Suudaan waxayna ka soo jeedaa [[Dinka people|bulshada Dinka]] ee Koonfurta Suudaan. Waxay si fiican uga soo shaqeysay iskuulka waxayna higsaneysay inay noqoto qareen. Mercy waxay ka baxsatay waalidkeed iyadoo 15 jir ah markii waalidkeed si ula kac ah ugu qasbeen inay guursato adeerkeed oo aad uga weyn. <ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=HOW I ESCAPED CHILD MARRIAGE TO BECOME A WOMEN'S RIGHTS ACTIVIST {{!}} Mercy Akuot {{!}} TEDxKakumaCamp}}</ref> Waxay ka tagtay Koonfurta Suudaan sanadkii 2008 waxayna markii hore magangalyo ka heshay Uganda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, adeerkeed oo 56 jir ah ayaa raadraacay goobta ay ku sugan tahay ee [[Kambaala|Kampala]] waxayna shaaca ka qaaday inay la kulantay rabshado jireed, kufsi iyo xarig sharci darro ah. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pdqKetNpsM</ref> Kadib waxay u guurtay Kenya sanadkii 2015 ka dib markii ay ka baxsatay adeerkeed waxaana loo ogolaaday inay soogalooti ku tahay xerada qaxootiga [[Kakuma]] ee Kenya. <ref>https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/</ref> == Xirfad == In kasta oo ay hammi u lahayd inay noqoto qareen xirfadle ah, haddana waxay ku dadaalaysay shaqadeeda shaqaale bulsho iyo u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda haweenka sababo la xiriira duruufaha ay la kulantay da'deeda yar awgeed. Waxay sidoo kale u dooddaa ka soo horjeedka guurka carruurta maadaama iyada lafteedu ay khibrad u lahayd inay ka badbaado isku daygii qasabka ahaa ee guurka carruurta ee waalidkeed. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Waxay sidoo kale u adeegtaa safiirka qaxootiga ee xerada qaxootiga Kakuma ee Kenya. <ref>https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories</ref> Waxay sidoo kale hadda u adeegtaa sidii mutadawiciin ah oo ka tirsan [[Danish Refugee Council|Golaha Qaxootiga ee Denmark]] barnaamijkooda awoodsiinta haweenka ee xerada. Bishii Juun 2018, waxay ka qaybgashay iyadoo la socota qaxootiga kale ee Xerada TEDxKakuma oo taariikh ahaan ahayd dhacdadii ugu horreysay ee TEDx adduunka oo lagu qabto xero qaxooti. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Intii lagu jiray munaasabadda TEDx ee 2018, waxay la wadaagtay waayo-aragnimadeeda ku saabsan sida ay uga baxsatay guurka carruurta ka dibna ay noqotay u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda haweenka. <ref name=":02">{{Citation|title=HOW I ESCAPED CHILD MARRIAGE TO BECOME A WOMEN'S RIGHTS ACTIVIST {{!}} Mercy Akuot {{!}} TEDxKakumaCamp}}</ref> Mercy waxaa loo doortay mid ka mid ah labada fanaan ee muusikada iyadoo la raacayo mashruuca Finding a Star ee FilmAid kaas oo lala kaashaday fanaanka reer Kenya ee [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] [[Wyre (musician)|Wyre]] . <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Mashruucan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanay Making Stars-Kakuma maadaama mashruucan la bilaabay iyadoo la taageerayo Wyre oo xiisaynaysay inay caawiso fanaaniinta hibada leh ee ku jira xerada Kakuma. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Waxaa la shaaciyay in mashruuca Finding a Star uu ka caawiyay Mercy inay bilowdo xirfadeeda muusigga xirfadeed. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Waxay sii daysay heesteedii ugu horreysay ee rasmiga ahayd ee cinwaankeedu ahaa ''Anavyonifanya'' sanadkii 2018. <ref>{{Citation|title=ANAVYONIFANYA by AKUOT (Text SKIZA 8543580 to 811)}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == nhu4q0yk415deiwdgfojijm7j4loy5p 303175 303140 2026-07-22T08:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mercy Akuot Marang''' waa fanaanad u dhaqdhaqaaqda arraimaha bulshada iyo fannaanad u dhalatay Koonfurta Suudaan. <ref>{{Citation|title=Mercy Akuot - Refugee Activist Fighting for Women's Rights and Education}}</ref> <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU7-NPjEK7M</ref> Waxay hadda ku nooshahay Kenya. <ref>https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html </ref> == Taariikh Nololeed == Waxay ku dhalatay Koonfurta Suudaan waxayna ka soo jeedaa [[Dinka people|bulshada Dinka]] ee Koonfurta Suudaan. Waxay si fiican uga soo shaqeysay iskuulka waxayna higsaneysay inay noqoto qareen. Mercy waxay ka baxsatay waalidkeed iyadoo 15 jir ah markii waalidkeed si ula kac ah ugu qasbeen inay guursato adeerkeed oo aad uga weyn. <ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=HOW I ESCAPED CHILD MARRIAGE TO BECOME A WOMEN'S RIGHTS ACTIVIST {{!}} Mercy Akuot {{!}} TEDxKakumaCamp}}</ref> Waxay ka tagtay Koonfurta Suudaan sanadkii 2008 waxayna markii hore magangalyo ka heshay Uganda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, adeerkeed oo 56 jir ah ayaa raadraacay goobta ay ku sugan tahay ee [[Kambaala|Kampala]] waxayna shaaca ka qaaday inay la kulantay rabshado jireed, kufsi iyo xarig sharci darro ah. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pdqKetNpsM</ref> Kadib waxay u guurtay Kenya sanadkii 2015 ka dib markii ay ka baxsatay adeerkeed waxaana loo ogolaaday inay soogalooti ku tahay xerada qaxootiga [[Kakuma]] ee Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/ |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060735/https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Xirfad == In kasta oo ay hammi u lahayd inay noqoto qareen xirfadle ah, haddana waxay ku dadaalaysay shaqadeeda shaqaale bulsho iyo u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda haweenka sababo la xiriira duruufaha ay la kulantay da'deeda yar awgeed. Waxay sidoo kale u dooddaa ka soo horjeedka guurka carruurta maadaama iyada lafteedu ay khibrad u lahayd inay ka badbaado isku daygii qasabka ahaa ee guurka carruurta ee waalidkeed. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Waxay sidoo kale u adeegtaa safiirka qaxootiga ee xerada qaxootiga Kakuma ee Kenya. <ref>https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories</ref> Waxay sidoo kale hadda u adeegtaa sidii mutadawiciin ah oo ka tirsan [[Danish Refugee Council|Golaha Qaxootiga ee Denmark]] barnaamijkooda awoodsiinta haweenka ee xerada. Bishii Juun 2018, waxay ka qaybgashay iyadoo la socota qaxootiga kale ee Xerada TEDxKakuma oo taariikh ahaan ahayd dhacdadii ugu horreysay ee TEDx adduunka oo lagu qabto xero qaxooti. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Intii lagu jiray munaasabadda TEDx ee 2018, waxay la wadaagtay waayo-aragnimadeeda ku saabsan sida ay uga baxsatay guurka carruurta ka dibna ay noqotay u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda haweenka. <ref name=":02">{{Citation|title=HOW I ESCAPED CHILD MARRIAGE TO BECOME A WOMEN'S RIGHTS ACTIVIST {{!}} Mercy Akuot {{!}} TEDxKakumaCamp}}</ref> Mercy waxaa loo doortay mid ka mid ah labada fanaan ee muusikada iyadoo la raacayo mashruuca Finding a Star ee FilmAid kaas oo lala kaashaday fanaanka reer Kenya ee [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] [[Wyre (musician)|Wyre]] . <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Mashruucan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanay Making Stars-Kakuma maadaama mashruucan la bilaabay iyadoo la taageerayo Wyre oo xiisaynaysay inay caawiso fanaaniinta hibada leh ee ku jira xerada Kakuma. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Waxaa la shaaciyay in mashruuca Finding a Star uu ka caawiyay Mercy inay bilowdo xirfadeeda muusigga xirfadeed. <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> Waxay sii daysay heesteedii ugu horreysay ee rasmiga ahayd ee cinwaankeedu ahaa ''Anavyonifanya'' sanadkii 2018. <ref>{{Citation|title=ANAVYONIFANYA by AKUOT (Text SKIZA 8543580 to 811)}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == a2bcw39cqokxe0q9oya9o1v2s1jfsl0 0 49596 303141 2026-07-21T21:22:20Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Afekuru Animu Risasi Amitai''', oo si weyn loogu yaqaan '''Animu Athiei''', waa dhaqdhaqaaqe dhalinyaro ah oo ay dawladdu kala noqotay muwaadinimadeeda [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Taariikh Nololeed == Athiei waxay ku dhalatay 27 Agoosto 1983 magaalada [[Juba]], [[Central Equatoria|Bartamaha Equatoria]], oo hadda ku taal Koonfurta Suudaan. Waalidkeed waxay ahaayeen [[Keliko people|Keliko]] [[Muslim|oo Muslimiin ah]] oo ka soo je... 303141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afekuru Animu Risasi Amitai''', oo si weyn loogu yaqaan '''Animu Athiei''', waa dhaqdhaqaaqe dhalinyaro ah oo ay dawladdu kala noqotay muwaadinimadeeda [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web}}</ref> == Taariikh Nololeed == Athiei waxay ku dhalatay 27 Agoosto 1983 magaalada [[Juba]], [[Central Equatoria|Bartamaha Equatoria]], oo hadda ku taal Koonfurta Suudaan. Waalidkeed waxay ahaayeen [[Keliko people|Keliko]] [[Muslim|oo Muslimiin ah]] oo ka soo jeeda [[Morobo County|Gobolka Morobo]] . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web}}</ref> Dhowr bilood ka dib dhalashadeeda, qoyskeedu waxay u qaxeen [[Yugandha|Uganda]], halkaas oo ay joogeen ilaa ay ku soo laabteen Koonfurta Suudaan 2005 ama 2006. <ref name=":2" /> == Tixraacyo == tejsuzg6a98wwl50a9s7j6uxydm2xxd 303142 303141 2026-07-21T21:23:51Z Ayanfo189 46015 303142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afekuru Animu Risasi Amitai''', oo si weyn loogu yaqaan '''Animu Athiei''', waa dhaqdhaqaaqe dhalinyaro ah oo ay dawladdu kala noqotay muwaadinimadeeda [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":0">https://www.ted.com/talks/mercy_akuot_how_i_escaped_child_marriage_to_become_a_women_s_rights_activist</ref> == Taariikh Nololeed == Athiei waxay ku dhalatay 27 Agoosto 1983 magaalada [[Juba]], [[Central Equatoria|Bartamaha Equatoria]], oo hadda ku taal Koonfurta Suudaan. Waalidkeed waxay ahaayeen [[Keliko people|Keliko]] [[Muslim|oo Muslimiin ah]] oo ka soo jeeda [[Morobo County|Gobolka Morobo]] . <ref name=":02">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU7-NPjEK7M</ref> <ref name=":1">https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html</ref> <ref name=":2">https://nowthisnews.com/videos/her/artist-mercy-akuot-sings-runs-refugee-camp-in-kenya</ref> Dhowr bilood ka dib dhalashadeeda, qoyskeedu waxay u qaxeen [[Yugandha|Uganda]], halkaas oo ay joogeen ilaa ay ku soo laabteen Koonfurta Suudaan 2005 ama 2006. <ref name=":2" /> == Tixraacyo == 3ccuf8kr8hi9e42wwrf5p43r81o4573 303143 303142 2026-07-21T21:28:20Z Ayanfo189 46015 303143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afekuru Animu Risasi Amitai''', oo si weyn loogu yaqaan '''Animu Athiei''', waa dhaqdhaqaaqe dhalinyaro ah oo ay dawladdu kala noqotay muwaadinimadeeda [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":0">https://www.ted.com/talks/mercy_akuot_how_i_escaped_child_marriage_to_become_a_women_s_rights_activist</ref> == Taariikh Nololeed == Athiei waxay ku dhalatay 27 Agoosto 1983 magaalada [[Juba]], [[Central Equatoria|Bartamaha Equatoria]], oo hadda ku taal Koonfurta Suudaan. Waalidkeed waxay ahaayeen [[Keliko people|Keliko]] [[Muslim|oo Muslimiin ah]] oo ka soo jeeda [[Morobo County|Gobolka Morobo]] . <ref name=":02">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU7-NPjEK7M</ref> <ref name=":1">https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html</ref> <ref name=":2">https://nowthisnews.com/videos/her/artist-mercy-akuot-sings-runs-refugee-camp-in-kenya</ref> Dhowr bilood ka dib dhalashadeeda, qoyskeedu waxay u qaxeen [[Yugandha|Uganda]], halkaas oo ay joogeen ilaa ay ku soo laabteen Koonfurta Suudaan 2005 ama 2006. <ref name=":2" /> Athiei waxay heshay dhalashada Uganda bishii Maajo 2009, laakiin ka dib markii [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|Koonfurta Suudaan xorowday 2011]]<nowiki/>waxay dib u soo celisay baasaboorkeedii, taasoo ka noqotay muwaadinimadeedii, bishii Maarso 2012. <ref name=":22">https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/child-marriage-women-activists-africa/</ref> Waxay heshay dhalashada Koonfurta Suudaan sannadkii 2014 iyadoo taageero ka heshay adeerkeed, maadaama aabaheed uu dhintay 1995. <ref name=":03">https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories</ref> <ref name=":22" /> Waxay cusboonaysiisay baasaboorkeedii sannadkii 2017. <ref name=":3">https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1138276/kakuma-refugee-camp-kenya-football</ref> Dhalashada Athiei waa lagala noqday, baasaboorkeedana waxaa laga qaaday dowladda Koonfurta Suudaan sannadkii 2018 iyada oo aan wax sabab ah oo qoraal ah loo haysan; waxaa afka looga sheegay inay tahay sababtoo ah inay tahay muwaadin reer Uganda ah. Athiei waxay [[Lawsuit|dacwad madani ah]] ka gudbisay [[Judiciary of South Sudan|Maxkamadda Sare ee Juba]] sannadkii 2019, laakiin hay'adaha socdaalka kama aysan jawaabin baaqyada ah inay dacwad difaac ah gudbiyaan <ref name=":23">https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories</ref> <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> , mana jirin wax dacwad ah oo la qabtay. Waxay arrinta u gudbisay [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|Guddiga Xuquuqda Aadanaha iyo Dadka]] sannadkii 2021, kaas oo bishii Agoosto 2024 xaqiijiyay "xuquuqda ay u leedahay dhalashada" Koonfurta Suudaan, waxayna xukuntay in xuquuqdeeda lagu xadgudbay [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|Axdiga Afrika]] . <ref name=":4">https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/</ref> <ref name=":13">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/let-s-change-the-way-we-think-about-refugee-camps/</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dowladda Koonfurta Suudaan ma aysan u hoggaansamin guddiga muddada 180-ka maalmood ah gudahood, taasoo keentay cambaareyn ka timid dhowr urur oo xuquuqda aadanaha ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa|Machadka Xuquuqda Aadanaha iyo Horumarinta Afrika]] iyo [[Global Movement Against Statelessness|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Caalamiga ah ee ka dhanka ah Dowlad la'aanta]] . <ref name=":13" /> <ref>https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/let-s-change-the-way-we-think-about-refugee-camps/</ref> 22kii Diseembar 2021, [[National Security Service (South Sudan)|Adeegga Amniga Qaranka]] ee Koonfurta Suudaan ayaa xiray Athiei waxayna u dhiibeen Waaxda Jinsiyadda, Baasaboorrada iyo Socdaalka, iyagoo ku andacoonaya inay si sharci darro ah u heshay [[Baasaboor|baasaboor diblomaasiyadeed]] oo been abuur ah.  <ref>https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2019-08-26-wyre-to-release-new-album-with-refugees/</ref> Hay'adaha socdaalka ayaa Athiei u qaaday xadka [[Nimule]] / [[Elegu]] waxayna isku dayeen inay u gacan geliyaan Uganda 26-kii; si kastaba ha ahaatee, way diideen, maadaama Athiei aysan ahayn muwaadin reer Uganda ah oo ku jira diiwaankooda. <ref name=":14">https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-music-is-our-gift-from-kakuma-to-the-world/</ref> <ref name=":32">https://www.filmaid.org/stories/2018/6/13/june-newsletter-projecting-hope-through-the-power-of-personal-stories</ref> Athiei waxaa lagu xiray Saldhigga Booliska ee Qaybta Waqooyi ee Juba iyada oo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin ilaa 11kii Janaayo 2022, markii loo wareejiyay [[Juba Central Prison|Xabsiga Dhexe ee Juba]] . <ref name=":32" /> <ref name=":8">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE0-cASUYNo</ref> Intii ay xabsiga ku jirtay maxkamadeyn, Athiei waxay ku xanuunsatay [[Uterine fibroid|fibroids-ka ilmo-galeenka]]<nowiki/>iyo neefsashada oo ku adkaatay, iyo xaalado kale; <ref name=":32" /> <ref name=":8" /> 31kii Janaayo waxaa loo wareejiyay [[Juba Teaching Hospital|Isbitaalka Waxbarashada Juba]] . <ref name=":8" /> Athiei waxaa la sii daayay 10kii Febraayo iyadoo lagu sii daayay dammaanad US$2500 ah. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbesLm6Gwlo</ref> Ka dib wareysi bishii Febraayo 2026 uu siiyay [[Channel Africa]], diblomaasiyiin badan ayaa la xiriiray Athiei, oo ay ku jiraan wakiillo ka socda howlgalka [[Midowga Afrika]] iyo [[Lists of ambassadors of Germany|safiirka Jarmalka ee Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbesLm6Gwlo</ref> == Tixraacyo == gah7uxxhyfgp1qjm9sj04n6ed7kgwcc 303157 303143 2026-07-22T00:53:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 303157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afekuru Animu Risasi Amitai''', oo si weyn loogu yaqaan '''Animu Athiei''', waa dhaqdhaqaaqe dhalinyaro ah oo ay dawladdu kala noqotay muwaadinimadeeda [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":0">https://www.ted.com/talks/mercy_akuot_how_i_escaped_child_marriage_to_become_a_women_s_rights_activist</ref> == Taariikh Nololeed == Athiei waxay ku dhalatay 27 Agoosto 1983 magaalada [[Juba]], [[Central Equatoria|Bartamaha Equatoria]], oo hadda ku taal Koonfurta Suudaan. Waalidkeed waxay ahaayeen [[Keliko people|Keliko]] [[Muslim|oo Muslimiin ah]] oo ka soo jeeda [[Morobo County|Gobolka Morobo]] . <ref name=":02">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vU7-NPjEK7M</ref> <ref name=":1">https://www.unhcr.org/afr/news/stories/2019/3/5c8133464/the-remarkable-refugee-women-i-have-met-and-what-they-have-taught-me.html</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://nowthisnews.com/videos/her/artist-mercy-akuot-sings-runs-refugee-camp-in-kenya |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060734/https://nowthisnews.com/videos/her/artist-mercy-akuot-sings-runs-refugee-camp-in-kenya |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dhowr bilood ka dib dhalashadeeda, qoyskeedu waxay u qaxeen [[Yugandha|Uganda]], halkaas oo ay joogeen ilaa ay ku soo laabteen Koonfurta Suudaan 2005 ama 2006. <ref name=":2" /> Athiei waxay heshay dhalashada Uganda bishii Maajo 2009, laakiin ka dib markii [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|Koonfurta Suudaan xorowday 2011]]<nowiki/>waxay dib u soo celisay baasaboorkeedii, taasoo ka noqotay muwaadinimadeedii, bishii Maarso 2012. <ref name=":22">https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/child-marriage-women-activists-africa/</ref> Waxay heshay dhalashada Koonfurta Suudaan sannadkii 2014 iyadoo taageero ka heshay adeerkeed, maadaama aabaheed uu dhintay 1995. <ref name=":03">https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories</ref> <ref name=":22" /> Waxay cusboonaysiisay baasaboorkeedii sannadkii 2017. <ref name=":3">https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1138276/kakuma-refugee-camp-kenya-football</ref> Dhalashada Athiei waa lagala noqday, baasaboorkeedana waxaa laga qaaday dowladda Koonfurta Suudaan sannadkii 2018 iyada oo aan wax sabab ah oo qoraal ah loo haysan; waxaa afka looga sheegay inay tahay sababtoo ah inay tahay muwaadin reer Uganda ah. Athiei waxay [[Lawsuit|dacwad madani ah]] ka gudbisay [[Judiciary of South Sudan|Maxkamadda Sare ee Juba]] sannadkii 2019, laakiin hay'adaha socdaalka kama aysan jawaabin baaqyada ah inay dacwad difaac ah gudbiyaan <ref name=":23">https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/9843/african-refugees-success-stories</ref> <ref>https://medium.com/@UNHCR/refugee-speakers-steal-show-at-historic-tedx-event-b68a84a09693</ref> , mana jirin wax dacwad ah oo la qabtay. Waxay arrinta u gudbisay [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|Guddiga Xuquuqda Aadanaha iyo Dadka]] sannadkii 2021, kaas oo bishii Agoosto 2024 xaqiijiyay "xuquuqda ay u leedahay dhalashada" Koonfurta Suudaan, waxayna xukuntay in xuquuqdeeda lagu xadgudbay [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|Axdiga Afrika]] . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/ |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810060735/https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-this-is-what-it-means-to-be-a-refugee-in-kenya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":13">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/let-s-change-the-way-we-think-about-refugee-camps/</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dowladda Koonfurta Suudaan ma aysan u hoggaansamin guddiga muddada 180-ka maalmood ah gudahood, taasoo keentay cambaareyn ka timid dhowr urur oo xuquuqda aadanaha ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa|Machadka Xuquuqda Aadanaha iyo Horumarinta Afrika]] iyo [[Global Movement Against Statelessness|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Caalamiga ah ee ka dhanka ah Dowlad la'aanta]] . <ref name=":13" /> <ref>https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/06/let-s-change-the-way-we-think-about-refugee-camps/</ref> 22kii Diseembar 2021, [[National Security Service (South Sudan)|Adeegga Amniga Qaranka]] ee Koonfurta Suudaan ayaa xiray Athiei waxayna u dhiibeen Waaxda Jinsiyadda, Baasaboorrada iyo Socdaalka, iyagoo ku andacoonaya inay si sharci darro ah u heshay [[Baasaboor|baasaboor diblomaasiyadeed]] oo been abuur ah.  <ref>https://www.the-star.co.ke/sasa/word-is/2019-08-26-wyre-to-release-new-album-with-refugees/</ref> Hay'adaha socdaalka ayaa Athiei u qaaday xadka [[Nimule]] / [[Elegu]] waxayna isku dayeen inay u gacan geliyaan Uganda 26-kii; si kastaba ha ahaatee, way diideen, maadaama Athiei aysan ahayn muwaadin reer Uganda ah oo ku jira diiwaankooda. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-music-is-our-gift-from-kakuma-to-the-world/ |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810063854/https://www.rckkenya.org/daily-nation-music-is-our-gift-from-kakuma-to-the-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.filmaid.org/stories/2018/6/13/june-newsletter-projecting-hope-through-the-power-of-personal-stories |access-date=2026-07-21 |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810063856/https://www.filmaid.org/stories/2018/6/13/june-newsletter-projecting-hope-through-the-power-of-personal-stories |url-status=dead }}</ref> Athiei waxaa lagu xiray Saldhigga Booliska ee Qaybta Waqooyi ee Juba iyada oo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin ilaa 11kii Janaayo 2022, markii loo wareejiyay [[Juba Central Prison|Xabsiga Dhexe ee Juba]] . <ref name=":32" /> <ref name=":8">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE0-cASUYNo</ref> Intii ay xabsiga ku jirtay maxkamadeyn, Athiei waxay ku xanuunsatay [[Uterine fibroid|fibroids-ka ilmo-galeenka]]<nowiki/>iyo neefsashada oo ku adkaatay, iyo xaalado kale; <ref name=":32" /> <ref name=":8" /> 31kii Janaayo waxaa loo wareejiyay [[Juba Teaching Hospital|Isbitaalka Waxbarashada Juba]] . <ref name=":8" /> Athiei waxaa la sii daayay 10kii Febraayo iyadoo lagu sii daayay dammaanad US$2500 ah. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbesLm6Gwlo</ref> Ka dib wareysi bishii Febraayo 2026 uu siiyay [[Channel Africa]], diblomaasiyiin badan ayaa la xiriiray Athiei, oo ay ku jiraan wakiillo ka socda howlgalka [[Midowga Afrika]] iyo [[Lists of ambassadors of Germany|safiirka Jarmalka ee Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbesLm6Gwlo</ref> == Tixraacyo == md3nf88kbeuac5slz70h1n9s68cji0m 0 49597 303144 2026-07-21T21:40:14Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Aguil Chut Deng Acouth''' (1967 - c. 26 Abriil 2022 ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Aguil de'Chut Deng''' ama '''Aguil Chut-Deng''', waxay ahayd kacaanyahan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe u dhaqdhaqaaqa [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . Waxay xubin ka ahayd "Katiba Banat", guutada haweenka ee [[Sudan People's Liberation Army|Ciidanka Xoreynta Dadka Suudaan]] (SPLA), intii lagu jiray [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Suudaan]]. Iyada oo qaxooti ku ah Australi... 303144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aguil Chut Deng Acouth''' (1967 - c. 26 Abriil 2022 ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Aguil de'Chut Deng''' ama '''Aguil Chut-Deng''', waxay ahayd kacaanyahan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe u dhaqdhaqaaqa [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . Waxay xubin ka ahayd "Katiba Banat", guutada haweenka ee [[Sudan People's Liberation Army|Ciidanka Xoreynta Dadka Suudaan]] (SPLA), intii lagu jiray [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Suudaan]]. Iyada oo qaxooti ku ah Australia, waxay aasaastay Kooxda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Caalamiga ah ee Suudaan ee Australia, waxayna ka qayb qaadatay isu soo baxyo lagu wacyigelinayo colaadda. Ka dib markii ay xorowday Koonfurta Suudaan sannadkii 2011, waxay aasaastay Ururka U doodista Haweenka Koonfurta Suudaan ee Nabadda. Waxay sidoo kale diiradda saartay arrimaha ay la kulmaan qaxootiga Koonfurta Suudaan ee ku sugan Australia. == Nolosha hore == Aguil Chut Deng waxay ku dhalatay 1967 <ref name=":6">{{Cite web}}</ref> {{Efn|Some sources reported 1964<ref name=":0"/>}} [[Malakal]], oo ku taal gobolka hadda loo yaqaan [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]], [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":1">https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/woman-warrior-a-nation-mourns-the-passing-of-a-queensland-refugee-20220527-p5aoz9.html</ref> Waxay ahayd tii labaad ee toddoba carruur ah oo ay dhaleen waalidiinta [[Dinka people|Dinka]] . Aabaheed Chut Deng Achouth wuxuu bartay cilmiga caafimaadka wuxuuna ka shaqeeyay isbitaal dowladeed oo ku yaal [[Khartuum|Khartoum]] . Hooyadeed Achol Aguin Majok, oo ah qof guri ku xannaaneeya, [[Illiterate|waxna akhriyin ma lahayn]] . Qiyaastii 1979, qoysku waxay ka guureen Khartoum una guureen [[Juba]] markii aabaheed loo wareejiyay isbitaalka halkaas ku yaal. Juba, dhammaantood waxay ku noolaayeen guri hal qol ah. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Deng|first=Ayik Chut|title=The lost boy : tales of a child soldier|date=2020|others=Craig Henderson, Ray Martin|isbn=978-0-14-379629-9|location=Australia|chapter=A Different World|oclc=1121593515|chapter-url=https://www.betterreading.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-Lost-Boy_Sample-Chapter.pdf}}</ref> Aguil Chut Deng waxay ku dhalatay 1967 <ref name=":62">https://www.eyeradio.org/body-of-missing-brisbane-south-sudanese-woman-found-family-says/</ref> {{Efn|Some sources reported 1964<ref name=":0"/>}} [[Malakal]], oo ku taal gobolka hadda loo yaqaan [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]], [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":12">https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2007/11/4746f5474/qa-dinka-under-keeps-spotlight-sudan.html</ref> Waxay ahayd tii labaad ee toddoba carruur ah oo ay dhaleen waalidiinta [[Dinka people|Dinka]] . Aabaheed Chut Deng Achouth wuxuu bartay cilmiga caafimaadka wuxuuna ka shaqeeyay isbitaal dowladeed oo ku yaal [[Khartuum|Khartoum]] . Hooyadeed Achol Aguin Majok, oo ah qof guri ku xannaaneeya, [[Illiterate|waxna akhriyin ma lahayn]] . Qiyaastii 1979, qoysku waxay ka guureen Khartoum una guureen [[Juba]] markii aabaheed loo wareejiyay isbitaalka halkaas ku yaal. Juba, dhammaantood waxay ku noolaayeen guri hal qol ah. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Deng|first=Ayik Chut|title=The lost boy : tales of a child soldier|date=2020|others=Craig Henderson, Ray Martin|isbn=978-0-14-379629-9|location=Australia|chapter=A Different World|oclc=1121593515|chapter-url=https://www.betterreading.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-Lost-Boy_Sample-Chapter.pdf}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == jin5qo8oy7s1hmjjld9fha73izh2bnt 303145 303144 2026-07-21T22:03:22Z Ayanfo189 46015 303145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aguil Chut Deng Acouth''' (1967 - c. 26 Abriil 2022 ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Aguil de'Chut Deng''' ama '''Aguil Chut-Deng''', waxay ahayd kacaanyahan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe u dhaqdhaqaaqa [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . Waxay xubin ka ahayd "Katiba Banat", guutada haweenka ee [[Sudan People's Liberation Army|Ciidanka Xoreynta Dadka Suudaan]] (SPLA), intii lagu jiray [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Suudaan]]. Iyada oo qaxooti ku ah Australia, waxay aasaastay Kooxda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Caalamiga ah ee Suudaan ee Australia, waxayna ka qayb qaadatay isu soo baxyo lagu wacyigelinayo colaadda. Ka dib markii ay xorowday Koonfurta Suudaan sannadkii 2011, waxay aasaastay Ururka U doodista Haweenka Koonfurta Suudaan ee Nabadda. Waxay sidoo kale diiradda saartay arrimaha ay la kulmaan qaxootiga Koonfurta Suudaan ee ku sugan Australia. == Nolosha hore == Aguil Chut Deng waxay ku dhalatay 1967 <ref name=":6">https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/woman-warrior-a-nation-mourns-the-passing-of-a-queensland-refugee-20220527-p5aoz9.html</ref> [[Malakal]], oo ku taal gobolka hadda loo yaqaan [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]], [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":1">https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/woman-warrior-a-nation-mourns-the-passing-of-a-queensland-refugee-20220527-p5aoz9.html</ref> Waxay ahayd tii labaad ee toddoba carruur ah oo ay dhaleen waalidiinta [[Dinka people|Dinka]] . Aabaheed Chut Deng Achouth wuxuu bartay cilmiga caafimaadka wuxuuna ka shaqeeyay isbitaal dowladeed oo ku yaal [[Khartuum|Khartoum]] . Hooyadeed Achol Aguin Majok, oo ah qof guri ku xannaaneeya, [[Illiterate|waxna akhriyin ma lahayn]] . Qiyaastii 1979, qoysku waxay ka guureen Khartoum una guureen [[Juba]] markii aabaheed loo wareejiyay isbitaalka halkaas ku yaal. Juba, dhammaantood waxay ku noolaayeen guri hal qol ah. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Deng|first=Ayik Chut|title=The lost boy : tales of a child soldier|date=2020|others=Craig Henderson, Ray Martin|isbn=978-0-14-379629-9|location=Australia|chapter=A Different World|oclc=1121593515|chapter-url=https://www.betterreading.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-Lost-Boy_Sample-Chapter.pdf}}</ref> Aguil Chut Deng waxay ku dhalatay 1967 <ref name=":62">https://www.eyeradio.org/body-of-missing-brisbane-south-sudanese-woman-found-family-says/</ref> {{Efn|Some sources reported 1964<ref name=":0"/>}} [[Malakal]], oo ku taal gobolka hadda loo yaqaan [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]], [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . <ref name=":12">https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2007/11/4746f5474/qa-dinka-under-keeps-spotlight-sudan.html</ref> Waxay ahayd tii labaad ee toddoba carruur ah oo ay dhaleen waalidiinta [[Dinka people|Dinka]] . Aabaheed Chut Deng Achouth wuxuu bartay cilmiga caafimaadka wuxuuna ka shaqeeyay isbitaal dowladeed oo ku yaal [[Khartuum|Khartoum]] . Hooyadeed Achol Aguin Majok, oo ah qof guri ku xannaaneeya, [[Illiterate|waxna akhriyin ma lahayn]] . Qiyaastii 1979, qoysku waxay ka guureen Khartoum una guureen [[Juba]] markii aabaheed loo wareejiyay isbitaalka halkaas ku yaal. Juba, dhammaantood waxay ku noolaayeen guri hal qol ah. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Deng|first=Ayik Chut|title=The lost boy : tales of a child soldier|date=2020|others=Craig Henderson, Ray Martin|isbn=978-0-14-379629-9|location=Australia|chapter=A Different World|oclc=1121593515|chapter-url=https://www.betterreading.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-Lost-Boy_Sample-Chapter.pdf}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == <references /> i1hmbimempbu1zziqkqffh7b4v09kb1 0 49598 303176 2026-07-22T08:38:32Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''John Dau''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Dhieu-Deng Leek,''' waa u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda aadanaha oo ka soo jeeda [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . Waa mid ka mid ah [[Lost Boys of Sudan|Wiilasha Lumay ee Suudaan]] oo lagu soo bandhigay filimkii abaalmarinta ku guuleystay ''[[God Grew Tired of Us|ee God Grew Tired of Us]]'' ee 2006. Sannadkii 2007, wuxuu aasaasay [[John Dau Foundation|Hay'adda John Dau]] isagoo ujeeddadiisu tahay inuu wax ka beddelo nidaamka caafimaadka... 303176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Dau''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Dhieu-Deng Leek,''' waa u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda aadanaha oo ka soo jeeda [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] . Waa mid ka mid ah [[Lost Boys of Sudan|Wiilasha Lumay ee Suudaan]] oo lagu soo bandhigay filimkii abaalmarinta ku guuleystay ''[[God Grew Tired of Us|ee God Grew Tired of Us]]'' ee 2006. Sannadkii 2007, wuxuu aasaasay [[John Dau Foundation|Hay'adda John Dau]] isagoo ujeeddadiisu tahay inuu wax ka beddelo nidaamka caafimaadka ee Koonfurta Suudaan. == Asalka == Dau wuxuu ku dhashay qabiilka [[Dinka people|Dinka]] ee [[Suudaan]] sanadkii 1974. Sannadkii 1987, tuuladiisa, Duk Payuel oo ku taal [[Duk County|Degmada Duk]], [[Jonglei]], waxaa weeraray ciidamada dowladda intii lagu jiray [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Suudaan]] . Rabshadihii ayaa kala qaybiyay qoyskiisa, Dau-na wuxuu lug ku safray saddex bilood ilaa uu gaaray qaraabadiisa [[Itoobiya]] . <ref name="John Dau Foundation: John's Story">{{Cite news}} {{Dead link}}</ref> Dau ayaa u sheegay ''[[The 700 Club]]'', "Waxaa jiray dhibaatooyin badan oo ka jiray hareerahayaga; sida, gaajo, harraad, cabsi laga qabo in ay dilaan dadka kale ee deegaanka ama xayawaanka duurjoogta ah. Xaaladda ugu adag waxay ahayd la'aanta biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo." <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dau wuxuu ku sugnaa [[Refugee camp|xero qaxooti]] oo ku taal Itoobiya muddo afar sano ah, laakiin markii dagaal sokeeye ka qarxay gobolka, mar kale ayaa lagu qasbay inuu cararo. Isagoo ka mid ah kumanaan " [[Lost Boys of Sudan|Wiilasha Lumay ee Suudaan]] ," Dau wuxuu ku wareegay boqolaal mayl wuxuuna la kulmay cudurro, gaajo, weeraro xayawaan iyo rabshado ilaa uu ka yimid [[Kenya]] . Intii uu ku noolaa xerada qaxootiga [[Kakuma]], wuxuu markii ugu horreysay dhiganayay dugsi wuxuuna u fadhiistay imtixaanka [[Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education|Shahaadada Waxbarashada Sare ee Kenya]] sannadkii 2000. <ref name="NatGeoInterview">{{Cite news}}</ref> Sannadkii 2001, wuxuu ka mid ahaa 3,800 [[Sudanese refugees|oo qaxooti Suudaan ah oo]] dhallinyaro ah oo dib loogu dejiyay Mareykanka iyo mid ka mid ah 140 dhallinyaro ah oo la keenay [[Syracuse, New York]] . Ka dib markii uu dib u dejinayay, Dau waxaa la sheegay inuu la kulmay naxdin dhaqameed. Ugu dambeyntii wuxuu awooday inuu hooyadiis iyo walaashiis ka keeno Suudaan. Dau wuxuu shahaadada labaad ka qaatay [[Onondaga Community College|Kulliyadda Bulshada ee Onondaga]] . Sannadkii 2011, wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay shahaadada Daraasaadka Siyaasadda ee [[Syracuse University|Jaamacadda Syracuse]] [[Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs|School of Citizenship and Public Affairs]] . U guurista Dau ee Mareykanka iyo waayo-aragnimadii hore ee dalka ayaa ah mowduuca filimka ''[[God Grew Tired of Us]]'', kaas oo ku guuleystay Abaalmarinta Garsoorka Weyn iyo Abaalmarinta Dhageystayaasha ee [[2006 Sundance Film Festival|Bandhigga Filimada Sundance ee 2006.]] <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|deadurl=Stephen Holden}}</ref> Cinwaanka dukumeentiga waa oraah laga soo xigtay Dau oo ka hadlaysa quusta isaga iyo dadka kale ee Suudaan ay dareemeen intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye. <ref name="WashPostonDau">{{Cite news|deadurl=Neely Tucker}}</ref> Xusuus-qorkiisa, oo sidoo kale cinwaan looga dhigay ''God Grew Tired of Us'', waxaa la qoray Michael Sweeney waxaana la sii daayay Janaayo 2007 [[National Geographic Press]] . In ka badan toban sano oo uu joogay [[Wadanka Maraykanka|Mareykanka]], Dau wuxuu helay abaalmarino dhowr ah oo ku saabsan guulihiisa dadweynaha iyo shaqadiisa samafalka. Wuxuu helay Abaalmarinta National Geographic Emerging Explorers Award waxaana loo magacaabay inuu noqdo qofkii ugu dambeeyay ee ku guuleysta Abaalmarinta Volvo ee Nolosha ee Qaybta Tayada Nolosha sanadkii 2008 taasoo qaadatay lacag dhan $25,000 oo loogu talagalay Hay'adda [[John Dau Sudan Foundation]] . <ref name="Post Standard">{{Cite news}}</ref> dzktb582wttykxdadirzzu9u8qez0gx 0 49599 303177 2026-07-22T08:44:55Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Samuel Garang Dut Thiangdit''' waa siyaasi iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe [[Demographics of South Sudan|u dhashay Koonfurta Suudaan]] kaasoo soo noqday Wasiirka Iskaashiga iyo Horumarinta Reer Miyiga ee [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal State|Waqooyiga Gobolka Bahr el Ghazal]], Koonfurta Suudaan, tan iyo 2023. <ref name="SudanPost2023">https://www.sudanpost.com/northern-bahr-el-ghazal-swears-in-new-ministers/</ref> Waa xubin ka tirsan dowladda gobolka xilligii uu jiray Guddoomiyaha Tong Akeen Ngo... 303177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samuel Garang Dut Thiangdit''' waa siyaasi iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe [[Demographics of South Sudan|u dhashay Koonfurta Suudaan]] kaasoo soo noqday Wasiirka Iskaashiga iyo Horumarinta Reer Miyiga ee [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal State|Waqooyiga Gobolka Bahr el Ghazal]], Koonfurta Suudaan, tan iyo 2023. <ref name="SudanPost2023">https://www.sudanpost.com/northern-bahr-el-ghazal-swears-in-new-ministers/</ref> Waa xubin ka tirsan dowladda gobolka xilligii uu jiray Guddoomiyaha [[Tong Akeen Ngor]]. == Taariikh Nololeed == Bishii Diseembar 2020, Dut waxaa lagu xiray [[Aweil, South Sudan|Aweil]] ka dib markii uu si cad u dhaleeceeyay [[Tong Akeen Ngor]] oo ku eedeeyay inuu si xun u maamulay lacagaha dadweynaha. <ref>https://onecitizendaily.com/index.php/2023/08/14/activists-gain-freedom/</ref> Maxkamadda madaniga ah ayaa ku heshay dambi ah inuu sumcad xumo sameeyay waxayna xirtay muddo siddeed bilood ah, iyadoo ku soo rogtay SSP 2,000,000 . <ref>https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/military-intelligence-detain-aweil-activist-samuel-garang-in-juba</ref> <ref>https://www.eyeradio.org/activist-samuel-garang-set-free-after-serving-8-month-jail-term-in-prison/</ref> <ref>https://www.eyeradio.org/activist-samuel-garang-set-free-after-serving-8-month-jail-term-in-prison/</ref> Wax yar ka dib markii la sii daayay, sirdoonka militariga ayaa ku xiray Juba, iyagoo ku eedeeyay inuu taageeray [[Paul Malong Awan]], oo ahaa fallaago isku beddelay siyaasi iyo guddoomiyihii hore ee [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal|Waqooyiga Bahr el Ghazal]] . <ref name=":2">https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/aweil-activist-appeals-defamation-case-against-governor-after-serving-jail-term</ref> <ref>http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot617</ref> Dut wuxuu xirnaa ku dhawaad toban bilood ilaa laga sii daayay 5 Agoosto 2023. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1">https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/juba-activist-vows-to-persist-following-release-from-detention</ref> == Tixraacyo == oh32ufe7d6jgiua5dqri2l9b37rkh43 0 49600 303178 2026-07-22T08:51:52Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Mabior Garang de-Mabior''' (wuxuu dhashay 12 Abriil 1977) waa siyaasi iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe u dhashay Koonfurta Suudaan, waana wiilka curadka ah ee [[John Garang]], aasaasihii xisbiga talada haya, [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xoreynta Dadka Suudaan]] . <ref>https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3928/Mabior_Garang_de_Mabior</ref> Hooyada Mabior [[Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior]] waa madaxweyne ku xigeenka [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] ee dowladda m... 303178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabior Garang de-Mabior''' (wuxuu dhashay 12 Abriil 1977) waa siyaasi iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe u dhashay Koonfurta Suudaan, waana wiilka curadka ah ee [[John Garang]], aasaasihii xisbiga talada haya, [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xoreynta Dadka Suudaan]] . <ref>https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3928/Mabior_Garang_de_Mabior</ref> Hooyada Mabior [[Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior]] waa madaxweyne ku xigeenka [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] ee dowladda midnimada laga bilaabo 2022. <ref>https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/vp-nyandeng-vows-to-fight-gender-based-violence</ref> == Shaqada siyaasadeed == Mabior Garang wuxuu ku soo koray isagoo ku dayanaya xirfadiisa siyaasadeed ee aabihiis. Muuqaal dadweyne oo la taaban karo ayaa dhacay sanadkii 2012 markii uu si cad u dhaleeceeyay Madaxweyne [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] isagoo ah dhaxal liita oo dhaxal u ah aabihiis. Qoraalladiisa, Mabior wuxuu ku andacooday in maamulka Kiir uusan ku qanacsanayn dadka Koonfurta Suudaan iyo in [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement|SPLM]] oo uu hoggaaminayo Madaxweyne Kiir ay ku guuldareysteen inay gaaraan himilooyinka halganka xoraynta ee uu aabihiis dhigay. <ref>https://panafricanvisions.com/2012/09/mabior-garang-son-of-south-sudans-founder-blasts-countrys-leadership/</ref> Sannadkii 2015, Mabior Garang wuxuu ku biiray dhaqdhaqaaqa fallaagada ee xilligaas xilligii uu xilka hayay [[Madaxwayne kuxigeen|Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka]] Koowaad ee hadda ah Dr. [[Riek Machar]], waxaana loo magacaabay Madaxa Guddiga Warfaafinta ee [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Xoreynta Dadka Suudaan ee Mucaaradka ah]] (SPLM-IO). <ref>https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/mabior-garang-denies-defection-report</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii la saxiixay heshiiska nabadda oo uu ku laabtay Juba ee SPLM-IO sanadkii 2016, Mabior waxaa loo magacaabay Wasiirka Biyaha iyo Waraabka Qaranka, wuxuuna noqday mid ka mid ah siyaasiyiinta ugu da'da yar dalka ee soo noqday jagada muhiimka ah ee dastuuriga ah waqtigaas. <ref>https://www.independent.co.ug/garang-minister-as-kiir-names-new-south-sudan-cabinet/</ref> Mabior ayaa markii dambe u cararay [[Nayroobi|Nairobi]] isaga iyo xubno kale oo ka tirsan SPLM-IO ka dib markii ay dib u soo cusboonaadeen rabshadihii u dhexeeyay xisbiga [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement|SPLM]] ee talada haya iyo kooxda Machar ee caasimadda [[Juba]] bishii Luulyo 2016. <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/10/south-sudan-fighting-gunfire-erupts-again-in-juba</ref> Sannadkii 2018, dowladda Koonfurta Suudaan waxay saxiixday heshiis kale oo loogu magac daray, Heshiiska Dib-u-soo-nooleynta ee Xallinta Khilaafaadka Koonfurta Suudaan ama R-ARCSS. Tani waxay keentay in Mabior uu mar kale ku soo laabto dowladda ku-meel-gaarka ah, markan isagoo ah [[Deputy minister|Wasiir Ku-xigeenka]] Arrimaha Gudaha. Laakiin wuxuu markii dambe iscasilay siddeed bilood ka dib markii ay ku guuldareysteen dhinacyada nabadda inay hirgeliyaan heshiisyada amniga ee loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo heshiiska nabadda. <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/10/south-sudan-fighting-gunfire-erupts-again-in-juba</ref> == Tixraacyo == eolccvz3e0ivioitmpr6xzre59j5mkg 0 49601 303179 2026-07-22T09:02:44Z Ayanfo189 46015 Maqaal cusub 303179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mari Malek''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''DJ Stiletto,''' waa moodel Koonfur Suudaan ah, DJ, atariisho iyo dhaqdhaqaaqe. == Taariikh nololeed == Qoyska Malek waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Dinka people|dadka Dinka]] . <ref name=":0">https://en.vogue.me/fashion/south-sudanese-refugee-mari-malek/</ref> Waxay ku dhalatay [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], bilowgii [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Suudaan]] bartamihii 1980-meeyadii, hooyadeed, waxay ahayd kalkaaliye caafimaad aabaheedna wuxuu ahaa siyaasi. Waxay leedahay afar walaalo ah laakiin qoyskeedu aad ayuu u weyn yahay, maadaama aabbaheed uu lahaa afar xaas. <ref name=":1">https://www.vice.com/en/article/their-side-of-the-south-sudan-story-mari-malek-refugee-turned-supermodel/</ref>Sababtoo ah sii kordhayay colaadda, hooyadeed waxay Malek iyo walaasheed u kaxeysay Masar halkaas oo ay ka heleen aqoonsi qaxootinimo. Waxay u ambabaxeen Mareykanka sanadkii 1997, markii ugu horreysay waxay tageen Newark oo ku taal New Jersey, ka dibna waxay u ambabaxeen San Diego oo ku taal California. Iyada oo dhallinyaro ah, Malek waxaa lagu arkay waddada, waxaana la weydiistay inay u guurto Paris ama New York si ay u bilowdo xirfadda moodeelka. Kadib waxaa loogu yeeray inay ka qaybgasho bandhigga ''[[America's Next Top Model]]''laakiin ugu dambeyntii kuma biiri karin shuruudaha fiisaha awgeed. Kadib waxay go'aansatay inay bilowdo xirfadeeda moodeelka waxayna u guurtay New York sanadkii 2006. Waxay qaadatay shan sano inay soo bandhigto ololaheeda xayaysiinta ugu horreeya: iyada iyo [[Lanvin]], waxaa sawir ka qaaday [[Steven Meisel]] . <ref>https://intothegloss.com/2019/02/mari-malek-model-activist-beauty-interview/</ref> Inta lagu jiro muddadan, waxay la kulantay cunsuriyad warshadaha moodeelka waxaana laga diiday iyadoo hay'aduhu ay sheegi lahaayeen inay "horey u lahaayeen gabadh madow". <ref name=":2">https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/a22657994/south-sudans-female-literacy-rate-is-just-16-this-refugee-turned-model-is-fighting-to-change-that/</ref> Malek ayaa markii dambe isu soo bandhigtay ololeyaal Vogue, Rolls-Royce waxayna ka soo muuqatay muuqaalka ''[[Power (Kanye West song)|Power]]'' ee [[Kanye West]] iyo [[Lady Gaga]] 's ''[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]'' . <ref>https://letagemagazine.com/bio-mixd-mari-malek-model-citizen/</ref> Waxay sidoo kale u shaqeysay sidii ciyaaryahan disk-jockey ah, oo hoos yimaada magaca ''DJ Stiletto. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web}}</ref>'' Sannadkii 2014, Malek waxay abuurtay Hay'ad u dooda Waxbarashada, iyo urur ujeedadiisu tahay horumarinta waxbarashada Koonfurta Suudaan, gaar ahaan iyadoo maalgelinaysa dugsiyada iyo yaraynta caqabadaha waxbarashada gabdhaha. <ref>https://www.bbc.com/afrique/40360150</ref> Shaqadeeda samafalka waxaa aqoonsaday maamulka Obama. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web}}</ref> Sidoo kale waa aasaasaha Runways to Freedom, oo ah urur taageera qaababka qaxootiga marka ay bilaabayaan shaqadooda warshadaha. <ref>https://news.un.org/en/audio/2016/04/611622</ref> == Tixraacyo == jjqsyz73ck1rnbgblprxhtwp553a2yo